-

()

..
..

1
3 ( )

2005

2005

539.3/6
30.121
155

. .
: : . ; 3-
. . . / . . ; . . .. -. : , 2005. . 1. 156 .
ISBN 5-7795-0253-6

, , .
, .
( ), ,
.
-

:
.. , . . ,
;
.. , - . ,
;
. , - . ,

ISBN 5-7795-0253-6

.., 2005
(), 2005
2

5
1. ,

7
2.
.
10
3. 14
3.1.
14
3.2.
17
3.3.

21
3.4. 23
3.5.
.
24
3.6.
36
3.7.
47
4.

.
48
4.1. .
48
4.2. 50
4.3.
56
4.4.

.
59
4.5.

.

62
4.6. 65
4.7.
73
5.

75
5.1.
75
5.2.
80
3

5.3.

81
5.4.

90
5.5.
98
6.
99
6.1.

99
6.2.

102
6.3.

107
6.4.
111
6.5.

116
6.6.
119
7.
120
7.1.

120
7.2.
123
7.3.
127
7.4. 131
7.5.
152

154

156

2 "
. "
3 " -
. ".
, , ( ,
- ,
).
,


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.

" ".
-
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5 .
(185x55 ), : , , , , ,
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4 (297210 ).
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(. 1).
,

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1. ,




-
()

- ___

: ________________________________
_____________________________________________
:

_____ .
_______________
"____" _________ 200_ .

_______________
"____" _________ 200_ .

200__
. 1
, (
),
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.
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8

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9

2.
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, .
, ..
.
,
.

.
,

, .
" "
, , .
,
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, , , .

, , .

.
.
, Fi (. 2.1).
() "", ,
, "", (
10

) "". "" , , . ,
. , , "" , , ""
.
)

F3

F2

F1

F4

F5

F6
)
F2

F1

Y
F1

Z
M

F2

MY

MZ

A
Qz

N X

QY
F6

F6

. 2.1
11

 , ,
( , ),
R .
.
R , , (. 2.1).
R : N, , ,
(. 2.1).

: = t, ( ) , Z Y, Z Y,
,
, .

QZ QY, ,
(. 2.1).
Z Y
,
5. ,

( ): N
() , QY QZ , = t
, Z Y .
:
i()
FX = 0 ;
=0;
N + FX

F = 0 ;
F = 0;
M = 0 ;
M = 0 ;
M = 0 ;
Y
Z

Y
Z

F
Q + F
M + M
M +M
M +M

QY +
z

i()
Z

= 0;

= 0;

i()
X

= 0;

i()
Y

= 0;

i()
Z

= 0.

, . ,
, .
,
:
N,

;
,
, ;
QY
Z ,

( , Z Y
).

, .

12

i()
Y

13

3.
3.1.

, .

qn

qn

( )
,

,
. ,
.
:
, .
N , . :
) nn (. 3.1) .
(
)
( );
) (
, ,
, );
) ( , .. ) N() (. 3.1);
) ,
N(). N ,
.
:
, , -

, .
, , .
:
,
,
,
.
N() ,
,
N. .
N
. -

14

15

. 3.1
,
. 3.1,
N() :

= 0;

F1 + F2 2 F3 + q n x + N(x) = 0;
N(x) = F1 F2 + 2 F3 q n x.

 , N = const, .. N
.
3.1
,
. 3.2.

1. 1, 2, 3.
.
2. xi (. 3.2), .. .
3. , . () Ni(),
(. 3.2, , ).

2
3
3

4. ,
Ni ().
1- (. 3.2) 0 x1 1 :

= 0;

F1 + N1 (x) = 0;

N1 (x) = F1 = 30 (const).
2- (. 3.2) 0 x 2 1,5 :

= 0;

F1 F2 + N 2 (x) = 0;

N 2 (x) = F1 + F2 = 30 + 20 = 10 (const).
3- (. 3.2) 0 x 3 2 :

= 0;

F1 F2 + F3 + N 3 (x) = 0;

N 3 (x) = F1 + F2 F3 = 30 + 20 40 = 50 (const).
N()
( N) , N (. 3.2). ,
, F,
, N ,


, :
, ,
.

.
3.2.

. 3.2

16

.
.. 1955 .
17

 ,
,
.
, , : , ,
, , .
. (). n,
.
. ,
, .
. , n " " "
".
R,

.

() S u.

.
> 1. -

. ,
= 1,0251,15; = 1,31,5.
,
, R
: R = H .
M
, R .
,
, . , , , .

R.
= 1 .

:
N S,
N , ( ); S ,
( - ,
).

18

19

.
. , :
max [ ] ,
max , ; [] -

 () , .
:

[] = 0 ,
n
0 ; n .
0
S 0,2; ( ) u.
, , .
, ,
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) (
);
4) ;
5)
.

.
n = 1,41,6;
n = 2,53,5; n = 3,56.
. , , , , .
, , . , ,
, :
20

Fmax [ F] =

,
n
n , ,
.

-, .
3.3.

- ,
, ( -) :

N
,
A

(3.1)

; "" , .. = netto.

,
( , , .. = 1, = 1):
N
(3.2)
N A R
max = max R,
A
N max N (, N max ,
); R
.
, ..
(R t R C ), :
21

P
max

NPmax
=
Rt
A
C

max =

N max
A

Rc

max = R, (3.3)

N Pmax (
C

N ""); N max
( N
""); R t , R c .
(3.2) (3.3),
:
1- . N, (3.2) (3.3)
.
2- , .. .
max = R, A TP (3.2):
N
A TP = max .
(3.4)
R
,
.
(3.3) :
P

P
TP

N max
Rt

A CTP =

N max

.
Rc
.
3-
.
22

:

[ N ] = R A;

(3.5)

[ N ] P = R t A.

:
[ N ] C = R c A.
3.4.

nn1
(. 3.4)
.
nn1 ( nn2):
A
.
A =
cos

:
N
F
F
=
= cos = cos .
p =
(3.6)
A
A
A
cos

,
(. 3.3):
(3.7)
= p cos = cos cos = cos 2 ,

(3.8)
= p sin = sin cos = sin2 .
2
(3.7) ,
= 0, ..
F
: = 0 = max = 1 = .
A
23

min

.
2

(3.9)

min

N
A

l

l : l = l1 l;

l
l1

.
(3.11)
E

, ,
.
=

, max ,

n1
n2

n2

N=F

N
A

p
1

n1
n2

F
. 3.3

3.5. .

pr , .. :
24

(3.10)

b1

= 45o = max =

= E ;

1 ( 4).

.
(3.8) ,
= 45:

. 3.4

l
.
l

(3.12)

: ' =
= b/b, b = b1 b.
' , ,
:

(3.11) (3.1)
(3.12):
l
N
=
.
l AE

( ) l :
N l
(3.13)
l =
.
EA
25

 (3.13) ,
, .
l ,
. ,
, :
l
N(x)dx
(3.14)
l =
,
EA
0
N() .
,

, N() , , :
q C.B = A ,
, /3, /3;
, 2.


(. 3.5) ua:
d, , , .. u a = l ad .

l3

l2

l1

. 3.5

N1 = 0;

N 2 = N 3 = F.

Fl2
;
E A2
F l3
Fl2
u a = l ad =
+
.
E A 2 E A3

l1 = 0;

l 2 =

l 3 =

F l3
.
E A3

:
j
n
,
() , ..
i=n

u j = l i .

(3.16)

i=0

:
(3.17)
u max [ u ] ,
u max ,
; [u] ,
.
3.2
N ,
. 3.6
= 0,27 105 , [u] = 2 = 2 103 .

d
1, 2 3:
l ad = l1 + l 2 + l 3 .
(3.15)

1. , ,
, .
2. 1, 2, 3.

26

27

3.
xi , .. .
4. ,
Ni(i) (
, ). .
.u (105) 3
0,8144/

, q, N ,
q;
, , N .
6. = const:
uA = 0 ( , ).
l3

u B = l 3 =

0,2963/

2
30 10
2
=

u C = l 3 + l 2 ;

0,74/

22
5 3
2 = 0, 2963 10 ;
=
0, 27 108

30 2 10

N 3 (x) dx 2 ( 30 10x 3 ) dx
=
=
EA
EA
0

. 3.6

N1 (x1 ) = F1 = 20 H (const)
N 2 (x 2 ) = F1 F2 q x 2 =

0 x1 1 .

0 x 2 2 .
= 20 30 10 x 2 == 50 10 x 2 ,
x 2 = 0 ,
N 2 (0) = 50 H.
x 2 = 2 ,
N 2 (2) = 70 H;
N 3 (x) = F1 F2 q (2 + x 3 ) + F3 =

= 10 10 (2 + x 3 ) = 30 10x 3 ; 0 x 3 2 ;
x 3 = 0 ,
N 3 (0) = 30 H;
x 3 = 2 ,
N 3 (2) = 50 H.
5. N (. 3.3).
N :
, F, , , ;
28

l 2 =

l2

N 2 (x) dx
(50 10x 2 )dx
=
=
EA
EA
0

(50x 10
EA

x 22
)
2
=
0

2
)
5 3
2 = 0, 444 10 ;
0, 27 108 A
A

(50 2 10

uC =

0, 2963 105 0, 444 105 0,7403 105 3

;
+
=
A
A
A

u D = l 3 + l 2 + l1 ;
l 1 =
uD =

N1 l1
20 1
0,0741 105 3
=
=
;
E A 0, 27 108

0,7403 105 0,0741 105 0,8144 105 3

+
=
.
A
A
A
29

 , (. . 3.3), ,
0,8144 105
u max =
. u max = [ u ] ,
A
0,8144 105
= 2 103 .
A
0,8144 105
= 0, 4072 102 2 0, 41 102 2 .
=
3
2 10
= 2 = 0, 41 2 , =

2 = 1,2 , N2(1,2) = 16 ;
N3(x3) = F3 + F2F1 qn (1,2 + x3) =
= 100 +140 120 20 (1,2 + x3) = 104 20x3.
N3(0) = 104 ;
x3 = 0,
N3(1,2) = 144 .
3 = 1,2 ,

N (. 3.7).

0, 41 102 = 0,064 = 6, 4 .

3.3
, . 3.7 :
N ;
;
N, u
:
R c = 12 = 12 103 ; Rt = 0,9 = 0,9 103 .

. 3.7

E = 0, 27 108 ; = 25 /3; [u] = 0,5 103 .

1. , , .
2. 1, 2, 3.
3. N ,
, , 3.1 (. 17).

N1 = F3 = 100 ;
N 2 (x 2 ) = F3 + F2 q n x 2 = 100 + 140 20x 2 = 40 20x 2 ;
x2 = 0, N2(0) = 40 ;
30

4. (3.3), N, , , (. 3.7). 2 3 ( ) 2. N :
c

N max = 144 H; N max = 40 .

(3.3) max = R t

: A

N max
Rt

40
= 44, 44 103 2 = 2;
3
0,9 10
31

A=

44, 44 103
= 22, 22 103 2 ;
2
c

A c =

N max
Rc

144 H
= 12 103 2 = 2A;
3
12 10 a

12 103
= 6 103 2 .
2
1 ( ) . N
:
A=

N max = 100 H; N max = 0 .

