621. 3 (07)
. .
2001
621.3.011(075.8)
. . : . 77 .
. .
.
. 63, . 3.
1. , .
............................................................ 4
1.1. ................................................................................................ 4
1.2. ................................................................................. 10
1.3. ............................................................ 16
2. ................................................................................ 18
2.1. .............................................................................................. 18
2.2. ................................................................................. 21
2.3. ............................................................ 29
3. . 31
3.1. .............................................................................................. 31
3. 2. ................................................................................ 33
3.3. ............................................................ 49
4.
........................................................................................... 50
4. 1. ............................................................................................. 50
2. .................................................................................... 52
4.3. ............................................................ 60
5.
........................................................................................... 62
5. 1. ............................................................................................. 62
5. 2. ................................................................................ 64
5. 3. ........................................................... 77
1. , .
1.1.
,
.
.
u (t ) = u (t + T ) i (t ) = i (t + T ) .
, ( ), : f = 1 T . 1 , ().
:
u (t ) = U m sin(t + u ) , i (t ) = I m sin(t + i ) .
:
- u (t ) , i (t ) ,
- Um , Im ,
- = 2 / T = 2f ( ),
- u , i ,
- t + u , t + i , .
u (t ) , i (t ) t,
t , t (. 1.1).
u, i
u
i
Um I m
0
Um I
m
u
T = 2
. 1.1
4
3
2
= (t + u ) (t + i ) = u i
. . 1.1 u > 0, u > i > 0, = u i > 0, . . . .
, R
, , .
.
i (t )
1T 2
I=
i dt .
T 0
,
RT , :
T
I RT = Ri 2 dt .
2
,
I,
R , i (t ) .
i (t ) = I m sin t
I m2
I sin tdt = 2
0
2
m
I m2
(1 cos 2t )dt = 2 T .
0
I=
Im
.
2
u (t ) , . . . e(t )
:
U=
Um
E
; E= m.
2
2
, , . .
. ,
2I
2
2T2
T 2
I = I m sin tdt = m ( cos t ) 0 = I m .
T
T 0
u (t ) , . . . e(t ) :
2
2
U = U m ; E = Em .
k, k. , , i (t ) ,
:
ka =
Im
I
I
= 2 1,41 ; k =
= m
=
1,11.
I
I cp
2 2I m 2 2
i (t ) = I m sin(t + i )
R, L, C . 1.2
u R = Ri = RI m sin(t + i ) ;
di
= LI m sin(t + i + 90o ) ;
dt
t
1
1
u C = i ( ) d + u C ( 0 ) =
I m sin(t + i 90o ) .
C0
C
uL = L
uR
i
U R = RI ,
= u i = 0
U L = LI ,
uL
= u i =
uC
UR
UC =
1
I,
C
= u i =
UL
I
I
UC
. 1.2
R
. = 0 .
L
. = .
2
2
6
. = .
2
2
L 1 C [] X L :
X L = L
X C :
XC =
1
.
C
1 L C [ 1] BL :
BL =
1
.
L
BC :
BC = C .
R, L, C :
U R = RI ; I = GU R ;
U L = X L I ; I = BLU L ;
U C = X C I ; I = BCU C .
u = U m sin t (. 1.3) i = , i = I m sin(t ) .
R , L, C
IG
. 1.3
U R = U cos
.
, ,
U X = U sin
.
I G = I cos
.
7
UR
UX
IB
I
, ,
I G = I sin
.
:
U = U R2 + U X2 ; I = I G2 + I B2 .
:
1. Z:
Z=
U
,
I
2. R X :
UR
U
, X = X = X L X C ,
I
I
3. Y :
I
Y= ,
U
4. G B :
I
I
G = G , B = B = BL BC .
U
U
R =
(. 1.4) :
R = Z cos ; X = Z sin ; Z = R2 + X 2 ,
X B
1
1
=
;Z= ;Y= .
Y
Z
R G
G = Y cos ; B = Y sin ; Y = G2 + B2 ,
tg =
Y
. 1.4
,
(. 1.5).
i
u
. 1.5
. 1. 5
U , .
.
2
2
, u (t ) i (t ) ,
. :
1T
P = uidt =
T0
UmIm T
UmIm
=
sin
t
sin(
)
dt
=
T 0
2T
S = Pmax = UI ;
Q = UI sin
S Q .
S = P2 + Q2 .
k
:
k =
i
u
P
= cos .
S
[].
.
. 1.6.
[], [].
. 1.6
:
P = U R I = I 2 R = UI G = U 2G ;
Q = U X I = I 2 X = UI B = U 2 B ;
S = I 2 Z = U 2Y .
9
1.2.
u (t ) i (t ) . , .
, R (. 1.7, ).
f = 50 (. 1.7, ). , , R = 10 , L = 1,6
. u (t )
. 1.7, .
R = 0,1 . mu = 0,02 B
(0,02 ).
u RL , u R u L . u RL , u R u L .
1.1.
u RL
u
2A
)
. 1.7
. 1.7, 2 = 10
. Im i:
2 Amu 10 0,02
=
= 1 .
2 0,1
2 R
L
= 2f = 6,281000 = 6280 1
Im =
10
,
2 .
:
U
10
U R = mR =
= 7,07 ;
2
2
U
10
U L = mL =
= 7,07 ;
2
2
U RL =
U RL
UL
UR
2 7,07 = 10 .
. 1.8
. 1.8.
U mRL =
2 10 = 14,1 .
u = = arctg
UL
= (. . i = 0 ),
UR 4
u R (t ) ; u L (t ) ; u RL (t ) . 1.9.
B u
10
u RL
uR
uL
3
4
t
2
10
15
. 1.9
1.2.
uR
i
uC
. 1.10
11
. 1.10.
= 314 1:
1
10 6
=
=
= 40 .
C 314 79,62
Z = R 2 + X C2 = 30 2 + 40 2 = 50 .
:
U m 141
=
= 2,82 ;
Z
50
- R: U mR = RI m = 30 2,82 = 84,6 ;
- : U mC = X C I m = 40 2,82 = 112,8 .
u i
X
XC
40
= arctg = arctg
= arctg
= 53.
R
R
30
i u i = . ,
i = = 53.
- i : I m =
I=
Im
U
U
= 2 ; U R = mR = 60 ; U C = mC = 80 .
2
2
2
1.3
(. 1.5) :
U = 10 ; I = 2 ; = 30.
.
.
Z=
U
= 5 ;
I
12
. 1.10 i f1 = 500
f 2 = 1000 , , I1 = 1 I2 = 1,8 .
R ,
U = 100 B.
f1 f 2 :
Z1 =
U
U
; Z2 = .
I1
I2
. 1.10 :
2
1
1
; Z 22 = R 2 +
.
Z = R +
C
C
1
2
2
1
R
2
1
2
= Z12 ;
R +
1C
2
2 1
2
.
+
=
R
Z
2
C
Mathcad.
U
1.8
.
f1 f2.
.
R .
.
[Ctrl] =
RC
R .
R = 27, 9 , = 3,3 .
Given
2
1
1. C
1
2. C
R
R
RC
RC =
z1
z2
Find( R , C )
27.962
3.315 10
13
: R = 28 ; = 3,3 .
1.5
G = 0,011 1
= 0,016 1. U = 30 .
Y = G2 + B2 =
R 0,1 (1.11).
u, iL i, R = 430 ;
iL
iR
X L = 600 . , - u
. 1.11.
I R = 0,1 .
. 1.11
U = I R R = 0,1430 = 43 .
IL =
43
U
=
= 0,072 .
X L 600
1 1
1 1
3
1
=
Y = +
+
= 2,8610 .
430 600
R XL
14
I = YU = 2,8610 3 43 = 0,123 .
:
P = I R2 R = 4,3 ; Q = I L2 X L = 3,082 , S = UI = 5,29 .
P 2 + Q 2 = S 2 .
1.7
. 1.10 U C = 24 . u
i, = 12 ; R = 16 .
I=
U C 24
= = 2 .
X C 12
Z = R 2 + X C2 = 16 2 + 12 2 = 20 .
u
U = IZ = 2 20 = 40 .
1.8
(. 1.12).
