TO:

The Ganja Future Growers and Producers Association

FROM: Professor Charles Nesson and a Harvard Law School Student Research Team : Jessica Vosgerchian , Frederic Wolens , Kris Yue , Sara Luxenberg, Carl Werner, Husam El-Qoulaq DATE: RE: I. April 5, 2014 Jamaica Matijuana Exportation Company White Paper Introduction (a) rastafari human right under 2011 constitution (b) maroon claim under Treaty of 1739 (c) traditional ganja cultivators Export Opportunity for Jamaica Importation Partner: Canada

II. III.

Canada is an extremely ideal importation partner as it has recently adopted a new regulatory regime governing the use, distribution, and importation of medical marijuana. On April 1st, 2014, the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (MMPR) came into effect. These regulations are currently administered by Health Canada, a federal governmental agency. The MMPR contains an import provision under Division 6 of the Regulations. A licensed Canadian marijuana producer interested in importing marijuana from Jamaica can apply for an import permit with the Minister of Health (currently Rona Ambrose of the Conservative Party of Canada). Thus far, four Canadian companies have successfully obtained import permits under this procedure. Considering that only 10 licensed producer applications have been approved by Health Canada under the MMPR at this point, it appears that acquiring an importation permit is not particularly difficult or onerous.1 Demand for imported medical marijuana is high in Canada. According to Health Canada estimates, the legal marijuana supply industry may have annual revenues of $1.3 billion CAD by 2024. As doctors become more willing to prescribe Under Section 76 of the MMPR, the Minister of Health can refuse to issue an import permit if the shipment would contravene the laws of the country of export or any country of transit or transhipment or if the importation is for the purpose of re exporting the marihuana.
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the drug, the number of cannabis patients in Canada is expected to increase dramatically. Sensing this economic opportunity, licensed Canadian companies have already expressed interest in purchasing from countries such as Jamaica 2 and Uruguay3. Currently, Canadian companies have only been authorized to import medical marijuana from the Netherlands. Health Canada and marijuana policy experts predict that there will be medical marijuana supply shortages during the initial implementation stages of the MMPR. One of the core reforms encompassed by the MMPR is to abolish the legal right of cannabis patients to grow their own marijuana. Under the new regulatory regime, patients across Canada will have to relinquish all of their private marijuana plants to law enforcement authorities, and will be forced to buy medical marijuana exclusively from licensed Canadian company producers. Since only 10 producer licenses have been approved under the MMPR thus far, the Canadian legal marijuana industry will have to look abroad to meet domestic market demand. As an encouraging sign, the Canadian government, through Health Canada, has been actively encouraging venture capitalists to invest in the Canadian legal marijuana industry so as to stimulate market supply.4 Accordingly, this is an opportune time for a Jamaican marijuana exportation company to capitalize on Canadian demand. 5 Under the MMPR, Health Canada must be informed, prior to importation, of the foreign marijuanas quantity, brand name (if applicable), intended use, and whether it is in the form of seeds, plants, or dried marijuana. For dried marijuana, the percentages of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol must also be indicated. Other Potential Importation Partners In addition to Canada, other nations have experienced growth in need for medical marijuana and expressed interest in importing marijuana from other nations to meet that need. Alessandro Boyd, Canada Wants Weed Medical Ganja Company Boss Says Country Would Purchase Jamaican Marijuana, THE GLEANER, Jan. 21, 2014, available at: http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140121/lead/lead1.html. 3 Patricia Rey Mallen, Uruguay To Export Marihuana To Canada, Chile, Israel For Medical Purposes, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIMES, Jan. 8, 2014, available at: http://www.ibtimes.com/uruguay-export-marihuana-canada-chile-israel-medicalpurposes-1530930. 4 Brian Hutchinson, Medical Marijuana Production in Canada Set for Dramatic Change, THE NATIONAL POST, Jan. 17, 2014, available at: http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/17/medical-marijuana-production-incanada-set-for-dramatic-change/ 5 A Canadian federal court has granted a last-minute temporary injunction against abolishing the legal rights of cannabis patients to grow their own marijuana. The result of this litigation is far from certain. In any case, Canadian interest in foreign marijuana is still high.
