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(1)4
.6
8
1. ...8
2. 10
2.1. ....10
2.2. .....11
3. . .....13
3.1. ......13
3.2. . .....16
3.2.
..18
3.3. . ...19
3.4.
..20
4. .22
5. . ..23
5.1. .23
5.2. . .24
5.3. - . ...24
6. . .25
6.1. .. .25
6.2. .27
6.3. 3- 5- 29
7. (). .30
7.1. .30
7.2. . ...32
7.3. ()..33
7.4. . 36
7.5. () ..37
7.6. () .37
8. () ...38
8.1. ..38
8.2. . ..39
8.3. . .41
8.4. () ..42
9. (). ..43
9.1. ..43
9.2. . .45
2
9.3. ()..46
9.4. . .47
10. (). ...49
10.1. ....49
10.2. ( ) (). .51
11. . ..52
11.1. ..52
11.2. ( ).....54
11.3.
. ..56
11.4.
.57
11.5. 58
11.6. ....59
11.7.
. ...61
11.8.
. .64
11.9. 65
11.10. ()
. ...66
12. ...67
13. . .....68
14. -
..69
15. 72
16. ..73
74
..74
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(,
, ) ,
.
:
U (t ) = K (t )U + x(t )
(t ) -
.
(
).
U
- .
x (t ) - ( ,
, ..).
K (t ) -
- ,
( )
, .
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,
, ).
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.
- ,
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, .
+ =
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1.
2.
3.
4.
.
?
?
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?
2.
.
2.1.
,
.
( )
:
x (t ) =
k =
k (t )
k(t) - , ..:
(2.1)
Ek , k = n
1
limT k (t) n (t)dt =
2 T
0, k n
T
Ck - , k - .
10
Ck =
x(t )
(t ) dt
2.2. .
:
cos k t
k (t ) = sin k t
jk t
e
(2.1) .
x (t ) =
x (t ) =
bk =
2
T
2
T
C k e jkt
k =
ak =
(2.2)
a0
+ (ak cos kt + bk sin kt )
2
k =1
k =
1
T
x(t ) e
j k t
dt
= 2 / T
- ,
( T- x(t) ).
.
.
:
-
S(j) =
-
x(t) e
-jt
dt
(2.3)
,
.
c :
11
x(t)
. . . .
.2.1
T
t
C :
/2
4A
k
sin
kT
2
/2
bk = 2/ A sin kt dt = 0, .. - .
-/2
= 2, ak :
a0 = ,
ak = 2/ k (sin k/2), > 0.
,
.2.1.
.2.2.
ak
2A/
A/2
2A/3
0
.
2
.2.2.
.
4
, , =2/.
( ) ,
, .
.2.3 S(j) .2.4 :
S ( j ) =
A e
j t
dt = A
sin 0,5
0,5
S(j)
12
x(t)
0
2/
4/
.2.3.
.2.4.
, ,
, ,
=2/.
1. ?
2. .
3. ?
4. .
5.
.
6. ?
7. ?
8. .
9. .
10.
?
3. .
3.1.
.
() ,
, .
.
()
,
,
. (. .2.1 )
,
( -/2 + ) 0, .
,
13
, ,
t = /
. ( )
x(t)
x (t) :
x(t)
t
0
2t
3t
4t
2t
3t
4t
. 3.1
x(t)
,
x(t),
x(kt).
.
:
x (t ) =
x(kt )
k =
sin (t kt )
(t kt )
(3.1)
x (kt )
(sin (t kt )) / (t kt )
x(t ) k (t ) .
k (t ) = (sin (t kt )) / (t kt )
(3.2)
- .
- :
u(t)
(t-a)
. 3.2
14
0, t 0
(t) =
,t = 0
0, t a
(t a) =
,t = a
- ,
:
S ( j) = (t )e jt dt =1
"" -:
(t a ) f (t )dt
= f (a )
, - :
S(j)
1
. 3.3
x (t )
x (t )
- =t.
:
u(t)
(t+4t) (t+3t) (t+2t) (t+t)
...
-4t
....
