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AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Definitions:
Ethnicity: (n) a term which represents social groups with a
shared history, sense of identity, geography and cultural roots which may occur despite racial differences
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Lets start by thinking about Britishness How does British link to ethnicity? Race? Nation?
List some stereotypes attached to the ideas of Britishness. Can you link these to any representations in the media?
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
1. The person/place being represented: Hint: Analyse one or two of the settings in the clip based on where they are set and when they are set. 2. The opinions of those encoding the representation: Hint: What have the directors/editors done to represent Britain what point are the making? 3. The reaction of the target audience: Hint: Who are the target audience and what will the preferred reading of this article be? 4. The context of our society & dominant ideologies: Hint: What is the general consensus about Britain today, and how does this representation relate to it?
Appearance: His floppy hair and open necked shirt gives him the look of a privately educated toff , someone who is not so interested in his appearance or has little idea of style. His smile emphasises his downward eyes, which imply a self deprecation to his humour.
Can you think of any other texts where Brits are represented as bumbling, clumsy, out of touch with their emotions or posh?
Behaviour: Hugh Grants characters are often bumbling fools who fall in love but dont know how to express their true feelings. He is well spoken and often plays an unmarried bachelor Grants real life echoes that of the characters he portrays.
How has the representation of Britain has been mediated by each stage of the process?
Think about: Selection Construction Focus
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
What are the two archetypes of Britishness being mocked in this sketch? What things from the sketch are typical of these archetypes?
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
What is a popular representation of Britain at the moment? Which other texts promote this view of Britain? Is this a moral panic?
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
What do all these representations have in common? What is the dominant representation of ethnicity in Britain?
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Ethnic minority: an immigrant or racial group regarded by those claiming to speak for the cultural majority as distinct and unassimilated
(hegemonic ideology)
Many sociologists believe that media representations of ethnic minority groups are problematic because they contribute to the reinforcement of negative racist stereotypes. Media representations of ethnic minorities may be undermining the concept of a tolerant multicultural society and perpetuating social divisions based on colour, ethnicity and religion.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Multi-cultural Britain:
More than 4.6 million people in Britain are from an ethnic minority background
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Multi-cultural Britain:
40 million people characterise themselves as white-Christian
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. Evidence suggests that, despite some progress, ethnic minorities are generally under-
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. Despite Britains multicultural nature, and the inevitable effect on representations, its dominant ideology is still a white, western one. Anything non-white is constructed in terms of otherness (binary
white culture, however, are part of their own identity and experience.
How might this impact on the representations of minority groups?
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
As criminals Black
crime is the most frequent issue found in media news coverage of ethnic minorities. Van Dijk found that Black people, particularly AfricanCaribbeans, tend to be portrayed as criminals, especially in the tabloid press and more recently as members of organised gangs that push drugs and violently defend urban territories.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As dependent news stories about less developed countries tend to focus on a coupwar-famine-starvation syndrome. Often such stories imply that the causes of the problems experienced by developing countries are self-inflicted that they are the result of stupidity, tribal conflict, too many babies, laziness, corruption and unstable political regimes. External causes such as colonialism, tied aid, transnational exploitation and the unfair terms of world trade are rarely discussed by the British media.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As
ethnic minorities are often called into question and labelled as deviant or abnormal. Many Asian people believe that the media treatment of arranged marriages was often inaccurate and did not reflect the way that the system had changed over time. Ameli et al. (2007) note that media discussion around the issue of the wearing of the hijab and the veil is also problematic, often suggesting that it is somehow an inferior form of dress compared with Western female dress codes and that it is unnecessary and problematic. It is often portrayed as a patriarchal and oppressive form of control that exemplifies the misogyny of Islam and symbolises the alleged subordinate position of women in Islam.