:
iC
. 1.12
0,5 , U 100 , W 30 .
() ( < ). . .
: I = 0,5 , U = 100 . , , = 30 .
Z=
U 100
= 200 .
=
I
0,5
15
30
P
= 120 .
R = 2 =
0,25
I
) U
I
X = Z 2 R 2 = 200 2 120 2 =
= 160 .
IC
IC
I
>0
IC
I
<0
IC
. 1.13
( = X L , > 0 ).
, I < I .
. 1.13, . . 1.13, .
Y=
0,5
I
= 510 3 1 .
=
U 100
G =
30
P
= 310 3 1 .
=
2
2
U
100
B = Y 2 G2 = 25 10 6 9 10 6 = 410 3 1 .
,
(. 1.4). ,
R G X B
=
= .
Z Y
Z Y
,
G =
R 120
X 160
1
3
B
10
;
=
=
=
3
=
= 410 3 1.
2
2
2
2
Z
200
Z
200
1.3.
4. . .
5. . ?
6. ()?
?
7. . ? .
8. , ?
9. .
10. ,
?
11. , ?
12.
?
13. R = 1000
L = 0,12 . U R = 10 . f = 1000 .
.
14. R = 160
= 120 .
U = 20 .
15. i .
1.14, , , . U = 100 , R = 80 , X L = 100 , X C = 60 .
XL
XC
)
R
XL
XC
. 1.14
16. (. 1.5) :
U = 10 ; I = 2 ; = 30.
.
17
2.
2.1.
. ,
i (t ) = I m sin(t + i )
i = I m e j ( t +i ) = I m e ji e jt = I m cos(t + i ) + jI m sin(t + i ) .
i (t ) :
i (t ) = Im[I m e j ( t +i ) ] .
j
I&m = I m e i
,
I&
I& = m = Ie ji
2
.
, . . ., , . .
, u (t ) = U m sin(t + u ) . . . e(t ) = Em sin(t + e )
u = U m e j u e j t , e = E m e j e e j t ,
j
j
U& m = U m e u , E& m = Em e e
U& = Ue ju , E& = Ee je .
() j :
d
(I m sin(t + i ) ) = I m sin(t + i + 2)
dt
j t
I m e e
j i
= j I m e j t e j i = j i .
() j :
1
(
)
I
sin(
t
+
)
=
I m sin(t + i 2)
i
m
j
I
I
i
m e j t e j i e 2 = m e j t e j i =
.
j
j
18
:
e j = cos j sin .
j
j
1
= : e 2 = j , e 2 = j = .
2
j
2.1.
2.1
uR
uL
u R = RI m sin(t + i )
u L = LI m sin(t + i + )
2
U& R = I&R
uC
uC =
&
j
I m sin(t + i ) U& = I = jX I& = X I&e 2
C
C
C
C
2
j C
(. 2. 1, ),
:
U& Ue ju
Z = = ji = Ze j ( u i ) = Ze j = Z cos + jZ sin = R + jX ,
I&
Ie
I&
Ie ji
j ( u i )
Y= =
=
Ye
= Ye j = Y cos jY sin = G jB .
j
u
&
U Ue
, R X (. 2. 1, ), G B (. 2. 1, ). > 0.
19
I&
I&
U&
I&
jX
U&
U&
jB
. 2.1
2.2 .
2.2
I&
I&
Z1
I&
Z L = jL = jX L = X L e
Z1
I&
I&
ZR = R
j
1
ZC = j
== jX C = X C e 2
C
Z2
Z = Z1 + Z 2
Z2
Z=
Z1Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
:
1. U& = Z I& ,
2. I&k = 0 (
k
k ),
3.
U& l = E& l
l
l ),
j i
20
S EJ = S Z , PEJ = PZ , QEJ = QZ ,
l
S EJ , PEJ , QEJ ,
. . . , S Z , PZ , QZ , Z . .
. . . E& J&
, 2.3.
2.3
I&
I&
E&
E&
S = E& I
S = E& I
J&
J&
U&
U&
S = U&J
S = U&J
S Z = U& Z I = Z I&I = Z I 2 = I 2 R + jI 2 X ,
U& Z Z .
2.2.
2.1
u = 14,1sin(100t 30o ) . . ?
- u = 14,1e j (100t 30 ) ,
o
- U& m = 14,1e j 30 ,
- U& = U& m
2 = 10e j 30 .
2.2
I& = 3 + j 4 .
i(t).
21
+j
(. 2.2). :
I& = 3 + j 4 = (3 j 4) .
I&
i
+1
o
o
I&m = 2 I& = 2 5e j126,87 = 7,07e j126,87 .
+4
. 2.2
o
i = Im[I&m e jt ] = Im[7,07e j126,87 e jt ] = 7,07 sin(t + 126,87 o ) .
Mathcad 1j,
1 .
.
i
I
3 j .4
i I =5
Im
2. I
Im = 7.071
i arg( i)
i = 2.214
i
arg( i) .
i .
i ( ).
.
i .
180
i .
i = 126.87
2.3
:
u = 100 sin 314t ; i = 0,2 sin 314t + 53o .
.
o
100
0,2 j 53o
U& =
= 70,71 ; I& =
e
= 0,141 e j 53 .
2
2
Z=
o
U& 70,71 j 53o
=
e
= 501,5 e j 53 = 300,9 j 399,3 ;
I& 0,141
22
o
I& 0,141 j 53o
=
e
= 1,99410 3 e j 53 = 1,20410 3 + j 1.59710 3 1.
U& 70,71
C
iL
i
2.4
Y=
. 2.3 U = 100 .
,
X = 20 , R = 80 , XL = 60 . .
.
iR
. 2.3
U& = U = 100 .
:
- : Z 1 = j X = j 20 ; Z 2 = R = 80 ; Z 3 = j XL = j 60 ,
- 2-3: Z 23 =
o
80 j 60
Z2Z3
=
= 28.8 + j 38.4 = 48 e j 53,1 ,
Z 2 + Z 3 80 + j 60
o
U&
100
j 32 , 6o
.
I& = =
o = 2,466 j 1,575 = 2,926 e
Z 34,176e j 32, 6
2-3
o
o
o
U& 23 = I& Z 23 = 2,926 e j 32,6 48 e j 53,1 = 140,45 e j 20,5 .
I&R
I&L
o
o
U& 23 140,45e j 20,5
=
=
= 1.756 e j 20,5 ;
Z2
80
o
o
U& 23 140,45e j 20,5
=
=
= 2,341 e j 69,5 .
Z3
j 60
:
I = 2,926 ; I R = 1,756 ; I L = 2,341 .
.
o
S U = U&I = 1002,926 e j 32,6 = 246,6 + j 157,5 ;
U = 246,6 ; QU = 157,5 .
23
90 I& . I&R ,
. 2.4
I&L 90 U& 23 .
2.5
. 2.5 C2 i2
, 1i
2
L
1
R
3
u12 u34.
1 i1
a
i3
i4
U = 220 B.
u12
C3
: R1 = 91 ; R3 =
u
b
R4
u34
510 ; R4 = 820 .
R3
: X1 = L1 = 240 ;
4
X2 = 1/ C2 = 150 ;
. 2.5
X3 = 1/ C3 = 190 .
.
. 2.5.
U& = U = 220 B .
:
o
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1 = 91 + j 240 = 256,67e j 69 ;
o
Z 2 = jX 2 = j150 = 150e j 90 ;
o
Z 4 = R4 = 820 .
R1 L1 2 ,
Z 12 =
o
Z1Z 2
= 125 j 273,6 = 300,8e j 65,4 .
Z1 + Z 2
R3 C3 R4 ,
Z 34 =
o
Z3Z4
= 324,5 j 70,78 = 332,18e j 37 ,5 .
Z3 + Z4
&
100
j 37 , 4o
&I = U =
.
o = 0,39 e
Z 566,3e j 37 ,4
:
o
o
U& 12 = I& Z 12 = 116,86e j 28 ; U& 34 = I& Z 34 = 129,05e j 25 .
:
o
o
U&
U&
I&1 = 12 = 0,46e j 97 ,2 , I&2 = 12 = 0,78e j 62 ,
Z1
Z2
o
o
U&
U&
I&3 = 34 = 0,24e j 45,6 , I&4 = 34 = 0,16e j 25 .
