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[323/324+351/352](73)
66.2(7)+67.401(7)
86
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86 / .. . .: ,
2009. 152 .
ISBN 978-5-903135-05-9
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[323/324+351/352](73)
66.2(7)+67.401(7)
ISBN 978-5-903135-05-9
, 2009
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MARAD). (National
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42
(Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration). 2004
, . (National Pipeline Mapping System).
(Surface Transportation Board). (Interstate Commerce
Commission) . , . .
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2006 $ 61,1 .
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2003 , 2008 ), , , . ( 18)
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Enterprise Zone. .
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45
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2004 $ 59,7 .
46
(Department of Health and Human Services, HHS,)
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1953 .
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Families).
(Administration on Aging).
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Corps) , . 6000
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2006 $ 73,2 .
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2004 13 , 12 ,
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(Postmaster General),
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States Office of Special Counsel). .
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index). , ,
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Banks Funding Corporation), .
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Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, Farmer Mac), (government sponsored enterprise) .
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of the United States). 1934
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Commission).
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Safety Board). , . . ( ),
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, , .
(Chemical
Safety and Hazard Investigation Board). . (
), .
(National Transportation Safety Board). ,
, , . . , . ( )
.
(National Science Foundation). ( . 68
). 20% . ,
, , .
, , . 10 . .
(, ) (, ). ,
24 .
(National Endowment for the
Humanities).
. ,
, , ,
. 26 .
(National Endowment for the Arts). (
) . ,
,
(National Council on the Arts) 14 ,
. , .
(United States
Commission of Fine Arts). 1910 ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
. , ( !)
.
(Advisory Council on Historic Preservation).
69
. , .
20 . , ( ), , ,
, , , , .
, ,
(National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers)
(Chairman of the
National Trust for Historic Preservation).
(National Gallery of Art). , 1938 . - , ,
(, ..).
(Institute of Museum and
Library Services). , . , , , , .
.
(National Commission on Libraries and Information Science).
.
. .
(Inter-American Foundation).
. , .
70
, . ,
, .
, .
(National Capital
Planning Commission).
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
,
, (
, ),
.
(Broadcasting Board of Governors).
.
. - , (Voice of
America). ( ), .
.
(Tennessee Valley Authority, TVA).
,
1933 . , .. . ( , , , , , , )
, , . 29 , 17 . 45 ,
. .
, , ,
. 71
( ),
. , .
,
. , TVA 19411946
TVA. 1933 ,
1946- .
, TVA
(. ).
(Appalachian Regional Commission,
ARC). 13 ,
( ) .
, . , , ,
, .
, .
(Appalachian Development Highway System).
13 . ( ) , (
). ,
,
. , .
, 13 ,
.
(Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation).
.
.
1920- , 1960- . ,
1971 , . 72
46 .
- , . 25 . , (commuter services), 61 .
(
Amtrak Express).
Thruway Motorcoach,
, .
, , ,
. $1 . (Amtrak Police) . ,
. . , , , Southern Railway, .
1982 , , , . 11
, .
(Amtrak Customer Advisory Committee) 23
, .
.
(Commission on
Security and Cooperation in Europe).
1976 .
, , , .
.
(Interagency Council
on Homelessness). 13 ( ), . . 73
, , . , ,
, . , .
(Access Board).
. ,
, ..
.
, , .
, , .
, .
(The White House Commission
on Remembrance). ,
; ( ); , ; . 18
. , .
.
(International Boundary
and Water Commission). , 1889
. , .
. ,
74
, , .
, ,
300 . .
(Federal Maritime Commission).
. (, , ..), , , .
( ), . : ,
.
(Arctic Research Commission).
. , 15
. (
), . , , . ,
.
(National Ice Center).
, , . - , .
(SLM Corporation, Sallie Mae).
1972 , 19972004 , .
,
, .
10 .
(Legal Services Corporation). , , .
75
$300 . , .
11 (
), . , ( 32 !),
.
(Smithsonian Institution).
- . XIX
- (James Smithson).
