.., ..

-
2008
1


-
,

- 2008

.., . .
; , 2008, -

,
- .
,
,
.

,
2008 ( ).

.., ..
-
,
, 2008

1.

,
, ,

.
.
.
,

(TDM

time

division

multiplexing)

(WDM wave division

multiplexing).

(TDM).

. ,
,
.

.
WDM. ,
ElectroniCast Corp. (),
2005 . $ 12 .
(WDM) 1990 .
, 1,31 1,55
4

240 . .
1,55 4 ,
WDM 1,55 (DWDM dense wavelength division
multiplexing)
1,6 .
(),
, ..
. ,

(, Sonet, ATM ),
.
,
.
,
().

.
. . 1
(
).
WDM ,
WDM .
WDM
,
,
,
WDM ,
.
5

2. WDM

ITU-T,

. 100 (0,8 ),
5,1 , 1528,77 1569,59 .
51 .
,
( S L). -
50 (0,4 ),
.
.
WDM :
1. WDM (CWDM)
200 , 16
2. WDM (DWDM)
100, 64 .
3. WDM(HDWDM) 50
, 64 .

2.1. WDM
90-
/c . 1995 . 2,55 /.
, WDM, MCI
Communications. 1998 . 100
/.

1996

Nippon

Telegraph

and

Telephone

(NTT)

400 /. 1999 . Siemens

1,2

(60 20 /
). 20 - Electronic Time
Division

Multiplexing

(ETDM)

.
1300 1550 .
200 ,
60 , ,
30 /. DWDM
40 /.
WDM:
1. WDM, STM 4 (625 )

2. WDM, STM + 16 (2,5 /)
/ 1550 , 400 .
3. DWDM, STM + 64 (10 /).
8/96 1550 , 50/100 .
4. DWDM + 256 (40 /)
100/200 1550 , 25/50

1
0,1
1985

1,3
1990

1995

WDM
2000

DWDM

10

1,5

100

/c/

103

2005

.1. .

..
1 WDM .
1. WDM

() () ()
50
100
196,10
196,10
1528,77
196,05
1529,16
196,00
196,00
1529,55
195,95
1529,94
195,90
195,90
1530,33
195,85
1530,72
195,80
195,80
1531,12
195,75
1531,51
195,70
195,70
1531,90
195,65
1532,29
195,60
195,60
1532,68
195,55
1533,07
195,50
195,50
1533,47
195,45
1533,86
8

()
()
()
50 100
195,40
195,40
1534,25
195,35
1534,64
195,30
195,30
1535,04
195,25
1535,43
195,20
195,20
1535,82
195,15
1536,22
195,10
195,10
1536,61
195,05
1537,00
195,00
195,00
1537,40
194,95
1537,79
194,90
194,90
1538,19
194,85
1538,58
194,80
194,80
1538,98
194,75
1539,37
194,70
194,70
1539,77
194,65
1540,16
194,60
194,60
1540,56
194,55
1540,95
194,50
194,50
1541,35
194,45
1541,75
194,40
194,40
1542,14
194,35
1542,54
194,30
194,30
1542,94
194,25
1543,33
194,20
194,20
1543,73
194,15
1544,13
194,10
194,10
1544,53
194,05
1544,92
194,00
194,00
1545,32
193,95
1545,72
193,90
193,90
1546,12
193,85
1546,52
193,80
193,80
1546,92
193,75
1547,32
193,70
193,70
1547,72
193,65
1548,11
193,60
193,60
1548,51
193,55
1548,91
193,50
193,50
1549,32
9

()
()
()
50 100
193,45
1549,75
193,40
193,40
1550,12
193,35
1550,52
193,30
193,30
1550,92
193,25
1551,32
193,20
193,20
1551,72
193,15
1552,12
193,10
193,10
1552,52
193,05
1552,93
193,00
193,00
1553,33
192,95
1553,73
192,90
192,90
1554,13
192,85
1554,54
192,80
192,80
1554,94
192,75
1555,34
192,70
192,70
1555,75
192,65
1556,15
192,60
192,60
1556,55
192,55
1556,96
192,50
192,50
1557,36
192,45
1557,77
192,40
192,40
1558,17
192,35
1558,58
192,30
192,30
1558,98
192,25
1559,39
192,20
192,20
1559,79
192,15
1560,20
192,10
192,10
1560,61
- WDM 2.