-3t
-2t
-t
2t
3t
4t
.3.4
15
C e
u (t ) =
k =
jkt
= +
1 2 jkt
1 jkt
1
1 jkt
e
+
e
+
+
e
+
t
t
t t
(3.3)
Ck =
1
T
T
2
(t )e
jkt
dt =
T
2
1
t
2 2 2
=
=
= 2 =
T
t
- .
= t ;
-
U(t) :
S(j)
.3.5
1/t
......
.....
t
--3
-2 -
2 3
3.2. .
:
x(t)
t
0
2t
3t
4t
2t
3t
4t
. 3.6
x(t)
x (t ) = x (t )U (t ) x (t ) -
.
-
U (t ) -
16
, :
1 jt
1
1 jt
e
+
+
e
+
t
t t
1 jt
1
1 jt
x (t ) = x(t )U (t ) = x(t )[ +
e
+
+
e
+]
t
t t
U (t ) = +
S () =
jt
x (t )e dt = +
+
+
1
t
x(t )e
j ( ) t
1
t
dt + = +
j (+ ) t
dt +
x(t )e
1
t
x (t ) e
jt
dt +
1
1
S x ( + ) +
Sx () +
t
t
(3.4)
1
1
Sx( ) +
Sx ( 2 ) + ...
t
t
.. ,
Sx(),
Sx( - ),
Sx(+ ),
2 ..
.
Sx()
.3.8
-g
g
:
S()
.3.9
..
(- - ) -
( + )
17
3.3.
(
- ).
,
-,
.
-,
,
, , ,
.
:
x(t)
U(t)
t
x(t)
2t 3t 4t
.3.10.
:
a
a
a
x (t ) = x(t )U (t ) = x(t ) + 1 e jt + 0 + 1 e jt +
2
2
2
U(t)- .
.
,,
- ,
18
:
a 2
a
a
S x ( + 2 ) + 1 S x ( + ) + 0 S x ( ) +
2
2
2
a1
a2
+ S x ( ) + S x ( 2 ) + ......
2
2
S ( ) = +
(3.5)
(3.5) ,
.3.11.
S()
-2
.3.11
3.4. .
-,
.
(), .
- ( )
:
K()
K
.3.12
, .. - :
g (t)
19
. 3.13
t
-3 t
- 2t
-t
g (t ) = K
sin t
t
t = k
t =k
= kt
2t
3t
(3.6)
- ,
,
g (t) .
C
, .3.9 3.11,
.3.12. ,
:
S()= K S() = K Sx() /t;
: S()= KS() = K a0Sx() /2.
,
x(t).
x(t).
3.5.
() . .3.14
:
Sx()
3
2
1
.3.14.
.
.
0
Sx()
20
.3.15.
, .
E2 = S x () d
(3.7)
-
.
..
:
1)
.
2)
.
, RC- ,
:
.3.16.
, RC- :
t
1 RC
g RC (t ) =
e
RC
: ,
.
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. ?
7.
?
21
4. .
.
0U + 1
dU
d 2U
d nU
+ 2 2 + + n n = 0
dt
dt
dt
(4.1)
1)
k =const ,
().
R,L,C.
.4.1
:
.
i=
:
U1
R
U2
i2 =
R
i1 =
U
R
- ;
i =
U = U 1 + U 2
U U 1 + U 2
=
= i1 + i2
R
R
,
.
2)
k = k (i,U ) ,
() R(i), L(i),C(u).
.4.2
.
:
i = a 2U 2
U = U 1 + U 2
i1 = a 2U 12
i = a2 (U 1 + U 2 ) 2 i1 + i2
i2 = a 2U 22
,
.
22
3)
k = k (t ) , ()
, :
.4.3
: ) .
) .
,
, .
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
5. .
5.1.
.
3- :
1)
.
2)
.
3)
.
5.2. .
(
- )
:
i = a0 + a1U + a2U 2 + a3U 3 +
(5.1)
(.
.5.1)
23
i
i (u)
i(u)
3
2
.5.1
1
i (U ) - .
i (U ) - .
i (U ) i (U ) (1,2
3).
m1(i1 ;U 1 )
(5.2)
m 2(i 2 ;U 2 )
m3(i3 ;U 3 )
i1 = a0 + a1U 1 + a2U 12
2
i2 = a0 + a1U 2 + a2U 2
i 3 = a0 + a1U 3 + a2U 32
ak
(5.3)
a 0 , a1 , a 2 . k, :
i[ ], U [ ] , a0[mA], a1[mA/B], a2[mA/B2].
