()
..
..
1
3 ( )
2005
2005
539.3/6
30.121
155
. .
: : . ; 3-
. . . / . . ; . . .. -. : , 2005. . 1. 156 .
ISBN 5-7795-0253-6
, , .
, .
( ), ,
.
-
:
.. , . . ,
;
.. , - . ,
;
. , - . ,
ISBN 5-7795-0253-6
.., 2005
(), 2005
2
5
1. ,
7
2.
.
10
3. 14
3.1.
14
3.2.
17
3.3.
21
3.4. 23
3.5.
.
24
3.6.
36
3.7.
47
4.
.
48
4.1. .
48
4.2. 50
4.3.
56
4.4.
.
59
4.5.
.
62
4.6. 65
4.7.
73
5.
75
5.1.
75
5.2.
80
3
5.3.
81
5.4.
90
5.5.
98
6.
99
6.1.
99
6.2.
102
6.3.
107
6.4.
111
6.5.
116
6.6.
119
7.
120
7.1.
120
7.2.
123
7.3.
127
7.4. 131
7.5.
152
154
156
2 "
. "
3 " -
. ".
, , ( ,
- ,
).
,
.
.
" ".
-
, . .
.
.
, .
.
,
,
.
" ".
- ,
.
, -
: , - , ,
, ( ). .
.
,
.
. , ,
[5].
,
.
:
)
;
) ,
, ;
)
,
, , ;
) 2 (594420 ) 20
5 .
(185x55 ), : , , , , ,
.
4 (297210 ).
.
(. 1).
,
.
(, , )
.
1. ,
-
()
- ___
: ________________________________
_____________________________________________
:
_____ .
_______________
"____" _________ 200_ .
_______________
"____" _________ 200_ .
200__
. 1
, (
),
.
.
,
.
.
8
.
, , , ,
. .
, ,
, .
, ,
:
,
, , ;
;
, .
;
, .
.
, , ,
.
- .
,
. .
9
2.
.
, .
, ..
.
,
.
.
,
, .
" "
, , .
,
.
, , , .
, , .
.
.
, Fi (. 2.1).
() "", ,
, "", (
10
) "". "" , , . ,
. , , "" , , ""
.
)
F3
F2
F1
F4
F5
F6
)
F2
F1
Y
F1
Z
M
F2
MY
MZ
A
Qz
N X
QY
F6
F6
. 2.1
11
, ,
( , ),
R .
.
R , , (. 2.1).
R : N, , ,
(. 2.1).
: = t, ( ) , Z Y, Z Y,
,
, .
QZ QY, ,
(. 2.1).
Z Y
,
5. ,
( ): N
() , QY QZ , = t
, Z Y .
:
i()
FX = 0 ;
=0;
N + FX
F = 0 ;
F = 0;
M = 0 ;
M = 0 ;
M = 0 ;
Y
Z
Y
Z
F
Q + F
M + M
M +M
M +M
QY +
z
i()
Z
= 0;
= 0;
i()
X
= 0;
i()
Y
= 0;
i()
Z
= 0.
, . ,
, .
,
:
N,
;
,
, ;
QY
Z ,
( , Z Y
).
, .
12
i()
Y
13
3.
3.1.
, .
qn
qn
( )
,
,
. ,
.
:
, .
N , . :
) nn (. 3.1) .
(
)
( );
) (
, ,
, );
) ( , .. ) N() (. 3.1);
) ,
N(). N ,
.
:
, , -
, .
, , .
:
,
,
,
.
N() ,
,
N. .
N
. -
14
15
. 3.1
,
. 3.1,
N() :
= 0;
F1 + F2 2 F3 + q n x + N(x) = 0;
N(x) = F1 F2 + 2 F3 q n x.
, N = const, .. N
.
3.1
,
. 3.2.
1. 1, 2, 3.
.
2. xi (. 3.2), .. .
3. , . () Ni(),
(. 3.2, , ).
2
3
3
4. ,
Ni ().
1- (. 3.2) 0 x1 1 :
= 0;
F1 + N1 (x) = 0;
N1 (x) = F1 = 30 (const).
2- (. 3.2) 0 x 2 1,5 :
= 0;
F1 F2 + N 2 (x) = 0;
N 2 (x) = F1 + F2 = 30 + 20 = 10 (const).
3- (. 3.2) 0 x 3 2 :
= 0;
F1 F2 + F3 + N 3 (x) = 0;
N 3 (x) = F1 + F2 F3 = 30 + 20 40 = 50 (const).
N()
( N) , N (. 3.2). ,
, F,
, N ,
, :
, ,
.
.
3.2.
. 3.2
16
.
.. 1955 .
17
,
,
.
, , : , ,
, , .
. (). n,
.
. ,
, .
. , n " " "
".
R,
.
() S u.
.
> 1. -
. ,
= 1,0251,15; = 1,31,5.
,
, R
: R = H .
M
, R .
,
, . , , , .
R.
= 1 .
:
N S,
N , ( ); S ,
( - ,
).
18
19
.
. , :
max [ ] ,
max , ; [] -
() , .
:
[] = 0 ,
n
0 ; n .
0
S 0,2; ( ) u.
, , .
, ,
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) (
);
4) ;
5)
.
.
n = 1,41,6;
n = 2,53,5; n = 3,56.
. , , , , .
, , . , ,
, :
20
Fmax [ F] =
,
n
n , ,
.
-, .
3.3.
- ,
, ( -) :
N
,
A
(3.1)
; "" , .. = netto.
,
( , , .. = 1, = 1):
N
(3.2)
N A R
max = max R,
A
N max N (, N max ,
); R
.
, ..
(R t R C ), :
21
P
max
NPmax
=
Rt
A
C
max =
N max
A
Rc
max = R, (3.3)
N Pmax (
C
N ""); N max
( N
""); R t , R c .
(3.2) (3.3),
:
1- . N, (3.2) (3.3)
.
2- , .. .
max = R, A TP (3.2):
N
A TP = max .
(3.4)
R
,
.
(3.3) :
P
P
TP
N max
Rt
A CTP =
N max
.
Rc
.
3-
.
22
:
[ N ] = R A;
(3.5)
[ N ] P = R t A.
:
[ N ] C = R c A.
3.4.
nn1
(. 3.4)
.
nn1 ( nn2):
A
.
A =
cos
:
N
F
F
=
= cos = cos .
p =
(3.6)
A
A
A
cos
,
(. 3.3):
(3.7)
= p cos = cos cos = cos 2 ,
(3.8)
= p sin = sin cos = sin2 .
2
(3.7) ,
= 0, ..
F
: = 0 = max = 1 = .
A
23
min
.
2
(3.9)
min
N
A
l
l : l = l1 l;
l
l1
.
(3.11)
E
, ,
.
=
, max ,
n1
n2
n2
N=F
N
A
p
1
n1
n2
F
. 3.3
3.5. .
pr , .. :
24
(3.10)
b1
= 45o = max =
= E ;
1 ( 4).
.
(3.8) ,
= 45:
. 3.4
l
.
l
(3.12)
: ' =
= b/b, b = b1 b.
' , ,
:
(3.11) (3.1)
(3.12):
l
N
=
.
l AE
( ) l :
N l
(3.13)
l =
.
EA
25
(3.13) ,
, .
l ,
. ,
, :
l
N(x)dx
(3.14)
l =
,
EA
0
N() .
,
, N() , , :
q C.B = A ,
, /3, /3;
, 2.
(. 3.5) ua:
d, , , .. u a = l ad .
l3
l2
l1
. 3.5
N1 = 0;
N 2 = N 3 = F.
Fl2
;
E A2
F l3
Fl2
u a = l ad =
+
.
E A 2 E A3
l1 = 0;
l 2 =
l 3 =
F l3
.
E A3
:
j
n
,
() , ..
i=n
u j = l i .
(3.16)
i=0
:
(3.17)
u max [ u ] ,
u max ,
; [u] ,
.
3.2
N ,
. 3.6
= 0,27 105 , [u] = 2 = 2 103 .
d
1, 2 3:
l ad = l1 + l 2 + l 3 .
(3.15)
1. , ,
, .
2. 1, 2, 3.
26
27
3.
xi , .. .
4. ,
Ni(i) (
, ). .
.u (105) 3
0,8144/
, q, N ,
q;
, , N .
6. = const:
uA = 0 ( , ).
l3
u B = l 3 =
0,2963/
2
30 10
2
=
u C = l 3 + l 2 ;
0,74/
22
5 3
2 = 0, 2963 10 ;
=
0, 27 108
30 2 10
N 3 (x) dx 2 ( 30 10x 3 ) dx
=
=
EA
EA
0
. 3.6
N1 (x1 ) = F1 = 20 H (const)
N 2 (x 2 ) = F1 F2 q x 2 =
0 x1 1 .
0 x 2 2 .
= 20 30 10 x 2 == 50 10 x 2 ,
x 2 = 0 ,
N 2 (0) = 50 H.
x 2 = 2 ,
N 2 (2) = 70 H;
N 3 (x) = F1 F2 q (2 + x 3 ) + F3 =
= 10 10 (2 + x 3 ) = 30 10x 3 ; 0 x 3 2 ;
x 3 = 0 ,
N 3 (0) = 30 H;
x 3 = 2 ,
N 3 (2) = 50 H.
