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x(t)

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sin (t kt )
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(3.2)
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14

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(t) (t-t) (t-2t) (t-3t)

...
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....
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-2t

-t

2t

3t

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15

C e

u (t ) =

k =

jkt

= +

1 2 jkt
1 jkt
1
1 jkt
e
+
e
+
+
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+
t
t
t t

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3.2. .

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x(t)

t
0

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2t

3t

4t

. 3.6

x(t)

x (t ) = x (t )U (t ) x (t ) -

.
-

U (t ) -

16

, :
1 jt
1
1 jt
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+
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t t
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t
t t

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jt
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+
+

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j ( ) t

1
t

dt + = +

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dt +
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1
t

x (t ) e

jt

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1
1
S x ( + ) +
Sx () +
t
t

(3.4)

1
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Sx(+ ),
2 ..
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Sx()
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..

(- - ) -

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17

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2
2

U(t)- .

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,,

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18

 :
a 2
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S x ( + 2 ) + 1 S x ( + ) + 0 S x ( ) +
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19

. 3.13

t
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sin t
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t = k

t =k
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, .3.9 3.11,
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x(t).

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20

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21

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d 2U
d nU
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22

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23

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3).

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(5.2)

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m3(i3 ;U 3 )

i1 = a0 + a1U 1 + a2U 12

2
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ak

(5.3)

a 0 , a1 , a 2 . k, :
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5.3. - .

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i1
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24

 .
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i

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t

= 0
t

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25

 . 6.1 ()
0 Um.
.
Imax. i (t)
:
i (t ) = I 0 + I1 cos 0t + I 2 cos 20t + I 3 cos 30t + I 4 cos 40t + ....

I max = SU m (1 cos )

1)
2) :

cos =

E0 E
Um

E E0
cos =
Um

Ik

(6.1)

( )

u
i

( )

3) n- .
I n = I maxn ( )
n ( ) -

( [1]).

:
K =

I 22 + I 32 + I 42 +

(6.2)

I1

.
u
Um
0

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.
i

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26

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0
20
30
40

- , n-
.

I max

= const,

120
n

(,

I3 -

= 40 )

Um= const,

180
n

(, I4 - =450)

6.2.
.


:
i = a 0 + a1U + a 2U 2 + a 3U 3 +

, ,
:

2
i = a0 + a1U max cos 0t + a2U max
cos 2 0t + =

cos 2 0t = 0.5 + 0.5 cos 20t

3
1
cos 0t + cos 30t
= a0 + a1U max cos 0t +
4
4
2 cos cos = cos( ) + cos( + )

= cos 3 0t =

2
a2U max
a U2
3a U 3
a U3
+ 2 max cos 20t + 3 max cos 0t + 3 max cos 30t =
2
2
4
4
2
aU
a U2
3
3
= (a0 + 2 max ) + ( a1U max + a3U max
) cos 0t + 2 max cos 20t +
2
4
2

U = U m cos 0 t +

I0

I1

I2

3
a3U max
cos 30t
4
I3

,
.6.3 6.4.
.

1 2:
U = U max cos 1t +Vmax cos 2 t
(6.3)
27

i = a0 + a1U + a 2U = a0 + a1U max cos 1t + a1Vmax cos 2t +

2

+ a 2 (U max cos 1t + Vmax cos 2 t ) 2 = a0 + a1U max cos 1t + a1Vmax cos 2 t +

2
a 2U max
a U2
a V2
a V2
+ 2 max cos 21t + 2 max + 2 max cos 22 t +
2
2
2
2
+ a 2U maxVmax [ cos(1 + 2 )t + cos(1 2 )t ]

.
:
n1 m 2
(6.4)
:

.
u

.6.5.
0

:
.
i
.6.6.
0

21
2
2- 1 2+ 1

2 2

6.3. 3- 5- .
imax
i0
imin

.6.7.
E

28

3- .
3-
, :
i max + i min + 2i0
4
i i
I 1 = max min
2
i + i 2i0
I 2 = max min
4
I0 =

(6.4)

5- 3- (
[1]).
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1. ?
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7.1.