5.3. - .
i(u)
(.5.2) :
S (u E0 ), u E0
i=
0, u < E0
(5.4)
S = tg =
i1
u1 E 0
E0 -
i
i1
i(u)
0
.5.2
u1
24
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. .
5. .
6. .
6.1. .
(.6.1).
,
, (.6.2).
i
i(t)
Imax
E0
Um
.6.1
=180
=90
<90
t
i
>90
t
= 0
t
.6.2.
25
. 6.1 ()
0 Um.
.
Imax. i (t)
:
i (t ) = I 0 + I1 cos 0t + I 2 cos 20t + I 3 cos 30t + I 4 cos 40t + ....
I max = SU m (1 cos )
1)
2) :
cos =
E0 E
Um
E E0
cos =
Um
Ik
(6.1)
( )
u
i
( )
3) n- .
I n = I maxn ( )
n ( ) -
( [1]).
:
K =
I 22 + I 32 + I 42 +
(6.2)
I1
.
u
Um
0
.6.3
.
i
.6.4.
26
0
0
20
30
40
- , n-
.
I max
= const,
120
n
(,
I3 -
= 40 )
Um= const,
180
n
(, I4 - =450)
6.2.
.
:
i = a 0 + a1U + a 2U 2 + a 3U 3 +
, ,
:
2
i = a0 + a1U max cos 0t + a2U max
cos 2 0t + =
= cos 3 0t =
2
a2U max
a U2
3a U 3
a U3
+ 2 max cos 20t + 3 max cos 0t + 3 max cos 30t =
2
2
4
4
2
aU
a U2
3
3
= (a0 + 2 max ) + ( a1U max + a3U max
) cos 0t + 2 max cos 20t +
2
4
2
U = U m cos 0 t +
I0
I1
I2
3
a3U max
cos 30t
4
I3
,
.6.3 6.4.
.
1 2:
U = U max cos 1t +Vmax cos 2 t
(6.3)
27
.
:
n1 m 2
(6.4)
:
.
u
.6.5.
0
:
.
i
.6.6.
0
21
2
2- 1 2+ 1
2 2
6.3. 3- 5- .
imax
i0
imin
.6.7.
E
28
3- .
3-
, :
i max + i min + 2i0
4
i i
I 1 = max min
2
i + i 2i0
I 2 = max min
4
I0 =
(6.4)
5- 3- (
[1]).
.
1. ?
2.
() .
3. ?
4.
.
5. 3-
.
6. ,
.
7. ?
7. ().
7.1.
.
U (t ) = U m (1 + M AU (t )) cos 0t
(7.1)
Um - .
M A - () .
0 M A 1
:
U . , (t ) = cos t
- , ,
29
0
U AM
- , , :
(t ) = U (1 + M cos t ) cos t
(7.2)
m
:
U(t)
.7.1
t
u (t)
Um
.7.2
:
A=U/Um.
(7.3)
.
,
:
U (t ) = U max (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0 t = U max cos 0 t +
+
M AU max
M U
cos(0 + )t + A max cos(0 )t
2
2
(7.4)
U (t ) = cos t .
U
.7.3
.
30
Um
MAUm
2
MAUm
2
0- 0 0+
.7.4
- ,
.
(7.5)
= 2
() .
7.2. .
:
U(t)
U(t)
U(t)
.7.5.
E
Ek
3 :
1. U - .
2. U - .
3. E - .
U (t ) = U + U + = Vm cos t + U m cos 0t + E
(7.6)
.
, ( 2 )
LC- ( ) .
,
.
i = a0 + a1U + a 2U 2 = U = U (t ) = a0 + a1 (Vm cos t +U m cos 0 t +
+ E ) + a2 (Vm cos t +U m cos 0 t + E ) 2 = a0 + a1Vm cos t +
+ a1U m cos 0 t + a1 E + 0.5a 2Vm2 + 0.5a2Vm2 cos 2t + 0.5a2U m2 +
0.5a2U m2 cos 20 t + a2 E + 2a2VmU m cos t cos 0 t + 2a2 EVm
cos t + 2a2 EU m cos 0 t
:
U
Um
31
Vm
.7.6.
i :
i
.7.7.