5. N (. 3.3).
N :
, F, , , ;
28
l 2 =
l2
N 2 (x) dx
(50 10x 2 )dx
=
=
EA
EA
0
(50x 10
EA
x 22
)
2
=
0
2
)
5 3
2 = 0, 444 10 ;
0, 27 108 A
A
(50 2 10
uC =
u D = l 3 + l 2 + l1 ;
l 1 =
uD =
N1 l1
20 1
0,0741 105 3
=
=
;
E A 0, 27 108
, (. . 3.3), ,
0,8144 105
u max =
. u max = [ u ] ,
A
0,8144 105
= 2 103 .
A
0,8144 105
= 0, 4072 102 2 0, 41 102 2 .
=
3
2 10
= 2 = 0, 41 2 , =
2 = 1,2 , N2(1,2) = 16 ;
N3(x3) = F3 + F2F1 qn (1,2 + x3) =
= 100 +140 120 20 (1,2 + x3) = 104 20x3.
N3(0) = 104 ;
x3 = 0,
N3(1,2) = 144 .
3 = 1,2 ,
N (. 3.7).
0, 41 102 = 0,064 = 6, 4 .
3.3
, . 3.7 :
N ;
;
N, u
:
R c = 12 = 12 103 ; Rt = 0,9 = 0,9 103 .
. 3.7
1. , , .
2. 1, 2, 3.
3. N ,
, , 3.1 (. 17).
N1 = F3 = 100 ;
N 2 (x 2 ) = F3 + F2 q n x 2 = 100 + 140 20x 2 = 40 20x 2 ;
x2 = 0, N2(0) = 40 ;
30
4. (3.3), N, , , (. 3.7). 2 3 ( ) 2. N :
c
(3.3) max = R t
: A
N max
Rt
40
= 44, 44 103 2 = 2;
3
0,9 10
31
A=
44, 44 103
= 22, 22 103 2 ;
2
c
A c =
N max
Rc
144 H
= 12 103 2 = 2A;
3
12 10 a
12 103
= 6 103 2 .
2
1 ( ) . N
:
A=
N max
100 H
= 8,33 103 2 = A.
Rc
12 103 a
:
A = 22, 22 10 3 2 , 2 = 44,44 103 2.
A =
c
5. N .
C
, . .
1- :
3 2
3
0,56 /.
q (1)
= 1 = 22,2 10 1 25 /
2 3- ,
2:
3)
= 2 1 = 44,4 103 2 1 25 /3 1,12 /.
q (2,
N1(1) = F3 q (1)
x1 = 100 0,56x1 ;
1 = 0, N1(0) = 100 ;
1 = 1,0 , N1(1,0) = 100,56 ;
32
(2)
N 2 ( 2 ) = F3 + F2 q (1)
1 x 2 (q n + q ) =
i =
Ni
.
Ai
, .
:
1- A11 = A 2 2 = A = 22, 22 103 2 .
2 3- :
A33 = A 4 4 = A55 = A66 = 2A = 44, 44 103 2 .
:
N
100 H
11 = 11 =
= 4,5 103 = 4,5 M < R c ;
A11 22, 22 10-3 2
N
100,56
2 2 = 2 2 =
= 4,53 103 = 4,53 < R c ;
A22 22,22 103 2
N
39,44 H
3 3 = 3 3 =
= 0,89 103 = 0,89 M < R t ;
A33 44, 44 103 2
N
14,11
4 4 = 4 4 =
= 0,32 103 = 0,32 < R t ;
A 4 4 44, 44 103 2
33
l i =
0
i = const
N xi (x i )dx
.
E Ai
1
(100 + 100,56) 1
2 = 16,71 105 ;
l 1 =
=
E A1
0, 27 108 22, 22 103
1
N 2() l 2 (39, 44 + 14,11) 2 1.2
l 2 =
=
= 2,68 105 ;
E A2
0, 27 108 44, 44 103
1
N 3(c) l 3 (105,89 + 148,11) 2 2
l 3 =
=
= 21,17 105 .
3
0, 27 108 44, 44 103
N1() l 1
F3 = 100
4,5
F2 = 140
q (1)
2
3
qn=20
4
(2,3) 5
4
5
3
6
i- .
, :
N i() l i
l i =
,
E Ai
Ni() .
34
5
) u (10 )
35,2
0,89
4,53
18,49
2,38
F1=120
21,79
0,32
3,33
. 3.8
N(x i )dx
()
1,2
N 55
105,89 H
=
= 2,38 103 = 2,38 M < R c ;
A 55 44, 44 10-3 2
N
148,11 H
6 6 = 6 6 =
= 3,33 103 = 3,33 M < R c .
A 66 44, 44 10-3 2
,
, 33 . ,
.
, , , N,
, . ,
5 %, .
(. 3.8).
7. .
(3.14):
5 5 =
(3.16), l i , uii (
, 55 44, 33 22):
u 6 6 = 0;
u 55 = u 4 4 = l 3 = 21,17 105 ;
u11 = l 3 + l 2 + l 1 =
5
, , ,
, - .
( )
( ) .
F, (. 3.9).
.
l1
3.6.
l2
. 3.9
- , ( ), .
, .
,
( ). , , .
,
.
( ).
F VA VB,
. .
(
) :
36
37
VA F + VB = 0.
= 0;
VA VB , .. (
).
:
, , l = 0.
l
:
(3.18)
l 1 l 2 ,
(3.13), N1 N2:
N l
N l
(3.19)
l 2 = 2 2 .
l1 = 1 1 ;
E1 A1
E2 A2
1 2
.
(3.26) (3.18)
(3.20), VB
F t
.
N1 N 2
1 2, :
N1 = VB F;
N 2 = VB .
(3.20)
(3.19) (3.20)
(3.18) :
(V F) l1 VB l 2
(3.21)
l = B
+
= 0.
E1 A1
E2 A2
3.4
l = l1 + l 2 = 0.
VB =
E 2 A 2 F l1
.
E 2 A 2 l 1 + E1 A1 l 2
E1 = E 2 :
F l1 A 2
(3.22)
VB =
.
A 2 l 1 + A1 l 2
F l1
A1 = A 2 ,
(3.23)
VB =
.
l1 + l 2
F l1
(3.24)
A1 = 2A 2 ,
VB =
.
l1 + 2 l 2
VA :
VA = F VB .
(3.25)
t (3.19) :
N l
l1 = 1 1 + 1 l1 t
E1 A1
(3.26)
,
N2 l 2
l 2 =
+ 2 l 2 t
E2 A2
38
, ,
. 3.10, :
F = 100 H;
t = 30 C;
= 1 10 4 ;
A1 = 2 103 2 ;
E1 = 2 108 ;
A 2 = 2A1 = 4 103 2 ;
;
1 = 12,5 106 1
E 2 = 0,7 108 ;
2 = 22,5 106 1
1. l
t = 30 C F
Fl1
l = l 1 + l 2 = 1l1t +
+ 2 l 2 t =
E1A1
= 12,5 106 2 30 +
100 2
+ 22,5 106 1 30 =
8
3
2 10 2 10
= 19, 25 104 .
l, ..
= 1 104 < l = 19,25 104 .
,
.
39
l1
l2
l1
l2
E1 A1
4 10
. (3.29)
N2 l 2
N 2 1
6
ll2 =
+ 2 l 2 t =
+ 22,5 10 1 30
E2 A2
2,8 105
, :
N1 = VB + F = VB + 100
(3.30)
.
N 2 = VB
. 3.10
1. .
VAVB+F = 0;
X = 0;
VA = VB 100.
(3.27)
2. .
. :
u B = l1 + l 2 = .
(3.28)
3. .
:
40
VB =
= 212,95 H.
0,857
(3.27) VA:
VA = VB 100 = 212,95 100 = 112,95 H.
(3.30)
:
N1 = 212,95 + 100 = 112,95 H; N 2 = 212,95 H.
N (. 3.10).
:
N 112,95
(1) = 1 =
= 56,5 103 = 56,5 .
3
A1
2 10
(3.16):
u A = 0;
Nl
u C = l1 = 1 1 + 1l1t =
E1A1
41
112,95 2
+ 12,5 106 2 30 = 18,52 105 .
4 105
N
212,95
(2) = 2 =
= 53, 24 103 = 53,24 .
A2
4 103
Nl
u B = l1 + l 2 = 18,52 105 + 2 2 + 2 l 2 t =
E2A2
=
= 18,52 105 +
212,95 1
+ 22,5 106 1 30 =
2,8 105
= 9,97 105 ,
.. (3.28) .
3.5
: ,
- ,
1 2 (. 3.11).
: 1. 1 2
1 2 1 = 1,52
R = 200 .
2. [q]
q.
S = 240 , n = 1,2.
: l = 2 + 2 = 62 + 42 = 7, 21 .
: VA, H, VD HE. 1 2 N1 , N2 , .. N1 = VD N2 = HE. 4 , 42
3. ,
.
1. .
.
1 2, , N1
N2.
= 0 :
N1 6 + N2 4 q 6 3 = 0.
(3.31)
2. .
1 2. (..
),
uB uC
.
. 1 1 (. 3.11) :
u
u
u
u
tg = = = .
(3.32)
6 7, 21
VD = N1
)
)
q=20 /
HA
l 1 = 2,5
1
2
VA
d
l 2
uC
l1 = u B
. 3.11
43
C1
2
HE = N2
E
l2 = 2
l 2
uC
(3.32)
1 2 .
l1 l 2
1 1
1 2.
. 3.11 , 1 2 u = l1 ,
. 3.11 , 2 2, 21. :
l 2
u =
.
(3.33)
sin
(3.33) (3.32)
1 2:
l1
l 2
=
.
(3.34)
6
7, 21 sin
3. .
N1 N2:
N l
N l
l 1 = 1 1 ; l 2 = 2 2 .