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Israel first established its medical marijuana program in 2005, and serves 13,000 patients as of November 2013.6 Eight domestic suppliers currently serve the small but growing market, which increased by 30% last year. 7 While the nation has not currently entered into any agreements to import marijuana, media outlets reported that in the wake of Uruguays complete legalization of marijuana in December 2013, Israeli officials have expressed an interest in importing marijuana from Uruguay in the future.8 As the first nation to completely legalize marijuana use, cultivation and distribution, Uruguay is another potential trading partner. While the new law allows for the import of marijuana, it does not establish any specific standards or procedures.9 More rules and regulations are anticipated for April 2014, but the government has already announced that it intends to use RFID-tagging for its government-grown marijuana, which may be an indication of standards it would expect from importers.10 Because the governments supply and distribution network wont be up and running until the end of 2014, government officials have reported discussions to import marijuana in the meantime, suggesting Canada as a likely source.11 If Uruguay does pursue an importation deal for this interim period or beyond, this would provide a fantastic opportunity for the Jamaica Marijuana Export Company. The Czech Republic legalized marijuana for medical use in March 2013, but the program was slow to get off the ground. Part of the law provided for domestically-cultivated marijuana, but the law delayed that provisions effective date until April 1, 2014, leaving import as the only option for the first year that the law was operational.12 A second implementation challenge has been the creation of an electronic prescription system to manage the provision of medical marijuana, which was established by the 2013 law but had not yet been completed by the end
Gavriel Fiske, Medical marijuana use up 30% in 2013, THE TIMES OF ISRAEL, Nov. 28, 2013, available at http://www.timesofisrael.com/medical-marijuana-use-up-30-in-2013/. 7 Judy Siegel, German determined to make supply of medical cannabis transparent and organized, JERUSALEM POST, Dec. 8, 2013. 8 Patricia Rey Mallen, Uruguay To Export Marihuana To Canada, Chile, Israel for Medical Purposes , INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIMES, Jan. 8, 2014, available at http://www.ibtimes.com/uruguay-exportmarihuana-canada-chile-israel-medical-purposes-1530930. 9 See Law No. 19.172, Marijuana and its Derivatives: Control and Regulation of the State of Importing and Production, Acquisition, Storage, and Distribution Marketing, available at http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/leyes/AccesoTextoLey.asp?Ley=19172&Anchor= 10 Dennis Lynch, Uruguay Will Track Legal Marijuana Via RFID and Genetic Markers, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TIMES, Mar. 29, 2014, available at http://www.ibtimes.com/uruguay-will-track-legalmarijuana-rfid-genetic-markers-1564746. 11 Will Carless, Exclusive: Uruguay may import marijuana from Canada, GLOBALPOST, Mar. 20, 2014, available at http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/140319/uruguayimport-marijuana-canada-export-cannabis. 12 A Summary of Information about Medical Cannabis in the Czech Republic the situation as of 25 March 2013, Secretariat of the Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination, available at http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/protidrogovapolitika/20130325_medical_cannabis_in_CZ_summary.pdf.
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of the year. While the Czech Inspectorate for Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances has only approved two licenses to import marijuana from the Netherlands, the need has been estimated to extend to 20,000 patients. 13 If the program develops further and the proper legal processes are implemented, import could be an important source of medical marijuana for the nation. Other countries have legalized the medical use of marijuana to some extent but are likely not feasible export options at this time. While 21 jurisdictions within the United States permit medical marijuana, and serve an enormous number of patients estimated to be greater than 1 million,14 marijuana is still illegal at the federal level, thus making importation agreements unlikely. In the Netherlands, marijuana has a long history of recreational use despite official illegality. Medical marijuana was legalized in 2003, and the governments Office for Medicinal Cannabis has control over its import. However, the robust domestic cultivation that has been conducted over years of government-tolerated recreational use offers sufficient supply, and thus the nation has not been focused on importation (and in fact, as discussed above, plays a large role in exportation to Canada and also exports to the Czech Republic). Other nations, such as Finland, Germany, and Romania, have allowed for medical use of marijuana in some capacity but currently lack comprehensive programs or a sizable market of users. IV. By adapting the Colorado regulation model to meet Jamaicas needs, the Company could monitor compliance with importation standards at little cost to growers.

