Lattice Enthalpy

The standard lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions from its constituent elements under standard conditions. It is a measure of ionic bond strength.

Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s)

Enthalpy of formation = the sum of all other enthalpy changes Sum of clockwise = sum of anticlockwise Lattice enthalpy = Enthalpy of formation (sum of everything else) Hess Law states that if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same the total enthalpy change for each route is the same Lattice enthalpy = -411 ((+107) + (+496) + (+122) + (-349)) = -787 KJ Mol-1

Figure 1 from chemguide

Enthalpy change of hydration: The enthalpy change when one mole of isolated gaseous ions is dissolved in water to form one mole of aqueous ions under standard conditions Na+ (g) + aq Na+ (aq) Enthalpy change of solution: The enthalpy change when one mole of compound is completely dissolved in water under standard conditions NaCl(s) + aq NaCl (aq) It can be positive or negative!

Calculating Lattice Enthalpy from Enthalpy Changes of Solution and Hydration

Lattice Enthalpy

Route One: Lattice enthalpy and enthalpy change of solution K+ (g) + Cl- (g) KCl(s) KCl(s) + aq K+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) +26 KJ Mol-1 Route Two: Hydration of K+ (g) and Cl- (g) ions K+(g) + aq K+ (aq) -322 KJ Mol-1 Cl-(g) + aq Cl- (aq) -363 KJ Mol-1 Put them together: -322 + (-363) = Lattice enthalpy + 26 Lattice enthalpy = -322 363 - 26 = -711 KJ Mol-1

Factors Affecting Lattice Enthalpies and Enthalpy of Hydration Lattice Enthalpy: Ionic Size Smaller ions pack more closely together so attract each other more strongly in a lattice, whereas larger ions are further apart in the lattice and are attracted less strongly. As ionic radius increases: Attraction between ions decreases Lattice enthalpy is less exothermic

Ionic Charge: The stronger the charge, the more exothermic the lattice enthalpy. So small, highly charged ions in a lattice have the MOST exothermic lattice enthalpies. Enthalpy Change of Hydration Ionic Size As the ionic radius becomes smaller, enthalpy change of hydration is more exothermic as the ion can more strongly attract water molecules to release energy. Ionic Charge The more strongly charged an ion, the greater attraction it has for water molecules- so hydration enthalpy is more negatively