(3.35)
E A1
E A2
(3.35) (3.34) :
N1 l1
N2 l 2
=
.
E A1 6 E A 2 7, 21sin
4. 1 2.
,
1 = 1,52, sin =
4
= 0,555,
7, 21
2 =
:
N
43,79
(1) = 1 =
= 199,95 103 R.
4
A1 2,19 10
N
24,33
(2) = 2 =
= 166,64 103 < R.
4 2
A 2 1, 46 10
6. [q] .
, .. max R.
N1 2,5
N2 2
=
.
1,5A 2 6 7, 21 A 2 0,555
N1 = 1,799N2
(3.36)
(3.37)
N2 = 0,556N1.
(3.31) (3.36), :
1,799N2 6+N2 4 q 6 3 = 0 q = 20 /,
, , :
q
q max
= [ q ] .
n
, ..
44
45
n=
q
S
,
=
R [ q ]
.
, S 1,
2, .. (1) = S ; (2) = S .
.
1 2 :
N 1 = S 1 = 240 103 2,19 10 4 2 = 52,56 ;
N 2 = S A 2 = 240 103 1, 46 10 4 2 = 35,04 .
(3.31) () :
6N 1 +4N 2 q 6 3 = 0;
6 52,56 + 4 35,04 455,52
q =
=
= 25,31 .
18
18
n = 1,2.
, :
q 25,31
[q] =
=
= 21,1 .
n
1, 2
=
100 % = 5,5 %.
: q(%) =
q = 20
q
20
, 5,5 %.
46
3.7.
1.
, , ?
2.
.
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6.
?
7. ?
?
8.
?
9. ?
?
10. . ?
11. .
?
47
4. .
4.1. .
, - ,
.
, ,
, .
, , . .
, :
1, 2, 3. 1 ( )
, 3 , 2 , ..
1 2 3 .
Y
ZY
YZ
X
Z
XZ
XY
Z
YX
ZX
2
1 2 3
. 4.1
48
. 4.1
, , .
:
2 0
)
)
1 0
3
1
. 4.1 ,
.
, .. . ( ) : , .
X XY XZ
T = YX Y YZ .
ZX ZY Z
1 0
2 0
3 0
1 0
2 = 0
3 = 0
2 0
3 = 0
1 0; 3 0; 2 = 0;
3 0; 1 = 2 = 0
2 0; 3 0; 1 = 0
. 4.2
49
1. ,
() (. 4.1).
2. ,
, () (. 4.2).
3. ,
, () () (. 4.2).
() . . 3.3
.
: , .
a)
Y
Y
dx
XY
xy
X
YX
)
Y
XY
X
dy
ds
YX
FY
TX
T
F
V
dz
dx
FX dy
ds
TY
dz
. 4.3
,
, .
, , , .
dx, dy, dz , . , . ,
, .
, ..,
.
:
x, y, yx, xy (. 4.3).
, , .
,
, .
, ,
dx, dy, ds
(. 4.3).
, , . ,
.
(. 4.3).
:
1. M 0 = 0; Ty dx + Tx dy = 0;
2
2
50
51
4.2.
= yx dy dz
+90.
+ 90 = x sin 2 + y cos 2 + yx sin2 .
(4.4)
dx
dy
+ xy dx dz
= 0 , :
2
2
yx = xy
(4.1)
,
, , . yx xy
.
2. V = F Fx cos Tx cos Fy sin + Ty sin = 0
(. 4.3);
V = ds dz x dy dz cos xy dy dz cos
y dx dz sin + yx dx dz sin = 0.
. ,
dy
dx
= sin ,
= cos , ,
ds
ds
(4.1) :
(4.2)
3. U = 0.
, , :
x y
2
sin2 + yx cos2 .
(4.3)
+90, .. (4.2) (4.4) :
+ + 90 = x + y = const ,
(4.5)
,
. ,
,
.
, .
, , , .
(4.2) , ..
= 0:
d
= x 2sin cos + y 2sin cos yx 2cos 2.
d
= 0 , , :
x y
d
= 2 (
sin2 0 + yx cos2 0 ) = 0 . (4.5)
244442444443
d = 0
14
(4.2) (4.3)
,
,
.
, , (4.2)
0 , (. 4.3).
52
53
(4.5) (4.3), -
d
,
= 2 = 0 .
0
d = 0
min
, , ..:
0 =
max = 1,2(3) =
sin2 0 + yx cos2 0 = 0 .
(4.6)
2 yx
x y
tg2 1 =
tg2 0 =
2 xy
x y
(4.8)
(4.7) (4.8) 0,
, .
, , , x y, 0
( 0 > 0) ( 0 < 0).
,
,
x ,
, .
, 0 (4.2).
0, (4.7) (4.8) (4.2). :
54
(4.9)
d
= ( x y )cos2 1 2 yx sin2 1 = 0 .
d = 1
(4.7)
, (4.1):
1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2yx .
2
, ( )
. , . 3.4,
.
(4.3) 1:
(4.6) :
tg2 0 =
x + y
x y
2 yx
(4.10)
1 ,
. 1 ,
,
.
(4.10) 1, .
+900. max, min.
,
max = min .
, max ,
min
.
(4.3)
1 3 x y, x = 0, :
1 3
sin2 .
2
55
(4.11)
max =
min
(1 3 )
,
2
max =
min
1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2x .
2
= 45
( ) (. 4.4).
Y
)
4.3.
. 4.1, ,
, (. 4.4), :
56
ZY
YZ
(4.15)
, (4.14) ,
.
, .
.
zy
xy = yx , xz = zx , yz = zy .
1 + 3
1
1
= 1
+ 3
= 2 .
2
2
xz
yz .
z
xy
y
,
:
(4.13)
.
(4.2) , 1 3, = 0:
(4.14)
= 1cos 2 + 3sin 2 .
= 45
:
2
T = yx
zx
(4.12)
XZ
XY
z
YX
3
1
1
3
ZX
1 2 3
1 0
2 0
3 0
. 4.4
, , . ,
, , . 4.5,
. :
(4.16)
cos( x, ) = l ; cos( y, ) = m; cos( z, ) = n.
dA = 1,
: dAX = l , dAy = m, dAZ = n.
57
xz
zy
dA=1
dAx= l
yx
dAy=m
z
zx
yz
zy
dAz = n
. 4.5
, , = . :
l l m zx n = 0.
Y Z.
l , m n:
( x )l + yx m + zx n = 0
(4.17)
xy l + ( y )m + zy n = 0 .
xz l + yz m + ( z )n = 0
l 2 +m2+n2 = 1,
(4.18)
.
( )
, ..
( x )
yx
zx
xy
zy
= 0.
(4.19)
( y )
xz
yz
( z )
,
58
3 I12 + I 2 I3 = 0,
(4.20)
.
(4.20)
(4.19) :
I1 = x + y + z ;
I2 = x y + x z + y z 2yx 2zx 2zy ;
(4.21)
I3 = x y z + 2 yx zx zy .
2
x zy
2
y zx
2
z yx
,
(4.20)
1 , 2 3 . , ( ).
l, m, n, , (4.17)
. (4.17) (4.18)
l, m, n.
4.4. .
.
(. . 4.1) 1,
:
1 = 11 + 12 + 13 .
1
59
, 11 =
1
. (
: 22 =
; 33 = 3 ).
2 3,
, 1, , 2 3
1 , :
12 = 22 =
=
2
, 13 = 33 = 3 .
'
,
; '
; .
,
1 :
1 = 11 + 12 + 13 =
1
1
2 3 = [ 1 ( 2 + 3 )] .
. :
1
1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )]
(4.22)
2 = [ 2 (1 + 3 )] .
3 = [3 (1 + 2 )]
,
.
(. 4.1) :
60
[ x ( y + z )]
y = [ y ( x + z )] ,
z = [ z ( x + y )]
x =
x =
z =
x
G
z
zx = zx
G
2(1 + )
x
E
2(1 + )
=
z . (4.23)
E
2(1 + )
=
zx
E
(4.23)
1-
, 2-
( ) G:
.
G=
2(1 + )
(4.23) ,
, , dx, dy, dz.
,
,
.
1
1
yx
zx
x
2
2
1
1
y
zy
2 xy
2
1
1
yz
z
xz
2
2
.
(4.22) (4.23),
, . 61
, .
(4.23)
, , .
1, 2, 3 , ,
(4.22), .
:
1 0 0
0 2 0 .
0 0
3
4.5. .
(4.22) (4.23) , , , .
, 2 , :
1
2 = [ (1 + 3 )] .
(4.24)
,
.
, .
.
.
:
62
(dV)
= 1 + 2 + 3 .
dV
(4.25)
(4.25) 1, 2 3 (4.22), :
1 2
(1 + 2 + 3 ) .
(4.26)
(4.26) .
( + + z), .
1 2
( x + y + z ) .
(4.27)
(4.26) (4.27) .
1 = 2 = 3 = > 0 ( ), (4.26)
:
1 2
=
3 .
(4.28)
, . ,
, .. .
:
+ 2 2 + 3 3
.
(4.29)
u= 1 1
2
(4.22):
u=
1 2
[1 + 22 + 32 2(1 2 + 13 + 2 3 )] . (4.30)
2E
/3
/3.
.
63
, (. 4.6); , ,
.
(. 4.6) , ; , , .
, , (4.30) -
1 + 2 + 3
.
3
:
1 2
u =
(1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 ,
6
u =
a)
= 0
'
3
1' = 0
3'' = 3 0
3' = 0
''
2
(4.32)
3'' = 3 0
1''
1' = 0
3
1 2
( x + y + z ) 2 .