, .
, .
(Chancellor) , 17 , ( -). (Secretary) .
(Smithsonian Police), Smithsonian.
(United States Institute of Peace). , , , , . ,
.
.
(Federal Advisory Committees),
Federal Advisory Committee Act. ,
.
.
(Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, FASAB).
FASAB Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990.
, -
76
.
- , . . FASAB
(Accounting and Auditing Policy Committee, AAPC)
, FASAB. , FASAB , ,
AAPC.
: (Governmental Accounting
Standards Board, GASB) (Governmental Accounting
Standards Advisory Council GASAC). (Financial Accounting Foundation,
FAF),
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Accounting Standards Advisory Council, FASAC).
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(Office of Inspector General)
. , , ..
.
(General counsel) .
,
General counsel , .
.
77
(Congress)
(Congress). 1774 , 12 13
. 1789 , .
, ,
(Senate) (House of Representatives). . .
, . , ( , ) :
1) (Joint Session)
, (State of the Union Address), - ;
2) (Joint Meetings)
, ;
3)
(
), (Formal Joint
Gatherings).
. - . -
.
.
.
.
78
,
. ( 2000
35 000). (Standing committee)
. , ,
.
, ,
. . , (Conference committee) . , ,
. , .
, , ,
, , , ,
. . , 10 ( ).
,
(Pocket veto).
, (, ,
..), , , , . , .
. ( ), , . ,
(Select Special committee).
, .
79
, ,
.
.
(Congressional Budget Office).
1974 .
pro tempore .
, , .
(Library of Congress).
, . . 1800 . (Librarian of Congress), . , , , , ,
.
(Congressional Research Service) , , . - (Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of
Congress). , -
19911992 .
(Government Printing Office). . , . (Code of Federal Regulations), (United States Statutes at Large), (United
States Code), (Federal Register),
(Congressional Record).
. (United
States Government Manual) .
(Public Printer of the United States), .
81
83
,
. ,
,
(Majority Staff Director) (Minority Staff
Director). .
, .
(National Drought Task Force),
(The
National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare), (Commission on
Servicemembers and Veterans Transition Assistance), (Trade deficit review commission).
( ),
(congressionally chartered organization)
.
, (The Paralyzed Veterans of America), (National Safety Council), (Vietnam Veterans of America), (Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States),
(Boy Scouts of America), (Girl Scouts of the
USA).
(Senate)
. , . 50
100 .
30 ,
,
. , ,
, 30 . . 1934 85
, 29.
, .
1913 .
.
. .
,
. , .. . .
, , ,
. , . , , .
,
, ,
. ( ).
.
150 . . , .
,
. -, , -, , , -,
, -,
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, -, .
, - .
, .
(senior) (junior). , . ,
. ( )
.
, , , , .
86
-
, , , ,
, -.
- . ,
.
pro tempore (President pro
tempore) . ,
- . , pro tempore . .
pro tempore , - .
pro tempore (Deputy President pro tempore),
- , .
,
pro tempore .
.
pro tempore , pro tempore
(President pro tempore emeritus).
(Senate Majority Leader) (Senate Minority
Leader).
. , - Majority Whip Minority Whip, . 1969 Assistant party leaders. , , - .
(Senate Democratic Caucus).
(),
- . (Senate Republican Conference). , ().
-.
.
87
.
(Committee on Armed Services). , ,
. 1816 .
, (Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs). , , , , , .
(Committee on the Budget). , 1974 . , .
. . .
, (Committee on Commerce,
Science and Transportation). ,
,
.
(Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources). ,
, , .
(Committee on
Environment and Public Works). .
(Committee on Finance). 1815 .
200 , . ,
, , Medicare Medicaid, ,
.
(Committee on Foreign Relations). , 1816 . ,
, , , .
, ,
(Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions). 89
, ( , , , . ).
, , ,
.
(Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs). ,
, ; : , , , .
(Committee on Indian Affairs). 1820 . ,
.
(Committee on the Judiciary).
1816 . .
