Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 2014

Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. | "Nu thy hay, cho ci thank, mnh s post nhiu hn"

20th May 2012 Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh.

Tm tt : Bi bo tng kt nhng sai st c tnh lp i lp li thng thy trong tnh ton, thit k kt cu cng trnh thng qua qu trnh thm tra, kim nh mt s cng trnh trong nhng nm va qua, qua gip cc k s thit k kt cu trnh c nhng sai lm ng tic c th xy ra ngay t khi lp bn v thit k cng trnh.

Mc lc
1 1- M u. 2 2- Sai st v kch thc. 3 3- Sai st s tnh ton. 4 4- B qua kim tra iu kin n nh ca kt cu. 5 5- Ly ga tr SPT khng chnh xc. 6 6- Sai st v ti trng. 7 7- Kt lun v kin ngh. 8 Tc gi 9 Ti liu tham kho 10 Ngun 11 Tham kho 12 Lin kt ngoi

1- M u.
Thm tra thit k l bc quan trng trong vic qun l cht lng cng trnh, n gip ch u t, ngi thit k khng nh c s an ton ca cng trnh, tnh ng n ca h s thit k so vi cc tiu chun, quy chun c p dng... khng nhng th thm tra thit k cn pht hin trnh nhng sai st ng tic trong tnh ton, thit k cng trnh. Trong nhng nm qua, cng vi s pht trin ca t nc, cc cng trnh, d n cng c pht trin c v s lng v quy m. L nhng ngi thm tra nhiu d n nh vy, chng ti tng kt nhng sai st thng mc phi, c tnh in hnh trong cc h s thit k kt cu, ng hti qua tm ra nhng nguyn nhn gn nn nhng sai st ny. Trong bo co ny s cp n mt s sai st c bn thng gp trong thit k kt cu cng trnh.

2- Sai st v kch thc.

Trong bc thit k k thut vic tnh ton thit k kt cu thng c phn ra thit k, nh phn mng, phn thn v phn mi. Thng thng cc phn ny c cng mt nhm k s kt cu thit k. Tuy nhin, i vi cng trnh c quy m ln cng vic ny c phn ra thnh nhm k s chuyn ngnh hp, cc nhm ny tin hnh thit k mt cch c lp, cc phn vic chuyn ngnh ny ch c gip ni khi cc nhm c bn hon thnh xong phn vic ca mnh. Vn bt cp ch khi cc phn vic c rp ni thng qua cc bn v khng chnh thc, hoc cac bn v nh, kh c. Chnh nhng iu ny gy ra nhng nhm ln ng tic trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. Mt v d in hnh minh chng cho iu ny l cng trnh Nh thi u th dc th thao Ph Th, thnh ph H Ch Minh .
http://ketcauqt.blogspot.com/2012/05/mot-so-sai-sot-thuong-gap-trong-tinh.html 1/5

Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 2014

Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. | "Nu thy hay, cho ci thank, mnh s post nhiu hn"

Cng trnh c Cng ty Mainheart Vit Nam thit k, y l cng trnh c quy m ln chiu rng 87,4m, chiu di 129,65m, kt cu mi l h dn thp t theo cc bc ct, h dn thp ny dng hp 4m x 4m c t hp t cc thp hnh H v L, vt nhp 89,4m. Hai u gin c gi ln cc ct trn c ng knh D=2m, cao 14m (tnh t ct mt mng). Mng ca cng trnh s dng mng cc nhi. Sai st ca thit k xy ra ch, vic tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh c phn ra lm 2 nhm, nhm thit k dn mi v nhm thit k mng v thn. Trong tnh ton thit k do bn v kin trc cung cp nh, kh c nn nhm thit k dn nhm l kch thc nhp dn trong kin trc l 87,4m, c th y l nhm kch thc tim trc ct thnh kch thc bao ngoi ca ct. Do vy, thit k dn theo kch thc nhp l 87,4m. Trong khi nhm thit k thn v mng vn thit k kch thc nhp ct l 89,4m, iu ny cng khng c pht hin trong khu kim bn v, do vy khi thi cng th h dn thiu 2m so vi kch thc tim ct. kp tin cng trnh, n v thit k thit k gia cng phn ni thm vo dn v tnh ton kim tra li dn vi kch thc nhp l 89,4m. Sau khi kim tra tnh ton li phn gin n v thit k khng nh phn dn sau khi c gia cng m bo kh nng chu lc v cho lp dng . Do tnh quan trng ca cng trnh, Vin KHCN Xy dng c U ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ch Minh kim nh li h dn mi trc khi cng trnh a vo s dng. Vin tin hnh th ti kim tra kh nng chu lc ca gin mi, sau c bo co khng nh dn mi m bo kh nng chu lc. Tuy nhin, khi kim tra kh nng chu lc ca ct Vin pht hin ra rng cc ct dn m bo kh nng chu lc i vi dn nhp 87,4m, khng m bo kh nng chu lc i vi dn nhp 89,4m. Vn s sut y l, sau khi gia cng dn mi, n v thit k khng kim tra kh nng chu lc ca cc cu kin c lin quan nh cc ct m h dn trc tip ta ln. Kt lun: Nguyn nhn ca sai st ny l do s phi hp gia cc nhm thit k khng cht ch, khu kim bn v khng c gy ln nhm ln ng tic xy ra trong vic tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. Cng vi sai st l thiu s quan st tng th ca ngi thit k trong vic kim sot cht lng cng trnh.