:
c

N max

100 H
= 8,33 103 2 = A.
Rc
12 103 a
:
A = 22, 22 10 3 2 , 2 = 44,44 103 2.
A =
c

5. N .
C
, . .
1- :
3 2
3
0,56 /.
q (1)
= 1 = 22,2 10 1 25 /
2 3- ,
2:
3)
= 2 1 = 44,4 103 2 1 25 /3 1,12 /.
q (2,

N1(1) = F3 q (1)
x1 = 100 0,56x1 ;
1 = 0, N1(0) = 100 ;
1 = 1,0 , N1(1,0) = 100,56 ;

32

(2)
N 2 ( 2 ) = F3 + F2 q (1)
1 x 2 (q n + q ) =

= 100 + 140 0,56 2 (20 + 1,12) = 39, 44 21,12 2 ;

2 = 0, N2(0) = 39,44 ;
2 = 1,2 , N2(1,2) = 14,11 .
(1)
N 3 ( 3 ) = F3 + F2 F1 (q n + q (2,3)
)( 3 + 1, 2) q 1 =
= 100 + 140 120 (20 + 1,12)( 3 + 1, 2) 0,56 1 =
= 105,89 21,12 3 ;
3 = 0, N3(0) = 105,89 ;
3 = 2,0 , N3(2,0) = 148,11 .

N (. 3.7).
6. :

i =

Ni
.
Ai

, .
:
1- A11 = A 2 2 = A = 22, 22 103 2 .
2 3- :
A33 = A 4 4 = A55 = A66 = 2A = 44, 44 103 2 .
:
N
100 H
11 = 11 =
= 4,5 103 = 4,5 M < R c ;
A11 22, 22 10-3 2
N
100,56
2 2 = 2 2 =
= 4,53 103 = 4,53 < R c ;
A22 22,22 103 2
N
39,44 H
3 3 = 3 3 =
= 0,89 103 = 0,89 M < R t ;
A33 44, 44 103 2
N
14,11
4 4 = 4 4 =
= 0,32 103 = 0,32 < R t ;
A 4 4 44, 44 103 2

33

l i =
0

i = const

N xi (x i )dx
.
E Ai

1
(100 + 100,56) 1
2 = 16,71 105 ;
l 1 =
=
E A1
0, 27 108 22, 22 103
1
N 2() l 2 (39, 44 + 14,11) 2 1.2
l 2 =
=
= 2,68 105 ;
E A2
0, 27 108 44, 44 103
1
N 3(c) l 3 (105,89 + 148,11) 2 2
l 3 =
=
= 21,17 105 .
3
0, 27 108 44, 44 103
N1() l 1

F3 = 100

4,5

F2 = 140

q (1)

2
3

qn=20

4
(2,3) 5

4
5

3
6

i- .

, :
N i() l i
l i =
,
E Ai
Ni() .

34

5
) u (10 )

35,2

0,89

4,53

18,49

2,38

F1=120

21,79

0,32

3,33

. 3.8

N(x i )dx

()

1,2

N 55
105,89 H
=
= 2,38 103 = 2,38 M < R c ;
A 55 44, 44 10-3 2
N
148,11 H
6 6 = 6 6 =
= 3,33 103 = 3,33 M < R c .
A 66 44, 44 10-3 2

,
, 33 . ,
.
, , , N,
, . ,
5 %, .
(. 3.8).
7. .
(3.14):
5 5 =

(3.16), l i , uii (
, 55 44, 33 22):
u 6 6 = 0;
u 55 = u 4 4 = l 3 = 21,17 105 ;

u 33 = u 2 2 = l 3 + l 2 = 21,17 105 + 2,68 105 =

= 18, 49 105 ;
35

u11 = l 3 + l 2 + l 1 =
5

= 21,17 10 + 2,68 10 16,71 10 = 35, 2 10 .

u,

(. 3.8).
(3.14)
N(x) ,
.
u
.
8. .
u , u max = 35, 2 105 =
= 0,352 103 < [ u ] = 0,5 103 . .

, , ,
, - .
( )
( ) .
F, (. 3.9).
.

l1

3.6.

l2

. 3.9

- , ( ), .

, .
,
( ). , , .
,
.
( ).

F VA VB,
. .
(
) :

36

37

VA F + VB = 0.

= 0;

VA VB , .. (
).

:
, , l = 0.
l
:

(3.18)
l 1 l 2 ,
(3.13), N1 N2:
N l
N l
(3.19)
l 2 = 2 2 .
l1 = 1 1 ;
E1 A1
E2 A2

1 2
.
(3.26) (3.18)
(3.20), VB
F t
.

N1 N 2
1 2, :
N1 = VB F;
N 2 = VB .
(3.20)
(3.19) (3.20)
(3.18) :
(V F) l1 VB l 2
(3.21)
l = B
+
= 0.
E1 A1
E2 A2

3.4

l = l1 + l 2 = 0.

VB =

E 2 A 2 F l1
.
E 2 A 2 l 1 + E1 A1 l 2

E1 = E 2 :
F l1 A 2
(3.22)
VB =
.
A 2 l 1 + A1 l 2
F l1
A1 = A 2 ,
(3.23)
VB =
.
l1 + l 2
F l1
(3.24)
A1 = 2A 2 ,
VB =
.
l1 + 2 l 2
VA :
VA = F VB .
(3.25)

t (3.19) :
N l

l1 = 1 1 + 1 l1 t

E1 A1

(3.26)
,
N2 l 2

l 2 =
+ 2 l 2 t

E2 A2
38

, ,
. 3.10, :
F = 100 H;
t = 30 C;
= 1 10 4 ;

A1 = 2 103 2 ;

E1 = 2 108 ;

A 2 = 2A1 = 4 103 2 ;
;
1 = 12,5 106 1

E 2 = 0,7 108 ;
2 = 22,5 106 1

1. l
t = 30 C F

Fl1
l = l 1 + l 2 = 1l1t +
+ 2 l 2 t =
E1A1

= 12,5 106 2 30 +

100 2
+ 22,5 106 1 30 =
8
3
2 10 2 10

= 19, 25 104 .

l, ..
= 1 104 < l = 19,25 104 .
,
.
39

E1 A1 = 2 108 2 10-3 2 = 4 105 H;

)

l1

l2

l1

l2

E 2 A 2 = 0,7 108 4 10-3 2 = 2,8 105 H.

:
N l
N 2

l 1 = 1 1 + 1l1t = 1 5 + 12,5 106 2 30

E1 A1
4 10

. (3.29)
N2 l 2
N 2 1
6
ll2 =
+ 2 l 2 t =
+ 22,5 10 1 30

E2 A2
2,8 105
, :
N1 = VB + F = VB + 100
(3.30)
.
N 2 = VB

(3.29) (3.30) (3.28), :

u B = 0,5 105 ( VB + 100) + 75 105 0,357 105 VB +
)
u
)

. 3.10

1. .
VAVB+F = 0;
X = 0;

VA = VB 100.
(3.27)

2. .

. :
u B = l1 + l 2 = .
(3.28)
3. .

:
40

+ 67,5 105 = 10 105.

50 + 75 + 67,5 10

VB =
= 212,95 H.
0,857
(3.27) VA:
VA = VB 100 = 212,95 100 = 112,95 H.
(3.30)
:
N1 = 212,95 + 100 = 112,95 H; N 2 = 212,95 H.
N (. 3.10).
:
N 112,95
(1) = 1 =
= 56,5 103 = 56,5 .
3
A1
2 10
(3.16):
u A = 0;
Nl
u C = l1 = 1 1 + 1l1t =
E1A1
41

112,95 2
+ 12,5 106 2 30 = 18,52 105 .
4 105
N
212,95
(2) = 2 =
= 53, 24 103 = 53,24 .
A2
4 103
Nl
u B = l1 + l 2 = 18,52 105 + 2 2 + 2 l 2 t =
E2A2
=

= 18,52 105 +

212,95 1
+ 22,5 106 1 30 =
2,8 105

= 9,97 105 ,
.. (3.28) .
3.5

: ,
- ,
1 2 (. 3.11).
: 1. 1 2

1 2 1 = 1,52
R = 200 .
2. [q]
q.
S = 240 , n = 1,2.

: l = 2 + 2 = 62 + 42 = 7, 21 .
: VA, H, VD HE. 1 2 N1 , N2 , .. N1 = VD N2 = HE. 4 , 42

3. ,
.
1. .
.
1 2, , N1
N2.
= 0 :
N1 6 + N2 4 q 6 3 = 0.
(3.31)
2. .

1 2. (..
),
uB uC
.

. 1 1 (. 3.11) :
u
u
u
u
tg = = = .
(3.32)

6 7, 21
VD = N1
)

)
q=20 /
HA

l 1 = 2,5

1
2

VA
d

l 2

uC

l1 = u B

. 3.11
43

C1

2
HE = N2
E

l2 = 2

l 2

uC

 (3.32)
1 2 .
l1 l 2
1 1
1 2.
. 3.11 , 1 2 u = l1 ,
. 3.11 , 2 2, 21. :
l 2
u =
.
(3.33)
sin
(3.33) (3.32)
1 2:
l1
l 2
=
.
(3.34)
6
7, 21 sin
3. .

N1 N2:
N l
N l
l 1 = 1 1 ; l 2 = 2 2 .
(3.35)
E A1
E A2
(3.35) (3.34) :
N1 l1
N2 l 2
=
.
E A1 6 E A 2 7, 21sin

4. 1 2.
,
1 = 1,52, sin =

4
= 0,555,
7, 21

N2 = 24,33 ; N1 = 1,799 24,33 = 43,79 .

5. 1 2:
:
N 43,79 29,19
=
;
(1) = 1 =
A1 1,5A 2
A2
N
24,33
(2) = 2 =
.
A2
A2
(1) > (2) ,
:
29,19
(1) =
= R = 200 103 ,
A2
29,19
3 2
2
= 0,146 10 = 1,46 .
200 103
1 = 1,52 = 1,5 1,46 2 = 2,19 2.

2 =

:
N
43,79
(1) = 1 =
= 199,95 103 R.
4
A1 2,19 10
N
24,33
(2) = 2 =
= 166,64 103 < R.
4 2
A 2 1, 46 10
6. [q] .
, .. max R.

N1 2,5
N2 2
=
.
1,5A 2 6 7, 21 A 2 0,555

N1 = 1,799N2
(3.36)
(3.37)

N2 = 0,556N1.
(3.31) (3.36), :
1,799N2 6+N2 4 q 6 3 = 0 q = 20 /,

, , :
q
q max
= [ q ] .
n
, ..

44

45

n=

q
S
,
=
R [ q ]

.

