2009

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2009. 152 .
ISBN 978-5-903135-05-9

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[323/324+351/352](73)
66.2(7)+67.401(7)

ISBN 978-5-903135-05-9

, 2009


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2006 $56 .

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.
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, ,
. 8300 , 170 . . ,
.
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. .
56

(National Archives and

Records Administration).
1985 .
, , , . (Presidential library system). , ,

. .
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. (Archivist of the
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. (
), . .
. . ,
.
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Commission, EAC). 2002 Help America
Vote Act, HAVA. , . , ,
, , , , HAVA.
(Selective Service System).
1825 57

. ,
. , 18 , ,

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.
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International Development, USAID). . ,
, , , , . (Famine Early Warning Systems Network).

.
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Agency). . ,
, , , . .
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260 . ( , , , , , ). ,
. , .
( ,
..). . 11 .
.
(Postmaster General),
.
(Deputy Postmaster General),
58

(Chief Operating
Officer).
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, . , . ,
1996 (Office of Inspector General), , ,
. .
, ( )
, , 1992 ,
68 , .
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Commission).
. , . ( ), .
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. , ..
.
1953 20 , 220 . $ 45 .
1958 $ 30 . , ,
,
. ,
59

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50 . ,

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60

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Railroad Retirement Investment Trust). ,
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61

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States Office of Special Counsel). .
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, , (House price
index). , ,
, , ,
. 12
,
63

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. 12 .
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fund), . 8500 $ 678 .
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Insurance Corporation).
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$ 3 . ,
.

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Protection Corporation).
.
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64

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, ,
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600 . . , .
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Banks Funding Corporation), .
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Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, Farmer Mac), (government sponsored enterprise) .
, (
). .
65

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of the United States). 1934
. , ,
. . (
) .
.
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Investment Corporation). .
, . ,
. $ 175 . 15 ,
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. ,

, , , . ( , )
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, , , , .
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66

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National and Community Service). , . , 2 . , :
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;
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1824 , ( , ) . , , , ;
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(Learn and Serve America)
;
(Senior Corps)
( , , ).
15 , .
1625
.
(President's Council on
Service and Civic Participation).
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.
70 . 67

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Commission).
, .
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Safety Board). , . . ( ),
.

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Safety and Hazard Investigation Board). . (
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). 20% . ,
, , .
, , . 10 . .
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24 .
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. ,
, , ,
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) . ,
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Commission of Fine Arts). 1910 ,
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69

. , .
20 . , ( ), , ,
, , , , .
, ,
(National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers)
(Chairman of the
National Trust for Historic Preservation).
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(, ..).
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Library Services). , . , , , , .
.

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.

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. , .
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, ),
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.
. - , (Voice of
America). ( ), .
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,
1933 . , .. . ( , , , , , , )
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. .
, , ,
. 71

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TVA. 1933 ,
1946- .
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(. ).
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ARC). 13 ,
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13 . ( ) , (
). ,
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. , .
, 13 ,
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.
.
1920- , 1960- . ,
1971 , . 72

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- , . 25 . , (commuter services), 61 .
(
Amtrak Express).
Thruway Motorcoach,
, .
, , ,
. $1 . (Amtrak Police) . ,
. . , , , Southern Railway, .
1982 , , , . 11
, .

(Amtrak Customer Advisory Committee) 23
, .

.
(Commission on
Security and Cooperation in Europe).
1976 .
, , , .

.
(Interagency Council
on Homelessness). 13 ( ), . . 73

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, . , .
(Access Board).
. ,
, ..
.
, , .
, , .
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(The White House Commission
on Remembrance). ,
; ( ); , ; . 18
. , .

.
(International Boundary
and Water Commission). , 1889
. , .
. ,
74

, , .
, ,
300 . .
(Federal Maritime Commission).
. (, , ..), , , .
( ), . : ,
.
(Arctic Research Commission).
. , 15
. (
), . , , . ,
.
(National Ice Center).
, , . - , .

(SLM Corporation, Sallie Mae).
1972 , 19972004 , .
,
, .
10 .
(Legal Services Corporation). , , .

