Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza: Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

1
‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Electrical Machines
2
(EELE 4350)
By
Assad Abu-Jasser, Ph. D.

Electric Power Engineering
www.iugaza.edu/homes/ajass
er
ajasser@iugaza.edu.ps

3
Chapter Four
Transformers

4 Introduction
A Transformer is a device that involves two

electrically isolated but magnetically strong
coupled coils
These are primary winding connected to the
source and secondary winding connected to the
load
Induced emf is proportional to the number of
turns in the coil.
If the secondary voltage is higher than the source,
the transformer is called step-up transformer.
On the other hand, a step-down transformer has
higher source voltage than the load voltage.
One-to-One ratio transformer is called isolation
5 Construction of a Transformer
Transformer core is built up of thin lamination of highly

permeable ferromagnetic material such as silicon sheet
steel
The lamination’s thickness varies from 0.014 to 0.024 inch
to keep core losses to a minimum.
A thin coating varnish is applied to provide electrical
6 An Ideal Transformer
Φ=Φ m sin ωt An Ideal Transformer has

e1 =N 1 ω
Φ ωt
cos the following properties:
m
1 The core is highly

E 1 = N 1 Φ∠ ω m 0o permeable i.e. it requires a
2 very small mmf to set up
E 1 = 4.44fNΦ∠
1 m 0 o
flux Φ
E 2 = 4.44fNΦ∠ 0 o
The core does not have
dΦ Ni Ni =
V eddy-current
V1
2 m
Ve11 = E 11 =
N N1 1 ν =
Z 2 11 = 2 2 12
any 2 or
= = = dt a I 2hysteresis
a I 1 loss
V 2 E 2 N 2d Φ i 2 N1
ν The = =1exhibits no a
Ie22 = N 12 = dt2
N
Z =
core flux
Z 12 i.e. the flux is
Iν
= = a i 12 leakage
N a
2
1 1 N1 2e N confined within the core
Vν 1 =
1I 2
*
===
V22e *
I2 N
1
2
V 1I=
or 1 V 2I 2
a
ν νi
Z 11
aZ
The
1
=
2i
=resistance
2 2
2
of each
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza
windingElectrical
is negligible
Machines (EELE 4350)
7 Transformer Polarity and Ratings
Transformer Polarity
Ratings
The nameplate of a transformer provides information
on power and voltage-handling capacity of each
winding
A 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down transformer has the
following
Full-load power rating is 5 kVA or the transformer can
deliver 5 kVA on a continuous basis
Nominal Primary voltage V1=500 V and nominal
secondary voltage V2=250 V
Full-load primary current I1=5000/500=10 A and full-
load secondary current I2=5000/250=20 A
The transformation ratio is usually not given by
manufacturer but it can be calculated
8 Example 4.1
The core of the two-winding transformer shown is subjected to
the magnetic flux variation as indicated. What is the induced
emf in each winding?
For t=0.1
-0-0
.0.1
62ss
Φ
Φ
=− 0.1
0.4
55tW
tW
bb
For t=0.06-0.1sddΦΦ
e aabb =
=
−=
e−=
ba −
ba −N aabb
Φ = 0.009 W b ddtt
e aabb =
=
−−
e2 −
2
00e
0*=
=
−
0*0
== 0
.1.4
55 9
30
00VVV
ab cd
ddΦ Φ
e ccdd =
=ccdd
N
ddtt
e ccdd =
=550 0−
0*=
0*0=
0 −
.1.4
55 7522
V5 V
9 Example 4.2
An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn
secondary. The primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source.
The secondary winding supplies a load of 4 A at a lagging power
factor of 0.8. Determine (a) the a-ratio, (b) the current in the
primary, (c) the power supplied to the load, and (d) the flux in
the core.
a =150/7
=50 0.2
I2 4
I1 = = = 20 A
a 0.2
V1 240
V2 == = 1200 V
a 0.2
PL =
VI 2 2=cos θ12=
00*4*0.8 3840 W
E1 240
Φ=
m = = 7.21mWb
4.44 fN 14.44*50*150
10 A Nonideal Transformer
For Nonideal Transformer
E1 I 2 N 1
= = = a
E2 I 1 N 2
Nonideal Transformer has the following
V1 =E 1+ R+
1( jX 1 I 1 )
parameters
V2 =E 2− R+2( jX 2 I 2 )
Winding Resistances
Leakage Fluxes
Finite Core Permeability
Core losses (Eddy-Current & Hysteresis)

