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2009

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(19242008)

The Nature Reserves of Crimea. Theory, Practice and Perspectives of

Conservation Business in Black Sea Region. Materials of The 5th International
Scientific-Practical Conference (Simferopol, 2009 October 22-23). BAGROV N.V.
et al. (editorial board). Simferopol, 2009. 388 pp.

In the collection of scientific papers it was published materials presented in The 5th
International Scientific-Practical Conference The Nature Reserves of Crimea. Theory,
Practice and Perspectives of Conservation Business in Black Sea Region. The papers
embrace wide frame of nature protection: development of the conservation theory,
creation new protected areas and expansion of exist ones, optimization of the structure
and functioning of the reserves, protection of communities and selected species of flora
and fauna.

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. 5-6. . 53-63.
Didukh Ya.P. The communities of the Class Quercetea pubescentis-petraea at the Crimean
Mountains // . . . . . 1. ., 1996. . 63-77.
Seregin A.P. Contribution to the flora of the Sevastopol area (the Crimea): a checklist and
new records. Fl. Medit. 18. 2008. P. 171-246.
http://sev.gov.ua/economy/genplanrazv/

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Together with the most widespread Bulgarian floristic taxa, here can be found
submediterranean, southwest asian and mediterranean species. The majority of
Mediterranean species occupy the coastal line of Mediterranean sea, extending
from the Sea of Marmara towards the Black sea, as well as the Upper Thracian
subregion of Tundza valley of the Southern Balkans.
The species, occupying littoral areas are represented by Pardosa pontica,
Saitis taurica, Pholcus ponticus, Lycosa opitex, of spiderlike species, a lot of
freshwater fish and etc.
Many of the species, inhabiting the Black sea region cannot be met anywhere
in the country. The latter could be classified in the following three groups
(Georgiev, 1979):
1) Species, spread along the Northern Black sea (up to the Emine cape);
2) Southern Black sea species;
3) Species, spread along the whole Bulgarian Black sea.
The specific characteristics of the Black sea result mainly from the existence
of species from the families of Larus, Phalaropus, Phalacrocorax, Egretta,
Charadrius alexandrinus, Galonectris diomedea, Puffinus yelkoum, Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Plegadis falcinellus and many others. Along the
Bulgarian Black sea coast Via Pontica the second most significant bird migration
route in Europe passes.
Among the terrestrial inhabitants of the Black sea region, here can be met
species of atlanic-mediterranean occurance (such as Psyllides marcida), while
others, such as Longitarsus solaris, Phyllotreta judaea are littoral subendemits for
the region of the Augean coast.
Of biogeographical interest are some semi coleopterous representatives of
termite. The Black sea region is inhabited by a large number of endemites.
The most significant biogeographical areas within Bulgaria, including the
territories along the Bulgarian Black sea coast are encompassed by a system of
protected areas. For the date of 20 08.2009 55 reserves with the area of
77 124.05ha are proclaimed in Bulgaria; three national parks comprising of
193 047.9ha, 349 natural monuments with the territory of 18175.41ha, eleven
natural parks 275 447.8ha, 35 managed reserves comprising 457.79ha.
The total area of the protected areas in Bulgaria comes to 641.251.0ha; it is
equal to 0.57% of the territory of the whole country. Among them eight reserves
are situated in the Black sea biogeographical region Uzunbodzak. /Lopushana,
2.592ha/, Vitanovo /1 112.4ha/, Sredoka /607.8ha/, Silkosia /389.6ha/, Tisovitsa
/749.3ha/, Ropotamo /1000.7ha/, Kamchia /713.6ha/, with an area of 8015.82ha,
which is equal to 10.39 % of the territory of all reserves in Bulgaria. Six of them
with an area of 64.524ha are located within the territory of Bourgass district,
Kamchia and Kaliakra are in the Varna and Dobrich districts. Two of these
protected areas Uzunbodzak and Kamchia have a status of biosphere reserves.

1.
2.

, ,
. .: , 1987 34 .

-
- ( -
9 2003.)
, 2003, 50 .

PROTECTED AREAS ALONG THE BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COAST

AND SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO THEIR
RECREATIONAL UTILIZATION
Georgiev G.
Southwest University Neofit Rilski, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria, E-mail: glgeorgiev@abv.bg

In conformity with the biogeographical division of Bulgaria the Black sea

coast constitutes an independent region. It represents a narrow strip the width of
which varies from 10 to 30km. The territory it encompasses is strongly affected by
the influence of the Black sea climate.
In biotic sense the Black sea region is very specific and differs from the other
Bulgarian biogeographical regions. Its specific nature results in the existence of
lots of species, which cannot be found in the interior parts of the country, most of
them belonging to thermophilic elements. The latter ranks the Black sea among the
regions with predominant submediterranean character of flora and fauna. Due to
the existence of a large number of southeuxinian plants, some authors (Tahtadjan,
1978) relate the South Black sea (to the north of the coast of the Bourgas bay) to
the Euxinian floristic province. Kitanov (1976) and Bondev /1976/ consider that
the whole Black sea should be related to the same province. (, ,
1994).
The floristic diversity is determined mainly by herbaceous psammophytes,
halophytes and littoral chasmophytes. Xerotherm plants from Quercus cerris and
Quercus frainetto could also be found. Along the rivers of Ropotamo, Kamchia
and Batova there are well preserved longose forests.
The Black sea coast is the only place in Bulgaria for 43 species of rare plants,
representatives of the southeuxinian, subiranian, mediterranean or pontian flora,
total area of which occupies sand, sandstone or salty soils (or they are typical
littoral forms). The majority of them are preserved under the Law on the protection
of biodiversity (2002) or other international conventions, for which Bulgaria is a
signatory.
24

25

 . ,

V - . , 2009

The reserves Uzunbodzak, Silikosia, Tisovitsa, Vitoanov and Sredoka are

located within the territory of Strandza Natural Park. They encompass 5451.7ha. In
accordance with the Bulgarian environmental legislation any activities for
recreational purposes are strictly prohibited in territories which are under such
status of protection.
In the same biogeographical unit there are 8 Managed reserves with an area of
1507.49ha, which equals to 32.97% of their overall territory in Bulgaria. Three of
them Vodnite lilii (13.6ha), Pyasachnata lilia (0.6ha), and the Atanasovo lake
(1074.5ha) with an area of 1088.7ha are located within district of Bourgass. There
are four managed reserves in Varna district Kalfata (46.9ha), Kirov dol (53.5ha),
Valchi prohod (43.1ha), Varbov dol (70.6ha). They encompass in total 214.1ha. In
the Dobrich district there is only one managed reserve Baltata. The nature
scientific status of the managed reserves, with some exclusions in particular the
Atanasovo lake, any recreational activities are prohibited.
Within the territory of the region there are two natural parks Strandza
(116 068.5ha) and Zlatni Pyasatzi (Golden Sands) /1320.7ha/. Strandza Natural
Park, which territory is partially outside the area, is the largest protected area of
this kind. Due to its diversity of habitats and vertebrate fauna, it is considered to be
the most significant natural park from the nature scientific point of view. It is
viewed as the most important place for 19 vertebrate species. Regarding its
international importance Strandza Natural park is one of the fifth areas, reported
for being a priority for implementing conservation activities within Central and
Eastern Europe. This park is the only representative of the subbiome of broadleaved, in summer green forests of temperate climate and laurel-like subforests as
well as of habitats of southeeuropean and subeuxinian type, with European
importance related to higher plant, nesting birds and biodiversity of vertebrate
animals. It is also a place of world importance for its mammals, invertebrates and
forest habitats of tertiary plants. Its biodiversity is represented by 120 habitat units,
13 from which are typical for Strandza. Some 1666 species of higher plants are
reported to inhabit the region equal to 47.6% of the Bulgarian flora. 63 of them
are relict species and 6 ones are met only in this European region. There are 501
species of medicinal plants and 144 of them are of economic importance. Forests
occupy 80 % of the park.
They are classified into 28 forest and 18 bush-like habitats.
The cultural heritage of the protected area combines monuments from
different ages. Approximately 475 monuments are registered on the territory of the
region, 262 of them are concentrated in adjoining settlements. 133 from the total
number of monuments are proclaimed to be nationally important. Strandza and
Golden Sands Natural Parks represent main areas in terms of development of
specialized forms of tourism in this part of the country.

Within the boundaries of the Black sea biogeograhical region there are 82
protected localities occupying an area of 18 049.83ha which is equal to 24.77% of
their overall territory in Bulgaria. 50 of them, with an area of 12.038.61ha, are
situated within the territory of Bourgass district. Their number in Varna district is
24, where they cover 1.834ha. There are nine areas in Dobrich district
encompassing 4177.22ha. Their nature scientific regime allows them to be used for
recreational purposes. Moreover, these areas are the most suitable for development
of ecotourism, and in particular of ornithological and some other forms of
alternative tourism.
The last group of protected areas belongs to natural monuments. Their total
number is 48 and they cover 1210.64ha. 37 of them, which area is 1013.46ha, are
located within the territory of Bourgass district. In Varna district their number is
eight, encompassing an area of 122.18ha. Other three are situated within Dobrich
district and their territory comes to 75.0ha. Basically these areas are suitable for
development of alternative forms of tourism.
The Ramsar sites play a very important role for the development of
ecotourism. Their number in Bulgaria is ten, encompassing 20 360.00ha. Seven of
them cover an area of 11 905.00ha equal to 58.47% of their overall territory in the
country. The sites, situated in the Black sea biogeographical region are
Durankulak lake (450.00ha), Shabla lake (530,00ha), Pomorie lake with the mouth
of Aheloy river (814,00ha), Vaya lake (2900,00ha), Poda lagoon together with the
bay of Foros (307,00ha) as well as the complex of Ropotamo (5900,00ha). One of
the most unique areas is Durankulak lake, which global importance on the
protection of biodiversity is determined by the fact that it is situated along the bird
migration route Via Pontica. Another factor is its proximity to the Danube river
delta which makes it an area of key importance for the migratory birds. In January
and February the lake is a wintering place for almost the whole population of
Branta ruficollis, this factor makes it one of the most important wetland in the
world. The ornithological significance of the lake and its adjoining areas is
supplemented by the fact that there are 254 bird species, registered in this region.
Out of them 67 are enlisted in the Bulgarian Red book of endangered species and
123 are of European nature scientific importance.
The Poda lagoon as well as the bay of Foros and the established visitor center
are one of the best places in Bulgaria for development of ornithological tourism.
There are 245 bird species, registered in the region, 74 of them are included in the
Bulgarian Red book. 127 bird species are of European nature scientific importance.
This part of the Black sea region is also of international importance for nesting of
Platalea leucorodia. Moreover the locality of Poda represents the only nesting
place along the Black sea coast. This region is a part of site with a narrow front of
migration for Pelecanus onocrotalus and Pelecanus crispus, Ciconia ciconia and

26

27

 . ,

V - . , 2009

Ciconia nigra, as well as for a significant number of birds passing the Via Pontica
migratory route.
Ropotamo complex has a unique significance, as it includes six different types
of protected areas Ropotamo reserve, Vodnite lilii Managed reserve, Stamopolu
Protected Locality, Alepu Natural monument, Alepu sandy dunes, Perla and
Maslen mouth. This territory represents a puzzle of different habitats a stream
and river mouth, longose forests, fresh or lagoons, sandy dunes, rocky coasts and
fiords. The site is a shelter for lots of species of national and international
importance, included in the Red list of IUCN. Among them there are seven areas
inhabited by world famous birds, two plant species, eight invertebrate species and
seven mammal species. There are also lots of endemite and relict species.
An important role for the development of specialized forms of tourism play
the following: the Pomorie lake with Aheloy river mouth, Yailata protected
locality, Yatata, Pobitite kamani. The Botanic garden in Balchik, Aladza
monastery, the bay of Chengene skele, the mouth of Veleka river, Silistar and
many others.
It is obvious that the protected areas along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast
preserve unique for their biodiversity natural territorial complexes. At the very
same time, as a result of the over-building of huge resort centers, the latter are
seriously threatened. All principles of sustainable tourism development are
infringed. A great influence on the protection of such a valuable genetic fund the
strict sustaining of the established management regime as well as recreational
utilization of the protected areas would have. In regard with that a scientifically
grounded strategy emphasizing on the scope of recreational usage of the protected
areas should be developed, in particular the ones, located along the Black sea
coast.

NATURA 2000 AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN BULGARIA

Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

. 2004. .
, . . 294.
. ., ., . 1997.
. , . . 1,
. . 148-150.
. 1997. .
. . .1. . . 124-126.
., . 1994. . .
. . 498.
., ., ., . 1997. -
. . .1.
. . 109-112.

28

Georgiev G., Vasileva M.

Southwest University Neofit Rilski, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria, E-mail: glgeorgiev@abv.bg,
vasileva_maria@yahoo.com

NATURA 2000 is an ecological network of protected zones. It is the

European Community instrument aimed at conservation of natural habitats and
species of great importance for the EU. The process of establishment of this
ecological network is an obligation of each member-state of the European Union in
conformity with the Birds and Habitat Directives.
The contribution of NATURA 2000 in the process of biodiversity
conservation is achieved through measures, leading to avoidance of degradation,
fragmentation and destruction of natural and semi-natural habitats, as well as
habitats of rare and endangered species. As an ecological network NATURA
ensures a free geographical dissemination of species, genetic exchange and
migration.
Through it the European Union takes part in the establishment of another
ecological network EMERALD, set up in conformity with the Bern convention.
It encompasses the territory of the whole European continent and several North
African countries.
The Birds Directive was adopted on 02.04.1979 and came into force in 1981.
It is designed with the aim to undertake purposeful measures in preserving
populations of wild birds in the member-states of the European Union as well as to
conserve valuable species and habitats. This objective has to be achieved by
establishment of protected zones, effective management of habitats within the
boundaries of the protected zones and beyond them, restoration of affected and
damaged biotopes as well as establishment of new ones. Rare, vulnerable and
endangered species (the ones, enlisted in Appendix 1 of the Birds Directive) and
all migratory species are subject to special nature conservation measures in terms
of their habitats. This results in an obligation to set up Special Protection Areas
(SPAs), where measures against pollution and habitat deterioration, etc. should be
undertaken.
For migratory birds activities, aiming at protection of their nesting beds,
wintering places and migration along their migratory routes are undertaken. A
stress is also placed on the wetlands of international importance (the Ramsar sites).
Similar measures are also intended to be undertaken for those of the migratory
species, which are not enlisted in Appendix 1. Special protection areas are set up
for the periods of their nesting and migration along migratory routes.
Directive 92/43 of the European Union for the Conservation of natural
habitats and of wild flora and fauna was adopted on 25.05.1992. The memberstates have the obligation to implement all necessary activities with the aim to
29

 . ,

V - . , 2009

transpose the directive requisites in their national legislations. The main objective
of this international initiative is to contribute for preservation of biodiversity,
recognizing local economic, cultural and regional characteristics. It is considered
that this directive contributes for implementation of the concept for sustainable
development.
The essence of the directive represents its part, concerning conservation of
natural habitats of species. There are six supplementary appendices to the directive.
The first one contains information on all natural habitats of Community interest,
whose conservation requires an establishment of Special Protection Areas (SPAs).
Appendix 2 and Appendix 4 include lists of plant and animal species, whose
protection require creation of territories of special protection regime.
Appendix 3 comprises of the selection criteria of these areas, which meet the
requirements for special regime of protection. They are united in two sections of
national and of Community importance.
Appendix 6 contains information on the methods and tools for wild bird
hunting and killing as well as prohibited means of transportation.
Subject of protection in the scope of both directives are over 140 natural
habitats and over 600 plant and animal species important for the Community. The
member-states, as well as the acceding countries have the obligation to determine
the locations of their natural habitats together with the species subject to
protection.
Natura 2000 preliminary process comprises of the following obligations,
which have to be implemented of each candidate state until the date of accession in
the European Union:
- Harmonization of the national legislation with the one of the European
Union, in particular the Birds and the Habitat directives.
This activity resulted in adoption of the Law for protection of biodiversity in
Bulgaria. In the scope of the law it is intended to establish an ecological network,
consisting of protection zones and protection areas.
- A comprehensive list of all proposed areas important for the Community,
in conformity with Appendix 3 of the Habitat directive. All applying data is to be
submitted to the attention of the European commission.
- Selection of Special protection areas, together with information on their
status of protection and inclusion of the applying data in the National list of
Special Protection Areas in the European Community.
The average cover of the protection zones and habitats in the European Union
is 12% of the overall territory of the member-states. The percentage complying
with the Birds directive is 9.6%.
In Bulgaria 114 zones for the protection of wild birds are adopted, covering
20.3% of the country as well as 228 zones for the protection of natural habitats,
which is equal to 29.5% of the country. Their proclamation as protection zones is

done according to the decision of the Council of ministers. The total number of the
protection zones under NATURA 2000 in the country up to date is 332, which
covers an area of 33.89% of its territory. Ten of all zones have common
boundaries. The proclamation of the protection zones under the Birds directive was
initiated with the promulgation of the list in Bulgarian State Gazette, while habitat
adoption is possible only after the list of sites is reviewed and approved by the
European Commission. For this purpose special biogeographical seminars are
organized.
It must be taken into consideration that there is a big discrepancy between the
existing protected areas in the country (1998) and the protection zones, designated
under the Law on the protection of biodiversity (2002). Despite the directive
regulation on the establishment of the European ecological network NATURA
2000, designation of such zones (protection zones according to the national
legislation of Bulgaria) in member-states is to be done on the basis of relevant
scientific data as well as the information, included in Appendix 3 of the directive
(Article 7 of the Law on the protection of biodiversity). The purpose of the
network NATURA 2000 is not to create strict natural reserves, where any forms of
human activities are prohibited. The emphasis is placed on the ecological,
economic and socially sustainable future management of these territories which
complies with the conservation purposes of the protection zones. In lots of cases
the existence or revival of traditional activities and ones, having positive influence
is of essential importance for the preservation of the biodiversity, especially in
agricultural regions and forestry enterprises.
In accordance with the regulations of the Law on the protection of
biodiversity, the orders for proclamation of protection zones are subject to
mandatory public discussions before being officially adopted. The Ministry of the
Environment and Water is obliged to ensure access to all data information of
public interest.
All plans, programs, and investment projects in NATURA 2000 protection
zones require special evaluation on their relevance to the subject and purpose of
conservation of each zone which serves as a basis for decision-making. In the
process of evaluation, complying with the directive regulation on habitats some
exclusions are permitted in terms of projects and investment proposals. The latter
is possible even if there are proofs that their implementation will lead to significant
deterioration of the subject of protection. The key precondition for their acceptance
is the existence of reasonable grounds of the first public importance and lack of
alternative solutions.
The regulation of NATURA zones will be an obligation of owners and landusers in Bulgaria in conformity with specially developed for the purpose of
Management plans for each protection zone. Their management will be
coordinated and controlled by the Ministry of Environment and Water. The long-

