Chng m au

GII THIEU CHUNG VE NHIEM VU

e tai ieu hanh d an bang phng phap PERT-PCM va
ng dung giai bai toan lap l!"h thi "o#ng "o#ng t$%nh, bao
gom
- Tm hieu phng phap PERT-PCM phng phap ! "o
ma#ng $i%&
- '(ng )u#ng gia*i bai toan $a+p $,-h thi -o.ng -o.ng
t/nh&
0 1u t/2 $,-h thi -o.ng -a- )# an
0 Cho bie3t thi gian ba4t "au mo+t )# an 5a thi
gian 6e3t thu- )# an
0 The.m mo+t !o3 ha#ng mu#- 6hi )# an "ang "#- thi
-o.ng
0 7o* mo+t !o3 ha#ng mu#- 6hi )# an "ang thi -o.ng
0 a /a $,-h thi -o.ng -a- ha#ng mu#- to3i u nha3t
T$ang&1
Chng I
IEU HANH ! AN "A#NG $H!NG
$HA$
$E%T&CM$
'$hng (ha)( * + ma,ng -)./
I6 un P/o8e-t% $a mo+t ta+p h#p -a- h6ul 6unq
9-ti5it:% $ie.n ;uan 5i nhau 5a pha*i "#- th#- hie+n theo
mo+t th t# nao "o -ho "e3n 6hi hoan thanh toan bo+
-a- hoa#t "o+ng& <oa#t "o+ng "#- hieu nh $a mo+t 5ie+-
"oi ho*i thi gian, 5a nqvun luv Re!ou/-e% "e hoan
thanh& T/- 6ia "e "ieu hanh )# an ngi ta thng
)ung bieu "o Cunll =antt ba/ -ha/t%, $a mo+t "o th, gom
-a- "ng 6e* ngang, bieu th, "iem 6h*i -o.ng 5a 6e3t
thu- hoa#t "o+ng& >h#- "iem -u*a bieu "o $a 6ho.ng ?a-
",nh "#- ;uan he+ gi2a -a- hoa#t "o+ng, ne.n 6ho.ng ap
)u#ng "#- -ho -a- d6 un l6n $a/ge-!-a$e p/o8e-t%, "oi ho*i
ul lu h6uch p$anning%, v hu6nh lh6c hun !-he)u$ing% 5a
lun lvu -ont/o$$ing% mo+t -a-h he+ tho3ng 5a hie+u ;ua*,
tha+m -h@ pha*i to3i u hoa hie+u ;ua* 5e thi gian 5a tie3t
6ie+m ngu:e.n $ie+u%& A 5a+:, gan nh "ong thi 5ao naBm
CDEF-CDEG, hai phng phap 6e3 hoa#-h, "ieu hanh 5a 6iem
t/a )# an "a2 /a "i& Ih66nq hu 666nq qunq hoaH- h66nq
hu 666nq l6 hun C/iti-a$ path metho), 5ie3t /a4t $a CPM%
"#- E&I&)u Pont )e >emou! 5a -o.ng t: ?a.: )#ng -u*a o.ng
"a /a& Phng phap th hai -o te.n $a I6 lhvuul xn xl
vu6 unh qu d6 un (P/o8e-t e5a$uation an) /e5ieJ te-hni;ue,
5ie3t ta4t $a PERT) $a 6e3t ;ua* nghie.n -a -u*a mo+t -o.ng
t: t 5a3n theo "aHt hang -u*a ha*i ;ua.n M:2, )ung "e
"ieu hanh -a- hoa#t "o+ng nghie.n -u 5a phat t/ien
-hng t/nh te.n $*a "o3i -#-& <ai phng phap "#- hnh
thanh "o+- $a+p nhng /a3t gio3ng nhau, -ung nhaKm 5ao
mu#- "@-h "ieu hanh thi gian $a -h@nh& L# 6ha- nhau -h@nh
$a t/ong CPM thi gian - $#ng -ho -o.ng 5ie+-, "#- -oi
$a luul 6nh Mete/mini!ti-%, -on t/ong PERT -o the $a nquuv
nhun P/obabi$i!ti-%& >goai /a CPM -o t@nh "e3n ;uan he+ thi
gian& >ga: na:, 6hi "a2 phat t/ien $e.n, hai phng phap
"#- -oi $a mo+t, )i mo+t te.n -hung $a Ih66nq hu
v hu6nh d6 un IIIJ-CI^, hoaH- Ih66nq hu -6 6
nunq l66 hoaH- hu lh6unq luv IIIJ PERT-t:pe !:!tem%&
>o "#- )ung "e th#- hie+n /a3t nhieu 6ieu )# an, t
T$ang&0
?a.: )#ng, $a+p t/nh ma: t@nh, !a*n ?ua3t phim "e3n 5a+n
"o+ng t/anh -* -h@nh t/, hoaH- -a- -uo+- gia*i phaNu ph-
ta#p&
Phng phap "ieu hanh )# an PERT-CPM gom ba pha
t- $a ba 6ha.u%O 6e3 hoa#-h, "ieu hanh 5a 6iem t/a "ieu
-hPnh& Ihu lu h6uch -o no+i )ung $a $a+p mo+t ! "o ma#ng
$i a//oJ netJo/6 )iag/am hoaH- a//oJ )iag/am%, tng t#
mo+t "o th, -o hng& Pha na: m* "au baKng 5ie+- ta-h
)# an thanh nhieu hoa#t "o+ng /ie.ng 5a ",nh thi gian
hoan thanh -hung& T/ong ma#ng, moNi -ung -o hng bieu
)ieNn hoa#t "o+ng 5a -a* ! "o ma#ng bieu th, mo3i ;uan he+
gi2a -a- hoa#t "o+ng& MoNi nut bieu th, mo+t bun c6u
hoaH- -6 lun e5ent%, "anh )a3u hoan thanh mo+t !o3 h6ul
6unq a-ti5it:% $a -a- -ung "i 5ao nut, 5a ba4t "au -a-
hoa#t "o+ng ng 5i -a- -ung /a 6ho*i nut&
Ihu v hu6nh !-he)u$ing pha!e% -o nhie+m 5u# ?a.:
)#ng bieu "o thi gian, -hP /o2 thi "iem ba4t "au 5a
6e3t thu- -u*a moNi hoa#t "o+ng 5a mo3i ;uan he+ gi2a -a-
hoa#t "o+ng& >oi /ie.ng, "ieu ;uan t/o#ng $a pha*i t@nh -h@nh
?a- -a- hoa#t "o+ng ti ha#n, t- $a gaBng -/iti-a$%, -an
-hu : "aH- bie+t 6hi th#- hie+n, "e toan bo+ )# an "#-
hoan thanh "ung ha#n&
Pha 6iem t/a bao gom 5ie+- !* )u#ng ! "o ma#ng $i,
5a bieu "o thi gian "e theo )o2i 5a bao -ao ",nh 6
tie3n t/ien -u*a )# an& >e3u -an th pha*i pha.n t@-h $a#i 5a
?a- ",nh ! "o mi -ho phan )# an -on $a#i&
I& 1a2( * + ma,ng -).
>h t/e.n "a2 noi, pha "au -u*a phng phap PERT-CPM
$a $a+p 6e3 hoa#-h the hie+n * mo+t ! "o ma#ng $i, bieu
)ieNn nh mo+t "o th, -o hng& <a2: ?et mo+t )# an
?a.: )#ng mo+t toa nha& Aie+- ta-h )# an thanh -a-
hoa#t "o+ng nh "ao "a3t, ?a.: mong, ?a.: tng tho., $#p
mai, "aHt "ng )a.: "ie+n Q $a )o 6ie3n t/u- ! hoaH- 6:2
! ?a.: )#ng $am& M#a 5ao "o, ngi ;ua*n $: )# an
$a+p "#- ! "o ma#ng $i nh <&C&C& Ca- !o3 be.n -a#nh
-ung $a thi gian th#- hie+n hoa#t "o+ng "o&
Rua ! "o ma#ng $i <&C&C ta tha3: /o2 mo3i ;uan he+
gi2a -a- hoa#t "o+ng 5e thi gian& ChaSng ha#n hoa#t "o+ng
F, G% $a t/at ngoai-pha*i !au T, F% $a $#p mai, nhng "o+-
$a+p 5i E, U% $a -hPnh tng t/ong& Cu2ng 5a+: T, U% "o+-
$a+p 5i T, E% 5a E, U%& VW "a.: -o hai h6ul 6unq qu*
)ummm: a-ti5it:% 5i thi gian "e th#- hie+n baKng X "#-
"a 5ao "e "a*m ba*o ;ui ta4- ! "o&
T$ang&3
Cung gia* CC, CY%, 6: hie+u b*i "ng "t "oa#n, "a
5ao "e "a*m ba*o ;ui ta4- 6ho.ng -o hai hoa#t "o+ng -ung
bie3n -o3 ba4t "au 5a 6e3t thu-, t- $a 6ho.ng -o Y -ung
-o -ung go3- 5a ngo#n t- $a "o th, "n%& Aie+- !n
tng t/ong 5a $am !an -o -ung bie3n -o3 )au $a nut D,
t- $a bie3n -o3 $at 5an tng ?ong, 5a bie3n -o3 -uo3i $a
nut CY $am !an 5a !n tng ?ong, ba4t "au hoan thie+n
t/ong%& Mo "o ta pha*i the.m nut CC $a bie3n -o3 gia* 5a
-ung gia* CC, CY%&
Cung gia* E, G% "e -hP /aKng hoa#t "o+ng T, E% pha*i
hoan thanh t/- 6hi ba4t "au hoa#t "o+ng G, CX% ne3u bo*
-ung gia* na: th thi "iem $am hai 5ie+- $a "o+- $a+p%&
Cung gia* na: $a phu#- 5u# -ho ;ui ta4- ! "o ma#ng $i
pha*i the hie+n "u* ;uan he+ th t# -an -o&
>e3u ;uan he+ thi gian -o )a#ngO 5ie+- ?
Y
ba4t "au 6hi
?ong CZ[ 5ie+- ?
C
, 5ie+- ?
[
ba4t "au 6hi ?ong mo+t n*a ?
C
, th
ta pha*i the.m -a- nut "anh )a3u -a- bie3n -o3 ?ong CZ[?
C
5a ?ong CZY?
C
"o nh * <C&Y&
\h*i -o.ng
Y ao mong
T ]a.: mong
CX ]a.: tho.
F 1#p mai
T ChPnh thaSng tng ngoai
aHt )a.: "ie+n U
U T/at ngoai
E ChPnh thaSng tng t/ong
D Ln ngoai
G E(p 5an $at tng
T$ang&4
C
Y
[
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1am !an T E Ln tng <oan thie+n
ngoai Y
X <oan thie+n t/ong
F
\e3t
thu-
H5nh 161
Tom $a#iO L "o ma#ng $i pha*i $a mo+t "o th, -o
hng, "n, $ie.n tho.ng, 6ho.ng -o 6hu:e.n t- $a -ung
-o go3- 5a ngo#n -ung $a mo+t nut%, 6ho.ng -o -hu t/nh
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H5nh 160
II& $ha7n 89:h :a): :h; 8.<7u 8h=. g.an6 >a): ?nh =ng :a@ng6
Pha "ieu hanh -o nhie+m pha.n t@-h -a- -hP tie.u thi
gian 5a "a /a -a- ba*ng 5a !o3 $ie+u -an thie3t t/e.n !