Z3
Z4
Mathcad .
R1
X3
rgd
u
91 R3 510 R4
190 U 220
180
820 X1
240 X2
150
z1 R1 j . X1 Z1
z1
1 rgd. arg( z1)
Z1 = 256.67 1 = 69.235
z1 = 91 + 240i
.
z2
j X2
Z2
z2
2 rgd. arg( z2)
z2 = 150i
Z2 = 150
2 = 90
.
z3 R3 j X3 Z3
z3
3 rgd. arg( z3)
3 = 20.43
z3 = 510 190i Z3 = 544.24
z4 R4
z4 = 820
.
z1 z2
Z12
z12 12 rgd. arg( z12)
z12
z1 z2
z12 = 124.99 273.62i Z12 =300.8 12 = 65.45
25
.
.
12 34.
z3. z4
Z34
z34 34 rgd. arg( z34)
z3 z4
z34 = 324.55 70.78i Z34 = 332.18 34 = 12.3
z z12 z34 rgd. arg( z) Z
z
Z = 566.3 z = 449.54 344.4i = 37.46
u
I
i
i rgd. arg( i)
i
z
i = 0.31 + 0.24i I = 0.39 i = 37.46
u12 i. z12 U12
u12 u12 rgd. arg( u12)
u12 = 103.19 54.85i U12 = 116.86
u12 = 27.99
u34 i. z34 U34
u34 u34 rgd. arg( u34)
u34 = 116.81 + 54.85i U34 = 129.05
u34 = 25.15
u12
I1
i1 i1 rgd. arg( i1)
i1
z1
i1 = 0.06 0.45i I1 = 0.46 i1 = 97.23
u12
I2
i2
i2 rgd. arg( i2)
i2
z2
i2 = 0.37 + 0.69i I2 = 0.78 i2 = 62.01
u34
I3
i3 i3 rgd. arg( i3)
i3
z3
i3 = 0.17 + 0.17i I3 = 0.24 i3 = 45.59
u34
I4
i4 i4 rgd. arg( i4)
i4
z4
i4 = 0.14 + 0.07i I4 = 0.16 i4 = 25.15
z34
.
i.
u12 u34 .
.
U
o
S U = U&I = 220 0,39e j 37 , 4 = 67,85 j 51,98 . I = Ie ji
. PU = 67,85 ,
QU = 51,98 . .
S Z = I12 Z 1 + I 22 Z 2 + I 32 Z 3 + I 42 Z 4 =
= 0,462 ( 91+j 240) + 0,782 ( j 150) + 0,242(510 j 190) + 0,162820 =
= 67,85 j51,98 .
.
26
U&1a ; U& a 2 ;
i1. j . X1
i1. R1
u1a = 108.4
ua2 = 5.21
13.75i
41.1i
. 2.6.
I&4
I&3
I&1
+j
I&
+1
b
I&2
2
3
. 2.6
2.6
. 2.7 i1 i2.
. . . e(t ) = 12 sin 314t ; R = 47 ;
e(t )
i
. 2.7. . . . E& m = 12 .
= 314 1:
2
R
2
i1
. 2.7
1
10 6
= j
= j 4.68110 4 ,
- 12 Z 1 = j
C
314 0,068
3
- 13 Z 2 = R = 4710 ,
1
10 6
- 23 Z 3 = j
= j
= j 4.68110 4 .
C
314 0,068
27
3
Z
i2
. 2.7 , .
Z 1 ; Z 2 ; Z 3
(. 2.8).
:
Z 12
Z1Z 2
Z Z
Z Z
; Z 13 = 1 3 ; Z 23 = 2 3 ,
d
d
d
d = Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 ,
e(t )
Z 12 =
Z 13
Z 23
R
2
i1
i2
. 2.8
R
= 1,4110 4 j 1.869 10 4 ,
2
Z 02 = Z 23 + Z = 3,0810 4 + j 1.56 10 4 ,
Z Z
Z 0 = 01 02 = 1.66 10 4 j 6,76 10 3 .
Z 01 + Z 02
Z 01 = Z 13 +
:
o
E& m
= 0,308 e j 24,5 ;
Z 12 + Z 0
o
o
Z
Z
I&1m = I&m 0 = 0,236 e j 55, 4 ; I&2 m = I&m 0 = 0,16 e j 24, 4 .
Z 01
Z 02
I&m =
Mathcad .
12 f 50 2. . f = 314.159
3
6
3
3
R 47. 10 C 0.068. 10 z 12. 10 j . 25. 10
em Em
Em
z1
j
z2
.C
R z3
4
z1 = 4.681 10 j
j
.C
4
z2 = 4.7 10
z1 z2 z3
z1. z2
z1. z3
z2. z3
z12
z13
z23
d
d
d
R
4
4
z01 = 1.412 10
1.869 10 j
z01 z13
2
z23 z
. . .
.
z3 = 4.681 10 j
z02
.
.
28
z0
im
z01. z02
z01 z02
em
z0 = 1.663 10
6.761 10 j
+ 1.282 10 j
im = 2.804 10
z12 z0
Im
im Im. 1000 = 0.308
180 .
im
arg( im) im = 24.567 u0m
u0m
i1m. 1000 = 0.134 + 0.194j
i1m
z01
I1m
i1m I1m. 1000 = 0.236
180 .
i1m
arg( i1m) i1m = 55.39
u0m
i2m. 1000 = 0.146 0.066j
i2m
z02
I2m
i2m I2m. 1000 = 0.16
180 .
i2m
arg( i2m) i2m = 24.405
im. z0
2.3.
1. u = 10 sin(100t + 90o ) . .
?
2. I&m = 80 j 60 . I&m . .
?
3. I& = 0,05 j 0.087
o
U& = 200e j 30 .
. ?
4. (. 1.5) : U =
10 ; I = 2 ; = 30. .
5. :
u = 100 sin 314t + 90o ; i = 0,2 sin 314t + 53o .
. ?
6. Z Y
. 1.14.
29
7.
L
i2
i
. 2.9. U = 100 , R = X L = X C = 10 .
i1
C
- U
R
U RC
. .
.
8. . 2.9
a b
i
(. 2.10), u 100 , R = 20 ,
R
R
X L = 2 X C = 10 .
u ab
. - u
b
.
XL
9. . 2.11
XC
i1
i2
.
10. . 2.10
, , .
11. ?
12. ?
R1
R1
C
u
R2
R2
L
R3
C
. 2. 11
13. R , L . .
14. ?
15. ?
16. ?
17.
. 2.11.
30
3.
3.1.
Y 11 ; Y 22 ; Y 33 , , Y 12 = Y 21 ; Y 23 = Y 32 ; Y 13 = Y 31
, J&11 ; J& 22 ; J&33 .
Z 11 ; Z 22 ; Z 33 ,
Z 12 = Z 21 ; Z 23 = Z 32 ; Z 13 = Z 31 , E&11 ; E& 22 ; E& 33 . . .
.
,
.
. 3.1.
, b q ,
A I& = 0 ;
& = 0.
BU
()
, .
31
& b ,
. . . E
I&
I&b
U&
U& b
Yb =
E& b
1
Zb
J&b
U&
. 3.1
I&
J& b
, . . Z b ,
Y b .
Z b Y b .
& n0 = A YbE
& b + A J& b .
A Y b AT U
Y nn = A b Yb A T -
.
& = AT U
& n0 , U
&b =U
& +E
&
U
& b , I& = I& b J& .
I& b = Y b U
& b.
B Z b B T I& nn = B Z b J& b + B E
Z nn = B Z b B T
& nn = B Z b J& b + B E
& b
, E
. . . ,
& nn .
Z nn I& nn = E
1 &
&I nn = Z nn
E nn
32
.
:
I& = BT I& nn ; I& b = I& + J& ,
:
& b = Z b I& b ; U
& =U
& b E
&.
U
3. 2.
. 3.1
. 3.1 .
U& , E& = 220 ; I& =15 e
j
6
E&
I&
; Z = 4 + j 2 .
I&
U&
U& .
. 3.1
. 3.1
U = U& = 271,8 .