6
'2 = 0
(4.31)
'2 = 0
. 4.6
1'' = 1 0
''2 = 2 0
, (4.30)
( . 4.6) 1" = 1 0; 2" = 2 0; 3" = 3 0. :
u =
1+ 2
(1 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 1 3 ) .
3E
:
64
u =
1+
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 .
6E
(4.33)
4.6.
, ( ) .
, , .
S, ut.
,
, ,
,
. .
.
,
.
,
, . , (, )
, ..
. 65
,
.
,
.
, , . , , , .
, S ut, () .
() , , ,
.
,
.
1- . ,
,
, ..
max = 1 R t max = 3 R ,
(4.34)
Rt R
.
.
2-
. ,
,
.
66
1
R
(4.35)
[1 ( 2 + 3 )] [] = .
E
(4.35)
, :
E 1 = II = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) R .
(4.36)
1 =
, .
.
3-
. , , , .. .
max =
1 3
R
RS .
2
2
(4.37)
(4.37)
2, 3-
:
max 2 = III
(4.38)
= 1 3 R .
.
,
2, ,
. .
4- . , ,
u ,
.
, .
67
4-
: u [u ] (4.33) u
1+ 2
1+ 2
(1 + 22 + 32 1 2 13 2 3 )
R (4.39)
3
3
, , :
u =
IV
=
1
[(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + (1 3 ) 2 ] R .
2
(4.40)
,
. , 3- ,
,
.
4.1
90 ( )
()
50
( )
80
( )
. 4.7
(. 4.7).
= 2,06 105 , = 0,28.
- .
1.
. 4.7
.
2. ,
3. , ,
.
.
68
4. , = 30 o ,
.
.
5. (1 4)-
, .
6.
( ).
1.
: = 80 , ("" ),
= 90 ("" ),
= 50 ("" ).
2. .
max = 1,2(3) =
min
x + y
2
1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2yx =
2
80 90 1
(80 + 90) 2 + 4 (50) 2 = 5 98,62.
2
2
1 2 3,
:
max = 1 = 5 + 98,62 = 93,62 ,
min = 3 = 5 98,62 = 103,62 , 2 = 0 ( ).
: + = 1 + 3 = 80 90 = 93,62 103,62 = 10 .
=
:
2
2 ( 50)
tg2 0 =
=
= 0,588 ;
80 + 90
20 = 30,5; 0 = 15,25.
,
.
69
, , , , (. 4.8).
3. (4.12):
( 3 )
93,62 + 103,62
=
= 98,62 .
max = 1
2
2
min
(4.13) :
+ 3 93,62 103,62
=
= 5 .
=45 = 1
2
2
,
0
=45
45o (. 4.8).
max
0
min
min
max
1
= 45
,
,
3
1.
80 90 = 80,8 90,8 = 10 .
x y
2
sin2 + yx cos2 =
80 + 90
0,866 50 0,5 = 48,61 .
2
. 4.9 ,
c . > 0,
.
+90
=30
. 4.8
4.
, = 30 30 + 90
sin 30o = 0,5,
cos 30o = 0,866;
sin 60o = 0,866.
cos 60o = 0,5,
(4.2)(4.4)
70
. 4.9
:
p = 2 + 2 = 80,82 + 48,612 = 94,3 .
71
1
[ ( +90 + z )] =
1
=
[80,8 0, 28(90,8 + 0)] = 51,57 105.
2,06 105
5.
:
1-
:
I = 1 = 93,62 ,
=
, ,
:
II = 122,63 R t .
6.
( ),
(4.22):
1
1
1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )] =
[93,62 0, 28(0 103,62)] =
2,06 105
= 59,53 105 ;
1
1
2 = [ 2 (1 + 3 )] =
[0 0, 28(93,62 103,62)] =
2,06 105
I = 3 = 103,62 .
2-
:
II = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) = 93,62 0, 28(0 103,62) =
= 122,63 .
3-
:
III
= 1 3 = 93,62 + 103,62 = 197, 24 .
4-, :
1
IV
[(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + (1 3 ) 2 ] =
=
2
1
[(93,62 0) 2 + (0 +103,62) 2 + (93,62 +103,62) 2 ] =
2
= 170,89 .
=
i , . ,
, :
III
= 197, 24 R.
= 1,36 105 ;
1
1
3 = [3 (1 + 2 )] =
[ 103,62 0, 28(93,62 + 0)] =
2,06 105
= 63,03 105.
4.7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
72
?
.
?
?
?
?
( )
,
, ?
max , min ?
?
" ".
73
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
?
?
, .
?
? 1 4-
.
.
? .
?
.
?
5.
5.1.
3,
,
:
, .
.
, , ,
:
;
() ;
;
.
(. 5.1).
. 5.1
dA .
SZ = ydA;
S y = zdA.
(5.1)
74
75
3 3.
-
.
, n , , (5.1) :
SZ = S + S
(1)
Z
(2)
Z
SY = S + S
(1)
Y
(2)
Y
+ ... S .
(n )
Z
+ ... S
(n )
Y
i=n
= A i i
i =1
i=n
= Ai zi
i =1
Y1 Y2 Y
Y'
Z1
2
y02
y01
(5.2)
Z2
Z
y1
Ai i- ; zi i i- Z Y
(. 5.2); n .
,
. ,
.
,
(. 5.2), yC zC Y' Z'
:
i=n
(A i yi )
S|
C = Z = i =1i = n
A
i =1
(5.3)
,
i=n
(A i z i )
S|
i =1
= i=n
zC =
Ai
i =1
yi zi
Y'
76
Z'; i ; n
.
y2
y03
z1
z2
y3
Z3
Z'
zc
z3
. 5.2
Y' Z' , ,
. (. 5.2).
() dA
:
I Y = z 2 dA;
I Z = y 2 dA.
(5.4)
A
()
dA ():
I = 2 dA.
(5.5)
77
dA
:
I YZ = y z dA.
(5.6)
A
4 4. .
, .
, , .
, , .
.
,
, .
,
, .
Z ( Y) ( )
.
Z Y ( ) .
78
i =1
i=n
(1)
(2)
(n )
(i)
(5.7)
= IY
I Y = I Y + I Y + ....I Z
.
i =1
i=n
(2)
(n )
+
+
=
I ZY = I(1)
I
....I
I(i)
ZY
ZY
ZY
ZY
i =1
, Z Y, , :
I Zi = I Zi + A i y0i 2
(5.8)
I Yi = I Yi + A i z 0i 2
.
i
I ZY = I Zi Yi + A i z 0i y0i
(2)
(n )
I Z = I(1)
Z + I Z + ....I Z
i=n
= I(i)
Z
: I Zi , I Yi , I Zi Yi ( ); y0i , z 0i i- Z Y. (5.7)
(5.8) (5.9)
, n (.
. 5.2).
,
:
i=n
I Z = (I zi + y0i 2 A i )
i =1
i=n
2
(5.9)
I Y = (I yi + z 0i A i )
.
i =1
i=n
I ZY = (I zi yi + z 0i y 0i A i )
i =1
79
5.2.
(5.4), (5.5), (5.6):
I Y = z 2 dA;
I Z = y 2 dA.
I YZ = y z dA.
A
2
h
3
bh 3
(5.10)
.
12
hb3
(5.11)
IY =
.
12
= 0, Z Y .
2
h
3
. 5.3
2.
d 4 r 4
=
.
64
4
d 4 r 4
IP = I Z + IY =
=
.
32
2
I ZY = 0.
(5.12)
(5.13)
I P .
. 5.4
3.
d 4
.
128
I Z = 0,11r 4 .
I ZY = 0.
IY =
. 5.5
(5.14)
(5.15)
(5.17)
. 5.6
IZ =
IY = I Z =
(5.16)
1
h
3
1.
I ZY
4.
bh 3
IZ =
.
36
hb3
IY =
.
48
I ZY = 0.
b
3
. 5.7
5.
bh 3
IZ =
.
36
hb3
IY =
.
1
36
h
3
b2 h 2
I ZY =
.
72
2
b
3
(5.18)
(5.19)
(5.20)
:
80
81
1. (,
, , ..) Zi Yi ( ).
2. (5.3)
Z Y. .
,
(5.3) . , . 5.8:
. 5.8
) Z' Y' , Y'
, Z'
;
) Z' :
i=n
i ; i
Z' Zi.
i ;
) C
(5.3):
S
(Ai yi ) = 11 + 2 2 ;
yC = Z' =
1 + 2
A
Ai
82
) C Z
Z. Y.
3.
Z Y (. 5.8) (5.9),
:
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y 012 ) + (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ),
I Y = (I Y1 + A1z 012 ) + (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ),
I ZY = 0,
( Y) .
:
I Zi , I Yi ( ), (5.10)(5.19)
;
y 0i , z 0i Z
Y .
z 01 = z 02 = 0, y 01 y 02 . 5.8;
Ai . , , .. "" , A i I Zi , I Yi , I Zi Yi
"".
5.1
, . 5.9.
:
1.
Zi Yi
2. , ..
Z Y.
3. Z
Y :
83
z 01 = 0; z 02 = 0; z 03 = 0; z 04 = 9 ; z 05 = 9 ;
y01 = 0; y 02 = 14 ; y03 = 14 ; y04 = 0; y05 = 0;
d 2 102
=
= 78,5 c 2 ;
A1 = 24 48 = 1152 c 2 ; A 2 = A3 =
4
4
18 9
A 4 = A5 =
= 81 c 2 .