3- Sai st s tnh ton.

Trong tnh ton kt cu, do kh nng ng dng mnh m ca cc phn mm phn tch kt cu, v c bn, s tnh ton kt cu thng c ngi thit k lp ging cng trnh thc c v hnh dng kch thc v vt liu s dng cho kt cu. Tuy nhin, vic qu ph thuc vo phn mm kt cu cng c th gy ra nhng sai lm ng tic trong tnh ton thit k. Mt vi v d c th sau s ch r vn ny. Trn hnh 3 l s kt cu mi ca mt sn vn ng, gin mi khng gian nt cu. Sai st xy ra ch, khi a vt liu mi ny vo tnh ton, ngi thit k k n s lm vic ca lp mi nh mt lp chu lc. Kt qu so snh di y ch ra iu ny. - Trng hp 1: Tnh ton phn tch kt cu c lp mi cng tham gia chu lc, kt qu phn tch cho thy vng ln nht ca gin mi l 27,9mm. - Trng hp 2: Tnh ton phn tch kt cu khng cho lp mi tham gia chu lc, tuy nhin, thun tin cho tnh ton ti trng gi v hot ti tc dng ln mi, vn lp mi trong s tnh ton nhng chn m un n hi ca lp vt liu mi bng khng. Sau khi phn tch, vng ln nht ca gin mi =35mm. Nh vy, vt liu lp mi tham gia vo lm tng cng ca kt cu, m thc t cc vt liu lp mi ny khng tham gia chu lc, iu ny n s dn n tnh ton kt cu khng an ton hoc an ton thp. Mt v d khc trong vic la chn sai s tnh ton kt cu. Trn hnh 4 l s kt cu v ti trng tc dng ln khung phng ca cng trnh cao 6 tng. Khi a s kt cu vo tnh ton, ngi thit k thng ly chiu di ct t ct 0,00 ca cng trnh khng c
http://ketcauqt.blogspot.com/2012/05/mot-so-sai-sot-thuong-gap-trong-tinh.html 2/5

Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 2014

Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. | "Nu thy hay, cho ci thank, mnh s post nhiu hn"

ging mng hoc ging mng nh th chiu di ca ct phi ly t ct mt mng. iu ny c th gy nn vic ni lc ca cc cu kin trong khung nh hn so vi thc t. Kt qu tnh ton c th ca khung ch r s khc nhau ny. Trng hp chiu di ct tng 1, H=4.5m (cha k chiu di ct t ct 0.00 n ct m t mng -1,5m). Ga tr mment ln nht chn ct l : Mmax=11,49T.m. - Trng hp chiu di ct tng 1 H=6.0m (tnh c chiu di ct t ct 0.00 n ct mt mng -1,5m). Ga tr mnent ln nht chn ct l : Mmax =14,65T.m. Ga tr mment chnh lch l : DM =14.65 - 11.49 = 3.16 (Tm) Nh vy, ga tr mment chnh lch kh ln, nu ta b ga tr ny hay b qua chiu di ct t ct 0.00 n ct mt mng s rt nguy him cho cng trnh.

4- B qua kim tra iu kin n nh ca kt cu.