2. - WDM
10

 WDM n ,
.

3. WDM

3.1.
WDM
. ,
,

-
.
. (
).

-.
,
. . 3
.

. 3.

11

o

.
:

NA = sin max .

(1)

: SMF
(single mode fiber) (multi mode fiber).
V:

V=

2a

n12 n22 n1 2 ,

(2)

a , , n1, n2
, = (n1 n 2 ) n1 .

V 2,405.

.
.
( )
.4.
,
. (ITU) 6
(. 5, 6, 7).

12

.4. : ,
, - .

.5. .

.6.
.

13

.7.
ITU

EIA/TIA

(.1),
1,31 , (DSF) 1,55
(.1b), 1,55
(NZ DSF) (.1d). .

.
.
WDM,
, .

2
( L) = t
t 2 ,

14

(3)

 (L) ( 1
/), t , t
.
:
1. .

.
.
2. .

,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
3. ( ).
. .8

, .9
.
4. . ,
. ,

,
,
. (/) L1/2

1/2

. . 10

.
15

.8. n
ng

.9. 2

16

.10.
,
.
, .

/. ( )

(/) = + + + ,

(4)

= 4,3483(n12 1)kT103/34,

(5)

n1 , k ,
1,3810-23 /K, ( 8,1 2/H).

= 8,69 n1 tg/,
17

(6)

 tg .
,
.

= e-/,

(7)

. = (0,70,9)10-6 , = 0,9.
- ,
.
= 850 - 0,1 /, = 1310 0,05 /, =
1550 0,03 /.

(, ..), , ..
.
= 1550 0,25 /.

.11.

.11.
:
1 ;
2 ;
3 ;
4
18


, . ,
WDM.
WDM
.
1. 8-10
.
n = n0 +n2 (P/A),

(8)

n0 , n2
, 2,23,4 2/ , P , A .
spm:
spm = 2n2(P/A) = PL,

(9)

- , L .
.
, .
, , ..
, .
, .

. , ,
10 ,
.
.
.
19

 DWDM
. N,
2N .
2. FWM (Four Wave Mixing)
, .
.
, .
3.

()

()

). , .
,
.
3.2.

.
. , ..
,
.

..
, .
( 1),
.

( , ),
,
20

 . ,
.
,
. (
1), .

( ,
), ,
. ,
.
:
, Y- , .

, 1,3 1,55 (. 12).

. 12. .
Y- ,
1:2 (. 13).

. 13. Y- .
21

 , ,
1:4, 1:8 .. (. 14).

. 14. 1:8.
.

(. 15). :
.
.

.15.
,
, .
:

. .

22

 :

. .

. ,
Y-, .

,

1260 1680 .
, .
, ,
1 ,
.
(
) (.16). 10-15%.

.16 Y-.

,
. , ,
(.17).
23

. 17. 1:8,
-
WDM
: 1260-1360 , 1480-1580 ; DWDM : 1285-1325
, 1530-1566 ; : 1290-1330 , 1530-1570

3.3. .

; ,
. WDM
.
0,3 . ,
.

3.4. .

.
24

 ,
. ,
. ,

,
( , EDFA ..)
,

.
.
(YIG). ,
45.
45 .
45 .
30-40 .
. 18.

.18. :
,

25

19,

(Y-) . 2,
1, 3. 3
2. . 19, Y- ,
. , , 1, 2;
, 2, 3; , 3,
4, 4 1.

.19. :
- Y-;
- Y-, .

3.5.

.
.
,

(, -

26

 ). ,
.
( )
( 0,1 ).

.
,
.

()

, .
,

A = 10 log(

P1
),
P0

(10)

P1 ,
P0 .

0,2 0,4 .
.

( ,
).
(PC)

.
(APC),
( 80).
.
27

 , , :

R = 10 log(

Pr
),
P0

(11)

Pr - , , P0 -
.

25 60 .
,
.

. .
. 20
:

.20. :
, , .
3.5.1. .

FC

(. 21).
(FC/PC) (FC/APC) .
, ,
2,5
20 . . 0,2 .
28

 ST ,
(.22)
2,5 20 .

. 0,5 . .

.21. FC

.22. ST

SC (square cross-section),
(.23).
(SMA) , push-pull,
.
,
, .

. .

.23. SC
29

SC-

, ..
.
.