2
5. Z Y:
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y012 ) 2 (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) 2 (I Z4 + A 4 y 04 2 ) =
= (221184 + 0) 2 (492 + 142 78,5) 2 (1092 + 0) =
= 221184 2 (492 + 15370) 2184 = 187276 4 ;
I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) 2 (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) 2 (I Y4 + A 4 z 04 2 ) =
= (55296 + 0) 2 (492 + 0) 2 (365 + 92 81) =
= 55296 984 2 (365 + 6561) = 40060 4 .
I ZY = 0, Z Y
. IZ IY :
I max = I Z = 187276 4 ;
I min = I = 40060 4 .
5.2
(. 5.10).
. 5.9
4.
(5.10)(5.17):
24 483
I Z1 =
= 221184 4 ;
12
48 243
I Y1 =
= 55296 4 ;
12
d 4 104
I Z2 = I Z3 = I Y 2 = I Y3 =
=
= 492 4 ;
64
64
9 183
I Z4 = I Z5 =
= 1092 4 ;
48
18 93
I Y4 = I Y5 =
= 365 4 .
36
84
1.
Zi Yi.
2. Y. .
3. 2-
Z, . Z3.
4. (5.3)
Y:
A y A 2 y 2 + A3 y3
S
C = Z' = 1 1
;
A1 A 2 + A 3
A1
y1 = 30 + 4 = 34 ;
A1 = 24 60 = 1440 2 ;
85
r 2 102
=
= 157 2 ;
2
2
4r
y 2 = 60 + 4
= 64 4.25 = 59,75 ;
3
24 12
A3 =
= 144 2 ;
y3 = 0 ;
2
1440 34 157 59,75 + 144 0
C =
= 27,74 .
1440 157 + 144
C Z' 2-
Z.
A2 =
6. Z Y (. 5.10):
z 01 = z 02 = z 03 = 0,
Y1, Y2, Y3 Y.
y01 = y1 yC = 34 27,74 = 6, 26 ;
y02 = y 2 yC = 59,75 27,74 = 32,01 ;
y03 = y3 yC = 0 27,74 = 27,74 .
7. Z Y (5.9):
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y012 ) (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) + (I Z3 + A 3 y 032 ) =
= (432000 + 6, 262 1440) (1100 + 32,012 157) + (1152 +
=4,25
4
8
. 5.10
5. (. (5.10)
(5.17)):
24 603
60 243
I Z1 =
= 432000 4 ; I Y1 =
= 96120 4 ;
12
12
I Z2 = 0,11 r 4 = 0.11 104 = 1100 4 ;
d 4 204
=
= 3925 4 ;
128
128
24 123
=
= 1152 4 ;
36
I Y2 =
I Z3
86
I Y3 =
12 243
= 3456 4 .
48
5.3
, (. 5.11).
5.2.
1. ,
( )
87
(5.10)(5.20) ( )
.
5.
, . 5.12, .
. 5.11
. 5.12
2. Y.
.
3. Z.
Z3.
4. C Z :
A y + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y3
S
C = Z' = 1 1
.
A1 + A 2 + A 3
A1
1. 20
I Z1 = I Y,c = 113 4 ;
8240-89
I Y1 = I X,c = 1520 4 ;
(. 5.12)
30
I Z2 = I X,c = 7080 4 ;
8239-89
I Y2 = I Y,c = 337 4 ;
A 2 = 46,5 2 ;
h = 30 .
"" I
.
(. 5.12)
(5.10) (5.11):
24 23
2 243
I Z3 =
= 16 4 ;
I Y3 =
= 2304 4 .
12
12
6. Y
Z (
. 5.11):
88
89
(. 5.12)
z 01 = z 02 = z 03 = 0,
Y1, Y2, Y3 Y.
6. () :
I +I
1
I U, V = Z Y
(I Z I Y ) 2 + 4 I 2ZY .
(5.21)
2
2
7. :
2 I ZY
tg2 0 =
,
(5.22)
I Z IY
0 , Z Y,
.
0 , ""
"".
5.4
, . 5.13.
:
1.
.
2. Z' Y', .
3. z y Z' Y' (5.3).
4. z y
Z' Y' Z Y, Z' Y'.
5.
Z Y (5.9).
90
91
5.4.
I Z1Y1 =
62 32
= 4,5 4 ;
72
I Z2Y2 = 0;
I Z3Y3 = 0 4 .
Umax
Vmin
. 5.13
4. Z' Y',
( ).
5. z
Z' Y':
S
A i y i ; = SZ = A i z i .
z C = Y =
C
Ai Ai
Ai Ai
= 681 4 ;
I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) + (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) + (I Y3 + A 3 z 032 ) =
z i y i Z' Y'
. 5.13.
1 6
14
z1 =
= 2 ; z 2 = = 7 ; z3 = 14 4 = 10 ;
3
2
2
5
y1 = 3 = 2 ; y 2 = 3 + = 5,5 ;
3
2
4
9 2 + 70 7 + 25,1 10
y3 = 8 + 4
= 9,7 ; z C =
= 7, 28 ;
3
9 + 70 + 25,1
92
93
IZ + IY = Imax + Imin
681 + 1715 = 1885 + 511 = 2396 4.
9. (5.22):
2 I ZY
2 455
tg2 0 =
=
= 0,88;
I Z IY
681 1715
2 0 = 4120';
0 = 2040'.
0 > 0, Z Y 0
U V.
Umax Vmin , :
1. I Z
, Vmin 1- 3- .
2. Vmin Z
Y, .
5.5
, (. 5.14), 20 1610
(t = 10 ), :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
1- 16/10 (t = 10 ):
1 = 25,3 2; IZ1 = IY,c = 204 4; IY1 = IX,c = 667 4;
IZ1Y1 = IXY,c = 213 4 ; 0, = 2,28 ; 0, = 5,23 .
Vmin
Y'
Y2
Y1
5,23
2,28
2,07
y01
h = 20
yc = 4,01 C2
2
zc=3,79
C1
y02
Z1
y1
0
Z
Z2
z1
z01
z02
Z'
Umax
. 5.14 ( )
:
1. Z Y
(. 5.15)
. (1- 3-),
, (2- 4-)
( 5.15). ,
min .
2. , .
2- 20:
2 = 23,4 2; IZ2 = Ix,c = 1520 4; IY2 = = IY,c = 113 4;
IZ2Y2 = 0; h = 20 .
z0,c = 2,07 .
1. : 1 (), 2 ().
2. .
3. ( 8510-86) ( 8240-89) ( ).
"" "" .
94
95
4. 2
2- Z' Y', Z2 Y2.
Vmin
Vmin
Z
IZY>0
IZY<0
Vmin
IZY<0
Vmin
IZY>0
5.
Z' Y':
S
A i yi ;
z C = Y =
Ai Ai
. 5.15
z 02 = z 2 z C = 0 3,79 = 3,79 ;
y01 = y1 y C = 7,72 4,01 = 3,71 ;
y02 = y 2 yC = 0 4,01 = 4,01 .
7. Z Y (3.9):
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y 012 ) + (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) =
S
Ai zi .
C = Z =
Ai Ai
96
97
z i y i Z' Y'
. 5.14.
z1 = 2,07 + 5,23 = 7,30 ;
y1 =
20
2,28 = 7,72 ;
2
zC =
z2 = 0;
2 = 0.
: IZ + IY = Imax + Imin;
2448,5 + 1427,8 = 2971 + 905,2 = 3876,2 4.
10.
.
-
.
I
I
2971
905, 2
iU = U =
= 7,81 ; i V = V =
= 4,31 .
A
48,7
A
48,7
5.5.
1.
?
2. ?
3.
?
4. .
5. , ?
6.
?
7. ?
8.
.
9. ?
10.
?
11. , ?
12.
, ?
98
6.
6.1.
,
, ,
.
,
, :
1. ,
,
( ), .
2. .
3. ( ) .
,
(6.1). ,
(. 6.1).
( = 0) ; ,
, .
M
= t ,
(6.1)
Ip
M t ; I p
;
(. 6.1).
99
W, (6.3), , .
2. , .. .
(6.4), , max = R S , :
Mt
max
WP
rint
rext
WP =
. 6.1
, (6.1)
, . 6.1, .
:
M t max
max =
max .
(6.2)
Ip
:
Ip
= Wp ,
max
TP
.. WP
TP
max =
Wp
(6.5)
)
dint
(6.3)
RS,
dext
. 6.2
d 4
;
32
I
d 4
d 3
WP = P =
=
,
max 32 d 16
2
IP =
(6.4)
RS .
(6.4), :
1. , .. . (6.4) M t max 100
RS
.
:
) (. 6.2):
max
= WP .
Wp -
Mt
Mt
WP TP
IP
;
max
max =
(6.6)
(6.7)
d
;
2
) (. 6.2):
d 4
d 4
d 4
I P = ext int = ext (1 4 );
32
32
32
101
(6.8)
4
d ext
d 3
IP
(6.9)
=
= ext (1 4 ),
d ext
16
max
32
2
d int
d ext
.
; max =
=
2
d ext
3.
.
(6.4), , .. max = R S , :
(6.10)
[ M t ] = R S WP .
WP =
6.2.
l :
M l
= t ,
(6.11)
GI P
M t , ; l
; G ( 2- ).
GI P
.
Mt(x) , :
l
M (x)dx
= t
.
(6.12)
GI p
0
-
j (
), 102
n ,
() j- :
i=n
i= n li
M ti (x)dx
j = i =
(6.13)
.
G IP
i=0
i=0 0
i , .. , , :
d Mt i
i =
=
.