30

31

 . ,

V - . , 2009

term conservation of significant habitats and species in the zones will be

encouraged by such agricultural, recreational and forestry practices, which protect
or keep habitat types and species in good condition. Activities, connected with
NATURA 2000 will be funded by the Operative program Environment. Under
this program development of Management plans, intended for NATURA 2000
zones will be funded, as well as different activities designated for implementation,
ecological-investment projects, information campaigns, tuitions and etc.
It is important to emphasize that in the initial stage of selection of NATURA
2000 protection zones within the territory of Bulgaria, very negative public
reactions arised on behalf of economic organizations including tourism businesses.
The reasons for the escalations resulted from the fact that in the scale of NATURA
2000 territories which are parts of Pirin National Park, Rila National Park, Central
Balkan National Park, Pomirie lake, Ropotamo complex and many others areas
were included, which are a subject to investment interests. There is massive
overbuilding in some of these territories where high-rated resort complexes are
erected.
There are a lot of speculations that any kind of building and economic
activities will be minimized. The fact that sustainability is one of the basic
principles concerning the assimilation of NATURA 2000 protection zones,
including all tourism activities, is totally neglected. This means that all planning
activities, development of tourist infrastructure, its functionality and marketing
have to be focused on ecological, social, cultural and economic criteria for
sustainability.
In terms of tourism sector the idea of sustainable ecological, economic and
social development of the protection zones, included in NATURA 2000 could be
achieved through a balanced management of different tourist activities,
implemented within the boundaries of these zones. The latter implies strategic
planning and management of these activities in the established eight tourism
regions in Bulgaria.
In conformity with the plan for establishment of tourism regions within the
country, the following eight tourism regions are to be created Danube region,
Region of Stara Planina, Sofia region, Region of Rila and Pirin, Rhodope region,
Old Bulgarian capitals, Thrace region and Black Sea region. Within their territories
subregions, microregions and tourism centres are to be established. The latter will
represent the main structural units for tourism planning and management of the
regions.
Despite their tourism product profile each region and special protection zones
on their territory as well as all activities aimed at natural habitats and /or animal
species conservation also require to measure the level of tourism activity with a
view to ecological standards and their long-term sustainability. In a narrow sense
this means that the design and establishment of tourist centers of the regions

together with the key tourism destinations within their boundaries and places of
visitation have to be located outside the territory of the special protection zones.
The latter is of key importance with a view to the fact that tourism centers and
destinations are a subject to massive building activities of tourism complexes and
specialized super and infrastructure. Furthermore they are usually points of
highest concentration of tourist flows and feature intensified level of tourism
activity

The intensity of recreational and tourism exploitation have to be in designated

limits for the scope of the special protection zones. With a view to this fact, it is
strongly recommended to take into consideration map No1 in the process of
Management plans preparation. The map includes all special protection zones,
located within the boundaries of the eight tourist regions.
On the basis of the above analysis, the following conclusions can be made:
1) Development of alternative forms of tourism is one of the most effective
ways for assimilation of the most significant in natural scientific value natural
tourism resources. Very suitable for this purpose are the special protection zones,
which combine the opportunity for economic and conservation activities;
2) Through development of special protection zones different tourism
activities can be implemented, but their scale and level of influence have to comply
with the requirements of sustainability standards;

32

33

Map 1. NATURA 2000 Special Protection Zones located within the territory
of the eight tourism regions in Bulgaria

 . ,

V - . , 2009

3) In order to ensure higher level of management effectiveness, activities

toward harmonization of different categories of protected areas in conformity with
the IUCN classification (1994) are needed to be undertaken. This is valid for the
countries in the Black Sea region;
4) Dissemination of good practices in the process of planning and
establishment of systems of protection zones are also needed. They should be
aimed basically to the attention of the future acceding countries to the European
Union. Examples for the process of establishing NATURA 2000 and EMERALD
protection zones could be given with Bulgaria and Romania;
5) Founding of an intergovernmental controlling body for the protection of
biodiversity in the countries in the Black Sea region, which should be responsible
for abiding of Management plan requisites;
6) Involvement of universities and scientific institutes in NATURA 2000
activities through development of specially designed programs for exchange of
academic lectures, participation in mutual projects and partnership with the
controlling bodies under this international initiative.

.





,
(Potamon tauricus).
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2009 .
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Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

. 2004. .
, . . 294.
. . .77 09 2002 .
NATURA 2000 (GIS calculated values), 2008.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/db_gis/pdf/area_calc.pdf
Sites of Community importance, July 2009.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/barometer/docs/SCI_EU27.pdf
Special Protection areas July 2009.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/barometer/docs/SPA_EU27.pdf

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Davies C., Moss D., Hill M. O. Eunis Habitat Classification Revised 2004. European Topic
Centre on Natural Protection and Biodiversity. Report to European Environment Agency,
2004. 307 pp.
Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. Version EUR27. European
Commission DG Environment, 2007. 142 pp.

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Fiskesjo, G. Allium test for screening chemicals; evaluation of cytological parameters //
Plants for Environmental Studies. New York, 1997. P. 308-333.

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Black Sea Red Data Book /Ed. By H.J. Dumont. - New York: United Nations Office for
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Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats / European Commission. Eur 27.
Council of Europe Publications. Strasburg, 2007. 142 pp.
http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/ ,
( ).
WCPA/IUCN. Establishing networks of marine protected areas: a guide for developing
national and regional capacity for building MPA networks. IUCN, Full Technical
Report, 2007. 213 pp.

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5
3
1
142163140141140151149

80 111 77

28

17

96

42

114 151 131 121 140

15
9
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
140 115 120 141 153

. 1.
2 :
1. ; 2.
; 3. -; 4.
-- (); 5.
; 6.
; 7. - -
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8. -- -
- ;
9. , , .

(
) :
1. (1) 45-50%
1-2 100-200 ...,
- 5-100,

. ,
142

V - . , 2009

.
, 4-5%
. 1-2 200-300
..., - 5-100,

, .
,
, ,
.

.
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, 1-2 200-300 ...,
- 5-100.
, -
(
,
).
,
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. .
, ,
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.

, ,
.
, , ,
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2.
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(3-5%)
,
, .

143

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220-250 ..., .
, ,
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3.
.
, ,

.
:
,
, ,
,
.
. ,

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.


.

,
.
,
.

.

.
.

V - . , 2009

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

// . . . . .
1986. . 98. . 111-122.
. ., . .
. : . , 1987. 41 .
.., .. -
// . . - 1990.-. 110.- .90-103
..
- ( ): .
: . 03.00.16 //
.. ; .
, 1992. 32 .: . . .: . 30-31.
.. //
. 1990. 6. . 60-63.
..
// . 1999. 3. . 216-219.
.., .. -
// . . . 1975. - 62.
. 27-49.
.. . .-: - .-
, 1995. 280 .

1.
2.

. ., . ., . .
// . 1983. 4. . 24-29.
. ., . .
// -

144

145

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ,
,
, ..
. ,

- .


. -

,
, ..

( , )
Teraweta .

( ),
70- 110 -
.
-. -, -.
80% (
0,01 ) 55% ( 0,001 ) [1, 4].
10- HCl 35 .
(0-30 ) 2,7%.
N 0,2 0,3%, P 0,09-0,16, K 2,3-2,6%.
,
,
.

.

,
, ,
,
. 2-3
, , -
, 2
,
6-18 10-24 .


. .
, [5],

Teraweta ,
5
( -100) 1 .
Teraweta 30-40 ,
.
2006

. ,
.
[(+18) (+22 )]
.
0,5- - .
[2, 3]. -
.
,
, ,
.

5-8 ,
25+3 .
( ,
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, .
, ,
, ,
.

146

147

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, ,
2
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6-9- .
, , ,

5 .

.
2007 ,
, ,
Teraweta,
.
, 1.

.
.
2

(11-20) V
(21-31) V
(1 10) V1
(11-20) V1
(21-30) V1
(1- 10) V11

, ():
:
:

4
7
8
10
10-15
12-19
14-21
16-22
13-23
17-28
18-30
19-33
19-30
29-39
31-40
32-44
28-39
37-48
38-49
39-58
44,8 + 0,1
55,2 + 0,1
53,9 + 0,1
69,4 + 0,2

1 :
,

:
,

:
,

1.
2.
3.
4.

10,0 + 0,1
12,1 + 0,1

11,7 + 0,1
16,2 + 0,1

44,8 + 0,1
55,2 + 0,1

53,9 + 0,1
69,4 + 0,2

5,1 + 0,1
6,4 +0,1

3,8 + 0,1
4,7 + 0,1

5.

.. .: , - 2004. 208 .
/.. , .. , .. , .. . .:
, - 2005. 608 .
.., .. .-.: ,
1954. 332 .
.., ..
.: , 1987. 152 .

/ .., .., .. ..
.: , 2008. 7 .

, , , ,
,

1,23 1,29 1 1,25 1,24
.
,
.
, 2.

, 61-86

148

..1, ..2
1

, ,
2
- - ,

,
(Juglans regia L.). ,
,
(),
, , , , .
(
80-120 ), 149

 . ,

V - . , 2009

2-3 .
, -
, 1-2 [1, 4].
().
.
,
, .

. ,
, , , ,

.
,
.
, , .
,

, , , ,
, , ,
.
, [3].
,

[2].
.

. ,
1315% , 6-8 .
0,6.
.
,
,
. , ,
, : ;
,
, ,
. ,
: -, , ,
, -
. ,

, , , ,
. ,
, ,
,
.

,
. , , 1 .
(. 1).

150

151

()

1987 .
1999 .
20,2
20,2
336,0
290,0
365,2
276,5
6,5
1,9
70,9
70,9
92,4
88,1
222,1
222,1
73,0
51,4
230,4
201,9
1416,7
1223,0

, %
100,0
86,3
75,7
29,2
100,0
95,3
100,0
70,4
87,6
86,3

,
(1950-1985 ..)
1,4 . .
, (1999
.), ( 13,7%).
, ,
60%.
, -, - (25-60-) ,

. ,
, , -, ,
,

-
,
. ,

 . ,

V - . , 2009

,

. ,
.
0,6-2,2 , 5-10
.
,
,
, .
,

, .
( 0 5)
.
, (,
, .),

.
,

, [5],

40-60 7-10
. .
10-15% .
,

,
,
.
,
.


[6]. ,
, , .

, ,
,
, ,
.

.
,
, .



.

-

. ,


.

152

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

.. .:
, , 1960. . 487-490.
.. .: , - 1981.
335 .
.. //
.: , 1965. . 6. . 92-96.
.., .. .: , 1985. 215 .
: .. 1787342 , 01 79/00 /..
, .. (), - 4881029/15. 11.11.90. .
15.01.93. . 2. . 4.
: .. 1782456 , 01 G 13/02
/.. , .. (), - 4891091/15. 13.12.90. .
23.12.92. . 47. . 6.

.., ..
. .. , ,

2008-2009 6
. ,
, ,
, , ,
153

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.

.

, ,
- .
,
.


. ,
.
- .

.
.
(. , . -, . ),

-.
(Aegilops ovata L.).
, .
, (. -) ,

(A. geniculata Roth).
4 .
, .
, , ,
, ,
(Trachynia distachya (L.) Link.).
- ,
. ,
(Scleropoa
rigida (L.) Griseb.). -,
(Brizochloa humilis (Bieb.)
Chrtek et Hada). . ,
, (Tragus rasemosus (L.) All.)
,
,
(Dasypyrum villosum (L.)
Borb.), (Hordeum leporinum Link) .

(Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski)

, ,
(A. sterilis (L.) Nevski)
, . ,
(A. tectorum (L.) Nevski),
.
(Avena)
- (A. ludoviciana Durieu),
, (A. trichophylla C. Koch)
(A. fatua L.) ,
2-3, ( ). . ,
. , .
,
(H. bulbosum L.)
(Poa bulbosa L.).
: (P. nemoralis L.), -
, (P.
compressa L.) .
(Elytrigia)
- (E. nodosa (Nevski) Nevski),
.
(E. repens (L.) Nevski).
,
(Stipa sp.),
(S. capillata L.):
.
(Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv.),
(Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst.)
(Koeleria brevis Stev.),
( 3 ) . ,
(Melica transsilvanica
Schur) .
(Dactylis glomerata L.).
,
(Piptaterum) .
(. , . ),
( 1,5 ) (P. holciforme
(Bieb.) Roem. et Schult.).
( 10 ) .
( . , . -)

154

155

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. (P.virescens (Trin.) Boiss.).

( 3,5 ) .
(Festuca)
(F. valesiaca Gaud.), ,
.
, -,

(Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.).
,
(Briza elatior Sibth. et Smith),
1 ,
.
- (Bothriochloa
ischaemum (L.) Keng) -
. .
32 , ,
. -
(,
),
.
, , , ,
, ., . ,

(Triticum boeoticum Boiss.) [1].
, :
,
( );
;
( , , ,
.), ,
.

, -,
.

( )

1.

/ .., .., .., ..,

.. - .: , 1977. - 520.

.., ..
. .. , ,

, , ,

. .


.
,
,
. ( 15 -
. )4.

[1-2, 5-6].

.
.. [3],
[8].
187 ,
6 .
-- (Elytrigietum lolietobromopsidosum) ,
53 . 27 .
(1996) : Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr., Dianthus marschallii Schischk.
Dianthus marschalii
Agropyron ponticum Nevski., Achillea
setacea Waldst. & Kit., Cichorium intybus L., Stachys germanica L.
- (Stipetum festucosum)
34 ( 31 ).
[7]
- . Stipa lessingiana, Dianthus
marschallii . Dianthus marschallii,
Agropyron ponticum .
Achillea setacea, Stachys
4

156

..

157

 . ,

V - . , 2009

germanica, Trifolium pratense L., Althaea hirsuta L., Botriochloa ischaemum (L.)
Keng.
- (Botriochloetum festucosum)
23 . 29 .
,
- Stipa capillata L., Dianthus marschallii 4 Tanacetum
paczoskii (Zefir.) Tzvelev, Anthemis dubia Steven, Dianthus marschallii, Thymus
dzevanovskyi. : Botriochloa ischaemum, Anthemis
dubia, Thymus dzevanovskyi, Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, Taraxacum
officinale Wigg. aggr., Eryngium campestre L., Tanacetum paczoskii, Stachys
germanica, Salvia nemorosa L. aggr.

--
(Botriochloetum
bromopsidoso-festucosum) 26 .
(1996) Stipa capillata, Stipa lessingiana, Dianthus
marschallii. Dianthus marschallii.
Botriochloa
ischaemum, Thymus callieri, Astragalus tauricus Pall., Eryngium campestre,
Hypericum perforatum L., Matricaria recutita L.
- (Botriochloetum stiposum)
24 . 29 .
[4]
- . Stipa capillata
, Botriochloa ischaemum, Galium verum L., Artemisia taurica Willd.
-

(Botriochloetum
agropyrosum) 27 ( 21 ). Thymus
dzevanovskyi Agropyron ponticum
. Botriochloa
ischaemum, Thymus callieri, Thymus dzevanovskyi, Achillea leptophylla M.Bieb.

4 . Elytrigietum lolieto-bromopsidosum 5
.

104 , 26
.
Asteraceae (19,2%), Poaceae (18, 2%), Lamiaceae. 3,8%
0,9%.
: 4
, 7
. 19

. ,
Botriochloetum festucosum.
: 3 Elytrigietum lolietobromopsidosum, Botriochloetum bromopsidos-festucosum, Botriochloetum
stiposum (1987);
Stipetum festucosum, Botriochloetum stiposum
.
, .
,
,
.

158

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.. / .. - -: . , 1957. .382
.., ..
. : , 1985. 38 .
.. // . . .
2001. 58, 6. . 667-676.
: , ,
. / . . - .. - : .
, 1987.- 216 .
.. ()
. // . - .-.: , 1964. - .. . 486-490.
.. . - .: . , 1978. .384.
. . : , 1996.
608 .
Mosyakin S.L., Fedoronchuk M.M. Vascular plants of Ukraine: A nomenclatural
checklist. Kiev, 1999. 346 pp.

.., ..
- , , ,
E-mail: roshko@ua.fm

-
. ,

-- , .
159

 . ,

V - . , 2009

700 ,
110 .
.
.. [1]
.
.
( . . )
, .
. .
-
, , , .

.

2000-2002 .
.
-
,
. 0,6,
IV V, 70 .
-
(-).
. , ,
. 23-35 , 12-17 .
3 - ().
,
, ,
, . 20-22 ,
10-12 , 0,6.
.
442. 70-75 . 0,6-0,7.
, .
.
, .
,
,
,
. ,
, , , , ,
, .

, ,
60 80 , ,
,
.

- 60 .
-


[2]. ,

[1].

()
. ,
,


() .
10
,
( ) .
(),
(), () .
1, 9 10 .

[5, 6].
[3], (Kj)
(Dt) [8].

160

161

1.

.. . .: , 1971. 336 .

( )
.., ..
. .. , ,

 . ,

V - . , 2009

[7],
(, %)
, [4].

, ,
Rhodophyta.

37 75% (. 1).

.

.
,
, .

. 1. (%)

. 2.
: , , , ,
, , , ,
, -, - .

,
, .

, .
- ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.

.
, ,
,
.

, ,
(. 2).

,
. ,
, ,
.
(. 3).

,
,
, .

, .
,

.

.

162

163

 . ,

V - . , 2009

..
, , , E-mail: netl@ksu.ks.ua

. 3.

.
() (
)
, .

,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.., ..
( ) // . 2002. . 59. . 5 8.
.. . - : , 1989. -. 49-56.
. . .: - , 1975. 245 .
.. . : , 1990. 296 .
.. ,
. - , . ., 1967. 397 .
- .. . : . , 1975. 248 .
.. .
. .: , 1973. 343 .
.. . .: - , 1964. 447 .

164

( ),
1998 , ( ,
). ( 1592,3 )
(183,7 ...),
(62 ) .
- ,
-
, [12].
- ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
, . ,
, , [12, 13].
-
[8, 12].

, .
, , ,
- .

,

,
, -
,
, [8].

, , ,
- . ,
.
[13].
,
[9, 10]. 20
( , ) [17].
165

 . ,

V - . , 2009

2005-2009 .
.
,
, , . .. [2, 3].

, .

[3]. ,

, ,
; ,
[4].

49 11
(5 6 ). ,
(
76 [14], - 183 [16]),

- , -
(81 ) (50 ) [15].
20 . 3
(Bryum dichotomum Hedw., B. rubens Mitt., Kindbergia praelonga (Hedw.)
Ochyra) ,
. 8 : Anomodon
viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. et Tayl, Bryum capillare Hedw. var. meridionale,
Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff., Rhynchostegiella tenella (Dicks.) Limpr.,
Encalypta streptocarpa Hedw., Grimmia trichophylla Grev., Plasterhynchium
striatulum (Spurse) Fleisch., Leptodon smithii (Hedw.) Web. et Mohr,

.