.
ST

.24.

ST

ST (.24).

.
,
, ,
.
FC D
.
SC ,
, ,
.

FC-ST, FC-SC, SC-ST, SC- Duplex-ST

(.25).

. 25.

0,2 0,3

0,05 0,2 .

30


,
Diamond, .
SMA,
(, , ). DIN
, , . -2000 push-pull Diamond.
Corning UniCam ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
0,3 .
,
. HewlettPackard, Fujikura . MT-RJ
0,2 .

.
.

.

,
(.26 27).

,
.
31

0.4

1.0

0.3
_

0.2
0.1

()

()

0
0.1 0.2 0.3

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
()

0
0.80 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.14 1.16
MFD ( )

.26.
,

.27.
,

:
, , ,
20. ( )

. , ,
.
SIECOR ,
,

.
3
. ,
, .
. -,
. 0,1 .
32



, .
:
- ST FC,
,
-
,
- ,
.

,
. ,
, .
, 1600,
,
.

3.6. -

.
/ , ,
.
, ,
.

, . 28 29.
33

. 28. : ,
.

(3 1 )

( ~10 )

. 29. -.

, , .
.

,
,
, (.30).

. , ,
Nd:YAG,
.
34

.30.
Nd:YAG .

(.31). ,
.

. 31. .

,

.
, ,
.
35

3.7.
WDM
, ,
, (MUX). ,
, ,

(DEMUX).

, (
). ,
, 32, a.
, (. 32, ).
. 3, .

. 32. WDM:
- ;
- ;
- / .
36


1.

(..
, 3 ).
, ,
, .
WDM.
2.

ITU.
.
3.

-3

(FWHM
Full Width

at Half

Maximum).

,
.
4.

(NEXT Near-end Crosstalk)

(FEXT - Far-end crosstalk).

.
.
( )
,
.
5.

.
6.

. ,
, .
37

7.

, .

.
-
.
8.

.
: 1)
, 2) 3)
(Phased Arrayed grating).

3.7.1. ()

, WDM ,
,
, , ,
, ..
-
. . 33.

. 33.

38

 ,
.
,
.
,
, ..
. ,
.
( )
. 34.

.34.
.
. 35

,
( .).
32 . 3,5 5,9 .
25 ,

39

 35.

3.7.2. ADM (add/drop multiplexer)

AD

,
.
Drop-

AD

(TO)
AVG1

AVG2
AVG3

36.
16- ADM,

AVG4

NTT, 4

Add-

. 36. 16- ADM

16

.
24 (3300 ).
. 16 11, 12,..116
, TO ,
- .
,
40

 .
, .

1 (2) 3(4).
1(2)
4(3).

, ,
. , 2,4,6,7
, I2, I4, I6, I7
-.
.

3.7.3.

-
-

.37.

. ,
.

.37,

.
2L1 + (N 1)L2, L1
, L2 , L1i
.
.37, b . .57, c

41

,
b(1) b(2), n1
n2 n3 .
,
.
a = 2 ,

b1

= 1,07 , b2 = 1,5 , n1 = 1,6278, n2 = 1,465, n3 = 1

= 1,53 1,58 .
0,85 0,4 ,
0,1 0,3.

. 37. -

:

2Ri nc = R1 + (i 1)R ,

42

(12)

 Ri N-, R1
,

nc , m .
:

n g = nc

dnc
.
d

(13)

R =

dR mng
=
.
d
2nc2

(14)

(FSR)
:

FSR =

nc
mn g

N max =

nc
.
mn g

(15, 16)

m , FSR Nmax . m
, R R ,
.
. m = 79 1,55
R = 12,65
8,
= 5,6 .

43

3.7.4. -

. . 38.

. 38. -

3.7.5.

-
, 1,31
1,55 . ,
,
d = n 2 , , n .

(. 39),
(. 40).

44

. 39.

(FBG),

,
.
-
, .

. 40
.41.
45

. 41.


-.
. 42.

.42.

46


. 43.
.

. 43.
/
, ,

.

3.8.

1
2. : WDM,

. . 44
WDM.

-, .
47

.44. WDM.

WDM. :
-,

.
.
,
-.
-
, () ,
. - CGM
(Cross-Gain Modulation) - CPM (Cross-Gain Modulation).

().