. 3.2
. 3.2 .
o
I&
U&
I&b
E&
. 3.2
33
J&
Mathcad .
j . 2.
3
380 e 220. e
e = 65.185
5 j .2
u e
ib = 91.247 5.525i
ib
z
i ib j i = 91.247 25.525i I
180 .
i = 15.628
i
arg( i)
u
z
210.121i
j . 20
.
i
I = 94.75
I& . .
3.3
. 3.3 . R1 = R2 = R3 = R = 47 , = 0,068 .
u , u = 10 sin 314t .
R2
(. 3.3). U&
(
),
I&1 + I&2 = 0;
U& + I& Z = 0;
U& + I&1 R1 I&2 R2 +U& = 0,
Z = R
i2
R1
10
=
.
2
u
i1
iC
R3
. 3.3
j
= (4,7 j 4,68)10 4 .
C
U&
I& = .
Z
U&
&
&
U R 3 = I R3 =
R3 .
Z
34
U& U& R 3
I&1 =
;
R1
I&1 = I&2 .
Mathcad . .
Ubxm 10 R
ubxm Ubxm
3
47. 10 C
6
0.068. 10
314
1
4
4
z = 4.7 10
4.683 10 j
j .
.
C
ubxm.
uR3m
R
z
ubxm uR3m
i2m
i1m
i1m
R
uvxm ubxm i1m. R i2m. R uvxm = 0.035 + 10j
Uvxm uvxm
Uvxm = 10
180 .
u
arg( uvxm) u = 89.797
Z .
R3.
.
. .
U m = 10 .
u = 89,8.
u = 10 sin 314t + 89,8o .
3.4
. 3.4
. U = 220 B. : R1 = 91 ; R3 = 510 ; R4 = 820 . : X1 = L1 = 240 ; X2 = 1/ C2 = 150 ; X3 = 1/ C3 = 190 .
.
35
C2
1i
L1
i2
2
R1 i
1
i3
u12
u34
C3
i4
R4
R3
4
. 3.4
2.5. :
o
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1 = 91 + j 240 = 256,67e j 69 ;
o
Z 2 = jX 2 = j150 = 150e j 90 ;
o
U&
I&1
Z1
U& 34
I&3
Z4
I&4
Z3
. 3.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ )U& 34 ( + )U& = 0 ,
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
Z1 Z 2
U& 34
1 &
1
+
U
Z
Z
1
2
=
.
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
:
o
o
U& U& 34
U& U& 34
I&1 =
= 0,46e j 97 , 2 ; I&2 =
= 0,78e j 62 ;
Z1
Z1
36
o
o
U&
U&
I&3 = 34 = 0,24e j 45,6 ; I&4 = 34 = 0,16e j 25 ;
Z3
Z4
o
I& = I&1 + I&2 = 0,39e j 37 , 4 .
3.5
. 3.6
,
Z 1 = j10 , Z 2 = 6 + j8 ,
Z 3 = 3 , Z 4 = Z 1 , Z 5 = j 7 ,
U& J
J&1
I&1
Z1
I&3
Z4
Z2
2
I&
U& 20
E&
Z 3 U& 10
.
0. 2
U& 20 = E& .
I&4
U& 30
I&2
3
I&5
Z5
0
. 3.6
U& 10 U& 30 .
:
Y 11 =
,
J&11 = J&1 = j5 ; J&33 = J&1 = j5 .
U& 20 = E& ,
37
U& 10 Y 11
& = Y
U 30 31
1
Y 13 Y 12 E& + J&1
,
Y 33 Y 32 E& J&1
1
1
1
1
1
1
y11
y33
z1 z3 z4
z2 z5 z4
y11 = 0.33 0.2i y33 = 0.06 0.04i
1
1
1
y31 y13
y12
y32
y13
z1
z2
z4
y12 = 0.1i y32 = 0.06 0.08i y13 = 0.1i
1
y12. e j1
u10
y11 y13
.
u30
y32. e j1
y31 y33
z1
j . 10 z2
j .7
.
.
38
.
.
e. i ( u10 u30) . j1
3
se = 1.92 10 + 1.43 10 i
2
2
2
2
2
sz I1 . z1 I2 . z2 I3 . z3 I4 . z4 I5 . z5
3
sz = 1.92 10 + 1.43 10 i
3.6
. 3.7
. : Z 1 = j10 , Z 2 = 6 + j8 ,
Z 3 = 3 , Z 4 = Z 1 , Z 5 = j 7 ,
U& J
J&1
I&1
Z1
Z3
Z2
I&4
I&3
J&1
I&11
Z4
E& 4
I&2
I&5
I&22
Z5
. . 3.7
I&11 I&22
. 3.7. . J&1 .
39
I&11 I&22 :
I&11 Z 11
& = Z
I 22 21
1
Z 12 E& 4 Z 13 J&1
Z 22 E& 4 Z 23 J&1
:
o
I&1 = I&11 J&1 = 2,74 + j 3,98 = 4,83e j124,5 ;
o
I&2 = I&22 J&1 = 6,72 + j 7,29 = 9,91e j 47 ,3 ;
o
I&3 = I&11 = 2,26 + j 3,98 = 4,58e j 60, 4 ;
o
I&4 = I&22 I&11 = 9,46 + j 3,3 = 10,02e j19, 25 ;
o
I&5 = I&22 = 11,72 j 7,29 = 13,8e j148,1 .
.
S = U& J J1 + E& I 4 ,
U& J , J1 ; I 4 .
o
U& J = I&1 Z 1 I&2 Z 2 = 90,84e j 50,5 .
,
S = 652,26 + j 689,82 .
S :
S = I12 Z 1 + I 22 Z 2 + I 32 Z 3 + I 42 Z 4 + I 52 Z 5 = 652,26 + j 689,82 .
S = S, .
Mathcad .
40
z1
j1
rg
j . 10 z2 6 j . 8 z3
5 e4 j . 110
180
z11
z22
z12
z13 =
3 z4
j .7
z1 z5
z1
z2
z4
10i
z3 z4 z11 = 3 + 20i
z4 z5 z22 = 6 + 11i
z12 = 10i z21 z12 z13
z1
z23
z2 z23 = 6 8i
1
z11 z12
e4 z13. j1
.
inn
z21 z22
e4 z23. j1
i11 = 2.26 + 3.98i i22 = 11.72 + 7.29i
i1 i11 j1
I1
i1
i1 rg. arg( i1)
i1 = 2.74 + 3.98i
i2 i22 j1
i2 = 6.72 + 7.29i
i3 i11
i3 = 2.26 + 3.98i
i4 i22 i11
i4 = 9.46 + 3.3i
i5
i22
i5 = 11.72 7.29i
I1 = 4.83
I2
i2
I2 = 9.91
I3
i3
I3 = 4.58
I4
i4
I4 = 10.02
I5
i5
I5 = 13.8
uj
i1. z1 i2. z2Uj
uj
Uj = 90.84 uj = 50.5
i1 = 124.51
i2 rg. arg( i2)
i2 = 47.31
i3 rg. arg( i3)
i3 = 60.4
i4 rg. arg( i4)
i4 = 19.25
i5 rg. arg( i5)
i5 = 148.13
uj
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.7
. 3.8 . . . = 2 .
f = 1000 ; R1 = 1600 ; R2 = 2700 ; C = 0,05 ; = 1.
f Z = 5100 + j 3000 .
.
U& 1 U& 2 1 2
. 3.8. E& = .
41
C I&C
1
1
1 & 1
1 &
U 2 =
U1
+
+
+
R
R
Z
R
Z
C
C
2
1
2
=
R1
E&
;
R1
R2
1
I&2
I&1
U& 1
E&
2
I&3
I&
U& 2
U& 1
U& 2 = U& 1 ,
U& 1 =
. 3.8
E& R1
.
1 R1 + (1 )(1 R2 + 1 Z C )
= 2 f = 6283 c -1
Z C = j C = 3,18 103 j .
U&1 =
o
2 1600
= 0,83e j155 ;
1
1
(
1
1
)
+
+
+
3
1600
2700
j 3,18 10
o
U& 2 = U&1 = e j180 0,83e j155 = 0,83e j 25 .
o
U&
I& = 2 = 8,026 10 5 + 1154
,
10 4 = 1,405 104 e j125 .