, S 1,
2, .. (1) = S ; (2) = S .
.
1 2 :
N 1 = S 1 = 240 103 2,19 10 4 2 = 52,56 ;
N 2 = S A 2 = 240 103 1, 46 10 4 2 = 35,04 .
(3.31) () :
6N 1 +4N 2 q 6 3 = 0;
6 52,56 + 4 35,04 455,52

q =
=
= 25,31 .
18
18

n = 1,2.
, :
q 25,31

[q] =
=
= 21,1 .
n
1, 2

[q] [q] q 21,1 20

=
100 % = 5,5 %.
: q(%) =
q = 20
q
20

, 5,5 %.

46

3.7.

1.

, , ?
2.

.
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6.
?
7. ?
?
8.

?
9. ?
?
10. . ?
11. .
?

47

4. .

4.1. .

, - ,
.
, ,
, .
, , . .
, :
1, 2, 3. 1 ( )
, 3 , 2 , ..
1 2 3 .
Y

ZY
YZ

X
Z

XZ

XY

Z
YX

ZX

2
1 2 3

. 4.1

48

. 4.1
, , .
:
2 0
)
)

1 0

3
1

. 4.1 ,
.
, .. . ( ) : , .
X XY XZ
T = YX Y YZ .
ZX ZY Z

1 0
2 0
3 0

1 0
2 = 0

3 = 0

2 0

3 = 0

1 0; 3 0; 2 = 0;

3 0; 1 = 2 = 0

2 0; 3 0; 1 = 0

. 4.2

49

1. ,
() (. 4.1).
2. ,
, () (. 4.2).
3. ,
, () () (. 4.2).
() . . 3.3
.

: , .
a)
Y

Y
dx

XY

xy

X
YX

)
Y

XY
X

dy

ds

YX

FY
TX

T
F
V

dz

dx

FX dy
ds

TY
dz

. 4.3

,
, .
, , , .

dx, dy, dz , . , . ,
, .
, ..,
.
:
x, y, yx, xy (. 4.3).
, , .

,
, .

, ,
dx, dy, ds
(. 4.3).
, , . ,
.

(. 4.3).
:
1. M 0 = 0; Ty dx + Tx dy = 0;
2
2

50

51

4.2.

= yx dy dz

+90.
+ 90 = x sin 2 + y cos 2 + yx sin2 .
(4.4)

dx
dy
+ xy dx dz
= 0 , :
2
2

yx = xy

(4.1)

,
, , . yx xy
.
2. V = F Fx cos Tx cos Fy sin + Ty sin = 0
(. 4.3);
V = ds dz x dy dz cos xy dy dz cos

y dx dz sin + yx dx dz sin = 0.
. ,

dy
dx
= sin ,
= cos , ,
ds
ds
(4.1) :

= x cos 2 + y sin 2 yx sin2 .

(4.2)

3. U = 0.
, , :

x y
2

sin2 + yx cos2 .

(4.3)

+90, .. (4.2) (4.4) :
+ + 90 = x + y = const ,
(4.5)
,
. ,

,
.

, .
, , , .

(4.2) , ..
= 0:
d
= x 2sin cos + y 2sin cos yx 2cos 2.
d
= 0 , , :

x y
d
= 2 (
sin2 0 + yx cos2 0 ) = 0 . (4.5)

244442444443
d = 0
14

(4.2) (4.3)
,
,
.

, , (4.2)

0 , (. 4.3).

52

53

 (4.5) (4.3), -

d
,
= 2 = 0 .
0
d = 0

min

, , ..:

0 =

max = 1,2(3) =

sin2 0 + yx cos2 0 = 0 .

(4.6)

2 yx
x y

tg2 1 =

tg2 0 =

2 xy
x y

(4.8)

(4.7) (4.8) 0,
, .
, , , x y, 0
( 0 > 0) ( 0 < 0).
,
,
x ,
, .
, 0 (4.2).
0, (4.7) (4.8) (4.2). :
54

(4.9)

d
= ( x y )cos2 1 2 yx sin2 1 = 0 .

d = 1

(4.7)

, (4.1):

1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2yx .
2

, ( )
. , . 3.4,
.

(4.3) 1:

(4.6) :

tg2 0 =

x + y

x y
2 yx

(4.10)

1 ,
. 1 ,
,
.
(4.10) 1, .
+900. max, min.
,
max = min .
, max ,
min

.
(4.3)
1 3 x y, x = 0, :

1 3
sin2 .
2
55

(4.11)

 max =

min

(1 3 )
,
2

sin(2 ) = 1 = 450 , .. 45.

(4.12) 1 3 (4.9), :

max =
min

1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2x .
2

= 45

( ) (. 4.4).
Y
)

4.3.

. 4.1, ,
, (. 4.4), :

56

ZY

YZ

(4.15)

, (4.14) ,
.
, .
.

zy

xy = yx , xz = zx , yz = zy .

1 + 3
1
1
= 1
+ 3
= 2 .
2
2

xz

yz .
z

xy
y

,
:

(4.13)

.
(4.2) , 1 3, = 0:
(4.14)
= 1cos 2 + 3sin 2 .
= 45
:
2

T = yx
zx

(4.12)

XZ

XY

z
YX

3
1

1
3

ZX

1 2 3

1 0
2 0
3 0

. 4.4

, , . ,
, , . 4.5,

. :
(4.16)
cos( x, ) = l ; cos( y, ) = m; cos( z, ) = n.
dA = 1,
: dAX = l , dAy = m, dAZ = n.
57

xz

zy

dA=1

dAx= l

yx

dAy=m

z
zx
yz

zy

dAz = n

. 4.5

, , = . :
l l m zx n = 0.
Y Z.
l , m n:
( x )l + yx m + zx n = 0

(4.17)
xy l + ( y )m + zy n = 0 .

xz l + yz m + ( z )n = 0

l 2 +m2+n2 = 1,
(4.18)
.
( )
, ..
( x )
yx
zx
xy
zy
= 0.
(4.19)
( y )
xz
yz
( z )
,
58

3 I12 + I 2 I3 = 0,
(4.20)
.
(4.20)
(4.19) :
I1 = x + y + z ;
I2 = x y + x z + y z 2yx 2zx 2zy ;

(4.21)

I3 = x y z + 2 yx zx zy .
2
x zy

2
y zx

2
z yx

,
(4.20)
1 , 2 3 . , ( ).
l, m, n, , (4.17)
. (4.17) (4.18)
l, m, n.
4.4. .

.
(. . 4.1) 1,
:
1 = 11 + 12 + 13 .
1

59

, 11 =

1
. (

: 22 =

; 33 = 3 ).

2 3,
, 1, , 2 3
1 , :

12 = 22 =
=

2
, 13 = 33 = 3 .

'
,

; '
; .
,
1 :

1 = 11 + 12 + 13 =

1
1
2 3 = [ 1 ( 2 + 3 )] .

. :
1

1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )]

(4.22)
2 = [ 2 (1 + 3 )] .

3 = [3 (1 + 2 )]

,
.
(. 4.1) :

60

[ x ( y + z )]

y = [ y ( x + z )] ,

z = [ z ( x + y )]

x =

x =
z =

x
G
z

zx = zx
G

2(1 + )
x
E

2(1 + )
=
z . (4.23)
E

2(1 + )

=
zx
E

(4.23)
1-
, 2-
( ) G:

.
G=
2(1 + )
(4.23) ,
, , dx, dy, dz.

,
,
.


1
1

yx
zx
x
2
2

1
1

y
zy
2 xy
2

1
1
yz
z
xz
2
2

.
(4.22) (4.23),

, . 61

 , .
(4.23)

, , .
1, 2, 3 , ,
(4.22), .
:
1 0 0

0 2 0 .
0 0
3

4.5. .

(4.22) (4.23) , , , .
, 2 , :
1
2 = [ (1 + 3 )] .
(4.24)

,
.
, .

.
.
:
62

(dV)
= 1 + 2 + 3 .
dV

(4.25)

(4.25) 1, 2 3 (4.22), :

1 2
(1 + 2 + 3 ) .

(4.26)

(4.26) .
( + + z), .

1 2
( x + y + z ) .

(4.27)

(4.26) (4.27) .

1 = 2 = 3 = > 0 ( ), (4.26)
:
1 2
=
3 .
(4.28)

, . ,
, .. .
:
+ 2 2 + 3 3
.
(4.29)
u= 1 1
2
(4.22):

u=

1 2
[1 + 22 + 32 2(1 2 + 13 + 2 3 )] . (4.30)
2E

/3
/3.

.
63

, (. 4.6); , ,
.
(. 4.6) , ; , , .
, , (4.30) -

1' = 2' = 3' = 0 =

1 + 2 + 3
.
3

:
1 2
u =
(1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 ,
6

u =

a)

= 0
'
3

1' = 0
3'' = 3 0

3' = 0

''
2

(4.32)

3'' = 3 0

1''

1' = 0
3

1 2
( x + y + z ) 2 .
6

'2 = 0

(4.31)

'2 = 0
. 4.6

1'' = 1 0
''2 = 2 0

, (4.30)
( . 4.6) 1" = 1 0; 2" = 2 0; 3" = 3 0. :

u =

1+ 2
(1 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 1 3 ) .
3E

:
64

u =

1+
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 .
6E

(4.33)

4.6.

, ( ) .
, , .

S, ut.
,
, ,
,
. .
.


,
.
,
, . , (, )
, ..
. 65

 ,
.
,

.
, , . , , , .

, S ut, () .

() , , ,
.
,
.
1- . ,
,
, ..

max = 1 R t max = 3 R ,

(4.34)

Rt R
.

.
2-
. ,
,
.
66

1
R
(4.35)
[1 ( 2 + 3 )] [] = .

E
(4.35)
, :
E 1 = II = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) R .
(4.36)
1 =

, .
.
3-
. , , , .. .

max =

1 3
R
RS .
2
2

(4.37)

(4.37)
2, 3-
:
max 2 = III
(4.38)
= 1 3 R .
.

,
2, ,
. .
4- . , ,
u ,
.
, .
67

 4-
: u [u ] (4.33) u
1+ 2
1+ 2
(1 + 22 + 32 1 2 13 2 3 )
R (4.39)
3
3
, , :
u =

IV
=

1
[(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + (1 3 ) 2 ] R .
2

(4.40)

,
. , 3- ,

,
.
4.1
90 ( )
()

50
( )
80
( )

. 4.7

(. 4.7).
= 2,06 105 , = 0,28.
- .

1.
. 4.7
.
2. ,


3. , ,
.
.
68

4. , = 30 o ,
.
.
5. (1 4)-
, .
6.
( ).

1.
: = 80 , ("" ),
= 90 ("" ),
= 50 ("" ).
2. .
max = 1,2(3) =
min

x + y
2

1
( x y ) 2 + 4 2yx =
2

80 90 1
(80 + 90) 2 + 4 (50) 2 = 5 98,62.
2
2
1 2 3,
:
max = 1 = 5 + 98,62 = 93,62 ,
min = 3 = 5 98,62 = 103,62 , 2 = 0 ( ).
: + = 1 + 3 = 80 90 = 93,62 103,62 = 10 .
=

:
2
2 ( 50)
tg2 0 =
=
= 0,588 ;
80 + 90

20 = 30,5; 0 = 15,25.
,

.
69

 , , , , (. 4.8).
3. (4.12):
( 3 )
93,62 + 103,62
=
= 98,62 .
max = 1
2
2
min
(4.13) :
+ 3 93,62 103,62
=
= 5 .
=45 = 1
2
2

,
0
=45
45o (. 4.8).

max
0

min

min
max
1
= 45

,

,
3

1.