0-
0+
0 0 , (0
:
Z ( ) =
20
) .
R
0
1 + 2Q
(7.7)
.7.7 .
0 , (0 ) .
.
,
. , :
U (t ) = ( a1U m + 2a2 EU m ) R cos 0 t + a2VmU m
R
1 + ( 2Q
[ cos(0 + )t + cos(0 )t ]
1- .
2- .
,
.
7.3.
().
1- I1
E
Um=const Vm = 0.
32
.
1. .
0,U > E0
i=
S (U E0 ),U E 0
S<0;
E0
u
.7.8.
2. E.
E0 U m E E0 + U m
Um .
3. /.
4. :
cos =
E E0
Um
5. :
I 1 = SU m 1 () ,
1()-
[1])
6. 3 ..
. 7.9.
.
I1
I1
(.
I1max
I10
I1min
Emax
Emin
t
.7.9.
33
1.
( ).
2.
min , Emax , Imax , Imin .
3.
..
(I10;. .)
4.
:
Vmax =
E max E min
2
5.
:
MA =
I 1 max I 1 min
I 1 max + I 1 min
.
,
,
.7.3 .7.4.
1 2.
,
: ,
0 , 0
.
.
U
.7.10.
1
34
.
u
Um
.7.11.
0-1 0 0+1
0-2
0+2
,
:
= 22
U
.7.12.
1
, :
u
Um
.7.13.
0-1 0 0+1
0-2
0+2
7.4. .
R
:
U (t ) = U m (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0 t
35
1
P = lim
T 2T
2
U
(t )dt
1
T R =Tlim
2T
U m2
2
2
T R (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0tdt =
U m2 2U m2 M A
U 2M 2
+
cos t + m A cos 2 t )(0.5 + 0.5 cos 20 t ) dt =
R
R
R
T
, cos t , cos 20 t
1
T 2T
= lim
, :
1
= lim
T 2T
U m2 U m2 M A2 1
1
(
T R + 2 R ) 2 dt = Tlim
4T
2
m
2
A
2
m
2
m
U
U M
1 U M T
+ lim
t T =
+
T 4T
2R
2R
4R
U m2 U m2 M A2
1 U m2 T
+
)dt = lim
t T +
T 4T R
R
2R
2
A
(7.8)
1- , 2- .
,
=1 , 1/3
. 2/3
, . .
.
.
7.5. ()
.
:
u
.7.14.
0-1 0 0+1
7.6. ()
,
, ,
,
- .
:
u
-
.7.15.
0-
1.
:
.
36
2.
: , .. 2 ,
.
:
1. , .. .
2. -.
.
1. .
2.
.
3.
.
4. ?
5. .
6.
.
7. ?
8.
.
9.
?
9. ?
11. ?
8. () .
8.1.
,
.
.8.1.
u (t)
AM
u(t)
.8.1.
,
,
, .
, .. RC (),
, ..
.
37
. 8.2.
i
. 8.2.
-A 0
1.
2- (i=aU2),
.
- (.8.2).
2.
(- ).
"".
i
.8.3.
- , -.
8.2. .
,
, ,
" ".
- , ..
:
i = aU2 = / U(t)= U(t) = Um(1+Macos(t)cos(0t) / =
=aU2m(1+Macos(t))2cos2(0t)=aU2m(1+2Macos(t)+
M 2a M 2a
1 1
(8.1)
+
+
cos(2t ))( + cos(2 t )) =
0
2
2
2 2
aU m2
M2 M2
aU m2
M2 M
(1 + 2 M a cos(t ) + a + a cos(2t ) +
(1 + 2 M a cos(t ) + a + aa
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos(2t )) cos( 2 0 t )
=
38
(. .8.4):
i
.8.4.
0
(20 - 2) 20
(20 - )
( 20 +2)
( 20 +)
, .. ,
8.4 :
() =
R
1 + (RC ) 2
, :
- 0,
- ,
: I= aUm2 M ,
- 2, I2* =
aU m2 M a
,
4
.
,
(, ) .
2. :
..=
I 2 M
=
I
4
(8.2)
, .. , .
8.3. .
(. .8.3).