Khi tnh ton thit k, i vi nhng thit k thng thng, cc k s thit k thng tnh ton kim tra kt cu theo trng thi gii hn th nht. Tuy nhin, trong trng thi gii hn th nht, ch tnh ton kim tra i vi iu kin m bo kh nng chu lc, b qua kim tra iu kin n nh ca kt cu. i vi nhng cng trnh c quy m nh, kch thc cu kin kt cu khng ln, th vic kim tra theo iu kin n nh c c th b qua. Tuy nhin, i vi cc cng trnh c quy m khng nh, kch thc cu kin ln th vic kim tra theo iu kin n nh l rt cn thit. Di y l kt qu tnh ton kim tra dm nhp ln m n v thit k b qua kim tra iu kin n nh ca cu kin nhp ln. Trn hnh 5 l s dm nhp ln ca cng trnh c s dng lm Trung tm thi u th thao, chiu rng 8,3m, chiu di 106m, l kt cu gin mi l khng gian. Cng trnh c 2 dm vt nhp 33m, chiu cao dm l 3,3m, chiu rng ca dm l 0,25m. Hai u dm c gi ln hai tm vch BTCT ng. Trn dm c cc gi dng h gin mi (hnh 5), tng lc tc dng phn b ln dm l q= 5518 kG/m. Kim tra dm theo kh nng chu lc, dm m bo kh nng chu lc. Kim tra theo iu kin n nh cc dm ny theo [3]. [q] = 15.95 Trong : E: M un n hi ca b tng ; Jy : M men qun tnh theo phng Y ; Jz : M men qun tnh xon ; G : M un chng ct ca b tng ; [q]: Ga tr ti trng phn b cho php. Kt qu tnh ton ch ra [q] =4518 kG/m, trong khi ti trng tnh ton ln vch l q= 5518 kG/m. Nh vy, dm khng m bo theo iu kin n nh.

5- Ly ga tr SPT khng chnh xc.

Khi tnh ton thit k mng, vic tnh ton xc nh sc chu ti ca cc theo t nn da vo ch s xuyn tiu chun N thng xy ra nhng nhm ln bi vic ly ch s SPT tnh ton khng ng. Trng hp ny hay xy ra i vi loi cc c chiu su chn cc ln nh cc khoan nhi, mi cc c chng ln lp si cui l lp t tt, c gi tr SPT ln hn 100. Ngi thit k s dng N=100 tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca cc. V d tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc nhi c ng knh D=1000mm, chiu di L=33m, vi ti liu kho st a cht nh sau: + Lp 1 : St mu nu vng, do mm, chiu dy L=4,0m, C= 0,232 kg/cm2
http://ketcauqt.blogspot.com/2012/05/mot-so-sai-sot-thuong-gap-trong-tinh.html 3/5

Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 2014

Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. | "Nu thy hay, cho ci thank, mnh s post nhiu hn"

+ Lp 2 : St mu nu , trng thi na cng, chiu dy L=6,2m, C=0,285 kg/cm2. + Lp 3 : Ct mn xm vng, trng thi cht va, chiu dy L=6,0m, Ns=19 + Lp 4 : Ct trung xm vng, ln sn si, cht n rt cht, L=14,1m, Ns=44 + Lp 5 : Cui si ln ct, xm trng,trng thi rt cht, L=2,7m , Ns= 100. Sc chu ti ca cc theo cng thc ca Nht Bn (TCXD 205:1998): Qa= 1/3* (a*Na*Ap + (0.2* Ns*Ls + C*Lc)* U) Trong : Na : Ch s SPT ca t di mi cc Ns : Ch s SPT ca t xung quanh cc C : dnh ca t Ls : Chiu di thn cc trong lp t ri, m Lc : Chiu di thn cc trong phm vi lp t dnh U : Chu vi tit din cc Ap: Din tch tit din cc a: H s ph thuc phng php thi cng=15, i svi cc khoan nhi. Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc nhi ng knh D=1000, trong trng hp ly Ns =100. Qa = 560,1 tn. Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc nhi ng knh D=1000, trong trng hp ly Ns = 60. Qa = 380 tn. Ga tr sc chu ti ca cc chnh lch trong hai trng hp trn l : DQ= 560,1 - 380 = 180,1 tn. Gi chnh lch ny l kh ln, v vy nu tnh vi Ns =100 th ga tr d tnh sc chu ti ca cc khng st vi thc t, iu ny dn n phng n mng cho cng trnh khng ph hp.