11 Example 4.3
A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz, step-down transformer has the
following resistance and leakage-reactance values: R1=4Ω,
R2=0.04Ω, X1=12Ω, and X2=0.12Ω. The transformer is operating
at 75% of its rated load. If the power factor of the load is 0.866
leading, determine the efficiency of the transformer.
I 223000
II1 2= = =7.5 30*0.75 °A= 75 A,I=2 ° 30 A
75
P 14938.94
a 230
η=
ZZ1 2= =RR 1 +
=o
jX 1 4=2= +12
2 + jX
= or 97.1%
0.971,
+ jΩ 0.12
j0.04 Ω
1 EVP+in
VE = = I+*I Z 15389.14
1 == 230
*Z 2282.87
1 + 2.33
1 ° +)(0.04
(7.5
(75°30 + )(4 j° 0.12)
30 j +
12)
2 2 2 2
VE1 = 2269.578
= 228.287 °°V V
4.72.33
2
Po = Re[ V
23002 * 2 ] =
*
I Re[230 * 75 30− ] °14938.94
= W
a= = * 10,E= 1 a *E= 2282.87 °2.33 V
Pin = Re[
230V1 * I1 ] =Re[2269.578 4.7 * 7.5
2° 30 −] 15389.14
° = W
12 Finite Permeability
When Unloaded
the load Transformer
on the draws excitation cuincreases
transformer rrent
φ = I c + I m ,winding
The Isecondary I m is the current
magnetizingincreases
current
The currentEsupplied by the source increases

Ic = 1
core-loss current
R c 1across primary impedance increases
The voltage drop
TheEinduced emf E1 drops
X m 1 = 1 magnetizing reactance
jI m
The mutual flux decreases because magnetizing current
drops
13 Example 4.4
The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing
reactance on the primary side of the transformer of example 4.3
are 20 kΩ and 15kΩ, respectively. If the transformer delivers
the same load, what is its efficiency?
From Example E 1 we
2282.87
have2.33= °
I c = 4.3,= ° 2.33
0.114 A
Rc1 20000
V 2 = 230 VI = =
I =
= 30
75
E 1 2 2282.87 2.33 A° °−0.152 °87.67 AE 2 228.287
= 2.33 V
m
jX m 1 j 15000
a = 10 I φ =I c+ E
1 I m= 0.19
− 50.8
° =
2282.87 A2.33
Vp °I 7.5 30= A °
I =I + I = 7.5°+ − 50.8
°= 7.53 °28.57
Po = 14938.94 W 1 30 0.19
p
V =E + I Z = 2282.87 2.33
°+
φ
° + (4 j
7.53 28.57 12)
A
1 1 1 1
V 1 = 2271.9 4.71
° V
Pin = Re [V 1I 1*] =15645.35 W
Po 14938.94
η= = = 0.955, or 95.5%
Pin 15645.35
14 Phasor Diagram
E 2 = V 2 + I2 R2 +jI 2
15 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
=+
Ze2R
Z =R + jX e 1
e 2 jX e 2
R e 1R
=+
e2 Re 1a
2 1 / 2
R e 1 X=
X e2 = X+aa R /
R+1 2
2 1
2 2
=
Rc 2 R c 1a / 2
X
X me 12X==X +a/ X
ma
11
2
2
2
The low core loss implies high core loss resistance
The high permeability of the core ensures high
magnetizing reactance
The impedance of the parallel branch across the
primary is very high compared with Z1 and Z2
The high impedance of the parallel branch assures
low excitation current and thus it can be moved as
shown
16 Example 4.5
Analyze the transformer discussed in examples 4.3 and 4.4
using the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the
primary side. Also sketch its phasor diagram.
' 2269.594.7 ° °
I c 2==
V aV 2== 1° =
0*2
° 300 2.7
0.1134 3000
A V
20000
Ip = °0 A °
7.53
2269.594.7
Im = = − ° 0.151 85.3 A
Re1 =
R 1+
j a R=+
150002
2
=Ω 2
4 10 *0.04 8
I1 =
I ++
pI c=
I m °2 7.5428.6 2A
X e1 =
X 1+a X=2 + =
12 Ω
10 *0.12 24
[3°000−°=
Po =Re 2
Z e1 =
*7.5 30
R e 1+X =+ Ω
j 8 24
]4 W
14938.9
[' 269.5 ]
e1
Pin =Re 2 °94.7
−*7
°=
.54 28.6 15645.36 W
V1 =
V 2+I Z=1p e°+ 2 °30
+ 00 7.53 j0 (8 24)
Po 14938.94
η= = = 0.955 or 95.5%
V1 = 15°
Pin2269.594
645.7
.36 V
17 Voltage Regulation
− 2 FL
V 2 NL V
VR % = *100
V 2 FL
V 1 −aV 2
VR % = *100
aV 2
V1
−V 2
VR % = a *100
V2
18 Example 4.6
A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer has the