75

$300 . , .
11 (
), . , ( 32 !),
.
(Smithsonian Institution).
- . XIX
- (James Smithson).
, .
, .
(Chancellor) , 17 , ( -). (Secretary) .
(Smithsonian Police), Smithsonian.
(United States Institute of Peace). , , , , . ,
.
.
(Federal Advisory Committees),
Federal Advisory Committee Act. ,
.
.
(Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, FASAB).
FASAB Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990.
, -
76

.
- , . . FASAB

(Accounting and Auditing Policy Committee, AAPC)
, FASAB. , FASAB , ,
AAPC.


: (Governmental Accounting
Standards Board, GASB) (Governmental Accounting
Standards Advisory Council GASAC). (Financial Accounting Foundation,
FAF),
(Financial Accounting Standards Board, FASB Financial
Accounting Standards Advisory Council, FASAC).
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(Office of Inspector General)
. , , ..
.
(General counsel) .
,
General counsel , .

.
77

Faith-Based & Community Initiative,

.

(Congress)
(Congress). 1774 , 12 13
. 1789 , .
, ,
(Senate) (House of Representatives). . .
, . , ( , ) :
1) (Joint Session)
, (State of the Union Address), - ;
2) (Joint Meetings)
, ;
3)
(
), (Formal Joint
Gatherings).
. - . -
.
.
.
.
78

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. ( 2000
35 000). (Standing committee)
. , ,
.
, ,
. . , (Conference committee) . , ,
. , .
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, , , ,
. . , 10 ( ).
,

(Pocket veto).
, (, ,
..), , , , . , .

. ( ), , . ,
(Select Special committee).

, .
79

. (Joint congressional committees).

(Joint Economic Committee). 1946
.
(Joint Committee on the
Library). , 1806 . (Library of Congress).
,
, (United States Botanic Garden).
(Joint Committee on Printing).
1946
(Government Printing Office), .
(Joint Committee on Taxation).
1927 , ,
$ 2 .

.
(Chairman) (Ranking Member) .
. , .

.
(Government Accountability
Office). . . 1921 , 2004 . (Comptroller General of the United States), 15-
.
, . ,
. 80

, ,
.
.
(Congressional Budget Office).
1974 .
pro tempore .

, , .
(Library of Congress).
, . . 1800 . (Librarian of Congress), . , , , , ,
.
(Congressional Research Service) , , . - (Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of
Congress). , -
19911992 .
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States Code), (Federal Register),
(Congressional Record).
. (United
States Government Manual) .
(Public Printer of the United States), .
81

(Architect of the Capitol). , ,

. (Cannon House Office Building,
Ford House Office Building, Longworth House Office Building, Rayburn House
Office Building), (Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hart Senate Office
Building, Russell Senate Office Building), (United States
Supreme Court building, Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building), (John Adams Building, Thomas Jefferson Building, James
Madison Memorial Building), ,
, (Capitol Visitor Center).
.
10 , .
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, .
, ,
. . , . ,
.
. ,
. , , , ,
, . . .
(Sergeant at Arms of the United States House
of Representatives) , . , . . .

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82

Board) (Capitol Guide Board). (Capitol Police) , , .

(Capitol Guide Service), .
(Chief Administrative
Officer of the United States House of Representatives).
. , ,
. .
(Clerk of the United States House of
Representatives). . , , .
.
(Secretary of the United States Senate).
, .
, , , , .
. ,
.
(Historian of the United States House of
Representatives). .
(Curator of the United States Senate).
. .

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,
.
(Parliamentarian of the
United States Senate). .

83

(Law Revision Counsel). (United States Code).

.
(United States Senate Page). , . 30 , 16 , 14 .
, , , .
(
40 ). . , .
(United States House of Representatives
Page). . 60 80 . ( ) ( ).
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.
(Chaplain of the United States House of
Representatives). .
,
,
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, .
22 . (
70, 27).
37.
84

,
. ,
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National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare), (Commission on
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.
, (The Paralyzed Veterans of America), (National Safety Council), (Vietnam Veterans of America), (Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States),
(Boy Scouts of America), (Girl Scouts of the
USA).

(Senate)
. , . 50
100 .
30 ,
,
. , ,
, 30 . . 1934 85

, 29.
, .
1913 .
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pro tempore (Deputy President pro tempore),
- , .
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pro tempore .
.
pro tempore , pro tempore
(President pro tempore emeritus).