The state of Colorado in the United States has implemented a regulation scheme for the legal sale of medical and recreational marijuana that is widely considered a stunning success, 15 and which serves as a useful model for establishing a legal mechanism for exporting marijuana from Jamaica to international trading partners. This paper proposes that Jamaicas approach should differ from the Colorado system in two notable ways: (1) Jamaica will legalize exportation of marijuana while leaving decriminalization of its use and production domestically for later deliberation and (2) instead of monitoring marijuana from seed to sale using
Critics of the departments failure to approve more import licenses have suggested that the government is purposefully trying create barriers to medical marijuana access for political reasons. See Karel Janicek, Czechs in quandary over legal medical marijuana, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, Nov. 15, 2013, available at http://news.yahoo.com/czechs-quandary-over-legal-medical-marijuana082538554.html. 14 How Many People in the United States Use Medical Marijuana?, PROCON.ORG, available at http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001199. Because the numbers were compiled in 2012, the estimate of 1,029,315 medical marijuana patients excludes five jurisdictions whose programs werent yet established at that time (Connecticut, Washington, DC, Illinois, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire).
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Jack Healy, Colorado Expects to Reap Tax Bonanza from Legal Marijuana Sales, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 20, 2014, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/us/ colorado-expects-to-reap-tax-bonanza-from-legal-marijuana-sales.html.
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radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, the Company will track marijuana from the time that a grower submits it for exportation using a more cost effective biometric verification system. As this section explains, the Company can implement a simple verification process that complies with the quality control standards of importation partners as well as promotes regional brand recognition of premium Jamaican marijuana. The tracking and verification system this white paper proposes is modeled after the RFID tagging mandated by regulation 309 of Colorados Retail Marijuana Code,16 but utilizes biometric cataloging in place of RFID tagging, which would cost far more and needlessly impose on participating producers. Colorados system requires that marijuana producers attach RFID tags to every plant so that inspectors may verify that the crop is registered and correctly identified by scanning it with a radio gun. This method allows Colorado to quickly track the whereabouts of registered marijuana at every stage of production and transfer until it reaches the end purchaser in other words, from seed to sale. 17 However, a RFID tagging system is not practical for cataloging large crops of marijuana grown outdoors in the Jamaican countryside. The cost of RFID tags, at about 50 cents USD each, would likely discourage many growers from participating in the exportation program, and would be a needless cost if the producer decided not to submit a harvest he had already tagged. Jamaica could replicate the effect of Colorados RFID tracking system by creating biometric fingerprints from samples of the registered marijuana that can be verified by scanning barcodes. After its creation, the Company will recruit producing partners by sending representatives to farms and presenting the profitmaking opportunities of participating in the exportation program. If the grower decides to register his farm as a potential exportation source, the Company representative will compile information about the region, the farm and the type of marijuana produced and take samples of the soil, leaves and flowers that will serve as a biological fingerprint of each exportation-qualifying strain of marijuana produced by the farm. The Company will catalog these biometric records in a database of registered marijuana crops and assign each record a unique barcode. Later, when the grower delivers the harvest to the Companys processing center for packaging and exportation, the Company will check random samples of the submitted crop against the biometric records on file to ensure that the submission comes from the registered farm. This process would prevent the infiltration of non-registered marijuana into the Companys legal supply chain. It is vital that the Company prevent such inbound diversion to maintain the trust of importation partners, identify and remedy the sources of any contaminated R 309 Retail Marijuana Establishments: Marijuana Inventory Tracking Solution (MITS).
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Jefferson Dodge, Seed to Sale Surveillance, BOULDER WEEKLY, June 2, 2011, available at: http://www.boulderweekly.com/article-5716-seed-to-sale-surveillance.html.
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marijuana, and bolster the reputation of premium Jamaican marijuana by promoting recognition of specific regions and producers. After verification of the submitted crop at the processing center, the Company will package the marijuana in accordance with the packaging standards of the purchaser and attach the barcode associated with the origin farms record to each receptacle. The barcode system will allow the Company and importation partners to quickly identify deliveries at every stage of the shipping process. Each time a barcode is scanned, the Companys program will register the time and place in the database, allowing the Company to monitor the shipments movement until it reaches the purchaser. Along with complying with the particular packaging standards of the purchaser, the Companys packaging of the marijuana will resemble the Colorado method,18 and involve airtight, tamper-evident containers to prevent smugglers from diverting unapproved marijuana into the packages. However, this system is still vulnerable to the inbound diversion because smugglers could attach counterfeit barcodes to unapproved marijuana and infiltrate the legitimate commercial stream by bribing Company inspectors and handlers. To prevent such situations, the Company should check random samples of the shipment against the biometric record at two other times in the shipment process: when the shipment is first loaded into the cargo ship or airplane and again when shipment is unloaded at the importing countrys port. These additional checks are important because the importing country and/or purchasing company will almost certainly verify the shipments potency and biological profile itself, and could reject a shipment upon discovering unapproved marijuana. The Company and the nation of Jamaica have a strong interest in not incurring shipping costs of rejected marijuana and safeguarding the reputation of the Jamaican exportation industry. A robust and reliable verification process will also support the promotion of brand recognition for Jamaican marijuana. By closely recording the farms of origins, Jamaica can market marijuana strains and producing regions similarly to how the finest wine producing regions of Europe identify and promote different grapes and vineyards. Jamaican marijuana already has a world-renown reputation, and the Company should capitalize on that brand appeal by encouraging consumer familiarity with its producing regions. The Company could also assist growers with registering trademarks for their marijuana in the importing countries. By ensuring that exported marijuana comes from registered farms, the Company will bolster purchasers confidence in the Jamaican marijuana industry and set the stage for impactful geographical marketing as the international marijuana market expands. V. International Law Obligations & Risks of Jamaica