Z
:
o
. 3.9 . . .
= 2 . f = 1000 ;
R1 = 160 ; R2 = 2700 ;
R3 = 30000 ; C = 0,1 ,
G = 0,001 1. f
I&C
I&1
R1
U& 1
I&2
E&
I&3
R2
R3
U& 10
U& 20
2
I&4
GU&1
Z = 300 + j600 .
. 3.9
. .
42
I&
U& 10 U& 20 :
&
&
& &
&
&
&
&
&I1 = E U 10 ; I&2 = U 10 ; I&3 = U 10 U 20 ; I&C = U 10 U 20 ; I& = U 20 ;
ZC
R1
R2
R3
Z
I&4 = GU&1 = G ( E& U&10 ) ,
:
1
1
1
1
1 &
1 &
E&
+
U10 +
U 20 = ;
+
+
R1
R1 R2 R3 Z C
R3 Z C
1
1 1
1
1 &
U 20 = GE& .
+
G U& 10 + +
+
R3 Z C
Z R3 Z C
Y 12 Y 21 .
&
&I = U 20 .
Z
S S :
S = E
E& U&10
;
R1
2
2
2
U
U12 U10
U12
U12
S =
+
+
+
+ 20 U& 20 I 4 ,
R1
R2
R3 Z C
Z
160.0 R2
6
0.1. 10 G
2700 R3
0.001 f
30000 z
1000 E
300
j . 600
43
3
2. . f = 6.283 10
Y11
Y12
R1
1
R2
1
R3
zC
E
R1
u10
Un00 u20
u20
U1
U20
Sz
Se
R3 zC
1
G
R3 zC
1
J22
1.738 0.215j
0.605 + 1.247j
Un01 u20 = 0.605 + 1.247j
i = 1.259 10
+ 1.638 10 j
3
2. i Im = 2.922 10
180. arg( i)
i = 52.457
E u10
u20
U10
u10
U12
u10 u20
U1
U10
U12
U20
U12
R1
E
E.
R2
u10
R3
zC
u20. G. ( E
+ 2.687 10 j
Se = 3.28 10
+ 2.687 10 j
u10) -
R1
Sz = 3.28 10
J11
G. E Jnn
J22
1
Ynn . Jnn Un0 =
Y21
Un0
Im
Y21 Y22
J11
Y22
R3 zC
Y11 Y12
Ynn
j
.C
zc
:
I m = 2,92 ;
i = 52,5,
,
i (t ) = 2,92 sin( t + 52,5o ) .
:
S = 3,28 10 3 + 2,687 10 3 j ;
S = 3,28 10 3 + 2,687 10 3 j .
, S = S .
44
3. 9
C1
I&1
R1
E&
I&C1
a &
I2
U& a
R2
I&
I&C 2 2
C2
R
U& 1 = U& 2
U&
. 3. 10
. 3.10.
E& = E = 1 .
1 2, I&2 = I&C 2
1 :
U& a U& :
U&
U& a &
E& U& a & U& a U& 2 &
U&
; I2 =
; I C1 =
; I C 2 = .
I&1 =
R1
R2
Z C1
2Z C 2
1
E&
1
1 & 1
1 &
U = ;
U a
+
+
+
R1
2 R2 Z C1
R1 R2 Z C1
1
1
1 &
U = 0 .
U& a +
+
2
2
R2
R
Z
C2
2
, Y 12 Y 21 .
Mathcad .
45
R1
C2
rg
2300 R2 R1 R
C1 E 1
180
5100 C1
6
0.068. 10
1000 0
f0
ua
6283
zc1
R1
R2
zc1
ub_x
ub_x
1.034
0.981i
0.071
2.033i
Ub_xm
j . 0. C1
1
2. R2
1
2. R2
R2
ua
1
1
zc2
j . 0. C2
zc1
1
E
. R1
2. zc2
.
f.
U& a U& .
U& .
.
.
ub_x = 88
Ub_xm = 2.88
1 & 1
1 &
U1 = 0 ;
U a + +
R2
R
Z
C2
2
U&
U&1 = 0 ,
2
1
E&
1
1 & 1
1 &
U = ;
U a
+
+
+
R1
2 R2 Z C1
R1 R2 Z C1
46
1
1 &
1 &
U = 0 .
U a +
+
2
2
R2
R
Z
2
C
3.10
. 3. 11
I& .
:
Z
I&
1
Y 1 = 0, 02 j ; Z 2 = 80 j ;
Z 3 = 60 ; Z = 50 ;
J&
Y1
Z3
Z2
E&
. 3.11
. . . .
Z . U& 0 (. 1.12).
U& 0
, . 3.12,
J&
Y1
Z2
I&1
I&2
Z3
E&
I&
U& 0 + I&2 Z 2 1 = 0,
Y1
I&
U& 0 = 1 I&2 Z 2 .
Y1
. 3.12
:
I&2 =
o
E&
100
=
= 1 e j127 ; I&1 = J& = j 0,1 ;
Z 2 + Z 3 j80 + 60
o
o
U& 0 = j 0,1 j 0,02 1 e j127 80 j = 69 + 48 j = 84 e j 35 .
Z
. 3.13.
Y1
Z2
Z3
Z =
1
Z2Z3
=
+
Y1 Z 2 + Z 3
o
I&
j 35o
&0
U
e
84
j 47 , 5o
I& =
=
=
0,615+0,69
j
=
0,82
e
.
o
Z + Z 43,86e j 29 + 50
I& .
, .
Z
I&01 I&01
J& ( . 3.14).
&
Z2Z3
=
Z 023 = Z +
Z2 + Z3
= 50 + 38,4 + 28,8j = 88,4 + 28,8j =
o
= 93 e j18 .
Z 023
Z3
Z2
. 3.14
Y = Y1 +
Y1
= 0,0196 e j 58 1.
J&
0,1 j
=
o
o = 0,0535+0,013j .
Y Z 023 0,0196e j 58 93e j18
I&02 Z
I&02
J& ( . 3.15).
I&01 =
Z 02
Z 2Z +
Y1
=
=
1
Z2 + Z +
Y1
Y1
Z2
o
. 3.15
= 94,12+23,53 j = 97 e j14 ;
o
Z 302 = Z 3 + Z 02 = 60 + 94,12+23,53 j =156 e j 8,7 .
j14o
&
100
97
e
E
Z
02
I&02 =
=
o
o = 0,56 0,68 j .
Z 302 Z + 1 156e j 8, 7 70,7e j 45
Y1
48
Z3
E&
o
I& = I&01 I&02 = 0,0535+0,013j + 0,56+ 0,68 j = 0,615 + 0,69j = 0,82 e j 47,5 .
3.3.
1. .
2. Y nn Y km ?
3. J& nn .
4. Z nn Z km ?
5. . . . E& nn .
6. .
7. . 3.16 .
8.
J&1
&b
, , . . . E
Z1
I&1
J& b
.
9.
. 3.16.
.
10. & b J& b , E
. 3.16.
11.
. 3.8 3.9.
I&2
I&5
Z2
Z5
I&6
I&3
Z3
E& 3
J&4
I&4
. 3.16
49
Z4
Z6
E& 6
4.
4. 1.
. 4.1 ,
. . ,
.
I&1
U& 1
L1
L1
I&2
I&1
a)
L2
U& 1
L1
L1
I&2
L2
U& 2
)
L2
L2
U& 2
. 4.1
. L1 L2 :
: , L1 L2 .
U& M 2 = U& 12 = jMI&2 L1 , -
L1 I&2 L2
, .
U& M 1 = U& 21 = jMI&1 1 2
2 1 .
. 4.1, , :
.
a)
)
. 4.2 L
L
L
L
1
2
1
2
M
M
I&kk
I&kk
I&kk
. 4.2
.
Z kk
+ 2 Z M , I&kk (. 4.2, ) 2 Z M ,
I&kk
(. 4.2, ).
. 4.3 I&kk ,
a)
M
I&kk
L2
L1
I&mm -
I&kk
L1
I&mm
)
L2
I&mm
. 4.3
.