following parameters referred to the primary side: Re1 =3 Ω,
Xe1 =4 Ω, Rc1 =2.5 kΩ, and Xm1 =2 kΩ. The transformer is
delivering full load at rated voltage with a power factor of 0.707
lagging. Determine the efficiency and the voltage regulation of
the transformer.
Iac = =.44 2=V ° 220 2=

464.7620
=440/220 = ° 0.1860V S A 2200 VA
.44
2500
2200
=464.7=
IIm2 =
620.44
=−− 10° ° =0.2
cos −−1
32°89.56
0.707 10A 45 A
220 j 2000
I 1 =+ +=
I pII I m − ° 5.296 45.33 A
c 10 − 45°
I = =
2
Pop =Re 4[40*°= =
545 1 − °.6
555 ] 3 W5 45 A
a 2
Pin ' =Re 4[64.7
°620.44 °=
*5.29645.33 1716.91 W ]
V2 = aV 2= = ° 4400 V
2*220
η=1555.63/1=
716.91 0.906 90.6% or
V =
V
VR1 % =
+'
2 I
4 R2+
64.76 (44
p1
0
*e
jX=1
− e °
) 464.7620.44
=
100 5.63%
V
440
19 Maximum Efficiency Criterion
Po a=V I pP cos θ
Core Losses 2 (eddy-current and
I pη = 2 m
Pcu I=
hysteresis)
pRe Rare 1 constant and called
e1
=
Pin aV I p fixed++ Pco Iθ
slosses
Re 2
2
Pm
m p 1
Pm
I pη =
I pfl = I
aV2I2 pflp cos θ
η= losses
Copper I pare
flRe 1 varying
Pcufl 2 as the
aV I2 p cosP θ I+ R+
square of the current m p 1e
and
P called
VAdη|max. VA = | m
=Variable
→=
0
eff
. I 2
ratedR
pηe losses
P
dI p
1 m
cuflP
Efficiency is zero at no load & it
20 Example 4.7
A 120-kVA, 2400/240-V, step-down transformer has the
(a)
following parameters: R1=0.75 Ω, X1=0.8 Ω, R2=0.01 Ω, X2=0.02
Ω. The transformer is designed to operate at maximum
kVA 120000
I = (b)
efficiency at= 70% of =its rated load 50
withA0.8 power factor lagging.
(c)pDetermine' (a) the kVA rating of the transformer at maximum
V 2 2400
Pload=
V P
efficiency,
I'
*
o (d)=V
(b)
pfthe
* 2
'
I *
p pf
*
maximum
η
efficiency, (c) the efficiency at full
=20.7*
Iopη and 0.8
pfl
I p=
power = lagging,
0.7*50
factor 35 Aand (d) the equivalent core-
P =24 Ploss
00*5 =resistance.
=2400*35*0.8
0*0 .8 960
2 =
Use
00 the approximate
W672002 W equivalent circuit.
o o
V 35*2400 2400
VA
Pcufl |=RP
50
max. ceff
in
2
=
1.(0=+
P=
.7
1
o +Pm
5 10+ ==
2
*0= =
P.084
1
cu
kV
) 437 = 71487.5
A
η5 W
Ω
2686.88W
P 1000
2143.75
Po
2 P 2 67200 2
m 96000
η =η =
Pcu =Iη R +
(
p = =1
η
oa R= ) =
2 =+
35 (0.75
*100
2
10 *100) 93.6%
*0.01
94%
Pin 96000 4+375 +2143.75
Pin 71487.5
Pcu η = 2143.75 W
Pm =
Pcu =η 2143.75 W