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U (t ) = U m (1 + M AU (t )) cos 0t

(7.1)

Um - .
M A - () .
0 M A 1

:
U . , (t ) = cos t

- , ,

29

0
U AM

- , , :
(t ) = U (1 + M cos t ) cos t
(7.2)
m

:
U(t)
.7.1
t

u (t)

Um

.7.2

:
A=U/Um.
(7.3)
.
,

:
U (t ) = U max (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0 t = U max cos 0 t +
+

M AU max
M U
cos(0 + )t + A max cos(0 )t
2
2

(7.4)

U (t ) = cos t .

U
.7.3

.
30

Um

MAUm
2

MAUm
2

0- 0 0+

.7.4
- ,
.

(7.5)

= 2

() .

7.2. .
:

U(t)

U(t)

U(t)

.7.5.
E

Ek

3 :
1. U - .
2. U - .
3. E - .
U (t ) = U + U + = Vm cos t + U m cos 0t + E

(7.6)

.
, ( 2 )
LC- ( ) .
,
.
i = a0 + a1U + a 2U 2 = U = U (t ) = a0 + a1 (Vm cos t +U m cos 0 t +
+ E ) + a2 (Vm cos t +U m cos 0 t + E ) 2 = a0 + a1Vm cos t +
+ a1U m cos 0 t + a1 E + 0.5a 2Vm2 + 0.5a2Vm2 cos 2t + 0.5a2U m2 +
0.5a2U m2 cos 20 t + a2 E + 2a2VmU m cos t cos 0 t + 2a2 EVm
cos t + 2a2 EU m cos 0 t

:
U
Um

31

Vm

.7.6.

i :

i
.7.7.

0-

0+

0 0 , (0
:
Z ( ) =

20
) .

R
0
1 + 2Q

(7.7)

.7.7 .
0 , (0 ) .
.

,
. , :
U (t ) = ( a1U m + 2a2 EU m ) R cos 0 t + a2VmU m

R
1 + ( 2Q

[ cos(0 + )t + cos(0 )t ]

1- .
2- .
,
.

7.3.
().
1- I1
E
Um=const Vm = 0.

32

 .
1. .

0,U > E0
i=
S (U E0 ),U E 0

S<0;

E0
u
.7.8.
2. E.
E0 U m E E0 + U m

Um .
3. /.
4. :
cos =

E E0
Um

5. :
I 1 = SU m 1 () ,

1()-
[1])
6. 3 ..
. 7.9.
.
I1
I1

(.

I1max
I10
I1min

Emax

Emin

t
.7.9.

33

1.
( ).
2.
min , Emax , Imax , Imin .
3.
..
(I10;. .)
4.

:
Vmax =

E max E min
2

5.
:
MA =

I 1 max I 1 min
I 1 max + I 1 min

.
,
,
.7.3 .7.4.
1 2.
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0 , 0
.
.

U
.7.10.
1

34

 .
u

Um
.7.11.

0-1 0 0+1

0-2
0+2
,
:

= 22

U
.7.12.
1

, :
u

Um
.7.13.

0-1 0 0+1

0-2
0+2

7.4. .
R
:
U (t ) = U m (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0 t

35

1
P = lim
T 2T

2
U
(t )dt
1
T R =Tlim
2T

U m2
2
2
T R (1 + M A cos t ) cos 0tdt =

U m2 2U m2 M A
U 2M 2
+
cos t + m A cos 2 t )(0.5 + 0.5 cos 20 t ) dt =
R
R
R
T
, cos t , cos 20 t

1
T 2T

= lim

, :
1
= lim
T 2T

U m2 U m2 M A2 1
1
(
T R + 2 R ) 2 dt = Tlim
4T
2
m

2
A

2
m

2
m

U
U M
1 U M T
+ lim
t T =
+
T 4T
2R
2R
4R

U m2 U m2 M A2
1 U m2 T
+
)dt = lim
t T +
T 4T R
R
2R

2
A

(7.8)

1- , 2- .
,
=1 , 1/3
. 2/3
, . .
.
.