Z km = Z mk
+ Z M , I&kk
I&mm
(. 4.3, ) Z M , I&kk I&mm (. 4.3, ).
, (. 4.4).
jL1
jL2
jM
j(L2 M )
j(L1 + M )
jL1
jL2
j(L1 M )
. 4.4
51
j M
j(L2 + M )
2.
4.1
. 4.5
U = 100 B.
R = 100 ,
XL1 = XL2 = XC = 100 , XM = 0,5 XL1.
U&
, ,
. .
I&
I&1
I&2
R
M
L1
L2
. 4.5
U& = 100 .
.4.5 :
I& = I&1 + I&2 ;
Z 2 jX M
100 + j100 j 50
= 100
= 4 + j 2 .
2
2500
Z 1 Z 2 ( jX M )
jX M , Z 1 . :
Z 1 jX M
j50
I&2 = U&
=
100
= j 2 .
Z 1 Z 2 ( jX M ) 2
2500
I&1 = U&
I& = 4 + j 2 j 2 = 4 .
:
I1 = I&1 = 4,47 ;
I 2 = I&2 = 2 ;
I = 4 .
.
U& L1 = jX L1 I&1 + jX M I&2 ;
U& L 2 = jX L 2 I&2 + jX M I&1 ,
52
jX M I&2
U& L1
+j
jX C I&1
jX L1 I&1
+1
U& L2
jX M I&1
I&1
I&
RI&2
I&2
U&
jX L2 I&2
. 4.6
, . :
S 1M = U& 1M I1 = jX M I&2 I1 = j50 ( j2)(4 j2) = 400 j200 BA;
L1 : 1 = 400 , 1 > 0.
L1 . L2 : 2 = 400 , 2 < 0.
L2
1 .
,
P = UI cos = 1004 = 400
R .
53
I&1
I&
U&
W1
I&2
L1
. 4.7
W2
L2
, , R
:
2
PR = I 2 R = 400 . . 4.7 , 1 2. , L1 L2
. .
4. 2
, U 2
. 4.8.
, - U& 1
I1 I2, . .
I&1
U1 = 220 B; R1 = 60 ; R2 = 40 ;
I&2
R2
R1
Z U& 2
L1
L2
. 4.8
X1 = 100 ; X2 = 80 ; kC = 0,6; Z = 40 20 j .
. 4.8.
U& 1 = 220 . X M = k C X 1 X 2 = 53,67 . :
Z 1 = R1 + jX 1 = 60 + 100 j ;
Z 2 = R2 + jX 2 = 40 + 80 j ;
Z M = jX M = j53,67 .
I&2 = I&1 Z M Z 2 .
I&1 =
U& 1
.
Z 2M
Z1
Z2 + Z
:
o
I&1 = 1,33 1,32 j = 1,88e 44 ,9 j ;
o
I&2 = 1 0,14 j = 1,01e 171,8 j .
o
U& 2 = I&2 Z = 42,76 + 14,16 j = 45,05e161,7 j .
54
2
o
U& 1
ZM
=
= Z1
= 83,04 + 82,07 j = 117,2e 44,9 j .
I&1
Z2 + Z
:
U& R1 = I&1 R1 = 77,79 79,48 j ; U& XL1 = I&1 jX L1 = 132,47 + 132,98 j ;
. 4.9.
jX M I&2
jX 1 I&1
+j
+1
U& R1
U& L1
U& L2
U&
I&2
I&1
U& 2 U&
R2
jX 2 I&2
jX M I&1
. 4.9
.
S S :
P2 M = Re(U& 2 M I1 ) = 81,17 ; P1 M = P2 M .
, ,
P2 = I 22 ( R2 + Re( Z )) = 8117
, , P2 = P1 M .
4. 3
. 4.10. : Z 1 = 10 8 j ; Z 2 = 6 ; Z 3 = j 6 ,
L1 L2 : XL1 = 6 ; XL2 = 10 , kC = 0,85,
E&1 = 50 ; E& 2 = 50j . .
L1
I&1
Z1
E& 1
L2
Z3
I&22
I&3
I&2
Z2
I&11
I&1
E& 2
I&22
I&3
I&2
I&11
2
2
. 4.10
.
. 4.10.
Z M = jX M = jkC X L1 X L 2 .
Z 11
Z
21
Z 12 I&11 E&11
= .
Z 22 I&22 E& 22
:
Z 11 = Z 1 + Z 2 + j ( X L1 + X L 2 ) + 2 Z M ;
Z 22 = Z 1 + jX L1 + Z 3 .
:
Z 12 = Z 1 jX L1 Z M , Z 21 = Z 12
. . .
E& 11 = E& 1 + E& 2 ; E& 22 = E& 1 .
56
Z 11
+ 2 Z M , . . I&11 X L1 X L 2 .
Z 12 Z M , . .
I&11 I&22 X L1 X L 2 .
,
, j 10 4,58 j I&11 50 + 50 j
16 + 2117
=
10 4,58 j
,
10 8 j I&22
50
:
1
j
j
10
4
,
58
10
8
50
I
22
:
I&11 = 1,45 + 4,56j ;
:
o
I&2 = I&11 = 1,45 + 4,56j = 4,78e j 72 ,
o
I&3 = I&22 = 0,11 + 5,31j = 5,31e j 89 ,
o
I&1 = I&11 + I&22 = 1,34 + 0,76 j = 1,54e j150 .
:
U& XL1 = jX L1 I&1 = 4,54 8,03 j ,
:
U& 1 = I&1 ( Z 1 + jX L1 ) I&2 Z M = 18,12 + 0,68j B,
:
57
. .
.
( . 4. 11). ,
. 4.10
, L1 L2 + , Z 3
jM .
. 0 .
U& 10 (
L +M
I&1 1
L2 + M
jM
Z1
&
E& 1 U 10
Z3
I&2
Z2
E& 2
I&3
0
. 4.11
1
1
1
)=
+
+
Z 1 + j ( X L1 + X M ) Z 2 + j ( X L 2 + X M ) Z 3 jX M
=
E& 1
E& 2
+
.
Z 1 + j ( X L1 + X M ) Z 2 + j ( X L 2 + X M )
(0,1 0,01 j )U& 10 = 6,8 0,93 j ,
I&1 =
I&2
I&3
. . 4.10.
.
. 4.10 ( ) :
1 1 0
,
0 1
B =
1
58
E& 1
. . . E = E& 2 ,
0
Z 1 + jX L1
Z b = jX M
jX M
Z 2 + jX L 2
0
0
0 .
Z 3
Z b
Z 12 = Z 21 = jX M ,
.
:
S = ET I ,
& TI .
S = U
: ET , I .
Mathcad .
z1
e1
10 8j z2 6 z3
50 e2 50j
XM
rg
1 1 0
1 0 1
2i
6.58i
0
XL2
10 kc
0.85
Zb
z1 j . XL1
j . XM
0
j . XM
z2 j . XL2 0
0
0
0
50
6 + 10i 0
Eb = 50i
6.58i
0
T
B. Zb. B
Znn =
Enn
B. Eb
Enn =
1
Znn . Enn
Inn =
.
.
.
XM = 6.58
Znn
Inn
XL1
10
Zb =
6j
0
6i
16 + 21.17i 10
10 4.58i
50 + 50i
10
z3
4.58i
8i
e1
Eb
e2
.
. . .
.
50
1.45 + 4.56i
0.11 + 5.31i
59
Ib
T
B . Inn
i1 =
I1
I2
I3
1.34
i1
i2
i3
Zb. Ib
U1
U2
U3
1.34 + 0.76i
i1
Ib = 1.45 + 4.56i
i2
0.11 + 5.31i
+ 0.76i i2 = 1.45 + 4.56i
i1 rg. arg( i1) I1 = 1.54
i2 rg. arg( i2) I2 = 4.78
i3 rg. arg( i3) I3 = 5.31
18.12 + 0.68i
u1
u2
u3
U = 31.88 + 50.68i
i3
i3 = 0.11 + 5.31i
i1 = 150.55
i2 = 72.32
i3 = 88.78
u1
u2
u3
31.88 0.68i
u1 rg. arg( u1) U1 = 18.14
u2 rg. arg( u2) U2 = 59.87
u3 rg. arg( u3) U3 = 31.88
Se
T
Eb . Ib
Se = 160.88 + 34.8i
Sz
T
U . Ib
Sz = 160.88 + 34.8i
Ib
u1 = 2.14
u2 = 122.17
u3 = 1.22
.