Determination of Transformer Parameters
21 The Open-Circuit Test
One winding of the transformer is left open while

the other is excited by rated voltage and rated
frequency
It does not matter which side is excited, however
it is safer to perform this test in the low-voltage
side
 Poc
oc φ cos
−1
S oc =
V oc I*oc ,=  
S oc
I c =I oc cosocφ ,I=m I oc sin
φ oc
V oc V oc 2 V oc V oc 2
R cL = = X, =
mL =
I c Poc I m Qoc
Qoc = S oc−
2
Poc 2

Determination of Transformer Parameters
22 The Short-Circuit Test
The test is designed to determine the winding

−1  P
resistances
S sc =V sc2 I * ,=sc φ cos
and leakage reactances
sc
R = R +a R
eH The test
sc
H is conducted
L , X
eH
by placing H=X +a X
  2
S 
a shortsc circuitL
2 across one winding

Psc and exciting
V sc the other with
I RH H
2
R eH = =I R Z=
L L I 2 ratedeH
,frequency
I
sc sc
The2 applied voltage is carefully adjusted until
R H = a R = 0.5R LeH =current
Xrated Z eH−2R
eHeH 2, X
=a inHthe
flows = a X = 0.5X eH
2
N
, windings
H
L
N
It does not matter on which side theL test is
conducted. But for safety it is conducted on the
high-voltage side

23 Example 4.8
SC-Test
The following data OC-obtained from testing a 48-kVA,
were
Test
4800/240-V. step-down transformer;
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
Open-circuit test: 240 2 120
Short-circuit test: 150 10 600
S oc =PVsc oc *600 I oc = 240*2 = 480 VVA 150
RReH == the
Determine 0.52 R=equivalent
= 2
=0.5*66Ω=circuit
Ω
3 = the=transformer
, Z eHof sc
= Ω 15 as viewed
from H (a)Ithe 2eH 10
high-voltage 2 side andI (b) 10low-voltage side
the
V
sc
= 4800
a=0.5 240 == 20
sc
X RHcL= Xoc2 eH= =/ 240
0.5*13.75 480 = 6.88
2 Ω2
Ω
X eH = ZPeH − R eH = 215
oc 2 120
2
− 6= 13.75 Ω
R0.5
cH R =eH a RcL0.5*6 = 20 (480) = 192 k Ω
R L = R eH 2 2 =6 2 2 = 0.0075 Ω2 or 7.5 mΩ
ocX= 2aS ==oca− X =0.015 −or120
15 ==
2
R eLQ= 2 P=oc20
2 = 480
20 2Ω(123.94) mΩ 464.76k Ω
49.58 VA
amH
0.5VX 2eH 240 20 mL
0.5*13.75
2
X XL = X=eH 2oc =13.75 = =
2= 123.94 Ω
0.017 Ω or 17 mΩ
X eL = mL a=
2Q
= 20
464.76
2
0.034 Ω or 34 mΩ
a oc 20
24 Per-Unit Computations
When an electric
Sb the machine is designed
apparent power base or analyzed
using actual values of its parameters, it is not
Vb the base
immediately obvious howvoltage
its performance compare
with similar-type machine 2
Sb Vb Vb
I b = ,parameters
Expressing machine Zb = =in per-unit shows
immediately howVthe
b I b operates
machine Sb around its
ratings
actual quantity
Quantity,
Per-unit values pu =
of machines of the same type with
widely different ratings lie itswithin
bas value
a narrow range
V bH has four quantities of interest:
An electric system
a= for transformers
voltage, current, apparent power, and impedance
V bL
If base (reference) values of any two of them are
selected, the remaining two can be calculated
25 Example 4.9
A single-phase generator with an internal impedance of 23+j92
mΩ is connected to a load via a 46-kVA, 230/2300-V, step-up
transformer, a short transmission line, and a 46-kVA, 2300/115-
V, step down transformer. The impedance of the transmission
line is 2.07+j4.14 Ω. The parameters of step-up and step-down
transformers are:
RH XH RL XL RcH XmH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section
Section BA
Section B
ISection C  1 1
= 1.0−16 °+3 0.31 °1.1+
887 =
.21 − ° 1.0
36 30.84
V gp,u Step-up:
= 2 3 0 0V
S = , 42.3Ω
6000 V6.9Ω
A 23mΩ 69mΩ 13.8kΩ 6.9kΩ
V bA = 230 V,S bA
At full
bA load
=
and 0.866 lagging
bA pf
46000 VA 12 0 60j
VI bC =
V
V = 46000/
115 V,
I bLgA,pu ===°
4
1
10608
.102.3
°
0=
+
/2
87.2
and
, u Step-down 3
I1−
L0and
=− °=
01.02
3°
1+
0
6 A
3S
Z
0
30
2.3Ω =Ω
,+
.84(0+ =
46000
j2 23
.0
bA 6.9Ω
00/2
.0800.0
j1
5.75mΩ2 VA6.9
15 0.06)17.25mΩ 11.5kΩ
= = == 200Ω =
p
8j= 0.06)(1 ,=
,pu
bC
V
ERbA = = 1
°
10.31
+ 3
2°
1 1
.3
+.0230
(0.02 −
200
°= 30
A
0.02,)6 Z
.9
° XbA
1.0482.29
230/ 1.15 0.06 9.2kΩ
R H ,pu== X== H0.0
,pu
gp
,u
=
IDetermine
46000 0.02,
/115 =
400 A, 6
Z bC =generator
115 =
/ 400 current,
0.2875
l , pu
V
bC
=
Hp
230*10.023
,u
.3
1°
1
1=3
5115
11
(a)
10=
.08+0.092
°
the 3j
01.9911Hp
,u
.0
generator8
11 V
5
 1 voltage,
1 115
(b) the
0= +4 −
g
IIZlg, pu
g= =−
(c)
,pu20 °+
*30
the
−
1.031
°
6= 0
30
0 −
.8°
1.0482.29
overall
38 2+7.2 =
4 °efficiency 30.8 6
A 0.02
of
90j1.016
0
°
the 0.08 at full load and 0.866
30.31
system
= = 1.15
R cH pu,
11500
0.00575
Po p, u =0.8 66,115
X= mH1 =
2
, 0,100 
.31311[.08
pu
°*111
80
5
j
9200
0.0172560
0.84 1.012 power factor ] lagging.
= = = == = 0.06
Pin p,uRe1 = .03 °=
63
RR
E g ,pu =1.0482.29
R LLcH
,,pu
0 .8,6
pu =
pu
6 2.07= 100,XX
0.02,
0.023
°+ 1.016
= +4
− °30.31+ 2(0.02
.1 4j Xj L=,pu 0.01
0.02,
+
=
j( 0.06)
0.069 +
LmH
, pu =
80
0.018j 0.03
,pu0.06
6)
η Z =
E g ,pu1.0
l , pu =12
=
=
115
0.2875*100=
° 115
1.1887.21
1.15 85.6+% 8
1.15
0
115
0.2875
.0 36
26 The Autotransformer
When the two windings of a transformer are