(Senate Majority Leader) (Senate Minority
Leader).
. , - Majority Whip Minority Whip, . 1969 Assistant party leaders. , , - .
(Senate Democratic Caucus).
(),
- . (Senate Republican Conference). , ().
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.
87

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committee).
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. , ,
.
, , , (Senate Watergate
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, (chairman). (Ranking Member,
Vice Chairman) .
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). , , .
.
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, .
(Committee on Appropriations). , . 1867 . , (discretionary spending). ,
mandatory spending, , Medicare Medicaid, discretionary spending.
88

.
(Committee on Armed Services). , ,
. 1816 .
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. . .
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Science and Transportation). ,
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(Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources). ,
, , .
(Committee on
Environment and Public Works). .
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200 , . ,
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(Committee on Foreign Relations). , 1816 . ,
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(Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions). 89

, ( , , , . ).
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.

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.
(Committee on the Judiciary).
1816 . .
(Committee on Rules and
Administration). , ,

. ,
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(Committee on
Small Business and Entrepreneurship).
.
(Committee on Veterans' Affairs). , .
.
(Special Committee on Aging).
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(Select Committee on Ethics). , .
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(Select Committee on Intelligence).
, .
90

(House of Representatives)

, .. , , 10 . ,
53 ,
(, , , , , ) .
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. , . , , . 435 .
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, .

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1980 2002 .
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committee), , .
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.
,
, - .

(Majority Leader), . Majority Whip. (Minority Leader), Minority Whip. , ,
, , . 2006 (
435), .

. , (Filibuster), , .. , . (
, .)
, . , , , , .
( ) ,
, , . XIX .
- .

. ( ) , , . , ,
.
92

.
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Agriculture). ( 1820 ), . . , , , .
.
(Committee on Appropriations).
.
.
, ,
.
(Committee on Armed Services). .
1822 .
(Committee on the Budget). , ,
. (Congressional Budget
Resolution). .
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(Committee on Education and Labor). , , ,
.
(Committee on Energy and Commerce).
, 1795 .
.
.
(Committee on Financial Services). , , . , , .
(Committee on Foreign Affairs). ,
93

.
(Committee on Homeland Security).

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(Committee on House Administration). , - , ,
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.
(Committee on Natural Resources). ,
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(Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform). 1816
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, ,
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(Committee on Rules). , .
1789
, . ,

. .
(Committee on Science and Technology).
. ,
, .
(Committee on Small Business).

.
(Committee on
Standards of Official Conduct). .
, 94

,
, .
(Committee on Transportation
and Infrastructure). .
(Committee on Veterans' Affairs). .
(Committee on Ways and Means).
. , , .

. 1789 .
-.
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, ,
. ,
435 , . , - .

(Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ).

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,
(
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, . , .
95

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,
. 91
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. 100 . 65
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96

Panel). 1, 6, 8, 9, 10- .
(Chief Judge).
,
65 ,
, . 70 ,
. 1948 , , .
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, .
.
.

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13 (courts of appeals circuit courts).
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, , .
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- ( !),
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(Chief Judge),
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, 1982 , , . , , ,
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. , (Supreme
Court building) . (Chief Justice of the United States) (associate justices).
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, , ,
, , ,
1987 .
100

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(retired associate justice) , . ( ), .

.
, , -.

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, . , , 1801 1835 ,
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clerk), ,
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, . (
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, 102

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. , . .

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,
. , .

(United States Sentencing Commission)
1984
.
(Federal Sentencing Guidelines).
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. .
, - ,
- .
,

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Trade). , -.
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. ( ), . . ,
, .
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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, FISA court). 1978 103

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Intelligence Surveillance Act, FISA).
, ,
. ( , ), , .
.
11 ,
. , . .

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, 72 .

(United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review).
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.
, . 11 2001 .
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, .
,

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. , ,
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15 . (Chief Judge).
. , ,

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. , 15 . .
,
.
105

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.
(judge advocate). ,
. 60
. .
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, . , ,
. . ,
. ad hoc, .. . Army Court of Criminal
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Criminal Appeals, Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals.

(United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces). ( ), 15 .

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. ,
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. . ,
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107

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108

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, , .
1996 .
. .
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.
, ,
, mansion. ,
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, ,
. . .
, , . ,
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( -),
. , , , .
. , , , ..
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(cabinet) (staff).
,
. ,
, , .
, , . (Chief of Staff)
(offices): (Intergovernmental Relations),
109

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(Legislative and Policy), (Press), (Governor's Office in Washington, DC).
24 .
,
, ,
, .