7.5. ()
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:
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0-1 0 0+1

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1.

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36

2.
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u (t)
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u(t)
.8.1.

,
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37

 . 8.2.

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1.
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8.2. .
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:
i = aU2 = / U(t)= U(t) = Um(1+Macos(t)cos(0t) / =
=aU2m(1+Macos(t))2cos2(0t)=aU2m(1+2Macos(t)+
M 2a M 2a
1 1
(8.1)
+
+
cos(2t ))( + cos(2 t )) =
0
2
2
2 2
aU m2
M2 M2
aU m2
M2 M
(1 + 2 M a cos(t ) + a + a cos(2t ) +
(1 + 2 M a cos(t ) + a + aa
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos(2t )) cos( 2 0 t )
=

38


(. .8.4):
i

.8.4.
0

(20 - 2) 20
(20 - )

( 20 +2)

( 20 +)
, .. ,
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() =

R
1 + (RC ) 2

, :
- 0,
- ,
: I= aUm2 M ,
- 2, I2* =

aU m2 M a
,
4

.
,

(, ) .


2. :
..=

I 2 M
=
I
4

(8.2)

, .. , .

8.3. .

(. .8.3).

0, U < E0
i =
,
S (U E0 ), U E0

S=tg

39

 : .
, .
, :

i=

I 0 + I 1 cos 0 t + I 2 cos(20 t ) + I 3 cos(30 t ) +

SU (1 + M cos t )(1 cos ) ( )

Ik=Imax (t)k()= m a I (t ) k
max

(8.4)
" "
.8.5.
i
.8.5.
..
0

(0-) 0 (0+)

(20-) 20 (20 +)

,
.
.
,
RC :
Z RC =

(8.5)

1 + (RC ) 2

, ,
:
U00 = SUm(1+cos)0()R - ,
U =

SU m (1 + cos )0 ( ) M a R
1 + (2FRC ) 2

,
U 0 =

SU m (1 cos )( ) R
1 + ( 2RCf 0 ) 2

- .

40

C RC- :
u
.8.6.
..

0
(0-) 0 (0+) (20-) 20 (20 +)
.8.5 8.6 ,
, ..
.

8.4.
()
-
I0 :
I0 = f (Um)
:
)
i = aUm2 = ( U= Umcos0t ) = aUm2cos20t =
aU m2 aU m2
aU2m
+
cos 2 0 t
,

I
=
2
2
0

2

I0

)
I0 = SUm(1-cos)*0()

(8.6)

:
I0

.8.7.
0

Um

.
1. ?
2. .
3. .
41

4.
.
5. .
6. ?
7. .
8. .

9. ().
9.1.
()
.
(t) = 0 + U(t),
(9.1)
(t)- ;
0- ;
U(t)- ;
- , ..
.
, ..
U = cost,
(t) = 0 + st
:
U (t ) = U m cos (t )

(t) = (t )dt = (0 + cos t )dt = 0 t +

U(t) = Umcos(0t+

=M

sin t

sin t )

- .

(9.2)

U(t) = Umcos(0t+ sin t )

:
U(t)
.9.1.
t
:

42

U(t)
.9.2
t
.9.2, , ,
, .
(t) = 0 + cost
max = 0 +
min = 0 -
, .
U(t) .

U(t) = Umcos(0t+ sin t ) = Um0(M)cos0t+ Um1(M)cos(0+)tUm1(M)cos(0)t+Um2(M)cos(0+2)t+Um2(M)cos(02)t+Um3(M)*

cos(0+3)t- Um3(M)cos(0-3)t+
k(M) - - .
.
<<1 (.. 0,1; 0,05;)
u

Um

MUm
2

MUm
2

0- 0 0+

.9.3.
<<1 (, 2
), .
, .