interconnected electrically, it is called an
autotransformer
The direct electrical connection between the windings
ensures that a part of the energy is transferred by
conduction in addition to the part transferred by the
magnetic induction
Autotransformer is cheaper in first cost than a
conventional two-winding transformer of a similar
rating
Autotransformer delivers more power than a two-
winding transformer of similar physical dimensions
For a similar power rating, an autotransformer is more
efficient than a two-winding transformer
An autotransformer requires lower excitation
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electricalcurrent
Machines (EELE 4350)
The Autotransformer
27 Connections

The Autotransformer
28 a-ratio of Autotransformer
V(N
S =V I
2
1 a 1=
=+ N
V
E 2
2
1
)
a
I
(a=
1 +
a=E
1)N
1 +
I E
= S 1+
2 2 
a
2
1 
II = aN I+Na( 2= a1) + I a 
oa 2 2 o
V22aa == ET 2a1a = E=2 +1 =a 1a aT
2a 1
SIo1a≡ power N transfer through induction
VSSI 11aa ==VI 1EI1a E 1 + E 2
2
ooa = 2a = through conduction

≡ power2a transfer
VSa2oaa = V2VE 12I(a a 1)+ E 2
S oa =  1a  [aT I a1 =] V a1I a1
V 1a Na1T +(a N + 21)  1
S oa == V2 2I 1= a1S=+o aT = 
VS2oaa =S ina N a2  a