. , 37,4%
, 30 , 10 , 7 , 2
. Marchantiophyta 1
(Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff.), ,
Bryophyta.
(1:48)
(34 (69,38%)
11 (30,62%)).
, ,

[2] [7],
.
10-
Pottiaceae (22 , 44,90% ; 11 ,
36,67% ), Brachytheciaceae (11 , 22,45%; 10 ,
33,33%), Bryaceae (6 , 12,24%). 1-3 .
Pottiaceae
Brachytheciaceae, ,
- ( 20%
50%) [7],
.

(32 , 65,31%) (16 , 32,65%)
(1 , 2,04%).
, , ,
,
. ,

, [3].
: 17 (34,69%),
, 14 .
Pottiaceae,
- [18].

(Pseudocrossidium revolution (Brid.)
Zander) (Grimmia trichophylla), (Bryum
capillare, Encalypta vulgaris Hedw.),
(Bryum argenteum Hedw., Bryum dichotomum)
, (Didymodon sinuosus) [1].
,
, ,
(16 , 32,65%) (13
, 26,53%).
Pottiaceae Bryaceae.
(11 , 225,41%),
Brachytheciaceae.
(4 , 8,16%), (2 , 4,08%),
(2 , 4,08%), (1 , 2,04%).

. , :
(13 , 26,53%) (24 , 48,97%). ,

166

167

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, (12 , 24,49%).
,
,
.
(32 , 65,31%),
. (7 , 14,28%),
, (10 ,
20,41%).
, ,
.
(26 , 53,06%)
, , ,
[2].
(17 , 34,69%).
Barbula unguiculata Hedw. Bryum caespiticium Hedw.,
(4,08%), Grimmia
trichophylla (2,04%).

,
(20 , 40,82%). ,
,
- .
, ,
(17 , 34,69%) (11 , 22,45%).

,
. ,
, 2 (4,08%): Grimmia pulvinata
(Hedw.) Sm. Bryum dichotomum. Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. (2,04%)
; .
,

.
(13 , 26,53%);
.
, 8 .
, -
. 4 (8,16%) -
, 3 (6,12%) -, 1 (2,04%)
--. 12 (24,49%) ,
. ,
, .

Bryum rubens Mitt.,

.
, ,
. 5
(10,20%). , 3
(6,12%), .
, , ,
, .
9 (18,37%), ,
.
-- (1 , 2,04%),
Didymodon sinuosus (Mitt.) Delonge, - (1
, 2,04%), Pseudocrossidium revolutum (Brid.) Zander.
Rhynchostegiella tenella (Dicks.) Limpr. Scorpiurium circlinatum (Brid.)
Fleisch. -- (2 , 4,08%),
Syntrichia calcicola J.J.Amann (1 ,
2,04%), Weissia levierii (Limp.) Kindb. - (1 ,
2,04%). Plasterhynchium
striatulum
(Spurse)
Fleisch.
(-) Rhynchostegium megapolitanum (Web. et Mohr). B.,
S. et G. (-)).

; ,

[6].

[4].
.
(21 , 42,86%),
,
,
.
; ,
57,14%.
,
,
(17 , 34,69%). ;

,
(11 , 22,45%) [4]. ,
( ,
, , ,

168

169

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ),
, .
,
(
).
, ,
. 5 ,

[6, 17].
, ,
:
Pseudocrossidium revolutum (Brid.) Zander (Pottiaceae).
,
, . ,
,
.
Didymodon sinuosus (Mitt.) Delonge (Pottiaceae).
4 Didymodon sinuosus , 3
[1, 5, 17].
4 [11], ,
,
. , Didymodon
sinuosus .
Weisia levierii (Limp.) Kindb. (Pottiaceae).
,
.
,
[1] Weisia levieri
W. longifolia, .
Rhynchostegiella tenella (Dicks.) Limpr. (Brachytheciaceae).
[5],
Rhynchostegiella tenella .

.
Leptodon smithii (Hedw.) Web. et Mohr (Leptodontacease).
.

.
,
.
,

, ,
.
,
, .
, ( 30%)
; -, -, , , , (- ),
50% .

170

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

.., .. . . 2. .: .
, 1988. 180 .
.. . : ,
1999. 180 .
.. : . :
, 1999. 160 .
.. // . . . 2005. . 1,
2. . 24-32.
.. . : , 2008. 232 .
.., .. // / -
. : -, 1999. . 13. . 76-80.
.., .. :
// . , 2006. . 215.
- .. . .: , 1970.
157 .
.. //
. . . ., 3 / . ...
: , 19 2003 . . 59 62
.. :
// . . . : ,
2004. . 58 62
.. ( )
// : . . . : , 2005. . 1. - . 200-202.
..
// . . . 2006. . 126. . 8-22.
.., ..
// . . . 2006. . 126.
. 51-73.
. . // . . .
1986. 43, 3. . 26 30.
. . -
// . . . 1994. . 51, 2/3. . 217 225.
. . - // . .
. 1995. . 52, 2. . 260 270.
.. . .: , 2005. 170 .
Risse, S. Rhizoid gemmae in mosses // Lindbergia. 1987. vol. 13, N3. P. 111-126.

171

 . ,

V - . , 2009

150
, ,
, .

--, 2005 . --. 3 ,

,
.

--, 2005 .
---,
2008 .

5

2008 . ( 100 80-90 %)
(. 1).

.., .., ..
.. , , ,
E-mail: valekohome@mail.ru

-
() 14523

. ,
, 2 . ,
- .

, ,
,

.
.
800-1000 /, -
. . -
, ,
, ,
.


. 2003-2008 . 3 100
2: ( ),
.
,
, ,
0,25 2 1,0 2 20- 0,1 2 50- ,
.
- , ,
,
.
1, 900
- ,
. --. 2
172

1

- 2003 2008 .

2003

2005

2008

, .

42

37

27

40

32

21

41

42

28

, %

100

60-80

30-40

100

50-75

20-25

80-90

50-60

30-40

25-32

15-27

5-12

25-30

15-23

5-10

23-30

15-24

5-11

9,6

6,8

4,1

9,9

10,2

3,8

9,8

9,0

8,1

14,2

8,7

5,8

13,1

10,9

5,7

10,2

12

9,5

17,5

9,5

9,1

16,5

15,9

8,2

19,1

17,3

15,1

. . 0,12

. . 0,25 2

. . 1 2

173

 . ,

V - . , 2009

( 50-60%), 2008 .,
2. ,
,
,

,
. ,
.
, 37 2003
. 42 2008 . 3
21 28
,
.
,
.

, ,
. 2
, 2008 .
(17,3 /1 2) 2003 . (9,1/1 2). 3

2 .
, ,
,
,
.

5

.
,
.
0,25 2 10-
.
- ,

.
- ,
,
.2.

, 2

, 3 ,
,
,
, , .

.
3 2-3,5
,
, , ,
, (. 3).

174

175

2

-
, / (2003-2008 .)

-.

2003

2005

20,0

4,6

2,1

0,4

2008

3,5

4,6

1,4

0,3

2,5

1,3

1,6

0,2

0,01

2,3

0,1

0,6

0,2

0,9

0,12

0,1

0,1

0,1

6,5

6,7

2,3

5,7

2,3

2,6

6,6

4,7

5,4

0,2

0,1

2 5
27,2 % 23,3 %, ( 27,2 % 8,0 %)
.
3 .
- 2005 2008 .

- , ,
- ,
.

. , 2003 . 71,2 /, 2008
. -

 . ,

V - . , 2009

32,6 /.
2 46,3 / 2003 . 28,8 /
2008 .
3 (. 3).

, 45,6%
68,7 %. ,
,
-,

.

, -
.
-

, ,
, . ,
,

,
.
,
,
,
.

3


- , / (%) 2003-2008 .

2003

2005

2003

2005

2008

2008

28,8
(40,4)

10,6
(21,3)

11,5
(35,3)

12,6
(27,2)

3,6
(12,1)

9,6
(13,4)

16,3
(32,7)

4,2
(12,9)

12,6
(27,2)

32,8
(46,2)

22,9
(46,0)

16,9
(51,8)

71,2
(100)

49,8
(100)

32,6
(100)

.., ..

2003

2005

2008

6,7
(23,3)

6,0
(24,6)

3,0
(39,5)

7,7
(41,8)

5,8
(18,5)

2,3
(8,0)

6,6
(27,1)

1,2
(15,8)

2,4
(13,1)

21,1
(45,6)

21,8
(69,4)

19,8
(68,7)

1,8
(48,3)

3,4
(44,7)

8,3
(45,1)

46,3
(100)

1,4
(100)

8,8
(100)

24,4
(100)

7,6
(100)

18,4
(100)

, , ,
E-mail: herbarium.47@mail.ru

1
36,3-40,4 % 11,9-13,4%
,
, , ,
,
, ,
. , 3 ,
,
, .

,
, ,
(, 2007).
[3].
,
.. (1988) , -,

. -, ,
. , ,
.


,
;

176

177

 . ,

(, , 1998).

(
, , , 1987),
.
. -.

,

.
,
, -
.


,
, , .

.
,
(,
.).
,
,
Polygono salsugini-Crypsidetum aculeatea Korzh. et Klukin 1990
Crypsidetea aculeatae Vicherek 1973, Crypsietalia aculeatae
Vicherek 1973, Polygono salsugini Crypsion aculeatae Korzh. et Klukin
1990.
P. s. C. a. typicum
,
.
P. s. C. a. lismetosum lanceolatii

, .

( 1).
,
Polygono salsugini-Crypsidetum
aculeatea, . P. s. C. a. typicum

178

V - . , 2009

:
Polygono salsugini6/85,7*
Crypsidetum aculeatea
typicum
P. s. C. a. alismetosum
1/12,5
lanceolatii
:

Poaceae
50,0
Polygonaceae
20,0
Chenopodiaceae
10,0
Thyphaceae
10,0
Limniaceae
10,0
Asteraceae
0

0

I
20,0

30,0
II
30,0

20,0

0

50,0

0

10,0

40,0

50,0

20,0

0

10,0
C

20,0

70,0

10,0

179

1/14,3
7/87,5

33,3
11,1
5,5
5,5
5,5
16,7
5,6
16,7
22,2
22,2
33,3
5,6
61,1
5,6
0
22,6
61,1
27,5
11,1
0
27,8
55,6
16,7

 . ,

V - . , 2009

,
27,8
30,0

55,6
20,0

16,7
21,0

0
0

10,0
16,7

20,0
22,2

C
10,0
5,7
S
10,0
5,7
R
10,0
0
CS
20,0
50,0
CR
30,0
16,7
SR
20,0
11,1
CSR
0
11,1

12,5
6,2

50,0
31,2

25,0
18,8

12,5
43,8

25,0
25,0

50,0
56,2

25,0
18,8
: * ,
.
.

50 %
,
,
.

,
, ,
.

[4].

;
.

.
, . P. s.
. . typicum
Asteraceae, . P. s. . . lismetosum
lanceolatii
. ,
( )
180

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.. .- .: - , 1988.- 112 .
.. .-, 2007.- 320 .
.., ..
. : - ,
1987. 41 .
.., .., .. Crypsietea aculeatae
// : , 1997.- 78.- . 7-10.
.., .. (
). : , 1998.-413 .

-
.
..1, ..2, ..3, ..3,
..3, ..3, ..3
1

, , , E-mail: karadag@ukrpost.ua
, ,
3
- , ,
2

.
,
,
[5].
1972 .:
- (90 ,
3 )
181

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. (120 , 4 ),
. 2008 .
.
.. - [1]
0,25 2
0,5, 1, 3, 5,10 15 11 ,
.
236 69 .
,
.. - [3].
-
60 - 2
0-15 . 12 ,
11, 38 . ,

.
[3] 4,5,

[4]. ,
3 :
Chlorophyta:
Ulva rigida C.Ag., Cladophora albida (Nees) Kutz.,Cladophora laetevirens
(Dillw.) Kutz., Cladophora vadorum (Aresch.) Kutz., Enteromorpha intestinalis
(L.) Nees, Enteromorpha linza (L.) J.Ag., Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillw.) Kutz.,
Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Muller), Chaetomorpha crassa (C.Ag.) Kutz.,
Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofm. Bang ex Ag.), Codium vermilara (Olivi)
Delle Chiaje.
Phaeophyta:
Cladostephus spongiosus (Huds.) C.Ag., Dilophus fasciola (Roth) Howe,
Cystoseira barbata C.Ag., Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Bory, Sphacelaria cirrhosa
(Roth) Ag., Padina pavonica (L.) Lamour., Zanardinia prototypus (Nardo) Nardo,
Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillw.) Lyngb., Stilphora rhizodes (Turn.) J.Ag., Nereia
filiformis (J.Ag.) Zanard.
Rhodophyta:
Corallina mediterranea Aresch., Corallina granifera Ell. et Solaud.,
Gelidium latifolium (Grev.) Born. et Thur., Gelidium crinale (Turn.) Lamour,
Chondrophycus papillosus (C.Ag.), Fosliella farinosa (Lamour.) Howe,
Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Ag.) Nageli, Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillw.) J.Ag.,
Jania rubens (L.) Lamour, Spermothamnion strictum (Ag.) Ardiss., Grateloupia
dichotoma J.Ag., Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turn.) J.Ag., Laurencia obtusa (Huds.)
J.V. Lamour, Laurencia coronopus J.Ag., Lithothamnion lenormandi (Aresch.)

Foslie, Ceramium secundatum Lyngb., Ceramium rubrum auctorum, Ceramium

diaphanum (Lightf.) Roth, Ceramium ciliatum (J.Ellis) Ducluz, Callithamnion
corymbosum Sm.Lyngb., Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillw.) Grev., Polysiphonia
denudata (Dillw.) Grev. et Harv., Polysiphonia elongata (Huds.) Spreng.,
Polysiphonia opaca (C.Ag.) Moris et De Not, Polysiphonia subulifera (C.Ag.)
Harv., Polysiphonia violacea (Roth) Spreng, Chondria dasyphylla (Wood.) C.Ag.,
Chondria capillaris (Huds.) M.J. Wynne, Kylinia virgatula (Harv.) Papenf.,
smundea truncata (Kutz.) K.W.Nam et Maggs, Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.)
Papenf., Dasya baillouviana (S.G.Gmel.) Mont., Phyllophora nervosa (DC.) Grev.
Magnoliophyta
Zostera marina L., Zostera noltii Hornem.
,
,
.
. .

. , .
, . ,

, 15 ,

.
.
0,5-1 acc. ystoseira rinita + C. barbata
Cladostephus spongiosus Corallina mediterranea,
, acc. Dilophus fasciola f. repens+
Polysiphonia opaca + Ceramium ciliatum.
dina pavonica.
3-5 2 acc. Cystoseira
crinita + C. barbata Cladostephus spongiosus Corallina mediterranea acc.
Cystoseira crinita + C. barbata (Phyllophora nervosa) Cladostephus
spongiosus Corallina mediterranea.
o .
Zanardinia prototypus Nereia filiformis.
10 . . barbata-hyllophora nervosa
Cladophora sericea. Polysiphonia elongata,
.
389 700 /2.
15 acc. Phyllophora nervosa.
- 831 /2. .
N. filiformis 18,3 /2.

182

183

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
10 acc. Gracilaria verrucosa + Nereia
filiformis. P. elongata, P. opaca, P. subulifera,
Laurencia, Dilophus fasciola.
15
, . Zostera marina 77,5 /2 .
Zostera noltii 3 /2.
- .
, .,
,
:
3-5 , 5-10
-, 15 .
, 15 ,
(),
.
-.
-
,
. - .
,
, , .
0,5-5 2 . Cystoseira crinita + C. barbata
Cladostephus spongiosus Corallina mediterranea acc. Cystoseira crinita + C.
barbata (Phyllophora nervosa) Cladostephus spongiosus.
. .
0,2-1 acc. Dilophus
fasciola f. repens + Polysiphonia opaca + Ceramium ciliatum.
. Grateloupia dichotoma.
,
1 -
.
. , 18 ,
0-6 , 9
, 12-15 Codium
vermilara,
.
3 5 . Chondria tenuissima +
Cladophora. . 1 .
5 15 , .

3-15 acc.Gracilaria
verucosa + Nereia filiformis.
- 1015 ,
. Zostera marina, . Zostera noltii, . Z.marina+Z.noltii.
.
- ,
-
.
-

.

184

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

- ..
// . - .:
, 1969. - .105-103.
- .. . - : , 1975. - 248
.
- ..
1964-1983 . // . - 1989. - .31. - . 7-11.
.., .., .., ..
-
// . , , / ,
85- . - : , 2001. - . 126-134.
.., .. - //
/
. - , 1999. - .12. . 161-174.

-
..
, ,

.

1964 . [5]. 1974 .
500 28.10.1974 .
185

 . ,

V - . , 2009

()


- .
,
,
,
600 . 1980-


600 300 :
, . .
, . .

03-001 30.12.1999 . .
( :
), ,
, XVII
1853-1865 .
(
), , , .
-
65 , . .
, .
, , 270
(400) 4 (7) , ( 2 5 ) (110-113 ),
.
,
- , .
,
.
, (),
[8].
: ,
. ,
[15].
- .


, , (
. ).

.
326 181 43
. Asteraceae (15,7%)
Poaceae (12,9%), Brassicaceae (10%), Chenopodiaceae (9%),
Fabaceae (6,4%). ,
1/6 . -
- (34%),
17,4%, - 12,3%,
20%.
(17,2%) (14,4%). ,
, ,
, [13].
6 .
(Astragalus borysthenicus),
[17], (Astrodaucus
littoralis), (Glaucium flavum),
, (Silene syreitschikowii)
(Thymus littoralis),
. (
), (Th.
dzevanovskyi), . 4
( )
[2].
-
[14].

[1,7-11].
() ,
( ) .
.
.
,
, .
, -
,
, - .


( -):
,

186

187

 . ,

Cakiletea maritimae,
,
Ammophiletea ,
Festucetea vaginatae
,

Salicornietea fruticosae
[7].

(Glycyrriza glabra L.),
,
. ,
[4,16].
.
, .
() .
(
. ).
2,
, ,
.
60-80%.
( ) 50 1,1-2,9 /
.
2,5 /. ,
, ,
, ,
[12].

[2]
. ,
, ,
, [6].

.
,
, :
II , III
[3].

188

V - . , 2009

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

..
// .
. : Wetlands International. AEME, 2000. . 27-37.
o . - -
. 13. . : , 1999. 164 .
: .

,
BSP. . , : BSP, 1999. 257 .
.. -
(Glycyrriza glabra L.) // . . . . 1992. . 75. . 1016.
.. . - : , 1989. 136 .
: , ,
. : . , 1987. 216 .
.., .., ..
- //
. . : Wetlands International. AEME,
2000. . 10-17.
.., .. // . .
1986. . 33. . 103-109.
.. // . . . 1986.
98. . 122-133.
.., .., ..