(6.14)
dx G I Pi
, ,
,
max =
[]
Mt
max
G IP
[ ] ,
(6.15)
(/); max .
(6.15), :
1. , ..
(6.15).
2. (
).
(6.15)
M t max
:
I
.
p =
G [ ]
I
(6.6)
p
(6.8), .. I = I
p , d
dext.
3.
G:
103
[ M t ] = G I p [ ].
[] (
) ,
:
max [ ] .
(6.15)'
max
, .
, GIp = const.
(6.15)',
.
6.1
,
(. 6.3),
:
d
= int = 0,8 ;
;
R S = 40 ;
[] = 0,5
d ext
G = 0,8 105 .
)
x1
x2
1. .
.
( ), , , :
,
.
:
,
.
(. 6.4). t . 6.4
,
X .
M t1 = M1 = 0,8 ;
M t 2 = M1 M 2 = 0,8 2 = 1, 2 .
dint
dext
.
M t (. . 6.3), : M t
. 6.3
104
max
= 1, 2 .
2. .
:
M t max
1, 2
=
= 0,03 103 3 = 30 3 .
WP TP =
3
RS
40 10
105
(6.8) d 3ext
:
WP =
(1 K 4 ).
16
TP
Wp = WP ;
d 3ext
(1 K 4 ) .
32
= 0,8 dext = 6,37 .
3. . -
.
:
(7, 4 102 )3 (1 0,84 )
WP =
= 46,92 106 3 ;
16
30 c3 =
(6.15) max =
Mt
max
G IP
[] ; -
:
M t max
M t max
.
= [ ] . I P TP =
G IP
G [ ]
[] ,
:
0 0,5
=
=
= 0,00875
;
[ ]
180
180
1, 2
= 0,01712 104 4 = 171,2 4 .
I P TP =
8
0,8 10 0,00875 /
IP =
max
max =
Mt
max
G IP
1, 2
=
0,8 10 173,6 108 4
8
< [ ].
.
= 0,00857
6.3.
4
d ext
(1 4 ).
32
dext ( = 0,8):
4
d ext
171, 2 32
(1 0,84 ); d ext = 4
171,2 =
= 7,374.
32
(1 0,84 )
dext = 7,4,
dint = 0,8 dext = 0,8 7,4 = 5,92 .
,
,
(7,4 > 6,37 ).
:
dext = 7,4 , dint = 5,92 .
, . , , .
,
.
.
, ..
.
,
- .
- . . 6.5
106
107
I P TP = I P : 171, 2 4 =
.
h
:
M
max
max = t .
(6.16)
Wt
Wt = hb2 .
bh
b
1
. 6.5
:
d(x) M t (x)
=
=
,
dx
GI t (x)
It = hb3 . , ,
-, . h/b . 6.1.
max
, ,
, I It.
,
.
6.2
, . 6.6 :
;
;
:
1 = 2,1 ; 2 = 1,2 ;
3 = 2,7 ;
h/b = 2;
RS = 70 ;
G = 8 104 .
3
(6.4), (6.15), (6.15)'.
M t max
max =
RS;
(6.17)
Wt
max =
Mt
max
G It
[ ] ;
max [ ] .
108
(6.18)
(6.19)
3
1,1
1
D
1,3
b
2,1
0,9
+
1,8
)
. t ( )
6.1
h/b 1,0
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
0,208 0,231 0,239 0,246 0,256 0,267 0,282 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
0,141 0,196 0,214 0,229 0,249 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
1,0 0,859 0,820 0,795 0,766 0,753 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,743
0,0138
. ()
0,0086
0,0211
. 6.6
109
h=2b
1. t.
:
= 1 = 2,1 ;
(1)
t
= 1 2 = 2,1 1,2 = 0,9 ;
(2)
t
(3)
= 1 2 3 = 2,1 1,2 2,7 = 1,8 .
t
t . 6.6.
2. ,
(6.17):
M t max M t max
max =
=
RS.
Wt
hb 2
h
= 2 . 6.1 = 0,246.
b
h = 2b max = RS, M t max = 2,1 2,1
= 70 103 . :
0, 246 (2b) b 2
b = 3,935 102 .
:
b = 4 , h = 2b = 2 4 = 8 .
:
Wt = hb 2 = 0,246 8 42 = 31,5 3;
M t max
2,1
max =
=
= 66,67 103 < RS = 70 103 .
Wt
31,5 106 3
3. .
GIt:
It = hb3 = 0,229843 = 117,25 4 = 117,25 108 4
( h/b = 2 = 0,229 (. 6.1));
G = 0,8 105 = 0,8 108 .
GIt = 0,8 108 /2 117,25 108 4 = 93,8 2.
110
, , , D
, .
= 0 ( );
t (3) l 3 1,8 1,1
= + 3 =
=
= 0,0211 ;
GI t
93,8 2
= 3 + 2 = 3 +
t (2) l 2
GI t
= 0,0211 +
0,9 1,3
=
93,8
6.4.
, ,
. . ,
,
.
( ) .
.
, , , (. 6.7).
111
(6.22) (6.23)
(6.21), :
(M B M X )l1 M B l 2
B =
+
= 0.
G1 I P1
G 2 I P2
l1
l2
M X l1
,
l1 + l 2
G1 = G 2 I P1 I P2 ,
G1 I P1 = G 2 I P2 : M B =
. 6.7
, .
.
:
(6.20)
M X = 0; M A M X + M B = 0.
,
.
, .. : ( ) , .. B = 0.
B :
B = 1 + 2 = 0.
(6.21)
.
1 2 (6.11):
M t l1
Mt l 2
1 = 1 ;
2 = 2 .
(6.22)
G1 I P
G 2 IP
t1 Mt2
, :
Mt1 = MB MX;
Mt2 = MB.
(6.23)
112
MB =
M X l1 I P2
l 1 I P2 + l 2 I P1
(6.24)
6.3
, . 6.8, :
R S = 40 = 40 103 ; G = 0,8 108 .
l1
l2
l3
2,83
2,17
. 6.8
:
;
113
;
.
.
1. .
M A M1 + M 2 M B = 0;
M X = 0;
M A M B = M1 + M 2 = 3 5 = 2 .
,
, .
.
, ,
.. .
2. .
.
. .
B = 1 + 2 + 3 = 0.
3. .
i:
Mt l3
M t l1
Mt l 2
1 = 1 ; 2 = 2 ; 3 = 3 .
GI P
GI P
GI P
M ti :
M t1 = M1 M 2 + M B = 3 5 + M B = 2 + M B ;
M t 2 = M 2 + M B = 5 + M B ;
t3 = .
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 0:
(2 + M B ) l1 (5 + M B ) l 2 M B l 3
B =
+
+
= 0.
G IP
G IP
G IP
114
MB:
(2 + M B ) 0,5 + (5 + M B ) 1,5 + M B 1 = 0.
= 2,83 .
4. .
, :
M t1 = 2 + 2,83 = 0,83 ;
M t 2 = 5 + 2,83 = 2,17 ;
M t3 = 2,83 .
M t . 6.8.
.
(6.4)
.
M t max 2,83
WP TP =
=
= 0,0072 103 3 = 72 3 .
RS
40 103
d3
(6.6):
WP =
.
16
TP
WP = WP d:
d3
;
d = 7,17 .
16
2590-88, d = 7,2 .
(6.4):
d 3 7,23
WP =
=
= 73,3 3 = 73,3 106 3 ;
16
16
M t max
2,83
max =
=
= 38,6 103 < R S = 40 103 .
WP
73,3 106
3,5 % .
72 3 =
115
.
:
d 4 7, 24
IP =
=
= 264 4 = 264 108 4 ;
32
32
G I P = 0,8 108 264 10-8 4 = 211 2 .
,
(6.11).
A = 0 (, );
M t1 l 1 0,83 0.5
= 1 =
=
= 19,7 104 .
G IP
211
M l
= 1 + 2 = 19,7 104 + t 2 =
GI p
2,17 1,5
= 134.8 104 ;
211
Mt l3
B = 1 + 2 + 3 = 134 104 + 3
=
GI P
= 19,7 104 +
2,83 1
= 0.
211
(
)
.
(. 6.8).
= 134 104 +
6.5.
(
. 6.9 ) , .. , < S ( S
) -. = S
116
,
S
S.
,
t . 6.9
.
. t
.
M
max = S = S ,
(6.25)
W
(. 6.10). , , S (6.25):
3
(6.26)
S = SW = S R .
2
)
max=S
rS
d
. 6.10.
(. 6.10), 2 : ,
S rS
117
rS R, = S.
:
t = Mt1 + Mt2,
(6.27)
rS3
(6.28)
2
(6.26) (R rS),
R
R
2
t2 = S dA = S 2 d = S (R 3 rS3 ). (6.29)
3
rS
rS
t 1 = S
dA d ,
.. dA = 2 d.
(6.29) , rS 0
(. 6.10) :
2
= S R 3 .
(6.30)
3
,
, . C
,
.
2
R 3 4
= S R 3 / S
= = 1,33
3
2 3
,
1,33 ,
.
6.6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
118
?
?
?
?
?
.
?
?
?
?
?
l?
?
?
?
.
?
?
.
119
7.
7.1.
, .
,
, ( ). ,
, . .
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
( ) , 1.
1. . , ,
. :
;
;
;
.
.
120
2. ,
, i
, ..
(. 7.1).
)
. 7.1
3. ( , ).
4.
(. 7.1). : , , ,
, ,
(. 7.2).
+
)
. 7.2
. ,
121
.
,
(. 7.2).