29 Example 4.10
A 24-kVA,
For the 2-winding 2400/240-V distribution transformer is to be
transformer
connected as an autotransformer. For each possible
1 = 2400 V, V
V combination, 2 =240 V,
determine =24 kVA,
So primary
(a) the winding I 1 10 = A, I 2(b) 100
voltage, = A
the
secondary winding voltage, (c) the ratio of transformation, and
V 1aa ==rating
(d) the nominal +4=ofE0 02the
E 12 2240 4VV0 =0autotransformer.
22400 = 2240
4 0 +2+2640
6 4 0 VV= =
V 2aa == 24E +01 2V
+4= E0E0222 2400 4 0 + 2+ 2640
4V0 0= 2 240 6 4 0 VV==
VV11aa 22640
24640
04 0
aT = = 1011 .9 1 ==
0.091
.1
VV22aa 22640
26440
40 0
S ooaa == V22 a 22I a
=V1=212 aa2121II a V1 =a 1I
S ooaa == 22640
6 4 0 ** 110 2=6 =4 0 0 V
0 0 26400 2 6 =4k
0 AV A 26.4
2266 4.4-k-kV
V AA, , 224640
640
04 0 // 264
/224
64 4000-V
-V
30 A Nonideal Autotransformer
An equivalent circuit of a nonideal

autotransformer can be obtained by including
the winding resistances, the leakage
reactances, the core-loss resistance, and the
magnetizing reactance.

31 Example 4.11
A 720-VA, 360/120-V, two-winding transformer has the following

constants: RH=18.9 Ω, XH=21.6 Ω,I RL==2.1 I 2 a Ω, 2 4and 5° X =2.4 Ω, R =8.64 kΩ,
pa
= 8 L4 5 = A c°H
and XmH =6.84 kΩ. The transformer is connected
aT 0.2 5 as a 120/480-V, step-up
autotransformer. If the autotransformerV ° 3the full load at 0.707
1 2 1 .5 1 3 1 3 .6
IIc a = = 1a I =−delivers
I 6 =
45 0 .1 2 7 ° 1 3 .6 =3 A
A
power factor leading, determine
com R its
pa 2 9 6 efficiency
a0 and the voltage
cL
regulation.
E H = V 1aa E L 1 2 1 .5 1 3 1 3 .6° 3
I ma = = 0 .1 6 7 6 .3 7= A −
4E =jX mIL (R 7 6+j0jX ) V + I − (R
L 2 a H H 2 a
jX
com L L
)+
I4φ E
a
= =I ca 2 + I4m5a 0 .2
° 0=8.9
(1 − ) ° 480
4 3 8 j+ 2A1.6 45+° 6 − ( 2.1
aT =120/
P 480= 0.25=a
678.82 =
360/120 3 L
η= o
=
8640 = 0.803 or 80.3% I 1a = I p a φ+ I a8 4 5= 0 .2 0 °4 + 3 8 8 .0−2 7 4 3° .5=6 A
R cL =Pin 2= 845.3Ω
960 E L = 119 .745 4.57 V°
3
R e 
( a R L
Po = 4 8 0 *= 2 4 5 6 7−8 .8 2 ° W=
*
V 1a 121.513 I V *a
VX 2mL 6840
= 2== Ω = 486.056 V V 1a = E L + I2com
2
+) L
jX
anL = 760
aT
3 0.25 Pin = R e  1 .5
*
2 11 3= 1 3 .6° 3 * 8 .0 2 7 − 4 3 .5 6 ° 8=4 5
I 2a =I H =
720
= −V 2 A
V 1a = 1 19.7 451 I4a.57
1
V* a
6° 45
+ ( 2 .1 ° j2.4 )+
V 2anL
VR % = 360 2a
*100= 1.26%
I 2a = 2 45° A V 2a V 1a = 121 .513 13.6
3° V

32 Three-Phase Transformers
Power is generated, transmitted, and consumed in

three-phase form. 3-phase transformers are used in
such systems
Three exactly alike single-phase transformers are used
to form a single three-phase transformer
For economic reasons, a three-phase transformer is
designed to have all six windings on a common
magnetic core
A common magnetic core of a three-phase transformer
can be either a core type or a shell type
Shell-type transformer exhibits less waveform
distortion than core-type and this makes it preferable
over the core-type
A three-phase winding on either side can be connected
Three-Phase Transformers
33
Construction & Windings Connection
Y-Y
Y-∆
∆-Y
∆-∆ Connection
Core
Type
Shell-Type