43

 >1 (=5):
U

J4(M)

J4(M)

)
J5(M)

J3(M)
J1(M)
J1(M) J3(M)
J2(M)
J0(M)
J2(M)

.9.4.
J5(M)

J6(M)

0-6

J6(M)

0-5
0-3 0- 0 0+ 0+3
0-4
0-2
0+2

2(+1)
<<1
2,

0+5 0+6
0+4

.
( )

>>1
2 = 2 =2
>>1 .
.

9.2. .
.

.

.9.5.
- , .. ,
(
, ).
LRC -
.
, ,
( p-n ,
).
RC - R.
R ,
.
RC
:

44

1
RC

(9.3)

, .

R,

9.3. ().

().


:
= f(E)
R
- :
R
R'

.9.6.
E

E'
1. - ', R'.
2. :
/ =

1
R /C

3. '', R'', '', ..

:

max
0
min

.9.7

Emin

Emax

.
1. .

45

2. : max, min, max, Emin.

3. .
0 .. .
4. (..)
:
Um

E max E min
E max E . .
2

5. - :
max

max min
2

max 0

6. .
max =
max =

max

fmax ( )
F( )

9.4. .
() ,
.
-
(), .
- .
:
1.+(-)
1
uA(t)

R
2

C
.9.8

C
2. -(+)

0.
: 1>0, 2<0.
0 [ (t) > 0 ], 1,
2, .. ( ) ( 1)
( 2).
1 2.

46

 [ (t) < 0 ], .. 2 , , ,
2 1.
U(t) .
- .
I0
.
I0 = ()
I0 = (f)
:
I0
Imax
I01
I00

min

max

I02
Imin

.9.9

.
1.
.
2.
max., min , Imax. ,Imin.
3.

.
4.
0 , I00 0.
5.
max = (max - min)/2.
6.

= max/, .
7.

.
:
I max I min + I 01 I 02
3
I + I min 2 I 00
I 2 = max
4
I max I min 2( I 01 I 02 )
I3 =
6
I max + I min 4( I 01 + I 02 ) + 6 I 00
I4 =
12
I1 =

47

I 2 2 + I 32 + I 4 2
I1

.
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
4.
.
5.
.
6. .
7. ?
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. ?

10. ().
10.1.

.
(t) = 0 + U(t) = 0 + U(t), (t)- , 0 , - .
(10.1)
= - 0 = 0 - -
( ). : = .
:
U (t) = Um cos[0t+0+ U(t)] = / U(t) = cost/ = Um cos[0t+0+
cost], 0t - .
(10.2)
,
, ,
. ,
- (1,0).

48

u(t)

.
U(t)

t

U(t)
t
.10.1.
:
2( +1)
(10.3)
<<1 .
.

( ).
,
.
:.
U (t)

U (t)

.10.2
:
U(t) =

dU (t )
dt

(10.4)

U(t):
(t) = 0 + U(t)
49

(t) = (0 + U (t ))dt = 0 t + U (t ) = (t )
0

U(t).
, .. :
U . =

d (t )
dt

= 0 +

dU
dt
t

: U =

dt =0t

+ U(t) U(t)

10.2. ( ) ().
( )
, ;
.
:

U(t)

U(t)

.10.2.
(, , ): U(t) = Um (t)cos[0t+(t)+(t)+0]
: U(t) = Umcos(0t+0)
.
, .

0 () , 0 - ().
:
U(t)

C
.10.3.

U(t)

:

50

1
U (t ) = U c (t )U (t ) dt
T 0

:
Uc(t) = U(t) = U(t)cos(0t+0)
U (t ) =

U(t)

1T
U (t ) cos( t + )U m cos( t + )dt =
0
0
0
0
T 0

U mU (t ) T 1 1
U U (t )
+ cos(2 t + 2 )dt = m

0
0
T
2
02 2

.
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

11. .
11.1.
,

.
- ,
.
, U(t) = Umcos(0t+0), Um,, 0, 0 .
,
,
. , (). ,
.
- x(t).
, .. .
, .. .
(,
).