"o ma#ng $i& >e3u t/ong )# an pha*i "ieu hanh -a*
ngu:e.n $ie+u hoaH- nha.n $#-% th pha*i ?et -a* -a- -hP
tie.u "o, ta !e2 noi "e3n * mu#- !au&
II&C& T9nh :a): 8h=. .<Am6
ChP tie.u * "a.: $a thi "iem !m -u*a bie3n -o3
ea/$ie!t time ^o/ an e5ent% $a thi "iem bie3n -o3 ?a*: /a 6hi
mo#i hoa#t "o+ng t/- no "#- ba4t "au !m nha3t -o
the& Thi "iem !m -u*a bie3n -o3 i thng 6: hie+u $a
E
i
& Ca- E
i
"#- t@nh theo hng taBng ^o/Ja/) pa!!%, t- $a
"i t nut 6h*i -o.ng theo th t# taBng -u*a nut i& >h 5a+:
5i nut 6h*i -o.ng C th E
C
_ X& e3n nut Y t/ong ! "o <C&C
th E
Y
/o2 /ang baKng Y 5 bie3n -o3 hoan thanh hoa#t "o+ng
C, Y% pha*i $a E
C
0 t
CY
, * "a.: t
CY
$a thi gian th#- hie+n
hoa#t "o+ng C, Y%& Aie+- t@nh E
[
, E
T
, E
E
, E
F
, E
D
, E
CX
5a E
CC
-u2ng
tng t# 5 -a- nut tng ng -hP -o mo+t -ung 5ao, 6hi
"oO
E
i
_ E
8
0 t
8i
VW "a.: 8 $a nut nga: t/- i& ChaSng ha#n E
F
0 t
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"o+ng 6e3t thu- ta#i bie3n -o3, th t ",nh ngh`a E
i
/o2 /ang
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]
Y
]
[
"a.: $a thi "iem mo#i hoa#t "o+ng "o 5a ?ong -a*, t-
$a pha*i $a3: ma?imum -u*a -a- tong& ChaSng ha#n
E
U
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0 t
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b _ ma? aCF 0 U, YX 0 Eb _ YE,
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8
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nut&
Thi "iem muo+n $ate!t time% -u*a bie3n -o3 8 $a thi
"iem muo+n nha3t mo#i -ung "i 5ao bie3n -o3 8 "eu hoan
thanh ma 6ho.ng $am tha: "oi thi "iem 6e3t thu- )#
an !m nha3t -o the, 6: hie+u $a 1
8
& o3i $a#i 5i E
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, -a-
1
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nut 6e3t thu-& Theo ",nh ngh`a, * nut 6e3t thu- th E
n
_ 1
n
,
* th@ )u# <&C&C $a E
C[
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C[
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mo+t -ung /a, t- $a mo+t hoa#t "o+ng "#- ba4t "au th,
thi "iem muo+n $a O
1
8
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i
- t
8i
,
T- $a thi "iem muo+n -u*a nut nga: !au no t/ "i thi
gian th#- hie+n hoa#t "o+ng no3i hai nut& Ca- bie3n -o3 CY,
CC, CX, G, U, F, [, Y 5a C * <&C&C $a t/ng h#p na:& >e3u
-o nhieu -ung /a 6ho*i bie3n -o3, th theo ",nh ngh`a ta -o O
1
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ji i
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t/ng h#p na:, -haSng ha#n O
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b _ min [G c T, [G - E% _ [[
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i
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$a hie+u thi
"iem muo+n
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t/2 !$a-6
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ff
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X, X%
Y, Y%
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YX, YX%
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II&[& =ng ga@ng6 "ng ti ha#n%
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-an "#- -hu : "aH- bie+t 5 t/ hoa2n no !e2 a*nh h*ng
"e3n thi gian 6e3t thu- )# an& T "o -o O
?nh nghHa II&[&C& ng gaBng hoaH- "ng ti ha#n
-/iti-a$ path% $a mo+t "ng "i t nut 6h*i -o.ng "e3n nut
6e3t thu- ma mo#i hoa#t "o+ng t/e.n "ng "eu -o thi
gian )# t/2 -hung baKng X& ChaSng ha#n t/e.n <&C&[ -o mo+t
"ng gaBng $a C cg Y cg [ cg T cgE cg U cg D cg CY cg C[ %
hoa#t "o+ng i, 8 -o Tf
i8
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-/itita$ a-ti5it:%& 7ie3n -o3 i -o )
i
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gaBng -/iti-a$ e5ent%&
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!au&
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Y& Ta3t -a* -a- hoa#t "o+ng i, 8% -o Tf
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gaBng&
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i
_ X,
"eu pha*i naKm t/e.n "ng gaBng& 7ie3n -o 6ho.ng
gaBng 6ho.ng the naKm t/e.n "ng gaBng&
T& ng no3i nut 6h*i -o.ng "e3n nut 6e3t thu- ma
mo#i bie3n -o3 t/e.n "o "eu gaBng -o the 6ho.ng
pha*i "ng gaBng 5 -o the -o hoa#t "o+ng 6ho.ng
gaBng& ChaSng ha#n "ng C cg Y cg [ cg T cg U cg D c
g CY cg C[ 6ho.ng gaBng 5 Tf
TU
_ Y&
E& ng gaBng $a "ng )ai nha3t t/ong -a- "ng
no3i nut 6h*i -o.ng "e3n nut 6e3t thu-&
ieu E na: $a /o2 t ",nh ngh`a 5 * nut 6h*i -o.ng
5a 6e3t thu- hai thi "iem !m 5a muo+n t/ung nhau 5a
thi gian hoan thanh )# an -h@nh $a hie+u thi gian * hai
nut * <&C&[ $a TT - X%& ng gaBng $a "ng gom -a-
hoa#t "o+ng 6ho.ng -o )# t/2 ne.n tong -hieu )ai, t- $a
thi gian th#- hie+n, $a toan bo+ thi gian th#- hie+n )#
an * <&C&[ $a TT%, ne.n pha*i )ai nha3t& T/e.n <&C&[ "ng
gaBng "#- to. "a+m&
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<&C&[ nhng 5i t
TF
tha: t F thanh CX& \hi "o thi gian )#
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gian )# t/2 -u*a -a- bie3n -o3 F, G 5a CX "eu tha: t T
thanh X& 1u- na: "ng C cg Y cg [ cg T cg F cg G cg CX c
g C[ $a "ng gaBng th hai&
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5ao ba*ng C&C
7ie3n Thi Thi Thi <oa#t Thi gian
T$ang&I
-o3 "iem
!m
"iem
muo+n
gian )#
t/2
"o+ng )# t/2
-hung
C X X X C, Y% X
Y Y Y X Y, [% X
[ F F X [, T% X
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hai phan t* 6ha- nhau -u*a A go#i $a -a- -ung&
>e3u t/ong ma#ng -o the -o "a 6e.nh thoa#i mo+t -hieu,
ta pha*i !* )u#ng "e3n 6hai nie+m "a "o th, -o hngO
?nh nghHa BN a "o th, -o hng =_ A,E% bao gom A $a
ta+p -a- "Pnh, 5a E $a ho# -a- -aHp -o th t# gom hai
phan t* 6ha- nhau -u*a A go#i $a -a- -ung& <ai -ung e
C
5a
e
Y
tng ng 5i -ung mo+t -aHp "Pnh "#- go#i $a -ung
$aHp&
Chung ta -hu* :e3u !e2 $am 5ie+- 5i "n "o th, 5o.
hng 5a "n "o th, -o hng&
C&Y& Ca): 8hua28 ngE : Pan6
T/- tie.n ta ?et thua+t ng2 mo. ta* -a- "Pnh 5a -a-
-a#nh -u*a "o th, 5o. hng&
?nh nghHa 1N <ai "Pnh u 5a 5 -u*a "o th, 5o. hng =
"#- go#i $a 6e nhau ne3u u,5% $a -a#nh -u*a "o th, =& >e3u
e _ u,5% $a -a#nh -u*a "o th, th ta noi -a#nh na: $a $ie.n
thuo+- 5i hai "Pnh u 5a 5, hoaH- -u2ng noi $a -a#nh e $a
no3i "Pnh u 5a "Pnh 5, "ong thi -a- "Pnh u 5a 5 !e2
"#- go#i $a -a- "Pnh "au -u*a -a#nh u,5%&
e -o the bie3t bao nhie.u -a#nh $ie.n thuo+- 5i mo+t
"Pnh, ta "a 5ao ",nh ngh`a !auO
T$ang&0B
?nh nghHa 0N Ta go#i ba+- -u*a "Pnh 5 t/ong "o th, 5o.
hng $a !o3 -a#nh $ie.n thuo+- 5i no 5a !e2 6@ hie+u $a
)eg5%&
b - )
a ^ e g
<nh CO + 8h? [+7 h)ng G6
Th9 Cu, 1O ]et "o th, t/ong hnh C, ta -oO
)ega%_ C, )egb%_T, )eg-%_T, )eg^%_[, )eg)%_C,
)ege%_[, )egg%_X&
Pnh ba+- X go#i $a "Pnh -o. $a+p& Pnh ba+- C go#i $a "Pnh
t/eo& T/ong th@ )u# t/e.n "Pnh g $a "Pnh -o. $a+p, a 5a ) $a
-a- "Pnh t/eo& 7a+- -u*a "Pnh -o t@nh -ha3t !auO

V v
v m ) deg( 2
?nh -K) 1N =ia* !* = _ A,E% $a "o th, 5o. hng 5i m
-a#nh& \hi "o&
Chng /inh& Ro2 /ang moNi -a#nh e _ u,5% "#- t@nh mo+t
$an t/ong )egu% 5a mo+t $an t/ong )eg5%& T "o !u: /a
tong ta3t -a* -a- ba+- -u*a -a- "Pnh baKng hai $an !o3
-a#nh&
Th9 Cu, 0N o th, 5i n "Pnh 5a moNi "Pnh -o ba+- $a F
-o bao nhie.u -a#nhj&
-iai. Theo ",nh $: C, ta -o Ym _ Fn& T "o !u: /a !o3
-a#nh -u*a "o th, $a [n&
'e 0ua. T/ong "o th, 5o. hng, !o3 "Pnh ba+- $e*
ngh`a $a -o ba+- $a !o3 $e*% $a mo+t !o3 -hamn&


+
V v O v U v
v v v m

) deg( ) deg( ) deg( 2
Chng /inh& Th#- 5a+: go#i h 5a o tng ng $a ta+p
"Pnh ba+- $e* 5a ta+p
"Pnh ba+- -hamn -u*a "o th,& Ta -oO
Mo )eg5% $a -hamn 5i 5 $a "Pnh t/ong o ne.n tong th
hai t/ong 5e3 pha*i * t/e.n $a !o3 -hamn& T "o !u: /a tong
th nha3t -h@nh $a tong ba+- -u*a -a- "Pnh ba+- $e*%
-u2ng pha*i $a !o3 -hamn, )o ta3t -a* -a- !o3 ha#ng -u*a no
$a !o3 $e*, ne.n tong na: pha*i gom mo+t !o3 -hamn -a-
!o3 ha#ng& A 5a+:, !o3 "Pnh ba+- $e* pha*i $a !o3 -hamn& Ta
?et -a- thua+t ng2 tng t# -ho "o th, -o hng&
?nh ngh.aE 3N >e3u e _ u, 5% $a -ung -u*a "o th, -o
hng = th ta no3i hai "Pnh u 5a 5 $a 6e nhau, 5a noi
T$ang&0F
-ung u,5% no3i "Pnh u 5i "Pnh 5 hoaH- -u2ng noi -ung na:
$a "i /a 6ho*i "Pnh u 5a "i 5ao "Pnh 5& Pnh u5% !e2 "#-
go#i $a "Pnh "au -uo3i% -u*a -ung u, 5%&
Tng t# nh 6hai nie+m ba+-, "o3i 5i "o th, -o
hng ta -o 6hai nie+m ban ba+- /a 5ao% -u*a mo+t "Pnh&
?nh nghHa 4N Ta go#i ban ba+- /a ban ba+- 5ao% -u*a -a-
"Pnh 5 t/ong "o th, -o hng $a !o3 -ung -u*a "o th, "i /a
6ho*i no "i 5ao no% 5a 6: hie+u $a )eg
0
5% )eg5%%&
!nh l1 ,. =ia* !* = _ A,E% $a "o th, -o hng& \hi "o

E v v
V v V v

+
) ( deg ) ( deg
Ra3t nhieu t@nh -ha3t -u*a "o th, -o hng 6ho.ng phu#
thuo+- 5ao hng t/e.n -a- -ung -u*a no& A 5a+:, t/ong
nhieu t/ng h#p !e2 thua+n tie+n hn ne3u ta bo* ;ua
hng t/e.n -a- -ung -u*a "o th,& o th, 5o. hng thu
"#- baKng -a-h bo* ;ua hng t/e.n -a- -ung "#- go#i $a
"o th, 5o. hng tng ng 5i )o th, -o hng "a2
-ho&
C&[& =ng .\ :hu 8D5nh\ + 8h? -.<7n 8h+7ng6
?nh nghHa 1N ng "i "o+ )ai n t "Pnh u "e3n "Pnh 5,
t/ong "o n $a !o3 ngu:e.n )ng, t/e.n "o th, 5o. hng =
_A,E% $a )a2: ?
X
, ?
C
, Q ,?
n-C
,?
n
t/ong "o u _?
X
, 5_?
n
\ ?
i
, ?
i0C
%
E, i_ X, C, YQ , n-C& ng "i noi t/e.n -on -o the bieu
)ieNn )i )a#ng )a2: -a- -a#nhO ?
X
, ?
C
%, ?
C
, ?
Y
%, Q, ?
n-C
, ?
n
%&
Pnh u go#i $a "Pnh "au -on "Pnh 5 go#i $a "Pnh -uo3i
-u*a "ng "i& ng "i -o "Pnh "au t/ung 5i "Pnh
-uo3i t- $a u_ 5% "#- go#i $a -hu t/nh& ng "i ha: -hu
t/nh "#- go#i $a "n ne3u nh 6ho.ng -o -a#nh nao b, $aHp
$a#i&
?nh nghHa 0N ng "i "o+ )ai n t "Pnh u "e3n "Pnh 5
t/ong "o n $a !o3 ngu:e.n )ng, t/e.n "o th, 5o. hng =
_A, 9% $a )a2: ?