34 Analysis of a 3-Phase Transformer
Under steady-state conditions, a single 3-phase

transformer operates exactly the same as 3 single-
phase transformers
In our analysis we assume that we have 3 identical 1-
phase transformers connected to form a single 3-phase
transformer
Such an understanding allows the development of the
per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase
transformer
It is also assumed that the 3-phase transformers
delivers a balanced load and the waveforms are pure
sinusoidal
This enables us employ the per-phase equivalent
circuit of a transformer. A ∆-connected winding can be
replaced
Dr. Assad by its equivalent Y-connected winding
Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza using
Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)
35 Example 4.12
= 3*
S 3Aφthree-phase
720 = 2160 VA or 2.16 kVA
transformer is assembled by connecting three 720-VA,
360/120-V, single-phase transformers. The constants for each
transformer are RH=18.9 Ω, XH=21.6 Ω, RL=2.1 Ω, and XL=2.4 Ω, RcH =8.64
kΩ, and XmH =6.84 kΩ. For each of the four configurations, determine the
nominal voltage and power ratings of the three-phase transformer. Draw
the winding arrangements and the per-phase equivalent circuit for each
(c)
(d)
(a) For
(b) For Y-∆-Y
For∆Y-Y connection
-∆ connection configuration.
V 11LL = 360 V 3 =623.54

3 **360 =624 V V
V 2 L == 120
V *V 3 ==207.85
3 *120 208 V V
The nominal
nominalRatings
Ratingsare
are
2.16-kVA, ∆Y-Y
360/120-V,
2.16-kVA, 624/208-V,
624/120-V,
360/208-V, ∆∆-Y
Y-- connection
connection

36 Example 4.13
ThreeY/∆ Connection
single-phase transformers,Primary Secondary
each rated at 12-kVA, 120/240-V, 60-
Hz, are connected to form a three-phase, step-up, Y-∆ connection. The
Phase
parameters Voltage
of each transformer are R 120 240 mΩ, RL=39.5
H=133.5 mΩ, XH=201
mΩ, and XL=61.5 mΩ, RcH =240 Ω, and XmH =290Ω. What are the nominal
Line
voltage, Voltage
current, and power ratings of 208 240
the three-phase transformer. When
it delivers the rated load at the rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging,
Phase
determine the Current 100
line voltages, the line currents, and the50
efficiency of the
transformer.
Line Current 100 86.6
VEY/Y
P 1 n
o 2n= ==E
3ReFor
V1 n +
Connection
V I+
equivalent
pAI
* I
2n 2n 2 A2A 
* Y-Y
=+
(0.03953Re [+0.0615)
connection
(0.0445 j 0.067) 36.87
j Primary
138.564*86.6 ° ]
Secondary
= V 2n = 138.564
°+ °−
0 V6.87
° −36.87 + °(0.0445
VPE = 125.7
1n= 28800
Phase
o 2n 138.564
Voltage 30.92
W or 0 ° +
100
28.886.6
kW 120(0.0395 + j 0.067)
j 0.0615)
138.564
I 2 A = 86.6 =− 36.87 ° A
V = 132.6131.97 ° V
=3Re 120  ° V [ 208 ]
Ein12nn= Voltage
P
Line V 1n *I 1A0.92
145.147 *
= 3Re 132.6131.97 ° *100.72
240 °
6.88
V 1L ==
aV3 =1n 30 °= = 229.690.866°
61.97 V
P 100.72 − 6.88
138.564 A
Ein2 L = Current
Phase 3E 2 n 30 ° = 251.4 100 30.92 °V 86.6
28.8 86.6  − 36.87° 1
1
I
ηE1A=
Line ==I IpA +
Current
apA
V
*100
* E=1n= 30  + °
92.3% = =  30
°=
125.7 − −100
100
30.92 °100.72
° V6.876.88
A A
86.6
1n 31.2 240
2 n 0.866 j290

37
End of
Chapter Four

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza: Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

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1

‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Assad Abu-Jasser, Ph. D.

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

A Transformer is a device that involves two

Transformer core is built up of thin lamination of highly

Φ=Φ m sin ωt An Ideal Transformer has

1 The core is highly

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

The currentEsupplied by the source increases

Pin = Re [V 1I 1*] =15645.35 W

A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer has the

Iac = =.44 2=V ° 220 2=

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

One winding of the transformer is left open while

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

The test is designed to determine the winding

2 across one winding

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

When the two windings of a transformer are

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

ooa = 2a = through conduction

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

An equivalent circuit of a nonideal

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

A 720-VA, 360/120-V, two-winding transformer has the following

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Power is generated, transmitted, and consumed in

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Under steady-state conditions, a single 3-phase

V 11LL = 360 V 3 =623.54

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, ECE-iugaza Electrical Machines (EELE 4350)

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