0, U < E0
i =
,
S (U E0 ), U E0
S=tg
39
: .
, .
, :
i=
(8.4)
" "
.8.5.
i
.8.5.
..
0
(0-) 0 (0+)
(20-) 20 (20 +)
,
.
.
,
RC :
Z RC =
(8.5)
1 + (RC ) 2
, ,
:
U00 = SUm(1+cos)0()R - ,
U =
SU m (1 + cos )0 ( ) M a R
1 + (2FRC ) 2
,
U 0 =
SU m (1 cos )( ) R
1 + ( 2RCf 0 ) 2
- .
40
C RC- :
u
.8.6.
..
0
(0-) 0 (0+) (20-) 20 (20 +)
.8.5 8.6 ,
, ..
.
8.4.
()
-
I0 :
I0 = f (Um)
:
)
i = aUm2 = ( U= Umcos0t ) = aUm2cos20t =
aU m2 aU m2
aU2m
+
cos 2 0 t
,
I
=
2
2
0
2
I0
)
I0 = SUm(1-cos)*0()
(8.6)
:
I0
.8.7.
0
Um
.
1. ?
2. .
3. .
41
4.
.
5. .
6. ?
7. .
8. .
9. ().
9.1.
()
.
(t) = 0 + U(t),
(9.1)
(t)- ;
0- ;
U(t)- ;
- , ..
.
, ..
U = cost,
(t) = 0 + st
:
U (t ) = U m cos (t )
=M
sin t
sin t )
- .
(9.2)
42
U(t)
.9.2
t
.9.2, , ,
, .
(t) = 0 + cost
max = 0 +
min = 0 -
, .
U(t) .
Um
MUm
2
MUm
2
0- 0 0+
.9.3.
<<1 (, 2
), .
, .
43
>1 (=5):
U
J4(M)
J4(M)
)
J5(M)
J3(M)
J1(M)
J1(M) J3(M)
J2(M)
J0(M)
J2(M)
.9.4.
J5(M)
J6(M)
0-6
J6(M)
0-5
0-3 0- 0 0+ 0+3
0-4
0-2
0+2
2(+1)
<<1
2,
0+5 0+6
0+4
.
( )
>>1
2 = 2 =2
>>1 .
.
9.2. .
.
.
.9.5.
- , .. ,
(
, ).
LRC -
.
, ,
( p-n ,
).
RC - R.
R ,
.
RC
:
44
1
RC
(9.3)
, .
R,
9.3. ().
().
:
= f(E)
R
- :
R
R'
.9.6.
E
E'
1. - ', R'.
2. :
/ =
1
R /C
max
0
min
.9.7
Emin
Emax
.
1. .
45
E max E min
E max E . .
2
5. - :
max
max min
2
max 0
6. .
max =
max =
max
fmax ( )
F( )
9.4. .
() ,
.
-
(), .
- .
:
1.+(-)
1
uA(t)
R
2
C
.9.8
C
2. -(+)
0.
: 1>0, 2<0.
0 [ (t) > 0 ], 1,
2, .. ( ) ( 1)
( 2).
1 2.
46
[ (t) < 0 ], .. 2 , , ,
2 1.
U(t) .
- .
I0
.
I0 = ()
I0 = (f)
:
I0
Imax
I01
I00
min
max
I02
Imin
.9.9
.
1.
.
2.
max., min , Imax. ,Imin.
3.
.
4.
0 , I00 0.
5.
max = (max - min)/2.
6.
= max/, .
7.
.
:
I max I min + I 01 I 02
3
I + I min 2 I 00
I 2 = max
4
I max I min 2( I 01 I 02 )
I3 =
6
I max + I min 4( I 01 + I 02 ) + 6 I 00
I4 =
12
I1 =
47
I 2 2 + I 32 + I 4 2
I1
.
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
4.
.
5.
.
6. .
7. ?
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. ?
10. ().
10.1.
.
(t) = 0 + U(t) = 0 + U(t), (t)- , 0 , - .
(10.1)
= - 0 = 0 - -
( ). : = .
:
U (t) = Um cos[0t+0+ U(t)] = / U(t) = cost/ = Um cos[0t+0+
cost], 0t - .
(10.2)
,
, ,
. ,
- (1,0).