X
, ?
C
, Q ,?
n-C
,?
n
t/ong "o u _?
X
, 5_?
n
\ ?
i
, ?
i0C
%
9, i_ X, C, YQ , n-C& ng "i noi t/e.n -on -o the bieu
)ieNn )i )a#ng )a2: -a- -ungO ?
X
, ?
C
%, ?
C
, ?
Y
%, Q, ?
n-C
, ?
n
%&
Pnh u go#i $a "Pnh "au -on "Pnh 5 go#i $a "Pnh -uo3i
-u*a "ng "i& ng "i -o "Pnh "au t/ung 5i "Pnh
-uo3i t- $a u_ 5% "#- go#i $a -hu t/nh& ng "i ha: -hu
t/nh "#- go#i $a "n ne3u nh 6ho.ng -o -ung nao b, $aHp
$a#i&
?nh nghHa 3N o th, 5o. hng =_ A,E% "#- go#i $a $ie.n
tho.ng ne3u $uo.n tm "#- "ng "i gi2a hai "Pnh ba3t 6:
-u*a no&
>h 5a+: hai ma: t@nh ba3: 6: t/ong ma#ng -o the t/ao
"oi tho.ng tin "#- 5i nhau 6hi 5a -hP 6hi "o th, tng
ng 5i ma#ng na: $a "o th, $ie.n tho.ng&
T$ang&0G
?nh nghHa 4N Ta go#i "o th, -on -u*a "o th, =_ A,E% $a
"o th, < _ p,f% t/ong "o p A 5a fE&
T/ong t/ng h#p "o th, $a $ie.n tho.ng, no !e2 /a2 /a
thanh mo+t !o3 "o th, -on $ie.n tho.ng "o.i mo+t 6ho.ng -o
"Pnh -hung& >h2ng "o th, -on $ie.n tho.ng nh 5a+: ta !e2
go#i $a -a- thanh phan $ie.n tho.ng -u*a "o th,&
?nh nghHa BN Pnh 5 "#- go#i $a "Pnh /e2 nhanh ne3u
5ie+- $oa#i bo* 5 -ung 5i -a- -a#nh $ie.n thuo+- 5i no
6ho*i "o th, $am taBng !o3 thanh phan $ie.n tho.ng -u*a
"o th,& Ca#nh e "#- go#i $a -au ne3u 5ie+- $oa#i bo* no
6ho*i "o th, $am taBng !o3 thanh phan $ie.n tho.ng -u*a
"o th,&
?nh nghHa FN o th, -o hng =_ A,9% "#- go#i $a $ie.n
tho.ng ma#nh ne3u $uo.n tm "#- "ng "i gi2a hai "Pnh
ba3t 6: -u*a no&
?nh nghHa GN o th, -o hng = _A,9% "#- go#i $a $ie.n
tho.ng :e3u ne3u "o th, 5o. hng tng ng 5i no $a
"o th, 5o. hng $ie.n tho.ng&
Ro2 /ang ne3u "o th, $a $ie.n tho.ng ma#nh th no -u2ng
$a $ie.n tho.ng :e3u, nhng "ieu ng#- $a#i $a 6ho.ng $uo.n
"ung&
!nh l1(O o th, 5o. hng $ie.n tho.ng $a ",nh hng
"#- 6hi 5a -hP 6hi moNi -a#nh -u*a no naKm t/e.n @t nha3t
mo+t -hu t/nh&
Chng /inh. ieu 6ie+n -an, gia* !* u, 5% $a mo+t -a#nh
-u*a "o th,& L# ton ta#i "ng "i -o hng t u "e3n 5
5a ng#- $a#i !u: /a u, 5% pha*i naKm t/e.n @t nha3t mo+t -hu
t/nh&
ieu 6ie+n "u*, thu* tu#- !au "a.: -ho phep ",nh hng
-a- -a#nh -u*a "o thi "e thu "#- "o th, -o hng $ie.n
tho.ng ma#nh& =ia* !* C $a -hu t/nh nao "o t/ong "o th,&
,nh hng -a- -a#nh t/e.n -hu t/nh na: theo mo+t hng
"i 5ong theo no& >e3u ta3t -a* -a- -a#nh -u*a "o th, "a2
"#- ",nh hng th 6e3t thu- thu* tu#-& >g#- $a#i -ho#n $a
-a#nh -ha ",nh hng -o -hung "Pnh 5i @t nha3t mo+t
t/ong !o3 -a- -a#nh "a2 ",nh hng& Theo gia* thie3t tm "#-
-hu t/nh C` -ha -a#nh ",nh ngh`a -a- -a#nh -ha ",nh
hng -u*a C
`
theo mo+t hng )o#- theo -hu t/nh na:
6ho.ng ",nh hng $a#i -a- -a#nh "a2 -o hng%& Thu* tu#-
t/e.n !e2 $aHp $a#i -ho "e3n 6hi ta3t -a* -a- -a#nh -u*a "o th,
"#- ",nh hng& \hi "o ta thu "#- "o th, -o hng $ie.n
tho.ng ma#nh&
II& ".<Au C.<Qn + 8h? 8D<7n ma)K 89nh6
T$ang&0I
e $u t/2 "o th, 5a th#- hie+n -a- thua+t toan 6ha-
nhau 5i "o th, t/e.n ma: t@nh -an pha*i tm nh2ng -a3u
t/u- )2 $ie+u th@-h h#p "e mo. ta* "o th,& Aie+- -ho#n -a3u
t/u- )2 $ie+u nao "e bieu )ieNn "o th, -o ta- "o+ng /a3t
$n "e3n hie+u ;ua* -u*a thua+t toan& A 5a+:, 5ie+- -ho#n $#a
-a3u t/u- )2 $ie+u "e bieu )ieNn "o th, phu# thuo+- 5ao
tng tnh huo3ng -u# the bai toan 5a thua+t toan -u#
the %& VW phan na: ta !e2 ?et mo+t !o3 phng phap -
ba*n "e bieu )ieNn "o th, t/e.n ma: t@nh, "ong thi
-u2ng pha.n t@-h mo+t -a-h nga4n go#n nh2ng u "iem -u2ng
nh nh2ng nh#- "iem -u*a -hung&
Y&C& Ma 8Da2n O<\ Ma 8Da2n 8D+,ng *+R6
]et "n "o th, 5o. hng = _ A,E%, 5i tap "Pnh A_
aC, Y, Q,nb ta+p -a#nh E _ ae
C
, e
Y
,Q, e
m
b& Ta go#i ma t/a+n 6e
-u*a "o th, = $a X, C% ma t/a+n 9 _ aa
i8
O i,8 _ C, Y,Q ,nb5i
-a- phan t* "#- ?a- ",nh theo ;u: ta4- !au "a.:O
a
i8
_X ne3u i,8% E 5a a
i8
_C ne3u i,8% E, i,8 _C, Y,Q,n
Th2 du(& Ma t/a+n 6e -u*ae "o th, 5o. hng -ho t/ong
hnh C $aO
C Y [ T E F
C
Y
[
T
E
F
[ T Y E
C F C T
Y E [ F
= =
C
<nh CO + 8h? [+7 h)ng G [a= + 8h? :+) h)ng G
1
Ca): 89nh :haR8 :ua ma 8Da2n O<N
C& Ro2 /ang ma t/a+n 6e -u*a "o th, 5o. hng $a ma
t/a+n "o3i ?ng, t- $a aki, 8l_ ak8, il, i, 8 _ C, Y,Q,n&
>g#- $a#i, moNi X, C% c ma t/a+n "o3i ?ng -a3p n !e2 tng
ng -h@nh ?a- "e3n -a-h "anh !o3 "Pnh -on noi $aO
-h@nh ?a- "e3n "aSng -a3u%, 5i mo+t "n "o th, 5o. hng
n "Pnh&
T$ang&0L
X C C X X
X
C X C X C
X
C C X C X
X
X X C X C
C
X C X C X
C
X X X C C
X
Y6 Tong -a- phan t* t/e.n )ong i -o+t 8% -u*a ma t/a+n
6e -h@nh baKng ba+- -u*a "Pnh i "Pnh 8%&
[& >e3u 6: hie+u a
i8
p
, i,8 _ C, Y,Q, n& 1a -a- phan t* -u*a
ma t/a+n 9
p
_ 9&9Q&9& p $a tha !o3, 6hi "o a
i8
p
, i,8 _ C, Y,Q, n&
-ho ta !o3 "ng "i 6ha- nhau t "Pnh i "e3n "Pnh 8 ;ua p c
C "Pnh t/ung gian&
Ma t/a+n 6e -u*a "o th, -o hng "#- ",nh ngh`a
mo+t -a-h hoan toan tng t#&
Th2 du ,O o th, -o hng =
C
-ho t/ong hnh C -o ma
t/a+n 6e $a ma t/a+n !au&
C Y [ T E F
C
Y
[
T
E
F
1u : /aKng ma t/a+n 6e -u*a "o th, -o hng 6ho.ng
pha*i $a ma t/a+n "o3i ?ng&
Chu 1O T/e.n "a.: -hung ta -hP ?et "n "o th,& Ma
t/a+n 6e -u*a "a "o th, -o the ?a.: )#ng hoan toan
tng t#, -hP 6ha-, $a tha: 5 ghi C 5ao 5, t/@ aki, 8l ne3u i, 8%
$a -a#nh -u*a "o th,, -hung ta !e2 ghi 3 $a !o3 -a#nh no3i hai
"Pnh i 5a 8&
T/ong /a3t nheu 5a3n "e ng )u#ng -u*a $: thu:e3t "o
th,, moNi -a#nh e_ u, 5% -u*a "o th, "#- gan 5i mo+t -on
!o3 -e% -on 5ie3t $a - u, 5%% go#i $a t/o#ng !o3 -u*a -a#nh e&
o th, t/ong t/ng h#p nh 5a+: "#- go#i $a "o th, t/o#ng
!o3& T/ong "o th, -o t/o#ng !o3, tha: 5 ma t/a+n 6e, "e
bieu )ieNn "o th, ta )ung ma t/a+n t/o#ng !o3&
C _ -ki,8l, i,8_C,Y,Q,n&
Ai -i, 8%_ -ki, 8l, ne3u i, 8% E 5a -ki, 8l _ ne3u i, 8% E
T/ong "o !o3 , tu: tng t/ng h#p -u# the, -o the
"#- "aHt baKng mo+t t/ong -a- gia t/, !auO X, 0, -&
'u "iem $n nha3t -u*a phng phap bieu )ieNn "o th,
baKng ma t/a+n 6e hoaH- baKng ma t/a+n t/o#ng !o3% $a "e
t/a* $i -a.u ho*iO hai "Pnh u, 5 -o 6e nhau t/e.n "o th, ha:
6ho.ng, -hung ta -hP pha*i th#- hie+n mo+t phep !o !anh&
>h#- "iem $n nha3t -u*a phng phap na: $a 6ho.ng
phu# thuo+- 5ao !o3 -a#nh -u*a "o th,, ta $uo.n pha*i !*
)u#ng n
Y
"n 5, bo+ nh "e $u t/2 ma t/a+n 6e -u*a no&
Y&Y& anh *a):h :a,nh ':ung/6
T$ang&3M
X C C X X
X
X X X X X
X
X C X C X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X C X
C
X X X X C
X
T/ong t/ng h#p "o th, tha "o th, -o !o3 -a#nh m
tho*a ma2n ba3t "aSng th- m i Fn% ngi ta thng
)ung -a-h bieu )ieNn "o th, )i )a#ng )anh !a-h -a#nh&
T/ong -a-h bieu )ieNn "o th, b*i )anh !a-h -a#nh
-ung% -hung ta !e2 $u t/2 )anh !a-h ta3t -a* -a- -a#nh
-ung% -u*a "o th, 5o. hng -o hng%& MoNi -a#nh -ung%
e _ ?, :% -u*a "o th, !e2 tng ng 5i hai bie3n Maukel,
Cuoikel& >h 5a+:, "e $u t/2 "o th, ta -an !* )u#ng Ym "n
5, bo+ nh& >h#- "iem -u*a -a-h bieu )ieNn na: $a "e
?a- ",nh nh2ng "Pnh nao -u*a "o th, $a 6e 5i mo+t
"Pnh -ho t/- -hung ta pha*i $am -2 m phep !o !anh
6hi )u:e+t ;ua )anh !a-h ta3t -a* -a- -a#-h -u*a "o th,%&
Chu :O t/ong t/ng h#p "o th, -o t/o#ng !o3 ta -an
the.m m "n 5, bo+ nh "e $u t/2 t/o#ng !o3 -u*a -a-
-a#-h&
Y&[& anh *a):h O<6
T/ong /a3t nhieu 5a3n "e ng )u#ng -u*a $: thu:e3t "o
th,, -a-h bieu )ieNn "o th, )i )a#ng )anh !a-h 6e $a
-a-h bieu )ieNn th@-h h#p nha3t "#- !* )u#ng&
T/ong -a-h bieu )ieNn na:, 5i moNi "Pnh 5 -u*a "o
th, -hung ta $u t/2 )anh !a-h -a- "Pnh 6e 5i no, ma
ta !e2 6: hie+u $a \e5%, t- $a \e5%_auAO 5, u% Eb 6hi
"o 5ong $aHp th#- hie+n 5i moNi mo+t phan t* t/ong )anh
!a-h na: theo th t# -a- phan t* "#- ?a4p ?e3p nh
!auO
fo/ u \e5% )oQ
ChaSng ha#n, t/e.n P9LC91 -o the mo. ta* )anh !a-h
na: nh !au =o#i $a -a3u t/u- ]+D^aDC *8aD %O
Con!t
m _ CXXq am c !o3 -a#nhb
n _ CXXq an c !o3 "Pnhb
5a/
\eO a//a: aC&&mb o^ intege/ q
T/oO a//a: aC&&n0Cb o^ intege/ q
T/ong "o T/o kil ghi nha+n 5, t/@ ba4t "au -u*a )anh !a-h 6e
-u*a "Pnh i, i _ C, Y, Qn, T/okn0Cl _ Ym 0 C&