5. ,
(. . 7.1):
FY = 0; VA + F qx Q = 0;
Q = VA + F qx; Q = FY ;
2
(7.1)
qx
M = 0,
2
qx 2
M = VA (x + 2) + Fx
, M = mom(F) . (7.2)
2
(7.1) (7.2) :
1.
,
() , .
2.
, () (
) ,
( ).
, , .. . Q
. 7.4.
= 0; VA (x + 2) + Fx
122
7.2.
() () .
:
M
= Z ,
(7.3)
IZ
M Z ; , (. 7.3); I Z .
(7.3) , Z . "" (7.3) , : "" ,
"" .
Y
Y
y
. 7.3
(7.3) ,
. ,
, , . 7.3.
,
(7.3) , ..
.
123
, .
(7.3) (. 7.3)
. ( Rt = Rc = R)
:
M Z max
max =
max R
IZ
:
M Z max
max =
R,
(7.4)
WZ
I
WZ = Z .
(7.5)
y max
WZ ; y max ()
, ; R .
,
(Rt) (Rc) , .. Rt Rc, :
M Z max
(7.6)
max(P) =
Rt;
WZ(P)
max (C) =
MZ
max
WZ (C)
WZ (P) =
WZ (C) =
RC ,
(7.7)
(7.8)
(7.9)
IZ
y max (P)
IZ
y max (C)
124
WZ = WZ ,
.
3. , .. :
[ M ] = WZ R.
125
.. :
Q Y SZ
=
,
(7.10)
I Z b(y)
QY , ; SZ (
, ) () Z, ; b(y) ,
( ).
b(y) SZ ,
(. 7.4).
Y
)
ymax
max
Z
.
by
=(K)
S (K)
Z
0
. 7.4
max -
SZ
.
b(y)
, b(y) = const = b
126
.
,
, M Z QY, ,
Z Y
.
7.3.
(K) ( )
, , .
,
:
Q Y max S
max =
Z
RS.
(7.11)
IZ
b(y) max
RS .
M Z max Q Y max ,
, ,
, , .. max R.
, , n.
max [ ] =
.
(7.12)
n
)
(.. n = s =
R
[]
.
127
- (, ).
(. 7.5). < S -,
: = y.
IZ
S
(
)
S
. 7.5
( max = S)
= S.
,
(. 7.6).
-
(. 7.6).
M
max = T = S .
WZ
(7.13)
= S WZ .
, , - . ,
(. 7.6). 128
= S. (. 7.6).
)
()
d
y
SdA
)
S
n
n-n
Z
x
n
y
SdA
dA
()
. 7.6
(
)
Z ,
.
, , .
, ,
, , . . , ,
.
, :
( max );
( < max < .);
( ) (|M|max = M).
129
(. 7.6).
()
Z.
(.) nn
( ). :
, S
NP = P S S Nc = S.
, :
X = N + N = S S = 0
.
2
,
. . 7.4 .
(S dA) nn,
(. 7.6).
= c =
dA y +
S n n =
7.4.
7.1
, . 7.7, :
Q;
(. 7.7, , , )
.
dA y =
= S ( y dA +
A
W I
WZ = Z
y max
.
(7.14) , :
(7.16)
= S W .
y dA) = S (Sn n + S
n n ).
(7.14)
)
dA
nn;
S
n n = dA .
S n n + S
n n = W,
)
dint
(7.15)
=
. 7.7
130
131
d int
=0,9
d ext
dext
. Q
1. 1, 2, 3 (. 7.7)
xi .
, , , .
Qi(xi) i(xi) , .
Q
.. , Q
q:
dM(x)
dQ(x)
d 2 M(x)
= Q(x);
= q(x);
= q(x). (7.17)
dx
dx
dx 2
(7.11) q "",
.
1-
Q1(1) M1(1)
Y1
(. 7.8)
0 x1 2 .
q=15 /
1
01
1- .
K
F = 20
1
Y1 = 0; Q1(x1) qx1 + F = 0;
Q1 (x 0 ) = 20 + 15x 0 = 0;
x0 =
20
= 1,33 .
15
12
+ Fx1 = 0;
2
qx 2
15x12
M1 (x1 ) = Fx1 1 = 20x1
.
2
2
1(1) ,
( ),
:
1 = 0 ,
1(0) = 0 ;
1 = 1 = 1,33 ,
1(0) = Mextr = 13,3 ;
1 = 2,0 ,
1(2) = 10 .
. , .. "" ( ), "" (
) . (. 7.7, ).
2- 3- :
2- (. 7.9):
0 x 2 1,5 .
m = 0; 1(1) q
Q2(2)
M2(x2)
Y2
q=15 /
Q 2 (x) = F + q 2 = 20 + 15 2 = 10 .
Q .
2
m = 0; 2 (2) q 2 (2 + 2 ) + F (x2 + 2) = 0;
M 2 (x 2 ) = F(2 + x 2 ) q 2(1 + x 2 ) = 20(2 + x 2 ) 30(1 + x 2 ).
:
132
133
F=20
. 7.9
Y = 0; Q2(x) q 2 + F = 0;
M 2 (0) = 40 30 = 10 ;
M 2 (1,5) = 70 75 = 5 .
2 = 0 ,
2 = 1,5 ,
0 x 3 1 .
3- (. 7.10):
Q3(3)
3
Y3
3(3) =25
1,5
q = 15 /
F=20
. 7.10
3- . 3 .
Y = 0; Q3(x3) q 2 + F = 0;
Q3 = F + q 2 = 20 + 15 2 = 10 .
Q .
m = 0; 3(3) q2(3 + 1 + 1,5) + F (x3 + 3,5) = 0;
M 3 (x 3 ) = F(3,5 + x 3 ) q 2(2,5 + x 3 ) =
= 20(3,5 + x 3 ) 30(2,5 + x 3 ) 25.
x3 = 0, M 3 (0) = 30 ( "" , );
3 = 1 , M 3 (1) = 40 .
Q, , . 7.7, .
.
Q :
M max = 40 ; Q max = 20 .
M max
40
=
= 4 103 3 = 4000 3 .
R
10 103
:
WZ TP =
bh 3
2
2
3
IZ
12 = bh = b (4b) = 16b .
WZ =
=
h
y max
6
6
6
2
WZ = WZ b:
16b 3
4000 6
= 4000 3 ; b = 3
= 11, 46 .
16
6
, :
b = 11,5 ,
h = 4b = 4 11,5 = 46 .
.
16b3 16 11,53
=
= 4050 3 = 4050 106 3 ;
WZ =
6
6
M max
40
max =
=
= 9,9 103 ;
WZ
4050 10-6 3
max < R = 10 .
. 1 % b
.
(7.11):
max =
QY
max
QY
max
IZ
S
Z
by
RS;
max
= 20 , ( Q);
1. (. . 7.7):
R = 10 , Rs = 5 , h = 4b.
(7.2)
max = R :
, Z,
134
135
IZ=
bh 3 11,5 463
=
= 93280 4 .
12
12
S
( ,
Z
Z) (. 7.11):
=
S (K)
Z
0 = b
h h
= 11,5 23 11,5 = 3042 3 ;
2 4
h
h
= .
b = b = 11,5 . = b ; y
0
2
4
max
. 7.11
.
Y
2. , d
, R = 10 .
Z
,
TP
W Z = 4000 3 .
:
136
d 3 0,353
=
= 4, 21103 3 .
32
32
M max
40
= 9,5 103 < R.
-3
3
WZ
4, 21 10
.
(5 %)
.
d ,
,
.
3. (. . 7.7).
:
M max
40
=
= 0, 2 103 3 = 200 3 .
WZ TP =
3
R
200 10
8239-89
, :
20, WZ = 184 3 = 184 10 6 3 .
:
M max
40
max =
=
= 218 103 > R.
-6
3
WZ
184 10
.
max =
h
2
d 3
= 4000 3 , d = 34, 4 = 0,344 .
32
WZ =
)
d
max = .
2
, d = 0,35 .
:
20
3042 106 3
=
=
93280 108 4 11,5 102
)
IZ
d 4
d 3
=
=
,
max 64 d 32
2
WZ = WZ TP :
WZ =
137
b = sc = 5,4 = 0,54 ;
)
S (K
= Sx,c = 131 3 .
Z
max =
Q max S()
20 131 106 3
Z
=
=
IZ
bK
2550 108 4 0,54 102
4. (. . 7.7)
R = 200 ; RS = 100 ; =
d int
= 0,9.
d ext
, , :
WZ =
max
R
40
= 0, 2 103 3 = 200 3 .
3
200 10
WZ =
d 4 (1 4 ) d 3ext
IZ
= ext
=
(1 4 ).
d ext
max
32
64
2
: WZ = W
Z dext:
200 3 =
dext =
d 3
(1 0,94 );
32
200 32
= 18,1.
(1 0,94 )
d 3ext
183
4
WZ =
(1 ) =
(1 0,94 ) = 196,8 3 ;
32
32
M max
40
max =
=
= 203, 25 103 > R =
6 3
WZ
196,8 10
= 200 103 .
:
(%) =
max R
R
100 % =
203, 25 200
100 % =
200
= 1,6 % < 5 %,
.
. ,
138
139
max =
QY
max
IZ
S
RS;
b() max
Q max = 20 ;
4
d ext
184
(1 4 ) =
(1 0,94 ) = 1771 4 .
64
64
b
: b = dext dint = 18 16,2 = 1,8 .
Z
:
S()
= 1 01
Z
2 02 ;
d 2
182
1 = ext =
127,17 2 ;
8
8
4 rext 4 9
01 =
=
= 3,82 ;
3 3
2
d int
16, 22
=
=
= 103, 0 2 ;
2
8
8
4 rint 4 8,1
=
= 3, 44 .