48
u(t)
.
U(t)
t
U(t)
t
.10.1.
:
2( +1)
(10.3)
<<1 .
.
( ).
,
.
:.
U (t)
U (t)
.10.2
:
U(t) =
dU (t )
dt
(10.4)
U(t):
(t) = 0 + U(t)
49
(t) = (0 + U (t ))dt = 0 t + U (t ) = (t )
0
U(t).
, .. :
U . =
d (t )
dt
= 0 +
dU
dt
t
: U =
dt =0t
+ U(t) U(t)
10.2. ( ) ().
( )
, ;
.
:
U(t)
U(t)
.10.2.
(, , ): U(t) = Um (t)cos[0t+(t)+(t)+0]
: U(t) = Umcos(0t+0)
.
, .
0 () , 0 - ().
:
U(t)
C
.10.3.
U(t)
:
50
1
U (t ) = U c (t )U (t ) dt
T 0
:
Uc(t) = U(t) = U(t)cos(0t+0)
U (t ) =
U(t)
1T
U (t ) cos( t + )U m cos( t + )dt =
0
0
0
0
T 0
U mU (t ) T 1 1
U U (t )
+ cos(2 t + 2 )dt = m
0
0
T
2
02 2
.
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
11. .
11.1.
,
.
- ,
.
, U(t) = Umcos(0t+0), Um,, 0, 0 .
,
,
. , (). ,
.
- x(t).
, .. .
, .. .
(,
).
().
F(x),
, t1
x1 .
F(x1 ,t1 ) = P(x<x1 , t=t1 )
51
.
F2 (x1 t1 ,x2t2) = P (x<x1, t=t1 ,x<x2;t=t2)
n- :
Fn (x1t1...xntn) = P (x<x1;t<t1; ... x<xn;t=tn)t
( )
:
P( x1 < x < x1 + x; t = t1 )
x 0
x
W( x1t1 ) = lim
x1 1+, t= t1,
.
n - .
. -
1, , - 1 :.
x1
F(x1t1) =
W( x t
1 1
) dx1
W ( x t
1 1
) dx1 =1
.
1.
(
)
+
m1 =x = xW ( xt )dx
m1 -
.
2. .
m2 = x2 = x W ( x, t )dx
m2 -
.
3. ( )
2
2 = 2 =
( x m1 )
= ( x m1 ) 2 W ( x, t ) dx
2 -
.
:
2 = m2 - m12
.
52
1.
-
.
2.
-
.
3.
- -
.
m1, m2, 2 -
.
:
x(t)
.11.1.
t
. "" .
.
,
.
, ..
, .
.
11.2. ( ).
,
:
1
W ( x) =
e
2
( x m1 ) 2
2 2
. 11.2.:
W(x)
1
m1<0
1
2>1
1
m1=0
m1>0
.11.2.
53
m1 - .
2 - .
.
1. W(x) 0
2. x = m1
3. W(x) - max = m1
4. W(x) 1.
5. m1 ,
.
6. 2, .
7. 1 (0,997)
:
m1 - 3 < x < m1+3
W(x)
.11.3.
3
3
x
m1,
m13.
8.
2 mx 1 mx 1 2 mx 1
x ( mx 1) y = y
1 2 2 1 2 1 y2
(xF )= e dx= = e dy= e dy=
dx
2 2 2
dy=
= F(
x m1
F (0) = 0.5
- ( )
F (-x) = 1- F(x)
54
F (3.9) = 0.99995
F (-) = 0; F() = 1.
:
F (x)
1
0.5
.11.4.
0
m1
11.3.
.
:
X(t) = Asin ( wt + )
- , ,
.. , .11.5 :
W( ) =
1
2
; |x|
W()
1/2
-
0
:
m1 =
xW ( x)dx =
1
1
d =
2
2
.11.5.
d = 0
2 = ( x m1 ) 2W ( x)dx = 2
1
1 3
d =
2
2 3
3 2
=
3
3
x
, . 11.6, :
0, x A
W( x ) = 1
2 2 , x A
A X
55
W(x)
.11.6.
-A
, .
. W(x) ( )..
:
X(t) = Asin ( wt + )
0, A
1 1
x
F(x) = + arcsin , x A
A
2
1, x A
F(x)
1
0.5
.11.7.