.
.
.
.
:
o
I&1 = 1,54e j150 ;
o
I&2 = 4,78e j 72 ;
o
I&3 = 5,31e j 89 .
4.3.
1. ?
2. .
3. ,
.
4.
?
5. . 4.13, 4.14.
6. . 4.13.
7. U (. 4.14), R1 = 120 , L1 =
160 , 1 C = 320 . kC = 0,9.
.
8. . 4.14,
U ( RA = 0 ).
60
L1
R1
R1
L2
U
L1
R2
L2
. 4.14
. 4.13
9. ().
?
10. . 4.13.
11.
M
. 4.15. R = 10 ,
L1 = L2 = 1 C = 20 , M = 15 ,
L1
L2
U = 100 .
U
C
12.
R
. 4.15 L1 L2 .
. 4.15
13. . 4.15.
14.
. 4.15.
15. . 4.16.
. . . e(t ) = Em sin t .
R1
i1
R2
i2
L2
u L1
uL2
L1
e(t )
uC
C
i3
. 4.16
61
5.
5. 1.
, u(t) =
= u (t + T ) , ,
u (t ) = U 0 + ( Bk sin kt + Ck cos kt ) .
k =1
1T
2T
2T
A0 = u(t ) dt ; Bk = u(t ) sin kt dt ; Ck = u(t ) cos kt dt .
T0
T0
T0
:
u (t ) = U 0 + U km sin(kt + k ) ,
k =1
U km =
= 2f = 2 T ,
Ck
.
Bk
u (t ) = U 0 + U km sin( k
k =1
2
t + k ) .
T
k = 1
. .
, u(t), j
U& km = U km e k . U km , k
u(t).
. . . () .
1. ...
n
A0 + Ak sin( kt + k ) .
k =1
, , .
62
2. . 1.
() . () . , ( ):
1
.
kC
I = I 02 + I12 + I 22 +K I k2 +K ;
U = U 02 + U 12 + U 22 +KU k2 +K . ,
I0, U0 , I1, U1, I2, U2 . . -
, .
1T
P = uidt
T0
P = U 0 I 0 + U 1 I1 cos 1 + U 2 I 2 cos 2 K+U k I k cos k +K .
S = U 02 + U 12 + U 22 +KU k2 +K I 02 + I12 + I 22 +K I k2 +K = UI .
S 2 P 2 + Q 2 .
T = S 2 P2 + Q2
.
k
:
k =
P P
=
.
S UI
63
, u (t ) = U km sin( kt + k ) , k =1
:
k =
U
,
U cp
U max
,
U
U
k = 1 .
U
k a =
: U , U max , U cp
1T
= u (t ) dt
T0
u (t ) , U 1 () u (t ) .
k = 1,11; k = 2 ; k = 1.
1
k =
U1
U k2 .
k =2
( U 0 = 0)
k =
1
1 k 2 .
k
5. 2.
5.1
(. 5.1).
: U m = 10 , -
u (t )
U max
f = 1000 , t = T 4 .
t T
2T
. 5.1
1
1
T= =
= 10 3 .
f 1000
64
3T
u(t )
U , 0 t t ,
u (t ) = m
0, t < t < T .
k k. k = 9,
9
u (t ) = U 0 + U km sin( k
k =1
2
t + k ) .
T
1T
1 t
1
U 0 = u (t ) dt = U m dt = 10t 04 = 2,5 .
T
T0
T 0
:
2T
2 t
B1 = u (t ) sin t dt = U m sin t dt =
T0
T 0
T
2U m
T
2 10
cos t 4 =
+
= 3,183 ;
cos
cos
0
=
0
T
2
2T
2 t
C1 = u (t ) cos t dt = U m cos t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
T
T
2U m T
2 10
sin t 4 =
= 3,183 ;
sin
sin
0
=
0
T
2
2T
2 t
B2 = u (t ) sin2 t dt = U m sin 2t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
T
T
U
10
2T
Um
cos 2t 4 = m cos
=
cos
0
=
(
1
+
1
)
= 3,183 ;
+
4
2
2T
2 t
C2 = u (t ) cos 2t dt = U m cos 2t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
2 T
2U m
=
T
T
2U m
2T
sin 2t 4 =
sin
sin
0
= 0 ;
0
2
4
2T
2 t
B3 = u (t ) sin3 t dt = U m sin 3t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
3T
T
2U m
cos 3t 4 =
0
3T
10
3T
U
+ cos 0 = m =
= 1,061 ;
cos
4
3
65
2T
2 t
C3 = u (t ) cos 3t dt = U m cos 3t dt =
T0
T 0
T
U
2T
2 t
B4 = u (t ) sin4 t dt = U m sin 4t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
3T
U
cos 4t 4 = m
0
4T
2T
2 t
C4 = u (t ) cos 4t dt = U m cos 4t dt =
T0
T 0
2U m
=
4T
2U m
=
4T
4T
+ cos 0 = 0 ;
cos
4
U
sin 4t 4 = m
0
4T
sin 0 = 0 .
sin
4
, :
5 = 0,637 ; 5 = 0,637 ;
6 = 1,061 ; 6 = 0 ;
7 = 0,455 ; 7 = 0,455 ;
8 = 0 ; 8 = 0 ;
9 = 0,354 ; 9 = 0,354 ,
2
t + k )
T
k =1
U& km = Bk + jC k :
U& 1m = 3,183 + j 3,183 = 4,502 e j 0,785 ; U& 2 m = 3,183 ,
U& 3m = 1,061 j1,061 = 1,501 e j 0,785 ; U& 4 m = 0 ,
U& 5 m = 0,637 + j 0,637 = 0,9 e j 0,785 ; U& 6 m = 1,061 ,
U& 7 m = 0,455 j 0,455 = 0,643 e j 0,785 ; U& 8 m = 0 ,
U& 9 m = 0,354 + j 0,354 = 0,5 e j 0,785 .
9
u (t ) = U 0 + U km sin( k
. 0,785 . =
45,
u (t ) = 2,5 + 4,502 cos(t + 45o ) + 3,183 cos 2t + 1,501 cos(3t 45o ) +
+ 0,9 cos(5t + 45o ) +1,061 cos 6t + 0,643 cos(7t 45o ) + 0,5 cos(9t + 45o ) .
66
Mathcad.
.
U1m
10
1000
1
f
T = 1 10
tim
1 .. 9
tim
1.
U0 = 2.5
U1m dt
T 0
tim
tim
.
.
2
2.
2
. t dt C
.
. cos k. 2 . t dt
U1m. sin k.
U1m
k
T
T
T
T
0
0
.
Bk j Ck Umk
uk
k arg uk
U0
Bk
uk
uk
Umk
3.183 3.183j
3.183
1.061 1.061j
4.502
3.183
1.501
9
6.761j. 10
0.637 0.637j
1.061
0.455 0.455j
9
6.761. 10
0.9
1.061
0.643
0.785
0
0.785
1.571
0.785
6
9.215j. 10
0.354 0.354j
6
9.215. 10
0.5
0,
T
100
.. 2. T
u( t )
1.988. 10
0.785
1.571
0.785
15
u( t ) .
,
.
U 0.
.
tim
0 otherwise
9
uf( t )
k=1
2. .
t
Umk. sin k.
T
uf (t ) .
U0
15
10
u( t )
uf( t )
5
0
5
0
4 10
8 10
0.0012
0.0016
67
0.002
u( t )
uf (t ) .
,
.
5.2
:
u (t ) = 10+ 14,1 sin 314t + 14,1 sin 942t ; i (t ) = 1+ 1,41 sin(314t 30o ) .
, .
14,12 14,12
U = 10 +
+
= 17,3 ;
2
2
2
1,412
I= 1 +
= 1,41 .
2
2
k =
P P
=
.
S UI
P = 10 +
14,1 1,41
S = 17,31,41= 24,4 .
k = 0,765.