// . . 1984. 69. 11. . 1462-1467.
.., ..
. : , 1990. 109 . .
10.07.90 3822-90.
.. // .
: 5 . II
25-26 2002 , . , 2002. . 136-139.
.. // . . . 1973. . 6. . 709-714.
.., .., .. //
. . .6. . .4. ., 1966.
. 36-50.
. ., . ., . . ,
. - , 1964.
.. . , 1957. 148 .
. . .: , 1996. 608 .

189

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.

, , , .
( ,
), (. ),
, . . ,
, . , .
, . .
,
( 10-10 ),
[7]. -1.
( )
,
[4].
,
,
.

. ,
,
, 0,5 4 / [5].
, ,
. .
. ,
, .
,
.
(, , )
- . ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,

.
20.02.2002 . 52
4,5 .
1988-91 . 6-7,8 4 5,8 , ..

..1, ..2

- , ,

, ,
2

,
.
,
.


. ,

,
, , .

,
. .
, , ,
,
, ,
[3].
,
[2].

.
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,

[1, 6].
.
2006-2007 ..


190

191

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. 1992 .

. 1993-94 .
1,6-1,9 .
,
4,5
.
,
, .
( ).
2 .
.
: ,
. ( 100 );
. ( 20 ); .
( 14 ) .
( 11 ).
.
.
, .
. . .
,
.
3 .
.

.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,

,
, .

,
.

,

.

,
.
, ,

, .


,
.
.

-
.

-
.

192

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

.. //
XI . , 2001. . 138-139.
.. //
. . IV . . . , 1997. . 3-17.
..
// . . IV . . .
, 1997. . 35-36.
-

. 5061-89.
.., ..
// . . . - 1995. - 108 .
..
// . . IV . . . , 1997.
. 160-161.
/ . ..
. .: , 1988. 102 .

193

 . ,

V - . , 2009

30- -

() ,
,
.

, (1979 )
, ,
. 30-

,
. ,
, ,
- .
30- - ,

,
,
,
,
() ( ,
, ) .

,

.
,
, ,

[5,7].
-
,
.

-

,
.

, R RS S,
,
. 24
-
- ,
,
,
.

,
[10].
, ,
,
[7,10].

. , ,

, ,

[7].
, ,
.
-
, -, .

, [9].

.
,
,
- ,
[7].

- [8].
37 1000 (2008 .)
77 (1997 .). 8%
(2002 .) 15% (2008 .) , ( ) 0.8% 2%
. 9% 17.3%,
0.3% 1.8%.

194

195

..
, , , E-mail: art_lyudar@mail333.com

 . ,

V - . , 2009

( 1) ,
.
,

. , 50%
, 80% - ,
4- .
27 , 7 .
20 [7,8,9]. ,
(, ),

.
,
.

-

, ,
,
,
. 465
35 .
, -

,

- -
[2].

, ,
- ,
5-
[2].
470
,
65000 .
, [5].

,

.
, 2005 ,
,
- ,
,
. ,
, ,
[11].
90-
, .
,
.
- .

Capparis herbacea Rosa canina.


.

196

197

1

/
1/15*
2/15
3/37
4/37
5/36
6/7/39
8/15

1190
634
966
769
834
843
753
913

477
326
417
362
380
379
408

103
74
88
78
96
87
91
**
87
53
65
46
59
75
51
72
***
56
44
45
27
25
49
31
42
: *- 1/15 - , 2/15 -
, 3/37 - . - , 4/37 - .
, 5/36 - , 6/- , 7/39 -
, 8/15 - [1]; **
; ***-
() [4].

, -

. ,
(20.65 . ), ,
,

 . ,

[7]. ,

[1]

.
, ( 10855
) , , .
1998 2009
[3,6] ( 1).
30- -
,
.

,
,
,
,
.
,
,
(, ,
),
. -

,
.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

: .

. , : BSP, 1999. 258 .
.., .. -
// . - : . , 1989. - .117-158.
.., ..
()// (,
, , ). . . .1-. .
2004. . 161 223.
.., .., .. //
. 13. - : . 1999. - 164 .
..
// . .
1. , 1990. .89-91.

198

V - . , 2009

6.
7.
8.

9.

10.
11.

.., ..
( ) . - .,
, 1995. - . 58. - 102 .
.., ..
// . ,
, . . , 2001. - . 45 63.
.., .. Sus scrofa L.
- //

. : . 2001. .174-176.
.. . ,
//
(, , , ). . . .1-. .
2004. .224 249.
.., ..
- //
/ . . . .. 1995. . 126-139.
.., ..
.//.
. 95- 30-
. . - 2009. 78-101 .

..1, ..2
1
2

, , , E-mail: art_lyudar@mail333.com
. .. , ,

, ,
, 37,
2- /1/, 900 , .
, . .
, 1996-2009 . /2/.
.. /3/ -
, .
708
316 65 .
Asteraceae (94 - 13.4%), (78 - 11%), Fabaceae (76 -10.7%),
Brassicaceae (51 - 7.2%), Lamiaceae (46 -6.5%), Rosaceae (39 - 5.5%),
Caryophyllaceae (31 - 4.4%), Apiaceae (30 - 4.2%), Scrophulariaceae (25 - 3.5%),
Chenopodiaceae (22 - 3.1%).
199

 . ,

V - . , 2009

46.5% /4/. 51
( 16 - /5/), 53
/6/.


,
.
-
-
-

/7/
,
.
() 50
80% 15%
. -, , -- -
.
Festuca
valesiaca Agropyron pectinatum, A. ponticum, Bromopsis
cappadocica, Elytrigia nodosa, Festuca rupicola, Koeleria lobata, K. cristata.
Allium firmotunicatum, Galium
biebersteinii, Linum austriacum, L. tenuifolium, Medicago falcata, Onobrychis
miniata, Salvia tesquicola, S. nutans, Stachys cretica, Teucrium chamaedrys,
T. polium, Veronica chamaedrys.
270 , 110 ,
11 : Stipa capillata, S. lessingiana,
S. syreistschikowii, S. ucrainica, Ceractium crassiusculum, Convolvulus
sericocephalus, Crocus angustifolius, Rumia crithmifolia .
( 20% )
-
. ( 30 50%)
(Agropyron desertorum,
Calamagrostis epigeios, Poa sterilis) (Allium paczoskianumz,
Anthyllis taurica, Asphodeline taurica, Astragalus tauricus, Convolvulus
holosericeus, Jurinea sordida, J. stoechadifolia, Nepeta parviflora, Veronica
multifida, Helianthemum canum, Hedysarum candidum, Euphorbia petrophila,
Minuartia glomerata), (Thymus callieri,
Th. pseudohumillimus, Th. tauricus, Paronychia cephalotes).
22 , Astragalus arnacantha,

Astragalus suprapilosus, Gagea callieri, Salvia scabiosifolia, Stipa lithophila .

;
Asphodeline taurica Paeonia tenuifolia.
103 , 57 .
- () ,
,
, , -
( 12% ).
( 30-40%, 10-15%).

(Artemisia caucasica, Crambe tataria, Cephalaria

coriacea, C. uralensis, Linum lanuginosum, L. pallasianum, Scrophularia bicolor,
Scutellaria orientalis, Seseli dichotomum, Seseli gummiferum, Sideritis catillaris,
Veronica multifida,) (Bromopsis cappadocica, Festuca rupicola, Melica
taurica). Thymus tauricus, Fumana
procumbens, Onosma polyphylla, Alyssum tortuosum, Paronychia cephalotes,
Pimpinella tragium. .
. - ,
( 20 50%),
. Astragalus
arnacantha, A.albudus, Allium saxatile, Crambe aspera, Onobrychis pallasii,
Oxytropis
pallasii,
Stipa
capillata,
Stipa
lithophila.

120
, 47.
- -
. ( 2- % )
(Astrodaucus orientalis, Capparis herbacea,
Camphorosma monspeliaca, Iberis taurica, Kochia prostrat, Onobrychis pallasii,
Salvia sclarea, Scrophularia bicolor .),
20 . ,

-
29 Asperula supin,
Cephalaria coriacea, C. uralensis, Ephedra distachya, Euphorbia petrophila,
Seseli dichotomum, Seseli gummiferum. 17 ,
- 4 .

(
- . ,
). , - , -
10% . , ,

200

201

 . ,

V - . , 2009

( 60-90%), (Alopecurus
myosuroides, A. vaginatus, Bromopsis cappadocica, Elytrigia maeotica, Festuca
pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum paniculatum), (Carex hallerana,
C. melanostachya) (Adonis vernalis, Bupleurum woronowii,
Dianthus capitatus, Dorycnium herbaceum, Filipendula vulgaris, Galium
biebersteinii, Ranunculus illyricus, Hedysarum tauricum, Linum nervosum,
Medicago glandulosa, Paeonia tenuifolia).
44 , 28, 9 -
, Orchidaceae (Anacamptis
pyramidalis, Orchis picta, O. simia, O. tridentat).

3- % .
Quercus pubescens Carpinus orientalis, Acer campestre,
Fraxinus excelsior. Rosa canina, Prunus spinosa, Cornus
mas, Euonymus verrucosa. e Arum elongatum,
Corydalis paczoskii, Geranium purpureum, G. sanguineum, Ficaria verna,
Polygonatum odoratum, Scilla bifolia.
Orchis punctulata, . purpurea, Galanthus plicatus, Platanthera
chlorantha, .
73 , 27.

( 6 % ).
, Cornus mas, Chamaecytisus
ruthenicus, Crataegus curvisepala, C. monogyna, C. orientalis, C. sphaenophylla,
C.taurica, Paliurus spina-christi, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina,
Elaeagnus angustifolia, Sambucus ebulus, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus
graeca. Cotoneaster
tauricus, Pyrus elaeagnifolia, Paliurus spina-christi, Rosa gallica, R. pygmaea.

Cotinus coggygria, , Clematis
vitalba. . Corylus avellana,
: Galanthus plicatus, Corydalis marschalliana .
27 , 17.

- ,

. -
, ,
,
, .

. ,
, .
5 50%
Salsola australis, S. laricina, S. soda L., S. tragus.
Salicornia europaea, Spergularia maritima, Suaeda altissima,
S. confusa, S. prostrate.
Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex hastat, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Halimione
verrucifera, Petrosimonia brachiata, P. triandra. Juncus
gerardiil, Dichodon viscidum, Spergularia maritim.
,
, - .
Artemisia austriaca, A. lerchiana, A. taurica
, : Aeluropus littoralis, Apera maritim,
Elytrigia elongat, Hordeum geniculatum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Lolium perenne,
Puccinellia gigantea . -
Artemisia taurica, Limonium gmelinii, L. meyeri
, Halocnemum
strobilaceum, Salsola australis, S. soda, Spergularia maritim.
,
: Bolboschoenus maritimus, Phragmites australis, Petrosimonia
oppositifolia, Puccinellia distans, P.fominii, Carex distans,
C.hordeistichos, C.otrubae, Ranunculus sceleratus, Eleocharis palustris.
10%
73 , - 38 .

,
. (Elytrigia elongata, E. repens, E.
scythica, Poa bulbosa),
(Artemisia austriaca, A. lerchiana, A. maritim, A. santonica, A. scoparia,
A. taurica, A. vulgaris) (Euphorbia falcata, E. rigida, E. seguierana,
E. stricta), (Cichorium intybus, Lepidium
latifolium, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Carduus acanthoides, C. cinereus,
C. uncinatus). ( 1

-
: Apera maritima, Pholiurus
pnnonicus, .
Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix ramosissima,
T. tetrandra.
( 20%),
.

202

203

 . ,

,
,
,
: Agropyron pectinatum, Elytrigia elongat, Elytrigia repens,
Festuca valesiaca :
Artemisia absinthium, A. lerchiana, A. vulgaris, Euphorbia seguierana, Linaria
pontica, Medicago falcat, M. romanica, Marrubium peregrinum, . vulgare,
Salvia aethiopis, S. tesquicola. - ,
, .
-

,
.
.
(Aegilops cylindrical, A. triuncialis,
Anisantha sterilis, A. tectorum, Anthemis cotula, Brizochloa humilis, Bromus
mollis, B. squarrosus, Hordeum bulbosum, H. leporinum, H.murinum, Milium
vernale, Taeniatherum asperum, T. crinitum, Cirsium incanum, Senecio vulgaris),
: Bothriochloa ischaemum, Cynodon
dactylon, Acroptylon repens, Anchusa italica, Beta trigyna,
Crinitaria linosyris, C. villosa, Cynanchum acutum, Lactuca tatarica, Senecio
grandidentatus, Senecio jacobaea.
11 , Astragalus reduncus
Tulipa gesneriana.

(, ,
,
).
,
, .
, .

- / 1 /.

.

1.

2.

: .

,
BSP. , : BSP, 1999. - 258 .
.., ..
. - . 1985. - 37 .

204

V - . , 2009

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

.. (
) //
. 1930. .3. . 14-38; 1931. .4. . 146 - 227.
.. . (. . 7.08.84
5770. 84 .). . 1984. - 218 .
.. .. // . .
. 2001. 58, 6. - . 667 677.
.., .., .. //
. 13. - : . 1999. - 164 .
.. . : , 1992. . 25 36.

-

.., .., ..
. .. , , ,
E-mail: milchakova@gmail.com

,
.
, ,
, [3-5].
,
, -

[1,2,6]. ,
,
-
() .

() . ,
. ,
(Cystoseira barbata C. Ag. C. crinita
(Desf.) Bory) (Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S. Dixon =
Ph. nervosa), ,

2005 2007 .
[1].

205

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
, 10
, - 446 .
6214,7 . 3 - 5 ,
0,5 1 (. 1). , 1 18,8
. 0,5 - 5
(23,7 - 26,2 /), 5 15
7 ( 3,7 /).
4389 ,
26,3 2081,6 . 0,5
5 (17,6 - 18,7 /). Ph. crispa
258,8 , 86% 5 15 .
1965 2007 . ,
1,7 2 . ,
- 98 69%,
.
- 2 19%.
1 5 ,
.

. .
-,
.
, - .
6,5 , 315 .

4886,1 . 93,2 2245,3

, 1 - 3 , 3 5 (. 1).
, 24,4 /,
0,5 17 69 10 /.
2347,7 ,

63,4 / 0,04 /.
10 17 .
510,4 , 0,6 6,5 /.

15 17 , 65%
(. 1).
(1964 2005 .),
1 3 1,6 1,3
( 59,5 93,2 57,5 77,4 ).

(83 - 97%).
10 15
, 2 4,6 . ,
41 33% 53
25% ,
.
0,1 15,2%.

-, , ,
,
, -,
2,2 - 2,3 (18,8 42,0 / 13,5 30,8 /
).
, . 6,3 . ,
-
,

-.

, ,
.


.

, ,

206

207

1

-

, %

,
0,5 1
35,5
73,7
13
116,8
69,2
0,3
35
2908,4
69,3
1,4
5 10
2552,4
66,3
11,7
10 15
601,6
48,4
33,6
15 17
: .

.
, %

,
111,8
91,9
93,2
83,1
2245,3
56,5
1012,1
53,2
2,2
1091,0
33,
25,0
332,7
0,4
64,9

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.

. ,
,

, ,

- ().
-
,
,
[4].

,
, .

, 47 , 20 [2].
70 28 ,
, ,
. ,

. ,
,

.
,
.
,

[2,5,7].
,

Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz, Dactylorhiza iberica (Bieb ex
Willd.) Soo, D. incarnata (L.) Soo, Orchis laxiflora Lam.,
.

,
, . in vitro

2005-2006
.

,
[1,3].
,
,
.
,
. , ,
,
[2,4,6].
,
,
(Dactylorhiza incarnata, Orchis laxiflora),
(Epipactis palustris, Orchis palustris).
,
.

.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

.. . .: . , 1975. 248 .
- ..
// . : . ., 16 - 19 . 1993 ., .
. , 1994. . 27.
.. :
// . 2001. . 57. . 7-12.
.., .., ..
- // . . . . . -. . . 2006. - 2. . 123-127.
.., .., ..
(,
) // : .
// . - 2007. - . 147. - . 381396.
Zaitsev Yu., Mamaev V. Marine biological diversity in the Black Sea. A study of change
and decline. - New York: Unit. Nat. Publ., Black Sea Environ. Ser., Vol. 3. 1997. - 208 p.

..

, , , E-mail: ophrys97@rambler.ru

Orchidaceae Juss.,
,
208

209

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ,
, .
Dactylorhiza iberica
2003-2007 . (1,01,0 1,52,5)
,
. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds,
Eupatorium cannabinum L., Glyceria plicata (Fries) Fries, Lythrum salicaria L,
Juncus inflexus L., Tussilago farfara L., Potentilla reptans L.
30 , 15 .
2004 (1,01,0) 5
, :
.
.
, ,
, [6].
1 2005
, 173
80 .
, 30-40%. 2006
( )
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. 2007 Dactylorhiza iberica
.
Dactylorhiz incarnata, Orchis laxiflora, Epipactis
palustris 2000-2007 . ( 300),
.
Salix alba L., S. fragilis L.
: Inula britannica L., Filipendula vulgaris
Moench, Galium articulatum Lam., Ranunculus acris; Juncus
inflexus, Lythrum salicaria;
Carex sp., Carex pilosa Scop., Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. et Schult.
,
( 100 )
,
. Dactylorhiz
incarnat, ,

-
(. 1).
55-70%, .
, ,
,
.
Orchis laxiflora ,
. Dactylorhiz
incarnat 40-50%.
O. laxiflora ,
D. incarnat. - ,
.
( )
.

210

1


Dactylorhiza iberica



Dactylorhiza incarnat

,

Orchis laxiflora

( )
Epipactis palustris

-, ,
.
./2
2005
323
80

, %
j
im
vv
g
17,9 13,3 17,02 51,7

2006

241

45

5,8

10,4

39,0

44,8

2005

173

0,0

1,7

11,6

86,7

2006

208

0,0

0,9

21,6

77,4

2005

125

0,0

3,2

5,3

90,5

2006

173

1,7

7,5

20,2

70,5

2005

101

50

8,5

11,9

35,1

45,4

2006

187

65

13,9

12,8

22,9

50,2

Epipactis palustris,
(1,01,0 2,02,5) ,
. Epipactis palustris
() ( ),
,
. ,
211

 . ,

,
70-75%, .


(. 1).

, , ,
, .
, ,

, , .

. ,

0,5-2,0% ,
. , in vitro
,
Dactylorhiza (5,0-15,6%) Orchis laxiflora
(3,1-5,5%). Epipactis palustris 2,5
. ,
in vitro,
.
2
in vitro

Dactylorhiza iberica
Dactylorhiza incarnat
Orchis laxiflora

,
.
10,5-15,5
3,1-6,5
12,5-18,5

, %
5,0-7,5
10,2-12,6
3,1-5,5

, ,
,
,
,
,
, .