- (. 45)

.
s .
.
( )

. s
180 .
48

. 45. -
-

. -

(. 46).
.
, .
B, A.
, A .

, .
,
f1, f2, f3

f = f 1 + f2 f 3

( f = 2f1 f3 f1 = f2).
.
49

.46. -

. ,
(. 47).

. 47. .
50

 , ()
0,1 %.

3.9.

.

, . WDM
,
, .
107 1010 .

(,

.) WDM , ,
-

- (. 48).

.48.
-

.
51

,
, .
,
, ,

..
,

.
.

P. 1
= (1 + cos ) ,
P. 2

(17)

= 0 + , 0 , ,
,

= 2m, , m- ,

1
2

= 2 (m + ) , m = -0, 1, 2

52

 .
, ,
(
).
. 49.

.49. LiNbO3-
-
LiNbO3- Laser2000 . 2.

.

, 100
, . ,
,
.

53

 2. LiNbO3-
-

, ,
3.

-.
. 50.
. 51.

54

 3. ,

V,
(

,
%)

,
r 1012 /

rn31012 /

29-44

r33=30,r22=7

320

2810

120

3,2 (91%)

DAST

2,6-10

5,2
( )

r22 =22 (1,3 )

(PMMA/DRI),
r33=60 (0,63 )
(NAEC-PMMA),
r33=25(1,3 )(
-),
r33=37
(1,06)(CLD2ISX)
r11= 360, r21=120
(0,8 )
r11=530 (0,72 ),
700 (0,63)

1,6 (1,3 )
4,5 (1,3 )
10 (1,3 )
5000-7000

(60-70%)
(0,63 )

50

. 50. -

55

W

RIBD
D

RIBT
P+

POLYT

RIBW
P-

. 51. .
55
/ 1,3 . (NOA73, n = 5431 )
(Epoxylite 9653-02, n = 1,5347) (cladding), 2,5 2,5 .

CLD1/PMMA n = 1,67. RIBW = 6 , RIBD = 2,5 , RIBT = 0,6 , POLYT
= 1,4 , D = 7,5 . Y- 1,5
, 10.
3 . 5 110 .
1,2 ,
30 30 .
4.
4.

L ,
Y33
L = 30 , Y33 = 58 /
= 1318
L = 20 , Y33 = 7 /
= 1320
L = 15 , Y33 = 12 /
= 1064

Vx ()

0.819

0.7393

9,7%

20.00

13.6313

31.8%

24.0

28.7698

19.9%

56

3.10.
WDM
(OXC optical cross-connect), ..
.
, ,

:
- , (FXC
fiber switch cross-connect),
- , (WSXC
wavelength selective cross-connect),
- (WIXC - wavelength interchanging crossconnect).

, SOA,

,
.

(MEMS).

MEMS

, .
(10
100 ). 22.
22.
,
. -

4 ).
(, -),
57

 . -

(
). ,

,
WDM. . 52
c

, ,
.

. 52. 44

3.11.
WDM
/

58

3.11.1.

( 1 60 ).
.

m = 2d cos ,

(18)

m , d ,
.


.
(. 53).

. 53. -
WDM ( ).
59


70 (1310,1550,1625 )

.

0,8 70 . - ,
, add/drop.
5 6.
5.
DiCon

,
, ,
,
,
,
PDL,
PDL,

12601360; 12601570;
15301570; 16101660
45
0,7
1,0
-50
0,05
0,1
9/125 SMF-28
-20+75

6.

,
,
,
,
1532 ,
,

PDL,
PDL,

15351565
15001535
0,5
0,8
2,5
-50
0,05
0,1
9/125/250 SMF-28
-20+75
60


(. 54 55).

. 54.

. 55. WDM -
WDM 16 32
.
.
61

()

(, -, - .).
WDM
,
, , (
) (. 56).
.


, ,

,
80 100 . 110 .

. 56.
3.12. ()
, ,
( 80-100 )

. , .

62

 , ,
WDM, , .
:
, .

3.12.1.

,
.
, -
.

.
(5-7 ).
3.12.2.

, , ,
.
,

. .
. 57,
p , s . ,
, .
. 58.

20-30

, .
DWDM.

63

. 57.

. 58.
,
(. 59).

. 59. ,

3.12.3.
(DFA).

64

 .
, , , .
, , ..
1,5 , .. . . 60
,
EDFA.
.
N1
N,
N2 10 , ,
.
.
. ,

.