= x cos 2 + y sin 2 yx sin2 = 80 0,7499 90 0, 25 +

+50 0,866 = 60 22,5 + 43,3 = 80,8 ;
+ 90 = x sin 2 + y cos 2 + yx sin2 = 80 0, 25 90 0,7499
50 0,866 = 20 67, 49 43,3 = 90,8 .
:
+ = + + 90 ;

80 90 = 80,8 90,8 = 10 .

x y
2

sin2 + yx cos2 =

80 + 90
0,866 50 0,5 = 48,61 .
2
. 4.9 ,
c . > 0,

.

+90

=30

. 4.8
4.
, = 30 30 + 90
sin 30o = 0,5,
cos 30o = 0,866;
sin 60o = 0,866.
cos 60o = 0,5,
(4.2)(4.4)

70

. 4.9

:
p = 2 + 2 = 80,82 + 48,612 = 94,3 .


71

1
[ ( +90 + z )] =

1
=
[80,8 0, 28(90,8 + 0)] = 51,57 105.
2,06 105
5.
:
1-
:
I = 1 = 93,62 ,
=

, ,

:
II = 122,63 R t .
6.
( ),
(4.22):
1
1
1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )] =
[93,62 0, 28(0 103,62)] =

2,06 105
= 59,53 105 ;
1
1
2 = [ 2 (1 + 3 )] =
[0 0, 28(93,62 103,62)] =

2,06 105

I = 3 = 103,62 .
2-
:
II = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) = 93,62 0, 28(0 103,62) =

= 122,63 .
3-
:
III
= 1 3 = 93,62 + 103,62 = 197, 24 .
4-, :
1
IV
[(1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + (1 3 ) 2 ] =
=
2

1
[(93,62 0) 2 + (0 +103,62) 2 + (93,62 +103,62) 2 ] =
2
= 170,89 .
=

i , . ,
, :
III
= 197, 24 R.

= 1,36 105 ;
1
1
3 = [3 (1 + 2 )] =
[ 103,62 0, 28(93,62 + 0)] =

2,06 105
= 63,03 105.
4.7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.
72

?
.
?
?

?

?
( )
,
, ?

max , min ?
?
" ".
73

9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.

?
?
, .

?
? 1 4-
.
.
? .

?
.
?

5.

5.1.

3,
,
:
, .
.
, , ,
:
;
() ;
;
.

(. 5.1).

. 5.1

dA .
SZ = ydA;
S y = zdA.
(5.1)

74

75

 3 3.
-
.
, n , , (5.1) :
SZ = S + S
(1)
Z

(2)
Z

SY = S + S
(1)
Y

(2)
Y

+ ... S .
(n )
Z

+ ... S

(n )
Y

i=n

= A i i
i =1

i=n

= Ai zi
i =1

Y1 Y2 Y

Y'

Z1

2
y02

y01

(5.2)

Z2
Z

y1

Ai i- ; zi i i- Z Y
(. 5.2); n .
,
. ,

.
,
(. 5.2), yC zC Y' Z'
:
i=n

(A i yi )

S|

C = Z = i =1i = n
A

i =1
(5.3)
,
i=n

(A i z i )
S|

i =1
= i=n
zC =

Ai

i =1
yi zi
Y'
76

Z'; i ; n
.

y2

y03

z1
z2

y3

Z3

Z'

zc

z3

. 5.2
Y' Z' , ,
. (. 5.2).
() dA
:
I Y = z 2 dA;
I Z = y 2 dA.
(5.4)
A

()

dA ():
I = 2 dA.
(5.5)

77



dA
:
I YZ = y z dA.
(5.6)
A

4 4. .
, .

, , .
, , .

.
,
, .

,
, .

Z ( Y) ( )
.
Z Y ( ) .

78

i =1

i=n

(1)
(2)
(n )
(i)
(5.7)
= IY
I Y = I Y + I Y + ....I Z
.
i =1

i=n

(2)
(n )
+
+
=
I ZY = I(1)
I
....I
I(i)

ZY
ZY
ZY
ZY
i =1

, Z Y, , :

I Zi = I Zi + A i y0i 2

(5.8)
I Yi = I Yi + A i z 0i 2
.

i
I ZY = I Zi Yi + A i z 0i y0i
(2)
(n )
I Z = I(1)
Z + I Z + ....I Z

i=n

= I(i)
Z

: I Zi , I Yi , I Zi Yi ( ); y0i , z 0i i- Z Y. (5.7)
(5.8) (5.9)
, n (.
. 5.2).
,
:
i=n

I Z = (I zi + y0i 2 A i )

i =1

i=n

2
(5.9)
I Y = (I yi + z 0i A i )
.
i =1

i=n

I ZY = (I zi yi + z 0i y 0i A i )

i =1

79

5.2.

(5.4), (5.5), (5.6):
I Y = z 2 dA;
I Z = y 2 dA.
I YZ = y z dA.
A

2
h
3

bh 3
(5.10)
.
12
hb3
(5.11)
IY =
.
12
= 0, Z Y .

2
h
3

. 5.3

2.

d 4 r 4
=
.
64
4
d 4 r 4
IP = I Z + IY =
=
.
32
2
I ZY = 0.

(5.12)
(5.13)

I P .
. 5.4
3.

d 4
.
128
I Z = 0,11r 4 .
I ZY = 0.
IY =

. 5.5

(5.14)
(5.15)

(5.17)

. 5.6

IZ =

IY = I Z =

(5.16)

1
h
3

1.

I ZY

4.
bh 3
IZ =
.
36
hb3
IY =
.
48
I ZY = 0.

b
3

. 5.7

5.
bh 3
IZ =
.
36
hb3
IY =
.
1
36
h
3
b2 h 2
I ZY =
.
72
2
b
3

(5.18)
(5.19)
(5.20)

, (5.10), (5.11) (5.16)

(5.19) , .
(5.20)
"" , (.. 2- 4-).
, (.. 1- 3-), (5.20) "".
5.3.

:
80

81

1. (,
, , ..) Zi Yi ( ).
2. (5.3)
Z Y. .
,
(5.3) . , . 5.8:

. 5.8
) Z' Y' , Y'
, Z'
;
) Z' :
i=n

SZ' = (Ai i ) = 11 + 22,

i =1

i ; i
Z' Zi.
i ;
) C
(5.3):
S
(Ai yi ) = 11 + 2 2 ;
yC = Z' =
1 + 2
A
Ai
82

) C Z
Z. Y.
3.
Z Y (. 5.8) (5.9),
:
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y 012 ) + (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ),
I Y = (I Y1 + A1z 012 ) + (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ),
I ZY = 0,
( Y) .
:
I Zi , I Yi ( ), (5.10)(5.19)
;
y 0i , z 0i Z
Y .
z 01 = z 02 = 0, y 01 y 02 . 5.8;
Ai . , , .. "" , A i I Zi , I Yi , I Zi Yi
"".
5.1
, . 5.9.

:
1.
Zi Yi
2. , ..
Z Y.
3. Z
Y :
83

z 01 = 0; z 02 = 0; z 03 = 0; z 04 = 9 ; z 05 = 9 ;
y01 = 0; y 02 = 14 ; y03 = 14 ; y04 = 0; y05 = 0;
d 2 102
=
= 78,5 c 2 ;
A1 = 24 48 = 1152 c 2 ; A 2 = A3 =
4
4
18 9
A 4 = A5 =
= 81 c 2 .
2

5. Z Y:
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y012 ) 2 (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) 2 (I Z4 + A 4 y 04 2 ) =
= (221184 + 0) 2 (492 + 142 78,5) 2 (1092 + 0) =
= 221184 2 (492 + 15370) 2184 = 187276 4 ;
I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) 2 (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) 2 (I Y4 + A 4 z 04 2 ) =
= (55296 + 0) 2 (492 + 0) 2 (365 + 92 81) =
= 55296 984 2 (365 + 6561) = 40060 4 .
I ZY = 0, Z Y
. IZ IY :
I max = I Z = 187276 4 ;
I min = I = 40060 4 .
5.2

(. 5.10).

. 5.9

4.
(5.10)(5.17):
24 483
I Z1 =
= 221184 4 ;
12
48 243
I Y1 =
= 55296 4 ;
12
d 4 104
I Z2 = I Z3 = I Y 2 = I Y3 =
=
= 492 4 ;
64
64
9 183
I Z4 = I Z5 =
= 1092 4 ;
48
18 93
I Y4 = I Y5 =
= 365 4 .
36
84

1.
Zi Yi.
2. Y. .
3. 2-
Z, . Z3.
4. (5.3)
Y:
A y A 2 y 2 + A3 y3
S
C = Z' = 1 1
;
A1 A 2 + A 3
A1
y1 = 30 + 4 = 34 ;

A1 = 24 60 = 1440 2 ;
85

 r 2 102
=
= 157 2 ;
2
2
4r
y 2 = 60 + 4
= 64 4.25 = 59,75 ;
3
24 12
A3 =
= 144 2 ;
y3 = 0 ;
2
1440 34 157 59,75 + 144 0
C =
= 27,74 .
1440 157 + 144
C Z' 2-
Z.
A2 =

6. Z Y (. 5.10):

z 01 = z 02 = z 03 = 0,
Y1, Y2, Y3 Y.
y01 = y1 yC = 34 27,74 = 6, 26 ;
y02 = y 2 yC = 59,75 27,74 = 32,01 ;
y03 = y3 yC = 0 27,74 = 27,74 .
7. Z Y (5.9):
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y012 ) (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) + (I Z3 + A 3 y 032 ) =
= (432000 + 6, 262 1440) (1100 + 32,012 157) + (1152 +

=4,25

+ (27,74) 2 144) = 488430 161968 + 111961 = 438423 4 ;

I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) (I Y2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) + (I Y3 + A 3 z 032 ) =
Z

4
8

. 5.10

5. (. (5.10)
(5.17)):
24 603
60 243
I Z1 =
= 432000 4 ; I Y1 =
= 96120 4 ;
12
12
I Z2 = 0,11 r 4 = 0.11 104 = 1100 4 ;
d 4 204
=
= 3925 4 ;
128
128
24 123
=
= 1152 4 ;
36

I Y2 =
I Z3

86

I Y3 =

12 243
= 3456 4 .
48

= (69120 + 6,32 0) (3925 + 32,052 0) + (3456 +

+ (27,7) 2 0) = 69120 3925 + 3456 = 68651 4 .
IZY , Y , .. Z Y , :
I max = I Z = 438423 4 ;
I min = I Y = 68651 4 .

5.3

, (. 5.11).