212

V - . , 2009

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

..
(Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes) // . . . .1998.-. 103.-.1.- .47-55.
.. . - , 1996. - 86 .
- -
, - , 1978.- 41 .
.. : , , // . .
. 2001. .120. .39-53.
.. .- .: , 1989.- 192 .
.. : , , . .: , 1996. - 207 .
. . /. .. -. - .:
, 1996.- .336 - 403.

..
, ,

.

2001 . Planta Europa

(Important Plant Areas, IPA). IPA

, ,
[1].
IPA 16 ..
IPA.

[2].
,

,
IPA.

. -
213

 . ,

V - . , 2009

34563 ,
9612 .
, ,
.
, . -.

: 4432/ 448/ 3406/ 3417/
. -
4
, , . , . ,
.
-
,
. - (1545 ...), - (1541 ...), (1537 ..).
, , , ,
.
,
- -.
-
- ,

()

.
300-1545 [4].
.

[1] : ( ),
( ), ( ).

, , IPA.
, .
4 . A (i) ,
: Anthemis sterilis Steven ,
( -) 1-5%,
; Lagoseris purpurea (Willd.) Boiss. ,
1-5%, ; Lamium
glaberrimum (K.Koch) Taliev , ,
1-5%, ;
Viola oreades M.Bieb.- ,
6-25%, ,
50%.

(i) ,
: Cypripedium calceolus L. ,
<1%, ; Himantoglossum caprinum (Bieb.)
C.Koch , <1%,
; Onosma polyphylla Ledeb. ,
1-5%, ;
Ophrys oestrifera Bieb. Koch ,
<1%, ; Ophrys taurica (Agg.) Nevski Koch
, <1%, ; Orchis
provincialis Balb. Koch , <1%,
; Paeonia tenuifolia L. ,
6-25%, ; Steveniella
satyrioides (Steven) SchlechterKoch ,
1-5%, .
A (iii) :
Adenophora taurica (Sukacz.) Juz. ,
<1%, ; Cerastium biebersteinii DC.
, 1-5%, ;
Paeonia daurica Andr ,
6-25%, ; Pulsatilla taurica Juz. ,
1-5%, ; Silene
jailensis N. Rubtz. , 1-5%,
; Sobolewskia sibirica (Willd.) P.W. Ball ,
1-5%, ; Seseli
lehmannii Degen , 1-5%,
.
A (iv) :
Tilia dasystyla Stev. , 1-5%,
.
, 20 -

IPA A.

.

G1, [2]. 77
, 26 : Acer stevenii Pojark.,
Aconitum lasiostomum Reichenb, Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich., Arum
orientale Bieb. , Carex depauperata Curt.ex With., Colchicum umbrosum Stev.,
Corallorhiza trifida Chatel., Dactylorhiza romana (Seb.et Mauri) Soo, Delphinium
pallasii Nevski, Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw., Epipogium aphyllum

214

215

 . ,

V - . , 2009

(F.W.Schmidt) Sw., Himantoglossum caprinum (Bieb.) C. Koch, Limodorum

abortivum (L.) Sw., Nectaroscordum meliophilum Juz., Ophris oestrifera Bieb.,O.
taurica (Agg.) Nevski, Orchis mascula (L.) L., O. picta Loisel., O. provincialis
Balb., O. purpurea Huds., O. simia Lam., Ruscus hypoglossum L., Solenanthus
biebersteinii DC., Steveniella satyroides (Stev.) Schlechter, Taxus baccata L., Tilia
dasystyla Stev.

4 . 71
[2].
5 G ( 1).

2.

1

EUNIS

5.

41.1
41.2
41.4
41.7
41.8

Beech forests
Oak-hornbeam
forests
Mixed ravine and
slope forests

,
7490,1
6673,3

33,2

Thermophilous and
15169,1
supra-Mediterranean
oak woods
Mixed

885,6
thermophilous

forests

Tilio-Acerion +

Acer stevenii

Quercus pubescens,
Q. petraea, Q.robur
: Tilia,
Fraxinus,Acer,
Carpinus orientalis

117
[6] 14
[3,5].
,
IPA ,

A,D,C. IPA -
,


.
216

1.

3.
4.

6.

. :
.
.:-
, 2003. 39 .
.., .. .
/ . . : , 2008.
43 .
.. .- .: , 1993. -253 .

. . 1. 1.
,
`, . ,2000. . 31. - 428 .
.., .., .., ..
(20 //
. ...-2003.- . 186.-.32-63.
.. //
- .
- , 10-
(. , 11-13 2009 ). :
" ", 2009. - . 281-287.

-
-

.., ..

, , ,
E-mail: vero6ka@rambler.ru

-

, ,
. , ,


,
[1].
,
, 217

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, :
.

.

. ,

.

60- 90-
.
- :
, ,
[3] (. 1).

.
-
(
5,54 7,3 ) .
24,3 .

1
- ,

, .

7,3

151
30
4
10
44
12
99

115,3
42,8

141,1
129
33,7

6,2

16

215,4

32

196,5

7,3

11
2
4

394

5
910,8

6,2

, .
,
,


[2].
218

2
- ,
,

4
0
19
0
6,3
0
2,5
0

2
1,5
3

0
0
1,5
3,4

0,6
2,5

37,8
3,0
3
0
0,6
0
: ,

16,4
4,5

, , 32,7 24,3 .
,
, , 149 ,
, .
,

219

 . ,

,
.
,
- . ,

,
.
, .

, 80- 90-
,
-
, (. 2).
,
. 2 -
.
,

-
.

-
.
,
.

, ..
,
.
,

,
, .
, ,
-
( , , , )


.

1.

.., .., ..
. .: , 1985. 245 .

220

V - . , 2009

2.
3.

,
. .: -
, 1972. 21 .
.., .. // . . . .-. (22-23
. 1988) .
.: , 1988. . 177-178.

..
, , ,
E-mail: ssadogurskij@yandex.ru

,
- - ,
, ,

.
, . ,
, ,
, .
.


.
,
(-, , 1993),
()
(, , 2005; ., 2008).
;
(. ) 8 (. 1).
(h0,5 ) (60-100 /)
.

(h0,1-0,5 ) (31,1-58,3 /) .
1 2
,
221

 . ,

V - . , 2009

(h0,2-0,7 , 17,8-22,4 /). ,

,
.
(, 2000).
() "
" 1520 , .. 300 , 810 ,
410 (. 913-2/2000 16.02.2000 .).

2003 .
. 29 ,
19 (. . 1).

,
, .

, .
-
;

Rhodophyta (Phyllophora nervosa

(DC) Grev. [Ph. crispa (Huds.) P.S. Dixon]).
Magnoliophyta (Zostera marina L.),
,
Rhodophyta (Phyllophora
nervosa). .
Chlorophyta (Cladophora
siwaschensis C.Meyer) Magnoliophyta (Ruppia maritima L.).

, ,
Chlorophyta (Enteromorpha maeotica ProshkinaLavrenko). ,
-
( ),
,
Magnoliophyta (Zannichellia major Boenn., Zostera
noltii Hornem.).
0,1-2,7 -2,
. ( ..
Ruppia maritima),
(, , 2005).
13 ,
10 , 6
,
(. . 1).
,
, , ,
. 51
: Magnoliophyta 5, Chlorophyta 19,
Phaeophyta 2, Rhodophyta 25. ,
(- )
68 (, 2001; ., 2003).
(Zostera marina),
(Enteromorpha maeotica, Cladophora siwaschensis, Dasyopsis
apiculata, (C.Agardh) Zinova, Laurencia coronopus J.Agardh) ,
(Laurencia hybrida (DC.) Lenorm.
[Osmundea hybrida (DC.) K.W.Nam in K.W.Nam, Maggs & Garbary]).
,
30-35 0.
1-2 (Cladophora siwaschensis Ruppia maritima) .
,

222

223

. 1.
, . : {
, ; .
.

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
( ),
, ,
(6 ).
,
:
142333. ,
,
(36 33 .). 11
.
,

.
.


,
.
,
,
, , : ,
-
,
( )
. ,
,

.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.

.
.
.
,

.
,
.

. -
. 220
,
" ".

-
(
" " "")

.

224

225

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

. ., . ., . .
() //
. 2008. . 7, 4. . 41-50.
- .., ..
19641986 . // . 1993. . 43. . 98-105.
.. //
:

.
.

2000.

.
2
(http://www.crimea.edu/internet/Education/pontida/rus/2000/klyukin.html).
.., .. //
. . 2005. . 4, 4. . 61-71.
.. " "
( ) // . . . . - . .. :
. 2001. 3(14). . : (- III '
). . 153-155.
.., .., .., ..
// . . .
2003. . 186. . 86-104.

.., ..
, ,
, ,

 . ,

( )
() 2005 .
[8, 9,
10]. 221
3 18 , 46 90 .

, .
, ,
, ,
- ,
, ,
() ( )
, [5].
, , , ,
,

, .
, .
35% ,
, 45%.

, .

.

42 , 18,8%. ,
- ()
18 (4,7%),
() 20 (4, 3%) [3, 6, 7].
, 8- Ainsworth & Bisbys
Dictionary of the fungi [11],
24 , 14 6
Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes. Agaricaceae (9),
Lycoperdaceae (8), Tricholomataceae (6) Coprinaceae (5); 9
1-2 (. 1).
Lycoperdon (5 ), Coprinus (4 ), Agaricus, Calvatia,
Leucoagaricus Macrolepiota ( 3 ).

226

V - . , 2009

.


ASCOMYCETES
PEZIZALES Helvellaceae
Peziza vesiculosa Bull.
Hu
+
BASIDIOMYCETES
AGARICALES Agaricaceaea
Agaricus campestris (L.) Fr.
Hu
+
*A. cupreobrunneus (Schaeff. et Steer) Pilt
Hu
+
*A. velenovskyi Pilt
Hu
+
+
+
*Leucoagaricus carneifolius (Gillet) S.Wasser
Hu
+
**L. cinerascens (Qul.) Bon & Boiffard
Hu
+
*L. holosericeus (Fr.) Moser
Hu
+
Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff.) Wasser
Hu
+
+
M. konradii (Huijsm. ex P.D. Orton) M.M.
+
Hu
Moser
M. procera (Scop.) Singer
Hu
+
Bolbitiaceae
Agrocybe praecox (Pers.: Fr.) Fayod
Hu
+
+
A. arvalis (Fr.) Singer
Hu
+
Coprinaceae
Coprinus comatus (Mll.: Fr.) Gray
Hu
+
C. niveus (Fr.) Fr.
Ec
+
*C. sterquilinus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.
Ec
+
*C. vooustii Pilt
Hu
+
Psathyrella gyroflexa (Fr.) Qul.
Hu
+
Entolomataceae
*Entoloma sericeum (Bull.) Qul.
Hu
+
Rhodocybe caelata (Fr.) Maire
St
+
Hygrophoraceae
Hygrocybe conica (Scop.: Fr.) P. Kumm.
Hu
+
H. psittacina (Schaeff.: Fr.) Wuensche
Hu
+
Strophariaceae
Stropharia coronilla (Bull.: Fr.) Qul.
Hu
+
S. semiglobata (Fr.) Qul.
Ec
+
+
Tricholomataceae
*Clitocybe dealbata (Sow.: Fr.) Kummer
St
+
*Crinipellis stipitarius (Fr.) Pat.
Hb
+
Lepista saeva (Fr.) P.D. Orton
Hu
+
*Melanoleuca strictipes (P.Karst.) Mtrod
Hu
+
Tricholoma irinum (Fr.) P. Kumm.
Mr
+
CORTINARIALES Cortinariaceae
*Hebeloma hiemale Bres.
Mr
+
Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.: Fr.) Gillet
St
+
+

227

 . ,

V - . , 2009

1
.


LYCOPERDALES Lycoperdaceae
Calvatia caelata (Bull.) Morgan
Hu
+
C. cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan
Hu
+
C. exipuliformis (Pers.) Perd
Hu
+
Lycoperdon decipiens Durieu et Mont.
Hu
+
L. lividum Pers.
Hu
+
L. molle Pers.
Hu
+
L. perlatum Pers.
Hu
+
+
+
L. umbrinum Pers
Hu
+
Geastraceae
Geastrum fimbriatum Fr.
Hu
+
PORIALES Lentinaceae
Pleurotus eryngii (Fr.) Singer
Hb
+
+
+
SCLERODERMATALES Astraeaceae
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan
Hu
+
+
Sclerodermataceae
Scleroderma aurantium Pers.
Hu
+
: ** ; * ;
Hu , St , Ec , Hb ,
Mr ; ,
, ,
,
.

[1, 4], Agaricus cupreobrunneus A. velenovskyi
,
[1, 2].


: Calvatia exipuliformis, Geastrum fimbriatum, Lycoperdon
decipiens, L. molle, L. perlatum, L. umbrinum, Macrolepiota konradii, M. procera,
M. rhacodes, Scleroderma aurantium .
,
,
,
,


.

. ,
,
.

(24)
, (15).
,
, .
,
(, , ).

[4].
11 ,
.
Agaricus campestris, A. cupreobrunneus, A. velenovskyi,
Hebeloma hiemale, Lepista saeva, Macrolepiota excoriata, M. konradii,
M. procera, Pleurotus eryngii, Stropharia semiglobata, Tubaria furfuraceae.
.
, Agaricus campestris, Agrocybe praecox, Calvatia caelata,
C. cyathiformis, Coprinus niveus, C. sterquilinus, Macrolepiota excoriata,
Stropharia coronilla, S. semiglobata

2.

228

1.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.

.., .. .
: , 1977. 365 .
.. . . : ,
1980. 328 .
.., .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .. / .
.. . : , 2004.
452 .
.. , .. , .. , .. ., .. , ..
, .. , .. , .. , .. , ..,
.. /
. .: , 2009. . 1. 306 .
.. : - . :
, 1978. 128 .
.. - :
- // ( ).
. . 14-18 2002 . , 2002. . II. . 459-464.
.. : //
: . ., . 100-
. .. - . .. , , 24-28 2005 . , 2005. . 2. . 169-173.
.., ..
: //

229

 . ,

2007. VI -
. (2 2007 ., ). . 1. .
. , 2007. . 157-163.
.., ..
// : . . XXII,
2005 . : , 2007. . 51-61.
.., .. //
: . . XXIII, 2006 . : ". ",
2008. . 114-120.
Hawksworth D.L., Kirk P.M., Sutton B.C., Pegler D.N. Ainsworth & Bisbys Dictionary of
the Fungi Ed. 8. Oxon, Wallingford: CAB International, 1995. 616 p.

V - . , 2009

:
(Cystoseira barbata C.)
(Cystoseira crinita Bory) [1,2,5,8].
,
5 9 . [10,11].

.
, ,
5 ,
, , -

, ,
.

(Mytilus
galloprovincialis),

() [6].
-
, . 1999 . ,
-
[9]. ,
, 37 ( 37),

, . 2007-2008 .
= 100 . /. 37


. .. , .. , 2005 .
-
, 2435 . / 276
/3 [7].
(
) 1985 .
. , ,
,
.

, ,
[3].
,
. 2007-2008 .
- , 12-13
, : 4,5-5,5
6,5 .
.. [4], ,
1992 .
( 90% ),
. 1989-1992 .
6,9108 1,4109 -3.
1987 .
(5-12 )
Emiliania huxleyi, H.h. (Lohm.) Hay a. Mohler,
4109 -3.
,
.
-,
,
.
, .
1992 . [4].
-
2006-2008 . :
,

230

231

9.
10.
11.

CYSTOSEIRA
..
, , , E-mail: julia.karadag@gmail.com

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ,
.
.
,
( 75% ).
( ), 1
12 . . , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
3-4
, .
( 37) ,
2-3 /. , ,

. , , -
.
. ,

,
. 6 ,
, .
. , ,
,
. ,
. .
2/3
, .
,
.
,
:
1.
: , , ,
.
,
,

2. - ,
,

, ,
, .
3. ,
- ,
,
.
: [8]
.


, .

232

233

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

.. //
. 2005. .68. . 19-25
., .., ...
(- ) // ,
: . . . - . 17. ,
, 2007 . .41-46
.., .., ..
.// . - 2006. - 46. - . 834845.
. ., . ., . .
,
80- 90- : . : , ,
1996. 32 .
.. //
( ). : , 2003. .152-192.
.., ..
// II .
- . , 26-27 2006 . - .17-24.
.., .., -
2005 .// . - 2007. - 47. - . 720-728.
.. :
: . ... - , 2004.
25 .
. . -
// . , , .
, 85- .
.. . : , 2001. . 112-118.

234

1
Pulsatilla taurica

235

9100

12100

- /2
, .
, 2
2000 2001 2005 2009 2000 2001 2005 2009 2000 2001 2005 2009

1
58
19
15
9
2
32
17
12
8
3
25
16
10
8
4
23
12
8
7
5
9
5
3
2
14300

, 1997
. (BSP),
, . ,

. .. [3]
,
,
. ,
, , , ..
[10].
, , , .
: .. [10],
.. [1] .. [2]
, .

.
4 :
(Pulsatilla taurica Juz., III) (. );
(. ) (Galanthus plicatus Bieb., III);
(. ) (Scilla bifolia L. III);
(. ) (Crocus angustifolius Weston (C. susianus
Ker-Gawl. III). S. bifolia
1971 . [9].

50000

.., ..
, , , E-mail: sukhareva@i.ua

63700

,
.
,
[4].

, , ,

. ,
- [5]

. .
,
250 . ,
, 20-30 .
- ( 15-20%),
[8].

2000 2009
. ,
.
5 10.

2000 , 25
. 5
1 2, , 2-2,5
, .. ,
.
. 1.

197200

11.

hibaut Thierry, Pinedo Susana , Torras Xavier, Ballesteros Enric. Long-term decline of
the populations of Fucales (Cystoseira spp. and Sargassum spp.) in the Alberes coast (
France, North-westem Mediterranean) // Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2005, Vol. 50, n.12,
pp. 1472-1489.
inedoa Susana, Garciaa Maria, Sattaa Maria Paola, Mariona de Torresb and Enric
Ballesterosa. Rocky-shore communities as indicators of water quality: A case study in the
Northwestern Mediterranean // Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, Vol. 55, Iss.1-6, pp. 126135.

200200

10.

V - . , 2009

1450000

. ,

 . ,

V - . , 2009

P. taurica
2000 2001 [6,7], ,
2005 2009 .
, 2000
2001 ., 1 (3 )
2001 , 2005 , 2009
. 5, ,
: 2, 3 4 .

2000 2001 3 . 2009
, . , ,
: 2000 2001 3,5 ; 2005
2000 4,1 2009 5,5 .

, ,
6,5 ,
12 , 8,5 , 3 .
,
. ,
, ,
,
-.

.

, [4] (.2).
, 2005 2009
S. bifolia, 44%, P. taurica 30%,
C. angustifolius 27% G. plicatus 7%.

.
,
.
- ,
, ,
. S. bifolia,
C. angustifolius G. plicatus ,
,
. ,
.