(Committee on Rules and
Administration). , ,
. ,
.
(Committee on
Small Business and Entrepreneurship).
.
(Committee on Veterans' Affairs). , .
.
(Special Committee on Aging).
Medicare, ,
.
(Select Committee on Ethics). , .
.
(Select Committee on Intelligence).
, .
90
(House of Representatives)
, .. , , 10 . ,
53 ,
(, , , , , ) .
(Member-At-Large).
. , . , , . 435 .
1911 .
: , ()
(Delegate to Congress), . ,
. - - (Resident Commissioner) ,
, .
25 , ( !), .
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
1980 2002 .
(Speaker), ,
, . -.
,
- (Presiding officer). , , .
91
(steering
committee), , .
,
.
,
, - .
(Majority Leader), . Majority Whip. (Minority Leader), Minority Whip. , ,
, , . 2006 (
435), .
. , (Filibuster), , .. , . (
, .)
, . , , , , .
( ) ,
, , . XIX .
- .
. ( ) , , . , ,
.
92
.
(United States House Committee on
Agriculture). ( 1820 ), . . , , , .
.
(Committee on Appropriations).
.
.
, ,
.
(Committee on Armed Services). .
1822 .
(Committee on the Budget). , ,
. (Congressional Budget
Resolution). .
,
,
, . . , 1 .
(Committee on Education and Labor). , , ,
.
(Committee on Energy and Commerce).
, 1795 .
.
.
(Committee on Financial Services). , , . , , .
(Committee on Foreign Affairs). ,
93
.
(Committee on Homeland Security).
, .
(Committee on House Administration). , - , ,
..
(Committee on the Judiciary). . , .
.
(Committee on Natural Resources). ,
, ,
, ..
(Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform). 1816
. .
, ,
.
(Committee on Rules). , .
1789
, . ,
. .
(Committee on Science and Technology).
. ,
, .
(Committee on Small Business).
.
(Committee on
Standards of Official Conduct). .
, 94
,
, .
(Committee on Transportation
and Infrastructure). .
(Committee on Veterans' Affairs). .
(Committee on Ways and Means).
. , , .
. 1789 .
-.
(Committee of the Whole). ( ), .
, ,
. ,
435 , . , - .
(Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ).
(Courts)
,
(
, ). ,
, . , .. . ( ) : , . ,
, .
, . , .
95
(United States district court)
,
. 91
, -.
. (United States
territorial courts) , , () , , , 10 , , .
,
. -
.
. 100 . 65
(senior judge), , , ,
.
(magistrate judges), ( ) , ,
.
,
, .
,
,
, , () , . , , ,
(supplemental jurisdiction).
,
, ,
,
(Bankruptcy Appellate
96
Panel). 1, 6, 8, 9, 10- .
(Chief Judge).
,
65 ,
, . 70 ,
. 1948 , , .
. , , , .
,
, .
.
.
(bankruptcy court), 94 . , ( ). 14 .
(United States court of appeals)
13 (courts of appeals circuit courts).
, . , , -, , - .
, , .
28 , , , , , , , , , , , .
- ( !),
, .
97
,
, , , .
,
, . .
(Federal Rules of Appellate Procedur).
, , , .
(Chief Judge),
, . , .
,
. , , ,
.
, . , ,
. , ,
, .
.
, . , , , .
(United
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit)
(United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit). , ( ), ,
,
. ,
.
. (District of Columbia Court of Appeals), , 98
, .
, 1982 , , . , , ,
,
, , , , c $ 10 000.
50 , .
(Supreme Court of the United States)
,
. , (Supreme
Court building) . (Chief Justice of the United States) (associate justices).
. ,
, .
.
,
.
, , ,
.
1803 , (Marbury vs
Madison). , , . ,
, ,
, . ,
, , .
. , .. , , 99
.
(certiorari), .. .
7500 , 150. (Cert pool). (Rule of four) ( , ). (
) (special
master), .
.
, ( , ) .
, .
. ( , .)
.
. ,
, . .
