3

||u ||

2.5
2
1.5

parte real de
autovalores

parte imaginaria
de autovalores

0.5
0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

1.5
1
1

1
0.5

0.8

0.5

0.6

p. imaginaria

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.2

0.5

parte real de
autovalores
0.4

0.6

1
0.8

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.6
0.69
0.4

0.68
0.67
0.2

0.66
0.65

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.4

= 0.6573,

0.6

0.2

0.4

= 0.6871.

0.6

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Enunciados Precisos: [1, 3], [2, 3.4], [3, 3.5]
[1] J. E. Marsden & M. McCracken, The Hopf Bifurcation and its Aplications, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1976.
[2] J. Guckenheimer & P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical
Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag, New
York, 1983.
[3] Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory (2nd Ed.),
Springer, New York, 1998.

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
(x = u u0 ,

= 0 ).

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
<0:

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
<0:
1) < 0,

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
<0:
1) < 0,
2) avals. de

1
1

=i

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
<0:
1) < 0,
2) avals. de

1
1

=i

0 eqilibrio estable.

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
<0:
1

1
2

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:

> 0,
= 0,

< 0,

si < ,
si = ,
si > .

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:

> 0,
= 0,

< 0,

si < ,
si = ,
si > .

orbita periodica.

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:

> 0,
= 0,

< 0,

si < ,
si = ,

si > .

ciclo lmite.

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:
1

1
2

Bifurcaci
on de Hopf
Esencialmete se reduce a



 


x1
1
x1
x 1
2
2
,
(x1 + x2 )
=
x2
x2
1
x 2
En polares
= ( 2 ),
= 1.
>0:

> 0,
= 0,

< 0,

si < ,
si = ,

si > .

ciclo lmite.

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.6
0.69
0.4

0.68
0.67
0.2

0.66
0.65