,
,

.
-

,
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Pulsatilla taurica
Galanthus plicatus
Crocus angustifolius
Scilla bifolia

, /2
2005
2009
10 5
74
86 20
80 21
25 11
14 6
19 7
12 4

2000 . .
P. taurica, , ,
236

7.
8.
9.
10.

.., - .. : .: , 2008.- 192 .

.. -: //
- . .- 1993.- 15 .
.., ., .. . :
-, 2004.- 424 .
.. // .- 1-2 (1819), 1999.- . 15-26.
.. .- .:
, 2005.- 156 .
.., ..
//
- : ,
- , 2001. - 105-106 .
.. P.taurica
// : , .- :
-, 2004.- . 105-115.
.. . , . - : , 1988 192 .
: ./ .. . - :
.- 1988.- 176 .
.. . - : -, 1998.- 256 .

237

 . ,

V - . , 2009

PINUS PALLASIANA

..
. .

.., ..
. .. , ,

.


.

Pinus pallasiana
.

2005 2009 2 .
1
, - , 3 5 ,
2004 ,
, .
.
2
, - , 5 7 , 11.04.2007
, ,
,
2 3- .
1 2

.
,
.
2005 2009

(1676 / 892/ ).

,


. (. 1),
2005
, 4- ,
238

. 1. 2.
2005 2006

2006 (. 2).
, ,
.
, 2006

20 .( . 2).
2007
, (. 3).


.

3. 4.
2007 2008

239

 . ,

V - . , 2009

2008

,
20
.
,
(. 4).
2008 2009
, .
2 . . 5

.
,
.

,

.
(. 1 5)
(. 6),
,
. 5,
2009 .
.

.
,
.

, ,

.


.


..
.


, .

.
, , ,
.
(. 7)

.

7. 8.
2008 2009

5
2009

240

2008 , 2009 (. 8)
,
18 10,5 %.
26 % (. 9).

241

 . ,

9.

V - . , 2009

:
[1], . ()
[4].
M. marina
. 1997 .
,
. 70 ,
50 3 , -
. , , - ,
, .
-
. 2009 [4].

,

11 16 , 18,5
% 26 % .
13 % 6,5
%, 18 % 10,5 %.
17 22
. 25

.

,
.
II

(MEDICAGO MARINA L.)

..
, , ,
E-mail: olg-umanets@yandex.ru

. 1. Medicago marina L. ( I II)

(Medicago marina L.)

[4]
( I).
,
[3], .
.

1997 M. marina
(. 1. I).
( 0,5 2) ,
, . ,
, ,

242

243

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
, ,
, Leymus sabulosus (M.Bieb.)Tzvelev.
28 2005 , ,
, . ,
,
,
. 2005
M. marina,
, -, .
2007
( ) ,
.
2009
, 10 ,
( 2009 ).
,
, 1
0,5 (.1,
II), M.
marina. 31 .
10
.
60. , M. marina
620
. M. marina
, , Leymus sabulosus, Secale sylvestre Host.
.
10-15
, ,

Artemisia trautvetteriana Besser, Leymus sabulosus,
Elytrigia striatula (Runemark) Holub
E. bessarabica (Savul.&Rayss) Prokud.,
.
1997 2009 ,

,
, ,
. M. marina
.

,
, ,
1997 , M. marina .
, ,
KW, LE .

, 1979 , .
, , M. marina
, .
,
1994 ,
, NW .
,
M. marina .

244

1.
2.
3.
4.

. :., 1987. 471 .

100/ 209. - , 25 2009 -

. .11. .-.: . , 1945.- 432 .
. . .:
. .. , 1996. .168.

..
, , ,
E-mail: valentina_vt@mail.ru

(Juniperus excelsa Bieb.)

.
,
.
, , ,
.

. -,
[6], ,
. -,
245

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ,
. -, ,

.
.
-, ,

. , , , .

.

. -
,
(
, ),
.
,
.
- ,
- .
.
-, , ,
.
,
,
[1].
2007
,
.
( )
, .
- ,
(I,
II ).

, .
,
, ,
.

,
(
). ,
, IV
[2]. ,
,
II-III .
, -,

II-III .
,
.
,
, , ,
[2].
,
.

,
: , ,
, , .
() ,
, , ,
III [2].
.
.

[3].



. ,
, I .
,

[2].


.

246

247

 . ,

. ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
I-II ,
. (2-3 )
, -, III
[5].
[4].

.
. (
) I-II .
,
( ).
, , I
, .
, ,
- .
-
IV [5].

( -)

.
, ,

, .

,
,
.

V - . , 2009

3.
4.

5.

6.

[] ..
//
. 2008. . 97. . 1518.
[] ..
//
. .
, 2009. . 2527. . 810.
[] .., ..
//
, (
). , 2009. . 19. .
- .., .., ..
. : , 1985. 256 .

1.
2.

..
(
) // . 1988. . 104. . 4762.
[] ..
//
. 2008. . 96. . 2935.

248

249

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. ,
5 .
(Plegadis falcinellus).
. 5-55
.
,
.
(Tadorna ferruginea). ,
.
. 90-
50 , 8-12
( ., 1996),
. ,
, ,
, (Tadorna tadorna),
. 1989-1995 .
,
, , .
:
, ;
- . , 1999
2000 . . 2001.

. 4 23.04.2001. 11
18.05.2001., 38 10.10.2002.
.. 3 2001. 2002. (
22.05.2001 . 27.05.2002 . )
4 .
(Milvus migrans). .
:
4, 25 5 2001 .
(Circus pygargus). ,
. ..
( ).
.
2000-2002 .
. , 17.04.2001 . 29.05.2002 .
:
, .
1-2 ( ).

.., .., ..
-
. .. , , ,
E-mail: anthropoids@mail.ru, den-falco@ukr.net

( .., .., 1986; .., 1991;
.., 1999; .., 1983), ,
, (1994),
90- (, , ,
1996). 1999-2002 .,
, ,
.

( -
).
( ... 0-10 80-110 ).
1/3
. ,
.
, , .
, . ( ),
.
.
1999 . 2000 . 3 ,
2001-2002 .
. ,
.

.. .. ,
.
. (Ardeola ralloides).
.
26 28.05.01 .
250

251

 . ,

V - . , 2009

(Buteo rufinus). .
1989-1998 . . - 19992002 . 4 , .
, , ,

.
(Circaetus gallicus).
. ,
( .. )
. 08.05.2001 .
(

),

.
(Aquila heliaca).
. 22 24.04.2001.
.
30 (Spermophilus
pygmaeus).
(Falco cherrug).
. : 29.05.2002 .
2 ; 04.07. 17.07.2002 . .

,
.
(Falco subbuteo).
. 2001. -
21.04 25.05 ( 9 ). 2002 .
: 29.04.2002
28.05.2002 . .
,
.
(Falco naumanni).
. 22-24.04.2001. .
-
. 10-12.,
30-
.
,
29.05.2001. 20.06.2001. .
(Grus grus). , ()
.

:
27.04.2000. 2 29.04.2002. 1 . ,
,
, .
- (Antropoides virgo). ,
.
50-60 ( ., 1999), 10-12
, 90- 14-16 .

.

30-40 .
(Crex crex). , ( )
.
, ,
.
(Otis tarda).
.
, ,
. -
, .
,
,

. 105-169
(Andryushchenko, 2007), -
200 . 3
8 : 1999. 1 (2 ), 2000. 1
(1), 2001 . 4 (1, 1, 2 1 ), 2002. 2 (1 1).
,
20 . , , ,
30 .
.
(Tetrax tetrax). .

, (, , 1999).
30-40
( 3-4 ).
.
90-

252

253

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, 2000-
4-5 -.
(Burhinus oedicnemus).
. , 90-
, 10-12 .
,
( ),
, , (,

, , ), , ,
- (, 2006).
4 13 ( ):
1999. 1 , 2000. 3, 2001. 4 2002. 5.
2 .
(Himantopus himantopus). ,
. -
,
, : 19992002 . 10-15 . ,
.
(Numenius arquata).
, .
23-25 -
( ., 1991), 8-10
.
,
: 27.04.2000 . 4 .
4 20.04.2001. . 1
.
(Asio flammeus). ,
. 90-
,
. 1999-2002 .
: 27.04.00 .
18.06.2002
. , 1-2 .
(Sturnus roseus).
, .
..
1992-1997 .: ,
2000 , 1996 . ( ., 1999)

( ).

. , 1999-2002 .
, 1999 . (.
) (. ) .
(Emberiza melanocephala).
, (,
, 2002) .

. 1999 . ,
2000. , , -,
.
2001-2002 .
.
2001 . , 16
300 39 2 .
5060 , 90-
8-12 ( ., 1996).


, , , .
,
90- (, ,
, 1996)

.
,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
.

.

254

255

 . ,

V - . , 2009

(ALCES ALCES L.) -

1990 (), 48 30'

. . 34 45' . ., . ,
.
( . ) (.
) -, ( )
( )
( ). ,

( 1932 .) (
1964 .). ,
.
(Alces alces L.)
1944-1964 .
. 350-500 [5, 7]. 1958 .

.
1957/64 . (, 2004).

1957 . [6]. ,
, (
, ..
).
1991 2009 .
, , .

.

40- .
(
- ,
).
, [4].
-
( ,

),
. ,

, .
1990-2008 . 1 8
( 1994, 2002 2007 .).
( ,
). ( 1991, 2000,
2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 .) ,
[1, 2].
( )
.
( )
500
( , ).
( 2008 .)
(
). 2009 . 7 .

.
, ( :
)
,
: (Populus alba L.) , (Ulmus
campestris) , (Ulmus laevis) , (Fraxinos excelsior) , (Quercus
robur L.) , (Acer platanoides) , (Acer negundo)
, (Pyrus achras) , (Cerasus avium) , (Pinus
silvestris L.) :
(Frangula alnus) (Rhamnus cathartica) ,
(Salix aprea) (Salix acutifolia) , (Acer
tataricum) , (Evonymus verrucosa) ,
(Prunus spinosa) , (Crataegus monogyna) , (Sambucus
nigra) , (Amorpha fruticosa) . 20 .
, ,
. ,
( , ), ,
() .
, ,
,
. 8
63 233 , 142 [3].

256

257

..
- , , ,
E-mail: antonez@ua.fm, antonez_48@mail.ru

 . ,

,
( ),
.
2 d=8-10 3-4 ,
(, , ).
,
. , (1,3
0,8 ), (
), .. ,
[8]. (
) 10-15
,
.
- . ,
,
- . ,
.

. , ,
,
:
. .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

.. - .
, . - , 2003.- .158-160.
.. -
.
. : , 2005. . 454-456.
. -
. -
. : 2007. . 9.
. -
. . .
. 9. - , 2008. . 76-79.
C.. . . - .: , 1975. . 36-38.
.., .., .., .., ..,
. ., ..
. : , 1984. 67 .
.. . ( ,
, ). . . . . . , 2004.35 .

258

V - . , 2009

8.

Antonets N.V. The populations of elk (Alces alces L.) in Dnipro-Orels Natural Reserve.
5- . , 2008. . 7-10.

TURDUS MERULA L.

..
, , , E-mail: griff58@mail.ru

-
.
(n=656) 1989-1995 .,
( )
(n=132) (n=162) 1989-2007 .

[4],
[3].

[1].
(n=748)
,
, .
( 1 )
, 5 ,
. 1999-2004 .
: T.m. merula L.
T.m. aterrimus Madar. , , [2].
19,0 (2,0)
/2. 0,4 (0,06) %
.
( 1).
4,2 (p < 0,01), - 8,3 (p < 0,01),
32,2 (p < 0,001).
- .
, 7,7 (p < 0,01), 3,9 (p < 0,05) .

259

 1

(/2)

32
44
24
32

M (m)
67,37,1
96,27,4
109,617,5
124,414,3

M (m)
6,62,1
1,70,7
13,03,9
54,814,3

43
44
32
43

(2). ,
, ,
( 2).
2
-
(/2)

n
32
22
24
116
66
80
68
42
78
56
38
34

M (m)
25,32,0
13,14,0
41,69,0
59,74,4
67,45,1
96,46,5
68,46,8
46,112,9
79,515,2
135,117,6
18,72,0
23,67,1

n
62
65
72
61
55
61
72
50
57
64
61
68

M (m)
448,343,3
439,048,7
206,514,8
175,715,1
327,021,0
251,820,2
426,924,3
242,425,8
228,123,6
727,259,0
739,349,8
1504,5347,3

99,4 (1,9)
/2. 4,1 (0,1) % .
,
( 1).
- 1,4 , , 1,6
(p < 0,05) 1,8 (p < 0,01) , .
260

V - . , 2009

, .
1,4 (p <
0,001). 1,4 (p < 0,01). ,
.
,

.
.

, ( 2). 17,7, 4,9
(p < 0,001) ,
.

(. 1), ,
, .
120
100

. ,

80

60

40
20
0

1989-1992

1993-1995

1996-1998

1999-2001

2002-2004

2005-2007

. 1.
.

1989-1998 .
91,9 (2,5), 1999-2007 . 97,7 (0,8) /2.
, 1,1
(p < 0,05). 1989-1998 .
19,1 (0,5), 1999-2007 . 22,6 (1,1) /2. ,
1,2 (p < 0,01).

261

 . ,

V - . , 2009

1. : ,
( , , - ).
. 2. : 1 :
,
.
3. -:
(, )
.

. :
8-10
.

1.
2.
3.
4.

.. 1998.
// i i
iii. i. . 142144.
.. 1983. . .: . 241 .
.., .. 1963.
// - .
: . . 165212.
.. 1967. //
. : , . . C. 6675.

..
, , , E-mail: mbesk@pochta.ru,
karavay54@mail.ru

,
,
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(, .)
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262

263

. 1.

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. 3. -:
-
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( ). , 5
(, .),
.
.
,
.
.
( 206 ). 2 ,

. ,
, Gavia arctica, Podiceps cristatus,
Phalacrocorax carbo, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta alba,
E. garzetta, Ardea cinerea, A. purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, Tadorna tadorna,
Anas platyrhynchos, A. crecca, A. acuta, A. querquedula, A. clypeata, Aythya
ferina, Fulica atra, Vanellus vanellus, Himantopus himantopus, Actitis hypoleucos,
Larus melanocephalus, L. ridibundus, L. genei, L. fuscus, L. canus, Thalasseus
sandvicensis, Sterna hirundo .
3,5 . ./, 80,
100, 238,
100, 668, 60, 100
./. -
Anser albifrons, Circus cyaneus, Falco subbuteo, Grus grus, Columba palumbus,
Streptopelia turtur, Caprimulgus europaeus, Apus apus, A. melba, Merops
apiaster, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Alauda arvensis,
Anthus trivialis, Motacilla flava, M. alba, Lanius minor, Oriolus oriolus, Sturnus
vulgaris, Corvus frugilegus, Acrocephalus palustris, Sylvia atricapilla,
Phylloscopus trochilus, P. collybita, Ficedula albicollis, F. parva, Muscicapa
striata, Saxicola rubetra, S. torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Fringilla coelebs. 1
,
. 2
, .
Gavia arctica,
Podiceps grisegena, Egretta alba, Ardea cinerea, Tadorna tadorna, Anas
platyrhynchos, A. querquedula, Calidris alpina, C. ferruginea, C. minuta,
Gallinago gallinago, Philomachus pugnax, Tringa glareola, Vanellus vanellus,
Larus melanocephalus, L. minutus, L. ridibundus, Thalasseus sandvicensis.

165200 ./, 200, 194,

(20.08.2002 . 15 . 477 .).
Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
Circus aeruginosus, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Falco subbuteo, F. tinnunculus,
Coturnix coturnix, Grus grus, Scolopax rusticola, Streptopelia turtur, Caprimulgus
europaeus, Apus apus, A. melba, Merops apiaster, Hirundo rustica, Delichon
urbica, Alauda arvensis, Anthus trivialis, Motacilla alba, M. flava, Lanius collurio,
Oriolus oriolus, Sturnus vulgaris, Corvus frugilegus, Ficedula parva, Muscicapa
striata, Phylloscopus trochilus, P. collybita, P. sibilatrix, Sylvia atricapilla,
S. borin, S. communis, Erithacus rubecula, Oenanthe oenanthe, Phoenicurus
ochruros, P. phoenicurus, Saxicola rubetra, Turdus philomelos, T. viscivorus,
Fringilla coelebs, Acanthis cannabina. ,
- (. 2).

, . 166
, .. 55 .
Gavia arctica,
Phalacrocorax carbo, P. aristotelis, Podiceps nigricollis, P.grisegena, P. cristatus,
Cygnus olor, Anas platyrhynchos, Aythya ferina, A. fuligula, Mergus serrator,
Fulica atra, Larus melanocephalus, L. ridibundus, L. cachinnans, L. canus.

(2-3 . ./).
(470), (450) (55 ./);
(200-300) ( 150
./). Circus cyaneus,

264

265

. 2.
(N )

 . ,

V - . , 2009

Accipiter nisus, Buteo lagopus, Alectoris chukar, Columba palumbus, Alauda

arvensis, Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus pratensis, Sturnus vulgaris, Corvus
frugilegus, Troglodytes troglodytes, Regulus regulus, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus
merula, T. viscivorus, Parus caerules, P. major, Fringilla coelebs, Chloris chloris,
Carduelis carduelis, Emberiza calandra, E. citrinella, E. schoeniclus.
.
, .

(, .).
Gavia arctica, Puffinus puffinus, Phalacrocorax carbo, Ardea
cinerea, Plegadis falcinellus, Tadorna tadorna, Tringa ochropus, T. glareola,
Actitis hypoleucos, Philomachus pugnax, Calidris minuta, C. ferruginea,
Gallinago gallinago, Larus melanocephalus, L. minutus, L. ridibundus,
L. cachinnans, Thalasseus sandvicensis.
.

15.05.1943 . 200 700 ./.,
30 . ./ [3].
260 ./, 160 ./.
. ,
,
(, ) .

(
280 ).
,
[1], .

, .

1.
2.
3.

.. . .-.:
, 1934. 112 .

2015 . : ,
2005. 76 .
Frank F. Die Vgel von Opuk (Schwarzmeer-Gebiet) // Bonn. zool. Beitr. 1950. 1.
S. 144-214.

266

..

, ,

? () Hyphantria
cunea Drury, 1773 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Arctiinae),
( 1969 .),
,
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,
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, 5000
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267

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) [6].

. Bacillus thuringiensis,
,
, ,

.
.
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(Entomopoxvirus), 90,8%
3-4 [8]. . 1978-1979 .

. 0,5 1,0%
3-5 [9].
, ,
, , [10-13]. , Bac.
thuringiensis (
), [6]. .
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[6].
, ,
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. 40
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(,
, , , ).

( , ,
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) [14-16]. .
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Gymnodinium kowalevskii, Nephrochloris salina, Platymonas viridis, Scenedesmus

268

269

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quadricauda, Sc. obliquus, Dunaliella salina, D. tertiolecta )

.
, -
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Gymnodinium kowalevskii Gyrodinium fissum 15 100,0%.
.
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, , 2 ,
,
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9.
10.