, , , (plurality opinion). (
, )
, .
, ,
(concurring opinion) .
, ,
(United States Reports) . (Reporter of Decisions).
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
1987 .
100
.
. ,
(retired associate justice) , . ( ), .
.
, , -.
, , , , . , ,
, .
, , . , ,
, . , , 1801 1835 ,
, . , . , .
(Clerk of the Supreme Court).
.
(court clerk), , (law
clerk), ,
. ( ) ,
( ). . .
(Marshal of the Supreme Court) (Supreme Court Police), , 101
. .
(Judicial Conference of the United States)
,
. . , ,
.
(Federal Judicial Center)
. , , .
, , . , .
(Administrative Office of the United States Courts)
, . (
), ,
, .
.
(U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System)
, 102
( ), . , ,
. , . .
(Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation)
,
. , .
(United States Sentencing Commission)
1984
.
(Federal Sentencing Guidelines).
( ),
. .
, - ,
- .
,
(United States Court of International
Trade). , -.
,
. ( ), . . ,
, .
(United States
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, FISA court). 1978 103
(Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act, FISA).
, ,
. ( , ), , .
.
11 ,
. , . .
20 .
, 72 .
(United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review).
,
.
, . 11 2001 .
(administrative law judge), 30
, .
,
(United States Tax Court).
. , ,
,
.
15 . (Chief Judge).
. , ,
(special trial judges), (Chief Special Trial Judge). . 104
$ 50 000,
( ). , .
(United States Court of Federal Claims).
, , , ,
, , , , ,
. $ 10
000 .
( ) 90
.
. . . ( )
15 . (special
masters) , . .
(Civilian Board of
Contract Appeals). , 2007 Board of Contract Appeals .
, , , , . , (Alternative Dispute Resolution),
. 18 ( - ), .
(United States Court of Appeals for
Veterans Claims).
. , 15 . .
,
.
105
. , , . (state) - . , , ..
,
. ,
, (Commonwealths) , , , . , , . , , .
, , .
, . , , ; -
-; , , ; - , -
, .. , , , , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, , .
, ( ,
), .
(Governor)
. . ,
, ,
, , , ,
107
, ,
.
.
,
-, .
. (, -, , , , ,
, , , , -, , , ), , (: 12 ,
16 , ,
,
, 16,
).
, , , , - ,
.
, , , 30
. .
, , - . , ,
, . , 32 , ,
. , , , , , .
. .
- .
, .
(nonpartisan blanket primary jungle primary) ,
108
, ( 50% ).
, 2003 . ,
, ,
.
, , .
1996 .
. .
43 (line-item veto),
.
, ,
, mansion. ,
- New York State Executive Mansion
, ,
. . .
, , . ,
,
( -),
. , , , .
. , , , ..
, .
(cabinet) (staff).
,
. ,
, , .
, , . (Chief of Staff)
(offices): (Intergovernmental Relations),
109
(Legal Counsel),
(Legislative and Policy), (Press), (Governor's Office in Washington, DC).
24 .
,
, ,
, .
, , , : , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , .
, ,
. (agency).
, (departments) .
, , (Business,
Transportation & Housing Agency) 13 ,
, ( Caltrans), , ,
, , .
(Environmental Protection Agency,
Cal/EPA) ,
, .
(trustee) . (, )
,
, ( ..) .
, .
(, , 110
)
(boards) (commissions), , . , 3000 .
, , , ,
, , . ,
. . ,
(Wyoming Animal Euthanasia Technician Certification Board),
(Governor's Domestic Violence
Elimination Council), (Wyoming Board of
Geographic Names).
. (Department of Food and Agriculture),
(State Board of Food and Agriculture). 15 (
), . , , , , , .
. (Acupuncture Board), (Department of Consumer
Affairs), ,
. ,
, .
, , (Executive Council, Governor's Council),
, -, , . -.
,
(
). .
, , $ 5000, ,
111
.
. , , .
(Governor's
Council) -, ex officio .