().
F(x),
, t1
x1 .
F(x1 ,t1 ) = P(x<x1 , t=t1 )
51

 .
F2 (x1 t1 ,x2t2) = P (x<x1, t=t1 ,x<x2;t=t2)
n- :
Fn (x1t1...xntn) = P (x<x1;t<t1; ... x<xn;t=tn)t
( )
:
P( x1 < x < x1 + x; t = t1 )
x 0
x

W( x1t1 ) = lim

x1 1+, t= t1,
.
n - .
. -
1, , - 1 :.
x1

F(x1t1) =

W( x t

1 1

) dx1

W ( x t

1 1

) dx1 =1

.
1.
(
)
+

m1 =x = xW ( xt )dx
m1 -
.
2. .

m2 = x2 = x W ( x, t )dx
m2 -
.
3. ( )
2

2 = 2 =

( x m1 )

= ( x m1 ) 2 W ( x, t ) dx

2 -
.
:
2 = m2 - m12
.

52

1.
-
.
2.
-
.
3.
- -
.
m1, m2, 2 -
.
:
x(t)
.11.1.
t

. "" .
.
,

.
, ..
, .

.

11.2. ( ).
,
:

1
W ( x) =
e
2

( x m1 ) 2
2 2

. 11.2.:
W(x)
1
m1<0

1
2>1

1
m1=0

m1>0

.11.2.

53

m1 - .
2 - .

.
1. W(x) 0
2. x = m1
3. W(x) - max = m1
4. W(x) 1.
5. m1 ,
.
6. 2, .
7. 1 (0,997)
:
m1 - 3 < x < m1+3
W(x)
.11.3.

3
3
x
m1,
m13.
8.

2 mx 1 mx 1 2 mx 1
x ( mx 1) y = y
1 2 2 1 2 1 y2
(xF )= e dx= = e dy= e dy=
dx
2 2 2
dy=

= F(

x m1

F (0) = 0.5

- ( )
F (-x) = 1- F(x)

54

F (3.9) = 0.99995
F (-) = 0; F() = 1.
:
F (x)
1
0.5

.11.4.
0

m1

11.3.
.

:
X(t) = Asin ( wt + )
- , ,
.. , .11.5 :
W( ) =

1
2

; |x|
W()
1/2

-
0

:
m1 =

xW ( x)dx =

1
1
d =
2
2

.11.5.

d = 0

2 = ( x m1 ) 2W ( x)dx = 2

1
1 3
d =
2
2 3

3 2
=
3
3

x
, . 11.6, :

0, x A

W( x ) = 1
2 2 , x A
A X

55

W(x)

.11.6.
-A

, .
. W(x) ( )..

:
X(t) = Asin ( wt + )

0, A
1 1
x

F(x) = + arcsin , x A
A
2
1, x A
F(x)
1
0.5
.11.7.
-A

11.4.
.
z(t), :
Z(t) = x(t) + Asin (wt+ )
x(t) - ;
Asin (wt+ ) -
.
W(z) .

56

1
W ( z) =
*e
2
2
A x 2

( z x )2
2 2

dx

, .. W(z) :
h2 =

A2
2 2

W(z)
h2=0

h2=
h2= 6
.10.8.

h2 = 0 - ( ).
h2 - .

11.5. .
y(t) = Um(t) cos ( 0t+(t) ) ,
, 0.
Um(t) - ( )
.11.9;
(t) - .

(t)
(. ).
u(t)
Um(t)
.11.9.
t

Um(t)
:

U 2

U m 2 m2
W (U m ) = 2 e ; Um 0

W(Um)
57

-
-
0

.11.10.
Um

,
( ):
(U 2 + A2 )

m
Um
U A
2 2
W (U m ) = 2 e
* I 0 ( m2 ) .