ASE. .

. 60
EDFA

, : ,
65

 , . G
Pout Pin
ASE (amplified Spontaneous
Emission) .

P (e) Pase (e)

,
G = 10 lg out
Pin (e)

(19)

Pout(e) ;
Pase(e)

Pin(e) .

ASE (. 61).

. 61. ASE

,
, .

66

( 1 ).
(,
-20 30 ).
3 .
, ,
(. 62).

. EDFA
, , .

. 62 . EDFA


980 1480 .
. , ,
980 ,
. 1480
67

 -
.
,
. ,
.
, , 980
, 1480 .

. .
EDFA
,
. / (S/N) - ,
,
.

/
:

Fn =

(S N )in
(S N )out

(20)

/ :
, - , ,
, .
3 8 .
/
.
WDM
.
, ,
WDM ,

68

, ,

, 2030 .

.
.
. 63 /
, . ,
.

. 63.

DFA
.
EDFA
. 1525 1560 ,

.
69

 ,
, .

.

3.12.4. - (FORA fiber

optical parametric amplifiers)

-
- , ,

, .
1, 2 3
4 = 1 + 2 3.

p, s,
i. s + i = 2p.
. 64.

. 64. -
.
70

, .
.

(p s),
.

p (p s), i = 2p s, s.
s,
,

.

, , :
(z) = /2,

(21)

(z) = 2p s i + z + 2Ppz = /2,

(22)

p, s i ,
z = 0; z ; 2Ppz
; = s + i - 2p, p,s,i , .
g :
g2 = -(/4 + Pp),
71

(23)

 :
= (Pp/4)1/4,

(24)

4 = d4/d4 p.
200 400
60 , , .
WDM
.

3.13. WDM DWDM

WDM
, . 65.

. 65. WDM
, , .

, , .
, ,
.

72

 ,
.

,
. , ,
. , , DFB ,
: 0,1 /0 0,01 /,
40 .
,
,

DFB ,

(ECDC),
VCSEL .

3.13.1. - LED

p n
,
. .
, ,
, . . 66
.

. 66. :
;
73

30

60

, , ,
.

3.13.2.

:
1)
2) ( ) SLM
3) DFB
4)
VCSEL
5) ECDL
- ,
,
1
5 .
, . .
68, .
.
30
.
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.
,
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74

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.
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. 68.
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WDM.

.

75

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. WDM 2-3 ,
.
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(
).
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, ,
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,
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76

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77

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78

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12 6 /.
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100 /. 70
,

, , 10
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79

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3.13.3. EDFA

EDFA
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120 ,
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81

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8 .
3 100 (1519-1619 )
1 72 (1537-1613 ).
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3.14. WDM-

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(26)

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84

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);
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85

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3. Idark: 200 10-9A, - 10-7A, - 10-9A.
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88

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.

92

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 11 WDM
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2005. Intel
, 10000 , .

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.
2004. ,

95

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integrated Optical Circuit) Bookham Technology
- :
, , ,
, .
WDM BKM-2400
FTTC (Curb), FTTB (Building), FTTH (Home).
96

 11.

- . - - -

- - .

SiO2-

SiO2
(SiO2 Si .)
Si
(Si )

SiOH
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+
+

+
+

97

4.

.
, ,
,
- .
WDM , -
, WDM
40 /.
-
,
, ,
,
- .

98

5.
1. Govind P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems 2nd ed. - New York:
John Willey & Sons, inc., 1997.
2. .. .
- - .: -, 2007.
3. . . -

2- . .:

, 2004.
4. Andre Girard. WDM EXFO,
, 2001.
5. . .
- , 2001.
6. . .

, 4, 1998.
http://www.computerra.ru/offline/1998/232/1055/for_print.html
7. . . - , 4, 1998.
http://www.computerra.ru/offline/1998/232/1051/for_print.html
8. . . - - .
http://www.ruscable.ru/doc/analytic/statya-030.html.
9. . . :
- , 34, 2000.
http://itc.ua/article.phtml?ID=3545&IDw=49&pid=19
10. . , . .
( WDM DWDM) -
(). 2 - -, .82-87, 100, 2004.
11. . Intel
/
- - Technology@Intel, 2004.
http://www.intel.com/corporate/europe/emea/rus/country/update/contents/it04041
.htm
99

12. . . - , 2004.
http://www.abn.ru/inf/lan/13_01_2004.shtml
13. ..

