Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni
Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho kt ni khong cch xa. Ngy nay, Internet tr thnh mt nhu cu thit yu, gip mi ngi khp ni trn th gii c th giao tip, trao i, hc tp, mua sm, gii tr d dng, nhanh chng. Cc ng dng, dch v trn Internet cng ngy cng pht trin theo, iu ny i hi tc , bng thng kt ni Internet cao v cp quang tr thnh la chn s mt - FTTH (Fiber To Home) l mt in hnh. FTTH p ng cc dch v lun i hi mng kt ni tc cao nh IPTV, hi ngh truyn hnh, video trc tuyn, gim st t xa IP Camera... Trc y, cp quang ch dng kt ni cc ng trc chnh ca quc gia, nh cung cp dch v, doanh nghip ln v chi ph kh cao. Nhng hin nay, cp quang c s dng kh rng ri cc doanh nghip va, nh, cc trng i hc v ngi s dng thng thng. Bi vit gii thiu c bn v cp quang v cc u ni, gip bn c hiu c thng s k thut trn cc ti liu, thng tin sn phm quang. Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho kt ni khong cch xa. Trong khi cp ng s dng dng in truyn tn hiu, d b suy hao trong qu trnh truyn v c khong cch kt ni ngn hn. Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh: li (core), lp phn x nh sng (cladding), lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary buffer). Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao bc core l cladding lp thy tinh hay plastic - nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo v core v cladding khng b bi, m, try xc. Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) - cp quang lm bng thu tinh v POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) - cp quang lm bng plastic. POF c ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu khong cch ngn, mng tc thp. Trn cc ti liu k thut, bn thng thy cp quang GOF ghi cc thng s 9/125m, 50/125m hay 62,5/125m, y l ng knh ca core/cladding; cn primary coating c ng knh mc nh l 250m. Hnh 1

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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

Hnh 1

Bo v si cp quang l lp v ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh cht ca mi loi cp. Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp chu lc ko (strength member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o gip (jacket) - ty theo ti liu s c tn gi khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng, thng lm t cc si Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s c thm cc lp jacket khc nhau. Jacket c kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn trong trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi trng. C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loose-tube) v ng m cht (tight buffer). Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong. Loose-tube gip si cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin, khng b cng, b gp nhng ch cong. Hnh 2

Hnh 2

Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang (nh cp in), gip d lp t khi thi cng. Hnh 3

Hnh 3

Trn mt s ti liu, bn s gp hai thut ng vit tt IFC, OSP. IFC (Intrafacility fiber cable) l loi cp dng trong nh, c t lp bo v vt l v vic thi cng lp t linh hot. OSP (Outside plant cable) l loi cp dng ngoi tri, chu c nhng iu kin khc nghit ca nhit , m, bi... loi cp ny c nhiu lp bo v. Cc tia sng bn trong cp quang c hai kiu truyn dn l n mt (Singlemode) v a mt (Multimode). Cp quang Singlemode (SM) c ng knh core
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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

Hnh 4

kh nh (khong 9m), s dng ngun pht laser truyn tia sng xuyn sut v vy tn hiu t b suy hao v c tc kh ln. SM thng hot ng 2 bc sng (wavelength) 1310nm, 1550nm. Cp quang Multimode (MM) c ng knh core ln hn SM (khong 50m, 62.5m). MM s dng ngun sng LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc laser truyn tia sng v thng hot ng 2 bc sng 850nm, 1300nm; MM c khong cch kt

ni v tc truyn dn nh hn SM. MM c hai kiu truyn: chit xut bc (Step index) v chit xut lin tc (Graded index). Cc tia sng kiu Step index truyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau v vy c mc suy hao cao v tc kh chm. Step index t ph bin, thng dng cho cp quang POF. Cc tia sng kiu Graded index truyn dn theo ng cong v hi t ti mt im. Do Graded index t suy hao v c tc truyn dn cao hn Step index. Graded index c s dng kh ph bin. Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang c hai dng n cng (simplex) v song cng (duplex). Simplex truyn tn hiu ch 1 chiu. Duplex c th truyn nhn tn hiu 1 chiu bn song cng (half-Duplex) hoc c 2 chiu song cng ton phn (full-Duplex) Duplex cng thi im ty theo cch cu hnh.

Hnh 5

Hnh 6

u ni cp quang vo bng u dy (patch panel) hoc vo cc cng vo/ra (input/output) trn cc thit b truyn nhn quang, ngi ta thng s dng dy ni quang mt u c sn u
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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

ni (pigtail) hoc c hai u c sn u ni (pathcord).

Hnh 7

Hnh 8

Mt s loi cp quang: Ribbon: cp quang dng ruy-bng, cha nhiu si quang bn trong.Hnh 9 Zipcord: hai si quang c v ngoi lin nhau (nh dy in). Hnh 10

Hnh 9

Hnh 10

Bt k giao tip quang no cng bao gm 3 thnh phn: ngun pht, vt truyn dn trung gian (cp quang) v ngun thu. Ngun pht s chuyn i tn hiu in t thnh nh sng v truyn dn qua cp quang. Ngun thu chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in t. C hai loi ngun pht l laser v LED. Laser t tn sc, cho php truyn dn d liu tc nhanh, khong cch xa (trn 20km), dng c cho c Singlemode v Multimode nhng chi ph cao, kh s dng. LED tn sc nhiu, truyn dn tc chm hn, b li chi ph thp, d s dng, thng dng cho cp quang Multimode. LED dng cho h thng c khong cch ngn hn, c th s dng cho c si quang thy tinh, si quang plastic. Cc thng s quang cn quan tm Suy hao quang (Optical loss): lng cng sut quang (optical power) mt trong sut qu trnh truyn dn qua cp quang, im ghp ni. K hiu dB. Suy hao phn x (Optical Return loss): nh sng b phn x ti cc im ghp ni, u ni quang.
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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