R 1002 Packaging and Labeling of Retail Marijuana by a Retail Marijuana Cultivation Facility or a Retail Marijuana Products Manufacturing Facility.
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Obama Administration Posture In October 2009 the DOJ announced that it would not focus federal resources, on individuals in compliance with existing state laws providing for the medical use of marijuana. The Obama administration has since been increasingly tolerant of marijuana legalization schemes. Most recently this February, the DoJ and the Department of the Treasury, relaxed their legislation to permit banks to accept funds from recreational marijuana shops. These official actions of the DoJ have been underscored by the Presidents own comments, likening the dangers of marijuana to alcohol and advocating for a de-prioritization of recreational use prosecutions. As has been well documented, I smoked pot as a kid, and I view it as a bad habit and a vice, not very different from the cigarettes that I smoked as a young person up through a big chunk of my adult life. I dont think it is more dangerous than alcohol. -- President Obama, Going the Distance, New Yorker (Jan 2014) It would not make sense for us to see a top priority as going after recreational users in states that have determined that its legal. -- President Obama, Walters Interview, ABC News (Dec 2013) Based on assurances that [Washington and Colorado] will impose an appropriately strict regulatory system, the Department has informed the governors of both states that it is deferring its right to challenge their legalization laws at this time. Justice Department, Update to Marijuana Enforcement Policy, Office of Public Affairs (Aug 2013) The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 (amended by the 1972 Protocol) and the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 are the two main conventions addressing the illicit traffic in drugs under international law. Signatories have an individual responsibility to comply with the provisions of the international drug control conventions . These Conventions set very strict and unavoidable control measures for cannabis, limiting its use to medical and scientific purposes, and there are specific obliga tions on the control of cannabis in Art 28 and penal provisions in Art. 36. However, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs says compliance is subject to con stitutional limitations. Compliance is undertaken with due regard to [signatories] constitutional, legal, and administrative, representing a clear escape clause. The Conventions exclusion for scientific or medical purposes are still subject to Art. 23 (mandating a central licensing agency), 19 which would not necessitate a withdrawal as long as cultivation excluded recreational uses. Additionally, contrary to popular conceptions, there is no imperative to criminalize personal recreational
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Jamaica would need to abide by the same provisions governing opium production (Art 23) including a) creating a government agency that b) designates areas for cultivation and issues c) licenses to growers d) for cultivation and export that must be e) fully controlled by the agency.