III& "a=. 8+a)n 85m =ng . nga_n nhaR86
T/ong -a- ng )u#ng th#- te3, bai toan tm "ng "i
nga4n nha3t gi2a hai "Pnh -u*a "o th, $ie.n tho.ng -o mo+t
: ngh`a to $n, -o the )aNn 5e bai toan nh 5a+: nhieu
bai toan th#- te3 ;uan t/o#ng& A@ )u#, bai toan -ho#n mo+t
hanh t/nh tie3t 6ie+m nha3t theo tie.u -huan 6hoa*ng -a-h
T$ang&31
hoaH- thi gian hoaH- -hi ph@% t/e.n mo+t ma#ng giao tho.ng
"ng bo+, "ng thu*: hoaH- "ng 6ho.ngq bai toan
-ho#n mo+t phng phap tie3t 6ie+m nha3t "e "a mo+t he+
"o+ng $#- $#- t t/a#ng thai ?ua3t phat "e3n mo+t t/a#ng
thai "@-h, bai toan $a+p $,-h thi -o.ng -a- -o.ng "oa#n t/ong
-o.ng t/nh thi -o.ng $n, bai toan $#a -ho#n "ng t/u:en
tin 5i -hi ph@ nho* nha3t t/ong ma#ng tho.ng tin, Qhie+n na:
-o /a3t nhieu phng phap "e gia*i -a- bai toan nh
5a+:& The3 nhng tho.ng thng -a- thua+t toan "#- ?a.:
)#ng )#a t/e.n $: thu:e3t "o th, to* /a $a -a- thua+t toan
-o hie+u ;ua* nha3t& T/ong phan na: ta !e2 ?et mo+t !o3
thua+t toan nh 5a+:&
[&C& Ca): Oha). n.<2m m au6
T/ong phan na: ta -hP ?et "o th, -o hng = _ A,E%,
rAr _ n, rEr _ m 5i -a- -ung "#- gan t/o#ng !o3, ngh`a $a
moNi -ung u, 5% thuo+- E -u*a no "#- "aHt tng ng 5i
mo+t !o3 th#- a u, 5% go#i $a t/o#ng !o3 -u*a no, -hung ta !e2
"aHt au, 5%_ , ne3u u, 5% E& >e3u )a2: 5
X
, 5
C
,Q5
p
& $a mo+t
"ng "i t/e.n =, "o th, "o+ )ai -u*a no "#- ",nh ngh`a
$a tong !au&

P
i
i i
V V a
1
1
) , (
T- $a, "o )ai -u*a "ng "i -h@nh $a tong t/o#ng !o3
t/e.n -a- -ung -u*a no& -hu : /aKng ne3u -hung ta gan
t/o#ng !o3 -ho ta3t -a* -a- -ung "eu baKng C, th ta "#- ",nh
ngh`a "o+ )ai -u*a "ng "i nh $a !o3 -ung -u*a "ng "i
gio3ng nh -a- phan t/- ta "a2 ?et %&
7ai toan tm "ng "i nga4n nha3t t/e.n "o th, )i
)a#ng tong ;uat -o the phat bieu nh !auO
Tm "ng "i -o "o+ )ai nho* nha3t t mo+t "Pnh ?ua3t
phat ! A "e3n "Pnh -uo3i "@-h% t A& ng "i nh 5a+: ta
!e2 go#i $a "ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n t -on "o+ )ai
-u*a no ta !e2 6: hie+u $a )!, t% 5a -on go#i $a 6hoa*ng
-a-h t ! "e3n t 6hoa*ng -a-h ",nh ngh`a nh 5a+: -o
the $a !o3 a.m %& >e3u nh 6ho.ng ton ta#i "ng "i t !
"e3n t th ta !e2 "aHt )!, t% _ & Ro2 /ang, ne3u nh moNi -hu
t/nh t/ong "o th, "eu -o "o+ )ai )ng, th t/ong "ng "i
nga4n nha3t 6ho.ng -o "Pnh nao b, $aHp $a#i "ng "i
6ho.ng -o "Pnh nao $aHp $a#i !e2 "#- go#i $a )ng "i -
ba*n%& MaHt 6ha-, ne3u "o th, -o -hu t/nh 5i "o+ )ai a.m
-hu t/nh nh 5a+:, "e nga4n go#n ta go#i $a -hu t/nh a.m % th
6hoa*ng -a-h gi2a mo+t !o3 -aHp "Pnh nao "o -u*a "o
th, -o the $a 6ho.ng ?a- ",nh, b*i 5 baKng -a-h "i 5ong
theo -hu t/nh na: mo+t !o3 "u* $n $an, ta -o the -hP /a
"ng "i gi2a -a- "Pnh na: -o "o+ )ai nho* hn ba3t -
T$ang&30
!o3 th#- -ho t/- nao& T/ong -a- t/ng h#p nh 5a+:, -o
the "aHt 5a3n "e tm "ng "i - ba*n nga4n nha3t, tu:
nhie.n bai toan "aHt /a !e2 t/* ne.n ph- ta#p hn /a3t
nhieu, b*i 5 no -ha bai toan ?et !# ton ta#i "ng "i
<ami$ton t/ong "o th, nh $a mo+t t/ng h#p /ie.ng&
T/- he3t -an -hu : /aKng ne3u bie3t 6hoa*ng -a-h
t ! "e3n t, t/ong t/ng h#p t/o#ng !o3 6ho.ng a.m, -o the
tm "#- mo+t -a-h )eN )ang, "e tm "ng "i -hP -an
"e : $a "o3i 5i -aHp "Pnh !, t A tu: : ! t% $uo.n tm
"#- 5 "Pnh !ao -hoO
)!, t% _ )!, 5% 0 a5, t%&
Th#- 5a+:, "Pnh 5 nh 5a+: -h@nh $a "Pnh "i t/- "Pnh t
t/ong "ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n t& Tie3p theo ta $a#i -o
the tm "#- "Pnh u !ao -ho )!, 5%_ )!, u% 0 au, 5%, Q t
gia* thie3t 5e t@nh 6ho.ng a.m -u*a -a- t/o#ng !o3 )eN )ang
!u: /a /aKng )a2: t, 5, u,Q 6ho.ng -ha "Pnh $aHp $a#i 5a
-ha "Pnh 6e3t thu- * "Pnh !& Ro2 /ang )a2: thu "#-
?a- ",nh ne3u $a+t ng#- th t# -a- "Pnh t/ong no%
"ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n t&
[&Y& =ng . nga_n nhaR8 JuaR8 (ha)8 8= m+28 ;nh 6
Phan $n -a- thua+t toan tm 6hoa*ng -a-h gi2a hai
"Pnh ! 5a t "#- ?a.: )#ng nh 6:2 thua+t t@nh toan ma ta
-o the mo. ta* "a#i the nh !auO t ma t/a+n t/o#ng !o3 aau,
5b, u, 5 A, ta t@nh -a+n t/e.n )a5b -u*a 6hoa*ng -a-h t !
"e3n ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh 5 A , moNi 6hi phat hie+n &
)aub0aku, 5l i )k5l C%
Ca+n t/e.n )k5l !e2 "#- $a to3t $e.n O )k5l_)kul 0 aku, 5l&
Rua t/nh "o !e2 6e3t thu- 6hi nao -hung ta 6ho.ng
$am to3t the.m "#- ba3t - -a+n t/e.n nao& \hi "o /o2
/ang gia t/, -u*a moNi )k5l !e2 -ho ta 6hoa*ng -a-h t
"Pnh "#- go#i $a nha2n -u*a "Pnh 5, -on 5ie+- t@nh $a#i -a-
$a#i -a- -a+n t/e.n na: !e2 go#i $a phep gan nha2n -ho "o
th, 5a toan bo+ thu* tu#- thng go#i $a thu* tu#- gan
nha2n& >ha+n tha3: /aKng "e t@nh 6hoa*ng -a-h t ! "e3n t,
* )a.:, ta pha*i t@nh 6hoa*ng -a-h t ! "e3n ta3t -a* -a-
"Pnh -on $a#i -u*a "o th,& <ie+n na: 5aNn -ha bie3t thua+t
toan nao -ho phep tm "ng "i nga4n nha3t gi2a hai "Pnh
$am 5ie+- tha+t !# hie+u ;ua* hn nh2ng thua+t toan tm
"ng "i nga4n nha3t t mo+t "Pnh "e3n ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh
-on $a#i&
L "o t@nh toan ma ta 5a mo. ta* -on -ha $a ?a-
",nh b*i 5 -on pha*i -hP /a th t# -ho#n -a- "Pnh u 5a 5
"e 6iem t/a "ieu 6ie+n s% th t# -ho#n na: -o a*nh
h*ng /a3t $n "e3n hie+u ;ua* -u*a thua+t toan &
T$ang&33
7a.: gi ta !e2 mo. ta* thua+t toan fo/)-7e$$man tm
"ng nga4n nha3t t "Pnh ! "e3n ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh -on
$a#i -u*a "o th,& Thua+t toan $am 5ie+- t/ong t/ng h#p
t/o#ng !o3 -u*a -a- -ung $a tu: :, nhng gia* thie3t /aKng
t/ong "o th, 6ho.ng -o -hu t/nh a.m &
$D+:<CuD< ]+DC&"<--man`
't
au [a=+O "o th, -o hng =_A,E% 5i n "Pnh
! A $a "Pnh ?ua3t phat&
aku,5l,u,5 A ma t/a+n t/o#ng !o3 O
G.a 8h.<R8 N + 8h? Oh+7ng :+) :hu 8D5nh a7mN
au Da O 6hoa*ng -a-h t "Pnh ! "e3n ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh
-on $a#i )k5l, 5
T/uo-k5l,5 A , ghi nha+n "Pnh t/- 5 t/ong "ng "i
nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n 5
t/
"<g.n
t \h*i ta#o t%
^o/ 5 A )o
begin
)k5lO _ak!, 5lO
t/uo-k5lO _!O
en)q
)k!lO_Xq
^o/ 6O_C to n c Y )o
^o/ 5 A uk!l )o
^o/ u A )o
i^ )k5l g )kul 0 aku,5l then
begin
)k5lO_)kul0aku,5lO
t/uo-k5lO_uq
en)q
en)&
T@nh "ung "a4n -u*a thua+t toan -o the -hng minh
t/e.n - !* ngu:e.n $: to3i u -u*a ;ua hoa#-h "o+ng /o2
/ang $a "o+ ph- ta#p t@nh toan -u*a thua+t toan $a hn
[
%
$u : /ang -hung ta -o the -ha3m )t 5ong $aHp theo \
6hi phat hie+n t/ong ;ua t/nh th#- hie+n hai 5ong $aHp t/ong
6ho.ng -o bie3n )ktl nao b, "oi gia t/, 5ie+- na: -o the
?a*: /a 5i 6 i n-Y 5a "ieu "o $am taBng hie+u ;ua* -u*a
thua+t toan t/ong 5ie+- gia*i -a- ba toan th#- te3& Tu:
nhie.n, -ai tie3n "o 6ho.ng th#- !# -a*i thie+n "#- "anh
gia "o+ ph- ta#p -u*a ba*n tha.n thua+t toan& o3i 5i "o
th, tha tht hn $a !* )u#ng )anh !a-h 6e \e5%, 5 A,
T$ang&34
"e bieu )ieNn "o th,, 6hi "o 5ong $aHp theo u -an 5ie3t $a#i
)i )a#ng &
]+D u 6e5% )o
I^ )k5l g )kul0aku, 5l then
begin
)kulO_ )kul0aku, 5lq
t/uo-k5lO_uq
en)q
t/ong t/ng h#p na: ta thu "#- thua+t toan 5i "o+ ph-
ta#p h n&m%&
[&[& =ng . nga_n nhaR8 g.Ea 8aR8 :a :a): :aa( ;nh
Ro2 /ang ta -o the gia*i bai toan tm "ng "i nga4n
nha3t gi2a ta3t -a* -a- -aHp "Pnh -u*a "o th, baKng -a-h
!* )u#ng n $an thua+t toan mo. ta* * mu#- t/-, t/ong "o
ta !e2 -ho#n ! $an $#t $a -a- "Pnh -u*a "o+ th,& Ro2 /ang,
6hi "o ta thu "#- thua+t toan 5i "o+ ph- ta#p $a hn
[
%
ne3u !* )u#ng thua+t toan fo/)-7e$$man% hoaH- hn
[
% "o3i
5i t/ng h#p t/o#ng !o3 6ho.ng a.m hoaH- "o th, 6ho.ng
-o -hu t/nh& T/ong t/ng h#p tong ;uat, !* )u#ng thuo+t
toan fo/)-7e$$man n $an 6ho.ng pha*i $a -a-h $am to3t
nha3t& VW "a.: ta !e2 mo. ta* mo+t thua+t toan gia*i bai
toan t/e.n 5i "o+ ph- ta#p t@nh toan hn
[
%O Thua+t toan
f$o:)& Thua+t toan "#- mo. ta* )i "a.:&
P/o-e)u/e f$o:)
'b T5m =ng . nga_n nhaR8 g.Ea :a): :aa( ;nh
au vao&`6 lh6 ch6 b6v nu lvuun lv6nq -6u
u|,]},,]1,!..,n.