5.2.
1. ,

( )
87

(5.10)(5.20) ( )
.

5.
, . 5.12, .

. 5.11

. 5.12

2. Y.
.
3. Z.
Z3.
4. C Z :
A y + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y3
S
C = Z' = 1 1
.
A1 + A 2 + A 3
A1

1. 20

I Z1 = I Y,c = 113 4 ;

8240-89

I Y1 = I X,c = 1520 4 ;

(. 5.12)

A1 = 23, 4 2 ; z 0,c = 2,07 ;

s = 0,52 .

30

I Z2 = I X,c = 7080 4 ;

8239-89

I Y2 = I Y,c = 337 4 ;

Z' (1, 2, 3) . 5.11.

2
y1 = h + s + z 0 = 30 + 0,52 + 1 2,07 = 29,59 ;
2
30 2
y3 = 0 .
y2 =
+ = 16 ;
2 2
1 2
, 3 :
1 = 23,4 2, 2 = 46,5 2, 3 = 24 2 = 48 2.
23, 4 29, 45 + 46,5 16 + 48 0
yC =
= 12,16 .
23, 4 + 46,5 + 48
C Z' ( C > 0)
Z.

A 2 = 46,5 2 ;
h = 30 .
"" I
.
(. 5.12)
(5.10) (5.11):
24 23
2 243
I Z3 =
= 16 4 ;
I Y3 =
= 2304 4 .
12
12
6. Y
Z (
. 5.11):

88

89

(. 5.12)

z 01 = z 02 = z 03 = 0,
Y1, Y2, Y3 Y.

y01 = y1 yC = 29, 45 12,16 = 17, 29 ;

y02 = y 2 yC = 16 12,16 = 3,84 ;
y03 = y3 y C = 0 12,16 = 12,16 .
7.
Z Y (5.9):
I Z = (I z1 + A1 y 012 ) + (I z 2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) + (I z3 + A 3 y 032 ) =
= (113 + 17, 292 23, 4) + (7080 + 3,842 46,5) + (16 +
+ (12,16) 2 48) = 7108 + 7766 + 7114 = 21988 4 ;
I Y = (I y1 + A1 z 012 ) (I 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) + (I y3 + A 3 z 032 ) =
= (1520 + 0) (337 + 0) + (2304 + 0) =
= 1520 + 337 + 2304 = 4161 4 .
I Z = 0, Y . Z Y
.
I max = I Z = 21987 4 ;
I min = I Y = 4161 4 .

6. () :
I +I
1
I U, V = Z Y
(I Z I Y ) 2 + 4 I 2ZY .
(5.21)
2
2
7. :
2 I ZY
tg2 0 =
,
(5.22)
I Z IY
0 , Z Y,
.
0 , ""
"".
5.4
, . 5.13.

:
1.
.
2. Z' Y', .
3. z y Z' Y' (5.3).
4. z y
Z' Y' Z Y, Z' Y'.
5.
Z Y (5.9).

1. : 1 (), 2 (), 3 ().

2.
.
3.
(
):
63
= 9 2 ; A 2 = 14 5 = 70 2 ;
A1 =
2
r 2 42
6 33
A3 =
=
= 25,1 2 . I Z1 =
= 4,5 4 ;
2
2
36
3 63
14 53
5 143
I Y1 =
= 18 4 ; I Z2 =
= 146 4 ; I Y2 =
= 1150 4 ;
36
12
12
r 4 44
I Z3 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11 44 = 28, 2 4 ; I Y3 =
=
= 102 4 ;
8
8

90

91

5.4.

I Z1Y1 =

62 32
= 4,5 4 ;
72

I Z2Y2 = 0;

9 2 + 70 5,5 + 25,1 9,7

= 6, 2 .
9 + 70 + 25,1
Z' Y' Z Y.
6. z0i y0i Z
Y Zi Yi:
z 01 = z1 z C = 2 7, 28 = 5, 28 ;
z 02 = z 2 z C = 7 7, 28 = 0, 28 ;
z 03 = z 3 z C = 10 7, 28 = 2,72 ;
y01 = y1 yC = 2 6, 2 = 4, 2 ;
y02 = y 2 yC = 5,5 6.2 = 0,7 ;
y03 = y3 yC = 9,7 6, 2 = 3,5 .
7. Z Y (3.9):
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y012 ) + (I Z2 + A 2 y02 2 ) + (I Z3 + A 3 y 032 ) =
yC =

I Z3Y3 = 0 4 .

Umax

Vmin

. 5.13

= (4,5 + (4, 2) 2 9) + (146 + (0,7) 2 70) + (28,3 + 3,52 25,1) =

4. Z' Y',
( ).
5. z
Z' Y':
S
A i y i ; = SZ = A i z i .
z C = Y =
C
Ai Ai
Ai Ai

= 681 4 ;
I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) + (I Y 2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) + (I Y3 + A 3 z 032 ) =

z i y i Z' Y'
. 5.13.
1 6
14
z1 =
= 2 ; z 2 = = 7 ; z3 = 14 4 = 10 ;
3
2
2
5
y1 = 3 = 2 ; y 2 = 3 + = 5,5 ;
3
2
4
9 2 + 70 7 + 25,1 10
y3 = 8 + 4
= 9,7 ; z C =
= 7, 28 ;
3
9 + 70 + 25,1

(0 + (0, 28) (0,7) 70) + (0 + 2,72 3,5 25,1) = 455 4 .

8. :
I +I
1
I max, min = I U, V = Z Y (I Z I Y ) 2 + 4 I 2ZY =
2
2
681 + 1715 1
=
(681 1715) 2 + 4 4552 = 1198 687;
2
2
I max = I U = 1198 + 687 = 1885 4 ;

92

93

= (18 + (5, 28) 2 90) + (1150 + (0, 28) 2 70) +

I ZY

+ (102 + 2,722 25,1) = 1715 4 ;

= (I Z1 Y1 + A1 z 01 y 01 ) + (I Z2 Y2 + A 2 z 02 y02 ) +

+ (I Z3 Y3 + A 3 z 03 y03 ) = (4,5 + (5, 28) (4, 2) 9) +

I min = I V = 1198 687 = 511 4 .

IZ + IY = Imax + Imin
681 + 1715 = 1885 + 511 = 2396 4.
9. (5.22):
2 I ZY
2 455
tg2 0 =
=
= 0,88;
I Z IY
681 1715
2 0 = 4120';
0 = 2040'.
0 > 0, Z Y 0
U V.
Umax Vmin , :
1. I Z
, Vmin 1- 3- .
2. Vmin Z
Y, .
5.5
, (. 5.14), 20 1610
(t = 10 ), :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

1- 16/10 (t = 10 ):
1 = 25,3 2; IZ1 = IY,c = 204 4; IY1 = IX,c = 667 4;
IZ1Y1 = IXY,c = 213 4 ; 0, = 2,28 ; 0, = 5,23 .
Vmin

Y'
Y2

Y1
5,23

2,28

2,07

y01
h = 20

yc = 4,01 C2
2

zc=3,79

C1

y02

Z1
y1
0

Z
Z2

z1
z01
z02

Z'

Umax

. 5.14 ( )
:
1. Z Y
(. 5.15)
. (1- 3-),
, (2- 4-)
( 5.15). ,
min .
2. , .

2- 20:
2 = 23,4 2; IZ2 = Ix,c = 1520 4; IY2 = = IY,c = 113 4;
IZ2Y2 = 0; h = 20 .
z0,c = 2,07 .

1. : 1 (), 2 ().
2. .
3. ( 8510-86) ( 8240-89) ( ).

"" "" .

94

95

4. 2
2- Z' Y', Z2 Y2.

Vmin

Vmin
Z
IZY>0

IZY<0

Vmin

IZY<0

Vmin

IZY>0

= (204 + 7,712 25,3) + (1520 + (4,01) 2 23, 4) =

Z

5.
Z' Y':
S
A i yi ;
z C = Y =
Ai Ai

= 552, 2 + 1896,3 = 2448,5 4 ;

I Y = (I Y1 + A1 z 012 ) + (I Y2 + A 2 z 02 2 ) =
= (667 + 3,512 25,3) + (113 + (3,79) 2 23, 4) =

. 5.15

z 02 = z 2 z C = 0 3,79 = 3,79 ;
y01 = y1 y C = 7,72 4,01 = 3,71 ;
y02 = y 2 yC = 0 4,01 = 4,01 .
7. Z Y (3.9):
I Z = (I Z1 + A1 y 012 ) + (I Z2 + A 2 y 02 2 ) =

S
Ai zi .
C = Z =
Ai Ai

= 978,7 + 449,1 = 1427,8 4 ;

I ZY = (I Z1 Y1 + A1 z 01 y01 ) + (I Z2 Y2 + A 2 z 02 y 02 ) =
= (213 + 3,51 3,71 25,3) + (0 + (3,79) (4,01) 23, 4) =

1 z1 + A 2 z 2 25,3 7,3 + 23, 4 0 184,69

=
=
= 3,79 ;
A1 + A 2
25,3 + 23, 4
48,7
A y + A 2 y 2 25,3 7,72 + 23, 4 0 195,3
yC = 1 1
=
=
= 4,01 .
A1 + A 2
25,3 + 23, 4
48,7
Z' Y' Z Y.
.
6. z0i, y0i
Z Y :
z 01 = z1 z C = 7,3 3,79 = 3,51 ;

= 542,5 + 355,6 = 898,1 4 .

8. (5.21):
I +I
1
I max, min = I U, V = Z Y (I Z I Y ) 2 + 4 I 2ZY =
2
2
2448,5 + 1427,8 1
=
(2448,5 1427,8) 2 + 4 898,12 =
2
2
= 1938, 2 1033;
I max = I U = 1938, 2 + 1033 = 2971, 2 4 ;
I min = I V = 1938, 2 1033 = 905, 2 4 .
9. (5.22):
2 I ZY
2 898,1
tg2 0 =
=
= 1,76;
I Z IY
2448,1 1427,8
2 0 = 60, 40 ;
0 = 30, 2.
0 < 0, ,
U V Z Y 0

96

97

z i y i Z' Y'
. 5.14.
z1 = 2,07 + 5,23 = 7,30 ;
y1 =

20
2,28 = 7,72 ;
2

zC =

z2 = 0;
2 = 0.

 : IZ + IY = Imax + Imin;
2448,5 + 1427,8 = 2971 + 905,2 = 3876,2 4.
10.
.
-
.
I
I
2971
905, 2
iU = U =
= 7,81 ; i V = V =
= 4,31 .
A
48,7
A
48,7
5.5.

1.

?
2. ?
3.
?
4. .
5. , ?
6.
?
7. ?
8.

.
9. ?
10.
?
11. , ?
12.
, ?
98

6.

6.1.

,
, ,
.
,
, :
1. ,
,
( ), .
2. .
3. ( ) .