6- Sai st v ti trng.
Vic tnh ton ti trng tc dng ln kt cu cng thng gy ra nhng sai st, trong sai st tp trung ch yu vic la chn gi tr ti trng, ly h s t hp ca ti trng. Mt v d n gin khi thit k cng trnh theo ACI 318-1999, theo tiu chun ny t hp ti trng tnh ti v hot ti l : 1,4D +1,7L. Trong : D l ga tr tiu chun ca ti trng tnh L l gi tr tiu chun ca hot ti. Cc ga tr ti trng trn c ly vi gi tr ti trng tiu chun, khng c h s vt ti . Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton ti trng D v L, ngi thit k tnh c h s vt ti theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 2727:1995, tnh ti n=1,1, hot ti n=1,2 hoc 1,3. Nh vy trong t hp ti trng theo ACI 318 thm lun thnh phn ca cc h s vt ti, iu ny dn n sai st khi a gi tr ti trng trong tnh ton phn tch kt cu. Mt v d khc trong vic s dng sai ti trng trong tnh ton thit k mng. Vic tnh ton kim tra ln i vi kt cu mng c kim tra theo trng thi gii hn th 2, trong cc ga tr ti trng c ly vi gi tr tiu chun, khng c h s vt ti. Tuy nhin, do nhiu l do, ngi thit k ly lun gi tr ti trng tnh ton ( k n h s vt ti) tnh ln cho cng trnh. Nh vy, gy ra nhm ln trong vic tnh ton ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh.

7- Kt lun v kin ngh.

Kt lun : T nhng sai st trn, c th tng kt cc nguyn nhn ca nhng sai st nh sau: - Do trnh v kinh nghim ca ngi ch tr thit k, cng nh ca ngi thit k.
http://ketcauqt.blogspot.com/2012/05/mot-so-sai-sot-thuong-gap-trong-tinh.html 4/5

Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 2014

Mt s sai st thng gp trong tnh ton thit k kt cu cng trnh. | "Nu thy hay, cho ci thank, mnh s post nhiu hn"

- Do hn ch v ti liu k thut, hn ch v ch dn thit k, nht l hn ch v ti liu tng kt nhng sai st trong thit k kt cu cng trnh. Kin ngh: Nhng sai st trn l nhng sai st c tnh ph bin trong cc h s thit k kt cu cng trnh, n thng c lp i lp li. gip ngi thit k hiu r, trnh nhng sai st ny cn c nhng ti liu ch dn thit k k thut i vi tng dng cng trnh, ng thi tng kt nhng sai st thng gp i vi dng cng trnh .

Tc gi
ThS. Nguyn Hng Hi, ThS. Dng nh Hn ThS. Nguyn Tin Chng Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng.

Ti liu tham kho

1- L Hng Ngc ; Sc bn vt liu. NXB Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1998. 2- Ng Th Phong, Nguyn nh Cng, Trnh Kim m, Nguyn Xun Lin, Nguyn Phn Tn ; Kt cu B tng ct thp - phn cu kin c bn.NXB Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2004. 3- B.3. BAACOB. Thanh thnh mng n hi- Ti liu ton l. Nh xut bn quc gia, MOCKBA, 1959. 4- Nguyn Xun Ngc, Nguyn Ti Trung. n nh v ng lc hc cng trnh. Nh xut bn xy dng, H Ni 2002. 5- Nguyn Tin Chng, Nguyn Hng Hi, Phung Ngc Phan, Ng Mnh Ton, Trn Mnh Nht ; Bo co kt qa kim nh dn mi cng trnh Nh thi u Ph Th TP. H Ch Minh .Thng 12 nm 2003. 6- Nguyn Hng Hi, Nguyn Mnh Cng, Bo co kt qu thm tra gin mi khn i A, sn vn ng ng Nai. Thng 9/2005. 7- Nguyn Tin Chng, Nguyn Hng Hi. Bo co kt qu thm tra dn mi Nh thi u Bc Ninh.Thng 6/2004. 8- TCVN2737:1995. Ti trng v tc ng- Tiu chun thit k. NXB Xy dng, H Ni ,1997. 9- Tp IV: Tiu chun thit k. NXB Xy dng, H Ni 1997.
ng 20th May 2012 bi Anh Thnh
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