.au $a.^u lvuun 666nq nqun nhuul q66u cuc cu unh
d|, ]}1,!..n,
lv6nq 6 d|, ]} ch6 6u du6 666nq nqun nhuul l66 un
].
^u lvuun qh nhuun 666nq
I|,]},,]1,!.n.
Jv6nq 6 |,]}qh nhuun unh lv66c unh ]
Jv6nq 666nq nqun nhuul l66 un ].
t%
7egin
t6h*i ta#ot%
^o/ iO_C to n )o
^o/ 8O_C to n )o
begin
)ai, 8bO_aai, 8bq
pai, 8bO_iq
en)q
T$ang&3B
tb- $aHp t%
^o/ 6O_C to n )o
^o/ iO_C to n )o
^o/ 8O_C to n )o
i^ )ai, 8bg)ai, 6b0)a6, 8b then
begin
)ai, 8bO_)ai, 6b0)a6, 8bq
pai, 8bO_ pa6, 8bq
en)q
en)q
Ro2 /ang "o+ ph- ta#p t@nh toan -u*a thua+t toan $a
hn
[
%&
T$ang&3F
CH!NG 3
"AI TYAN 1A$ 1ZCH THI CYcNG CYcNG
T%dNH
I6 "a=. 8+a)n6
Aie+- thi -o.ng mo+t -o.ng t/nh $n "#- -hia /a $am n
-o.ng "oa#n, "anh !o3 t C "e3n n& -o mo+t !o3 -o.ng "oa#n
ma 5ie+- th#- hie+n no -hP "#- tie3n hanh !au 6hi mo+t
!o3 -o.ng "oa#n nao "o "a2 hoan thanh& o3i 5i moNi
-o.ng "oa#n i bie3t l|| $a thi gian -an thie3t "e hoan
thanh no i _ C, Y, &&n%&
Ta -o the ?a: )#ng "o th, -o hng n "Pnh bieu
)ieNn ha#n -he3 5e t/nh t# th#- hie+n -a- -o.ng 5ie+- !auO
moNi "Pnh -u*a "o th, tng ng 5i mo+t "o th,, ne3u
-o.ng 5ie+- i pha*i "#- th#- hie+n t/- -o.ng "oa#n 8 th
t/e.n "o th, -o -ung i, 8%, t/o#ng !o3 t/e.n -ung na: "#-
gan baKng l||&
The.m 5ao "o Y "Pnh X 5a n 0C tng ng 5i hai !#
6ie+n "aH- bie+tO "Pnh !o3 X tng ng 5i -o.ng "oa#n Iu
lh6v c6unq, no pha*i "#- th#- th#- hie+n t/- ta3t -a*
-a- -o.ng "oa#n 6ha-, 5a "Pnh n0C tng ng 5i -o.ng
"oa#n Cul bunq lhunh lhu6nh c6unq lvinh, no pha*i th#-
hie+n !au ta3t -a* -a- -o.ng "oa#n, 5i tkXl _ tkn0Cl _ X
t/e.n th#- te3 -hP -an no3i "Pnh X 5i ta3t -a* "Pnh -o
ban ba+- 5ao baKng X 5a no3i ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh -o ban
ba+- /a baKng X 5i "Pnh n0C%& =o#i "o th, thu "#- $a =&
Ro2 /ang bai toan "aHt /a 5a3n "e bai toan tm "ng "i
)ai nha3t t "Pnh X "e3n ta3t -a* -a- "Pnh -on $a#i t/e.n
"o th, =& Mo "o th, = /o2 /ang 6ho.ng -ha -hu t/nh, ne.n
"e gia* bai toan "aHt /a -o the ap )u#ng -a- thua+t
toan "#- ne.u * t/e.n&
C&Th9 Cu,N Ta -o ba*ng -a- ha#ng mu#- "#- -ho t/ong ba*ng
)i "a.:&
<a#ng mu#- tkil <a#ng mu#- pha*i hoan thanh
t/-
C
Y
[
T
E
F
U
G
CX
CE
CX
[X
C Y
CE
YX
CX
C
Y,[
T
Y,[
E,F
E
X C O X
X C Y O CX
X [ O X
X C Y T O YE
X C Y T E O EE
X [ F O CX
X C Y T E O EE
T$ang&3G
a 5e bai toan "o th, -o hng, -a- "Pnh $a -a-
ha#ng mu#- nh hnh !auO
1 (10) 2 5 (12) 8
(0) (10)
0 (15) (30) (12) 9
(0) (10) (15) (15) (20)
3 4
6 7
10 (10)
Ca):h g.a. euK<R8N
t The.m hai "Pnh X 5a "Pnh D ta thu "#- mo+t "o th,
-o hng t/ong "o t/o#ng !o3 tkil $a -a#nh ?ua3t phat t i
t Tm "ng "i )ai nha3t th
- oi )a3u t/o#ng !o3
- Tm "ng "i nga4n nha3t ?ua3t phat t X
1aHp A
<
C Y [ T E F U G D
\ta#o X X,X
X,
X,X
X, X, X, X, X, X,
C t C,-
CX
X,X
X, X, X, X, X, X,
Y t X,X Y,-
YE
X,
Y,-
YE
X, X, X,
[ t Y,-
YE
X,
Y,-
YE
X, X, X,
T t T,-
YE
Y,-
YE
X, X, X,
E t Y,-
YE
E,-
FU
E,-
FU
X,
F t E,-
FU
E,-
FU
X,
U t E,-
FU
U,-
GU
G t U,-
GU
D t
Chng t/nh !* )u#ng thua+t toan Mi86!t/a "e tnh thi
gian -a- -o.ng 5ie+- ba4t "au 5a 6e3t thu- )# an&
Chng t/nh thi -o.ng -o.ng t/nh 6ho.ng !* )u#ng t/#-
tie3p thua+t toan na: ma -on phu# thuo+- 5ao -a- -o.ng
5ie+- $am "au tie.n, 5 5a+: -o.ng 5ie+- "au tie.n $a ta
pha*i ?a- ",nh -o.ng 5ie+- nao $a -o.ng 5ie+- "au tie.n,
5ie+- ?a- ",nh -o.ng 5ie+- "au tie.n -u2ng /a3t "n gia*n, 6hi
ta nha+p !o3 $ie+u th -o.ng 5ie+- "au tie.n th 6ho.ng -o
-o.ng 5ie+- nao $am t/- no&
T$ang&3I
e gia*i bai toan t/e.n ta -o the )ung nhieu phng
phap& >hng t/ong "e tai na: -hung to.i !* )u#ng thua+t
toan Mi86!t/a&
II& Thua28 8+a)n .fO*8Da6
Thua+t toan Mi86!t/a "#- phat bieu nh !auO
T/ong t/ng h#p t/o#ng !o3 t/e.n -a- -ung $a 6ho.ng a.m )o
Mi86!t/a "e ngh, "e gia*i bai toan tm "ng "i nga4n nha3t
t )Pnh ! "e3n -a- "Pnh -on $a#i -u*a "o th, & Thua+t toan
"#- ?a.: )#ng t/e.n - !* gan -ho -a- "Pnh -a- nha2n
ta#m thi& >ha2n -u*a moNi "Pnh -ho bie3t -a+n t/e.n -u*a "o+
)ai "ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n no& Ca- nha2n na: !e2
"#- bie3n "oi theo mo+t thu* tu#- $aHp, ma * moNi b-
$aHp -o mo+t nha2n ta#m thi t/* thanh nha2n -o3 ",nh&
>e3u nha2n -u*a mo+t "Pnh nao "o t/* thanh -o3 ",nh th
no !e2 -ho ta 6ho.ng pha*i $a -a+n t/e.n ma $a "o+ )ai
"ng "i nga4n nha3t t "Pnh ! "e3n no& Thua+t toan "#-
mo. ta* nh !au&
P/o-e)u/e .fO*8Da`
(* au vao& `6 lh6 c6 h66nq C(\, I) v6 n unh
- \ lu6 unh xvuul hul u|v, v|, v, v \, nu lvuun lv6nq
-6u
-ia thie.t& u|v, v| u, v, v \
au $a& lh6uvnq cuch l66 d(-) un luul cuv cuc unh c66n
lu d|v|, v \
Jvv6c |v|, v \, qh nhuun unh lv66c v lv6nq 666nq
nqun nhuul l66 - un v
*)
7egin
t \h*i ta#o t%
^o/ 5 A )o
7egin
)k5l O_ ak!, 5lq
T/uo-k5l O_ !q
En)q
)k!l O_ Xq
T O_ A u a!b tTa+p -a- "Pnh -o nha2n ta#p thi t%
t 7- $aHpt%
Jhi$e T ig X )o
7egin
Tm "Pnh u T tho*a ma2n )kul _ min a )knlO n Tb
T O_ T u aubq tCo3 ",nh nha2n -u*a "Pnh ut%
fo/ 5 T )o t=an nha2n $a#i -ho -a- "Pnh t/ong Tt%
I^ )k5l g )kul 0 aku, 5l then
7egin
T$ang&3L
Mk5l O_ )kul 0 aku, 5l
T/uo- k5l O_ uq
En)q
En)q
En)q
?nh -K) 1N Thua+t toan Mi86!t/a tm "#- "ng "i nga4n
nha3t t/e.n "o th, !au thi gian - hn
Y
%&
Ch)ng m.nhN T/- he3t ta -hng minh $a thua+t toan tm
"ng "i nga4n nha3t t "Pnh ! "e3n -a- "Pnh -on $a#i
-u*a "o th,& =ia* !* /aKng * mo+t b- $aHp nao "o -a-
nha2n -o3 ",nh -ho ta "o+ )ai -a- "ng "i t ! "e3n -a-
"Pnh -o nha2n -o3 ",nh, ta !e2 -hng minh /aKng * $an
$aHp tie3p theo ne3u "Pnh u
t
thu "#- nha2n -o3 ",nh )u
t
%
-h@nh $a "o+ )ai "ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n u
t
&
\: hie+u LO $a ta+p h#p -o nha2n -o3 ",nh -on L
Y
$a ta+p
-a- "Pnh -o nha2n ta#m thi * b- $aHp "ang ?et& \e3t
thu- moNi b- $aHp nha2n ta#m thi )5% -ho ta "o+ )ai
-u*a "ng "i nga4n nha3t t ! "e3n 5 -hP ;ua nh2ng "Pnh
naKm hoan toan t/ong ta+p L
C
& =ia* !* /aKng "ng "i nga4n
nha3t t ! "e3n u
t
6ho.ng naKm t/ong ta+p L
C
, t- $a no "i
;ua @t nha3t mo+t "Pnh -u*a ta+p L
Y
& =o#i n L
Y
$a "Pnh "au
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nga4n nha3t t "Pnh ! "e3n u
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theo thua+t toan& VW moNi b- $aHp "e tm /a "Pnh u -an
th#- hie+n hn% phep toan, 5a "e gan nha2n $a#i -u2ng
pha*i th#- hie+n mo+t !o3 $#ng phep toan -u2ng $a hn%&
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ba4t "au th#- hie+n -o.ng "oa#n 5, noi /ie.ng )kn0Cl $a thi
"iem !m nha3t -o the -a4t baBng 6hanh thanh toan bo+
-o.ng t/nh&
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ha#n nha.n $#-, ngu:e.n $ie+u, -hi ph@ QAe maHt toan ho#- ?*
$: :e.u -au $oa#i nao -u2ng 5a+:& VW "a.: ta noi theo ngo.n
ng2 nha.n $#- -haSng ha#n&
Th@ Mu# III&C& =ia* !* nha.n $#- -ho -a- hoa#t "o+ng -u*a
)# an * Th@ Mu# II&Y "oi ho*i nh !auO
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C, Y% X T, F% Y
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[, E% [ F, U% F
Chu : /aKng ta#i thi "iem hai hoa#t "o+ng -ung tie3n
hanh th !o3 nha.n $#- -an $a tong hai !o3 -o.ng nha.n& A
5a+: -an pha*i !a4p ?e3p 6heo -a- hoa#t "o+ng 6ho.ng
gaBng "e "oi ho*i tong nha.n -o.ng -u*a -a* )# an @t ta#m
-oi $a moNi ngi bie3t $am mo#i 5ie+-%& Aie+- !a4p ?e3p to3i
u $a ph- ta#p, "e3n na: ta !* )u#ng bieu "o thi gian
bieu )ieNn the.m nha.n $#- "e !a4p ?e3p theo t/#- ;uan&
<&C&F a% bieu )ieNn tong -o.ng nha.n -an * moNi thi