, ,
, . (Board of Public Works). (), ,
(, ), , . (Florida Cabinet),
() , .
(Council of State) 10 ,
-, , , , , , , , .
,
( ,
, ..).
,
, . , 2007 ( !).
,
, , , , , - . , - , .
(National Governors Association)
, ,
.
(Center for Best Practices) 112
, . , .
, Republican Governors Association, Democratic Governors Association,
Southern Governors' Association, Western
Governors' Association ..
-
(Lieutenant Governor)
42 -, -
2009 . , , , , . , - . ,
- , .. , . - ,
. ,
, - .
- , , , . , , , -.
, 18 - (, ,
), .. , -. ,
. , - , , . -, .
- .
, , per se,
, , - . , -
.
113
, , , , . ,
. ,
; (
167 );
(Carpool); ; ; .. -
(Chairman of the Governor's Rural Affairs Council), (Chairman of Rural Bond Bank of Illinois),
(head of the Illinois Main Street
Program) (Chairman of the Illinois River Coordinating Council).
, .
, - ', - . , , . ,
.
- . ( -
1970 ) , ,
, . ,
(Legislative
Budget Board), (Legislative Council) . , -
Legislative Audit Committee,
Legislative Education Board, Cash Management Committee, Bond Review Board.
, , - , . , , - , . -, ,
, .
114
, -,
: , -, ,
,
.
Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Senate. , .
- National Lieutenant
Governors Association.
(State Attorney General)
. ,
.
. , ,
. . ,
.
.
, , , -, -, ,
,
, , ,
. , .
, . , , , , -
. ,
- . .
,
(National Association of Attorneys General), ,
115
, ,
(Conference of Western Attorneys General).
(Secretary of State)
(- Secretary of
the Commonwealth . ), , , -. ,
:
, ( , ..);
(Uniform
Commercial Code) ,
, ;
, ;
(notaries public).
. , ,
,
,
. ,
.
35 , ( ,
).
( ).
(National Association of Secretaries of State).
(State Treasurer)
, , . .
,
, , , .. ,
116
, .
, $ 17
. ,
$ 1 . ,
,
, ,
, .
, .
.
(State auditor)
Comptroller, State Auditor
and Inspector. .
, . ,
.
(.. ),
, ,
, . , .
, , ,
900 .
.
, -, , , . ,
, (Insurance
Commissioner) (State
Superintendent of Public Instruction).
(California Department of Insurance), , (, ,
).
1300 ,
.
117
. , , ,
, .
, - . ( ) , -.
. , 1998 ,
, (Chief financial officer).
. . , (Department of Motor Vehicles)
. ,
Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Division, Department of Transportation
.. ,
, Department of Safety, Department of
Justice, Department of Revenue. , ,
. , . , . , , ,
, ( ), .
(State Board of Elections). , . , ,
. ( , , -.)
, , . :
(State Ethics Commission),
(Board of Library Commissioners), 119
)
.
. XX
. 40%
. , , , , .
, 2005 .
, . -
- .
, (State defense
forces). ,
. .
25 -
Texas State Guard, Michigan Volunteer Defense Force, California State Military
Reserve .. - ,
, , ,
.
,
. (Naval militia), .
(. )
(Interstate compact), .
,
.
(Bi-State Development Agency),
- ,
.
(MetroLink), , , , , .
121
10 , , , ,
. ( ,
), , .
- - (Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey). - -. , , , , , ,
John F. Kennedy International Airport. World Trade Center site, ,
. Port Authority
Police Department, 1600 .
, .
(
). .
- Metropolitan
Transportation Authority (New York), .
, . .
.
. (Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission),
(Interstate Mining Compact
Commission),
(Interstate Environmental Commission), (Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin). , . , .
(Great Lakes Commission) , , .
, , , ,
, .
122
- (,
, ). (, -),
. .
, , , (. ).
, . , Driver License Compact (, )
. Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision
.
(State legislature)
, Legislature, State Legislature, General
Assembly, - General Court, Legislative Assembly. , ,
. 1934 . ()
(Senate), () (House of
Representatives), Assembly, State Assembly, General Assembly, House of Delegates.