11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

..
//. . . - 2002.- 12. - . 14-17.
., .. //.
-. - 2008. - 1. - . 48.
.. //. . .
2009. - 5. - . 36-38.
Gomi T., Nagasaka M. Fukuda T. et al. Shifting of the life cycle and life-history traits of
the fall webworm in relation to climate change// Ent.Exp. Appl. - 2007. - 125. - P. 179184.
.. XXI : .
XXI : . . . . . -. . 68. - , 2002. -. 122-131.
.., .. (.).
. - .: , 1976. - 584 .
.., .., .. .
- Hyphantria cunea
Drury. . ., 1981.
. 71-79.
.. (Hyphantria cunea Drury)
. - . ... . .-. . .
. -. - ., 2005. - 18 .

270

19.

Gol'din E.B. Strategy of Plant Protection in Black Sea Coastal Zone. Proc. 5th Intern.
Conf. Mediter. Coast. Environm. (Ed.E zhan.). - MEDCOAST, Middle East Techn.
Univ., Ankara, 2001. - Vol. 1. P. 131-142.
.., .., ..
Hyphantria cunea Drury
, //. . . - 2. , 1973. . 75-78.
.., .., ..
- . ,
. - : , 1974. . 6670.
.. . :
, 1974. 107 .
.., .., .. . i i
i i // . 1980. - 27. . 32-34.
Gol'din E.B., Sirenko L.A. The blue-green algae as the producents of the natural
pesticides//. - 1998. - 1. - . 93-104.
.. -
. - .-. : . . . . . -. . 66. - , 2000. - . 308-313.
Gol'din E.B. Cyanobacteria: Biocidal Activity and Human Affairs. Proc. 8th Intern.
Conf. Mediter. Coast. Environm. - MEDCOAST, Middle East Techn. Univ., Ankara,
2007. - Vol. 2. - P. 937-946.
.., ..
. - .-. : . . . . . -. - . 75. , 2002. -. 50-53.
.., ..
. .-. : . . . . . -. - . 76. , 2004. - . 174-178.
..
(Hyphantria cunea)
Agelastica coerulea ( )//. . : . . 2002. - 3. - . 649.

..
. .. , ,

(
, )

(, 1955; , 1956; Pavlov et al., 1996; ,
271

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, 1996, 1996; , 2000; Tonay et al., 2003 .).

, .

,
,
.
. . ,
XX
,
.. (2000).
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, ,
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, 1970-
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. ,

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. ,
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, 2008; , . ).
.
,
(, 1955). , ,

. ,
(.. ,
).
,
- ,
,
.
1994 ,
(Birkun et al.,
1998). 2006
(Radu et al., 2006) 2009 (Tonay, pers. comm.).
(BLASDOL, 1999).
, ,
, , ,
, .

. (, )
(Ross, Wilson,
1996). .

-.

, ,
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,
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(Birkun et al., 1997).
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. 20%
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). , 15
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290 (, . ).
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. 11 2007
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. 27 2008

(, , . );
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(Tanabe et al., 1997; Das et al.,
2004; , 2006). , ,

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.

274

275

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- NEOGOBIUS
MELANOSTOMUS (PALLAS)

,
, - Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas).
, .
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. ,
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, , .
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, , ,
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- .

[2].
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0,144),
. .

.
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, ,

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276

277

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. .. , ,

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1

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4
0,093 0,006
0,837 0,014
0,678 0,013
3
0,175 0,007
1,523 0,040
1,43 0,040
3
0,199 0,007
1,367 0,034
0,586 0,011
2
0,241 0,007
0,853 0,027
0,238 0,007
2
0,242 0,007
1,255 0,050
0,247 0,007
1
0,336 0,005
0,324 0,024
0,223 0,007

4
0,099 0,004
0,575 0,036
0,546 0,064
3
0,156 0,008
0,355 0,040
0,315 0,011
3
0,186 0,007
0,281 0,011
0,248 0,007
2
0,219 0,010
0,352 0,047
0,206 0,007
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0,224 0,005
0,436 0,090
0,205 0,002
1
0,334 0,005
0,217 0,004

4
0,122 0,019
0,726 0,012
0,243 0,010
4
0,180 0,015
1,937 0,066
3
0,200 0,010
1,01 0,026
3
0,250 0,009
0,357 0,010
2
0,350 0,010
0,327 0,033
0,571 0,040
2
0,383 0,017
0,314 0,044
1
0,420 0,021
0,268 0,015
0,264 0,011

4
0,144 0,020
1,392 0,047
0,262 0,007
3
0,235 0,012
1,545 0,046
0,245 0,007
2
0,293 0,022
1,063 0,037
0,341 0,010
1
0,397 0,014
0,299 0,024
0,409 0,020

4
0,114 0,023
2,305 0,082
1,15 0,070
3
0,265 0,007
1,218 0,028
0,729 0,030
2
0,350 0,005
0,390 0,028
0,322 0,007
1
0,436 0,009
0,235 0,007
0,233 0,007
: Mff , Rf
.
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278

279

 . ,

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. Rf ,
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,
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280

281

1.
2.
3.

.., .., ..
Myctophidae // . 1989. . 29,
. 6. . 1018 1026.
.., .., .., .., ..
- Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas)
- // , 2005. . 69. . 12 17.
.. . : , 1973. 320 .

(LEPIDOPTERA), (HYMENOPTERA:
VESPOIDEA, APOIDEA) ?
..1, ..2, ..3, ..1
1

. .. , , ,
E-mail: spi2006@list.ru, fater_84@list.ru
2
, ,
3
. .. , ,

 . ,

V - . , 2009

Pseudochazara euxina (. 1). ,
,
[4], 500900
.

[1]. ,
, ,
, ,
.

Vespidae
1
2

. 13. : Pseudochazara euxina (1), Celonites abbreviatus tauricus

Teucreum chamaedrys (2), Xylocopa valga Carlina vulgaris (3)

,
, , ,
.
, ,

, , (
) .
5 ,
. 2
(. 1). Celonites abbreviatus tauricus
(. 2) ,
[3]. Paravespa rex
. ,
, , 90%

[5]. ,
.
(Onychopterocheilus pallasii) .
282

Celonites abbreviatus
tauricus
Kostylev, 1935
Discoelius zonalis
(Panzer, 1801)
Paravespa rex
Schulthess, 1924
Onychopterocheilus
pallasii (Klug, 1805)
Eumenes tripunctatus
(Christ, 1791)

, ,

,
-
,

,
-

Andrenidae
6
7
8

Andrena chrysopus
Perez, 1903
Andrena magna
Warncke, 1965
A. ornata
Morawitz, 1866

,

-
,
,

A. stigmatica Morawitz,
1895

10

Melitturga clavicornis
(Latreille, 1806)

11

Halictus luganicus
Bluethgen, 1986

12

Dasypoda spinigera
Kohl, 1905

Halictidae

Melittidae

283

 . ,

V - . , 2009

28

B. muscorum
(Linnaeus, 1775)

29

B. pomorum
(Panzer, 1895)

30

B. ruderatus (Fabricius,
1775)

31

B. zonatus
Smith, 1854

13

14

15

16

Megachilidae
13
14

Trachusa pubescens
(Morawitz, 1872)
Stelis annulata
(Lepeletier, 1841)

15

Megachile giraudi
Gerstaecker, 1869

16

M. lefebvrei Lepeletier,
1841

,
-,

()

Apidae
17
18
19
20

Xylocopa iris
(Christ, 1791)
X. valga
Gerstaecker, 1872
X. violacea (Linnaeus,
1758)
Anthophora atricilla
Eversmann, 1852

21

A. robusta
(Klug, 1845)

22

Cubitalia morio Friese,

1911

23

Eucera armeniaca
(Morawitz, 1878)

24
25
26
27

Bombus argillaceus
(Scopoli, 1763)
B. armeniacus
Radoszkowsi, 1877
B. fragrans
(Pallas, 1771)
B. laesus
Morawitz, 1875

284

,
,
,
, ,

,
,
-
,
,

,
,
,
-
,

(
-)

(

)

(

)

25

29 ,
, 26 (. 1). 90%
. (18) ,
15
(, ..).
( )
,
.
14 15
( 50% ).
11. 6 .
,
: Andrena chrysopus,
Halictus luganicus, Anthophora atricilla, Cubitalia morio, Bombus armeniacus,
Bombus pomorum, Bombus ruderatus
: Andrena ornata, Megachile giraudi, Anthophora robusta, Bombus
laesus, Bombus muscorum.
. , 12 24
.
,
, (7 )
(, ). ,
285

 . ,

V - . , 2009

Anthophora atricilla ,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
,

, , ,
.
.
, ,
,
.

23 , 1015 .

, .

.

,
.

( )

, , ,
.

,
.
, ,
.

, ,
,
, , .

.
.

, , , .

286

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.., ..
Pseudochazara euxina (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) // . 2005. . 39,
4. . 7983.
. 201.
(). 2002. 30.
.., .. Celonites abbreviatus tauricus
(Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Masarinae) // . 2009. . 43,
4. . 354.
.. . : , 1985.
152 .
.., ..
(Hymenoptera, Vespidae) // 2007
( IV - ,
10-
(, 1997), , 2 2007 .).
, 2007. 2: . . 209216.

-
.., .., ..
. .., ,

,

.

.

. ,

.
, . ,
-

.

287

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
[1, 2, 3].

Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Bory +
C. barbata C.Ag. Cladostephus spongiosus (Huds.)C.Ag..

,

.

,
- .
2003 -2008 . : 0,5; 1; 1,5;
2; 3; 5; 9 .
0,1 0,1 (S= 0,01 ) [4]. (
76) 3 : ; 300 ;
.
.
: , , ,
.
-
,
55 .
: Annelida, Coelenterata, Mollusca,
Nemathelmintes, Porifera, Plathelminthes : Anthozoa,
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Loricata, Nematoda, Polychaeta,
Porifera, Turbellaria. 23
Arthropoda, . Crustacea. 6 :
Amphipoda, Anisopoda, Thoracia, Decapoda, Isopoda, 17 .


.

.

(, .) ,
- ,
,
.
. ,

.
6%, - 14%.
Mytilaster lineatus
(Gmelin 1791).
.
1224 / 3 .
.
. (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck,1819)
,

Rapana venosa (Valenciensis, 1846).
.

(Chamelea gallina
(Linnaeus, 1758) .) .
.
13
. Tricolia pullus
(Linnaeus,1758) 182 / 3
Rissoa splendida Eichwald, 1830 (433,2 /).
Cyclope donovani Risso, 1826; Bittium reticulatum
(Costa.1799). .
0,5 3
, 1. 5-6
Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus, 1767).
Lucernaria campanulata
Lamourox, 1815 ( -23,1 / 3 2008
.). Actinia equine (L.,
1766). Obelia loveni (Allman, 1859),
Campanulina lacerata (Johnston, 1847).
, .
28%.
Perinereis cultrifera (Grube,1840),
Platynereis dumerilii (Aud.et Edw., 1834).
. Phyllodocidae, Syllidae.
, Spirorbis pusilla
(Rathke, 1837).
0,5-1 .
,
(35%). : Amphithoe
vaillanti (Lucas, 1846); Hyale pontica, Rathke,1837; Jassa ocia (Bate, 1856);

288

289

 . ,

V - . , 2009

Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (A. Costa, 1853) Idotea baltica

basteri Audouin, 1827; Synisoma capito (Rathke,1837). 20
.
3-5 . , , .

Hyppolite longirostris (Czerniavsky, 1869) Balanus improvisus
(Darwin, 1854).
, 20062008 , .
Mytilaster lineatus 84 %, -
. 5-6
- Bittium reticulatum (490
/) Tricolia pullus (314 /). Hydrobia
arenarum (Draparnaud,1805) Naesa bidentata (Adams, 1800).

-
.

,
.
(, ), ,
(Nephtys hombergii
(Savigny,1818); Hydrobia arenarum; yclope donovani).

,
4-6
, . 5-6
28 .
. ,
.

,
.
.
.

, ,
. ,
29%,
.
-,

, .

.

.

( ,
)
..
, -

.
,

.
,
, .

.

290

1.
2.

3.
4.

.. . : , 2006. -224.
.. -
/ . ., .. , .
// , . . . . .16.
, . 2006. .73-76.
..
/ .. , .. // ,
. . . . .18. , . 2008. .73-76.
.. . .:
. 1979. 228 .

(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE: BOMBUS),
,

..
, , , E-mail: iren@museum.lviv.net

, , -
, 24 ,
291

 . ,

V - . , 2009

[1].


. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
2006
( . )
( -
), ,
-
[1].
( B. haematurus),
,
, , Bombus
laesus Mor., B. armeniacus Rad., B. fragrans (Pall.), B. zonatus Smith,
B. argillaceus (Scop.) ,
. ,
, ,
,
.

.
,
,
[2,7],
[5,8,9]. -
,
[5],
[3,4,5].

2 [5].
,
,
,

,
( , ,
) [5].
,
[6,10],
,
[7].



,
, .
,


,

[11, 9, 8, 7, 2].

292

293

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

. . - Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera:

Apidae) // . . . -. 2007 (2008). .15, . 1-2. .
131-136.
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and declining bumblebee, Bombus muscorum (Hymenoptera: Apidae) // Molecular
Ecology. 2006. Vol. 15, Is. 3. P. 601-611.
Ellis J. S., Knight M. E., Darvill B., Goulson D. Extremely low effective population sizes,
genetic structuring and reduced genetic diversity in a threatened bumblebee species,
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P. 4375-4386.
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Biodiversity Conservation. 2008. Vol. 17, Is. 13. P. 3269-3288.
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Review of Entomology. 2008. Vol. 53. P.191-208.
Heard M. S., Carvell C., Carreck N. L., Rothery P., Osborne J. L., Bourke A. F. G.
Landscape context not patch size determines bumblebee density on flower mixtures sown
for agri-environment schemes // Biology Letters. 2007. Vol. 3, Is. 6. P. 638-641.
Lye G., Park K., Osborne J., Holland J., Goulson D. Assessing the value of Rural
Stewardship schemes for providing foraging resources and nesting habitats for bumblebee

 . ,

10.
11.

queens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) // Biological Conservation. 2009. Vol. 142, Is. 10. P.
2023-2032.
Olesen J. M. Modeling the impact on fitness of level of phenological synchrony between
species in a pollination mutualism // Acta Horticulturae (ISHS). 2001. Vol. 561. P.
75-79.
Potts S. G., Woodcock B. A., Roberts S. P. M., Tscheulin T., Pilgrim E. S., Brown V. K.,
Tallowin J. R. Enhancing pollinator biodiversity in intensive grasslands // Journal of
Applied Ecology. 2009. Vol. 46, Is. 2. P. 369-379.

.., ..
. .. , ,

, .. [2, 4, 5,
6]. ,
0,3 .
.
, , ,

. ,
.

.

, 2008 .
: ,
, . ,
.
. (S = 0.4 2)
. :
, .
.
50 .

(N, . -2), (,
-2), ( = N0,25 x B0,75, N
294

V - . , 2009

, . -2, B , -2) ( = ,
p ).
14 ,
: Polychaeta, Nemertina,
Turbellaria Crustacea (. 1).
Echinogammarus Saccocirrus papillocercus,
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,
.
.
Pantopoda.
1

( )

Crustacea
Polychaeta
Turbellaria
Nemertina
Crustacea
Polychaeta
Turbellaria
Nemertina

N
B
20791
0,290,21
1918 1835
5,56 5,35
450237
0,050,02
44
0,200,19
.
N
B
9670
0,0680,055
84
0,005 0,002
-

N
B
5046
0,0260,024
130128
0,220,21
88
0,0040,004
2525
0,240,24
.
N
B
19391468
1,110,92
138 131
0,270,26
88
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1,761,55

0,005 5,56 -2 4 1939 . -2, .
: .
74% 91%
.
. 80
,
.
.
,
S. papillocercus (1913 . -2; 6,0 -2), E. olivii (1875 .
-2; 1,1 -2) Nemertina (658 . -2; 1,8 -2).
.
295

 . ,

V - . , 2009

, ,
.
1981 .
Chaetogammarus sp.,
[2]. 30- S. papillocercus

[1]. 80- ,
0,2-0,3 [3]. 2003 .
(
..).

,
.
,
(. 2).
4 ,
3 , .
Turbellaria. ,
, -,
,
.

Polychaeta,
Crustacea Nemertina.
.

. , ,
.

Polychaeta, Crustacea.
S. papillocercus
Echinogammarus,

.
14
, :
Polychaeta, Nemertina, Turbellaria Crustacea.
( ).

. .
, .
S. papillocercus
Echinogammarus.

Echinogammarus olivii
(M.Edwards, 1830)
Echinogammarus foxi
(Schellenberg, 1928)
Echinogammarus sp.
Melita palmata
(Montagu, 1804)
Sphaeroma pulchellum
(Colosi, 1921)
Eurydice dollfusi
Monod., 1930
Saccocirrus papillocercus,
Bobretzky, 1872
Protodorvillea kefersteini
(McIntosh, 1869)
Polycirrus jubatus
(Bobretzky, 1867)
Brania clavata
(Claparede, 1863)
Microphthalmus fragilis,
(Bobretzky, 1870)
Pisione remota
(Southern, 1914)
Turbellaria
Nemertina

N
B
269
0,1018

N
1174

B
0,7193

N
B
-

11

0,0072

84

0,1873

0,0006

10
1

0,0026
0,0003

75
-

0,0229
-

3
-

0,0003
-

0,0055

0,0006

13

0,035

163

0,35

1397

4,0719

16

0,0081

0,0003

0,0875

0,0031

53

0,0188

0,003

119
22

0,0191
0,3297

232
488

0,0234
1,2187

0,1

1.
2.
3.
4.

296

.. (Polychaeta) //
. 1949. . 8. 84 .
.., .., ..
//
. 1984. . 17. C. 7079.
..
// , 1985. . 2164-85. 28.03.85. 19 .
.., ..
. // .

297

 . ,

5.

6.

: . . , 90-
. .. 25-
. , , 2004. 2. . 141151.
.
//
( ). : , 2003. . 209 218,
326 338.
..
// . : . . ,
90- . .. 25 . ,
, 2004. 2. . 121132.

2007-2009 .
.., ..
, , ,
E-mail: nbagrik@ukr.net, serj_kostin@mail.ru

(Aegypius monachus (L.) (Gyps fulvus

(Habl.), .. [10]
(Aegypinae),
.
,
[1, 3, 7, 9].
[2, 6, 7, 8].

2002-2006 .,

[4, 5]. ,

- , ,
,
, .
.

.
2007-2009 .
()
-,
298

V - . , 2009

,
,
, , .
7
-, - (
-), - . .