,
(6.1). ,
(. 6.1).
( = 0) ; ,
, .
M
= t ,
(6.1)
Ip

M t ; I p
;
(. 6.1).
99

W, (6.3), , .
2. , .. .
(6.4), , max = R S , :

Mt

max

WP
rint

rext

WP =

. 6.1
, (6.1)
, . 6.1, .
:
M t max
max =
max .
(6.2)
Ip
:
Ip
= Wp ,
max

TP

.. WP

TP

max =

Wp

(6.5)

)
dint

(6.3)

RS,

dext

. 6.2
d 4
;
32
I
d 4
d 3
WP = P =
=
,
max 32 d 16
2
IP =

(6.4)

RS .
(6.4), :
1. , .. . (6.4) M t max 100

RS

.
:
) (. 6.2):

(3, 3); max

,
( max = r ).
:
max

max

= WP .

Wp -

Mt

Mt

WP TP

IP
;
max

max =

(6.6)
(6.7)

d
;
2

) (. 6.2):
d 4
d 4
d 4
I P = ext int = ext (1 4 );
32
32
32
101

(6.8)

4
d ext
d 3
IP
(6.9)
=
= ext (1 4 ),
d ext
16
max
32
2
d int
d ext
.
; max =
=
2
d ext
3.
.
(6.4), , .. max = R S , :
(6.10)
[ M t ] = R S WP .

WP =

6.2.

l :
M l
= t ,
(6.11)
GI P
M t , ; l
; G ( 2- ).
GI P
.
Mt(x) , :
l
M (x)dx
= t
.
(6.12)
GI p
0
-
j (
), 102

n ,
() j- :
i=n
i= n li
M ti (x)dx
j = i =
(6.13)
.
G IP
i=0
i=0 0

i , .. , , :
d Mt i
i =
=
.
(6.14)
dx G I Pi
, ,
,

max =

[]

Mt

max

G IP

[ ] ,

(6.15)

(/); max .
(6.15), :
1. , ..
(6.15).
2. (
).
(6.15)
M t max
:
I
.
p =
G [ ]
I
(6.6)
p
(6.8), .. I = I
p , d
dext.
3.
G:
103

[ M t ] = G I p [ ].
[] (
) ,
:
max [ ] .

(6.15)'

max
, .

, GIp = const.
(6.15)',
.
6.1
,
(. 6.3),
:
d

= int = 0,8 ;
;
R S = 40 ;
[] = 0,5
d ext

G = 0,8 105 .
)

x1

x2

1. .

.

( ), , , :

,
.
:

,

.

(. 6.4). t . 6.4
,
X .
M t1 = M1 = 0,8 ;
M t 2 = M1 M 2 = 0,8 2 = 1, 2 .

dint
dext

.
M t (. . 6.3), : M t

. 6.3

104

max

= 1, 2 .

2. .

:
M t max
1, 2
=
= 0,03 103 3 = 30 3 .
WP TP =
3
RS
40 10
105

 (6.8) d 3ext
:
WP =
(1 K 4 ).
16
TP

Wp = WP ;
d 3ext
(1 K 4 ) .
32
= 0,8 dext = 6,37 .
3. . -

.
:
(7, 4 102 )3 (1 0,84 )
WP =
= 46,92 106 3 ;
16

30 c3 =

(6.15) max =

Mt

max

G IP

[] ; -

:
M t max
M t max
.
= [ ] . I P TP =
G IP
G [ ]
[] ,
:
0 0,5

=
=
= 0,00875
;
[ ]
180
180

1, 2
= 0,01712 104 4 = 171,2 4 .
I P TP =
8
0,8 10 0,00875 /

IP =
max

(7, 4 102 ) 4 (1 0,84 )

= 173,6 108 4 ;
32
M t max
1, 2
=
=
= 25,6 103 < R S ;
WP
46,92 106

max =

Mt

max

G IP

1, 2
=
0,8 10 173,6 108 4
8

< [ ].

.
= 0,00857

6.3.

4
d ext
(1 4 ).
32
dext ( = 0,8):
4
d ext
171, 2 32
(1 0,84 ); d ext = 4
171,2 =
= 7,374.
32
(1 0,84 )
dext = 7,4,
dint = 0,8 dext = 0,8 7,4 = 5,92 .
,
,
(7,4 > 6,37 ).
:
dext = 7,4 , dint = 5,92 .

, . , , .
,
.
.
, ..
.

,
- .
- . . 6.5

106

107

I P TP = I P : 171, 2 4 =



.
h
:
M
max
max = t .
(6.16)
Wt
Wt = hb2 .
bh
b

1
. 6.5

:
d(x) M t (x)
=
=
,
dx
GI t (x)
It = hb3 . , ,
-, . h/b . 6.1.
max

, ,
, I It.
,
.
6.2
, . 6.6 :
;

;
:
1 = 2,1 ; 2 = 1,2 ;
3 = 2,7 ;
h/b = 2;
RS = 70 ;
G = 8 104 .
3

(6.4), (6.15), (6.15)'.
M t max
max =
RS;
(6.17)
Wt
max =

Mt

max

G It

[ ] ;

max [ ] .
108

(6.18)
(6.19)

3
1,1

1
D

1,3

b
2,1

0,9
+

1,8
)

. t ( )

6.1

h/b 1,0
1,5
1,75
2,0
2,5
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0

0,208 0,231 0,239 0,246 0,256 0,267 0,282 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
0,141 0,196 0,214 0,229 0,249 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
1,0 0,859 0,820 0,795 0,766 0,753 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,743

0,0138

. ()

0,0086
0,0211

. 6.6
109

h=2b


1. t.
:
= 1 = 2,1 ;
(1)
t
= 1 2 = 2,1 1,2 = 0,9 ;
(2)
t
(3)
= 1 2 3 = 2,1 1,2 2,7 = 1,8 .
t
t . 6.6.
2. ,
(6.17):
M t max M t max
max =
=
RS.
Wt
hb 2
h
= 2 . 6.1 = 0,246.
b
h = 2b max = RS, M t max = 2,1 2,1
= 70 103 . :
0, 246 (2b) b 2
b = 3,935 102 .
:
b = 4 , h = 2b = 2 4 = 8 .
:
Wt = hb 2 = 0,246 8 42 = 31,5 3;
M t max
2,1
max =
=
= 66,67 103 < RS = 70 103 .
Wt
31,5 106 3
3. .

GIt:
It = hb3 = 0,229843 = 117,25 4 = 117,25 108 4
( h/b = 2 = 0,229 (. 6.1));
G = 0,8 105 = 0,8 108 .
GIt = 0,8 108 /2 117,25 108 4 = 93,8 2.

110

, , , D
, .
= 0 ( );
t (3) l 3 1,8 1,1
= + 3 =
=
= 0,0211 ;
GI t
93,8 2
= 3 + 2 = 3 +

t (2) l 2
GI t

= 0,0211 +

0,9 1,3
=
93,8

= 0,0211 + 0,0125 = 0,0086 ;

t (1) l1
D = 3 + 2 + 1 = 3 + 2 +
=
GI t
2,1 1
= 0,0086 + 0,0224 = 0,0138 .
93,8 2
. 6.6.
= 0,0086 +

6.4.

, ,
. . ,
,
.

( ) .
.
, , , (. 6.7).
111

 (6.22) (6.23)
(6.21), :
(M B M X )l1 M B l 2
B =
+
= 0.
G1 I P1
G 2 I P2

l1

l2

M X l1
,
l1 + l 2
G1 = G 2 I P1 I P2 ,

G1 I P1 = G 2 I P2 : M B =

. 6.7

, .
.
:
(6.20)
M X = 0; M A M X + M B = 0.
,
.
, .. : ( ) , .. B = 0.
B :
B = 1 + 2 = 0.
(6.21)
.
1 2 (6.11):
M t l1
Mt l 2
1 = 1 ;
2 = 2 .
(6.22)
G1 I P
G 2 IP
t1 Mt2
, :
Mt1 = MB MX;
Mt2 = MB.
(6.23)
112

MB =

M X l1 I P2

l 1 I P2 + l 2 I P1

(6.24)

6.3
, . 6.8, :
R S = 40 = 40 103 ; G = 0,8 108 .

l1

l2

l3
2,83

2,17

. 6.8
:

;
113

 ;
.

.

1. .
M A M1 + M 2 M B = 0;
M X = 0;
M A M B = M1 + M 2 = 3 5 = 2 .
,
, .
.
, ,
.. .
2. .
.

. .
B = 1 + 2 + 3 = 0.
3. .
i:
Mt l3
M t l1
Mt l 2
1 = 1 ; 2 = 2 ; 3 = 3 .
GI P
GI P
GI P

M ti :
M t1 = M1 M 2 + M B = 3 5 + M B = 2 + M B ;
M t 2 = M 2 + M B = 5 + M B ;
t3 = .
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 0:
(2 + M B ) l1 (5 + M B ) l 2 M B l 3
B =
+
+
= 0.
G IP
G IP
G IP
114

MB:
(2 + M B ) 0,5 + (5 + M B ) 1,5 + M B 1 = 0.
= 2,83 .
4. .
, :
M t1 = 2 + 2,83 = 0,83 ;
M t 2 = 5 + 2,83 = 2,17 ;
M t3 = 2,83 .
M t . 6.8.
.

(6.4)
.
M t max 2,83
WP TP =
=
= 0,0072 103 3 = 72 3 .
RS
40 103
d3
(6.6):
WP =
.
16
TP
WP = WP d:

d3
;
d = 7,17 .
16
2590-88, d = 7,2 .
(6.4):
d 3 7,23
WP =
=
= 73,3 3 = 73,3 106 3 ;
16
16
M t max
2,83
max =
=
= 38,6 103 < R S = 40 103 .
WP
73,3 106
3,5 % .
72 3 =

115

.
:
d 4 7, 24
IP =
=
= 264 4 = 264 108 4 ;
32
32
G I P = 0,8 108 264 10-8 4 = 211 2 .
,
(6.11).
A = 0 (, );
M t1 l 1 0,83 0.5
= 1 =
=
= 19,7 104 .
G IP
211
M l
= 1 + 2 = 19,7 104 + t 2 =
GI p

2,17 1,5
= 134.8 104 ;
211
Mt l3
B = 1 + 2 + 3 = 134 104 + 3
=
GI P
= 19,7 104 +

2,83 1
= 0.
211
(
)
.
(. 6.8).
= 134 104 +

6.5.

(
. 6.9 ) , .. , < S ( S
) -. = S
116

,
S
S.
,

t . 6.9
.
. t
.
M
max = S = S ,
(6.25)
W

(. 6.10). , , S (6.25):
3
(6.26)
S = SW = S R .
2
)

max=S

rS
d

. 6.10.


(. 6.10), 2 : ,
S rS
117

rS R, = S.
:
t = Mt1 + Mt2,
(6.27)
rS3
(6.28)
2
(6.26) (R rS),
R
R
2
t2 = S dA = S 2 d = S (R 3 rS3 ). (6.29)
3
rS
rS

t 1 = S

dA d ,
.. dA = 2 d.
(6.29) , rS 0
(. 6.10) :
2
= S R 3 .
(6.30)
3
,
, . C
,
.
2
R 3 4

= S R 3 / S
= = 1,33
3
2 3

,
1,33 ,
.