-A
11.4.
.
z(t), :
Z(t) = x(t) + Asin (wt+ )
x(t) - ;
Asin (wt+ ) -
.
W(z) .
56
1
W ( z) =
*e
2
2
A x 2
( z x )2
2 2
dx
, .. W(z) :
h2 =
A2
2 2
W(z)
h2=0
h2=
h2= 6
.10.8.
h2 = 0 - ( ).
h2 - .
11.5. .
y(t) = Um(t) cos ( 0t+(t) ) ,
, 0.
Um(t) - ( )
.11.9;
(t) - .
(t)
(. ).
u(t)
Um(t)
.11.9.
t
Um(t)
:
U 2
U m 2 m2
W (U m ) = 2 e ; Um 0
W(Um)
57
-
-
0
.11.10.
Um
,
( ):
(U 2 + A2 )
m
Um
U A
2 2
W (U m ) = 2 e
* I 0 ( m2 ) .
I0(.) - .
11.6. .
,
. 0.
.
x(t)
T1
2
.11.11
b
T1+T2=T
.
P( x1 < x < x1 + x)
x 0
x
T
T
W ( x1 ) = lim 1 / x + lim 2
x 0
T
x 0 T
W ( x1 ) = lim
/ x
T1/T - ,
.
T2/T - ,
58
b.
T
T
T
1
1
W ( x1 ) = 1 lim
( x = a) + 2 lim
( x = b) = 1 ( x a ) +
T x0 x
T x0 x
T
T2
+ ( x b)
T
.11.12:
W(x)
T2
( x b)
T
T1
( x a)
T
.11.12.
b
0, x a
( x a) =
,x = a
0, x b
( x b) =
,x = b
2 x=a
x=b :
< bx , > bx T2
F(x)= (xW )dx= = +=
F (x = 0) < ax T
x
T1 T2 T1
+ ( ax )dx ax =+=>= 1
T TT
59
0, x < b
T
F ( x) = 2 , b < x < a
T
1, x > a
F(x)
1
T2/T1
.11.13.
t
b
,
2 :
x=a c T1/T, x=b c T2/T
m1 =
=
xW ( x)dx = x
T2
T
( x b) dx + x 1 ( x a ) dx = f ( x) ( x a )dx = f ( a ) =
T
T
T2
T
b+ 1 a
T
T
m2 =
x W ( x)dx = b
2
2 = m2 m12 = b 2
T2
T
+a2 1
T
T
T2
T
T
T
+ a 2 1 ( 2 b + 1 a) 2
T
T
T
T
11.7.
.
:
y(t)=f[x(t)] , y(tk)
tk x(tk).
y :
W ( y ) =W ( x )
dx
W ( x)
=
dy
dy
dx
60
-.
y
.11.14
b
-a
-b
nx b, x < a
y = kx, kx a
nx + b, x > a
.
m1x=0.
x2
1
2
W ( x) =
e 2
2
x .11.15 ( ).
y:
1. x a =kx (k>1)
W ( y) =
W ( x) W ( x)
=
dy
k
dx
W(x) x, y/k,
W ( y) =
1
k 2
y2
2 k 2 2
y ka ,
2
2
2
2
m1y=0, y, .. y= k > (.. k > 1) .
61
W(x)
x
-a
a
W(y)
.11.15.
-ka
2. :
ka
x >a
y > ka
y = nx + b
W ( y) =
W ( x ) W ( x)
=
dy
n
dx
x , ..
W ( y) =
1
n 2
x=
y b
n
( y b ) 2
2 n 2 2
b
n 2 < 2 , (n < 1)
2
62
3.:
x < a
y < ka
y = nx b
( y +b ) 2
2 2
W ( x) W ( x)
1
W ( y) =
=
=
e 2n
dy
n
n 2
dx
, m1= -b n 2 2 .
y .11.15 ( ).
11.8.
.
.
kx, x a
y = ka, x > a
ka, x < a
1. x a, y = kx
y ka
y
2 2
e 2k
W ( y) =
, y < ka
k 2
63
.2 x > a; y = ka
2
(y b) . n ,
22
2n
W(y) = lim e = " " = P(x > a) (y ka)
n 2
n ,b ka
( y ka )
3.x < a; y = ka
W ( y ) = P ( x < a ) ( y + ka)
W(y)
P(x<-a)(y+ka)
P(x>a)(y-ka)
.11.16.