"iem ne3u ta3t -a* -a- hoa#t "o+ng 6ho.ng gaBng ?e3p 5ao
$u- !m nha3t -o the, -on <&C&F b% $a tng ng 6hi ?e3p
5ao $u- muo+n nha3t -o the& <ai bieu "o na: ne.n 5e2
thaSng )i <&C&E n2a& La4p "aHt !m nha3t * hnh a% -ho
tha3: * moNi thi "iem )# an -an nhieu nha3t $a CX
-o.ng nha.n -on * !a4p "aHt muo+n nha3t b% $a CY -o.ng
nha.n& VW hai phng an na:, !o3 -o.ng nha.n -an * -a-
thi "iem 6ho.ng "eu& Theo t/#- ;uan ta -hPnh $a#i t a%
nh !auO -hu:en hoa#t "o+ng T, F% "e3.n thi "iem muo+n
nha3t -o the, -hu:en T, U% "e3n nga: !au 6hi E, U% 6e3t
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thu-& \e3t ;ua* "#- 5e2 $a#i * bieu "o <&C&U& -hu : $a
hoa#t "o+ng C, Y% 5a Y, T% 6ho.ng -an -o.ng nha.n ne.n
6ho.ng -an 5e2&%&
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Chng IV
GII THIEU NGYcN NG!g 1A$ T%dNH
Ai!ua$ 7a!i- $a mo+t ngo.n ng2 $a+p t/nh 6ha pho bie3n
hie+n na:, no $a mo+t -o.ng -u# /a3t tie+n $#i -ho hau he3t
-a- -hng t/nh ng )u#ng, -a- -hng t/nh !* $: theo
:e.u -au -u*a ngi )ung& ieu "aH- bie+t -u*a ngo.n ng2
Ai!ua$ 7a!i- "o $a no )ung nga: giao )ie+n ngi )ung "o
ho#a , ha: =oI =/aphi-a$ o!e/ Inte/^a-e%&
ieu "aH- bie+t, Ai!ua$ 7a!i- -ho phep bo ?ung -a-
menu, ho+p 5aBn ba*n, nut $e+nh, nut tu: -ho#n -ho -a-
$#a -ho#n $oa#i t/%, -a- ho+p 6iem t/a -ho -a- $#a -ho#n
6ho.ng $oa#i t/%, -a- ho+p )anh !a-h, thanh -uo3n, -a-
ho+p ta+p tin 5a th mu#- -ho -a- -*a !o t/o3ng& 7a#n -o
the )ung -a- $i =/i)% "e ;ua*n $: )2 $ie+u theo ba*ng&
7a#n -o the t/u:en tho.ng 5i -a- ng )u#ng pin)oJ!
6ha-, 5a -o the $a ;uan t/o#ng nha3t, ba#n !e2 -o mo+t
phng phap )eN )ang "e ngi )ung "ieu 6iem 5a t/u:
-a+p -a- - !* )2 $ie+u& >h2ng thanh phan "o
"#-Ai!ua$ ba!i- go#i $a `v Iun -ont/o$%%&
Co the -o nhieu -*a !o t/e.n man hnh& Ca- -*a
!o na: -o toan ;uen t/u: -a+p -$ipboa/) 5a -a- tho.ng
tin t/ong hau he3t -a- ng )u#ng pin)oJ! 6ha- -ha#: -ung
$u-& 7a#n -o the )ung Ai!ua$ 7a!i- "e t/u:en tho.ng 5i
-a- ng )u#ng 6ha- "ang -ha#: )i pin)oJ!& Mung phie.n
ba*n hie+n "a#i nha3t -u*a -o.ng nghe+ ChMZh1E t/ong
pin)oJ!&
Phng th- $a+p t/nh -u*a Ai!ua$ 7a!i- $a thie3t 6e3
t/-, 5ie3t $e+nh !au& A 5a+: mo.i t/ng $am 5ie+- 6ho.ng
ph- ta#p nh -a- ngo.n ng2 $a+p t/nh 6ha-& Chung bao
gom -a- "o3i t#ng&
I& Ca *+A 8hu+2: 89nh6
C& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh :ua +R. 8,ng ]+Dm6
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame Mung "e "aHt te.n -ho fo/m, te.n na:
!e2 "#- )ung -ho thu* tu#- ma ba#n
5ie3t ma2&
9ppea/an-e Ru: ",nh -a-h the hie+n -u*a fo/m
X f$at fo/m phaSng%
C [M fo/m noi%
7a-6-o$o/ Cho#n mau nen -u*a fo/m
7o/)e!t:$e Ru: ",nh 6ieu 6hung -u*a fo/m
Caption Ru: ",nh tie.u "e -u*a fo/m
Cont/o$bo? >e3u "aHt $a t/ue th -*a !o -o
Cont/o$menubo?&
T$ang&4G
>e3u "aHt $a fa$!e th -*a !o 6ho.ng -o
Cont/o$menubo?&
I-on Mung I-on -o bieu t#ngnh the3 nao
6hi ba#n -$i-6 nut minimine
Ma? buttion >e3u "aHt $a t/ue th -*a !o -o nut
Ma?imine
>e3u "aHt $a ^a$!e th -*a !o 6ho.ng -o
nut Ma?imine
Min buttion >e3u "aHt $a t/ue th -*a !o -o nut
Minimine
>e3u "aHt $a ^a$!e th -*a !o 6ho.ng -o
nut Miniimine
Mo5eab$e >e3u "aHt $a t/ue th -o the nha3n Mou!e
5ao tie.u "e 5a 6eo "i ni 6ha-, ne3u
fa$!e th 6ho.ng 6eo "i "#-
LhoJinta!6
ba/
T/ueO -*a !o na: hie+n $e.n te.n -u*a
no -u2ng the hie+n t/ong ta!6ba/ -u*a
'in), ne3u fa$!e th 6ho.ng&
Ai!iab$e T/ueO Tha3: fo/m
fa$!eO an fo/m
pin)oJ!tat
e
Ru: ",nh 6@-h th- fo/m
X 7nh thng
C C#- tieu
Y C#- "a#i
Y& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh :ua :a *+A 1aP-<
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame Te.n -u*a $ab$e
9$ignment Canh no+i )ung -u*a $ab$e
X Canh t/ai
C Canh pha*i
Y Canh gi2a
9uto!ine 7a#n -hon t/ue no t# "o+ng -o gia2n -ho
5a no+i )ung -u*a no
Cho#n ^a$!e th ba#n t# "ieu -hPnh -ho
5a
7a-6-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau nen -ho $ab$e
Caption =hi -h2 t/e.n $ab$e
font Cho#n 6ieu -h2 -ho $ab$e
font-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau -h2 t/e.n $ab$e
[& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh :ua +R. 8,ng T<J8P+J6
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho Te?tbo?
T$ang&4I
9$ignment Canh no+i )ung -u*a te?tbo?
X Canh t/ai
C Canh pha*i
Y Canh gi2a
9ppea/an-e Ru: ",nh -a-h the hie+n -u*a Te?tbo?
X ^$at bnh thng
C [M [ -hieu
7a-6-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau nen -ho Te?tbo?
font Cho#n 6ieu -h2 -ho te?tbo?
fo/e-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau -h2 t/e.n te?tbo?
Ma?$ength Ru: ",nh !o3 6: t# to3i "a nha+p 5ao
te?tbo?
Mu$ti$ine T/ueO -o the ?uong hang 6hi -hieu
ngang 6ho.ng "u*
fa$!eO 6ho.ng ?uo3ng hang
L-/o$$ba/ Mung "e ?a- $a+p ho+p te?tbo? 6ho.ng
-o thanh -uo3n )o#-, ngang haH- -a* hai
5i "ieu 6ie+n thuo+- t@nh Mu$$ti$ine _ t/ue
Te?t 7a#n ha2: ?oa -h2 5a "e t/o3ng
Ai!ib$e Ru: ",nh te?t -o "#- nhn tha3: t/e.n
^o/m ha: 6ho.ng
T/ueO nhn tha3:, fa$!eO 6ho.ng nhn tha3:
T& Thu+2: 89nh :ua +R. 8,ng C+mmanCP+J
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng Comman)bo?
Caption 1am tie.u "e -ho nut
font Cho#n ^ont -ho nut
Ai!ib$e T/ueO nut nhn tha3:
fa$!eO nut 6ho.ng nhn tha3:
E& Thu+2: 89nh +R. 8,ng Ch<:OP+J6
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho -he-6bo?
9$ignment Canh no+i )ung -u*a -he-6bo?
9ppea/an-e Ru: ",nh -a-h the hie+n -u*a Che-6bo?
7a-6-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau nen -ho -he-6bo?
font Cho#n 6ieu -h2 -ho -he-6bo?
Caption Mong tie.u "e -ho -he-6bo?
fo/e-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau -h2 -ho -he-6bo?
Aa$ue XO \ho.ng -ho#n
CO t/a#ng thai -ho#n
YO T/a#ng thai ?am
Ai!ib$e T/ueO \ho.ng nhn tha3:
fa$!eO nhn tha3:
T$ang&4L
F& Thu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +. 8,ng (.:8uD<P+J
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame Te.n -ho "o3i t#ng pi-tu/ebo?
9uto!ine T/ueO t# "o+ng "aHt $a#i 6@-h th- -u*a
"o3i t#ng -ho 5a 5i 6@-h th- -u*a
hnh "a2 "#- "aHt 5ao
fa$!eO ne3u hnh "aHt 5ao $n hn 6@-h
th- th hnh na: !e2 b, -he 6hua3t
Pi-tu/e Mung "e $u t/ b- hnh ba#n muo3n
t/nh ba:
9$ign Mung "e ;u: ",nh -a-h bo3 t/@ "aH-
bie+t -u*a pi-tu/e t/e.n ^o/m
9uto/e)/aJ <nh !e2 6ho.ng b, ?oa "i 6hi ba#n thu
nho* ha: phong to 6@-h th-
fi$$-o$o/ Ru: ",nh mau to. -ho -a- phng th-
"o ho#a
fi$$!t:$e Ru: ",nh )a#ng mau to.
M/aJ!t:$e Ru: ",nh "ng net 5e2
M/aJith Ru: ",nh "o+ )a: net 5e2
U& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng Imag<6
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng Image
Pi-tu/e Tng t# nh thuo+- t@nh pi-tu/e -u*a "oi
t#ng pi-tu/ebo?
7o/)e/!t:$e Ru: ",nh 6ieu 6hung -o C% hoaH- 6ho.ng
-o 6hungX%
Lt/et-h T/ueO hnh !e2 t# "o+ng -o gia2n !ao -ho
5a 5aHBn t/ong "o3i t#ng
fa$!eO "o3i t#ng !e2 t# "i/u^ -hPnh -ho
5a 5i hnh
G& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng 1.*8P+J6
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng 1i!tbo?
Co$um! Mung "e the hie+n $i!tbo? -o bao
nhie.u -o+t, maH- nhie.n $a C
Integ/an$hie
ght
T/ueO 1i!tbo? !e2 t# "ieu -hPnh 6@-h
th- !ao -ho 6ho.ng -o mu#- nao b,
-he 6hua3t n*a -hng
fa$!eO th !e2 -h@nh ?a- nh 6hi ba#n thie3t
6e3
1i!t-ount ]a- ",gh )anh !a-h -o bao nhie.u mu#-,
ba#n -hP -o the "o#- -h 6ho.ng "aHt
$a#i gia t/,
1i!t Ru: ",nh mo+t )anh !a-h -ho 1i!tbo?