possession. Until Jamaica seeks to legalize cannabis for recreational use, the narcotics conventions explicitly exclude medical and scientific uses from control measures. The Convention authorizes the INCB to recommend an embargo on imports and exports of drugs from non-complaint20 nations and in particular opium production.21 Legalization of Recreational Use and Re-Accession to Convention with Reservation In the event Jamaica wants to extend the legislative scheme to include recreational use there would be two choices i) Propose the deletion of the obligations under Art 28 and/or remove cannabis from List 1 of the Convention,22 or ii) Withdraw from the treaties and then re-accede with a reservation on recreational cannabis. While an amendment to the Convention would prove difficult since the vote would need to be unanimous, a full one-third of the almost 190 signatories would be needed to block re-accession. For reference, only 18 countries formally objected to the amendment and of those only 15 objected when Bolivia sought to return, of these Russia (due to its current suspension of the G8), Mexico (under the new leadership of President Nieto), Portugal & Netherlands (decriminalized possession of marijuana), and Sweden (which had a specific complaint about cocoa) might not even object to marijuana initiatives. Leaving Jamaica plenty of leeway 49 44 votes short of the 62 to block re-accession with a reservation for cannabis use. It is also important to note that Jamaica could invoke the USs treaty obligations under Art 20 (or Art 17) of the Charter of American States to prohibit any punitive retaliatory actions.23 Threats to Aid for Jamaica The three greatest threats to aid for Jamaica should they enact recreational use would be i) Exclusion from the Caribbean Basin Initiative; ii) Conditions placed on their IMF Extended Agreement; iii) Restructuring of legal narcotic import/export restrictions by the INCB.

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Several countries including Canada, the US, and Australia, have all formed commissions that have looked at the Conventions requirements for criminalization of possession and virtually all have found no obligation for personal use. 21 This process was initiated against the UK when they reclassified cannabis from a Class B to C drug. 22 In 2003 the UNODC acknowledged that the scientific base for putting cannabis on the list of the 1961 Single Convention at the same level as heroin has been incorrect. 23 Charter of American States Art. 13 - The political existence of the State is independent of recognition by other States. Even before being recognized, the State has the right to defend its integrity and independence, to provide for its preservation and prosperity, and consequently to organize itself as it sees fit, to legislate concerning its interests. Art. 17 - Each State has the right to develop its cultural, political, and economic life freely and naturally. In this free development, the State shall respect the rights of the individual and the principles of universal morality. Art. 20 - No State may use or encourage the use of coercive measures of an economic or political character in order to force the sovereign will of another State and obtain from it advantages of any kind.

The United States is by far the most important trading partner by an order of magnitude ($2.1 billion compared to less than $1 billion in trade with Venezuela), however Jamaica currently receives less than $45 million in foreign aid total (less than 0.3% of GDP) 13% of this is from the US. Jamaica received ~$6 million in 2012 from the US for developmental assistance and >$25,000 from the Defense Department Humanitarian Assistance program. In 2013, Jamaica received less than $1 million in military and police aid from the US with less than $300, 000 through the Section 1004 Counter-Drug Assistance24 program. The balance is from international military education and training and counter-terrorism funds totaling $450, 000. While activities authorized and funded under section 1004 must fulfill a counter-narcotics mission, there is nothing explicitly precluding legalization and there are no provisions that make funding directly contingent on the adoption of any single regulatory regime. The CBI grants preferential treatment for apparel and certain NAFTA-level tariff reductions for products produced in Jamaica. One of the eligibility criteria for membership includes - The extent to which the country has met U.S. counternarcotics certification criteria under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.25 It should be noted that Jamaica is already currently identified as a major drug production and transit country, but it has not affected its CBI membership, as there is considerable discretion in the Presidents administration of the Initiative. In May 2013, the IMF approved a 48-month $932 million Extended Arrangement for Jamaica focusing on fiscal consolidation, and Jamaica is currently in negotiations with the US and others for the FTAA. While neither the IMF or CBI are explicitly contingent on any specific narcotics control regime, there is a risk that these agreements may be placed in jeopardy or subject to modification should Jamaica expand production beyond the limits set by the convention. Bolivias Re-Entry The entire process from Bolivias withdrawal to their re-accession was completed in 19 months from June 2011 to February 2013.26 18 countries voted against the decision to modify the existing treaty to permit cocoa leaves, only 15 voted to block
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Section 1004 of the 1991 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 101-510) provides support for the counternarcotic activities of foreign law enforcement including for maintenance and upgrading of equipment, training, infrastructure and establishing command, control, & communications for drug trafficking interdiction. 25 The Narcotics Certification Process was modified as a result of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY 2003, signed into law in 2002. As a result, the President has the option of submitting a consolidated report identifying all major illicit drug producing and drug-transit countries and designating those countries that have failed to comply with specified criteria. The President also retains the option to use the previous system involving an affirmative certification of cooperation. Office of the US Trade Representative 26 Bolivia first attempted to modify the Convention after the adoption of Art. 384 in the 2009 Bolivian Constitution mandating the commercialization of cocoa leaves in direct contravention of the Conventions Art 49 (abolishing cocoa leave chewing)