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, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , .
, ,
. (agency).
, (departments) .
, , (Business,
Transportation & Housing Agency) 13 ,
, ( Caltrans), , ,
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, .

(trustee) . (, )
,
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(, , 110

)
(boards) (commissions), , . , 3000 .
, , , ,
, , . ,
. . ,
(Wyoming Animal Euthanasia Technician Certification Board),
(Governor's Domestic Violence
Elimination Council), (Wyoming Board of
Geographic Names).
. (Department of Food and Agriculture),

(State Board of Food and Agriculture). 15 (
), . , , , , , .
. (Acupuncture Board), (Department of Consumer
Affairs), ,
. ,
, .
, , (Executive Council, Governor's Council),
, -, , . -.
,
(
). .
, , $ 5000, ,
111

.
. , , .
(Governor's
Council) -, ex officio .
, ,
, . (Board of Public Works). (), ,
(, ), , . (Florida Cabinet),
() , .
(Council of State) 10 ,
-, , , , , , , , .
,
( ,
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, . , 2007 ( !).
,
, , , , , - . , - , .

(National Governors Association)
, ,
.
(Center for Best Practices) 112

, . , .
, Republican Governors Association, Democratic Governors Association,
Southern Governors' Association, Western
Governors' Association ..
-
(Lieutenant Governor)
42 -, -
2009 . , , , , . , - . ,
- , .. , . - ,
. ,
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.
113

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. ,
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167 );

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(head of the Illinois Main Street
Program) (Chairman of the Illinois River Coordinating Council).
, .
, - ', - . , , . ,
.
- . ( -
1970 ) , ,
, . ,
(Legislative
Budget Board), (Legislative Council) . , -
Legislative Audit Committee,
Legislative Education Board, Cash Management Committee, Bond Review Board.
, , - , . , , - , . -, ,
, .
114

, -,
: , -, ,
,
.
Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate. , .
- National Lieutenant
Governors Association.

(State Attorney General)

. ,
.

. , ,
. . ,
.
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, , , -, -, ,
,
, , ,
. , .
, . , , , , -
. ,
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,
(National Association of Attorneys General), ,
115

, ,
(Conference of Western Attorneys General).

(Secretary of State)
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:
, ( , ..);
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Commercial Code) ,
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, ;
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. , ,
,
,
. ,
.
35 , ( ,
).
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, , . .
,
, , , .. ,
116

, .
, $ 17
. ,
$ 1 . ,
,
, ,
, .
, .
.

(State auditor)
Comptroller, State Auditor
and Inspector. .
, . ,
.
(.. ),
, ,
, . , .
, , ,
900 .
.
, -, , , . ,
, (Insurance
Commissioner) (State
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).
1300 ,
.
117

. (California Department of Education).

, .
. .
(Commissioner of
Education) ( ), (State Board of Education),
15 . .
(Land Commissioner), (Texas Land Commissioner)
- (New Mexico's Commissioner of Public Lands).
, ,
, , , ,
.. Oregon
Department of State Lands. (State Land Board),
, . , .
(, , , , ) (Agriculture
Commissioner), .
, 10 1969 .

(Commissioner of Labor).
(Railroad Commission of Texas), , , , . ,
2005 , .
, ( ). .
118

. , , ,
, .
, - . ( ) , -.
. , 1998 ,
, (Chief financial officer).

. . , (Department of Motor Vehicles)
. ,
Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Division, Department of Transportation
.. ,
, Department of Safety, Department of
Justice, Department of Revenue. , ,
. , . , . , , ,
, ( ), .
(State Board of Elections). , . , ,
. ( , , -.)
, , . :
(State Ethics Commission),
(Board of Library Commissioners), 119

(Community Economic Development

Assistance Corporation), (Disabled Persons
Protection Commission), (Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth), (Board of Conciliation and Arbitration), (Massachusetts Commission on the Status of Women), (Office of
Campaign and Political Finance), (Office of Educational Quality and Accountability).
(Inspector
General), , . .

.
- (Adjutant General), - , . .
- . , ,
, . .

(National Guard), (Army National Guard) - (Air National Guard).
. ,
.
- .
(National Guard Bureau) .
. , , ,
, .
one weekend a
month, two weeks a year, .. , .
,
. (. 120

)
.