: , , , .6-10, 6, 2000.
14. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 1999.
http://old.ruslan-com.ru/ruslan/article/dense_wavelength.html
15. . .
- ITC Community Inited, 2006.
http://www.itc.ua/node/25541
16. .

Computerworld, 2006.
http://www.osp.ru/cw/2006/36/3138283
17. . , . , . .
-

-, .60-63, 79, 2002.

18. . . - ,
.10-15, 1, 2007.
19. .. .
: Lightwave Russian Edition, . 8-10, 2, 2007.
20. K.K. Svidzinskiy. Silicon-based optical integrated circuits for terabit-rate
optical networks - Microelectronic Engineering, p.221-227, 69, 2003.
21. M. Wippich, K. Li Dessau. Tunable Lasers and Fiber-Bragg-Grating Sensors American Institute of Physics, p.24-27, 3, vol.9, 2003.
22. B. Shine, J. Bautista, K. Sullivan Planar lightguide circuits take many forms Laser Focus World, 2, vol. 37, 2001.
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/93063/12/none/none/Feat/Planar
-lightguide-circuits-take-many-forms
23. M. Shimazu, K. McCallion. Side-polished fiber provides functionality and
transparency - Laser Focus World, 9, vol. 34, 1998.
100

http://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/26298/12/none/none/News/Sidepolished-fiber-provides-functionality-and-transparency
24. M. Pearson. Planar lightwave circuits revolutionize photonics - Laser Focus
World, p.136-139, 6, vol. 43, 2007.
25. Regis Fan. Passive Polymer Waveguides for Interconnection of Lightwave
Components http://spot.colorado.edu/~hookerb/regisf~1.htm
26. J. Hecht. Multiple-wavelength sources may be the next generation for WDM Laser Focus World, 6, vol. 39, 2003.
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/180974/12/none/none/Feat/Multi
ple-wavelength-sources-may-be-the-next-generation-for-WD
27. Louay Eldada. Optical communication components - American Institute of
Physics, p.575-593, 3, vol. 75, 2004.
28. X. Dong, Nam Quoc Ngo, P. Shum. Linear cavity erbium-doped fiber laser
with over 100 nm tuning range - Optics Express, p.1689-1694, 14, vol.11,
2003.
29. Xian-Yin Wang, Chun-Sheng Ma, etc. Parameter optimization and characteristic
analysis of a polymer microring resonant wavelength multiplexer - Optic &
Laser Technology, p.337-344, 37, 2005.

101


1. ...................................................................................................................... 4
2. WDM .................................................................... 6
2.1. WDM ....................................................................... 7
3. WDM ..................................................................................... 11
3.1. ............................................................................................... 11
3.2. ........................................................................................................... 20
3.3. . ..................................................................................... 24
3.4. ................................................................ 24
3.5. ..................................................................................... 26
3.5.1. ................................................ 28
3.6. -
....................................................................................................................... 33
3.7. ................................................................ 36
3.7.1. ()............................... 38
3.7.2. ADM (add/drop multiplexer)................................................... 40
3.7.3. ............................ 41
3.7.4. -................................... 44
3.7.5.
................................................................................................... 44
3.8. ....................................................................... 47
3.9. .................................................................................................. 51
3.10. .................................................................................... 57
3.11. ............................................................................................ 58
3.11.1. .................................................................. 59
3.12. () ............................................................................... 62
3.12.1. ............................... 63
3.12.2. ....................................................... 63
3.12.3.
(DFA). ................................................................................................. 64
3.12.4. - (FORA fiber
optical parametric amplifiers)................................................................................... 70
3.13. WDM DWDM .......................................... 72
3.13.1. - LED ............................................................... 73
3.13.2. .......................................................................................... 74
3.13.3. EDFA ........................ 80
3.14. WDM- ..................... 82
3.15. - . ................................................ 93
4. ............................................................................................................... 98
5. ................................................................................................................ 99

102

100

103

2002 .
.. . 2005 .
.. .

; ,

,

- ,
.

,
.
4 4
. 2006 5 .
1- ..
, ICEPOM-6 2006 .
: . , .. ; ,
.. ; , .. , ,
.. , , .. , , .. .

104

-
-

,
197101, -, ., 49

105