,
.
, 12 .
, , .
. 1996, 1998 2002 .
.
1960- , .
, ,
.
, , .
.
, 56
123
12 , .
.
(Committee on Elections and Redistricting),
(Committee on Environmental Safety and Toxic Materials), (Committee on Local Government), , (Committee on Water, Parks and Wildlife)
,
(Senate Sunset Committee) .
(Majority
Floor Leader, Majority Whip ..), , , Chief Clerk, Sergeant at Arms
, , .
(Legislative Analyst's Office, LAO), , ,
.
(National Conference of State Legislatures).
,
, .
(State courts)
,
, . ,
, ( , ,
..).
, ,
( 9798%). 91% , 99%
.
, , (, 125
, , , , ..).
. (Courts of First Instance).
-, Circuit Court Superior Court. (judicial districts), , , .
420 . , . 177 Superior Courts, 90 Circuit Courts ( County Courts City/Town Courts!). , Superior
Courts Circuit Courts
, ,
. ,
, , , .
Superior Courts District Courts (
Municipal Courts Juvenile Courts), Superior Courts
.
, , -
, (court of law), (court of equity).
Court of Chancery.
(Intermediate Appellate Court). Court of Appeals. . , .
- . 11 , .
(Court of Last
Resort), ,
, ,
. Supreme Court, , , Court of Appeals.
(Texas Court of Criminal
126
Appeals, Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals) (Texas Supreme Court, Oklahoma Supreme Court).
Oklahoma Supreme Court , . ,
,
, Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. , Texas
Supreme Court (juvenile delinquency), .
, ( ). ,
(Court on Tax Review) (Workers'
Compensation Court).
Superior Court of the District of Columbia District of Columbia Court of
Appeals,
.
. 24 (8 ) . . . 14 , (The Missouri Plan), ,
.
.
Supreme Court of Illinois ( , , )
. 10 .
. ( ) .
Michigan Supreme Court , . 70 ,
.
Supreme Court of Virginia 12 .
Supreme Judicial Court
.
, .
: Appellate Judicial Commission,
, ,
127
(Local government)
. , (County) (Municipality). .
(County)
48 . (parish), (borough). ,
. 254 3 .
1600 2.
100 . 20%. 5 200 . ,
, - (
), 10 .
. . , -
. , , , , .
(. ).
, . , , , , , , , .
, , , ..
. (County
Executive), .
(County Council) , , . , 129
, . , , . . ,
.
.
, . -
(, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York), Law Department.
(Sheriff). .
.
, , , .
, , .
(deputy sheriffs). 12 , - 11 000.
(Coroner). , . ,
(subpoena). (Medical
Examiner), .
(Assessor).
. , , . , (Board
of Review), ,
.
(County clerk). ,
, , , . ,
.
(Recorder of deeds). ,
, .
,
..
131
(, ).
. ,
.. , . , , , . , .
, ,
. ,
. , . , . 54% .
consolidated city-county. , -, ,
. independent city, .. ,
- . ( ),
, .
single-tier municipality, .
, ( ) - ()
Unorganized Borough.
(Census tract).
10 Unorganized territory, , , .
(Municipality)
. (cities),
(towns) (villages).
.
.
132
. , , , , , .
,
, ,
( , )
. ,
.
, , .
towns,
cities. , city town .
, , , ,
. :
(mayor-council government), - (council-manager
government) (city commission government).
, , , .
(strong-mayor form).
, ( ).
,
, .
. , ,
, , , . , . .
(staff) (Deputy Mayor). , (. ). , ,
, , .
. 50 , 133
, , , . .
. -
. 70- -.
- . , , . -
Metropolitan municipality. - ,
.
- , . ,
. 51 , .
. -
(Comptroller) ,
(Public Advocate), , .
, - . .
(Independent Budget Office), , , , , -.
(Borough) (Borough President).
. , , , .
(districts), 59.
(Community Board),
, .
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