,
,
.
. 2002-2006 .
5-10
[4], 2007-2009 . 9-19 .
2007 . 19 19 (, 8
7 , 11 12 ). 4
(3 -, 1 - ) 1 ( .
). , -
2007 . , .. 8.05.2008 .
3 ,
, 30.06.2008 . .
15.07 29.07.2007 . 8 ( 4
), 3 5 .
, .
58%.
2008 . 17 24 (4 13 ,
13 11 ). 5 , 4 (
- . , . -, - - .
) 1 . . - . 1 3
, 18 5 - .
. - 10-15- . 19 -
. , ,
, .. , 3- (
) (. . ..).
- 3 10-12 ,
- . . 8
5-10- , . 29 3-
. ,
, 60-, 40-45- - (60).
, 75%.

299

 . ,

V - . , 2009

2009 . 9 21 (4 8 , 5 13
), ,
. . 14
5 (3 . ,
- -). 2 10- , 1
20 , 2 ,
, .
8 . 2 ,
( ).
- 12 ,
- , .
-
. ,
60%, 80%.
. - - . 7 3
25-30- , ,
, - , 5
, ..
, .
2009 . .
- . , 2007-2008 . 5-7 ,
9 , ,
.
2009 . .
2002-2009 . 95
, 48 , 26
21 ,
.
. , 8
48 1 5 , 2 4 , 5 3 ,
18 2 , 22 1 , 16 ( 33%) .
, ,
. ,
. 3 ,
( 1-2 ) 8 .
. 2002-2006 . 4
24 [4].
2007 . 28 ,
( - -) 14 ; - 10, .
. - 2. 10 .
8. 2007 .

. 7
2 , 11
. ,
. 6 :
, , . . , 8.01.2007 2 .
. 10-14 .
1 ,
. - 21.07.2007 . , 8
, .
2008 . - 3
11 : - 3
2, (3) (3) .
40-45
. 18
(6) 12.
2009 . 17 . 27
. 1998-2000 . 1-2
. .. 12.05.2009 . .
2 . - 2-3 2
(. ..), 2
, ( ).
- 14 10 , 12 14.00
15.30 3-5 ,
11-13 (4 juv), ,
. 3-4 5 .
. - 7 2 .
,
6,5-7 (
7.01.2007, , 1.08.2007 . ).
,
. , 2007-2008 .
, - ,
.
2002-2009 . 39
, ,
4-10 / (2002-2004 .),
22-28 / (2006-2009 .). ,

300

301

 . ,

V - . , 2009

,
, .

20-30 , 15-20 .

. , . , .
8 ( 110 25 )
2009 . .
. [http://raptors.org.ua].

1998 .,
2007 .

.
,

Ostrea edulis (L., 1758). 1980-
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793),

.

O. edulis.

,
,
. ,
, ,

[10].
.
, ,
.
, .

0,7 289 / [5].

C. gigas
.
. 2008 .
-

,
().
C. gigas,
,
. , 6

2

.
,
,
/( ) [1].
1
3 . ,
(

302

303

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.. Aegypius monachus (L.)

// .
. . . 1940. . 217-227.
.. // . . 7, . 1-2. 1998. . 46-47.
.. // . . 10, . 1. 2001. . 52-62.
.., .., .., ... ..
//
2007. . IV .-. . . 2. .
, 2007. . 13-20.
..
(Aegypius monachus) // 2007. . IV
.-. . . 2. . , 2007. . 2025.
.. . . // . .
. . 5, . 2. : , 1977. . 35-51.
.. . .: . 1983. 240 .
.. // , . 11,
. 1. 2002. .121-123.
.. . //
. . 1931. . 90-95.
.. . .: , 1990. 728 .

..1,2, ..2

-
, , , E-mail: lbedovskaja@email.ua
2
. .. , ,

 . ,

V - . , 2009

= 100 /), ,
( = 1000 /).
, (1000 ./),
,
[2, 3, 4].
. ,

:
1000 / .
, , ,
(. 1).

,
. 3-
2,2 ,
.
,

[11].
,
,
.


[6, 7, 8, 9].
. , ( = 1000
/) ,
.

C. gigas .
, .
,

.

1
,

1
3

( 22/( *))

( = 100 /)
( = 1000 /)
0,297 0,044
0,472 0,049
0,662 0,068
1,058 0,049

(9,11 ) (100
/). , -
.
0,297 ( 22/( *)).
1000 /
- 16 %
, 6,65 ; 1,6
.
C. gigas
(12,45 ) ,
( = 100
/), 0,662
( 22/( *)). -
(1000 /)
(7,65 ), 1,6
, , 1,058 (
22/( *)).
304

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

.. . .:
, 1976. . 81 83.
.. :
. . . . . . , 2007. 24 .
..
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793)
( ) // . 2008. 75, . 77 - 81.
.., ..
Crassostrea gigas //
. 2004. . : : (, 2004
.). . 173 - 177.
. , /
.: .- . .. . - .: , 1979. - . 1. . 272 - 300.
. .
// . - 2000. - . 51. - . 52 - 54.
Burgeot T., Boequene G., Porte C., Dimeet J., Santella R.M. Bioindicators of pollutant
exposure in the north western Mediterranean Sea // Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. - 1996. - V.131,
1 3. - . 125 - 141.

305

 . ,

8.
9.
10.

11.

Di Giulio R. T. Indices oxidative stress as biomarkers for environmental contamination //

Aquatic toxicology. - V. 14. - 1991. - P. 13 - 31.
Livingstone D. R., Archibald S., Chipman J. K., March J. W. Antioxidant enzymes in liver
of dab Limanda limanda from the North Sea // Mar Ecol. Prog Ser. - 1992. - V. 91, 1 3. - P. 97-104.
Livingstone D.R., Lemaire P., Matthheuws A. et al. Pro-oxidant, antioxidant and 7ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity responses in liver of dab (Limanda
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Peters L.D., Porte C., Albaiges J., Livingstone D.R. 7- ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
(EROD) and antioxidant evzyme activities in larvae of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) from
the north coast in Spain // Mar. Pollut. Bull - 1994. - V. 28, 5. - P. 299 - 304.

..

V - . , 2009

1
1994 2009 .

1994
2009

306

, %
54
8

9,8
0,05

C. conformis 2009 .
. ,
.
,

.

- P. marmoratus
1994 . 2009
2 6 . 2.

. .. , ,

XX ,
[1, 2], .
.
2002 .


[3].

, 2009 .

.
Pachygrapsus marmoratus
(Fabricius, 1793) Cephaloidophora conformis
((Diesing, 1815) Leger et Duboscq, 1911).
1
.. .

C. conformis P. marmoratus ,
8 46%.

, .
15
25

1.
2.
3.

.. Cephaloidophora Mawrodiadi, 1908

(Eugregarinida, Cephaloidophoridae) // . 1996.
30, . 3. . 270274.
.. Nematopsis (Eugregarinida, Porosporidae)
// . 1996. 30, . 2. . 159
173.
.., .. (Eugregaronorida,
Cephaloidophoridae, Porosporida) (Decapoda,
Reptantia) // . 2008. . 42. 3. . 167170.

..
. .. , ,

, .



[2, 43].
307

 . ,

V - . , 2009

.
. .. .
, ..
, ,
.
, ( ) .. .
1. Salmo trutta (, )
, .
2. Cyprinus barbus () , .
3. Cyprinus cephalus () .
4. Cyprinus gobio () .
5. Cyprinus phoxinus ( ) .
6. Cyprinus erythrophthalmus .
7. Cyprinus rutilus .
8. Cyprinus idus () .
9. Cyprinus carpio , .
,
(, , , ,
, , , ). , 9,
, 5
, 4
.
, ,

(1768-1774). 27 . , ,
, , , , , . , .

[47].
Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica [48]
. 3- 295
, : ,
, , - ,
, .
..
, . . .
.
.
:
, ,

, ,
, .
,
,
, . 17931794 . .. .

[37]. , , ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
1840 .
(Observation sure la faunae pontique) [46].
. 111 , , 24 .
, , .

.

1858
, 1859 1860 . [7, 44]. :
, , ,
, , ,
. , ..
: ,
, , , ,
. .. .
,
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
,
. 5
. Salmo fario,
( Phoxinus laevis),
( Barbus fluviatilis), Gobio
fluviatilis, ( Squalius dobula).
,

308

309

 . ,

V - . , 2009

. , Cobitis
merga C. barbatula; ,
Alburnus mentoides; , ,
Alburnus maculates, A. bipunctatus
A. fasciatus; , Abramis
melanops; , Abramis tenellus;
Gasterosteus aculeatus Gasterosteus
pungitius G. platygaster. ,
Salmo trutta,
.
Cyprinus hungaricus,
Carpio kollarii Carassius gibelio. 1859 . [44] ..
17 ., ,
Alburnus mentoides.
: . (1874) [8] ,

--
(1877) [9] .. 279 ,
76 . Barbus tauricus, 1860
. [7] Barbus fluviatilis Cuv. [9]

: 1) ,
; 2)
,
, 3)
, 4)

( - ).
, -
,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ..
. ,
, .. ,
(1891) [36],
(1902) [37].

.
,
(1929) [39]. 1925 .
,
.
,
. - (
) (, ,
, , , -)
(1929) [40].
,
,
,
.
.
. ,
,
-
, , , ,
-
, .
. . .

.
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
Alburnus chalcoides
mentoides. . .
Alburnus chalcoides mentoides (1930)
[41]. Alburnus
chalcoides derjugini Berg, 1923.
,
( ).
,

1934 . ,
,
.. ..

310

311

 . ,

V - . , 2009

(1938) [42].
:
-.
. 1937-1938 . ..
- .
-. .
, ,
37 , 20
.

(1940) [3]. ,
, .
, 1938 .
. 1949 . - ,
-, . 1954
,
, 1 , ,
.
1955 .: .., .., ..
[4].
.
.. ,
,
, ,
(1964) [5]. ,
(, , , ,
), 20000 .
2 .
1975 .
[6].
.. (1937),
, .. [1: . 649, . 405] ..
[35: . 75], .

, .
.. (
, )
,
, ,
. 1970 . .

, , .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
() . ,

,
(
),
,
. ,
, [21-24, 29-30],
[20, 45],
[19].
70 .
180
50 .
[10-34, 45].
,


.
,
.

312

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.. . 4- . .-: ,
1949. . 2. . 465-934.
..
. :
, 1785. 198 .
.. // . .
. -. , 1940. . 7. . 301 304
.., .., .. //. .
. . 1955. . 9. . .3. . 151-154.
.. . : , 1964. 70 . 1966.
66 .
.., ..
//. . 1975. - 5. . 44-51.
..
1858 . : . ., 1860. 248 .
. : . .
: . . , 1874. 133 .

313

 . ,

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

. , --
// . - . , 1877. .
4. 360 .
.. //
: 8 .
. 2. : , 1975. . 38-39.
.. //
: . .: , 1977. . 102-103.
.. Dactylogyrus tauricus sp. n. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae)
// . 1978. . 12, . 1. . 5357.
.. Myxobolus tauricus sp. n.
(Cnidosporidia: Myxosporidia) // . 1979. . 13, .
4. . 436-437.
.. Myxobolus impressus sp. nov.
(Cnidosporidia: Myxosporidia) // .
1980 . - 9. . 38-39.
.. Neomyxobolus olae sp. n.
(Myxosporidia, Neomyxobolidae) // . 1981 . . 15, .1.
. 78-80.
.. : . .
. . . .: , 1982. 23 .
.. //
. :
, 1983. . 19.
.. // . 1984. 6.
. 16-22.
..
// 8 :
. .: - , 1984. . 216-217.
.. //
. : , 1988. . 90-94.
..
// : . . .
: , 1991. . 109-113.
..
// : . . .
. : , 1992. . 86-90.
.. //
, : . . . . :
, 1997. . 91-94.
..
// , :
. . . 10. : , 1998. . 66-69.
.. Lepomis gibbosus (Linne, 1758)
// . .-. .-. . . 15.

314

V - . , 2009

26.
27.

28.

29.
30.

31.
32.
33.

34.

35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

. : -, 2003.
. 182-185.
.. // .
. : , 2003. . 142-145.
..
// . : ,
90- .. 25 . 2-.
: , 2004. . 86-101.
.. // .
: , 90 .. 25-
. 2-. :
, 2004. . 468-499.
.. //
. . . .
. 2008. . 21 (60), 2. . 211-237.
.. (
) //
. . . . . 2008. .
21 (60), 3. . 210-220.
.. // .
: . . . ,
, 2008. . 2. . 59-139.
.., .. -
(Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) //
. 1998. . 44. . 76 85.
.., .. Ligophorus gussevi sp. nov. (Monogenea:
Ancyrocephalidae) (Mugil soiuy) //
: - -
. 15. . :
-, 2003. . 186-192.
.., ..
// : , ,
. . 2. . . .
: , 2005. . 160-166.
..
( , , ) //
. 2005. - 37. . 70-82.
.. // . . 1891. . 68.
4. . 436-450.
.. . : . . -,
1902. 872 .
.. .
.: , 1795. 72 .
.. . : , 1929. 34 .
.. // .
. . , 1929. .2, .2. . 112-123.

315

 . ,

41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

.. Alburnus chalcoides mentoides // . .

. , 1930. . 3, . 1. . 133-136.
.., .. // .
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(CAPREOLUS CAPREOLUS)

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, , . . [23]
1994 . Phyllobothrium gracilis Anthocephalum
A. gracilis. ,

Phyllobothrium lactuca P. gracilis D. pastinaca R. clavata,
Pseudoanthocephalum P. paralactuca sp.
nov. P. divaricatus sp. nov. [6].
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sp., Eutetrarhynchus spinifer,
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cornucopia A. auriculatum . ..
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. , 1984 . ..
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2005 2006 . [2, 3].
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23 , 7
: Scolex pleuronectis l., Tentacularia sp. l., Eutetrarhynchus
spinifer, Bothriocephalus sp. nov., B. scorpii, B. gregarius, Acanthobothrium sp.
nov., A. crassicolle, A. dujardinii, Anthobothrium auriculatum, A. cornucopia,
Pseudoanthocephalum divaricatus sp. nov., P. paralactuca sp. nov., Cestoda gen.
sp. nov., Rhabdotobothrium sp. nov., Rhinebothium sp. nov., R. minimum,
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322

323

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

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. . 1931. . 4. . 88 136.
.., .., .., ..,
..
// . 2005 . , 2007. .
II. . 165 170.
.., .., .., ..,
.. // . 2006 .
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I . . . : . . ( 1980 ., ). , 1980.
. 156 158.
. ., . . Bothriocephalus (Cestoda,
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. ., . ., . . Pseudoanthocephalum n. gen. (Cestoda:
Tetraphyllidea) Dasyatis pastinaca
( )
. ., . . Grillotia erinaceus
(Beneden,1858) Christianella minuta (Beneden, 1849)
// 1978. . 45. . 26 34.
. . // .
: . . ., . 90- . .
. .. 25- .
. : , 2004. . 2. . 468 495.
. . // . .
. . -. 1940. 30. . 189 264.

 . ,

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

. . -
// . 1952. 8. . 100 120.
. . //
. . 1952. . 12. . 29 39.
. .
// . -. , 1960. . 16. . 143
159.
. . //
. 1970. . 106 107.
. . Acanthobothrium Beneden, 1849 (Tetraphyllidea:
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2008 .). , 2008. . 289 292.
. . // .
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. 57. . 79 91.
. . //
. 1955. 14, . 7. . 214 222.
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pp. 149 194.
Fyler C. A., Caira J. N. Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Tetraphyllidea:
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324

V - . , 2009

..
. .. , ,

23 , 1927 .

, [9, 10, 18, 23].

, 18
(
). , ,
, .
,
, .


.
2005 2006
2009 .
, 22 , 10 , 4
(
) (. 1).
1


Capillaria
gracilis
Capillaria sp.
Paracuaria
adunca larvae
Cosmocephalus
obvelatus larvae
Proleptus
robustus

Gobius cobitis

[13]

Dasyatis pastinaca, Mullus barbatus

ponticus
Lipophrys pavo, Neogobius ratan ratan,
Parablennius tentacularis
Neogobius ratan ratan, Atherina boyeri
pontica, Alosa kessleri pontica,
Aidablennius sphinx, Parablennius
tentacularis
Raja clavata

2009 .
[2, 6, 20]

325

[2, 20]

2009 .
[7, 15, 23]

 . ,

Ascarophis
pontica
Ascarophis
pontica larvae
Ascarophis
prosper

Scorpaena porcus, Sciaena umbra
Scorpaena porcus, Sciaena umbra,

Gaidropsarus mediterraneus,
Mesogobius batrachocephalus
batrachocephalus, Trachurus
mediterraneus ponticus

Ascarophis sp.
Symphodus quinquemaculatus
Spinitectus tamari Mesogobius batrachocephalus
batrachocephalus, Gaidropsarus
mediterraneus, Atherina boyeri pontica,

Johnstonmawsoni Lipophrys pavo, Neogobius ratan ratan

a campanarougetae
Hysterothylacium Raja clavata, Dasyatis pastinaca,
aduncum
Acipenser stellatus, Alosa kessleri
pontica, Trachurus mediterraneus
ponticus, Spicara smaris, Diplodus
annularis, Scorpaena porcus, Atherina
boyeri pontica, Belone belone euxini,
Symphodus tinca, S. quinquemaculatus, S.
ocellatus, Serranus scriba, Merlangius
merlangus euxini, Sciaena umbra,
Ophidion rochei, Engraulis encrasicholus
ponticus, Gobius niger jozo, Sarda sarda,
Psetta maxima maeotica, Platichthys
flesus luscus, Solea nasuta,
Hysterothylacium Dasyatis pastinaca, Spicara smaris,
Diplodus annularis, Merlangius merlangus
aduncum larvae
euxini , Trachinus draco, Scorpaena
porcus, Gaidropsarus mediterraneus,
Gymnammodytes cicerellus, Engraulis
encrasicolus, Alosa kessleri pontica,
Atherina boyeri pontica, A. hepsetus, A.
boyeri bonapartii, Sardina pilchardus,
Mullus barbatus ponticus, Aidablennius
sphinx, Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus,
Symphodus ocellatus, Neogobius
melanostomus, Gobius niger jozo,
Parablennius tentacularis, Symphodus
griseus, S. quinquemaculatus, S. tinca,
Belone belone euxini, Syngnathus thyphle
argentatus, ,

326

[11, 15, 16]

V - . , 2009

Hysterothylacium
fabri larvae

[11, 15, 16]

[7, 11, 14, 17]

[17]
[12, 15]

2009 .
[2]

2009 .
[1, 2, 7, 8, 19, 22, 23]

2009 .

Hysterothylacium
sp. larvae
Contracaecum
collarae larvae

Contracaecum
microcephalum
larvae

Contracaecum
filiforme
Contracaecum
filiforme larvae

[2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 15, 17]

2009 .

Contracaecum
mulli
Contracaecum
mulli larvae
Contracaecum
rudolphi larvae
Contracaecum sp.
larvae

Goezia tricirrata

Scorpaena porcus, Gaidropsarus
mediterraneus, Symphodus tinca, S.
quinq