3

3.1
3 1


.

,
.

.

 . :

,

-


.

 19 + 6 + 23 +102 = 150

12%

88%

3.2




30 40
.

:
(Tmax) (min)

(24, , ).

 :
_

min max

6 12 218

1 24

h(i)

24 1
1

min max 24
6, 12, 18 6:00, 12:00 18:00
h(i) i 24.
24

H :

(i )

i 1

1 12
E (i )
12 i 1
1

(...)
(
)

Tmax
Tmin


24.

... = Tmax-Tmin
(...)

_
_
.

E T () ()
E...
(
)

(...)


:
= max() T
...
Tmin()

 ,

Tmin < 0 C.
,

Tmax < 0 C.

3.3
3.3.1

0.64C/100m.

(normal
l
t )
lapse
rate).

d
0.65o C

dz
100 m

.
()
(d)

,

,
,

..

 (C 100m)

0.70

0.64

0.59

0.50

0.47

0.55

0.67

0.64

0.66 0.64

0.70 0.63


z,
o zo
: :

dT dz

To

zo

To

zo

T To (z - z o )

3.3.2
Y
.
(temperature inversion).

(inversion layer).

 ,
:

 :
) (radiational inversions).

,


( , ,

).


24.

) (advectional inversions).
,

) .
,

) .
,

)

().

1-2 km,,

.

(20-30%),
.

) (frontal inversions),

.

,

 :
,

3.4

)
. :

) .

.
,

C (heat
(h t capacity)
it )

.
Q

:
Q
((J/grad)
g )
C = Q/
Q

c (specific
(
ifi heat)
h t)

1C.
C
c = Q/m
(J/gr grad)

m=1gr

=11C


))

(
()
)


))


))

)

.

(, , . , )

.

.

))

.

(
()
)
.

,
,

.
,
,



.

)

0.65/100m

, .
)
(. ,
, .) (,
..)
.

) .


.
.

5C

)
()
.

3.6

19.5C 14.5C




,
,


,,



.
O
O



2 C

,,



.
O
O



2 C

3.7

, , .
max

,





.

,

.
min

max

(C)

13
12
11
10
9

1 - 2

8
7
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

(
(,
,
..).

.
,

.



(monsoonal curve).

 (0)


(equatorial curve)


,

, .
O

.
O

.
,



(maritime curves).



(continental curves).
,

.

3.8

(())

(())

()

24h.
... = Tmax-Tmin

 :
.

,



. .
,

,
,


,

. ( 17C)
,

.

 .
.

.

.


.

 ()


.
_
_

T () ()

.

.

 :
. ,

.

(20-22C)

(16-18C).
(
)

 ...
.

, :
Johanson

:

= ( / ) +
. ,

=100 ( )
0 (
=0
(

).
)
= 1.7 = -20.4,
= (1.7 / ) 20.4

.

0 33
34 66
67 100

T 9 C , T 26.4 C , = 17.4 C

=39 04= 39.07 = 0.63

= (1.7 17.4/0.63) 20.4 = 25.5
T 5.3 C
C , T 27 C
C , = 21.7 C
C

= 39 38 = 39.63 = 0.638

= (1.7 21.7/0.638) 20.4 = 37.8

3 9
3.9

,

.

-2C
2 C ( ) 32
32C
C (
) .

(19C)
(16C).
(16C)

.

 , .
. ,

.

,


,
< 11C
C.

.

,
,


, .