I0(.) - .

11.6. .

,
. 0.
.

x(t)

T1
2

.11.11

b
T1+T2=T


.
P( x1 < x < x1 + x)
x 0
x
T

T
W ( x1 ) = lim 1 / x + lim 2
x 0
T
x 0 T
W ( x1 ) = lim

/ x

T1/T - ,
.
T2/T - ,
58

 b.
T
T
T
1
1
W ( x1 ) = 1 lim
( x = a) + 2 lim
( x = b) = 1 ( x a ) +
T x0 x
T x0 x
T
T2
+ ( x b)
T

.11.12:

W(x)
T2
( x b)
T

T1
( x a)
T

.11.12.
b

0, x a
( x a) =
,x = a

0, x b
( x b) =
,x = b

2 x=a
x=b :

< bx , > bx T2
F(x)= (xW )dx= = +=
F (x = 0) < ax T
x

T1 T2 T1
+ ( ax )dx ax =+=>= 1
T TT

59

 0, x < b
T

F ( x) = 2 , b < x < a
T
1, x > a

F(x)
1
T2/T1
.11.13.
t
b

,
2 :
x=a c T1/T, x=b c T2/T
m1 =
=

xW ( x)dx = x

T2
T
( x b) dx + x 1 ( x a ) dx = f ( x) ( x a )dx = f ( a ) =
T
T

T2
T
b+ 1 a
T
T

m2 =

x W ( x)dx = b
2

2 = m2 m12 = b 2

T2
T
+a2 1
T
T

T2
T
T
T
+ a 2 1 ( 2 b + 1 a) 2
T
T
T
T

11.7.
.
:
y(t)=f[x(t)] , y(tk)
tk x(tk).
y :
W ( y ) =W ( x )

dx
W ( x)
=
dy
dy
dx

60

-.

y
.11.14
b
-a

-b

nx b, x < a

y = kx, kx a
nx + b, x > a

.

m1x=0.
x2

1
2
W ( x) =
e 2
2

x .11.15 ( ).
y:
1. x a =kx (k>1)
W ( y) =

W ( x) W ( x)
=
dy
k
dx

W(x) x, y/k,
W ( y) =

1
k 2

y2
2 k 2 2

y ka ,
2
2
2
2
m1y=0, y, .. y= k > (.. k > 1) .

61

W(x)

x
-a

a
W(y)
.11.15.

-ka
2. :

ka

x >a
y > ka
y = nx + b

W ( y) =

W ( x ) W ( x)
=
dy
n
dx

x , ..
W ( y) =

1
n 2

x=

y b
n

( y b ) 2
2 n 2 2

b
n 2 < 2 , (n < 1)
2

62

3.:
x < a
y < ka
y = nx b
( y +b ) 2

2 2
W ( x) W ( x)
1
W ( y) =
=
=
e 2n
dy
n
n 2
dx

, m1= -b n 2 2 .
y .11.15 ( ).

11.8.
.
.
kx, x a

y = ka, x > a
ka, x < a

1. x a, y = kx
y ka

y
2 2

e 2k
W ( y) =
, y < ka
k 2

63

.2 x > a; y = ka
2

(y b) . n ,

22
2n
W(y) = lim e = " " = P(x > a) (y ka)
n 2
n ,b ka

( y ka )

3.x < a; y = ka
W ( y ) = P ( x < a ) ( y + ka)

W(y)
P(x<-a)(y+ka)

P(x>a)(y-ka)
.11.16.

-ka

ka

11.9. .
.11.17.

y
ka

.11.17.
x

-ka

64

 y -
: .
..
0.5, , y
+ka -ka 0.5. ,
, , , y
- y=-ka y=ka (.11.18):
W(y)
0,5 (y+ka)

0,5 (y-ka)
.11.18.