. XX
. 40%
. , , , , .
, 2005 .
, . -
- .
, (State defense
forces). ,
. .
25 -
Texas State Guard, Michigan Volunteer Defense Force, California State Military
Reserve .. - ,
, , ,
.
,
. (Naval militia), .
(. )

(Interstate compact), .
,
.
(Bi-State Development Agency),
- ,
.
(MetroLink), , , , , .
121

10 , , , ,
. ( ,
), , .
- - (Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey). - -. , , , , , ,
John F. Kennedy International Airport. World Trade Center site, ,
. Port Authority
Police Department, 1600 .
, .
(
). .
- Metropolitan
Transportation Authority (New York), .
, . .

.
. (Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission),
(Interstate Mining Compact
Commission),
(Interstate Environmental Commission), (Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin). , . , .
(Great Lakes Commission) , , .
, , , ,
, .
122

- (,
, ). (, -),
. .
, , , (. ).
, . , Driver License Compact (, )
. Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision
.

(State legislature)
, Legislature, State Legislature, General
Assembly, - General Court, Legislative Assembly. , ,
. 1934 . ()
(Senate), () (House of
Representatives), Assembly, State Assembly, General Assembly, House of Delegates.
,
.
, 12 .
, , .
. 1996, 1998 2002 .

.
1960- , .
, ,
.
, , .
.
, 56
123

180 , 49 98, - 24 400, 30 150, 40 80. , : -.

,
, , , .
, , 25 21 ,
. .
, . , .
15 .
,
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.
. ,
:
, , (Convention) ( ).
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, . , , , , .
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Texas's Sunset Statute. (
) , .
.
12 , 2030 .
124

12 , .
.
(Committee on Elections and Redistricting),
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,
(Senate Sunset Committee) .
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Floor Leader, Majority Whip ..), , , Chief Clerk, Sergeant at Arms
, , .
(Legislative Analyst's Office, LAO), , ,
.

(National Conference of State Legislatures).
,
, .

(State courts)
,
, . ,
, ( , ,
..).
, ,
( 9798%). 91% , 99%
.
, , (, 125

, , , , ..).
. (Courts of First Instance).
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420 . , . 177 Superior Courts, 90 Circuit Courts ( County Courts City/Town Courts!). , Superior
Courts Circuit Courts
, ,
. ,
, , , .
Superior Courts District Courts (
Municipal Courts Juvenile Courts), Superior Courts
.
, , -
, (court of law), (court of equity).
Court of Chancery.

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- . 11 , .
(Court of Last
Resort), ,
, ,
. Supreme Court, , , Court of Appeals.
(Texas Court of Criminal
126

Appeals, Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals) (Texas Supreme Court, Oklahoma Supreme Court).
Oklahoma Supreme Court , . ,
,
, Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. , Texas
Supreme Court (juvenile delinquency), .
, ( ). ,
(Court on Tax Review) (Workers'
Compensation Court).

Superior Court of the District of Columbia District of Columbia Court of
Appeals,
.
. 24 (8 ) . . . 14 , (The Missouri Plan), ,
.
.
Supreme Court of Illinois ( , , )
. 10 .
. ( ) .
Michigan Supreme Court , . 70 ,
.
Supreme Court of Virginia 12 .
Supreme Judicial Court
.
, .
: Appellate Judicial Commission,
, ,
127

The Missouri Bar ( ), , ,

. ,
Supreme Court of Missouri .
?
, 12 . ,
. 60 , . ,
.
,
. .
, .
,
(Bar examination) . .
state bar association, .. , .
. ,
, (Board of Law Examiners),
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(Grand
jury) (Petit jury).
, . , .
.
,
. 12 ,
.
,
(plea bargain) , .


(Local government)
. , (County) (Municipality). .

(County)
48 . (parish), (borough). ,
. 254 3 .
1600 2.
100 . 20%. 5 200 . ,
, - (
), 10 .
. . , -
. , , , , .

(. ).
, . , , , , , , , .
, , , ..