T$ang&BM
Mu$ti!e$e-t Ru: ",nh moNi $an -hP -o the -ho#n
mo+t ha: nhieu mu#-
1i!tin)e? Mu#- "ang -o ^o-ut t/ong )anh !a-h $a
mu#- th bao nhie.u
Le$-ount Cho bie3t hie+n "ang -o bao nhie.u mu#-
"#- -ho#n t/ong )anh !a-h
Lo/te) T/ueO La4p ?e3p )anh !a-h theo th t#
fa$!eO !a4p ?e3p nh t/nh t# ba#n "a 5ao
D& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng C+mP+P+J
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng -ombobo?
Lt:$e Ru: ",nh 6ieu -ho -ombobo?
Lo/te) T/ueO La4p ?e3p theo th t# 9$phabet
fa$!eO !a4p ?e3p nh t/nh t# ba#n "a 5ao
CX& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng T.m<D
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng Time/
Enab$e T/ueO -ho phep phat /a !# 6ie+n thi
gian
fa$!eO ng#- $a#i
Inte/5a$ 1a g@ t/, !o3 )ung "e ;u: ",nh bao
nhie.u $a.u th phat /a !# 6ie+n thi gian&
n 5, t@nh $a mi$igia.:& >e3u "aHt $a X th
"o3i t#ng time/ 6ho.ng hoa#t "o+ng
CC& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng hDam<
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng ^/ame
Caption >o+i )ung -u*a tie.u "e ^/ame
CY& M+28 *+R 8hu+2: 89nh haK Cu=ng :ua +R. 8,ng "u88+n
Thuo+- t@nh The hie+n 5i gia t/, ?a- $a+p
>ame aHt te.n -ho "o3i t#ng option button
9$ignment Ru: ",nh 5, t/@ nut -ho#n
XO nut -ho#n naKm be.n t/ai tie.u "e
CO nut -ho#n naKm be.n pha*i tie.u "e
Caption Tie.u "e -u*a option button
font Cho#n ^ont -h2 -ho tie.u "e
Aa$ue >e3u gia t/, na: baKng t/ue th option
na: "ang "#- -ho#n, ng#- $a#i th no
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oi thanh -h2 thng&
TC& Ha=m ]+Dma8 'Va-u<\ h+Dma8/
T$ang&FM
Mung "e ",nh )a#ng
TY& Ha=m II] 'n".<u 8hu:o\nG.a 8D.1o\nG.a 8D.0o/
<am na: t/a* 5e gia t/, C ne3u bieu th- "ung, 5a
ng#- $a#i th t/a* 5e gia t/, Y&
AIII& Ca): (hng 8h): 8D+ng V"
C& $hng 8h): $D.n8
In /a man hnh -u*a mo+t bieu maNu, mo+t )ong )u:
nha3t ta#i 5, t/@ hie+n thi -u*a -on t/o*&
Y& $hng 8h): C1U
Mung "e ?oa
[& $hng 8h): M+[< '1<h8 A* U8D.ng k\8+(lk\^.C8hlk\h<.gh8l/
Mung "e )i -hu:en "o3i t#ng "e3n 5, t/@ ?a- ",nh 5a
hie+u -hPnh no 5i 6@-h th- mi&
T& $hng 8h): U:a-< 'J1\K1/&'J0\K0/
Mung "e ;u: ",nh $a#i to#a "o+ t/e.n ^o/m
E& $hng 8h): 1.n< 'J1\ K1/ S 'J0\ K0/\ :+-+D\ "]
Mung "e 5eN mo+t "ng thaSng ha: mo+t hnh -h2
nha+t
F& $hng 8h): C.D:-<
Mung "e 5eN mo+t hnh t/on, e$$ip!e, -ung t/on, -ung
e$$ip!e t/e.n fo/m ha: t/e.n Pi-tu/ebo?&
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Chng B
CAI ApT "AI TYAN
I& $ha7n 89:h Pa=. 8+a)n6
C& Ca): :h): na@ng :h9nh :ua Pa=. 8+a)n6
Chng t/nh gom -a- -h- naBng !auO
- 9(p )u#ng phng phap PERT-PCM 5ao "e gia*i ;u:e3t
bai toan $a+p $,-h thi -o.ng -o.ng t/nh, -o.ng 5ie+- na:
nhaKm $a+p /a mo+t $,-h thi -o.ng -a- -o.ng t/nh t/ong mo+t
)# an !ao -ho thi gian hoan thanh )# an $a to3i u nha3t
5e thi gian, -hung ta -hP -an nhn 5ao $,-h $a+p /a $a
"a2 "ieu 6hien "#- )# an -u*a -hung ta&
- ieu 6hien nha.n $#- 6hi thi -o.ng -a- -o.ng t/nh,
-o.ng 5ie+- na: giup -hung ta "ieu 6hien $#ng nha.n
-o.ng hie+n -o&
Y& CaRu 8Du): CE -.<2u :ua Pa=. 8+a)n6
M2 $ie+u -u*a bai toan "#- $u t/2 )i )a#ng mo+t
ba*ng ghi -o -a3u t/u- nh !auO
T:pe 1uuT/u
MinhMau 9! 1ong
MinhCuoi 9! 1ong
=iaT/i 9! 1ong
>ga:Thi<anh 9! Mate
Ten 9! Lt/ing t EX
En) T:pe
T/ong "o MinhMau $u t/2 !o3 th t# -u*a ha#ng mu#- -an
pha*i $am t/-, 5@ )u# nh !au
1 (10) 2 5 (12) 8
(0) (10)
0 (15) (30) (12) 9
(0) (10) (15) (15) (20)
3 4
6 7
11 (10)
th 6hi "o MinhMau !e2 -o gia t/, $a C, MinhCuoi !e2 -o gia
t/, $a Y 5a $u- "o =iaT/i !e2 baKng CX, nga: thi hanh
)ung "e $u t/2 nga: ba4t "au thi hanh )# an, -on
bie3n Ten )ung "e $u t/2 te.n -a- ha#ng mu#- -an thi
-o.ng, 5@ )u# ha#ng mu#- C,Y % $a ?a.: tng -haSng ha#n, 6hi
"o $u- $u t/2 )2 $ie+u !e2 $u t/2 ta3t -a* -a- bie3n "o&
Chng t/nh -on $u t/2 the.m mo+t fi$e )ung "e $u
t/2 the.n te.n -a- ha#ng mu#- no -u2ng -o )a#ng mo+t
ba*ng ghi nh !auq
T:pe <o-5ienT:pe
T$ang&F0
Ten<M 9! Lt/ing t EX
En) T:pe
7ie3n Ten<M )ung "e $u t/2 -a- te.n ha#ng mu#-, -a- te.n
na: !e2 "#- $u t/2 )i )a#ng mo+t fi$e -ung -a3p 5i
fi$e nguon -u*a -hng t/nh 6hi -hng t/nh -ha#:, no -o
ta- )u#ng -a+p nha+t nh2ng te.n ha#ng mu#- mi -ho -hng
t/nh -u*a -hung ta&
II& G.). 8h.<2u :hng 8D5nh6
Chng t/nh bao gom hai -o.ng 5ie+- -h@nh "o $aO 4ap l!"h
thi "o#ng "o#ng t$%nh 5a ieu 3hie5n nha#n l"
C& 1a2( -?:h 8h. :+7ng :+7ng 8D5nh6
Chng t/nh "#- to -h- )i mo+t Menu -h@nh -o )a#ng
nh !au
Menu -h@nh -u*a -hng t/nh na: $ie.n 6e3t 5i mo#i fo/m
-u*a -hng t/nh, * "a.: ta -o the !* )u#ng -hng t/nh
<e$p "e "#- hng )aNn !* )u#ng hoaH- ta#i moNi bieu
t#ng -u*a -hng t/nh "eu -o Too$tip baKng tie3ng Aie+t
hie+n $e.n, 5 5a+: ba#n -o the )eN )ang !* )u#ng -hng
t/nh na:&
T fo/m -h@nh na: ta -o the tie3n hanh "#- -a- -o.ng
5ie+- nh !auO
- M* mo+t fi$e mi "e nha+p )2 $ie+u t "auO baKng
-a-h ba3m 5ao bieu t#ng >eJ -o hnh t gia3: t/a4ng,
T$ang&F3
hoaH- ba3m 5ao Menu fi$eZ>eJ "e -hng t/nh ba4t "au
$am 5ie+-&
0 Lau 6hi ba3m >eJ th -hng t/nh !e2 -ho mo+t fo/m -ha
-o )2 $ie+u& T "a.: ba#n -o the nha+p )2 $ie+u "e t@nh
toanO "au tie.n $a nha+p !o3 ha#ng mu#- -an $am t/ong
mo+t )# an, * "a.: !o3 ha#ng mu#- pha*i $a !o3, 5a !o3
pha*i $a !o3 )ng&
0 >e3u ba#n nha+p !ai -hng t/nh !e2 tho.ng bao $oNi "o
5a :e.u -au ba#n nha+p $a#i -ho "e3n 6hi nao nha+p "ung th
tho.i, ba#n -u2ng -o the C$i-6 5ao nut HuK"+* "e hu*: bo*
-o.ng 5ie+- nha+p )2 $ie+u&
0 Lau 6hi nha+p ?ong ba#n -o the ba3m nut Ente/ "e
?a- ",nh !o3 ba#n 5a nha+p, hoaH- C$i-6 5ao bieu tng
T.<R( Tu,: , -hng t/nh !e2 6iem t/a !em ba#n "a2 nha+p "ung
-ha& >e3u -ha "ung th ba#n pha*i nha+p $a#i&
0 7a#n -o the hu*: bo* baKng -a-h C$i-6 5ao bieu
t#ng <u*: 7o* hoaH- nha3n ph@m ELC "e hu*: bo* 5ie+-
nha+p )2 $ie+u -u*a mnh 5a ;ua: t/* $a#i fo/m ban "au&
T$ang&F4
0 Lau 6hi nha+p ?ong !o3 ha#ng mu#- -an t@nh toan 5a
nha3n En8<D -hng t/nh !e2 -ho mo+t ba*ng t@nh t/ong "o ba#n
-an pha*i nha+p te.n -u*a tng ha#ng mu#- ma t/ong )# an
-an pha*i $am, * "a.: ba#n -o the go2 t/#- tie3p te.n
tng ha#ng mu#- hoaH- ba#n -o the !* )u#ng phng phap
ga4p tha* t mo+t )anh !a-h be.n -a#nh, ne3u te.n ha#ng
mu#- nao -ha -o th ba#n -o the bo ?ung te.n ha#ng mu#-
baKng -a-h C$i-6 5ao mu#- 7o ?ung te.n ha#ng mu#-, tie3p
theo ba#n nha+p thi gian $am ?ong -u*a tng ha#ng mu#-
mo+t 5a !# /ang buo+- gi2a -a- ha#ng mu#- 5i nhau, ne3u
-o mo+t ha#ng mu#- ma -o nhieu hn Y ha#ng mu#- pha*i
$am t/- th pha*i nha+p -hung -a-h nhau baKng )a3u ,
0 >e3u ha#ng mu#- nao ma 6ho.ng $am t "au th ba#n
-o the bo* t/a4ng 6ho.ng -an nha+p "ieu 6ie+n /ang buo+-
t- $a ha#ng mu#- "o !e2 $am "au tie.n, 6ho.ng -an pha*i
$am !au ba3t -a ha#ng mu#- nao&
0 \hi nha+p ?ong ba#n -o the ba3m En8<D hoaH- C$i-6 5ao
bieu t#ng U+R 1.<2u Nha2( "e ?a- ",nh 5ie+- nha+p )2 $ie+u
-u*a ba#n&
0 \hi $a+p )2 $ie+u mi ba#n -an -hu : $a nha+p thi
gian ba4t "au tie3n hanh )# an, thi gian ba4t "au * "a.:
pha*i $n hn thi gian hie+n ta#i, neu 6ho.ng -hng t/nh
-u2ng !e2 hie+n mo+t tho.ng bao noi /aKng ba#n nha+p !ai,
5a ta3t nhie.n ba#n pha*i nha+p $a#i&
0 >e3u ba#n muo3n hu*: bo* 5ie+- nha+p -u*a ba#n, ba#n -o
the ba3m 5ao nut Rua: 1a#i hoaH- ba3m nut ELC "e thoat
6ho*i -hng t/nh 5a ;ua: t/* $a#i man hnh ban "au&
T$ang&FB
0 >e3u t/ong ;ua t/nh nha+p )2 $ie+u ba#n 6ho.ng bie3t
-a-h ba#n -o the tham 6ha*o hng )aNn baKng -a-h C$i-6
5ao bieu t#ng TD, G.u)(