the country from re-joining (short of the 62 required). President Morales lobbying of the member states was met by opposition from the Obama administration, which was only able to muster the votes of the G8 and Mexico to oppose Bolivias readmittance. Additionally, Spain offered its assistance to act as a mediator at the UN to facilitate an agreement. Aside from the campaign by the G8 to block Bolivias reaccessions and a negative press release from the INCB, there was little controversy and no monetary consequences. Human Rights Treaties: In an open letter by 114 NGOs, in a similar line of argument as advanced by the Uruguayan government, the argument advanced has been - The cost of the drug war, especially the harsh penalties on personal possession of cannabis, has been tantamount to a violation of human and cultural rights. Jamaica is a signatory to most major human rights conventions including the American Convention on Human Rights, but has not voted in favor of the Declaration of Human Rights, which Uruguay used as part of their legal justification for legalization. The American Convention on Human Rights, to which Jamaica and not the US is a signatory, has two primary provisions which may help trump other obligations concerning economic, social, and cultural rights. The US and Jamaica lack substantial reciprocal human rights obligations. While equating the current criminalization scheme to a human rights violation could be persuasive, this will likely be a rhetorical rather than legal strategy. Fortunately, the US and Jamaica are both signatories to the Charter of American States, which bars the use of economically coercive measures to force sovereign will, and may be useful to defend any threats.

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Timeline of Obama Administration Announcements October 2009 Ogden Memo Pursuit of [trafficking and manufacturer] priorities should not focus federal resources in your States on individuals whose actions are in clear and unambiguous compliance with existing state laws providing for the medical use of marijuana. July 2011 Guidance Regarding Jurisdictions Seeking to Authorize Marijuana for Medical Use Prosecution of significant traffickers in illegal drugs, including marijuana, remains a core priority, but advised that it is likely not an efficient use of federal resources to focus enforcement efforts on individuals with cancer or other serious illnesses who use marijuana as part of a recommended treatment regimen consistent with applicable state law. August 2013 Guidance Regarding Marijuana Enforcement from the Department of Justice The Department is committed to using its limited investigative and prosecutorial resources to address the most significant threats in the most effective, consistent, and rational way. As such, the DoJ formally refocused their priorities to preventing distribution of marijuana to minors, of revenue to criminal enterprises, trafficking between jurisdictions and preventing violence. Outside of these priorities the DoJ has recommended to delegate enforcement to state and local law enforcement of their own narcotics laws. August 2013 The Department of Justice directed US attorneys not to pursue banks that banks that do business with legal marijuana dispensaries according to guidelines February 2014 - Obama administration through the Department of the Treasury clears banks to accept funds from legal marijuana dispensaries. Legal distributors would be able to secure loans, use banks, and deposit cash collected from sales in the 20 states and DC where some form of marijuana sales are legal. Banks would need to file a marijuana limited report that details compliance with DoT and DoJ guidelines. WaPost Article Treaties and International Obligations The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 (amended by the 1972 Protocol) Charter of American States (1967) The Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 - This convention brought the two psychoactive compounds of marijuana THC and CBD into the control regime, however it does not directly apply to the cultivated cannabis plant. Caribbean Basin Initiative & Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act 2000 IMF Extended Arrangement for Jamaica (2013) Free Trade Area of the Americas (Pending)

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