. (County
Executive), .
(County Council) , , . , 129

. (Chair). Metropolitan King County Council,

1994
(. ). (Prosecutor), (Sheriff)
(Assessor), .
() King
County Superior Court King County District Court. (.
).
, , , , , , . , , , .
13 . ,
$ 4,9 .
, 1996 .
, .
, ,
(County Board President). . , . . (board of supervisors, county commission, county council)
,
. (county
manager) -. , -
(chief executive officer) . , -.
, , , , .
(District attorney Commonwealth's Attorney,
State's Attorney, County Attorney, County Prosecutor). ,
. ,
,
. 130

, . , , . . ,
.
.
, . -

(, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York), Law Department.
(Sheriff). .
.
, , , .
, , .
(deputy sheriffs). 12 , - 11 000.
(Coroner). , . ,
(subpoena). (Medical
Examiner), .
(Assessor).
. , , . , (Board
of Review), ,
.
(County clerk). ,
, , , . ,
.
(Recorder of deeds). ,
, .
,
..
131

(, ).
. ,
.. , . , , , . , .
, ,
. ,
. , . , . 54% .
consolidated city-county. , -, ,
. independent city, .. ,
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, .
single-tier municipality, .
, ( ) - ()
Unorganized Borough.
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(Municipality)
. (cities),
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.
.
132

. , , , , , .
,
, ,
( , )
. ,
.
, , .
towns,
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, , , ,
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, , , .
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, ( ).
,
, .
. , ,
, , , . , . .
(staff) (Deputy Mayor). , (. ). , ,
, , .
. 50 , 133

. , (Legislative Department), , , Central Staff ,

, .
. , , ,
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , .
, , ,
, , .
, . (, ), .
, , ,
. $ 926 (. ).
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(misdemeanor gross misdemeanors), 90 $ 1000, $ 5000.
:
- , . ,
1999 ,
-.
. 2001 -
, .
,
.
, , - .
,
, , . - ,
, -.
, , 134

, , , . .
. -
. 70- -.
- . , , . -
Metropolitan municipality. - ,
.
- , . ,
. 51 , .
. -
(Comptroller) ,
(Public Advocate), , .
, - . .
(Independent Budget Office), , , , , -.
(Borough) (Borough President).
. , , , .
(districts), 59.
(Community Board),
, .
, . 50 .
- .
State Supreme Court, , 135

(Surrogate's Court),
( - ),
(New York City Civil Court),
, (New York City Criminal
Court), ,
(New York City Family Court).
10 , ,
.
- , . .
1 (Dayton City Commission),
. , -,
. , ,
.
, . , . at-large, ..
, . , .
-, .
(Commission Clerk) ,
,
.
,
. .
, .
(Clerk of Courts), .
(Department of Law), , .
- , . , - ( ) -_________________________________

. , , ,
. .

136

,
.
-, , . , - . - -
. -
, .
,
, . , . (Portland City Council), ,
. ,
. .
(
). . , ( )
, , -,
, , , , .
, , , .
, , ,
, , , . , , , - .
, 911, ,
, .
, ; , .
, , , , 137

, , , ,
(!), . , 2007 , , , , ,
, .
, , ,
, .
(Metropolitan planning
organizations), , . .
(Portland metropolitan area), 25 . ,
, , . . 1977
.
, ( , ) .
(chief operating officer),
, 1600 .
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
, ,
.
-
(Metropolitan Council), , , .
, , . , (Mid-America Regional
138

Council (MARC), -
.
,
.
. Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG)
, , .
, . 1973 . . District of Columbia Home Rule
Act .
, ( ,
Superior Court of the District of Columbia, District of Columbia Court of Appeals). (Council of the District of Columbia) 13
, , . , ,
, , - , .
, ,
. , - ( ) St. Louis County Municipal League. Missouri Municipal League. National League of Cities, National Association of
Counties, National Association of Towns and Townships, Association of
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United States Conference of Mayors, International City / County Management
Association .. , , , (Mayors Against Illegal Guns).
(housing authority), New York City Housing Authority
Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles. . 139

-
(Alphonso Jackson)
-, , .

(New England town)
(, -, ,
, - ) (town). ,
,
, - . . .
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Town Meeting, ,
Representative Town Meeting,
.
, (Board of selectmen) - , . , , - (town
manager).
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, , . (village),
.
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.
unincorporated incorporated, ..
, - . 140

(town) .
( ) , -, , 55 .
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). ( ) , -, board of trustees village president. , ,
.
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supervisor).
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,
, , , .

(Special-purpose district)

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(Forest Preserve District) . , , .
. 35000 , .

, .
(board),
.
,
.
(Houston Independent School District),
141

. 300 , 200 . .
(Board of Education) (trustees),
. ,
. (superintendent of schools), . , .