-ka
ka
11.9. .
.11.17.
y
ka
.11.17.
x
-ka
64
y -
: .
..
0.5, , y
+ka -ka 0.5. ,
, , , y
- y=-ka y=ka (.11.18):
W(y)
0,5 (y+ka)
0,5 (y-ka)
.11.18.
-ka
ka
11.10. ()
.
.
(t1)
x t1, x
:
y (t ) =
x() g (t )d
y (t )
x ( )
g (t )
1. ,
,
x
:
2. ,
x >> ,
.
.
1. ?
m1 y = y (t ) = x ( )g (t )d
m2 y = y(t 2 ) =
65
2. ? ?
3.
.
4. ?
5. .
6. ?
7. .
12. .
,
.
B(t1,t2)
.
(12.1)
=(t2-t1)
:
1
B ( ) = lim
T T
T
2
(12.2)
.
()
(0)
.12.1.
-
1.() - ; () = (-)
2.(0) - max; (0) = 2 ( , ..
).
66
3. lim B( ) = 0
4.
B()d
B ( 0)
:
|| - ,
|| > - .
5. R() = () / (0) - ,
|R()| 1.
1. .
2. ,
.
3. .
4.
?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
13. .
:
G()
.
G()
.13.1.
,
, .. , 1
1 /. G() --- 2/ 2/ *
67
- ,.. ,
95 % - 99,9 % .
= const /
const 3 6- .
1. ?
2. ?
3.
?
14. -
.
:
G () = 4 B () cos() d
0
B () =
1
G () cos() d
2
0
(14.1)
.
, ,
, .
() ,
.
G()
G0
.14.1.
G() = G0 0
G0 - .
( / ) :
P = G0*
68
- .
-:
0 cos( w )dw
1
1
B( ) =
G ( w ) cos( w ) dw =
G cos( w ) dw = G 0
= G 0 ( )
2 0
2 0 0
2
( )
:
()
G0 ()
.14.2.
.
:
k 0 __ _ 0
2
k ( ) =
0 ___ _
0
2
G0.
y ;
.. () W(y) .
.14.1.
. 14.2,
.14.3.
()
0
0
(0 -/2)
(0 +/2)
.14.2
G()
G002
69
.14.3.
: G() = G002, ..
,
, 02 .
- , G() (). :
0
B( )
1
=
2
K G
= 0 0
2
0 +
(0 -/2)
1
G( ) cos d = 2
(0 +/2)
0 +
G K
0
2
0
cos d =
2
G0 K 0 2 sin cos 0 =
2
2
2 cos
0
2
sin
.14.4:
()
.14.4.
-2/
2/
.
.. ,
y
2, B(0),
, :
W ( y) =
2 = B (0) =
y2
2 2
G0 k 02
2
70
.14.4
.
=0
,
. , 2/, ..
.
.
1. ,
.
2. ,
3. ?
4.
, .
15. .
,
,
.
, .
,
:
:
s(t) = k u(t - ),
s(t) - ,
u(t) - ,
k - ,
- .
- .
:
s(t) = k u(t - ) + x(t),
x(t) - .
,
.
,
,
k
71
.
- ,
( )
.
16.
- , ,
.
() :
L
l =1
m =0
y i = a l y i l + bm xi m
xi - ,
yi - ,
al , bm - .
L,M .
al
,
. al ,
.
:
- gi , ..
(xi=1 i=0, xi=0 i0);
- hi , ..
( xi = 1 i 0, xi =0 i<0 );
- , Z -
:
K (z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
; Y ( z ) = y i z i
i =0
X ( z ) = xi z i
i =0
, K(z)
z jT .
,
.
72
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?
.
?
?
?
z- ?
.
,
, .
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
1. . . - ., ,
1998, 432 .
2. .., .., .., ..
. - ., , 1986, 304 .
3. .., ... , .
. - ., , 1990, 280 .
4. .., .., ..,
..,
...
. - ., , 1985, 272.
5. .., .. .
. , 1991, 72.
73
74