0 >e3u 5ie+- nha+p )2 $ie+u to3t ba#n -o the ba3m nut
muaK 1a,. "e tie3p tu#- -hng t/nh&
- Lau 6hi "a2 -o )2 $ie+u ba#n -o the -o "#- mo+t "o
th, mo. ta* !# $ie.n he+ gi2a -a- ha#ng mu#- baKng -a-h
C$i-6 5ao bieu t#ng Imetate hoaH- t Menu Imetateu=/aph
!e2 -ho ta "o th, mo. ta* )2 $ie+u&
0 7a#n -u2ng -o the in )2 $ie+u /a gia3: baKng -a-h
ba3m 5ao bieu t#ng ma: in t/e.n fo/m )2 $ie+u na:&
0 7a#n C$i-6 5ao bieu t#ng muaK 1a,. "e t/* $a#i Menu
-h@nh&
T$ang&FF
- Tie3p theo, ne3u ba#n muo3n ?em $,-h thi -o.ng -a- ha#ng
mu#- t/ong )# an nh the3 nao ba#n -o the C$i-6 5ao bieu
t#ng <*.gn t/e.n Too$ba/ hoaH- Me!ign t/e.n thanh Menu "e
ba#n -o the ?em -hi tie3t $,-h thi -o.ng -a- ha#ng mu#- t/ong
)# an& fo/m -o )a#ng nh !auO
0 VW "a.: -o T -o+t& Co+t th nha3t ghi th t# -a- ha#ng
mu#- "#- thi -o.ng, -o+t th hai -ho bie3t te.n ha#ng mu#-
-an thi -o.ng, -o+t th [ -ho bie3t !o3 $#ng thi gian ha#ng
mu#- "o ba4t "au tie3n hanh, ta3t nhie.n "o3i 5i ha#ng
mu#- -uo3i -ung th "a.: $a thi "iem -a4t baBng 6hanh
thanh )# an na:, -o+t th T in /a nga: ma ha#ng mu#- "o
ba4t "au tie3n hanh, "ieu na: !e2 giup -ho -a- nha
;ua*n $: nha.n !# tham gia t/ong -a- )# an ;ua*n $: )#
an -u*a mnh "#- )e2 )ang hn& >h2ng !o3 $ie+u * "a.:
ba#n -hP -o the ?em -h 6ho.ng ?oa ha: !*a "oi mo+t
-ai g -a*& 7a#n -u2ng -o the ?ua3t )2 $ie+u /a ma: in&
0 \e3t thu- fo/m na: ba#n -o the C$i-6 5ao bieu t#ng
;ua: $a#i "e t/* 5e Menu -h@nh&
- Lau 6hi tham 6ha*o !ong $,-h thi hanh )# an ba#n -o
the $u t/2 )2 $ie+u 5ao t/ong ma: t@nh -u*a ba#n baKng
-a-h C$i-6 5ao Menu fi$euLa5e
0 Chng t/nh !e2 "a /a ho+p ho+i thoa#i -ho phep ba#n $u
t/2 )2 $ie+u 5ao "a.u tu: : ba#n& Lau 6hi -ho#n "#- ni $u
t/2 ba#n nha+p te.n fi$e 5a C$i-6 5ao nut La5e, no !e2 ghi
toan bo+ )2 $ie+u -ho ba#n&
T$ang&FG
0 T/ong -hng t/nh na: ba#n -hP -o the $u te.n fi$e
5i phan m* /o+ng $a t&PCM, * "a.: 6ho.ng -o g $a
/ang buo+- -a* b*i 5 to.i muo3n "aHt /a mo+t -ai g "o g#i
nh "e -a*m n nh2ng ngi "i t/- ho# "a2 nghie.n -a
"#- mo+t ng )u#ng ;uan t/o#ng nh the3 na:, mo+t ng
)u#ng ma no "em $a#i nhieu $#i nhua+n -ho -on ngi 6hi
?a.: )#ng -a- )# an $n& fo/m -o )a#ngO
- Tng t# nh ghi )2 $ie+u "e $u t/2, ba#n -u2ng -o the
"o#- )2 $ie+u ma ba#n "a2 $u t/2 /a baKng -a-h C$i-6 5ao
Menuufi$euhpen
0 Lau "o ba#n -u2ng -o the $# -ho#n ta+p tin nao -ha
)2 $ie+u ma ba#n -an m*, fo/m -o )a#ng nh !auO
T$ang&FI
- e3n "a.: -o.ng 5ie+- t*ng -hng nh "a2 hoan ta3t
nhng mo#i -hu:e+n 6ho.ng pha*i "n gia*n nh 5a+:& T/ong
th#- te3 -o nh2ng )# an ma 6hi ngi ta thi -o.ng /oi
mi tha3: -o mo+t !o3 -o.ng 5ie+- 6ho.ng th@-h h#p, 5a nh
the3 ho# pha*i pha /a, hoaH- -o nh2ng $u- ho# 6ho.ng -an
mo+t !o3 ha#ng mu#- nao "o, 5a -u2ng -o nh2ng $u- ho#
$a#i muo3n the.m mo+t !o3 ha#ng mu#- nao "o& Ta3t nhie.n
T$ang&FL
"a.: $a nh2ng "ieu ma nh2ng nha ;ua*n $: ho# -u2ng
6ho.ng muo3n, nhng t/ong th#- te3 nh2ng -hu:e+n nh the3
na: no 5aNn ton ta#i& Ch@nh 5 5a+: ma t/ong -hng t/nh
na: to.i -u2ng -o "e -a+p "e3n 5a3n "e na:&
- fo/m na: !e2 m* /a nh2ng )# an ma "ang "#- thi
-o.ng, $u- na: th gia* !* "aHt t/ng h#p -hung ta $a
nh2ng ngi "ang "ieu hanh nh2ng )# an "o, nhng *
"a.: "n gia*n hn nhieu 5 "a.: -hP $a gia* !* tho.i& 1u-
"o ba#n -o the bo ?ung mo+t ha#ng mu#- nao "o 5ao
t/ong )anh !a-h -a- ha#ng mu#- !e2 "#- thi -o.ng, 5a mo+t
"ieu ta3t nhie.n $a ta -hung pha*i nha+p thi gian $am
?ong ha#ng mu#- 5a nha+p "o& fo/m * "a.: -o )a#ng nh
!auO
0 7a#n -o the the.m 5ao bao nhie.u ha#ng mu#- tu: :
ba#n, nhng $u : $a !au moNi $an the.m 5ao th pha*i nh
$a th t# thi -o.ng !e2 b, tha: "oi, 5a ha#ng mu#- the.m
5ao 6ho.ng "#- $n hn ha#ng mu#- -uo3i -ung $a Y 5 6hi
ba4t "au the.m 5ao =ia* !* )# an -u*a ba#n -o CXX ha#ng
mu#- ma ba#n the.m 5ao ha#ng mu-# th CXY th 6ho.ng
"#-, -hng t/nh !e2 bao $oNi 5a ba#n pha*i nha+p $a#i& Lau
moNi $an nha+p )2 $ie+u ba#n -o the nha3n ph@m Ente/ "e
?a- ",nh 5ie+- nha+p -u*a ba#n&
- Tng t# nh the.m ha#ng mu#- 5ie+- bo* mo+t !o3 ha#ng
mu#- -u2ng )ieNn /a tng t#, ba#n -hP -an C$i-6 5ao bieu
t#ng ?oa ha#ng mu#- $a !e2 -o mo+t -*a !o tng t# nh
-*a !o nha+p ha#ng mu#- the.m 5ao -ho ba#n nha+p &
0 Lau \hi 6e3t thu- 5ie+- the.m ha: ?oa mo+t !o3 ha#ng
mu#- ba#n pha*i C$i-6 5ao bieu t#ng nha+p !o3 $ie+u "e
-hng t/nh t@nh toan $a#i -ho ba#n, $u- na: $,-h thi -o.ng $a#i
-o mo+t $,-h mi, 6ha- haSn $,-h ban "au ne3u nh ba#n
"a2 the.m 5ao hoaH- bo* "i mo+t !o3 ha#ng mu#- 6ho.ng -an
thi -o.ng&
- >e3u nh ba#n nha+p )2 $ie+u mi ha: m* mo+t ^i$e "a2
$u t/ong "`a ma ba#n "a2 !*a "oi )2 $ie+u * be.n t/ong th
ba#n $e.n $u )2 $ie+u 5ao mo+t fi$e th 5ie+- nha+p )2 $ie+u
ha: !*a "oi )2 $ie+u mi -o ta- )u#ng& V* "a.: -hng
t/nh no bie3t "#- ta "a2 $u ha: -ha, ne3u -ha $u th 6hi
T$ang&GM
nao thoat 6ho*i -hng t/nh no !e2 nha4- nh* -hung ta
$a -o $u )2 $ie+u ha: 6ho.ng&
0 >e3u ba#n -$i-6 5ao :e! th mo+t -*a !o ghi fi$e $a#i
hie+n /a :e.u -au ba#n ghi te.n ^i$e 5a C$i-6 5ao nut La5e&
Y& .<u Oh.<An nha7n -,:6
Cu2ng tng t# nh $a+p $,-h thi -o.ng -o.ng t/nh * "a.:
-hng t/nh -u2ng bao gom -a- -o.ng "oa#n tng t# nh
t/e.n& \hi 6e3t thu- -hng t/nh !e2 -ho ta mo+t ba*ng t/ong
"o "a /a mo+t )anh !a-h bao gom !o3 -o.ng nha.n -an
-o -ho moNi -o.ng 5ie+-&
III& Chng t/nh nguon&
T/ong -hng t/nh na: bao gom /a3t nhieu ham 5a
thu* tu#- * "a.: -hP ?in "a /a mo+t thu* tu#- ;uan t/o#ng "o
$a mo+t thu* tu#- -h@nh t/ong -hng t/nh, thu* tu#- na: t/ong
phan $a+p $,-h thi -o.ng t/nh "o $a thua+t toan Mi8!6t/a,
thua+t toan "#- 5ie3t nh !au&
Pub$i- Lub Mi86!t/a%
Mim 5, u, minp 9! 1ong
L _ X
fo/ 5 _ X To n 0 C
M5% _ 9L, 5%
T/uo-5% _ L
fina$5% _ fa$!e
>e?t 5
T/uo-L% _ X
ML% _ X
fina$L% _ T/ue
Mo pUhi$e >ot fina$T%
~Tim u $a )inh -o nhan tam thoi nho nhat
minp _ [XXXXXX
fo/ 5 _ X To n 0 C
I^ >ot fina$5%% 9n) minp g M5%% Then
u _ 5
minp _ M5%
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En) I^
fina$u% _ T/ue
>e?t 5 ~ -hu :
~_____________________________________
_______
I^ >ot fina$T% Then
fo/ 5 _ X To n 0 C
I^ >ot fina$5%% 9n) M5% 0 9u, 5% i Mu%% Then
M5% _ Mu% 0 9u, 5%
T/uo-5% _ u
En) I^
>e?t 5
En) I^
1oop
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TEXT 1UAN
T/ong !# phat t/ien 5#t ba+- -u*a ?a2 ho+i hie+n na:,
5ie+- ?a.: )#ng -a- )# an $n "a2 -o /a3t nhieu -hu:e.n
gia -o nhieu 6inh nghie+m t/# giup ho# hoan thanh )# an
na:, "ong thi ho# -u2ng "a2 -o "u* nh2ng 6inh nghie+m
"e hoan thanh -a- )# an "o&
Tu: nhie.n "e hoan thanh nh2ng )# an $n "o th
5i !# phat t/ien -u*a -o.ng nghe+ tho.ng tin hie+n na: "a2
phan nao "a2 gop phan 5ao -o.ng -uo+- phat t/ien 5a
?a.: )#ng nen 6inh te3 -u*a n- nha&
T/ong thi gian $am "e tai na:& Ai mo+t -o.ng nghe+
to3i u "a2 nghie.n -u 5a phat t/ien t/ong ?a.: )#ng 5a
"ieu hanh nh2ng )# an $n >ha3t $a nh2ng )# an "oi
ho*i !# -h@nh ?a-, "oi ho*i pha*i tie3t 6ie+m nha.n $#-, tie3t
6ie+m thi gian Q nhng pha*i hoan thanh t/ong mo+t thi
gian !m nha3t%, nhng "a2 phan nao "ap ng "#- "#-
-a- nhu -au -an thie3t * t/e.n&
e tai ieu hanh d an ba6ng phng phap PERT-PCM va
ng dung giai 0u1e.t bai toan lap l!"h thi "o#ng "o#ng t$%nh
5i !# -hP ba*o ta+n tnh -u*a tha: o7 8h 9n "a2 giup em
hoan thanh "e tai na:&
Mo thi gian 5a 6inh nghie+m ha#n -he3 ne.n "e tai
-ha4- 5aNn -ha he3t 6ho*i nh2ng thie3u ?ot& T/ong thi gian
!au to.i !e2 -o3 ga4ng hoan thanh -hung 5a -o the "a /a
!* )u#ng t/ong -uo+- !o3ng hie+n na:&
T$ang&G3