(Civil Air Patrol)
(auxiliary) -
(United States Air Force, USAF). 1941
. .
(,
2007 ), , . (
, , ..) .
11 ,
. -
.

(National Commander), .
, , , .
, . , . .
,

.
, , , ,
JROTC (. ).
(United States Coast Guard
Auxiliary)
, 143

. 1939 . , , , .
, , , , ,
, ..

,
. .
17 , ,
, -, ( ..).
. (National Commodore) .
,
United States Merchant Marine 465 69 000 Military Sealift
Command, Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force,
Special Missions, Prepositioning Sealift. Merchant Marine
, , . . Military Sealift
Command , ,
. National Defense Reserve
Fleet United States Navy reserve fleets,
, , .
, , Minuteman Project Inc Minuteman Civil Defense
Corps. , , .
.
(United States Army Reserve)
. , ,
144

(, ) .
.

.
. , ,
(Air Force Reserve Command, United States Navy Reserve, Marine
Forces Reserve, United States Coast Guard Reserve).
(United Service Organizations)
,
, . , .
130 , .
,
,
.
(United States Military
Academy). -. - ,
1802 . , . , : ,
, , , (Medal of Honor), .. . .
.

: , (United States Naval Academy); - (United States Air Force Academy); (United States Coast Guard Academy) ;
145

(United States
Merchant Marine Academy), United States
Merchant Marine, ,
, ,
.
- (Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences),
,
Public Health Service (. ).
(Defense Language Institute). . (25 ) ,
.

Reserve Officer Training Corps, ROTC.
. (Senior Military College), ROTC
. ROTC , , , ,
.. North Georgia
College and State University; Norwich University; Texas A&M University; The
Citadel The Military College of South Carolina; Virginia Military Institute;
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
(Military junior college)
, , .
.
Wentworth Military Academy,
Georgia Military College, Marion Military Institute, New Mexico Military
Institute, Valley Forge Military Academy and College.
, , , . ROTC .
, .
, ,
, 146

,
.
, - (Staff college) , U.S. Army War College, Naval
War College, Air University ..
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) .
,
JROTC. JROTC
, , ,
, , .
JROTC . JROTC .
,
(Uniformed services of the United States),
, , , , ,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (. ).

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(public school), (private
school) (homeschooling).
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), .
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boards), .
, , .
(magnet school), ( ).
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. (parochial
147

schools), (non-profit independent schools) (for-profit

private schools).
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(middle junior high school), (high
senior high school). , .
. combined junior senior high school. , , , .
12 , , (primary education) (secondary education),
K-12. high school diploma.
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. (undergraduate study), , . (Bachelor of
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Philosophy (B.Phil.)). (Bachelor of Architecture
Degree, B. Arch).
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, , . ( Doctor of Philosophy, Ph. D.; Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of
Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Doctor of
Jurisprudence).
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. ) ( , ).
(state university system). , University of
Wyoming, , University of California California State
University, 148

, .
,
, Texas A&M University System , (Texas A&M
University Texarkana ..).
California State University. (Board of Trustees) 25 .
. ex officio . ,
, , ,
. (Chancellor) , . ,
(
) .
, University of California , .
(, )
(provost) .
. - .
(endowment), ,
.
, , , , .
, .
.
, . community college, , ,
associate degree . . , City University of New York,
. State University of New York,
. , - (community college district).
Los Angeles Community College District.
(Board of Trustees), , .
.

149

, , . (
) , . (constables) , , ()
. . ,
. , (New York City Police Department) 36 . ,
, , ,
..
(state police). , , Highway
Patrol, State Highway Patrol ..
. , New York State Police 4600 (.
New York City Police Department ).
(law enforcement agency),
, (State bureau of investigation)
, .

(Department of Public Safety), . , (game warden) ..
.

, Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey Police Department
.

(Department of Correction), .
(.
). -, New York City
Department of Correction 13 . , 9500 1400 . New
York State Department of Correctional Services ,
63 . 31 . , 23 . .
,
(- 150

), alcoholic beverage authorities. , ,

Colorado Liquor Enforcement Division, Kentucky Office of Alcoholic Beverage
Control, California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control. - , -, , , Motor-Fuel, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax
(MATT) Regulatory Division .
.
.

29.12.2008

800 .

101990, , . , 20
.: (495) 621 33 13, 623 40 56
: (495) 623 28 58