5.3
R = 10 , u (t )
X C = 30 ,
X L = 30 .
i1
i3
i2
u (t )
. 5.2
i10 U0 =10 .
, L .
i10 =
U 0 10
=
= 1 .
R 10
.
68
u1 (t ) = 14,1sin t .
U& m1 = 14,1 .
Z LC1
jL j
j 30 ( j 30)
C
=
=
= j ,
1
j
30
j
30
jL j
C
I&1m1 = 0 ( L C ).
u3 (t ) = 14,1 sin 3t .
U& m 3 = 14,1 .
Z LC 3
j 3L j
j 90 ( j10)
3C
=
=
= 11,25 j .
1
j
90
j
10
j 3L j
3C
I&1m 3 =
U& m 3
14,1
=
= 0,94 e j 48, 4 .
R + Z LC 3 10 11,25 j
69
i1
u( t )
10,0 B
R1
u( t )
u23
R2
5,0
0
. 5.3
0,01
c
0,02 t
. 5.4
u(t ) . u(t ) ,
U0 Ck cos kt . = 0,01 . =
1
2
= 628 1. , = 20 ,
T
0 = 314 .
1T
1 0, 01
U 0 = u (t ) dt =
10 sin 314t dt = 6,366 .
T0
0,01 0
:
2T
C1 = 10 sin 0t cos 20t d t = 4,244 ,
T0
2T
C2 = 10 sin 0t cos 40t d t = 0,849 ,
T0
2T
C3 = 10 sin 0t cos 60t d t = 0,364 .
T0
,
u(t ) = 6,366 4,244 cos20t 0,849 cos 40t 0,364 cos 60t .
U 0 = 6,366 .
I 10 =
U0
= 0,03 , U 230 = I 10 R2 = 5,922 .
R1 + R2
70
.
k = 1, 2, 3.
k
j
U& m k = Ck e .
k = k 20 :
Z1k = R1 + jkL ; Z 2 k = R2 ; Z 3k =
1
;
jkC
1
jkC
; Z k = Z1k + Z 23k .
Z 23k =
1
R2 +
jkC
R2
U&
I&1m k = m k ;
Zk
U& 23m k = I&1m k Z 23k .
:
I1m k = I&1m k ; i1k = arg( I&1mk ) ,
I1m k
;
2
U 23m k
.
U 23k =
2
I1k =
:
i11 (t ) = I1m1 sin(t + i11 ) ;
10
2. . f
50
2. 0 T
6
200. 10
k.
0.01
R1 15 R2 200 L 0.15 c
2. 0
u( t )
k 1 , 2 .. 3
Um. sin( 0. t )
T
T
1.
2.
U0
u( t ) dt Ck
cos( k. . t ) . u( t ) dt
T 0
T 0
U0 = 6.366
Ck
4.244
0.849
0.364
U0
I10
R1 R2
U230 R2. I10
umk
j .
2
Ck. e
I10 = 0.03
U230 = 5.922
k.
umk
4.244i
0.849i
0.364i
z1k
zk
j . k. . L z2k
R1
z1k
z23k
z1k
15
15
15
i1mk
R2 z3k
1
z23k
j . k. . c
z23k
94.248i
188.496i
282.743i
umk
zk
zk
0.316
0.079
0.035
u23mk
7.945i
3.977i
2.652i
15.316
15.079
15.035
z2k. z3k
z2k
z3k
k.
86.303i
184.518i
280.091i
i1mk. z23k
k.
72
i1mk
u23mk
0.048
3
8.461i. 10
3
4.57. 10
4
3.734i. 10
3
1.295. 10
I1mk
5
6.952i. 10
i1mk
U23mk
u23mk
0.048
4.585. 10
3
1.297. 10
I1mk
I1k
3
1.847. 10
0.018i
4
2.299. 10
3
3.432i. 10
arg i1mk
uk
arg u23mk
U23k
(
)
U23mk
uk
0.385
0.018
1.786
1.672
1.638
2.966
3.06
3.088
0.376i
i1k
i1k
I1mk
0.082
3
3.44. 10
U23mk
3
II1
I10
II1 = 0.045
P
Pe
Pe
2.
II1 R1
U0. I10
U0. I10
I1k
UU23
U230
U23k
k=1
UU23 = 5.928
k=1
UU23
R2
1.
2
1.
2
P = 0.207
3
Re umk. i1mk
Pe = 0.207
k=1
3
Re umk. i1mk
Pe = 0.207
k=1
u( t ) u (t )
u 23(t ) 0 < t <2 T.
T
.. 2. T
100
uF( t ) U0 C1. cos( 1. . t ) C2. cos( 2. . t ) C3. cos( 3. . t )
Um. sin( 0. t )
u( t )
u23( t ) U230 U23m1. sin 1. . t u1 U23m2. sin 2. . t u2
t
0,
73
U23m3. sin 3. . t
u3
, .
10
8
u23( t )
uF( t )
u( t )
4
2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
! . .
:
5,9282
P = 0,045 15 +
= 0,207 .
200
2
5.5
(. 5.5)
+ U m , 0 < t < T0 / 2
u1 (t ) =
,
U
T
t
T
,
/
2
<
<
m 0
0
3
Um = 10 B, T0 = 10 c ( f0 =
=1/T0 = 1 ).
:
R1 = R2 = R = 10 ,
1 = 0,0022 , 2 = 1 / 2.
C1
R1
R2
ua
u1
u2
C2
u2
. 5.5
, u2 (t ) .
74
u1 (t )
.
Bk =
4U m
.
k
(0 = 10
) ,
4U m
4U m
4U m
sin 0 t +
sin 3 0 t +
sin 5 0 t ,
3
5
0 = 2 T0 .
u1 (t ) =
& m = 4U m .
U1
k
k
, u = 0 . , C2, u2 .
U&am k U& 2 m k
U& 1m k
2
&
1
&
+
=
;
jk
C
U
a
jk
C
U
2
mk
mk
0 1
0 1
R
R
1
1
1 2 :
2
1
+ jk0C1 ; Y 12 k = + jk0C1 ;
R
R
1
1
Y 21k = ; Y 22 k = + jk0C2 ,
R
R
Y 11k =
U& 1m k &
&
; J 22 k = 0 ,
J 11k =
R
Y 11k
Y 21
k
Y 12 k U&a mk J&11k
=
.
Y 22 k U& 2 mk J& 22 k
U&a mk Y 11k
&
= Y 21
U
2
k
mk
1
Y 12 k J&11k
,
Y 22 k J& 22 k
U& 2 m k .
75
k
u 2(t ) k = Im U& 2 m k e jk0t .
Mathcad.
f0
0,
T0
100
k.
10
1 , 3 .. 5
.. 2. T0
j . 0. t
Im um1. e
u1( t )
3
10. 10 Um
3
T0 = 1 10
2.
0
2. . f0 T0
C1
6
0.022. 10 C2
1000 C1
Um
4.
k.
2
y11k
j . k. 0. C1
R
j . 3. 0. t
j . 5. 0. t
Im um3. e
Im um5. e
umk
y22k
j . k. 0. C2
uamk
1.
Ynnk
u2mk
U2mk
u2mk
y12k
Ynnk
j . k. 0. C1
y11k
umk
y12k
Jnnk
y21k y22k
j . 0. t
u1( t )
Im um1. e
.
k
180 .
arg u2mk
j . 0. t
88.151
151.376
163.195
j . 3. 0. t
Im u2m3. e
j . 3. 0. t
Im um3. e
j . 5. 0. t
Im um5. e
10
u1( t )
5
0
5
10
15
0.5
1.5
(
) u2(t) .
j . 5. 0. t
Im u2m5. e
15
u2( t )
R
0
9.206
0.49
0.107
Im u2m1. e
Jnnk
U2mk
u2( t )
y21k
.
.
3
t. 10
76
u2(t)
u1(t) .
.
,
.
! . .
1.
( 1 . 5.6).
2.
( 2 . 5.6).
3.
B u
12,0
8,0
4,0
0
0,01
0,02
t
c
0,03
. 5.6
. 5.6
. T = 0,02 ., 0,5,
U = 10 .
u , R = 47
, C = 0,068 .
8.
. . . .
77
R
. 5.6