6.6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

118

?
?
?

?
?
.
?
?

?

?
?

l?
?
?

?
.

?

?
.
119

7.
7.1.

, .
,
, ( ). ,
, . .
, ,
.
,

.
, ,
, .
( ) , 1.
1. . , ,
. :
;
;
;
.
.
120

2. ,
, i
, ..
(. 7.1).
)

. 7.1
3. ( , ).
4.

(. 7.1). : , , ,
, ,
(. 7.2).

+
)

. 7.2
. ,
121


.
,

(. 7.2).
5. ,

(. . 7.1):
FY = 0; VA + F qx Q = 0;

Q = VA + F qx; Q = FY ;
2

(7.1)

qx
M = 0,
2
qx 2
M = VA (x + 2) + Fx
, M = mom(F) . (7.2)
2
(7.1) (7.2) :
1.
,
() , .
2.

, () (
) ,
( ).
, , .. . Q
. 7.4.

= 0; VA (x + 2) + Fx

122

7.2.

() () .

:
M
= Z ,
(7.3)
IZ
M Z ; , (. 7.3); I Z .
(7.3) , Z . "" (7.3) , : "" ,
"" .
Y

Y
y

. 7.3
(7.3) ,
. ,
, , . 7.3.
,
(7.3) , ..
.
123


, .
(7.3) (. 7.3)
. ( Rt = Rc = R)
:
M Z max
max =
max R
IZ
:
M Z max
max =
R,
(7.4)
WZ
I
WZ = Z .
(7.5)

y max

WZ ; y max ()

, ; R .
,
(Rt) (Rc) , .. Rt Rc, :
M Z max
(7.6)
max(P) =
Rt;
WZ(P)
max (C) =

MZ

max

WZ (C)

WZ (P) =
WZ (C) =

RC ,

(7.7)

(7.8)

(7.9)

IZ
y max (P)
IZ
y max (C)
124

(7.8) (7.9) y max (P) y max (C) . , , .

M Z max
.
,
(7.4), (7.6) (7.7)
:
1.
.
2. .

,
, .. max = R.
,
(7.4)
M Z max
WZ TP =
.
R
WZ (7.5)
TP

WZ = WZ ,
.
3. , .. :
[ M ] = WZ R.

125


.. :
Q Y SZ
=
,
(7.10)
I Z b(y)
QY , ; SZ (
, ) () Z, ; b(y) ,
( ).
b(y) SZ ,

(. 7.4).
Y
)

ymax

max

Z
.

by
=(K)
S (K)
Z
0

. 7.4

max -

SZ

.
b(y)
, b(y) = const = b

126

.
,
, M Z QY, ,
Z Y
.
7.3.

(K) ( )

, , .
,
:
Q Y max S
max =
Z
RS.
(7.11)
IZ
b(y) max
RS .

M Z max Q Y max ,

, ,

, , .. max R.
, , n.

max [ ] =
.
(7.12)
n

)
(.. n = s =
R
[]
.
127

 - (, ).
(. 7.5). < S -,

: = y.
IZ

S

(
)
S
. 7.5

( max = S)
= S.
,

(. 7.6).

-

(. 7.6).

M
max = T = S .
WZ
(7.13)

= S WZ .
, , - . ,
(. 7.6). 128

= S. (. 7.6).
)
()

d
y
SdA

)
S

n
n-n
Z

x
n
y

SdA

dA

()

. 7.6

(
)

Z ,
.
, , .
, ,
, , . . , ,
.
, :
( max );
( < max < .);
( ) (|M|max = M).
129

 (. 7.6).
()
Z.

(.) nn
( ). :
, S
NP = P S S Nc = S.
, :
X = N + N = S S = 0

.
2
,

. . 7.4 .
(S dA) nn,
(. 7.6).

= c =

dA y +

S n n =

7.4.
7.1
, . 7.7, :
Q;
(. 7.7, , , )

.

dA y =

= S ( y dA +
A

W I
WZ = Z
y max
.
(7.14) , :
(7.16)
= S W .

y dA) = S (Sn n + S
n n ).

(7.14)
)

dA

nn;
S
n n = dA .

S n n + S
n n = W,

)
dint

(7.15)
=

. 7.7

130

131

d int
=0,9
d ext

dext


. Q
1. 1, 2, 3 (. 7.7)
xi .
, , , .

Qi(xi) i(xi) , .
Q
.. , Q
q:
dM(x)
dQ(x)
d 2 M(x)
= Q(x);
= q(x);
= q(x). (7.17)
dx
dx
dx 2
(7.11) q "",
.
1-
Q1(1) M1(1)
Y1
(. 7.8)
0 x1 2 .
q=15 /

1

01
1- .
K
F = 20
1
Y1 = 0; Q1(x1) qx1 + F = 0;

Q1 (x 0 ) = 20 + 15x 0 = 0;

x0 =

20
= 1,33 .
15

12
+ Fx1 = 0;
2
qx 2
15x12
M1 (x1 ) = Fx1 1 = 20x1
.
2
2
1(1) ,
( ),
:
1 = 0 ,
1(0) = 0 ;
1 = 1 = 1,33 ,
1(0) = Mextr = 13,3 ;
1 = 2,0 ,
1(2) = 10 .
. , .. "" ( ), "" (
) . (. 7.7, ).
2- 3- :
2- (. 7.9):
0 x 2 1,5 .

m = 0; 1(1) q

Q2(2)

M2(x2)

Y2
q=15 /

Q1 (x1 ) = F + qx1 = 20 + 15x1 .

. 7.8
Q1(x1)
, Q :
1 = 0 ,
Q1(0) = 20 ;
1 = 2,0 ,
Q1(2) = 10 .
Q (. . 7.7),
.
(7.17)
dM(x)
Q (
= Q(x) )
dx
.
Q1(1) 1 = 0, :

Q 2 (x) = F + q 2 = 20 + 15 2 = 10 .
Q .
2
m = 0; 2 (2) q 2 (2 + 2 ) + F (x2 + 2) = 0;
M 2 (x 2 ) = F(2 + x 2 ) q 2(1 + x 2 ) = 20(2 + x 2 ) 30(1 + x 2 ).
:

132

133

F=20

. 7.9

Y = 0; Q2(x) q 2 + F = 0;

M 2 (0) = 40 30 = 10 ;
M 2 (1,5) = 70 75 = 5 .

2 = 0 ,
2 = 1,5 ,

0 x 3 1 .

3- (. 7.10):
Q3(3)
3

Y3
3(3) =25

1,5

q = 15 /

F=20

. 7.10
3- . 3 .
Y = 0; Q3(x3) q 2 + F = 0;

Q3 = F + q 2 = 20 + 15 2 = 10 .
Q .
m = 0; 3(3) q2(3 + 1 + 1,5) + F (x3 + 3,5) = 0;
M 3 (x 3 ) = F(3,5 + x 3 ) q 2(2,5 + x 3 ) =
= 20(3,5 + x 3 ) 30(2,5 + x 3 ) 25.

x3 = 0, M 3 (0) = 30 ( "" , );
3 = 1 , M 3 (1) = 40 .
Q, , . 7.7, .
.
Q :

M max = 40 ; Q max = 20 .

M max

40
=
= 4 103 3 = 4000 3 .
R
10 103

:
WZ TP =

bh 3
2
2
3
IZ
12 = bh = b (4b) = 16b .
WZ =
=
h
y max
6
6
6
2
WZ = WZ b:

16b 3
4000 6
= 4000 3 ; b = 3
= 11, 46 .
16
6
, :
b = 11,5 ,
h = 4b = 4 11,5 = 46 .

.
16b3 16 11,53
=
= 4050 3 = 4050 106 3 ;
WZ =
6
6
M max
40
max =
=
= 9,9 103 ;
WZ
4050 10-6 3
max < R = 10 .
. 1 % b
.
(7.11):

max =
QY

max

QY

max

IZ

S
Z
by

RS;
max

= 20 , ( Q);

1. (. . 7.7):
R = 10 , Rs = 5 , h = 4b.
(7.2)
max = R :

, Z,

134

135

IZ=

bh 3 11,5 463
=
= 93280 4 .
12
12

 S
( ,
Z
Z) (. 7.11):

=
S (K)
Z
0 = b

h h
= 11,5 23 11,5 = 3042 3 ;
2 4

h
h
= .
b = b = 11,5 . = b ; y
0
2
4

= 0,57 103 < R S = 5 103 .

Y

max

. 7.11

.
Y

2. , d
, R = 10 .
Z
,
TP
W Z = 4000 3 .
:

136

d 3 0,353
=
= 4, 21103 3 .
32
32
M max

40
= 9,5 103 < R.
-3
3
WZ
4, 21 10
.
(5 %)
.
d ,
,
.
3. (. . 7.7).
:
M max
40
=
= 0, 2 103 3 = 200 3 .
WZ TP =
3
R
200 10
8239-89
, :
20, WZ = 184 3 = 184 10 6 3 .
:
M max
40
max =
=
= 218 103 > R.
-6
3
WZ
184 10
.
max =

h
2

d 3
= 4000 3 , d = 34, 4 = 0,344 .
32

WZ =
)

d
max = .
2

, d = 0,35 .

:

20
3042 106 3
=

=
93280 108 4 11,5 102
)

IZ
d 4
d 3
=
=
,
max 64 d 32
2
WZ = WZ TP :
WZ =

137

( max R) 100 % (218 200) 100 %

=
=
200
200
= 9 % > 5 %.
,
22.
WZ = 232 3 .
40
max =
= 173 103 > R.
232 10-6 3

173 200
(%) =
100 % = 13,5 %.
200
22.

.
, ,
,
.
22
( 8239-89) :
I Z = I x,c = 2550 4 ;
(%) =

b = sc = 5,4 = 0,54 ;
)
S (K
= Sx,c = 131 3 .
Z

max =

Q max S()
20 131 106 3
Z
=
=
IZ
bK
2550 108 4 0,54 102

= 19 103 < R S = 100 103 .

.

4. (. . 7.7)
R = 200 ; RS = 100 ; =

d int
= 0,9.
d ext

, , :

WZ =

max
R

40
= 0, 2 103 3 = 200 3 .
3
200 10

WZ =

d 4 (1 4 ) d 3ext
IZ
= ext
=
(1 4 ).
d ext
max
32
64
2

: WZ = W
Z dext:
200 3 =
dext =

d 3
(1 0,94 );
32

200 32
= 18,1.
(1 0,94 )

, dext = 18 ; dint = 0,9dext = 0,9 18 =

= 16,2 .
:

d 3ext
183
4
WZ =
(1 ) =
(1 0,94 ) = 196,8 3 ;
32
32
M max
40
max =
=
= 203, 25 103 > R =
6 3
WZ
196,8 10
= 200 103 .
:

(%) =

max R
R

100 % =

203, 25 200
100 % =
200

= 1,6 % < 5 %,
.