Suy hao tip xc (Insertion loss): gim cng sut quang hai u ghp ni. Gi tr thng thng t 0,2dB - 0,5dB. Suy hao (Attenuation): mc suy gim cng sut quang trong sut qu trnh truyn dn trn mt khong cch xc nh. K hiu dB/km. V d, vi cp quang Multimode bc sng 850nm suy gim 3dB/km, trong khi bc sng 1300nm ch suy gim 1dB/km. Cp quang Singlemode: suy gim 0,4dB/km 1310nm, 0,3dB/km 1550nm. u ni (connector) suy gim 0,5dB/cp u ni. im ghp ni (splice) suy gim 0,2 dB/im. Bc sng (Wavelength): l chu k di chuyn ca sng in t. K hiu nm (nanometer). nh sng chng ta nhn thy c c wavelength t 400nm n 700nm (mu tm n mu ). Cp quang s dng nh sng nm trong vng hng ngoi c wavelength ln hn wavelength m ta nhn thy trong khong 850nm, 1300nm v 1550nm. Cc bc sng truyn dn quang c xc nh da trn hai yu t nhm khc phc tnh trng suy hao do nng lng v vt liu truyn dn: cc bc sng nm trong vng hng ngoi v cc bc sng khng nm trong vng hp thu, cn tr nng lng nh sng truyn dn (absorption) do tp cht ln trong cp quang t qu trnh sn xut

Hnh 11

Vy v sao chng ta khng s dng cc bc sng di hn? Bc sng hng ngoi l s chuyn tip gia nh sng v nhit. Bc sng di hn, nhit xung quang cng nng hn, tn hiu nhiu lon nhiu hn. Do , thng POF c bc sng 650nm, 850nm. GOF vi Multimode hot ng 850nm v 1300nm, Singlemode 1310nm, 1550nm. Gia hai bc sng 1300nm v 1310nm khng khc bit nhau, ch l cch qui c phn bit s dng cp quang Singlemode hay Multimode.
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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

u ni quang: gm nhiu thnh phn kt hp li vi nhau, chng c nhiu kiu nh SC/PC, ST/UPC, FC/APC... Nhng c hai thnh phn bn cn quan tm, l kiu u ni SC, ST, FC...v im tip xc PC, UPC, APC. SC (subscriber connector), ST (straight tip), FC (fiber connector) l cc kiu u ni quang c dng hnh vung, hnh trn...

Hnh 12

Bn trong u ni l ferrule, gip bo v v gi thng si cp quang. Ferrule c lm bng thy tinh, kim loi, plastic hoc gm (ceramic) - trong cht liu gm l tt nht.

Hnh 13

nh ca ferrule c lm nhn (polish) vi ba dng im tip xc chnh PC (Physical Contact), UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) v APC (Angled Physical Contact), gip m bo ch ghp ni c t nh sng b mt hoc b phn x nht. Dng PC c vt cong, s dng vi cc kiu u ni FC, SC, ST. PC, c gi tr suy hao phn x (optical return loss) l 40dB. V gi tr ny kh cao, nn thc y cc nh sn xut tip tc tm kim cc gii php tt hn. UPC l gii php tip Hnh 14 theo, n cng c vt cong nh PC nhng gim return loss hn. UPC c gi tr return loss 50dB. UPC dng vi cc u ni FC, SC, ST, DIN, E2000. APC c vt cho 8 , loi b hu ht s phn x im ghp ni v c gi tr return loss 60dB. Bn nn lu l khi c cc thng s k thut quang cp mc suy hao c th lm bn d hiu sai v du + v -. Chng hn, vi kt qu tnh ton, o c mc suy hao l -40dB. Trn thng s k thut c th vit gi tr suy hao (loss values) l
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Ngy 24 thng 3 nm 2014

C bn v cp quang v cc u ni

40dB hoc s o mc phn x l -40dB hay li (gain) l -40dB. Tt c u nh nhau, do bn cn ch cch vit trnh hiu sai. Hin nay, gi thnh cp quang v cc ph kin quang thp hn so vi cch nay vi nm. Cng vi vic ng dng nhiu gii php nh IP Camera, VoIP, Hi ngh truyn hnh qua mng, kt ni mng gigabit gia cc ta nh, vn phng, xng sn xut; cp quang dn tr thnh la chn s mt cho vic trin khai h tng mng i hi nhiu bng thng v tc cao. Quc Dng ----------------------------------------------Tham kho Introduction to Fiber Optics - John Crisp & Barry Elliott http://www.thefoa.org
[In trang] [ng trang]

Tp ch Th Gii Vi Tnh - PC World VN. CQ ch qun: S Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh TP.HCM

G iy php s 196/G P -BV H TT do B V n H a Thng Tin cp ngy 27-06-2003 Ta son: 126 N guy n Th M inh Khai, Q .3 TP .H C M - T: 84.8.39304324 - F A X: 84.8.39304338 Bn quy n ca Th G ii V i Tnh - P C World V N

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