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As unimportant Van Dijk notes that some sections of the media imply that the lives of White people are somehow more important than the lives of non-White people. News items about disasters in developing countries are often restricted to a few lines or words unless there are also White or British victims. Moreover, Sir Ian Blair, the former Metropolitan police commissioner, claimed that institutionalised racism was present in the British media in the way they reported death from violent crime. He noted that Black and Asian victims of violent death did not get the same attention as White victims. However, the murder of the Black teenager Stephen Lawrence by White racists in 1993 received high-profile coverage, both on television and in the press.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As invisible in 2005, a BBC News Online survey noted that Black and Asian people were represented as newscasters and television journalists, but the range of roles that ethnic minority actors play in television drama is very limited and often reflects low status, e.g. Africans may play cleaners or Asians may play shopkeepers. Ethnic minority audiences were also very hostile towards tokenism the idea that programmes contain characters from ethnic minority groups purely because they should. Ethnic minority audiences complain that Black and Asian people are rarely shown as ordinary citizens who just happen to be Black or Asian.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As blue
This stereotype most likely originates from old colonialist views, which placed white British people as superior and elite compared to those from the colonies When immigrants from this part of the world began to arrive in the UK seeking employment, many found work in the service industries As with other minority groups in British TV, middle eastern actors were frequently cast in servile roles with the focus of the drama being on the experiences of the white-British characters
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Studious and well-educated (scientists, doctors etc.) Family orientated Patriarchal, traditional and/or misogynistic reinforced by headlines and storylines about honour killings and arranged marriage
These storylines are the result of the clash between western and eastern cultures and religions, with the dominant ideology (the western ideology) taking precedence in media texts
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
To summarise
Often positioned as outsiders (them versus us) highlighting their otherness Otherness is highlighted through dress, accent/language, religious beliefs or other cultural indicators Often working menial jobs Often stereotypical or underdeveloped characters whose ethnicity is a central part of their storyline and/or identity Often in need of help, or positioned to be pitied Socially/economically subservient to white westerners
Often
tokenistic
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
Tokenism
Tokenism is a practice of inclusion or artistic and/or political representation of members of a traditionally marginalised group, usually creating a false appearance of inclusive practices rather than discrimination e.g. purposefully including a member of a minority race such as a black character in an all white cast
Token characters often have a reduced role or capacity in comparison to characters who fit with the dominant group. Their difference is often emphasised or made exotic.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. As successful
athletes
The problem with these, of course, is that ethnic minorities have far more diverse talents than these stereotypes suggest!
As intellectual
As
good dancers
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Lets look at some texts featuring ethnic minorities. Each of these texts was controversial. Can you think why? Make notes on each text, considering the use of stereotypes and how different audiences might respond to them. Be prepared to share your ideas with the class.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
How can Banksys Rioter with Flowers be considered to challenge representations of ethnicity? Does it challenge any other representations?
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
2a. Identify two different ways ethnicities are represented in the advert. [4 marks] 2b. Choose one ethnicity and explore in more detail how it has been represented. [10 marks]
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
2a. Identify two different ways ethnicities are represented in the advert. [4 marks] 2b. Choose one ethnicity and explore in more detail how it has been represented. [10 marks]
Constructionist approach a reminder: The thing itself / the opinion of the encoder / reading and response of audience / context of society within which the representation takes place
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
ethnic minorities
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.
2c. With reference to your own detailed examples, explore the ways in which ethnic minorities are represented in the media today. [16 marks]
Candidates must use 2-3 specific examples of how media texts represent the given group and analyse them in detail focusing on the concept of representation.
There is an expectation that candidates attaining the higher levels will demonstrate an understanding of the concept of representation and be able to anchor their chose examples in terms of context and purpose. The chosen examples should be analysed in some detail and the more able candidates must engage with them on a more sophisticated level that goes beyond simple descriptions or assertions of positive and negative. The examples used must be contemporary in order to reflect the representation of 'in the media today'.
AO1: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates. AO2: Apply knowledge and understanding when analysing media products and processes, to show how meanings and responses are created.