-ka

ka

11.10. ()
.
.
(t1)
x t1, x
:
y (t ) =

x() g (t )d

y (t )
x ( )
g (t )

1. ,
,
x
:
2. ,

x >> ,
.
.
1. ?

m1 y = y (t ) = x ( )g (t )d

m2 y = y(t 2 ) =

x( ) g(t ) x(v )g(t v)dv =

x( )x (v)g(t )g(t v)d dv

65

2. ? ?
3.
.
4. ?
5. .
6. ?
7. .

12. .

,
.


B(t1,t2)
.

B (t1 , t 2 ) = ( x (t1 ) m1 (t1 ))( x (t 2 ) m1 (t 2 ))W ( x (t1 ); x (t 2 )) dx (t1 ) dx (t 2 )

(12.1)

=(t2-t1)
:
1
B ( ) = lim
T T

T
2

x(t ) x(t + )dt

(12.2)

.
()
(0)
.12.1.
-

1.() - ; () = (-)
2.(0) - max; (0) = 2 ( , ..
).

66

3. lim B( ) = 0

4.

B()d

B ( 0)

:
|| - ,
|| > - .
5. R() = () / (0) - ,
|R()| 1.

1. .
2. ,
.
3. .
4.
?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?

13. .


:

G()
.

G()
.13.1.

,
, .. , 1
1 /. G() --- 2/ 2/ *

67

 - ,.. ,
95 % - 99,9 % .

= const /
const 3 6- .

1. ?
2. ?
3.
?

14. -


.

:

G () = 4 B () cos() d
0

B () =

1
G () cos() d
2
0

(14.1)

.
, ,
, .
() ,
.

G()
G0

.14.1.

G() = G0 0
G0 - .
( / ) :
P = G0*
68

 - .
-:

0 cos( w )dw
1
1
B( ) =
G ( w ) cos( w ) dw =
G cos( w ) dw = G 0
= G 0 ( )
2 0
2 0 0
2

( )

:
()
G0 ()
.14.2.

.
:

k 0 __ _ 0

2
k ( ) =
0 ___ _
0

2
G0.
y ;
.. () W(y) .
.14.1.
. 14.2,
.14.3.
()
0
0

(0 -/2)

(0 +/2)

.14.2

G()
G002
69


.14.3.
: G() = G002, ..
,
, 02 .
- , G() (). :
0

B( )

1
=
2

K G
= 0 0
2

0 +

(0 -/2)

1
G( ) cos d = 2

(0 +/2)

0 +

G K
0

2
0

cos d =

2
G0 K 0 2 sin cos 0 =
2
2

2 cos
0

2

sin

.14.4:
()

.14.4.

-2/

2/

.
.. ,
y
2, B(0),
, :
W ( y) =

2 = B (0) =

y2

2 2

G0 k 02
2

70

 .14.4
.
=0
,
. , 2/, ..
.
.
1. ,
.
2. ,

3. ?
4.
, .

15. .
,

,
.

, .
,
:

:
s(t) = k u(t - ),
s(t) - ,
u(t) - ,
k - ,
- .
- .

:
s(t) = k u(t - ) + x(t),
x(t) - .
,
.


,
,
k

71



.


- ,
( )
.

16.
- , ,


.
() :
L

l =1

m =0

y i = a l y i l + bm xi m

xi - ,
yi - ,
al , bm - .
L,M .
al
,
. al ,
.
:
- gi , ..
(xi=1 i=0, xi=0 i0);
- hi , ..
( xi = 1 i 0, xi =0 i<0 );
- , Z -
:
K (z) =

Y ( z)
X ( z)

; Y ( z ) = y i z i
i =0

X ( z ) = xi z i
i =0

, K(z)
z jT .

,
.

72

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

?
.
?
?
?
z- ?

.
,

, .
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,

.

1. . . - ., ,
1998, 432 .
2. .., .., .., ..
. - ., , 1986, 304 .
3. .., ... , .
. - ., , 1990, 280 .
4. .., .., ..,
..,
...
. - ., , 1985, 272.
5. .., .. .
. , 1991, 72.

73

74