Compressible Flow

A) Stagnation Properties 1. Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 27C, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900 kPa. Assuming the compression process to be isentropic, determine the power input to the compressor for a mass flow rate of 0.02 kg/s. (5.3 kW) B) Speed of Sound and Mach Number 1. For an ideal gas prove that for the ratio of the speed sound where Ma = 1, is given by

c* 2 = c0 k +1 2. Explain why when a person inhales Xenon and then talks, his or her voice will sound like Darth Vader (deep Sound/ slow sound). Provide some calculation to prove your answer.
3. Explain why when a person inhales helium and then talks, his or her voice will sound like Donald Duck. Provide some calculation to prove your answer. 4. Determine the speed of sound in air at i. 300 K and ii. 1000 K. Also determine the Mach number of an aircraft moving in air at a velocity of 280 m/s for both cases. (347 m/s, 0.692, 633.9 m/s, 0.379) 5. Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1200 K with a velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at 400 K. Assuming constant specific heats at room temperature, determine the Mach number i. at the inlet and ii. at the exit of the nozzle Assess the accuracy of the constant specific heat assumption. (0.0925, 3.73, 4.86) C) One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 1. Carbon dioxide flows steadily through a varying cross-sectional area duct such as a nozzle at a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. The carbon dioxide enters the duct at a pressure of 1400 kPa and 200C with a low velocity, and it expands in the nozzle to a pressure of 200 kPa. The duct is designed so that the flow can be approximated as isentropic. Determine the density, velocity, flow area, and Mach number at each location along the duct that corresponds to a pressure drop of 200 kPa.
P, kPa

Ans

T, K 473 457 439 417 391

V, m/s 0 164.5 240.7 306.6 371.4

, kg/m3 15.7 13.9 12.1 10.1 8.12

c, m/s 339.4 333.6 326.9 318.8 308.7

A, cm2 13.1 10.3 9.64 10

Ma 0 0.49 0.74 0.96 1.2

1400 1200 1000 800 600

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Compressible Flow
400 200 357 306 441.9 530.9 5.93 3.46 295 272.9 11.5 16.3 1.5 1.95

2. Calculate the critical pressure, temperature, density, area and velocity of carbon dioxide for the flow conditions as we previously solved. (767 kPa, 413.5 K,9.84 kg/m3,9.62 m2,316.9 m/s)

D) Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 1. Air enters a nozzle at 0.2 MPa, 350 K, and a velocity of 150 m/s. Assuming isentropic flow, determine the pressure and temperature of air at a location where the air velocity equals the speed of sound. What is the ratio of the area at this location to the entrance area? (301K,0.188MPa,0.629) 2. Repeat above question using pressure of 0.6 MPa and temperature 420 K. (359.31 K, 0.348 MPa, 0.573) 3. Nitrogen enters a convergingdiverging nozzle at 700 kPa and 400 K with a negligible velocity. Determine the critical velocity, pressure, temperature, and density in the nozzle. (372 m/s, 369.8 kPa, 333K, 3.74 kg/m3)

4. An ideal gas with k = 1.4 is flowing through a nozzle such that the Mach number is 2.4 where the flow area is 25 cm2. Assuming the flow to be isentropic, determine the flow area at the location where the Mach number is 1.2. (10.7cm2) 5. Nitrogen enters a duct with varying flow area at T 1 = 400 K, P 1 = 100 kPa, and Ma 1 = 0.3. Assuming steady isentropic flow, determine T 2 , P 2 , and Ma 2 at a location where the flow area has been reduced by 20 percent. (395 K, 95.7 kPa, 0.391) 6. Air enters a convergingdiverging nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel at 1MPa and 37C with a low velocity. The flow area of the test section is equal to the exit area of the nozzle, which is 0.5 m2. Calculate the pressure, temperature, velocity, and mass flow rate in the test section for a Mach number Ma = 2. ( 127.8 kPa, 172.36 K, 526 m/s, 680 kg/s) 7. Air at 200 kPa, 100C and Mach number, Ma = 0.8 flows through a duct. Determine the velocity and the stagnation pressure, temperature and density of the air. ( 309.71 m/s, 304.8 kPa, 420.72 K, 2.524 kg/m3)

E) Normal shock wave 1. Air enters a convergingdiverging nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel at 1 MPa and 300 K with a low velocity. If a normal shock wave occurs at the exit plane of the nozzle at Ma

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Compressible Flow
= 2, determine the pressure, temperature, Mach number, velocity, and stagnation pressure after the shock wave. (0.5751 MPa. 281.3 K, 0.5774, 194.12 m/s, 0.7209 MPa) 2. Air flowing steadily in a nozzle experiences a normal shock at a Mach number of Ma = 2.5. If the pressure and temperature of air are 61.64 kPa and 262.15 K, respectively, upstream of the shock, calculate the pressure, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and stagnation pressure downstream of the shock. Compare these results to those for helium undergoing a normal shock under the same conditions.(Air-439.19 kPa, 560.35K, 243.42 m/s, 0.5130, 525.5kPa. He- 466 kPa, 734 K, 881 m/s, 0.553, 712 kPa) 3. An ideal gas flows isentropically through a converging diverging nozzle. At a section in the converging portion of the nozzle, A 1 = 0.1 m2, P 1 = 600 kPa, T 1 = 20 C, Ma 1 = 0.6 and for section (2) in the diverging part of the nozzle, determine A 2 , P 2 , 2 and T 2 if Ma 2 = 3.0 and the gas is air. (0.36 m2, 20.82 kPa, 0.6452 kg/m3, 112.17 K) 4. Repeat above problem replacing air with helium. (0.255 m2, 24.7 kPa, 0.146 kg/m3, 82 K) 5. Air enters a convergingdiverging nozzle, at 1.0 MPa and 800 K with a negligible velocity. The flow is steady, one-dimensional, and isentropic with k = 1.4. For an exit Mach number of Ma = 2 and a throat area of 20 cm2, determine i. the throat conditions, (0.5283 MPa, 666.6 K, 2.761 kg/m3, 517.5 m/s) ii. the exit plane conditions, including the exit area (0.1278 MPa, 444.5 K, 1.002 kg/m3, 33.75 cm2) iii. the mass flow rate through the nozzle. (2.86 kg/s) 6. Air enters a normal shock at 22.6 kPa, 217 K, and 680 m/s. Calculate the stagnation pressure and Mach number upstream of the shock, as well as pressure, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and stagnation pressure downstream of the shock. (283.6 kPa, 2.30, 136 kPa, 423 K, 220 m/s, 0.534, 165 kPa) 7. Air enters a normal shock at 18 kPa, 205 K, and 740 m/s. Calculate the stagnation pressure and Mach number upstream of the shock, as well as pressure, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and stagnation pressure downstream of the shock. (345 kPa, 2.6, 138.96 kPa, 458.85 K, 216.4 m/s, 0.5039, 165.26 kPa)

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