. ,
138

139

 max =

QY

max

IZ

S
RS;
b() max

Q max = 20 ;
4
d ext
184
(1 4 ) =
(1 0,94 ) = 1771 4 .
64
64

b
: b = dext dint = 18 16,2 = 1,8 .
Z
:

S()
= 1 01
Z
2 02 ;
d 2
182
1 = ext =
127,17 2 ;
8
8
4 rext 4 9
01 =
=
= 3,82 ;
3 3
2
d int
16, 22

=
=
= 103, 0 2 ;
2
8
8
4 rint 4 8,1
=
= 3, 44 .
02 =
3
3
S()
= 1 01
Z
2 02 =
= 127,17 3,82 103 3, 44 = 131,5 3 .
:

max

7.2
, . 7.12, :
Q;

( . 7.12, ).

20
131,5 106 3
=

=
1771 108 4 1,8 102

= 8, 25 103 < R S = 100 103 .

140

20

VB = 56,67

VA = 43,33

43,33
+
0

. ( )

20

y1
y2

Z'

36,67

40
13,34
16

IZ =

46,94

46,66

33,34
. 7.12

. Q

X = 0;
= 0;

= 0;

q 4 2 + M + F8 VB 6 = 0;

20 4 2 + 20 + 20 8 VB 6 = 0;

= 0;

VB = 56,67 ;

VA 6 + M q 4 4 + F2 = 0;

VA 6 + 20 20 4 4 + 20 2 = 0;

Y = 0;

141

22

Z,
, .
(7.11):

VA = 43,33 .

VA + VB q4 F = 43,33 + 56, 67 20 4 30 = 0.


Q,
(. 7.1, . 122) .

, q. , q (. 7.12 ).
Q . 11,
22, 33 , .
Q11 = VA = 443,33 ;
Q33 = VA q4 = 43,33 20 4 = 36,67 ;
Q 4 4 = Q55 = F VB = 20 56,67 = 36,67 ;
Q7 7 = Q6 6 = F = 20 ;
M11 = 0;
M 2 2 = VA 2 q2 1 = 43,33 2 20 2 1 = 46,67 ;
M 33 = VA 4 q4 2 = 43,33 4 20 4 2 = 13,32;
M 4 4 = F4 + VB 2 = 20 4 + 56,67 2 = 33,34 ;
M 55 = M 6 6 = F2 = 20 2 = 40 ;
M 7 7 = 0;
Q
(. 7.12, ).
, .. "" . Q
, 1-
0, .. ,
Q(0) = 0. 0:
43,33
= 2,17 .
Q(0) = VA qx0 = 43,33 20x0 = 0; x0 =
20
:
2,17 2
= 46,94 .
. = ( = 0) = 43,33 2,1720
2
142

, Q q (7.13) :
,
M = 20 ;
Q ,
, ;
, q, , Q ;
, q, , q,
Q .
q.
.
1. . 7.12
R = 200 103 ; RS = 100 103 .
. .

|M|max =
= 46,94 .
, max = R -

:
M max
46,94
WZ =
=
= 0, 2347 103 3 = 234,7 3 .
3
R
200 10
Z I Z (. 5).
:
i yi = A1y1 + A 2 y2 + A3 y3 .
=
A1 + A 2 + A 3
Ai
Z' Z ; i :
1 = 10 2 = 202; 2 = 22 = 222; 3 = 52 = 102;
143

 IZi .
, :

b1h13 10 (2)3
=
= 6, 674 ;
12
12
b 2 h 32 (22)3
IZ2 =
=
= 887,33 4 ;
12
12
b h 3 5 (2)3
= 3,33 4 .
IZ3 = 3 3 =
12
12

:
I
4940, 414
WZ = Z =
= 322,93 .
y max
15,3
)
Y
2

I Z = (6, 67 4 + (9, 7) 2 20 2 ) + (887,33 4 +

(2,3) 2 22 2 ) + (3,334 + (14,3) 2 10 2 ) = 4940, 41 4 .
. .
() Z
() (. 7.13):
144

IZ1 =

0i Z Zi:
y01 = y1 yC = 24 14,3 = 9,7.
y02 = y 2 yC = 12 14,3 = 2,3.
y03 = y3 yC = 0 14,3 = 14,3.

1 1,8
3

9
B=10

( |M|max)

max

: max = y = 15,3.

7,2

= 26 15,3 = 10,7.

I Z = (I Z 1 + A1 y 01 ) + (I Z 2 + A 2 y 02 ) + (I Z 3 + A 3 y 03 ).

= (y + ) = (14,3 + ) = 15,3;

H = 20

i
Z'. Z'
Z3 (. . 7.12).
2
2
2
+ 22 +
= 24; 2 =
+ 11 = 12;
1 =
2
2
2
3 = 0, Z3 Z' .
A y + A 2 y 2 + A 3 y3 202 24 + 222 12
yC = 1 1
=
= 14,3.
A1 + A 2 + A 3
202 + 22 2 + 10 2
y Z' Z.
Z
:

( |Q|max)
(3)

(3)

max

max

. 7.13

.
:
WZ = WZ ;
322,93 = 234,7 3 ;

234,7
= 0,899 0,9 .
322,9
2. 2- (. . 7.12
R = 200 , RS = 100 .
7.13)
.
, .

Z , .
= 3

145

B H 3 b h 3 10 (20)3 8 (16)3

= 3936 4 .
12
12
12
12
I
H 20
39364
= 393,63 , y max = =
= 10.
WZ = Z =
2
2
y max
10
.

M max
max =
R, max = R
WZ
IZ =

max

46,94
= 0, 2347 103 3 = 234,7 3 .
R
3
200 10 2

. WZ = W
Z
W Z =

234,7
= 0,84.
393,6
103-76
= 9 = 0,9 .
.
M max
46,94
max =
=
= 163,6 103 <R.
WZ
393,6 0,93 106 3
-
. :

R
163,6 200
100 % =
100 % = 18 %.
(%) = max
R
200
. 7.13 , , .
:
Q
S()
max = max Z
RS;
IZ
()()
393,6 3 = 234,7 3;

= 3

max

Q max = 43,33 ( Q, . . 7.12);

IZ = 3936 4 = 3936 0,94 = 2582 4;
146

()() = 2 = 2 0,9 = 1,8 ;

S ()
Z
, Z,
:
S ()
= 10 10 5 8 8 4 = 2443 = 244 0,93 = 177,9 3 ;
Z
40
177,9 106 3

= 15,3 103 < R S .

2582 108 4 1,8 102
.
max =

7.3
(. . 7.12),
7.2, :
1. R =
= 200 , RS = 100 .
2. ( n = 1,2 S = 240 )
, 7.2.
1.
.
(. 7.14), 1- , .. , |M|max = 46,94 = 0,9 :
M max
46,94
max =
=
= 199, 4 103 <R .
3
3
6
WZ
322,9 0,9 10

.

R
199, 4 200
100% =
100% = 0,3 %.
(%) = max
R
200
. 2- , .. ,
|Q|max = 43,3 (. Q, 11, . 7.12).
147

10

22

02

)
)
)
1- . . 2- . . 3- . .

. .

8,7 01
Z

14,3

13,3

max

Z3

max

55,
III = 40 , QIII = 36,67 .
(.
. 7.14, ) , ,
||max (
Z ),
,
, .. y = 0; x = (. 7.15). .
)

. 7.14

, () (. . 7.14):
Q Y max S
max =
Z
RS;
IZ
b() max
IZ = 4940,41 4 = 4940, 41 0,94 = 3241 4 ; b()() = = 0,9 .
,
Z
:

2
S()
= 1 01 +
Z
2 02 = 20 9, 7 +

+8, 7 4,35 = 1943 + 37,843 = 231,843 =

= 231,84 0,93 = 169 3 ;
43,33 169 106 3

= 25,1 103 < RS.

3241 108 4 0,9 102
.
. 3- , .. ,

,
.

max =

148

max

. 7.15
,
Z ,
, ..
( K . 7.14).
.
55 (. . 7.12),

( = 40 , Q =
= 36,67 )
,
.
(. . 7.13).
.
3-
.

149

III
2X + 42y R;
= 1 3 =
X(C) =

M III
40
C =
13,3 0,9 102 =
IZ
3241 108 4

= 147,7 103 ,

C = 13,3 = 13,3 0,9 = 11,97 ;

Q III S(3)
36,67 104, 25 106 3
Z
=
= 13,11 103 .
8 4
2
I Z b()C 3241 10 0,9 10

S (C)
= 5 2 14,3 = 143 3 = 143 0,9 = 104,25 3;
Z
b(y) = = 0,9 ;

C(3) =

3
3
3
+ S
W = S .
. = 158 + 298 = 456 .

:
S W
max [ M ] =
=
.
n
n
S = 240 103 , n = 1,2 :

240 103 2 4563

46,94 =
= 91200 103 3 .
1, 2

2
2
III
= 147, 7 + 4 13,11 = 150 < R.

150

46,94
= 0,00801 = 0,80 .
91200 103
)

=6

2
n

)

S

<S
+

Z3

S
+

8,7
Z
13,3

Y
10

22
16

2.

(7.12)
, .
, nn
. = = , =
2
= 20 2 + 22 2 + 10 2 = 52 2 , nn (. 7.16)
,
102 :

= 6.
= 20 2 + = = 26 2 ,
2
()
() nn.

S .
= 202 (6 + ) + 6 2 3 = 1403 + 183 = 1583 ;
2
2 16
= 1703 + 1283 = 2983 .
S
. = 10 (16 + ) + 16
2

2 max=S

S
= SW

=SWZ

. 7.16

2 = 0,8 1 = 0,9 ,
):
151

(%) =

A1 A 2
4612 46 22
100 % =
100 % =
A1
4612

0,92 0,82
0,17
100 % =
100 % = 21 %.
2
0,9
0,81
,
21 % , .. .
=

7.5.

1.

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?
2. ?
?
3.
?
4. " ".
?
5. Q ?
6.
, Q q?
7. Q

?
8.
? .
9. ? .
10. .
152

11. ,
?
12.
?
13. .
14. ?
15. , ?
16. ?
17.
?
18. ?
19. ?

153

: -, , .

, :
,
;
.
.
.
,
-
.
[4].
5
,

-.
:
[4].

154

,
,
2- , ,
,
.

, .
,
[1, 2] .

155

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

. . : ; 5- .,
. . / . . , . . . . :
., 1989. 622 .
. . : /
. . , . . , . . ; .
. . . . : ., 1995. 560 . ; 2000.
560 .
. . : / . .
. . : , 1995.
. . .
: . / . . ,
. . . : , 2001. . 2. 132 .
. . :
. / . . . : ,
1992. 48 .
. . .
: .
/ . . , . . , . . .
: , 2003. 47 .
. . : .

/ . . . : ,
2003. 47 .
. . : . / . . ,
. . , . . , . . . :
, 2003. 44 .

2005 .
..

-
54..05.953..000148.12.02 27.12.2002 .
14.04.2005. 6084 1/16
..
. . .
9,1 .-..; 10,0 .. 728 .

()
630008, , . , 113

156

157