02 =
3
3
S()
= 1 01
Z
2 02 =
= 127,17 3,82 103 3, 44 = 131,5 3 .
:
max
7.2
, . 7.12, :
Q;
( . 7.12, ).
20
131,5 106 3
=
=
1771 108 4 1,8 102
20
VB = 56,67
VA = 43,33
43,33
+
0
. ( )
20
y1
y2
Z'
36,67
40
13,34
16
IZ =
46,94
46,66
33,34
. 7.12
. Q
X = 0;
= 0;
= 0;
q 4 2 + M + F8 VB 6 = 0;
20 4 2 + 20 + 20 8 VB 6 = 0;
= 0;
VB = 56,67 ;
VA 6 + M q 4 4 + F2 = 0;
VA 6 + 20 20 4 4 + 20 2 = 0;
Y = 0;
141
22
Z,
, .
(7.11):
VA = 43,33 .
VA + VB q4 F = 43,33 + 56, 67 20 4 30 = 0.
Q,
(. 7.1, . 122) .
, q. , q (. 7.12 ).
Q . 11,
22, 33 , .
Q11 = VA = 443,33 ;
Q33 = VA q4 = 43,33 20 4 = 36,67 ;
Q 4 4 = Q55 = F VB = 20 56,67 = 36,67 ;
Q7 7 = Q6 6 = F = 20 ;
M11 = 0;
M 2 2 = VA 2 q2 1 = 43,33 2 20 2 1 = 46,67 ;
M 33 = VA 4 q4 2 = 43,33 4 20 4 2 = 13,32;
M 4 4 = F4 + VB 2 = 20 4 + 56,67 2 = 33,34 ;
M 55 = M 6 6 = F2 = 20 2 = 40 ;
M 7 7 = 0;
Q
(. 7.12, ).
, .. "" . Q
, 1-
0, .. ,
Q(0) = 0. 0:
43,33
= 2,17 .
Q(0) = VA qx0 = 43,33 20x0 = 0; x0 =
20
:
2,17 2
= 46,94 .
. = ( = 0) = 43,33 2,1720
2
142
, Q q (7.13) :
,
M = 20 ;
Q ,
, ;
, q, , Q ;
, q, , q,
Q .
q.
.
1. . 7.12
R = 200 103 ; RS = 100 103 .
. .
|M|max =
= 46,94 .
, max = R -
:
M max
46,94
WZ =
=
= 0, 2347 103 3 = 234,7 3 .
3
R
200 10
Z I Z (. 5).
:
i yi = A1y1 + A 2 y2 + A3 y3 .
=
A1 + A 2 + A 3
Ai
Z' Z ; i :
1 = 10 2 = 202; 2 = 22 = 222; 3 = 52 = 102;
143
IZi .
, :
b1h13 10 (2)3
=
= 6, 674 ;
12
12
b 2 h 32 (22)3
IZ2 =
=
= 887,33 4 ;
12
12
b h 3 5 (2)3
= 3,33 4 .
IZ3 = 3 3 =
12
12
:
I
4940, 414
WZ = Z =
= 322,93 .
y max
15,3
)
Y
2
IZ1 =
0i Z Zi:
y01 = y1 yC = 24 14,3 = 9,7.
y02 = y 2 yC = 12 14,3 = 2,3.
y03 = y3 yC = 0 14,3 = 14,3.
1 1,8
3
9
B=10
( |M|max)
max
: max = y = 15,3.
7,2
= 26 15,3 = 10,7.
I Z = (I Z 1 + A1 y 01 ) + (I Z 2 + A 2 y 02 ) + (I Z 3 + A 3 y 03 ).
= (y + ) = (14,3 + ) = 15,3;
H = 20
i
Z'. Z'
Z3 (. . 7.12).
2
2
2
+ 22 +
= 24; 2 =
+ 11 = 12;
1 =
2
2
2
3 = 0, Z3 Z' .
A y + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y3 202 24 + 222 12
yC = 1 1
=
= 14,3.
A1 + A 2 + A 3
202 + 22 2 + 10 2
y Z' Z.
Z
:
( |Q|max)
(3)
(3)
max
max
. 7.13
.
:
WZ = WZ ;
322,93 = 234,7 3 ;
234,7
= 0,899 0,9 .
322,9
2. 2- (. . 7.12
R = 200 , RS = 100 .
7.13)
.
, .
Z , .
= 3
145
B H 3 b h 3 10 (20)3 8 (16)3
= 3936 4 .
12
12
12
12
I
H 20
39364
= 393,63 , y max = =
= 10.
WZ = Z =
2
2
y max
10
.
M max
max =
R, max = R
WZ
IZ =
max
46,94
= 0, 2347 103 3 = 234,7 3 .
R
3
200 10 2
. WZ = W
Z
W Z =
234,7
= 0,84.
393,6
103-76
= 9 = 0,9 .
.
M max
46,94
max =
=
= 163,6 103 <R.
WZ
393,6 0,93 106 3
-
. :
R
163,6 200
100 % =
100 % = 18 %.
(%) = max
R
200
. 7.13 , , .
:
Q
S()
max = max Z
RS;
IZ
()()
393,6 3 = 234,7 3;
= 3
max
7.3
(. . 7.12),
7.2, :
1. R =
= 200 , RS = 100 .
2. ( n = 1,2 S = 240 )
, 7.2.
1.
.
(. 7.14), 1- , .. , |M|max = 46,94 = 0,9 :
M max
46,94
max =
=
= 199, 4 103 <R .
3
3
6
WZ
322,9 0,9 10
.
R
199, 4 200
100% =
100% = 0,3 %.
(%) = max
R
200
. 2- , .. ,
|Q|max = 43,3 (. Q, 11, . 7.12).
147
10
22
02
)
)
)
1- . . 2- . . 3- . .
. .
8,7 01
Z
14,3
13,3
max
Z3
max
55,
III = 40 , QIII = 36,67 .
(.
. 7.14, ) , ,
||max (
Z ),
,
, .. y = 0; x = (. 7.15). .
)
. 7.14
, () (. . 7.14):
Q Y max S
max =
Z
RS;
IZ
b() max
IZ = 4940,41 4 = 4940, 41 0,94 = 3241 4 ; b()() = = 0,9 .
,
Z
:
2
S()
= 1 01 +
Z
2 02 = 20 9, 7 +
max =
148
max
. 7.15
,
Z ,
, ..
( K . 7.14).
.
55 (. . 7.12),
( = 40 , Q =
= 36,67 )
,
.
(. . 7.13).
.
3-
.
149
III
2X + 42y R;
= 1 3 =
X(C) =
M III
40
C =
13,3 0,9 102 =
IZ
3241 108 4
= 147,7 103 ,
Q III S(3)
36,67 104, 25 106 3
Z
=
= 13,11 103 .
8 4
2
I Z b()C 3241 10 0,9 10
S (C)
= 5 2 14,3 = 143 3 = 143 0,9 = 104,25 3;
Z
b(y) = = 0,9 ;
C(3) =
3
3
3
+ S
W = S .
. = 158 + 298 = 456 .
:
S W
max [ M ] =
=
.
n
n
S = 240 103 , n = 1,2 :
46,94 =
= 91200 103 3 .
1, 2
2
2
III
= 147, 7 + 4 13,11 = 150 < R.
150
46,94
= 0,00801 = 0,80 .
91200 103
)
=6
2
n
)
S
<S
+
Z3
S
+
8,7
Z
13,3
Y
10
22
16
2.
(7.12)
, .
, nn
. = = , =
2
= 20 2 + 22 2 + 10 2 = 52 2 , nn (. 7.16)
,
102 :
= 6.
= 20 2 + = = 26 2 ,
2
()
() nn.
S .
= 202 (6 + ) + 6 2 3 = 1403 + 183 = 1583 ;
2
2 16
= 1703 + 1283 = 2983 .
S
. = 10 (16 + ) + 16
2
2 max=S
S
= SW
=SWZ
. 7.16
2 = 0,8 1 = 0,9 ,
):
151
(%) =
A1 A 2
4612 46 22
100 % =
100 % =
A1
4612
0,92 0,82
0,17
100 % =
100 % = 21 %.
2
0,9
0,81
,
21 % , .. .
=
7.5.
1.
?
?
2. ?
?
3.
?
4. " ".
?
5. Q ?
6.
, Q q?
7. Q
?
8.
? .
9. ? .
10. .
152
11. ,
?
12.
?
13. .
14. ?
15. , ?
16. ?
17.
?
18. ?
19. ?
153
: -, , .
, :
,
;
.
.
.
,
-
.
[4].
5
,
-.
:
[4].
154
,
,
2- , ,
,
.
, .
,
[1, 2] .
155
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
. . : ; 5- .,
. . / . . , . . . . :
., 1989. 622 .
. . : /
. . , . . , . . ; .
. . . . : ., 1995. 560 . ; 2000.
560 .
. . : / . .
. . : , 1995.
. . .
: . / . . ,
. . . : , 2001. . 2. 132 .
. . :
. / . . . : ,
1992. 48 .
. . .
: .
/ . . , . . , . . .
: , 2003. 47 .
. . : .
/ . . . : ,
2003. 47 .
. . : . / . . ,
. . , . . , . . . :
, 2003. 44 .
2005 .
..
-
54..05.953..000148.12.02 27.12.2002 .
14.04.2005. 6084 1/16
..
. . .
9,1 .-..; 10,0 .. 728 .
()
630008, , . , 113
156
157