EEE108: Network Theory

PBL REPORT

WINTER SEMESTER 2013

DIGITAL OBJECT COUNTER

TEAM MEMBERS:

Name 1. A.LEELA KIRAN 2. A.VIJAY KOUSHAL 3. Y. VENKATA SATYA ANIL

Reg No. 12BEE1020 12BEE1024 12BEE1025

Objective of the project:

The objective of our project is to build a working model of a digital object counter.

Motivation behind the project:

1) A counter machine is an abstract machine used in formal logic and theoretical computer science to model computation. 2) In more understandable way, it is a device which calculates the number of objects fed to its sensor and displays accordingly. 3) With the knowledge of ICs (series 74), Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and other electrical components we have created and build a digital object counter machine 4) The main idea on which the circuit works is the detection of absence of light by the Light Dependent Resistor and displaying the output.

Circuit diagram:

Components used with specifications:

1) IC 7490 Decade counter. 2) IC 7447. 3) IC 555 Timer. X2

4) Common Anode 7 segment display. 5) Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). 6) Rheostat (Variable resistor) 100k ohm 7) Resistors: X1

1k

ohm

X1 X9 X1 X1

330 ohm 100k ohm 47k ohm 8) Capacitors: 10 F 0.01 F

X2 X1 X2

9) Light Emitting Diodes (LED) 10) 6V Battery for power supply 11) Connecting Wires 12) Bread boards X2

Ratings of the components used in the circuit:

COMPONENT 1) IC 7490 Decade counter. 2) IC 7447. 3) IC 555 Timer. 4) Common Anode 7 segment display. 5) Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). 6) Rheostat (Variable resistor) 100k ohm 7) Resistors: 1k ohm 150V / 666A 2.2V / 8.5mA 1000V / 0.1A 200V / 1.65mA 100mW 18.7mW 100W 330mW Voltage / Current 5.25V / 1mA 5.25V / 1mA 16V 3V / 200mA / 100mA Power 5.25mW 5.25mW 3.2W 300mW 0.5W 0.1W

100V / 5mA 100V / 1mA

330 ohm 100k ohm 47k ohm 8) Capacitors: 10 F 0.01 F 9) Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

6.3V 12V 3V / 300mA

3.3W 4.8W 900mW

Working Principle of the Project:

Digital Object Counter machine mainly has four units:1. Primary sensing unit - L.D.R 2. Counting unit - Decade counter IC 7490 3. Binary to 7-segment display conversion unit - IC 7447 4. Display unit - common anode seven segment display.

Advantages of the Digital Object Counter Circuit:

1. Very Low Power Consumption 2. Wide Supply Voltage Range 3. Good Noise Immunity

Drawbacks of the Digital Object Counter Circuit:

1. Loose connections while fabricating on the bread boards 2. Problem with supplying the required voltage to seven segment display

Measures to overcome the drawbacks:

1. Its better to use a PCB rather than a bread board 2. Its better to use a voltage regulator as supply rather than a dc supply battery

Applications of the project:

1. Digital Clocks 2. Digital Cameras 3. Money Counting Machines 4. Walk through metal detectors 5. X ray baggage scanners

Data Sheets of the Components:

1) IC 7490 Pin diagram:

2) IC 7477 Pin diagram:

3) IC 555 Timer Pin diagram:

4) Seven segment display Pin diagram:

5)100K variable resistor Pin diagram:

6) LDR Pin diagram:

Cost of the project:

The total amount spent for the components including breadboards is Rs 300/-

References used for the project:

1) http://www.buildcircuit.com/digital-object-counter/ 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_machine 3) http://www.buildcircuit.com/ldr-engineer/ 4) http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/A-Short-History-Of-The-Currency-CountingMachine/8179440

Photograph of the circuit: