История Тела. 2640 Фактов

C1nnen ayan
Hc1opnn 1ena. 2640 qax1on

Dr Stephen J uan
THE ESSENTIAL ODD BODY

Mysteries of Our Weird and Wonderful Bodies Explained
Ofpepakfupoean u onynukoean ua cafe : PRESSI ( HERSON )

Hepeeoo c aue.ucroeo A. Po+auoea,
H. aeiooea

THE ODD BODY
First published in English in Sydney, Australia by HarperCollins Publishers Australia
Pty Limited in 1995.
This Russian language edition in published by arrangement with HarperCollins
Publishers Australia Pty Limited.

THE ODD BODY#3
First published in English in Sydney, Australia by HarperCollins Publishers Australia
Pty Limited in 2007.
This Russian language edition in published by arrangement with HarperCollins
Publishers Australia Pty Limited.

THE ODD BODY
Text Copyright Dr Stephen J uan 1995. Illustrations Copyright
Rod Clement 1995.
THE ODD BODY#3 Text Copyright
Dr Stephen J uan and Accociates 2007.
Hsanne na pyccxom xstxe, nepeno na pyccxn xstx, o]opmnenne. OOO
Ipynna Komnann PHHOH xnaccnx, 2014
Hac1t I
Hc1opnn 1ena. 1539 qax1on
Bneenne
C naun 1axoe mnano?

Cnyuanoct nn rax, uro y nac noxnnxncx nonpoc ornocnrentno uenoneuecxoro rena,
no nt oxnnct ero saanart? Hnn ne snann, xoro o +rom moxno cnpocnrt?
onycrnm, nam xouercx ysnart, nouemy nmn senamr nnn nouemy nocne npnnxrnx
nannt mopmnrcx xoxa. Bonpoc moxer xasartcx rnyntm (nanpnmep, sauem
myxunnam nyxnt cocxn?) nnn nenepoxrno crpanntm: ecrt nn cnocot coxpannrt
xnsnt n orpesanno ronone? Moxno tno t oparnrtcx x ponrenxm, n,
nepoxrno, nt axe ntrannct +ro cenart, no, xax npannno, onn ne moryr ornernrt.
Cxopee ncero, onn npenarann nam noncxart n xnnxxe (coner, xoropt
coxpanxer ocronncrno ponrene, xora onn cranxnnamrcx c cocrnenntm
nenexecrnom), n nt cornamannct, no ne mornn narn xnnry, n xoropo t
coepxancx orner. Ho+romy nonpoc yxonn na sann nnan n n xoneunom cuere
satnancx. Cnycrx necxontxo ner, n mxone, na ypoxe nonornn nnn connonornn,
nonpoc cnona ncnntnan na nonepxnocrt. Moxer, cnpocnrt yunrenx? Onaxo nt
pemann, uro pncxonart ne cronr. B xonne xonnon, +ror nonpoc ne nmeer
ornomennx x nporpamme, on ornnmer npemx y xnacca, pystx pemar, uro nt
crpannt, mncrep uneruep, nosmoxno, n cam nnuero ne snaer, a x romy xe na
+xsamene raxoro nonpoca nce panno ne yer. Ho+romy nt onxrt orpactnann +rn
mtcnn npout n n xonne xonnon narononyuno satnann o nnx.
Tenept nt nspocnt. Bt na exeronom ocmorpe n xannere npaua. Hnxaxnx
ceptesntx nponem ne ntxnneno, no npyr orxya nn nostmnct n ronone
nosnnxaer nce ror xe nonpoc, uro myunn nac, xora nt tnn eme peenxom. He
cnpocnrt nn oxropa? B xonne xonnon, nm xe paccxastnamr o nemax noonoro
poa. Onn onxnt snart o uenoneuecxom rene nce, noromy uro +ro nx npo]eccnx
neunrt nam oprannsm, ecnn on nnoxo paoraer. Ho nt xonenerect. Bpau sanxr.
B xopnope xyr pyrne nannenrt. Haxonen, nonpoc ne nmeer ornomennx x
namemy sopontm nnn noome x xaxo t ro nn tno onesnn. Ho+romy nt cnona
orpactnaere +rn mtcnn n satnaere o nnx n xoropt yxe pas.
Cnyuanoct nn rax, uro y nac noxnnxncx nonpoc ornocnrentno uenoneuecxoro rena,
no nt oxnnct ero saanart? Ecnn a, +ra xnnra nx nac.
Taxoe c namn tnano? Ecnn a, +ra xnnra nx nac. He cronr npenxrcrnonart
crpemnennm nosnart uenoneuecxoe reno. Cxopee ncero, xnnra Cmpauuocmu
uaueeo me.a nontraercx oxcnnrt mnorne rant n saraxn, xax ontmne, rax n
mante, sannrepeconanmne nac anno nnn concem neanno. Mt nastnaem nx
CBOT Crpannte Bonpoct o Tene. Mt n camn mnoro ner saaem nx uame,
uem xorenn t n +rom npnsnartcx. Mt nmnm anantnte, rnynte, crpannte,
nxne, ynnnrentnte nonpoct n naeemcx, uro nt naere neoxonmt orner n
+ro xnnre. Bosmoxno, na ee crpannnax nac xyr raxne ]axrt, o xoroptx nt
axe ne saymtnannct. Pasne ne sopono, ecnn nt uro-nnyt ysnaere n o +rom?
Ecnn n xnnre n aercx xaxo-ro ypox, ro on raxon: uenoneuecxne
cymecrna ueeepomuo nnrepecnt, n ysnart uyrt ontme o cee camom ono ns
nonnnntx xnsnenntx nacnaxenn.
Inana 1
Hauano

Mnorne ns nac saamrcx nonpocom o cnoem nponcxoxennn, nnyrpnyrponom
pasnnrnn, o rom, xaxnmn mt noxnnxemcx na cner. Ionopxr, mt npnxonm n +ror
mnp nn c uem. Onaxo +ro nnmt nauano ncropnn.
H1o enae1 uenn uenonexou?
Mt nastnaem cex nmtmn, nocxontxy ornocnmcx x +ro xareropnn na ocnonannn
namnx ynnxantntx ]nsnuecxnx n xyntrypntx xapaxrepncrnx. Mt ncnontsyem
cnmnont, ntpaxaem cex uepes peut n onaaem nenepoxrno cnoconocrtm
pasnnnart cnoxnym xyntrypy.
Cncremarnxa nayxa o xnaccn]nxannn ]opm xnsnn. Bor re c ee rouxn spennx
naxonrcx uenonex: mt npnnanexnm x napcrny xnnorntx, nonapcrny
mnoroxnerountx, oreny xopontx, nooreny nosnonountx, xnaccy
mnexonnrammnx, noxnaccy nnanenrapntx, nn]paxnaccy +yrepn n orpxy
npnmaron. anee cranonnrcx eme nnrepecnee. Bnyrpn orpxa npnmaron naxonrcx
noorpx, xoropt nastnaercx anrpononamn n nxnmuaer n cex oestxn,
uenonexoopasntx oestxn, a raxxe uenonexa. Bnyrpn noorpxa anrpononon
cymecrnyer nacemecrno no nasnannem romnnont, xoropoe nxnmuaer n cex
uenonexoopasntx oestxn, ntmepmnx n conpemenntx nme. Hs nero
ncxnmuent oestxnt, ne ornocxmnecx x uenonexoopasntm. uenonexoopasnte
oestxnt nnment xnocron, n x +ro rpynne ornocxrcx rnont, mnmnanse,
ropnnnt n opanryranrn. Bnyrpn nacemecrna romnnonon cymecrnyer
cemecrno romnnnon. Iomnnnt nxnmuamr n cex conpemenntx n ntmepmnx
nme. uenonexoopasnte oestxnt n +ro cemecrno ne nxoxr.
uro xe ornnuaer romnnnon or ncex ocrantntx? Fontmo mosr n cnoconocrt
nepennrartcx na nyx norax (nynorocrt). Pemenne, re npoxonr nnnnx mexy
uenonexom n namnmn uenonexonoontmn npexamn, xnnxercx nponsnontntm.
Onn ns napnanron npocro cunrart ncex romnnnon nmtmn.

B 1974 roy n 3]nonnn tn naen xencxn cxener romnnna. Haxoxy nasnann
Hmcn. Hmcn xnna oxono 3,2 mnnnnona ner nasa.
uro xacaercx npemenn, c xoroporo naunnaercx ncropnx nepntx romnnnon ro
ecrt nama ncropnx, anrpononorn nocnenero cronernx oronnramr ero nce
antme n antme n npomnoe, nocxontxy perynxpno orxptnamr nonte
ncxonaemte cnnerentcrna npncyrcrnnx uenonexa n rnyoxo pennocrn.
B 1974 roy n 3]nonnn, nonnsocrn or Xaapa, oxropom onantom
xoxanconom n T. Ip+ ns Hncrnryra nponcxoxennx uenonexa n Fepxnn tn
naen xencxn cxener romnnna, coxpannnmncx nourn na copox nponenron.
Haxoxy nasnann Hmcn. Hpoonxnrentnocrt ee xnsnn cocrannxna npnmepno
copox ner, a pocr tn panen 106 cm. Hmcn xnna oxono 3,2 mnnnnona ner nasa.
B 1978 roy n Tansannn, nonnsocrn or Heronn, oxrop M+pn Hnxn n Hon Aent
onapyxnnn na yuacrxe nynxannuecxo ntnn nnno 24 merpa oxamenenym
opoxxy cneon. Ouennno, uro cnet ocrannnn rpn romnnna, pocr xoroptx tn
ne ntme 120 cm, n xnnn onn npnmepno 3,6 mnnnnona ner nasa.
B 1984 roy n Kennn, n paone osepa Fapnnro, Knnranam uenya onapyxnn
uenmcrt romnnna c nymx xopenntmn syamn, xaxt nnno 5 cm. Haxoxe
tno oxono 4 mnnnnonon ner.
B 1994 roy oxropa xoxancon, Vnntxm Knmen n Ho+nt Pax ns ynnnepcnrera
Tent-Annna coomnnn o rom, uro n Xaape naent ]parmenrt uepena
romnnna, xocrn pyx, nor n uenmcre. Kocrxm tno npnmepno crontxo xe ner,
cxontxo n ocranxam Hmcn, no +ror romnnn tn ropaso ntme
1
.

Camt pannn npecrannrent uenoneuecxoro poa Homo habilis, nnn uenonex
yment. B 1964 roy uacrt uepena +roro nna namnn n Tansannn. Camomy
crapomy uenonexy ymenomy 2,4 mnnnnona ner.
B rom xe 1994 roy oxrop Tnm Var c ]axyntrera anrpononornn
Kann]opnncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Fepxnn, oxrop xen Cyna ns Toxncxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Fepxan Ac]o, npecrannxmmn npannrentcrno 3]nonnn,
onapoonann nn]opmannm o naxoxe uacrn ercxo uenmcrn n nyx syon na
pacxonxax nnnsn epennn Apamnc, n 65 xnnomerpax mxnee Xaapa. Ocranxam
oxasanoct 4,4 mnnnnona ner o cnx nop +ro xnnxercx cnnerentcrnom o camom
pennem romnnne ns ncex naenntx. Hocnenxx naxoxa nornepxaer
reopnm, uro omn npeox ncex romnnnon onran n A]pnxe ne onee 6
mnnnnonon ner nasa
2
.
Hme nastnamr Homo sapiens, uro snaunr uenonex pasymnt. Mt
npnnanexnm x poy Homo n nny sapiens. Camt pannn npecrannrent
uenoneuecxoro poa Homo habilis, nnn uenonex yment. B 1964 roy uacrt
uepena +roro nna namnn n Tansannn, n ymente Onynan raxoe nmx ann emy
yuente Hync Hnxn, unnnn Tonac, xon Hentep nmecre c nomomnnxom
P+monom aprom. Ha cneymmn ro n 3anano Kennn tn naen eme onn
]parmenr uepena, no ero nospacr onpeennnn rontxo n 1991 roy. Camomy
crapomy uenonexy ymenomy 2,4 mnnnnona ner.
Homo erectus (uenonex npxmoxoxmn. Hpu+e:. peo.) cunraercx nnxamnm
npxmtm npexom Homo sapiens. B 1985 roy n Kennn na pacxonxax nnnsn osepa
Typxana Kamox Knmey namen nanonee pannne ocranxn Homo erectus. 3ro tn
nourn nonnocrtm coxpannnmncx cxener nenanarnnernero mantunxa pocrom
165 cm. Cxenery oxasanoct npnmepno 1,6 mnnnnona ner.
Camte pannne opynx rpya tnn onapyxent n 1976 roy nonnsocrn or
Xaapa oxropamn Xenen Poue n xonom Vonnom. 3rn npocrte xamennte
ronopt nx pyxn n pesxn tnn cosant 2,7 mnnnnona ner nasa.
Kora n nnepnme ocosnan, u1o cymec1nym?
Cxopee ncero, nnepnte mt ocosnaem cnoe cymecrnonanne nesaonro o roro, xax
noxnnxemcx na cner, no +ro rpyno ncnomnnrt. Cunraercx, uro mt ne cnocont
cenart +ro noromy, uro y nac n ror nepno orcyrcrnymr nonxrnx, naroapx
xoroptm nneuarnennx yepxnnamrcx n namxrn.

Homo erectus (uenonex npxmoxoxmn) cunraercx nnxamnm npxmtm npexom
Homo sapiens. B 1985 roy namnn nanonee pannne ocranxn Homo erectus.
Cxenery oxasanoct npnmepno 1,6 mnnnnona ner.
Hno operaer cosnanne npnmepno no nropom rpnmecrpe epemennocrn.
Taxrnntnax uyncrnnrentnocrt nosnnxaer na 7- neene rora nno nnepnte
pearnpyer na npnxocnonenne nonoca x mexe. K 17- neene raxrnntnax
nocnpnnmunnocrt pacmnpxercx n sarparnnaer npaxrnuecxn nce uacrn rena
3
. B 16
neent peenox naunnaer nyrartcx rpomxnx snyxon n ornopaunnaercx, xora na
xnnor marepn nonaaer xpxn cner. Hno pearnpyer na pox-mystxy, axrnnno n
xpocrno ronxaxct; na cnoxonym mystxy on orxnnxaercx npornnononoxntm
opasom. Manonepoxrno, uro nno ee cntmnr; cxopee ncero, on pearnpyer na
]nsnuecxne omymennx or snyxono nonnt, xoropte noxoxn na nocnpnxrne
myma, onocxmerocx ns cocenero oma, re rpomxo nrpaer mystxa. Bt cntmnre
nyntcannm aca, no ne pasnnuaere cnon.
C 12 neent nno naunnaer xmypnrtcx n xocnrt rnasamn. B 14 neent on
ntraercx ycmexartcx nnn ntpaxart neonontcrno. B 24 neenn nno
emoncrpnpyer noneenne, xoropoe moxer yxastnart na ncrnnnoe
(nosnanarentnoe) mtmnenne. On yxe ymeer cepnrtcx, yntartcx n
rpnmacnnuart. Ho, uro onee naxno, n nponecce yntrpasnyxonoro nanmennx
nno n nospacre 24 neent, xoroporo cnyuano yapnnn nrno no npemx
nponeypt amnnonenresa, ornopaunnancx or nee ncem renom, onpeennn pyxo
nonoxenne nrnt, n nn naontm no ee crnony
4
. Cymecrnyer npenonoxenne, uro,
emoncrpnpyx ecnoxocrno, nno, nosmoxno, mtcnnr. B nospacre 24 neent
nno, ncntrtnammn rpenory, moxer cocart nanen nnora rax axrnnno, uro na
nem noxnnxmrcx nontpn.
B 26 neent nno n marxe npoentnaer nmontrnte ynpaxnennx. K npnmepy, on
ymeer conepmart nsxmnoe npamenne nnepe. Hpenonaraercx, uro raxne
nnxennx moryr trt cosnarentntmn, a noromy yxastnamr na cnoconocrt
mtcnnrt
5
.
Hccneonannx anrpononoron ronopxr o rom, uro xnsnt n xamennom nexe tna ne
cnnmxom neceno. Hamn npexn nocnnn na cee uepena ymepmnx pocrnennnxon
n xauecrne namxrn o nnx, enn ctpoe cnononte mxco, cmastnann rena xnnorntm
xnpom, urot ne samepsnyrt n xononte snmt, mtnnct rpxstm n epxann nonxon
n xauecrne omamnnx nnromnen.
Kora n nnepnme nauan uync1nona1t?
Haexnte cnnerentcrna ronopxr o rom, uro nno naunnaer uyncrnonart ont ne
nosxe 26 neent. Bnpouem, nexoropte yrnepxamr, uro raxax cnoconocrt
noxnnxercx ropaso pantme. Ecrt nccneonanne, xoropoe nornepxaer, uro nno
uyncrnyer ont yxe c 7- neenn xnsnn
6
.
B 24 neenn nno emoncrpnpyer noneenne, xoropoe moxer yxastnart na
ncrnnnoe (nosnanarentnoe) mtmnenne. On yxe ymeer cepnrtcx, yntartcx n
rpnmacnnuart.
Orent mosra, orneuammne sa onente omymennx, a raxxe xopxonte n
noxopxonte nenrpt, yuacrnymmne n nocnpnxrnn onn, ocrnramr nonnoro
pasnnrnx n rpertem rpnmecrpe. Peaxnnn na onente paspaxnrenn
sa]nxcnponant y nonopoxenntx ncex xnsnecnocontx recrannonntx
nospacron.
B 1969 roy oxrop +nennopr Xyxep ns Hnrrcyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera
onapyxnn, uro nno, yanennt na 13- neene epemennocrn (no eme ne
ymepmn), pe]nexropno pearnpyer na npnxocnonenne nonoca x ryam. Taxxe on
cooman, uro peenox, poxennt na 3 mecxna pantme cpoxa, pe]nexropno
orneuan na npnxocnonenne nonoca x nmomy yuacrxy rena
7
.
Vuacrox mosra, opaartnammn raxrnntnym nn]opmannm (comarocencopnt
yuacrox xopt), npn poxennn pasnnr n ontme crenenn, uem nmo pyro
oren mosra.
Cymecrnyer px cnnerentcrn, uro nonopoxennt n nexoropom cmtcne rax xe
uyncrnnrenen x npnxocnonennm, xax n nspocnt uenonex: xoxa nonopoxennoro
rontme, no+romy nepnnte oxonuannx n ne onee orxptrt n, xpome roro,
c]opmnponant nonnocrtm n nx snaunrentno ontme, uem y nspocnoro uenonexa.
Vuacrox mosra, opaartnammn raxrnntnym nn]opmannm (comarocencopnt
yuacrox xopt), npn poxennn pasnnr n ontme crenenn, uem nmo pyro
oren mosra
8
. Ho na nonnonennoe pasnnrne raxrnntntx cnoconocre nyxnt
rot. Hpnmepno o 67 ner ern ne moryr onosnart na omynt ontmnncrno
npemeron. Hepnte raxrnntnte penenropt noxnnxmrcx na xoxe nnoa npnmepno
c 10- neenn, xora on nce eme oxpyxen noo. Bnpouem, cornacno
nccneonannxm oxropa Mapnn unnxepant, npo]eccopa +nonmnnonno
nepononornn Hononcxoro ynnnepcnrera, xom n.oo ooumaem e ruorocmu,
ou ue :vecmevem e.aruocmu
9
. Touno rax xe, xax uenonex, nntnymn no noo,
ne omymaer ctpocrn, no sa+e:aem oae.euue eo.u
10
.
Ecnn xro-ro ns nme xamennoro nexa uyncrnonan cex nnoxo, na ero rene ocrptm
xamnem npoentnann ornepcrne, urot ntnycrnrt uepes nero ont.

B npomexyrxe or onnoornopennx o poxennx nec nnoa ynennunnaercx n 5
mnnnnonon pas.

B reuenne 60 uacon nonopoxennt ntenxer raxoe xonnuecrno ncnpaxnenn,
xoropoe coornercrnyer ero cocrnennomy necy.
Kora n nauan nne1t?
o nexoropo crenenn spenne pasnnnaercx eme n yrpoe marepn. Onaxo
nonopoxennt ouent nnsopyx. Bexn nnoa ]opmnpymrcx na 10- neene, no
ocramrcx cpocmnmncx, xax mnnnmym, o 26-. Bnpouem, nno pearnpyer na
ncntmxn cnera, nanpannennte na xnnor ero marepn
11
. Bnsyantno mnaennen
npnnnexamr ne nemn uenoneuecxoe nnno n xonrpacrnte reomerpnuecxne
]nrypt. Omne pesyntrart nccneonann n +ro onacrn cnoxrcx x
cneymmemy.

Bnsyantno mnaennen npnnnexamr ne nemn uenoneuecxoe nnno n xonrpacrnte
reomerpnuecxne ]nrypt.
Or poxennx o 2 mecxnen mnaennt xopomo nnxr nnsxo pacnonoxennte x
nnm oexrt: npnmepno n 20 canrnmerpax or rnas cpasy nocne poxennx n
npnmepno n 30 canrnmerpax uepes 6 neent. Onn pasnnuamr ]opmy, pasmep,
ysopt n ontme nnnmannx opamamr na pesxne xonrpacrt, nexenn na nner nnn
xpxocrt. Onn npenounramr ysopt or camtx npocrtx o cpene cnoxnocrn n
uame cmorpxr na nnemnne yuacrxn pncynxa, uem na nnyrpennne +nemenrt. C 2 o
4 mecxnen mnaennt naunnamr oxntnart nsrnxom nce nnnmoe nepe coo
npocrpancrno n nccneymr xax nnemnne, rax n nnyrpennne yuacrxn nsopaxennx.
Tenept npxmtm nnnnxm n saocrpenntm ]opmam onn npenounramr ysopt
ontme cnoxnocrn, nsornyrte nnnnn n oxpyrnte ]nrypt. Ocoenno nx
npnnnexamr nnna n nnannte oueprannx. Mnaennt naunnamr npoxnnxrt
cnoconocrt sanomnnart ynnennoe. Hocne 4 mecxnen mnaennt moryr
]oxycnponart cno nsrnx na nnsxnx nnn anexnx oexrax. Onn nnxr nce
nnera n npenounramr nsornyrte ysopt n ]opmt. B cnoem nnsyantnom
oxpyxennn onn nmyr cnoxnocrn n nonnsnt n nocrenenno naunnamr pasnnnart
uyncrno rnynnt
12
. Otuno ern yuarcx pacnosnanart nnera mexy 3 n 7 roamn.
Ecnn nocne +roro nospacra onn nyramr nnera, nosmoxno, y nnx antronnsm.
Kora n nauan cnmma1t?
Cnyxonax cncrema nnoa naunnaer ]ynxnnonnponart x 16- neene, eme o roro,
xax yxo yer nonnocrtm c]opmnponano
13
. Vnnnrentno, no ]axr pasnnrne
uyncrna cnyxa y nnoa cnxsano c penenropamn xoxn. Ho cnonam oxropa +nna
uemepnena, npesnenra Acconnannn nnyrpnyrpono n nepnnarantno
ncnxonornn n sopontx n Apnnnrrone, n mrare Bnpxnnnx, xoxa npecrannxer
coo +v.imuceucopui peenmop, ooeouumuu uuqop+aum
+exauopeenmopoe, mep+opeenmopoe u oo.eeix peenmopoe (uoupeenmopoe).
Jma nepeu:ua qop+a c.vxa cesaua c eecmuov.pui+ annapamo+, omee:amuu+
sa epaeumauouuoe u npocmpaucmeeuuoe eocnpumue, a marre c v.umroeo
cucme+o no +epe ee qop+upoeauu
14
.

Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro nonopoxennte cntmar onnaxono xopomo n xora
cnxr, n xora opcrnymr.
Cnyx nonopoxennoro nennxonenen. Mt snaem o +rom yxe necxontxo ecxrxon
ner naroapx ontram c pe]nexcom ncnyra. V mnaennen cnyx pasnnr ropaso
nyume, uem spenne. B cepnn xnaccnuecxnx +xcnepnmenron tno
npoemoncrpnponano, uro npexe, uem nno nonnocrtm nter ns poonoro
xanana, n ror momenr, xora cnapyxn eme rontxo ona ronona, npn snyxe,
pasanmemcx nno no ony, nno no pyrym cropony, rnasa mnaenna nonepnyrcx
x ero ncrounnxy, cnonno peenox snaer, uro ram ecrt uro-ro, uro neoxonmo
ynnert
15
. Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro nonopoxennte cntmar onnaxono xopomo
n xora cnxr, n xora opcrnymr.
Kora n nnepnme nouync1nonan sanax?
Xorx nno oxpyxen oxononnono xnxocrtm, on moxer omymart sanaxn.
Onaxo, no cnonam oxropa Crnnena Ponepa, npo]eccopa anaromnn n
nepononornn rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera Konopao n uopr
Konnnns, n.oo ue eoixaem sanax. Mo.erv.i, uecvuue sanax, enumieammc
uocoeo mrauim
16
. Hnrepecno, uro y mnornx nnon pt ecrt rouno raxax xe
cnoconocrt. Amnnornuecxax xnxocrt, n xoropo nnanaer nno, nanonnena
sanaxamn. Ecnn mart ecr apomarnym nnmy, xnxocrt moxer naxnyrt, xax
cpensemnomopcxn canar. Ena samernte ornnunx n ee sanaxe ecrt y xaxo
marepn, rouno rax xe, xax +ro nponcxonr n c nnnnnyantntm sanaxom rena.
Hocne poxennx sanaxn nomoramr yxpennxrt cnxst mexy mareptm n peenxom.

Mnaennt ncero nnmt necxontxnx ne or poy onaamr cront xe xopomnm
oonxnnem, xax n nspocnte.
Henocpecrnenno nocne poxennx mnaenen ne moxer uyncrnonart sanaxn,
nocxontxy n reuenne cyrox ero noconax nonocrt eme sanonnena oxononnono
xnxocrtm n pyrnmn cycrannnxmn. 3ro nanomnnaer nacmopx y nspocntx.
Oonxnne npoyxaercx cpasy, xax rontxo +ror nacmopx npoxonr, npnmepno
uepes napy ne nocne noxnnennx peenxa na cner. Ecrt axe cnnerentcrno, uro
mnaennt ncero nnmt necxontxnx ne or poy onaamr cront xe xopomnm
oonxnnem, xax n nspocnte.
Eme n 1934 roy oxrop oporn nmep onapyxnna, uro mecxunte mnaennt
naunnamr nsnnnartcx n cnonx xontentxax, nouyncrnonan cnntnt sanax, n
ecrecrnenno, uncrt nosyx nx ne ecnoxonr. uame ncero mnaennt pearnpymr
na apomar ]nanox, aca]ernt, cacca]paca, nnrponennt, cxnnnapa, nnpnnna n
nnmona
17
.
B cnonx, cranmnx ntne xnaccnuecxnmn naoparopntx +xcnepnmenrax oxrop
xexo Branep ns cromaronornuecxoro orenennx Xaacca Enpecxoro
ynnnepcnrera Hepycannma nonpocnn rpynny nspocntx nme ntpart ns
ontmo xonnexnnn apomaron nanonee npnxrnt n cnexn, a raxxe nanonee
ornparnrentnt sanax. Camtm npnxrntm oxasancx sanax mea, anee cneonann
anan, nannnt n moxona. 3anax ryxntx xnn n ryxntx xpenerox tn nasnan
camtm ornparnrentntm. 3arem oxrop Branep nonocnn ramnont c +rnmn
sanaxamn x nocnxam mnaennen, ponnmnxcx necxontxo uacon nasa. Onn
yntannct, uyx cnexne sanaxn, n rpnmacnnuann, nmxax ryxnte. Camte mnpoxne
yntxn ntstnan sanax mea, camte axrnnnte rpnmact sanax ryxntx xnn.
Taxnm opasom, ntop nonopoxenntx ere oxasancx rem xe, uro n ntop
nspocntx nme
18
.
Honopoxennte mnaennt uenonexa menee coopasnrentnt, uem mnaennt
mnmnanse.

Kora-ro necxontxo mnmnanse tnn oyuent xstxy xecron. Ceronx nexoropte
ns +rnx oestxn nayunnn xstxy xecron cnonx coparten, n onn moryr omartcx
mexy coo.
pyrne nccneonarenn onapyxnnn cnnerentcrna roro, uro y ontmnncrna
nonopoxenntx ere oonxnne pasnnro axe.v:ue, uem y nspocntx nme (n
annom cnyuae nyume, uem y onoro ns yuentx). B 1975 roy ncnxonor
Oxc]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera oxrop 3an Max]epnen nocrannn ontr, crpemxct
ysnart, moxer nn nonopoxennt nouyncrnonart pasnnny mexy sanaxom ero
cocrnenno marepn (n ee monoxa) n sanaxom marepn (n ee monoxa) pyroro
mnaenna. 3anaxn ncxonnn or mapnentx ramnonon, xoropte xenmnnt epxann
n mcrrantrepax, urot re nnnrann sanax rena n monoxa. oxrop Max]epnen
nonoxnn mapnm marepn mnaenna c ono cropont ero nnna, a no pyrym
cropony nonoxnn mapnm nropo xenmnnt. Fontme nyx rpere mecrnnenntx
mnaennen noeepuv.u eo.oev e cmopouv +ap.u ceoe +amepu, a +.aoeui om 8
oo 10 oue noeepuv.u eo.oev e mpex c.v:ax us :emipex. M.aoeui
npeono:umamm suaro+oe uesuaro+o+v: soeci ouu pacnosua.u sanax ceoux
+amepe u noeepuv.uci u+euuo e omv cmopouv. Xom me, ro+v ue ucno.uu.oci 6
oue, ue peaeupoea.u ua sanax nooooui+ oopaso+, +a.iuu nocmapue
onpeoe.euuo :vecmeoea.u pasuuv, romopvm ca+ Marqep.eu, noumxae ma+noui,
ue c+oe onpeoe.umi M.aoeui e omo+ orcnepu+eume ue npocmo ouvua.u
sanax, ouu vsuaea.u eeo. . moeo :mooi :mo-mo vsuami, mpeovemc
armueusau eicuux omoe.oe eo.oeuoeo +osea ue:mo epooe cosuame.iuo
oopaoomru oauuix, crpieamuec sa peq.ermopui+u npoecca+u cpeoueeo
+osea. Onim Marqep.eua sacmaeu. oopamumi euu+auue ua mo, :mo
:vecmeume.iuocmi uoeoporoeuuoeo r sanaxa+ o.usra r :vecmeume.iuocmu
espoc.oeo :e.oeera
19
.

uame ncero mnaennt pearnpymr na apomar ]nanox, aca]ernt, cacca]paca,
nnrponennt, cxnnnapa, nnpnnna n nnmona.
Kora n nnepnme nouync1nonan nxyc?
Hno n nospacre 14 neent yxe pasnnuaer nxyct. K +romy npemenn
c]opmnponant nce mexannsmt, orneuammne sa nxyconte omymennx. C nomomtm
yntrpasnyxa moxno ynnert axe nponecc rnorannx. K xonny nepnoro rpnmecrpa
nno perynnpyer uacrory rnorannx n orner na cnaxn nnn roptxn nxyc
20
. On
nepnonuecxn rnoraer oxononnonym xnxocrt. Ho mnennm oxropa I+pn
Ftmuemna, npexropa Henrpa xnmnuecxnx omymenn Monenna n unnaent]nn,
nno nnanaer n ueeocro+ cmo.e sanaxon cnaxax rnmxosa, conenax coa,
ropeut cocrnenno moun. oxrop Tn]]ann unn, npexrop Hncrnryra nsyuennx
ocxsannx npn mennnncxom orenennn ynnnepcnrera n Maamn, ronopnr,
uro a+uuomu:ecra ruorocmi ooeo.iuo uenpumua ua ervc, u v uac ecmi
ce+ru, roeoa n.oo epu+acuu:aem, e.oma ee
21
. Honopoxennte ornnuno
pasnnuamr nxyc. Onn ntcontnamr xstuox, nouyncrnonan xncnoe. ern, utn
marepn uacro enn uecnox no npemx epemennocrn, oxastnamr ocooe
npenourenne ee c uecnoxom nnn c sanaxom uecnoxa. Mt nonaraem, +ro noromy,
uro onn acconnnpymr nxyc uecnoxa c mamo, xoneuno xe, onn nmxr mamy!

Honopoxennte ornnuno pasnnuamr nxyc. Onn ntcontnamr xstuox,
nouyncrnonan xncnoe.
Cntmnmt nnau nnoa pacnosnaercx npnmepno na 21- neene
22
. Cmex
noxnnxercx snaunrentno nosxe, npnmepno uepes 6 mecxnen nocne poxennx.
Onaxo c yntxo ne nce rax npocro. Hccneonannx oxropa Ctmsan xonc ns
orenennx ncnxonornn n ynnnepcnrere Hnnant noxasann, uro nce mt moxem
yntartcx c camoro poxennx. Hocnenne paort oxropa xonc nxnmuamr n
cex nanmennx sa nonyroparoonantmn ertmn. B nnx raxxe oxasano, uro
mnaennt ouent tcrpo nepecramr yntartcx, ecnn nnxro na nnx ne opamaer
nnnmannx
23
.

Hccneonannx noxasann, uro nce mt moxem yntartcx c camoro poxennx.
Kora c1anonn1cn ncno, npanma n nnn nenma?
3ro cranonnrcx xcno eme n marxe rax noxasann nccneonannx pe]nexca
+mpnona cocart nanen. Kora no npemx yntrpasnyxonoro cxannponannx marxn
nanmamr sa +mpnonamn n nospacre npnmepno 15 neent, no mnornx cnyuaxx
yxe nanmaercx npenourenne ono pyxn nepe pyro. Komano yuentx npn
Koponencxom ynnnepcnrere n Fen]acre (n Cenepno Hpnannn), n orene
nccneonann noneennx nnoa, pyxononn oxrop Hnrep Xennep
24
.
Ecnn ypart nce npocrpancrno mexy aromamn, ns xoroptx cosano name reno,
nt cranere raxnm manentxnm, uro cmoxere nporn cxnost nrontnoe ymxo.
Kora n nnepnme uory saua1t?
Bnepnte enymxn moryr sauart no ocrnxennn nonono spenocrn. C xonna XX
nexa cpenn nospacr nacrynnennx nonono spenocrn cnnxaercx c xaxtm
noxonennem na na c nononnno mecxna. Ho nexoroptm coomennxm, ona
pasnntcxax enouxa ponna n 6 ner, 7 mecxnen n 3 nx. Camax crapax mart,
xnnymax n mrare Operon, ponna n 57 ner, 6 mecxnen n 15 ne, ne ncnontsyx
crnmynnpymmnx sauarne cpecrn. Conpemennte nexapcrna n nosmoxnocrt
ncxyccrnennoro onnoornopennx oronnramr +ry ary nce antme n antme.
Teopernuecxn yxe ne cymecrnyer nepxne rpannnt nospacra, nocne xoroporo mt
ne moxem nmert ere. Onaxo npx nn nt saxornre npncmarpnnart sa pesntm
mantmom, xora nam cryxner 70.
Cxontxo ncero e1en n uory nue1t?
3aonro o nacrynnennx +pt nexapcrn nx sauarnx y pyccxo xpecrtxnxn, xnnme
n XVIII nexe, ponnnct 69 ere, ns xoroptx 67 ntxnnn n ocrnrnn spenoro
nospacra. Xenmnna ponna 16 nap nnsnenon, 7 rponxmex n 4 pasa no 4 peenxa.
Kaxt peenox xencxoro nona npn poxennn onaaer npnmepno 2
mnnnnonamn xnexnerox. Hs nnx oxono 300 rtcxu oxnnamr o nospacra
nononoro cospenannx. nx nosmoxnoro sauarnx ncnontsyercx ncero 450
xnexnerox no ono na xaxt mecxn penpoyxrnnnoro nospacra (n cpenem c
12 o 50 ner). Myxunna nponsnonr nonmnnnnapa cnepmarosonon xaxt
ent, ns nnx npn onom cemxnsnepxennn ocnooxaercx 400 mnnnnonon.
Myxunna ocraercx nnoonnrtm ropaso ontme xenmnnt.
Bocnponsnocrno es cnepmt nastnaercx naprenorenesom. On nanmaercx y
nexoroptx pacrenn n ecnosnonountx. Onaxo y mnexonnrammnx, n rom uncne
n y nme, naprenorenes orcyrcrnyer.
Hpenonoxnn, uro monoramnax napa ncrynaer n nononym cnxst ocrarouno uacro,
urot ocnoonnact ncx cnepma, a raxxe ro, uro myxunna ocraercx nnoonnrtm
npnmepno 50 ner, manct na ro, uro onn cnepmaroson onnoornopnr ony
xnexnerxy, cocrannxmr (18 263I10
15
):1.
Bosuoano nn nenopounoe saua1ne?
Bocnponsnocrno es cnepmt nastnaercx naprenorenesom. On nanmaercx y
nexoroptx pacrenn n ecnosnonountx, moxer nponcxonrt y orentntx nnon
nacexomtx, pt, penrnnn, am]nn n nrnn, nanpnmep y nuen, oc n nexoroptx
xmepnn. Onaxo y mnexonnrammnx, n rom uncne n y nme, naprenorenes
orcyrcrnyer.
B xoe +xcnepnmenron, npoxonnmnx n Hentcxom ynnnepcnrere, yuente
ntrannct crnmynnponart naprenorenernuecxoe pasnnrne mtme. B +rnx
+xcnepnmenrax xnexnerxa naunnana pasnnnartcx no nosecrnnem rpex
]axropon: +nexrpnuecxoro paspxa, mexannuecxoro nosecrnnx n conxnoro
pacrnopa. Onaxo +mpnon nensmenno nornan re-ro na cpene crann
pasnnrnx.

Hnrepecno, uro ontmnncrno mnaennen poxamrcx or nonynoun o noctmn yrpa.
Ecnn ronopnrt o nynnom nnxne, ro ontmnncrno ere poxamrcx n nonnonynne.
Cxontxo n necnn npn poaennn?
Hyume cnpocnre o +rom y cnonx ponrene. enxrt ns ecxrn mnaennen necxr
or 2400 o 4800 rpammon. Mantunxn otuno uyrt rxxenee enouex (pasnnna
cocrannxer oxono 20 rpammon). Camt rxxent peenox npn poxennn necnn
13,15 xnnorpamma. Camt nerxn ns ntxnnmnx ere 283 rpamma. Ho
nensnecrntm npnunnam mnaennt, ponnmnecx n noxpe n Rxnom nonymapnn n
n mae n Cenepnom nonymapnn, necxr npnmepno na 170 rpammon ontme, uem
mnaennt, ponnmnecx n nmo pyro mecxn roa.
Hnrepecno, uro ontmnncrno mnaennen poxamrcx or nonynoun o noctmn yrpa.
Bropnnx camt pacnpocrpanennt ent poxennx, nocxpecente nanmenee
nonynxpnt. Ecnn ronopnrt o nynnom nnxne, ro ontmnncrno ere poxamrcx n
nonnonynne.
Ho nensnecrntm npnunnam mnaennt y marepe c remntmn nonocamn poxamrcx
tcrpee, uem y marepe-nonnnox.
Hpnmepno 67 mecxnen nocne poxennx mnaenen moxer tmart n rnorart
ononpemenno. Fonee crapmne ern n nspocnte nmn enart +roro yxe ne moryr.
Houeuy unaennm poaam1cn es syon?
Cnpocnre nmym xopmxmym mart, nouemy npnpoa oennna +rnm
nonopoxenntx! Cnnxenne nepoxrnocrn noxnnennx onn nomoraer xopmxme
marepn ne orneprart peenxa. Hnrepecnt ]axr, no npnmepno onn ns nyx
rtcxu mnaennen nmeer npn poxennn onn npopesanmncx sy. Eme onee
crpanno, uro snaunrentnoe uncno mnpontx nnepon, nxnmuax necxontxnx
nmneparopon n nxraropon, poxannct c raxnm npopesanntm syom. Cpen nnx
tnn Rnn Hesapt, Iannnan, Bapnemant, Hanoneon, Mycconnnn n Inrnep.
Bosmoxno nn, uro ont no npemx rpynoro ncxapmnnnannx ntnynna mart
nerarnnno pearnponart na peenxa, cnnxana uyncrno nmnn n axe sacrannxna
+monnonantno, ecnn ne ]nsnuecxn, orneprart ero? B cnom ouepet, morno nn
raxoe marepnncxoe ornepxenne n orxas noynrt uenonexa n spenom nospacre
crpemnrtcx x operennm nnacrn na mnpom? 3aanno nopasmtmnxrt na +ry remy.
uro t cxasan o +rom 3nrmyn upe?
Hanontmee uncno +mpnonon, onapyxenntx n uenoneuecxom rene, cocrannxer
15: 10 enouex n 5 mantunxon. Bcem nm tno 4 mecxna, xora n nmne 1971 roa nx
nsnnexnn ns marxn nrantxncxo omoxosxxn. Xenmnna npnnnmana nexapcrno
nx sauarnx.

Kaxt nxrt ns ntne xnnymnx nme xnraen.

Hononnna npecrannrene mnpono nonynxnnn nme ceuac nmeer nospacr
mentme 25 ner.

Conoxynnt nec ncex nme na 3emne cocrannxer oxono 381 017 590 800
xnnorpammon.

Ha xaxoro uenonexa na semne npnxonrcx 200 000 000 nacexomtx.

Ecnn ntennrt xaxomy uenonexy pannt yuacrox cymn (nxnmuax neoxnrte
paont), on nonyunr npnmepno 30 m
2
.
Kaxono nonornuecxoe cxoc1no ueay naun n namnun nnaanmnun poc1nennnxaun cpen neuenonexoopasnmx npnua1on?
Jmom eonpoc saoa. repa.io Cmmapm us Mapvopi, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Oxasanoct, uro nmn n mnmnanse nonornuecxn ropaso nnxe pyr x pyry, uem
+ro npenonaranoct panee. ecrnnrentno, nmn n na nna mnmnanse
(xapnnxonte n otxnonennte) nmemr nourn nenrnunt naop renon. 3ra
renernuecxax cxoxecrt cocrannxer onee uem 98 %. Ho cnonam ncemnpno
nsnecrnoro ]nsnonora oxropa xapea amona
25
, renernuecxo pasnnnt
sect mentme, uem, cxaxem, mexy nymx nnamn nenunx nrnn, xoropte
ntrnxxr n neyr cex onnaxono.

Hnrepecno, uro nmn n mnmnanse nonornuecxn ropaso nnxe pyr x pyry, uem
+ro npenonaranoct panee. Ienernuecxax cxoxecrt cocrannxer onee uem 98 %.
He cnyuano na ynomxnyrtx nna mnmnanse (Pan troglodytes otxnonennt
mnmnanse n Pan paniscus xapnnxont mnmnanse, nnn onoo) ornocxrcx x
cemecrny Kpynnte uenonexoopasnte oestxnt, nnn Honrnt (Pongidae),
xoropoe nxonr n nacemecrno uenonexonoonte npnmart (Hominoidea). 3ro
nacemecrno oennxer ntcmnx npnmaron uenonexoopasntx oestxn, nnn
anrpononon (rnonon, opanryranon, ropnnn, mnmnanse), n uenonexa.
Ienernuecxn nexoropte nnt mnmnanse ropaso nnxe x nmxm, uem x
ropnnnam. Tax yrnepxaer renernx nonor oxrop uapnts Cnnn. Bmecre c
oxropom onom Anxnncrom on onapyxnn, uro noonax pasnnna mexy
mnmnanse n ropnnnamn cocrannxer 2,1 %, a mexy mnmnanse n nmtmn ncero
1,6 %
26
.
Hnnpymmne ocon cpen mnmnanse, n ocoennocrn camnt, nponoxr neuro
npoe nonnrnuecxo xamnannn n cnoxntx cnryannxx, nosnnxammnx y nnx n crae.
Ho cnonam nccneonarenx npnmaron oxropa upanca e Baana, n xoe raxnx
nonnrnuecxnx nrn sa nnacrt voueume.iuo uao.moami, rar ca+i,
neperueamuue uenpumuocmu, ua:uuamm opami ua pvru +.aoeuee u e.oeami
ux.
Bnmnanse noepxnnamr nopxox n cnonx nocxax ne rontxo c nomomtm
cnnt, no n cneyx cnoxntm mnpornopuecxnm pnryanam. oxrop e Baan
ormeuaer, uro y camnon, cpaxammnxcx sa npenocxocrno, nrnt sanepmamrcx
uem-ro npoe oenpeccuu. Hepno mpaunoro nacrpoennx sanepmamr
nouepxnyrt npnnercrnennt xecr, npoxnnenne nexnocrn nnn noapox pyrnm
mnmnanse
27
.
B cocroxnnn crpecca aynnt emoncrpnpymr ncnxonornuecxoe
noneenne, cxoree c me+, :mo uao.moaemc v .moe, paoomamuux e
cmpeccoeix vc.oeux, ronopnr oxrop Hnrep Bnann. B 1990 roy n nponecce
nccneonannx 215 o]ncntx paornnxon Htm-Hopxa oxrop Bnann onapyxnn,
uro uenonex n 3 pasa uame crpaaer or nontmennoro xponxnoro annennx, ecnn
ero paora npenonaraer ntcoxn yponent ncuxo.oeu:ecro uaepvsru n
ornocnrentno neontmo yponent ceooooi eioopa peueuu. On ormeuaer re
xe moenn noneennx y aynnon
28
.
Hoea n nonnrnxe nnn n nsnece, xax npannno, npnnocnr concem ne re nnot,
xaxne pncyer noopaxenne. oxrop Pe]op Vnntxmc ronopnr, uro aynnt,
nnnpymmne n crae ]nsnuecxn n nonnrnuecxn, ymnpamr snaunrentno pantme,
uem moxno npenonoxnrt. Hnnpymmne camnt onxnt necrn nocroxnnym
xecroxym opty, urot ocrnut camo ntcoxo nosnnnn n yepxart ee, ns-sa
uero onn cranonxrcx qusuo.oeu:ecru nepeeosovroeuui+u. 3ro
nepenosyxenne cosaer onee uacrte omnxn n pemennxx, onee sarxxnym
opty c xonxypenramn, nontmaer pncx rpanm n ynennunnaer nepoxrnocrt
panne cmeprn
29
.
B cocroxnnn crpecca aynnt emoncrpnpymr ncnxonornuecxoe noneenne,
cxoxee c rem, uro nanmaercx y nme, paorammnx n crpeccontx ycnonnxx.
oxrop Poepr Canontcxn paccxastnaer o cnoem onee uem ecxrnnernem
nccneonannn onnnxontx aynnon n Kennn:Hoeeoeuue u qusuo.oeu oaovuuoe
sacmae.em co+ueeamic e pacxore+ +ueuuu, :mo eicoru coua.iui cmamvc
osua:aem xopouee soopoeie
30
.
Bnmnanse a xapnnxonte mnmnanse n ocoennocrn, onontno ecnoxonax
xomnannx. Bosmoxno, nanonee nnsxne pocrnennnxn uenonexa, xapnnxonte
mnmnanse, onaamr nopasume.iui+ cercva.iui+ annemumo+. Cexcyantnax
npaxrnxa n camtx pasntx couerannxx n nosnnnxx (nxnmuax myxcxo n xencxn
romocexcyannsm) ncnontsyercx nx cnxrnx nanpxxennx, noccranonnennx nopxxa
n sanoenannx narocxnonnocrn.
Fnnsxne pocrnennnxn uenonexa, xapnnxonte mnmnanse, onaamr
nopasnrentntm cexcyantntm annernrom. Cexcyantnax npaxrnxa n camtx
pasntx couerannxx n nosnnnxx ncnontsyercx nx cnxrnx nanpxxennx,
noccranonnennx nopxxa n sanoenannx narocxnonnocrn.
oxrop Mapnnn Xappnc, anrpononor ns unopncxoro ynnnepcnrera n
Iencnnnne, yrnepxaer, uro xapnnxonte mnmnanse,eos+oruo, usoope.u
*censored*um. On ronopnr, uro, xora camxn +rnx mnmnanse xorxr, urot
camnt nx yrocrnnn, ouu npeoeapmm ceou vnpauueauu u.u no.uocmim ux
sa+eumm cnapueauue+ c ca+o+, oo.aoamuu+ saeemuo nuue
31
.
Ho cnonam oxropa e Baana, camnt xapnnxontx mnmnanse npenaramr
camxam oo.iuoe ro.u:ecmeo eoi, no ne oramr ee o xonna cnapnnannx.
Maxaxn pesyc mnpoxo sannmamrcx ceamoecmeo+, nxnmuax n nponecc n
cocrnenntx ornptcxon. Hanpnmep, coomaer oxrop e Baan, marepn,
sannmammne n connantno nepapxnn rpynnt nnsxn craryc, uacro epyr cnoero
erentma n erentma oestxnt onee ntcoxoro panra n onnmamr nx. Taxxe
onn noompxmr nyx nopocrxon oennxrtcx n napt n nmnrnponart
yxaxnnannx. Hpn +rom onn yyr nporonxrt pyrnx oestxn onee nnsxoro
craryca, ntrammnxcx nm nomemart. B nenom, oxcnxer oxrop e Baan, +ro
nccneonanne yxastnaer na ro, uro namn nnxamne pocrnennnxn cpen
xnnorntx onaamr eopasoo .v:uu+, :e+ +i npeono.aea.u, nouu+auue+ ceoux
coua.iuix nompeouocme, paseumo cnocoouocmim coeepuami ua+epeuuie
oecmeu, v+euue+ sar.m:ami +up, n.auupoeami eoui, no.umu:ecrue xooi u
cercva.iuvm rusui. Bo mnorom onn ouent noxoxn na nac
32
.
Ho yrnepxennm oxropon Hona 3pnnxa n Poepra Opnmrena, omn nec ncex
nme snaunrentno ontme, uem omn nec npecrannrene nmoro pyroro nna
xnnorntx. Xorx nce nacexomte nnanert necxr ontme, uem nmn, onn nxnmuamr
n cex anexo ne onn nn
33
.

HK ncex xnnymnx ntne nme ymecrnrcx n ony uanym noxxy n yer necnrt
mentme 1,2 rpamma.
Ec1t nn 1axoe anno1noe, xax xtmuanse?
3ror CBOT nmeer ornomenne x crpannomy mnmnanse no nmenn Onnnep.
nanart ner nccneonarenn pasmtmnxnn, ne xnnxercx nn on rnpnom uenonexa
n mnmnanse. B 1996 roy yuente coomnnn o Onnnepe, camne npnmepno 30 ner,
ntcoro 1,2 merpa n necom oxono 50 xnnorpamm. Onnnep onaan npxmo
ocanxo, neotuntmn ymamn n onontno nenpnxrntm sanaxom. On ncera xonn
na nyx norax, ncnontsonan ryaner (n cmtnan sa coo), nnn xo]e, cmemnnan
nannrxn n nmnn nnora npnnxrt na nout pmmxy cnnprnoro. pyrne mnmnanse
ne opamann na nero nnnmannx. Hmn ne snann, xro on raxo. Kora ero
nocrpnrnn n sauecann nonoct nasa, on oxasancx o poxn noxox na uenonexa.
Btnnrannct pasnnunte reopnn: ona ns nnx rnacnna, uro Onnnep xnnxercx
pesyntrarom cxpemnnannx mnmnanse n onoo (xapnnxontx mnmnanse), a no
pyro npenonaranoct, uro on n nnpany xtmmanse pesyntrar cexperntx
+xcnepnmenron, npononmtx n Knrae, Hrannn nnn CBA. Onaxo n 1998 roy
xaprnna npoxcnnnact. Vuente ns Texaccxoro ynnnepcnrera npnmnn x ntnoy,
uro Onnnep tn na cro nponenron mnmnanse
3437
.
Bcemnpnax oprannsannx spanooxpanennx (BO3) coomaer, uro n ent no ncemy
mnpy conepmaercx npnmepno 100 000 000 nonontx axron. 3ro npnnonr x 1 000
000 epemennocre. Hs nnx npnmepno 150 000 saxanunnaercx aopramn.
Ecnn xncnopo neoxonu nn mxannn, noueuy nonopoaennme cnenny1, xora ero cnnmxou unoro?
Jmom eonpoc saoa.a Apma Ca+auoueeo us eopooa Ieame+a.i, Ieame+a.a.
3opont onomennt mnaenen nocne 9 mecxnen pasnnrnx nonnocrtm roron
tmart nopmantntm nosyxom n ne nyxaercx n ononnnrentnom xncnopoe.
Onaxo neonomennte mnaennt, noneprmnecx nosecrnnm cnnmxom
ontmoro xonnuecrna xncnopoa, moryr nancera ocnennyrt. 3ro nastnaercx
npexenpemenno erenepanne ceruarxn, nnn perponenrantno ]nponnasne.
Kora peenox poxaercx ouent neonomenntm, cocyt, nocrannxmmne xpont x
ceruarxe rnasa, naxoxrcx eme na crann pasnnrnx. Honaax n armoc]epy
ontnnunoro nnxyaropa c ntcoxo xonnenrpanne xncnopoa, xponenocnte
cocyt npoonxamr pacrn, no neecrecrnenntm opasom, ntstnax naronornm
spennx. Fonee roro, or xncnopoa moryr nocrpaart n camn nerxne. K coxanennm,
neonomennte mnaennt sauacrym ne cnocont tmart camocroxrentno,
no+romy nx neoxonmo nomemart n nnxyarop. Honpexennx rnas n nerxnx
cranonxrcx neno cnacennx nx xnsnn. Bpaun npexpacno ocosnamr +ror pncx n
nnnmarentno nanmamr sa yponnem xncnopoa c nomomtm mennnncxoro
oopyonannx.

Ona xenmnna n onn myxunna moryr nponsnecrn 64 mnnnnapa renernuecxn
nenonropnmtx ornptcxon.
Houeuy neonomennmn peenox ne uoae1 mma1t xncnopoou nnn nosyxou?
Jmom eonpoc saoa.a Apma Ca+auoueeo us eopooa Ieame+a.i, Ieame+a.a.

Heonomennt peenox ne moxer nopmantno tmart, nocxontxy ero oprannsm
ne cnocoen xonraxrnponart c nosyxom nnn uncrtm xncnopoom. Herounax
rxant neocrarouno pasnnra, urot oecneunrt xncnopoom nce reno. Homnmo
npouero, nerxne mnaenna ne moryr pacnpannrtcx onn cxnmamrcx. 3ro
cocroxnne nastnaercx mnaenuecxnm cnnpomom txarentno neocrarounocrn
n xnnxercx ocnonno npnunno cmeprn neonomenntx ere. Cnnpom
noxnnxercx noromy, uro nerxne neonomennoro peenxa ornnuamrcx or nerxnx
onomenntx nonopoxenntx. Herxne nocnennx noxptrt nonepxnocrno-
axrnnntm nemecrnom, yepxnnammnm nx n pacnpannennom cocroxnnn. 3ro
nemecrno naunnaer ntpaartnartcx camnm oprannsmom nnoa, no rontxo sa 12
mecxna o noxnnennx na cner. 3a nocnenne 10 ner naroapx mennnncxnm
nccneonannxm raxoe nemecrno nayunnnct nponsnonrt ncxyccrnenno. Hepnt
ananor cosann ns xopontero nonepxnocrno-axrnnnoro nemecrna, nropo ns
uenoneuecxoro. Ero mnaenny n nnoxr npn poxennn. Ho+romy n name npemx
npaun moryr cnacrn xnsnt ropaso ontmemy uncny neonomenntx ere, uem
+ro tno n npomnom.
Ona xenmnna n onn myxunna moryr nponsnecrn 64 mnnnnapa renernuecxn
nenonropnmtx ornptcxon.

Kaxt xnrent 3emnn pocrnennnx nmomy pyromy ns xnnymnx no mentme
mepe n nxrnecxrom xonene.

Xencxax X-xpomocoma cocronr ns 433 renon. Myxcxax Y-xpomocoma necer
rontxo 29 renon. Taxnm opasom moxno cenart ntno, uro xenmnnt nacneymr
ropaso ontme npnsnaxon, uem myxunnt.

10 % ncex epemennocre saxanunnamrcx cnonranntmn ntxntmamn.

Ho cpannennm c epemenntmn, crpaammnmn or yrpenne romnort, xenmnnt,
xoropte ee ne ncntrtnamr, ropaso uame poxamr npexenpemenno nnn nmemr
ntxntmn.

Ho nensnecrntm npnunnam ern, sauarte n xononte mecxnt, onaamr onee
ntcoxnm xo+]]nnnenrom nnrennexra, uem re, xoroptx sauann n rennoe npemx
roa.

uem ontme ere y xenmnnt, rem nnxe nepoxrnocrt, uro ee cneymmn
peenox yer mantunxom.
Houeuy unaennm cnoconm nmepaa1t onee nmcoxym 1eunepa1ypy 1ena, ueu nx pon1enn?
Jmom eonpoc saoa.a Huuoeu 4epcm us Or.euoa, Hoea 3e.auou.

Ho cpannennm c remneparypo rena nspocntx nme remneparypa rena mnaenna
nontmaercx n nonnxaercx tcrpee, nerue n na ontmee snauenne. 3ro
nponcxonr noromy, uro rnnoranamyc mnaenna eme ne rax pasnnr, xax
rnnoranamyc nspocnoro uenonexa. Ono ns ]ynxnn rnnoranamyca xnnxercx
crannnsannx n perynnponanne remneparypt rena. On cnyxnr noono
neontmomy repmocrary. Kax n mnoxecrno pyrnx cnoconocre,
pasnnnammnxcx y nac n nponecce pocra, rnnoranamyc cospenaer nocrenenno. 3ro
nponcxonr n nepno c pannero o nosnero ercrna
38,39
.

B mnaenuecrne y nac ropaso ontme xocre, uem n crapocrn. V nonopoxennoro
350 xocre, y nspocnoro uenonexa rontxo 208.
Hpana nn, u1o npn poaennn y nac ontme xoc1en, ueu n c1apoc1n?
Jmom eonpoc saoa.a Heoua ropoau us Xaumceu.., A.aoa+a.

ecrnnrentno, n mnaenuecrne y nac ropaso ontme xocre, uem n crapocrn. V
nonopoxennoro 350 xocre, y nspocnoro uenonexa rontxo 208. Mnorne ns
ercxnx xocre nnocnecrnnn cpacramrcx nmecre. Knmunna nocnenxx ercxax
xocrt, xoropax cpacraercx mexy 18 n 25 roamn.
C uernepro no noctmym neenm +mpnonantnoro pasnnrnx y ncex nme ecrt
xnocr, xoropt nnocnecrnnn ncuesaer.
Hpana nn, u1o, xora a1uocqepnoe annenne naae1, xonnuec1no poon ynennunnae1cn?
Kax nn crpanno, a. Ornocnrentno +roro ]enomena cymecrnyer reopnx: no npemx,
nenocpecrnenno npemecrnymmee poam, npn nmom nnesannom nonnxennn
armoc]epnoro annennx moryr ororn not. Mnorne sannannponannte na
onpeenennt ent pot tnn npexenpemenno ntsnant nsmennnmnmcx
annennem.
Xnpyprnuecxn napes na xoxe nnoa, naxoxmerocx n marxe, saxnnaer, ne
ocrannxx pynon.

B nponecce cnoero pasnnrnx nno naxonrcx n oxononnono xnxocrn. B +ro
xnxocrn npnmepno raxoe xe coepxanne conn, uro n n oxeannuecxnx noax
name nnanert.
Ec1t nn y nac npoaennme c1paxn?
He cymecrnyer oxasarentcrn, uro y nme ecrt xaxne-ro npoxennte crpaxn,
xpome crpaxa naennx n crpaxa rpomxnx snyxon. Bce ocrantnte xnnxmrcx
npnoperenntmn. Bnpouem, onapyxeno, uro mnmnanse, ntneennte,
poxennte n ntpamennte n naoparopnxx, a snaunr, nnxora ne nnenmne nxo
npnpot, npoxnnxmr crpax, nnepnte sannen smem nnn axe caont mnanr c
napnconanntmn na nem rnasamn.
Bnnnm1 nn na poaenne connne nnn nyna?
Ho crarncrnxe, mantunxn uame poxamrcx or paccnera o saxara, a enouxn or
nonynoun o nonynx. Vuente ne snamr, uro nnnxer na raxoe nonoxenne neme.
Cxopee ncero, +ro eme ona saraxa npnpot. H ouent nnrepecnax!
Horrn mnaenna ]opmnpymrcx sa 15 neent o roro, xax on noxnnxercx na cner.

Honopoxennte mnaennt nourn cnent. Hoxasarent nx spennx mentme, uem
20/500.

Honopoxennt peenox moxer nnert senent n xpacnt nnera, no ne nnnr
cnnero.
Kaxon ononnn1entnmn nec n naepy no npeun epeuennoc1n n oc1ane1cn nn on nocne 1oro, xax peenox pon1cn?
B cpenem, xenmnna sa nepno epemennocrn nanpaer 9,9 xr. Ona repxer 6,1 xr
n reuenne uaca nocne poon, nsannxercx or 1,6 xr sa cneymmne 12 ne, a uepes
6 neent necnr na 8,1 xr mentme, uem n nauane poon. E ocraercx nsannrtcx or
1,9 xr, urot ocrnut neca, xoropt y nee tn o epemennocrn.

B cpenem xenmnny, poxammym nepnoro peenxa, oxnaer npnmepno 135
cxnarox.
Cxontxo npeuenn n yy poaa1t cnoero nepnoro peenxa?
B cpenem xenmnny, poxammym nepnoro peenxa, oxnaer npnmepno 135
cxnarox. Font moxer npoonxartcx or necxontxnx mnnyr o cyrox n axe
ontme. K cuacrtm, npn poxennn nroporo peenxa poonte cxnarxn cranonxrcx
pexe n xopoue onxna xe mart pemnrtcx nporn uepes +ro cnona!
Kax n ontmnncrno erentme mnexonnrammnx, uenoneuecxn peenox o 6
mecxnen tmnr rontxo uepes noc.

Vxe n marxe peenox naunnaer yntartcx. Onaxo xmypnrtcx on ne ymeer eme 6
mecxnen nocne poxennx.
Kaxona nnna nynonnnm, coennnmmen uenn c ua1eptm o poaennn?
Ecnn y nac n y name marepn ner nnxaxnx orxnonenn, nnna nynonnnt
cocrannxer npnmepno 55,9 cm. Ecnn nynonnna snaunrentno xopoue, ona
orpannunnaer nnxennx pasnnnammerocx peenxa, a ecnn ona nnnnee, ro
nosnnxaer ntcoxn pncx yymennx, uro nepnonuecxn npnnonr x cmeprn nnoa.
Cnennanncrt no pasnnrnm nonopoxenntx ere yrnepxamr, uro ontmnncrno
ns nnx ysnamr cnon nmena yxe n nospacre 4,5 mecxna.

3axnar pyxn y ononennoro mnaenna ropaso cnntnee, uem y mecxunoro.
Hpana nn, u1o peenox poaae1cn es xonennmx uameuex?
Bnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoe mnenne rnacnr, uro npn poxennn y mnaennen ner
xonenntx uameuex. Onn, xoneuno, ecrt. Konennte uameuxn ]opmnpymrcx
npnmepno na 4-m mecxne xnsnn nnoa, no na penrrenoncxom cnnmxe nnnt ne
cnnmxom oruernnno, nocxontxy xocrn mnaenna noxa eme cocroxr ns mxrxo
rxann. Ho cnonam oxropa 3yapa Iornna
40
, e omo epe+ ro.euuie :aue:ru
cocmom us xpueeo mrauu. Orpvramuue ux eumpi pocma qop+upvmmc
nosre u noe.mmc uesaoo.eo oo poooe u.u oare noc.e uux.
Heonoxparno sameuanoct, uro marepn ontme ronopxr c mnaennamn xencxoro
nona, uem myxcxoro.

Marepn emoncrpnpymr ocote nnronannn n ronoce, xora nomr cnonm erxm
xontentnte necnn. Hnrepecno, uro onn ne moryr nocnponsnecrn nx noontm
opasom, ecnn mnaenna ner pxom. Kora xenmnn npocxr oxcnnrt +ror ]axr,
onn ne snamr, uro ornernrt.

Cepeunt pnrm mnaenna cnnxponnsnpyercx ne rontxo c cepeuntm pnrmom
marepn, no n c cepeuntm pnrmom orna, ecnn on uacro yxaxnnaer sa
nonopoxenntm. Onaxo raxoro ne nponcxonr n ornomennn ero aymxn,
eymxn, cecrep, parten, nxnn nnn nmoro pyroro uenonexa, xoropt sa nnm
yxaxnnaer.
Kaxona c1a1nc1nuecxan nepon1noc1t 1oro, u1o n conepmy n ansnn neu1o nonc1nne ynnn1entnoe?
Jmom eonpoc saoa. 4eo Cmou.u us Cau-Mameo, Ka.uqopuu.

Pasymeercx, na +ror nonpoc nenosmoxno ornernrt. B xonne xonnon, uro raxoe
noncrnne ynnnrentnoe? Onaxo mt moxem xoe-uro paccxasart o
crarncrnuecxo nepoxrnocrn namnx otuntx cnepmenn. Bama xnsnt moxer
nponnrtcx 79,5 roa, n n reuenne +rnx ner nt moprnere 415 mnnnnonon pas;
omax nnna nonoc, pocmnx no ncemy namemy reny, cocrannr 948 xnnomerpon; nt
cpocnre
19 xnnorpammon xoxn; omax nnna namnx norre cocrannr 29 merpon, a nonoc n
nocy 198 canrnmerpon. 3a nepnte 2 roa xnsnn nt npononsere 150 xnnomerpon,
a sa ncm ocranmymcx xnsnt npoere oxono 21 951 xnnomerpa. K 21 roy nt
noxnere n ntoxnere crontxo nosyxa, uro ero oemom moxno tno t
nanonnnrt 3 mnnnnona nosymntx mapon. 3a ncm cnom xnsnt 2,5 roa nt
nporonopnre no rene]ony, cenre 7300 xnn, 159 xnnorpammon moxonaa, n 6
mecxnen yer na npetnanne n ryanere. B cpenem y nac yer 2580
cexcyantntx xonraxron c nxrtm naprnepamn. Onaxo nnmnennocrt nt
ncntraere rontxo naxt
4143
.
Fpnrancxne nccneonarenn onapyxnnn, uro no pesyntraram recron na
xo+]]nnnenr nnrennexra ecxrnnernne ern, ncxopmnennte rpytm, n cpenem
na nocemt nynxron onepexamr rex, xro tn ncxopmnen ncxyccrnenntm monoxom.

Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro y ere, ncxopmnenntx rpytm, pexo tnamr
xpnnte syt.
Moae1 nn uenoneuecxoe 1eno naxon1tcn n nenecouoc1n 1ax onro, u1om nepean1t ueannane1nmn nepene1?
He rax anno mt ysnann o cymecrnonannn neoxnanntx n pamarnuntx
+]]exron nenecomocrn, oxastnammnx na uenoneuecxn oprannsm raxoe nnnxnne,
ns-sa xoroporo nnrentnte nepnot naxoxennx n xocmoce moryr oxasartcx
onacntmn n axe nenosmoxntmn. Ontrt noneron xocmnuecxoro uennoxa
Konymnx n mexynapono crannnn Mnp nornepnnn orpnnarentnoe
nosecrnne nenecomocrn na oprannsm uenonexa. K +rnm +]]exram ornocnrcx
ceptesnax norepx mtmeuno rxann o 20 % n mtmnax (n nxpax n epax),
npnnnmammnx na cex nec rena, a raxxe neoxnannte xoneannx annennx n
cnnxenne nosmoxnocrn cxnrannx coxpanennoro xnpa nx ntpaorxn +neprnn.
Hpecrannrenn HACA yrnepxamr: n nyumem cnyuae +rn omrpimu +oevm
osua:ami, :mo npooo.rume.iuie nvmeuecmeu npeocmae.mm o. :e.oeera
sua:ume.iuo oo.iuvm c.oruocmi, :e+ c:uma.oci pauee. To.iro uuporu
cnermp ouo+eouuucrux ucc.eooeauu ua opoume peuum ece eonpoci
44
.

Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro y ere, ncxopmnenntx rpytm, pexo tnamr
xpnnte syt.
C oprannsmom uenonexa, naxoxmerocx n xocmoce, nponcxonr, xax mnnnmym,
nenanart ocnonntx nsmenenn.
Inasa cranonxrcx ocnonntm opranom, necymnm narpysxy no nocnpnxrnm
nnxennx.
Hepepacnpeenenne xnxocrn, ns-sa uero nponcxonr ee npnnnn x ronone n orex
nnna.
Hontmennax panannx ynennunnaer pncx paxontx saonenann.
Crpecc nonepraer pncxy nmmynnym cncremy.
Horepx xponxno nnasmt neer x npemenno anemnn no nosnpamennn na 3emnm.
erpanpymr mtmnt, necymne onopnym ]ynxnnm rena. Hepepacnpeenenne
xnxocrn neer x ymentmennm oema nor.
Hnrencn]nnnpyercx nponecc ]nntrpannn n nouxax. Horepx xocrno macct
moxer cnococrnonart nosnnxnonennm xamne n nouxax.
Hepement n cencopntx cnrnanax cnnamr paory mosra, uro nepnonuecxn
ntstnaer esopnenrannm.
Bo nnyrpennem yxe menxercx peaxnnx oronnron na nnxenne
45
.
Hpn onrom npetnannn n nenecomocrn norepx xocrno macct moxer
cnococrnonart nosnnxnonennm xamne n nouxax.
Cxontxo xne1ox n uenoneuecxou oprannsue?
3ror CBOT saamr onontno uacro, no ornernrt na nero npaxrnuecxn
nenosmoxno: xonnuecrno xnerox, ns xoroptx cocronr uenoneuecxoe reno,
cnnmxom nennxo. Hx moxno nocunrart nnmt npnnnsnrentno. Ho cnonam
oxropa Tomaca Ipenepa, xom mo:uoeo :uc.a +i ue suae+, npuo.usume.iuoe
ro.u:ecmeo r.emor :e.oee:ecroeo opeauus+a +orem cocmae.mi oro.o oecmu e
oeeuaoamo cmeneuu, u.u cmo mpu..uouoe
46
.
Hpnnxro cunrart, uro peenox ntpacraer ns mnaenuecxoro nospacra, xax rontxo
nayunrcx enart cneymmee:
nnrt ns uamxn,
ronopnrt,
xonrt,
nontsonartcx ryanerom.
Houeuy oprannsu coc1on1 ns nom?
Hepe namn eme onn uacro saanaemt CBOT. Ho cnonam oxropa Hnnn
Fpn, oo.ee no.oeuui eeca :e.oee:ecroeo me.a npuxooumc ua eoov, us romopo
ouo cocmoum. Ha ca+o+ oe.e, eooua npupooa opeauus+a ceocmeeuua
nparmu:ecru ece+ qop+a+ rusuu ua uaue n.aueme
41
.

Hpnnnsnrentnoe xonnuecrno xnerox uenoneuecxoro oprannsma moxer cocrannxrt
oxono ecxrn n nenanaro crenenn, nnn cro rpnnnnonon.
Boa cymecrnonana npexe, uem n ne saponnact xnsnt. Xnsnt nauana
pasnnnartcx n oxeane. Hepnte npocrte xnerxn nosnnxnn n pennnx oxeanax
npnmepno 3,5 mnnnnapa ner nasa. Onn cocroxnn ns npocro xnpono
(nnnnno) mempant, saxnmuanme n cee otxnonennym nporonnasmy.
Mempana ncnontsonanact nx roro, urot samnrnrt coepxnmoe xnerxn n
npeornparnrt norepm naxntx +nsnmon, HK n nntx cocrannxmmnx. B +rnx
xnerxax mnn xnmnuecxne nponecct, n xoroptx yuacrnonana noa: pacna caxapon
c ntenennem +neprnn, cnnres HK n opasonanne nporennon ns crponrentntx
noxon (amnnoxncnor). Hpnnnmax no nnnmanne xnsnennym neoxonmocrt not
nx npannntno paort xnerox, moxno cxasart, uro n nponecce +nonmnnn pont
not n ]ynxnnonnponannn oprannsmon ne nsmennnact, ocranmnct ono ns
naxnemnx.
Hepnax rnracexyna xnsnn osnauaer, uro nam ncnonnxercx npnmepno mnnnnap
cexyn, nnn oxono rpnnarn nyx ner.
Inana 2
Mosr

Oprannsannx Oennenntx Hann oxnnna 90-e rot XX nexa ecxrnnernem
mosra. Mt pacxptnn mnoxecrno ran, cnxsanntx c exrentnocrtm mosra. Ho
noponee o rom, uro Byn Annen xax-ro nasnan cnonm nroptm nmnmtm
opranom, nam rontxo npecronr ysnart.
H1o ae 1axoe uosr?
3ro norpeyer onrnx oxcnenn, rax uro naunem c nauana. uenoneuecxoe reno
npecrannxer coo nsanmosanncnmym, cxoopnnnponannym cncremy, ]ynxnnn n
peaxnnn xoropo xonrponnpymrcx mosrom naroapx omnpno n cnoxno
nnnepnannn. Cam no cee mosr nanonee cnoxnax n ontmax conoxynnocrt
pasntx nnon, ]ynxnnx xoropo npoxnnxercx n nepnno rxann nce ero
mnoroopasno exrentnocrn. Onnpaxct na nxrt uyncrn ocxsanne, spenne,
oonxnne, nxyc n cnyx, mosr nosnonxer xaxomy ns nac onpeenxrt nnemnne n
nnyrpennne ]axropt n nonnmart nponcxoxmee n oxpyxammem mnpe.
uenoneuecxn oprannsm ocymecrnnxer na ocnonntx rnna nnxenn nnn
ecrnn: nponsnontnte n nenponsnontnte. Hpn nponsnontntx ecrnnxx mosr
ynpannxer mtmnamn nnn opranamn rena, noyxax ntnonnnrt xaxoe-ro saanne.
Hpn nenponsnontntx ecrnnxx (pe]nexcax) mosr pearnpyer na cnrnant or
opranon uyncrn, xoropte xax t amr nn]opmannm o ycnonnxx nnn cnryannxx
(amr crnmyn), n noctnaer nmnyntct n nnrarentnte nenrpt. Mosr ne ncera
npnnnmaer yuacrne n ocymecrnnennn pe]nexcon. B +rom cnyuae or
uyncrnnrentntx nepnntx oxonuann nosecrnne nepeaercx na nepnt
nnrarentno cncremt nno onocpeonanntm cnocoom, uepes cnnnno mosr,
nno nanpxmym. Pe]nexc ne rpeyer mtcne nnn paort mosra, urot
nponsomna nepnax nocneonarentnocrt crnmyn peaxnnx.

Hcnontsyx nxrt uyncrn ocxsanne, spenne, oonxnne, nxyc n cnyx, mosr
nosnonxer nam nonnmart nponcxoxmee n oxpyxammem mnpe.
Fontmnncrno nepnon, axrnnnsnpymmnx mtmnt rena, nyr or cnnnnoro mosra.
Cnnnno mosr npoxonr no nosnonounnxy n nxonr n ornepcrne n nnxne uacrn
uepena. 3arem on pacmnpxercx n nepexonr n npoonronart mosr n mosxeuox,
]opmnpymmne ocnony rononnoro mosra. Ha mosxeuxom pacnonaramrcx rnannte
camocroxrentnte, no cnxsannte mexy coo uacrn, sanonnxmmne uepennym
xopoxy: naponnen mocr, cpenn mosr n rononno mosr.
Bec mosra nspocnoro myxunnt cocrannxer npnmepno 1,4 xnnorpamma, nec mosra
nspocno xenmnnt 1,25 xnnorpamma. 3ra neconax pasnnna ne nmeer ornomennx
x nonontm ocoennocrxm. Myxunnt onaamr ontmnm mosrom n coornercrnnn
c onee xpynntmn pasmepamn ncero rena.
Hepnte 6 neent nocne sauarnx +nexrpnuecxne nsnyuennx or mosra nnoa ne
ynannnnamrcx, a norom noxnnxmrcx npeptnncrte menennte nonnt nnsxo
nnrencnnnocrn. Mosr uenoneuecxoro +mpnona nonauany cocronr ns rpex uacre:
nepenn mosr, cpenn n sann. Ho mepe pocra +mpnona ]opmnpymrcx n
ocrantnte uacrn mosra, xoropt n reuenne 5 ner npoonxaer tcrpo pacrn, sarem
pocr samenxercx n npnmepno n 20 ner ocranannnnaercx. B cepenne xnsnn
pasmep mosra ocraercx nensmenntm, a n npecrapenom nospacre on nocrenenno
repxer n nece.
Cnoconocrt uenonexa nomnnrt n ncnontsonart npomnt ontr, cnpannxrtcx c
rexymnmn cnryannxmn, enart ymosaxnmuennx, nopoxart nonte mtcnn,
xoropte nnxora pantme ne npnxonnn n ronony, pasnrentno ornnuaer ero or
pyrnx xnnorntx.
Iononno mosr camt ontmo yuacrox mosra xax raxonoro. Iononno mosr
nenrp pasyma, omymenn, +monn n noneno namxrn. Ha nenoe n npanoe
nonymapnx ero pasenxer nnnnax npoontnax ment. Kaxoe nonymapne cocronr
ns nnemnero cnox xopt (rax nastnaemoro ceporo nemecrna), noxptnammero
cxptrym nnyrpn maccy enoro nemecrna. B xaxom nonymapnn cymecrnyer
npocrpancrno, nnn xenyouex, cnxsannt c upesntuano naxntm oxontm
(narepantntm) xenyouxom. Kaxoe nonymapne onaaer nxrtm onxmn: nono,
remenno, nncouno, sartnouno n ocrponxom Penx. Honpexenne nmoro ns
nonymapn nneuer sa coo nsmenennx n nnxennxx n pyrnx ]ynxnn
npornnononoxno uacrn rena.
Bec mosra nspocnoro myxunnt cocrannxer npnmepno 1A xnnorpamma, nec mosra
nspocno xenmnnt 1,25 xnnorpamma.
Oonouxamn mosra nastnamr rpn cnox, nexamne mexy uepenom n mosrom:
Tnepax oonouxa rononnoro mosra nnemnn cno npecrannxer coo
samnrnym xecrxym, nonoxnncrym mempany, rpyym cnapyxn n rnaxym nnyrpn.
B ne naxoxrcx aprepnn, nent n nepnt-penenropt. Oonouxa npocrnpaercx n
uepennym nonocrt, ]opmnpyx ee uacrn: cepn ontmoro mosra pasenxer
nonymapnx, cepn mosxeuxa n nexoropo crenenn pasenxer nonymapnx mosxeuxa,
a nanarxa mosxeuxa pasenxer sanmm uacrt rononnoro mosra n mosxeuox.
Hayrnnnax oonouxa rononnoro mosra cpenn cno cocronr ns nyuxon
cmemanntx nonoxon n ynpyro rxann. Ho +ro oonouxo naxonrcx
nonayrnnnax nonocrt, nanonnennax cnnnnomosrono xnxocrtm.
Mxrxax mosronax oonouxa camt rnyoxn samnrnt cno mosra. Ona cocronr
ns neontmnx aprepn, nen n coennnrentno rxann n nomoraer cnaxart mosr
xpontm. Mxrxax oonouxa npocrnpaercx n mosronte nsnnnnnt.
Harepantnte xenyouxn npocrpancrna nnyrpn nonymapn nepenero mosra,
sanonnennte cnnnnomosrono xnxocrtm. 3aonro o poxennx, xora mosr
nepexonr or +mpnonantno ]opmt x onee conepmenno, crenxn nepenero
mosra yronmamrcx, a nycrort cxnmamrcx, ]opmnpyx spnrentnte yrpt. B
xoneunom nrore npocrpancrna oxontx xenyouxon ymentmamrcx o neontmoro
paspesa, nastnaemoro rpertnm xenyouxom.
Ho mepe pasnnrnx nenrpantno nepnno cncremt cpenn mosr yronmaer cnon
crenxn, xoropte npenpamamrcx n na nnnnnpnuecxnx rena, noxxy mosra n ee
nenrpantnym nnanny, nosxe cxnmammymcx o pasmepon ysxoro xanana.
Iononno mosr camt ontmo yuacrox mosra xax raxonoro. 3ro nenrp pasyma,
omymenn, +monn n noneno namxrn.
Bo ]ponrantno uacrn na npoonronartm mosrom oxpyrntm pacmnpennem n
nepene uacrn mosxeuxa naxonrcx naponnen mocr, yuacrox sanero mosra.
Baponnen mocr cocronr ns cnxsymmnx nonoxon, pacnonoxenntx mexy onxmn
mosxeuxa, coennxx cpenn mosr c npoonronartm. Hpoonronart mosr
naxonrcx mexy naponnentm mocrom n cnnnntm mosrom n coepxnr n cee
xnsnenno naxnt nenrp txannx, a raxxe cocyonnrarentnt n cepeunt
nenrpt. B sanem mosre naxonrcx ontmax ment (uerneprt xenyouex),
cnxsannax c mosrontm xananom, pacnonoxenntm cnepxy, n c nenrpantntm
xananom cnnnnoro mosra cnnsy.
Cnnnno mosr no nce cnoe nnne coepxnr nepnnte xnerxn n cocronr ns
nyuxon nnnntx nepnntx orpocrxon, nnn nepnntx crnonon, pacxoxmnxcx x
pasnnuntm uacrxm npoonronaroro mosra, naponnenoro mocra, cpenero n
rononnoro mosra.
Mosxeuox, camax ontmax uacrt sanero mosra, pacnonoxen n sane uepenno
xmxe n noxptr rnepo oonouxo nanarxo, orenxmme ero or sane uacrn
rononnoro mosra. Mosxeuox cocronr ns nyx nonymapn, cpennnax uacrt, nnn
onx, xoroptx nastnaercx uepnem mosxeuxa. Crnon mosra c mosxeuxom
coennxmr nyuxn nonoxon noxex. Bepxnxx noxxa cnxstnaer mosxeuox co
cpennm mosrom, a cpenxx noxxa c npoonronartm. Mosxeuox
pe]nexropnt nenrp, xoopnnnpymmn nonente nnxennx n nx crenent.
Honpexenne mosxeuxa napymaer xoopnnannm, no npn noccranonnennn
moropntx nenrpon cranonnrcx xcno, uro nonente nnxennx rontxo
xoopnnnpymrcx mosxeuxom, no ne nporpammnpymrcx nm.
Kopxonte onacrn xonrponnpymr n ocnonnom moropnte, cencopnte n
acconnarnnnte peaxnnn.
Hocrnenrpantnax onacrt cnxsana c cencopno axrnnnocrtm, npnxocnonennxmn n
mtmnamn. B sartnouno one naxonrcx spnrentnt nenrp, n nepxne nncouno
nsnnnnne cnyxono nenrp, n rnnnoxamnantno menn nenrpt nxyca n
oonxnnx.
uponrantnax onx nmeer ornomenne x mtcnnrentntm acconnannxm, noneennm,
opasy ecrnn n nnrennexryantno xonnenrpannn.
Hpenenrpantnte onacrn ocymecrnnxmr xonrpont nonentx nnxenn n
]ynxnnn cxenerntx mtmn. B nepene uacrn +ro onacrn pacnonaraercx nenrp
ncnxomoropntx ]ynxnn, cnxsanntx n rom uncne n c ntyuenntmn ecrnnxmn.
Hpoonronart mosr coepxnr n cee xnsnenno naxnt nenrp txannx, a raxxe
cocyonnrarentnt n cepeunt nenrpt.
Fasantnte ranrnnn (nnn mosronte xpa) npecrannxmr coo nxnmuennx ceporo
nemecrna n maccy enoro nemecrna nonymapn rononnoro mosra. Camte naxnte
ranrnnn +ro spnrentnt yrop n nonocaroe reno. Onantnt spnrentnt yrop
cocronr ns nyx uacre, pasenenntx rpertnm xenyouxom n cnxsanntx
npomexyrouno macco, mexranamnuecxo cnaxo. Cunraercx, uro spnrentnt
yrop cunraercx nenrpom nauantntx nexpnrnuecxnx omymenn n peaxnn. V
ontmnncrna xnnorntx on npecrannxer coo ntcmym onacrt cencopntx
orneron, nmenno no+romy omymennx +rnx nnon xnnxmrcx npnmnrnnntmn n
neconepmenntmn.

Innoranamyc orneuaer sa remneparypy rena: onn ero nenrp xonrponnpyer orauy
renna uepes nor n txanne, pyro npeornpamaer norepm renna n ynennunnaer
ero ntpaorxy.
V nme or spnrentnoro yrpa x xope rononnoro mosra noxoxr nonte nyuxn
nepnntx nonoxon, naroapx uemy ocosnannoe nocnpnxrne ononnxmr
ynyumennte nnrepnperannn n peaxnnn. Hasnauenne nonocaroro rena eme ne
onpeeneno o xonna, onaxo yuentm npecrannxercx, uro ono ynopxounnaer
nonente nnxennx, ne nporpammnpyx nx.
Ho spnrentntm yrpom naxonrcx rnnoranamyc, ]opmnpymmn nnxnmm uacrt
mosra n onn ns yuacrxon crenxn rpertero xenyouxa, orneuammn sa
remneparypy rena: onn nenrp xonrponnpyer orauy renna uepes nor n txanne n
naxonrcx n nepene (]ponrantno) onacrn, pyro naxonrcx n sane uacrn,
npeornpamaer norepm renna n ynennunnaer ero ntpaorxy. Innoranamyc nrpaer
naxnym pont n nponeccax omena nemecrn naroapx cnxsn c sane one
rnno]nsa.
B reuenne nx n mosre onoro uenonexa renepnpyercx ontme +nexrpnuecxnx
nmnyntcon, uem no ncex rene]onax mnpa.

Bec rena n 40 pas ontme neca mosra.
Cuoaeu nn um nopuantno an1t, nnmnnmnct onoro nonymapnn?
Pan coxpanennx xnsnn nexoropte nmn nonpocry eiuvroeui paccrartcx c
onnm nonymapnem. K npnmepy, n ceptesntx cnyuaxx cnnpoma Crepxa
Beepa nosnnxamr nponemt n c mosrom, n c renom. Ha nnne, ocoenno noxpyr
rnas n na ny, noxnnxmrcx ponmte nxrna xo]enoro nnera; annenne na rnasa
ntstnaer rnayxomy, xoropax n xoneunom nrore moxer ocnennrt nannenra.

Hpnxacaxct x uemy-ro, mt noctnaem n mosr nmnyntct, nymne co cxopocrtm 200
xnnomerpon n uac.
V uenonexa nponcxoxr +nnnenrnuecxne npncrynt, orcyrcrnyer xoopnnannx
ono ns cropon rena, ecrt cnoxnocrn c oyuennem n saepxxa ymcrnennoro
pasnnrnx. Ho cnonam oxropa Crnna Poyua, nenponora ns ennepa n xoncyntranra
]ona Crepxa Beepa n Anpope, mrar Konopao, ecnn nexapcrna,
npeornpamammne npnnaxn, ne amr +]]exra, c no+ouim (xupvpeu:ecro)
npoeovpi voa.emc no.vuapue, ornercrnennoe sa npncrynt. Taxax onepannx
npononrcx yxe necxontxo ner n nastnaercx remnc]ep+xromne. oxrop Poyu
oannxer, uro noc.e omo npoeovpi uao.moaemc ua voue.euue +a.o
ueepo.oeu:ecrux vxvoueuu. On raxxe oxcnxer, uro cymecrnyer n menee
panxantnax nponeypa xannosoromnx, xora nonymapnx mosra xnpyprnuecxn
orenxmrcx ono or pyroro, no ne yanxmrcx nennxom
1
. Ho ona pexe nomoraer n
npeornpamennn npnnaxon.
Ecnn t nt mornn ncnontsonart sapxt cnoero mosra, nx t xnarnno, urot
saxeut +nexrpnuecxym namnouxy n 10 narr.

Hpnxacaxct x uemy-ro, mt noctnaem n mosr nmnyntct, nymne co cxopocrtm 200
xnnomerpon n uac.
Houeuy ontmnnc1no nmen npanmn?
Crpanno, uro n rnane o mosre ocyxamrcx pyxn, onaxo nmenno mosr onpeenxer
neymym pyxy. Henax cropona rena ynpannxercx npantm nonymapnem, a npanax
cropona rena nentm. V npanme omnnanrno cropono n +ro onacrn
xnnxercx nenoe nonymapne, a y nenme npanoe.
Hpnmepno 88 % nme npanmn, ocrantnte 11 % nenmn. Hexoropte nmn
nmxr ono pyxo enart onn nemn, pyro pyrne. Hacroxmne amnexcrpt
ro ecrt re, xro ncnontsyer oe pyxn n utn nonymapnx onnaxono pasnnrt n
+rom ornomennn, ouent pexn.
Vuent, anrop xnnr Mapx Maxxaruen nnmer: C:umaemc, :mo .eeopvrocmi e
oo.iuuucmee c.v:aee e.emc c.eocmeue+ ueoo.iuux noeperoeuu +osea,
npousoueouux oo u.u eo epe+ poooe. Muoeue v:euie no.aeamm, :mo omo
noeperoeuue cesauo c ueoocmamro+ ruc.opooa e opeauus+e peoeura oo eeo
poroeuu
2
.
Iopaso uame nenmn ncrpeuamrcx cpen nnsnenon. Cunraercx, uro +ro
yxastnaer na neocrarox cnoonoro npocrpancrna n yrpoe marepn n, nosmoxno,
na nexnarxy xncnopoa. 65 % nme, crpaammnx ayrnsmom, nenmn. Cpen
xyoxnnxon n reen nenmn ncrpeuamrcx raxxe uacro
3
.
Otunt uenoneuecxn mosr coepxnr oxono 100 mnnnnapon nepnntx xnerox.

Ho cnonam cnennanncron, paspaartnammnx recr na onpeenenne xo+]]nnnenra
nnrennexra, ontmnncrno nme nmemr IQ or 90 o 110. Ecnn nam IQ ontme,
uem 132, nac moxno nasnart rennem.
Ec1t nn y anno1nmx ounnnpymman nana?
Ho cnonam oxropa Bnxropa enenepra, npo]eccopa ns ynnnepcnrera
Konnexrnxyra, nsyuammero xnnornoe noneenne n ncnxonornm, y mnornx nnon
xnnorntx ecrnnrentno nanmamrcx neymne nant. Kax n y nme, oannxer
npo]eccop, neymne nant xonrponnpymrcx mosrom. Onaxo, n ornnune or nme,
nmax rpynna xnnorntx otuno ennrcx noponny na npanme n nenme. Fonee
roro, cornacno nponeenntm nccneonannxm, nexoropte neuenonexoopasnte
npnmart ncnontsymr nenym pyxy nx npocrtx saann, a npanym nx cnoxntx
mannnynxnn
4
.
Hccneonanne naneonronoron oxropa Hopen F+xox ns rocyapcrnennoro
ynnnepcnrera n Orao n oxropa Pnuapa Ponncona ns Kansaccxoro
ynnnepcnrera noxastnaer, uro pennne rpnnonrt, xnnmne na semne 550
mnnnnonon ner nasa, roxe nmenn npenourennx noonoro poa. Xorx y +rnx
npocrtx cosann ne tno pyx, cnet yxycon, ocranmnecx na ncxonaemtx
ocranxax, yxastnamr na cxnonnocrt rpnnonron npn nanaennn nonopaunnartcx
nnpano
5
.
Cymec1nye1 nn pasnnna ueay nenmu n npanmu nonymapnnun uosra?
3ror nonpoc nepnonuecxn nosnnxaer n cnxsn c ocyxennxmn orentntx
]ynxnn npanoro n nenoro nonymapn rononnoro mosra. Mennnncxne
nccneonannx n nxennopncrnxa cnnerentcrnymr o rom, uro n cnyuae c mosrom
mt raxne xe npanmn n nenmn, xax n c pyxamn. V nac ecrt ne rontxo
omnnnpymmax pyxa, no n omnnnpymmee nonymapne.

Otunt uenoneuecxn mosr coepxnr oxono 100 mnnnnapon nepnntx xnerox.
uenoneuecxn uepen no cnoe ]opme neponnt, onantnt n noromy
acnmmerpnunt. oxrop Ipenx C. Ko]]nn ns orenennx nenarpnn
Kann]opnncxoro ynnnepcnrera n mennnncxoro nenrpa Can-upannncxo
oxcnxer, uro cymecrnyer na ocnonntx rnna acnmmerpnn uenoneuecxoro
uepena. Fonee roro, onn ns nnx npoxnnxercx ropaso uame pyroro
6
. B nepnom
napnanre, xoropt oxrop Ko]]nn nastnaer nenocroponnnm, n uepene
cymecrnyer ntcryn c neno cropont n n npano uacrn na. 3ro ntrnxnr rax,
cnonno nenma nonoxnn pyxn no oxam ronont, nonepnyn nenym nononnny uepena
nasa, a npanym nnepe. B menee uacrtx cnyuaxx, rex, uro oxrop Ko]]nn
nastnaer npanocroponnnmn, nnn oparntmn, ntnyxnocrt pacnonaraercx c
npano cropont n n neno uacrn na.
Ho pacueram oxropa Ko]]nna, 17 ns 20 nme nenocroponnne. On
yrnepxaer, uro omnnnponanne nenoro n npanoro onpeenxercx ouent pano, eme
o poxennx. On nonaraer, uro ]opma ronont +mpnona, nosmoxno, nonropxer
]opmy marepnncxo yrpot, marepnncxo nost no npemx cna, yxastnaer na
cropony npnxpennennx +mpnona x marxe nnn axe sanncnr or nesamerntx cnn
mopcxnx npnnnnon n rpannrannn.
Houeuy noa n uosre +1o onesnt, ecnn uosr oxpyaen noon?
Tax nastnaemax noa n mosre ouent pacnpocrpanennoe saonenanne,
npoxennt e]exr. Onaxo ]axrt ronopxr o rom, uro nmn upesntuano mano
snamr o +rom cocroxnnn n c nnm cnxsano mnoxecrno sanyxenn. Iononnax
noxnxa, nnn rnpone]annx, nanmaercx npnmepno y 1 nonopoxennoro ns 500.
Taxnm opasom, +ro ropaso onee uacroe xnnenne, uem raxne npoxennte
e]exrt, xax cnnpom ayna (1 na 700 nonopoxenntx), pacmennennt
nosnonounnx (1 na 1000) nnn xncrosnt ]npos (1 na 2000).
Tax nastnaemax noa npn rononno noxnxe na camom ene ne noa, a
cnnnnomosronax xnxocrt. Ona cmxruaer n samnmaer rononno n cnnnno mosr
or yapon. 3ra xnxocrt nponsnonrcx nonocrxmn rononnoro mosra
xenyouxamn. Otuno cnnnnomosronax xnxocrt nocroxnno reuer uepes
xenyouxn, omtnaer nonepxnocrt rononnoro n cnnnnoro mosra n nnnrtnaercx n
xpont. Onaxo npn rnpone]annn n +rom reuennn nponcxoxr ceptesnte
nsmenennx. Cnnnnomosronax xnxocrt oxastnaercx sanepro n xenyouxax,
orxya ne moxer ntrn napyxy n nonacrt n xponenocnym cncremy. Hstrox
xnxocrn sacrannxer xenyouxn pacmnpxrtcx, n pesyntrare uero mosr cranonnrcx
nenopmantno ontmnm. Hpxmtm cnecrnnem +roro pocra xnnxercx
ononnnrentnoe annenne, oxastnaemoe na pasnnnammncx uepen, xoropoe
upesmepno pacmnpxer mxrxn ponnuox peenxa. Ecnn +ro annenne ne cnxrt na
panne crann, mosry moxer trt nanecen nenonpannmt ypon n ronona
nancera e]opmnpyercx.
Iononnax noxnxa, nnn rnpone]annx, nanmaercx npnmepno y 1
nonopoxennoro ns 500.
Fonee uem n nononnne cnyuaen rnpone]annx xnnxercx npoxenno, ro ecrt
pasnnnaercx o poxennx. Bosmoxno, +rn cnyuan cnxsant c nn]exnnxmn,
nopasnnmnmn nno. Onaxo rnpone]annx moxer nosnnxnyrt n nponecce poon
xax pesyntrar poono rpanmt nnn n ercrne xax ocnoxnenne nocne mennnrnra
nocnanennx oonouex rononnoro n cnnnnoro mosra. Hnrepecno, uro y onee
crapmnx ere n axe y nspocntx nme noxnxa mosra moxer nosnnxart ns-sa
onyxonn nnn rpanmt ronont.
uacro rnpone]annx conponoxaercx ononnnrentntmn e]exramn. K npnmepy,
oxono 70 % ere, ponnmnxcx c pacmennenntm nosnonounnxom, crpaamr n
rnpone]anne.
Oxono 70 % ere, ponnmnxcx c pacmennenntm nosnonounnxom, crpaamr n
rnpone]anne.
Onnm ns sanyxenn ornocnrentno rnpone]annn xnnxercx ro, uro ona ncera
nacnecrnennax. Xorx ecrt cnyuan, xora +ro saonenanne noxnnxercx naxt n
ono cemte, manct, uro raxoe nponsoer, cocrannxmr 1:20. pyroe
sanyxenne cnxsano c npenonoxennem, uro rnpone]annm y nnoa moxno
npeornparnrt. Xorx +romy ner rountx oxasarentcrn, cymecrnymr nanmennx,
uro pncx raxnx poontx e]exron, xax rnpone]annx n pacmennennt
nosnonounnx, cnnxaercx, ecnn npnnnmart onpeenennte nnramnnt. Hanpnmep,
nn]opmannonnt mnnerent 1993 roa, nsanaemt noneunrenxmn
Hccneonarentcxoro ]ona rnpone]annn n Htm-Hopxe, coepxan nepensanne
crartn, yrnepxanme, uro nnramnnt, ocoenno ]onnenax xncnora, moryr
snaunrentno cnnsnrt pncx noontx saonenann.
Inpone]annm onapyxnnamr naroapx rexnnxe npepoono narnocrnxn,
nanpnmep npn yntrpasnyxonom cxannponannn. Ecnn ona pasnnnaercx n reuenne
necxontxnx ne, neent n mecxnen nocne poxennx, ee naxoxr nyrem
nsmepennx ronont, enax penrren mosra nnn xomntmrepnym romorpa]nm. Ecnn
narnocrnxa n neuenne nponoxrcx na panne crann, npaxrnuecxn no ncex
cnyuaxx peenox pacrer c nopmantntm noxasarenem ymcrnennoro n ]nsnuecxoro
pasnnrnx. K coxanennm, npn orcyrcrnnn narnocrnxn nnn ecnn peenxa ne neuar,
rnpone]annx nneuer sa coo saepxxy n pasnnrnn nnrennexra, ontmne
orxnonennx n ]nsnonornn, cnenory, npnnaxn n nponemt c xoopnnanne
nnxenn.
uame ncero +ro saonenanne neuar xnpyprnuecxnm meroom, nnox n mosr
ncxyccrnennym rpyxy mynr. Onn xonen mynra nnonrcx n xenyouex, pyro
n nnym uacrt rena, otuno n pmmnym nonocrt. 3ro nosnonxer
cnnnnomosrono xnxocrn ntrexart ns mosra n nnnrtnartcx n xpont.
Bynrnponanne y ere otuno nponoxr nenarpt-nepoxnpyprn. Ono moxer
onerunrt xymne cnmnromt rnpone]annn, ocranonnn antnemee
nonpexenne mosra n pocr ronont, onaxo ne cnocono ncnpannrt yxe
cnyunnmnecx nonpexennx. Moxer nonaonrtcx n antnemee xnpyprnuecxoe
nmemarentcrno, nocxontxy mynr nao ynnnxrt no mepe pocra peenxa.
Bosmoxno, peenox ncera yer nyxartcx n raxom mynre. Ocnoxnenn y +ro
onepannn nourn ner, onaxo nnora nosnnxaer nn]exnnx nnn mynr nnoxo
ornonr xnxocrt. B ceptesntx cnyuaxx nn]exnnm neoxonmo neunrt, a
nencnpannocrt ycrpanxrt.

Hpanmn xnnyr n cpenem na 9 ner ontme nenme.
B pexnx cnyuaxx noxnxa noxnnxercx n y nspocntx nme, n x nnm npnmenxmrcx
re xe merot neuennx.
Boxnxy mosra ne ntneunrt nnauem peenxa
7
.
Mory nn n nonpen1t uosr, ecnn nmntm cnnmxou unoro nom?
Houxn cnocont cnpannrtcx c ontmnm oemom xnxocrn. Onaxo
reopernuecxn, ecnn nt yere nnrt noy es ocranonxn, nouxn ne ntepxar
narpysxn n rxann namero rena naunyr orexart. 3ro ornocnrcx n x rxanxm mosra.
Hponsoer ero orex. Ecnn nt ne npexparnre nnrt, ro ympere. uaxrnuecxn, nt
moxere onnrtcx o cmeprn.
Mory nn n npocyny1t nanen uepes ponnuox unaenna n o1pony1tcn o uosra?
He cronr nomart ronony na +rnm nonpocom. Ponnuox mnaenna naxonrcx na
noontmn xocrxmn uepena, n, xorx uepen nonopoxennoro c]opmnponan nnoxo,
rxant, noxptnammax ponnuox, ouent nnornax n xecrxax.
Moano nn n uenoneuecxnn uosr nc1ann1t nunnan1a1, u1om nanpnuym san1n n xountm1epnym asy annmx?
ent, xora +ro craner nosmoxntm, yxe ne sa ropamn. Ho mepe pasnnrnx nontx
rexnonorn uenoneuecxoe reno nonyuaer nce ontme neuenoneuecxnx +nemenron.
Bcxope nmn npenparxrcx n cocranntx cymecrn oruacrn nonornuecxnx,
oruacrn mexannuecxnx n +nexrponntx. Kax cxasan onn yuent, uenoneuecrno
npenparnrcx n meranme.
Hpecrantre, uro n nam mosr ncrannnn xpomeunt xomntmrep. 3ror xomntmrep
cnocoen nsanmoecrnonart c name namxrtm, mtcnnrentntmn nponeccamn n
onpartcx o nmtx xpannnnm nn]opmannn. Onaxt y nac noxnnrcx
nosmoxnocrt nocnrt n ronone coepxnmoe xnnr Hannonantno nnnorexn n
Kaneppe.

Hocunrano, uro n reuenne nx uenoneuecxn mosr nopoxaer npnmepno 70 000
mtcne.
Ecnn nt pemnre, uro +ro nayunax ]anracrnxa nnn yronnuecxne meurt, noymare
nor o uem. Texnonornuecxne nnnonannn enamr +ry ]anracrnxy nce onee
peantno. oxrop Iperopn Crox, no]nsnx ns Hpnncrona, cunraer, uro nmn,
cran cmemanntmn cymecrnamn, c nomomtm nxnnnennoro xomntmrepa ne
rontxo nonyuar ocryn x nnnorexam, no n cmoryr ncnontsonart cno mosr nx
mnoxecrna pyrnx neme. ymennte nponemt yyr n npomnoe, nocxontxy mt
cmoxem ycnoxannart cex, cocpeoraunnart nnnmanne nnn ncntrtnart
yonontcrnne c nomomtm xomntmrepntx nmnnanraron
8
.
B yymem uenoneuecxn mosr craner nacrontxo momntm, uro nmn yyr
cunrart nennuamnx rennen name conpemennocrn saypxntmn npocraxamn.
oxrop Crox yrnepxaer, uro n ocrantnoe uenoneuecxoe reno nsmennrcx nyrem
cnnxnnx c mexannsmamn. Bvoem ue ooua, a +uorecmeo :e.oee:ecrux qop+.
Hocro.irv +i cmaue+ ece armueuee roucmpvupoeami ceo, no:e+v oi ue ua:ami
oe+oucmpupoeami eo eueuue+ euoe uauux me. mom re vpoeeui pasuooopasu,
:mo ceeoou +i euou+ e ooeroe, +auuuax u opveux npeo+emax?.. Ho
cmauoapma+ maroeo ovovueeo +uoeouauoua.iuoe cooouecmeo noraremc
:pesei:auo oouopooui+.
Kora xe nce +ro nacrynnr? oxrop Crox ronopnr, uro nauano +pt meranme
yxe nnsxo. Komntmrepnte rexnonornn pasnnnamrcx nacrontxo crpemnrentno,
uro x xonny cneymmero ecxrnnernx noncemecrno cranyr npnmenxrtcx mosronte
nmnnanrart. H+n.aumami o. v.v:ueuu +iu.euu cmauvm maru+u re
pacnpocmpaueuui+u, rar ceeoouuuue c.vxoeie annapami.
oxrop Iperopn Crox cunraer: Hmnnanrart nx ynyumennx mtmnennx cranyr
raxnmn xe pacnpocrpanenntmn, xax ceronxmnne cnyxonte annapart.
Ho cnonam oxropa Croxa, meranmn cranyr cxopee npannnom, uem ncxnmuennem,
n ncx nama nnnnnnsannx xopenntm opasom nsmennrcx x nyumemy, uero n
uenoneuecxo ncropnn o cnx nop ne nponcxonno. On ormeuaer, uro nce aptept
ncuesnyr, nocxontxy nmax pasnnna mexy nmtmn n nannxmn noxaxercx
nesnaunrentno c rouxn spennx mexynaponoro coomecrna pasnnrtx
nocrnonornuecxnx nme. On nnmer: Bosuuraem +a.o co+ueuu e mo+, :mo
cepeouua c.eovmueeo mic:e.emu nopooum +ema:e.oeera, ue moeo, :mo ece+u
cu.a+u en.emc sa rusui, rar omo :acmo oe+oucmpupoea.oci e
nocmanora.unmu:ecrux qu.i+ax XX cmo.emu, uo soopoeoeo u npoeemamueeo,
maroeo re, rar u ece :e.oee:ecroe oouecmeo, e romopo+ earueuue npoo.e+i,
cmouue nepeo ua+u e XXI eere, ovovm peueui.
Hoxa oxrop Crox noxastnaer, xax mamnnt moxno nxnnnxrt n uenonexa, oxrop
Ianc Mopanex emoncrpnpyer, xax nme moxno nxnnnxrt n mamnnt. oxrop
Mopanex npexrop naoparopnn nepennxntx pooron n ynnnepcnrere
Kapnern-Mennon n Hnrrcypre. oxrop Mopanex erantno oxcnxer, xax nmn
cmoryr crart pooramn, xax yyr sarpyxart n xomntmrept cnom nnunocrt n xax
raxoro moxno ocrnut n reuenne nocneymmnx 50 ner. On onnctnaer
xomntmrepnym nnunocrt noonoro uenonexa-poora: Jma umvra c+orem
npooo.rami rusui :e.oeera, :ie cosuauue e uee sa.oram. V poooma ovovm me
re v+euu u ma re +omueau, noomo+v ou c+orem pacmumi oeme u oe.ami
ece, :mo oe.a. :e.oeer. Ha ca+o+ oe.e u no ece+ nparmu:ecru+ cooopareuu+,
maro pooom u ecmi :e.oee:ecroe cvuecmeo Bce, :mo oe.aem :e.oeer,
omo+v ucrvccmeeuuo+v sa+ecmume.m more nooe.acmuo. Hoomo+v, ec.u ei ue
re.aeme uasieami eeo :e.oeero+, c eaue cmopoui omo npocmo vnp+cmeo
9
.
uenoneuecxn mosr camt samnmennt opran rena. B nem or 100 o 200
mnnnnapon xnerox, pacnonoxenntx no rpemx oonouxamn.
oxrop Crox cunraer, uro ceronxmnne nonornuecxne nmn n xoneunom nrore
npnmyr n axe cranyr npnnercrnonart npnmecrnne nocrnonornuecxoro
merauenonexa, xaxnm t on nn tn. On ormeuaer, uro, xorx connantnte
ecnopxxn, neynepennocrt n nnmera n nnxamee npemx ne
ncuesnyr, :e.oee:ecmeo oeuremc r ooeamo+v u npoeemamue+v ovovue+v.
On nnxora ne cran t cosanart roro, uro emy ne npannrcx
10
.
Exerono onee 2500 nenme nornaer ns-sa ncnontsonannx npemeron,
cosanntx nx npanme.

Hpanmn xnnyr n cpenem na 9 ner ontme nenme.

Hocunrano, uro n reuenne nx uenoneuecxn mosr nopoxaer npnmepno 70 000
mtcne.
Cuory nn n nman1t, ecnn x1o-1o npo1xne1 une uosr noaou?
Jmo eonpoc roua Cmama us Mooucoua, Bucroucuu.

Cymecrnyer ontmoe uncno cnnerentcrn romy, uro nmn ntxnnann nocne na
nepnt nsrnx cmeprentntx pan, nanecenntx mosry. K npnmepy, 3nncon
Kennen, xnrentnnny Honona, 28 ner, yapnnn n ronony oxornnutnm noxom
nnno 20 canrnmerpon. Hox norpysnncx n ee uepen nourn o camo pyxoxrxn n
npotn ram onee 4 uacon, noxa npaun ero ne nsnnexnn.B sua.a v +eu e eo.oee
:mo-mo uaxooumc. B oompouv.aci oo pvromru u nou.a, :mo omo :mo-mo
oepo+uoe. B oi.a e vrace, nosxe ncnomnnana 3nncon. Bpaun cxasann, uro,
ecnn t nox cnerxa cnnnyncx, noxa naxonncx n mosre, 3nncon morna
mrnonenno ymepert. Bpaun tnn ntnyxent pacnnnnrt ee uepen n axxyparno
ntcnoonrt nox. Btracxnnart ero npnxonnoct rem xe nyrem, uro on nxonn.
Vnnnrentno, no nerarnnnte nocnecrnnx nx 3nncon oxasannct
nesnaunrentntmn. Hoxnnyn ontnnny, ona cnao nnena nentm rnasom n
uyncrnonana onemenne n neno pyxe. uepes nexoropoe npemx nce npomno
11
.
Bec mosra cocrannxer rontxo 2 % or neca namero rena.
Tpexnernxx rypenxax enouxa uyecntm opasom ntxnna nocne neotunoro
necuacrnoro cnyuax, n pesyntrare xoroporo y nee n uepene sacrpxn nox nx
paspesannx macna. Becrnnernn par uarmt emnpxn ns epennn
ernpmenanpnnn nonnsocrn or Cramyna no npemx nrpt cnyuano ronxnyn ee
na xyxonnt mxa]. Bpaun cxasann, uro uarma ynana na ryno nox, xoropt tn
nxnnnen n ment. 3ror nox na 3 mnnnnmerpa nomen n mosr enouxn. Ftna
nponeena cpounax onepannx no nsnneuennm noxa. Bpaun sanepnnn, uro uarmy
oxnaer nonnoe ntsoponnenne
12
.

Txant namero mosra no mnxpocxonom nanomnnaer no nnery caxapnym nary.
Ho raxne nponcmecrnnx ne ncera saxanunnamrcx xopomo. 21-nernn Tp+nnc
Forymnnn, tnmn maremarnuecxn renn ns O`Kn+p n Bncxoncnne, yrnepxaer,
uro ntne on yxe ne ror xopont maremarnxn, xoroptm tn npexe. Cnyuano
ntnymennt ns crponrentnoro nncronera rnost nonan emy n ronony,
yrnynnmnct na 8,9 canrnmerpa. Pauiue +ue +oe.u uaseami oea oevsua:uix
:uc.a, uanpu+ep, 56 u 23, u oi nepe+uoru. ux e cervuoi, ronopnr Forymnnn.
Tenept y nero nosnnxamr nponemt c maremarnuecxnmn saauamn, xoropte
noxaxyrcx npocrtmn otunomy uenonexy. Vnnnrentno, no Forymnnn axe ne
norepxn cosnannx, xora nanapnnx na crpoxe npncrannn x ero ronone
nnenmarnuecxn crponrentnt nncroner n ror ntcrpennn. Forymnnn mor xonrt
n ronopnrt. Ero sapann n ontnnny, n penrrenoncxn cnnmox noxasan, uro
rnost sacrpxn n npano one, mexy yxom n nepxne uacrtm mosra. Xnpypram
nonaonnoct onee nonyropa uacon, urot ntramnrt rnost. K coxanennm, no
cnonam oxropa xona Hamypo xnpypra, pyxononnmero onepannonno
xomano, rnost nonan n ry onacrt, xoropax orneuaer sa opaorxy
maremarnuecxo nn]opmannn. 3ro nponcmecrnne nonnnxno raxxe na namxrt n
cnyx Forymnnna
13
.
Bec mosra cocrannxer rontxo 2 % or neca namero rena, onaxo 20 % xponn,
npoxoxme uepes cepne, necer nnrarentnte nemecrna nmenno x mosry.

uenoneuecxn mosr camt samnmennt opran rena. B nem or 100 o 200
mnnnnapon xnerox, pacnonoxenntx no rpemx oonouxamn. Hepno oonouxo
xnnxercx cxantn, nropo uepen, rpertx cocronr ns mempan, oxpyxammnx
cnnnno n rononno mosr
14
.
Cxontxo nmen ncnxnuecxn ontnm?
3ro ouent cnoxno onpeennrt n rounocrn. Hoxasarenn pasnxrcx or crpant x
crpane. Cornacno onomy oruery, nspocnte ancrpannnt emoncrpnpymr
onontno ntcoxn yponent ncnxnuecxnx paccrpocrn: exerono nourn xaxt
nxrt xnrent xanyercx na rpenory, ceptesnte nponemt c nacrpoennem nnn na
xaxym-nno sanncnmocrt. Tpenoxnt ]axr, no rontxo 38 % nspocntx nme,
crpaammnx ceptesntmn ncnxnuecxnmn paccrpocrnamn (or nannuecxnx arax o
anxorontno sanncnmocrn), opamamrcx sa mennnncxo nomomtm
15,16
.
Camoe ontmoe xonnuecrno xnerox n namem mosre npnxonrcx na nyxnernn
nospacr.
Kaxon caumn npoc1on 1ec1 na ncnxnuecxoe soponte?
Ho cnonam nexoroptx ncnxnarpon, nce ecrnnrentno ouent npocro: nt sopont,
ecnn cnocont nonxrt rouxy spennx pyroro uenonexa.
B 1900 roy uacono repanenrnuecxn npnem y 3nrmyna upea cronn 8
onnapon 10 nenron no nenam ceronxmnero nx.

3ooncnx cocroxnne, n xoropom uenonex nnnr rannmnnnannn n opase
nyrammnx xnnorntx. Hanpnmep, +ro moryr trt ornetmamne smen nnn
nerammne nyxrononte xpoxonnt.

Ecnn c namnm pasymom nnuero ne nponsomno o 70 ner, cxopee ncero, c nnm n
antme nce yer n nopxxe.
Mory1 nn xne1xn uosra nocc1anannnna1tcn?
Crapoe nayunoe nonoxenne n mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoe mnenne rnacnr, uro
nepnnte xnerxn ne noccranannnnamrcx. Cunranoct, uro nepont ocote xnerxn
mosra, xnsnenno neoxonmte nenrpantno nepnno cncreme, nepecramr
ennrtcx npnmepno c roro nospacra, xora ern repxmr monounte syt, n
nocrenenno ormnpamr n reuenne ocranmecx xnsnn. Onaxo neanno yuente
onapyxnnn cnnerentcrna roro, uro n rnyoxnx cnoxx mosra nspocnoro uenonexa
nepnnte xnerxn nycxamr pocrxn. Htne c ocrarouno ynepennocrtm moxno
cxasart, uro y nspocntx nme orentnte yuacrxn mosra cnocont ocranartcx
monotmn nnn npoonxart ononnxrtcx. Ho cnonam oxropa upea
Iexa, uaue ucc.eooeauue norasieaem, :mo e :e.oee:ecro+ +osee npoucxooum
r.emo:ui eeuesuc u :mo +ose coxpauem nomeuua. o. ca+ooouoe.euu e
me:euue ecexnsnn
1719
.
Camoe ontmoe xonnuecrno xnerox n namem mosre npnxonrcx na nyxnernn
nospacr.

B 7 ner nam mosr ocrnraer cnoero nourn cronponenrnoro pasmepa.

V otunoro nanarnnernero uenonexa mosr rxxenee, uem tn pantme n uem
xora-nno craner eme. Onaxo ne rax naxen nec mosra, xax nec roro, uro n nem
xpannrcx.

3a nocnenne 2 mnnnnona ner uenoneuecxn mosr ynonncx n pasmepe. Hmn
nnonne moryr cxasart, uro snaunrentno noymnenn. Mosr nexoroptx nnon
xnnorntx raxxe ntpoc, no na nx nnrennexryantnoe pasnnrne +ro nnxax ne
nonnnxno.

Txant namero mosra no mnxpocxonom nanomnnaer no nnery caxapnym nary.
Heu uosr uyaunnm o1nnuae1cn o1 uosra aenmnnm?
Mnorne cnennanncrt yrnepxamr, uro crpyxrypt mosra nyx nonon nmemr
ropaso ontme cxocrn, uem pasnnun, uro pasnnunx +rn nesnaunrentnt n ne
nmemr ornomennx x opasonarentno nnn connantno nonnrnxe. Onaxo
nononte ornnunx n pasnnrnn mosra ecrt, n onn cnxsant c nonontmn ropmonamn.
Heannee nccneonanne yxastnaer na ro, uro nononte ropmonte.voo:auu+
oopaso+ e.umm ua eo.oeuo u cnuuuo +ose, ua:uua c eeo paseumu e
vmpooui nepuoo u oa.ee e me:euue ece rusuu. Tax, nanpnmep, myxcxo
ropmon recrocrepon :pesei:auo armueeu oo poroeuu, a reucru eop+ou
ocmpoeeu er.m:aemc e paoomv nosre, onpeoe. npoucxoouee e eunnora+ne,
cmpvrmvpe +osea, noxore ua +opcroeo rouira, romopa, no ooue+v +ueuum,
e.emc e+ecmu.uue+ na+mu u o+ou.
Hononte ropmont nnnxmr na rononno n cnnnno mosr, naunnax c ero pasnnrnx n
yrpont nepno n anee n reuenne nce xnsnn.
pyrne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nocroxnnte nsmenennx n myxcxom mosre
naunnamrcx rora, xora +mpnon operaer uenoneuecxne ueprt n naunnaer
ntpaartnart ontmne ost recrocrepona. 3ro orxptrne moxer npoxcnnrt,
nouemy myxunnt uame nonepxent raxnm nenponornuecxnm saonenannxm, xax
ncnexcnx, mnso]pennx n ercxn ayrnsm, rora xax xenmnnt ontme crpaamr
or rpenorn, enpeccnn n nnmentx paccrpocrn. Bce nmecre +ro yxastnaer na
onee naxnym pont recrocrepona n +crporena n ]opmnponannn mosra, uem
npenonaranoct panee. Ho cnonam oxropa Mapraper Maxxaprn, eop+oui
eosoecmevmm ua +ose e me:euue ece rusuu :e.oeera, uo ue ece omo epe+ ouu
oecmevmm oouuaroeo
20,21
.
Honauany mosr xaxoro uenonexa ]opmnpyercx xax xencxn. Hsnecrno, uro
rnnnunt myxcxo mosr ornnuaercx no noxnmnuecxomy cocrany or rnnnunoro
xencxoro. Fomapnponxa mosra +mpnona recrocreponom macxynnnnsnpyer
oprannsm. Ecnn recrocrepona na pannnx cranxx neocrarouno, macxynnnnsannn
ne nponcxonr.

Cornacno nccneonannxm, nponeenntm n Hncrnryre xona Xonxnnca, no mepe
crapennx xenmnnt ropaso nyume nomnxr npomnoe, uem myxunnt.
H1o 1axoe nnaneo n nacxontxo enc1nennmu ono nnnne1cn n opte cosnannn n ua1epnn?
Hnaneo, nepoxrno, camoe +]]exrnnnoe nexapcrno, nsnecrnoe nayxe,
npecrannxer coo ncero-nancero samacxnponannym ranerxy ns caxapa.
oxasano, uro npnmepno 70 % nme nonpannxmrcx, ecnn nepxr, uro nexapcrno,
xoropoe onn npnnnmamr, cnocono nx ntneunrt axe ecnn n ranerxe ner
nnxaxnx nexapcrnenntx nemecrn. 3ro n nastnaercx +]]exrom nnaneo.
Honemne nccneonannx noxastnamr, nacxontxo naxntm nx uenoneuecxoro
sopontx xnnxercx ncnxonornuecxn ]axrop.
Cnono nnaneo nponcxonr or narnncxo ]past, osnauamme x t xoren
nonpannrtcx. Ouent noxoxnm opasom nsanmoecrnymr reno n mosr. Ho
cnonam oxropa Kpnca Knapxa, ncnxonora c orenennx ncnxonornn n
ynnnepcnrere Honoro Rxnoro V+ntca, +ro cnono onxno tno t osnauart ne
,x t xoren nonpannrtcx", a x ne snam"
22
.
K1o nanonee noa1nnn nosenc1nnm nnaneo?
oxrop xoan anxan n oxrop xemc H+p yrnepxamr, uro nnaneo
ocoenno +]]exrnnno ecrnyer na nme, ouent uyncrnnrentntx x nnemnnm
]axropam n connantnomy annennm. Taxnm opasom, nyume ncero nnaneo nnnxer
na rex, xem nerue mannnynnponart, xro noaercx na yronopt pexnamt n onee
onepunn. 3ro nerxo oxcnxer, nouemy ]antmnnte nexapcrna ncera yyr
nmert roront ptnox. Hexapcrno, n xoropom ne coepxnrcx noxnmnuecxnx
nemecrn, onaammnx nexapcrnenno cnno, nnnxer na cncremy mosra,
orneuammym sa nponsnocrno +nop]nnon, y rex, xro nanonee nocnpnnmunn x
pexnamntm xoam noentntx npoyxron, nesanncnmo or roro, nacxontxo
npeynennuenno nnn neecrecrnenno ntrnxnr raxax pexnama.

Honte nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro cocrnennt oprannsm camt nyumn
oxrop.
Honte nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro cocrnennt oprannsm camt nyumn
oxrop.

Poc1 nonoc
42 % ntctx myxunn, npnnnmammnx nnaneo, nno coxpanxmr, nno
ynennunnamr uncno nonoc na ronone.

Ac1ua
B Benecy+ne ntxanne nexapcrna-nnaneo nomoraer erxm, ontntm acrmo,
ynennunrt paory cnonx nerxnx na 33 %.

Anneprnn
noncxne nccneonannx noxasann, uro nmn, noneprnynmnecx nosecrnnm
noxnoro xonnroro nnmma (ncero nnmt noxoxero na ror, uro ntstnaer
anneprnm), sapaorann nacroxmym ctnt.

Bont
Kora nmxm, npnnnmanmnm yuacrne n nccneonannn, ronopnnn, uro ceuac nm
na nory ynaer rxxent oexr, n nx mosre nanmanact axrnnnocrt, xoropym
nccneonarenn cnxstnann c nocnpnxrnem onn
23, 24
.
B nacroxmee npemx npaun snamr, uro mnorne nmnrenn xo]e ncnontsymr xo]enn
nx optt c enpeccne.

Knracxax mennnna ncnontsyer mapnxyany n mennnncxnx nenxx nx neuennx
paccexnnocrn.

Ona reopnx rax oxcnxer pacnpocrpanennoe nosecrnne anxoronx na uenonexa:
anxoront crnmynnpyer npanym onm namero mosra. 3ro nonymapne orneuaer sa
noopaxenne, spnrentnte opast n rnopuecxne cnoconocrn. Ononpemenno
anxoront norpyxaer n onenenenne nenoe nonymapne, ynpannxmmee namxrtm,
eranxmn n ornercrnennocrtm.

Hannenrt ncnxnarpnuecxnx xnnnnx pexo xanymrcx na rononnte onn.

Kora connne cxptnaercx sa onaxamn, n oxnnnym, nacmypnym noroy, uncno
nme, ncntrtnammnx mnrpent, ynennunnaercx.

Onn ns cnocoon onerunrt rononnym ont oxynyrt pyxn n ropxuym noy.
Kaxon caumn 1ounmn npnsnax mnsoqpennn?
Ho cnonam npaua ns Can-upannncxo, oxropa nna 3enna, omnm cnmnromom
nx ncex mnso]pennxon xnnxmrcx cnyxonte rannmnnnannn ronoca
25
.
Onn ns cnocoon onerunrt rononnym ont oxynyrt pyxn n ropxuym noy.
Kaxona npnunna y1pennero rononoxpyaennn?
Vrpennee rononoxpyxenne ouent pacnpocrpanennoe xnnenne. Ono nastnaercx
nocrypantntm nontmenntm annennem. Ho +ro nnmt xocnenno ornocnrcx x
nonoxennm rena n concem ne yxastnaer na ro, uro y nac ecrnnrentno
nontmennoe annenne. 3ro noome ne snaunr, uro y nac xaxne-ro nponemt co
sopontem. Kora nt nonnmaerect c nocrenn, nam rpeyercx npemennoe
nontmenne xponxnoro annennx no cpannennm c rem, xaxoe tno, xora nt
nexann. 3ro nyxno nx roro, urot n mosr nocrynnno ocrarouno xponn. Kora
nt menxere nosy, oprannsm anromarnuecxn perynnpyer annenne. Onaxo ne
ncera +ro nponcxonr mrnonenno. B raxom cnyuae annenne cnerxa naaer, ns-sa
uero y nac naunnaer xpyxnrtcx ronona. Hocne roro xax nt onro nexann,
anronomnax nepnnax cncrema, xonrponnpymmax xponxnoe annenne n cxopocrt
nyntca, moxer uyrt menennee pearnponart na nsmenenne nost. Hocrypantnoe
nontmennoe annenne noxnnxercx uame npn oesnoxnnannn oprannsma
26
.
Heu naxne1 uosr?
Jmo eonpoc Kaccauopi rvu us Kamv+oi, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Ho camtm naexntm yrnepxennxm, uenoneuecxn mosr naxner xax senent ctp.
uenonexy rpeyercx mentme nononnnt cexynt (or 250 o 450 mnnnncexyn),
urot nonxrt nsopaxenne nmoro npnntunoro npemera.
Hacxontxo mc1po npo1exam1 nponeccm ummnennn?
uenonexy rpeyercx mentme nononnnt cexynt (or 250 o 450 mnnnncexyn),
urot nonxrt nsopaxenne nmoro npnntunoro npemera. Hccneonarenn ns
nncrnryra xona Xonxnnca ncnontsonann ymepennt +nexrpnuecxn rox nx
nsmepennx mosrono axrnnnocrn n pasnnunte npemennte nnrepnant
27
.
Mosronte nonnt tnamr uertpex nnon: ant]a, xora mt cnnmaem nanpxxenne;
era, xora mt pasmtmnxem na nponemamn; rera, xora nac osapxmr xpxne
nen; entra, xora mt cnnm.

uenoneuecxn mosr coepxnr na rnna nepnntx xnerox: nepont n rnnn.
Hepont orneuamr sa rpancnxnnm nn]opmannn nnyrpn mosra. Kaxt nepon
cocronr ns axcona, noctnammero nn]opmannm, n enpnra, xoropt ee
nonyuaer. Innx npecrannena n 10 pas ontmnm xonnuecrnom xnerox n ]opmnpyer
cno, samnmammn nepont.

Mosr ncnontsyer n 10 pas ontme xncnopoa, uem nce ocrantnte uacrn rena,
nmecre nsxrte.

Cymecrnyer ycrounnoe mnenne, uro uenoneuecxn mosr ncnontsyer npnmepno 15
% cnonx nosmoxnocre.

Knerxn mosra nepeamr nn]opmannm ouent tcrpo, onaxo conpemennte
xomntmrept nepeamr ee n 100 000 pas tcrpee, uem nepont.

nx npocroro pacnosnanannx reomerpnuecxo ]opmt xpyra, xnapara nnn
rpeyrontnnxa nam mosr saecrnyer oxono 25 mnnnnonon nepnntx xnerox.

Bnonne nosmoxno, uro uenoneuecxn mosr cnocoen coxpannrt 10 rpnnnnonon
ar nn]opmannn.
Moae1 nn uosr yuentmn1tcn?
Bam mosr moxer ymentmnrtcx ns-sa rpanmt. Hccneonannx nornepxamr, uro y
nme, nepexnnmnx cnntnt crpecc ncnecrnne noenntx ecrnn nnn
cexcyantnoro nacnnnx, neotuno manentxn rnnnoxamn. Honaramr, uro
rnnnoxamn crpyxrypa mosra, no ]opme nanomnnammax mopcxoro xontxa,
perynnpyer namxrt. Cornacno nccneonannxm oxropa Tamapt Iypnnn, noennte,
crpaammne nocrrpanmarnuecxnmn paccrpocrnamn nocne nternamcxo nont,
repxmr oxono 24 % or nennunnt cnoero rnnnoxamna. Hccneonannx oxropa
Mmppe Bran ronopxr o rom, uro xenmnnt, nepexnnmne cexcyantnoe nacnnne,
repxmr oxono 5 % or nennunnt rnnnoxamna. Onaxo yuente ne moryr rouno
cxasart, xecroxne nn rpanmt sacrannxmr rnnnoxamn ymentmartcx nnn
neontmne no nennunne rnnnoxamnt xaxnm-ro opasom cnxsant c
npepacnonoxennocrtm x rpanmarnuecxnm cnryannxm
28
!
30
.
B reuenne uenoneuecxo xnsnn xnerxn mosra nocrenenno ncuesamr. Onaxo mosr
ymeer xopomo npncnocannnartcx. Taxax nnacrnunocrt nomoraer emy
cnpannxrtcx c norepe xnerox. Mosr moxer xomnencnponart crapenne nnn axe
rpanmy, nsmenxx cocrnennym crpyxrypy. Otuno n raxnx cnyuaxx menxmrcx
xonnuecrno n +]]exrnnnocrt cnxse mexy neponamn.
H1o 1axoe xpa1xonpeuennan oman aunesnn?
3ro nnesannax norepx namxrn, rnyoxax, no npemennax. uenonex, crpaammn or
amnesnn, ne repxer cosnannx. Cnycrx necxontxo uacon namxrt nocrenenno
nosnpamaercx n nopmy. Otuno raxoe c uenonexom tnaer nnmt pas n xnsnn.
Cunraercx, uro noonax amnesnx moxer ornocnrtcx x nontmennomy xponxnomy
annennm. pyrne cnnerentcrna ronopxr o rom, uro ona cnxsana c
nepenanpxxennem n cexcyantno axrnnnocrn y rex nme, xro ne npnntx x raxnm
narpysxam n crpeccam.
Bt xora-nnyt pasronapnnann camn c coo, xora o uem-ro pasmtmnxnn?
Hcnxonornuecxne nccneonannx yxastnamr na ro, uro mnorne nmn
pasronapnnamr camn c coo. Hoonte ecet npenonaramr ntcoxn yponent
nnrennexra. Pasronapnnax c coo ncnyx, nt yunrect romy, o uem ronopnre.
Pao1ae1 nn cmnopo1xa npanm?
Fontmnncrno +xcnepron cxoxrcx n rom, uro rax nastnaemax ctnoporxa npant
ne paoraer nnn, no xpane mepe, ne naexna n xoneuntx pesyntrarax. Ho
nnnxnnem ctnoporxn npant otunte nmn uacro npoonxamr npnepxnnartcx
nxn, a nenpornxn nnora cosnamrcx n npecrynnennxx, xoroptx ne conepmann.
Hcrnnnte xe ncnxonart aconmrno nenpecxasyemt.
Hpana nn, u1o ecnn sacny1t, pasummnnn o xaxon-1o nponeue, 1o nay1po ee uoano nerxo pemn1t?
Cymecrnymr nexoropte cnnerentcrna roro, uro +ro ecrnnrentno rax, xorx,
nosmoxno, ne nmte nponemt n ne no ncex cnryannxx. Hccneonanne
noxastnaer, uro nama xparxonpemennax namxrt na 15 % +]]exrnnnee yrpom, uem
neuepom. Ho+romy, ecnn nt uro-nnyt sannctnaere n reuenne nx n neuepom ne
moxere ncnomnnrt, re sanncann, nooxnre o yrpa n noymare o +rom cpasy
nocne roro, xax npocnerect.
Henax cropona uenoneuecxoro mosra orneuaer sa xonrpont peun. Henax cropona
mosra nrnnt ynpannxer nennem. Ho xpane mepe n +rom mosr nme cxox c
mosrom nrnnt.

B nponecce mtmnennx y xenmnn npnrexaer x mosry ontme xponn, uem y
myxunn. Onaxo snaunmocrt +roro ]axra ne nsyuena.

Ho cnonam +xcnepron, name ncnxnuecxoe soponte nyume ncero o 24 ner n nocne
64. B 20 ner uenonex nonon +neprnn, oxnann n ynepennocrn n rom, uro on
cmoxer nce npeoonert. B 60 ner, xorx +neprnn, xax npannno, yxe mentme,
uenonex nonnmaer, uro on npomen uepes mnoroe n renept ero npx nn uro-nnyt
ynnnr.

Ecnn nt nenma, ro, cxopee ncero, nama mart tna nenmo, a oren npanmo.

Heonomennte mnaennt n 5 pas uame tnamr nenmamn.

Hmn, crpaammne ncnexcne, n 12 pas uame oxastnamrcx nenmamn.

Hponenr xypxmnx nenme ropaso ntme, uem xypxmnx npanme.

Henmn nontsymrcx npano pyxo ropaso uame, uem npanmn neno.

Xenmnnt n nospacre 40 ner na 128 % uame poxamr nenme.
Inana 3
Ionona

F cnoem copnnxe crnxon Hapent ns Bponmnpa no+r Ant]pe 3nap
Xaycmann (18591936) nncan: Hvcma eo.oea u oo.moeu oo.ee:am oo.eu
nvmi. Her, Xaycmann ornmt ne npecxastnan noxnnenne conpemenntx
mtntntx onep. Onaxo, nocxontxy on ynomnnaer ronony, o xoropo mt yem
paccxastnart nnxe (y xaxoro ns nac ecrt no ono), +rn crpoxn xnnxmrcx
necxontxo nenonxnm ncrynnennem x romy, uro nocneyer anee.
Hnno uenonexa n mennnne nmeer cno repmnn regio facialis.
Hpana nn, u1o ueu ontme uepen, 1eu yunee uenonex?
Hmn saamr +ror nonpoc yxe onee 200 ner, n ero oxpyxaer mnoxecrno mn]on.
Hcenonayxa no nasnannem ]penonornx ocnonana na reopnn, yrnepxamme,
uro pasmep uepena, ero ]opma n ntnyxnocrn onpeenxmr ym, nnunocrt n axe
nonoxenne uenonexa na pene +nonmnnn. upenonornx ocrnrna nnxa
nonynxpnocrn n xonne XIX nauane XX nexa. Mt moxem pas n nancera
pasnenuart mn] o rom, uro uem ontme pasmep ronont, rem uenonex ymnee. 3ro
nornepxeno nccneonannxmn, nponeenntmn oxropom Tepeso Fpennan ns
orenennx nenarpnn npn Mennnncxom nenrpe ynnnepcnrera Bnpxnnnn n
Bapnorrecnnnne. Ona nsyuana, cymecrnyer nn cnxst mexy ornocnrentno
neontmnmn rononamn y ere n nx antnemnm pasnnrnem.
Hccneonarenn ncnontsonann cranaprnte recrt na pasnnrne, nxnmuanmne recrt
na IQ Cr+n]opa Fnnera (y ere 4 ner) n mxany nnrennexra V+ucnepa (y ere
7 ner). Komana oxropa Fpennan ne onapyxnna pasnnunx n pasnnrnn y ere c
ornocnrentno neontmnmn rononamn n y ere co cpennmn nnn cpannnrentno
ontmnmn rononamn
1
.
Ho cnonam +xcnepron, name ncnxnuecxoe soponte nyume ncero o 24 ner n nocne
64.
Hoxoxne nccneonannx nornepnnn, uro pente] uepena raxxe ne nnnxer na
pesyntrar pasnnrnx. Komana yuentx nanmana sa neonomenntmn ertmn.
Pyxononna yuentmn oxrop 3nncon 3nnnman ns Hononcxo xencxo
ontnnnt xoponent Bapnorrt
2
. Xant, xoneuno, uro pasmep mnxnt ne nmeer
ornomennx x ymy, noromy uro n +rom cnyuae recrt na nnrennexr enannct t
pynerxo.
Ho cnonam cnennanncron no axynynxrype, na ronone cymecrnyer rouxa, naxan na
xoropym nt nepecraere uyncrnonart rono. Ona naxonrcx no nnanne npxmo
nepe yxom.

Vcranonneno, uro, ecnn nt naxmypnrect 200 000 pas, na ny opasyercx ona
mopmnna.
Moae1 nn an1t o1pesannan ronona?
B name npemx mennnna nnonne cnocona cenart rax, uro orpesannax
uenoneuecxax ronona yer xnrt. B 1988 roy amepnxancxoe npannrentcrno
ntnncano narenr na nnptcxnnammee ycrpocrno, coxpanxmmee xnsnt
xnpyprnuecxn orenenno or rena ronone. Ho cnonam epxarenx narenra,
naroapx ero mamnne n conpemenntm nexapcrnam, cnocontm yanxrt ns mosra
xponxnte crycrxn n pyrne orxot, orpesannax uenoneuecxax ronona cmoxer
coxpanxrtcx xnno ecxoneuno onro. Hponeypa rpeyer, urot ronony
xnpyprnuecxn orennnn or rena n nepxne uacrn men, nocrannnn neprnxantno n
npncoennnnn x nnptcxnnammemy npnopy. Hpnop cocronr npenmymecrnenno
ns nnacrnxontx rpyox, coennxmmnx ]ynxnnonantnte cocyt ronont n men c
nnpxynxnnonntmn mexannsmamn, noepxnnammnmn mosr xnntm.
Bnptcxnnanne npenonaraer nponecc ncxyccrnenno nnpxynxnnn xncnopoa,
xponn, xnxocre n pyrnx +nemenron, nnrammnx mosr. Hcnontsonanne +roro
npnopa nosnonnr ymart, rnasam nnert, ymam cntmart, nexam saxptnartcx no
npemx cna, a raxxe ocymecrnnxrt nexoropte pyrne ]ynxnnn mosra.
Hycrax ronona n onronnx oneruar onrn nyrt, no+r A. 3.Xaycmann
Hpana na +ror npnop narenr CBA 4666425 nmeer uer unemnnr ns Cenr-
Hynca, monexynxpnt nonor, nnxenep n anoxar, neymn narenrnte ena.
Harenr tn an na ocnone onnx nnmt ueprexe. Taxo napnanr nastnaercx
narenrom na yymee, nocxontxy on ne npenonaraer cymecrnymmnx paounx
moene. Mncrep unemnnr nnannpyer nocrponrt cnom mamnny n npeocrannrt ee
+xcnepnmenraropam. On nnmer n British Medical Journal: Texuo.oeu o.
noooeprru rusueoeme.iuocmu e ompesauuo eo.oee u+eem earuvm
nomeuua.iuvm no.isv rar o. uav:uix ucc.eooeauu, mar u o. npoo.euu
rusuu e cosuame.iuo+ cocmouuu, npeono.aeamue+ eos+oruocmi ooueuu, u,
eepomuo, c +euiue oo.im, romopvm ceeoou ucnimieamm +uoeue .mou.
Ca+i c.orui eonpoc sar.m:aemc e mo+, nepeeecm .u npeu+vuecmea omoeo
+emooa eeo ueoocmamru u onacuocmu
3
.

Hocunrano, uro, ecnn xaxte 10 cexyn cryuart ronono o creny, cxnraercx 150
xanopn n uac.
Mncrep unemnnr cunraer, uro onepannx no orenennm ronont or rena n
ncnontsonanne ero nsoperennx yer nmert cnonx xnnenron. On nnmer: B
ooua.c c no.vomruuo .moe, romopie xome.u suami, roeoa mara onepau
+orem oimi oocmvnua u cro.iro oua ovoem cmoumi. Heromopie us uux
v+upamm, opveue napa.usoeaui. Bo.iuuucmeo eoeopm, :mo ec.u cosuauue
ocmauemc cui+ u eo.oea c+orem ov+ami, no+uumi, euoemi, :umami,
c.iuami u eoeopumi, ec.u oma onepau eeoem r oec:vecmeum me.a uure ueu,
usoae. om oo.u, ouu oaovm ceoe coe.acue.
B 1988 roy mncrep unemnnr onynnxonan na cocrnennte cpecrna xnnry no
nasnannem Ec.u oi Mi Moe.u Coxpauumi usui e Ompesauuo Io.oee
4
. B +rom
nayunom rpye on onpeenxer cyrt cnonx ycnnn, nanpannenntx na cosanne
nnptcxnnammero ycrpocrna. On yrnepxaer, uro ono ns npnunn nonyuennx
narenra xnnnoct crpemnenne samnrnrt +ry rexnonornm or nonaannx n rpxsnte
pyxn. Kpome roro, on oemaer cenart cno npnop ocrynntm .moo+v v:euo+v
u.u xupvpev, re.amue+v eeo onpoooeami na xnnorntx nnn na uenonexe.
Onaxo, npexe uem +ro cenart, onn onxnt npoxoncyntrnponartcx c rpemx
nesanncnmtmn rpynnamn +xcnepron, noontmn rem, uro yxe cymecrnymr no
ncex snaunrentntx ynnnepcnrerax crpant.
Ono rpynno onxen crart Komnrer no samnre xnnorntx, xoropt yer
xonrponnponart +xcnepnmenrt na xnnorntx. pyro rpynna neuenoro
nanmennx, orneuammax sa +xcnepnmenrt na nmxx. Hocnene rpynno
onxen crart Komnrer neueno noesonacnocrn, xypnpymmn +xcnepnmenrt n
onacrn renno nnxenepnn.
3xcnepnmenrt na xnnorntx, cnxsannte c orpesannem ronon, nennct c nauana XX
nexa. B nsnecrnom +xcnepnmenre 1907 roa nennxom tna nepecaxena nepxnxx
nononnna rynonnma coaxn. 3a +ry paory ]pannyscxn ]nsnonor Anexcnc
Kappent nonyunn n 1912 roy Hoenencxym npemnm.
Hmn enncrnennte mnexonnrammne c ntcrynammnm noopoxom.
Bosmoxno, camt snamennrt +xcnepnmenr n +ro onacrn tn nponeen n
nauane 70-x roon. B 1971 roy na xon]epennnn xnpypron, npoxonnme n Htm-
Xenene, 5 npaue ns ynnnepcnrera Kes Becrepn Pesepn n Knnnnene npecrannnn
oxasarentcrna roro, uro onn moryr noepxnnart xnsnt n oestxnte ronone na
nporxxennn 36 uacon. Hnep xomant, oxrop Poepr Var, yrnepxaer, uro
oestxnt ocranannct nonnocrtm n cosnannn. On ormeuan: Hauu rueomuie ue
cna.u: ouu c.eooea.u sa ua+u ese.oo+, e.u u rvca.uci, ec.u +i ueocmoporuo
npouocu.u ceou ueruie pvru +u+o ux pma
5
.
Ho cnonam mncrepa unemnnra, npnunnt rnenn oestxn Vara xptnnct e
nepeusoimre eenapuua, ro.u:ecmeo romopoeo e uaue epe+ +oruo cuurami
ucrvccmeeuui+ oopaso+. Ienapnn +ro nemecrno, npenxrcrnymmee
cneprtnannm xponn. Mncrep unemnnr oannxer, uro ceeoou ucc.eooeauue
npoeooumc ua uenoeperoeuuix +oseax, npooo.ramuux eeuepupoeami eo.ui
noc.e moeo, rar voa.eui ece opeaui :vecme u :epenua ropoora.
Coxpanenne orpesanntx uenoneuecxnx ronon nonnmaer nenepoxrnoe xonnuecrno
+rnuecxnx, mpnnuecxnx n mennnncxnx nonpocon
6
. H ecnn ecrnnrentno
cymecrnymr nmn, xoropte npenounn t raxym onepannm, +ro oxastnaer
nnmt ro, nacxontxo oruaxnno nexoropte ns nac nennxmrcx sa naexy nponennx
xnsnn n xaxo t ]opme ona nn tna
7
.
Hocunrano, uro, ecnn xaxte 10 cexyn cryuart ronono o creny, cxnraercx 150
xanopn n uac.
Houeuy rononm unaennen mnunanse 1ax nanounnam1 rononm uenoneuecxnx unaennen, a rononm nspocnmx mnunanse snaun1entno
o1nnuam1cn o1 ronon nspocnmx nmen?
3ro nectma nponnnarentnoe nanmenne. Ecnn cpnrt mepcrt na nnne n ronone
erentma mnmnanse, sanepnyrt ero reno n nenenxn n ne cnnmxom rmarentno
npnrnxtnartcx, on moxer corn sa uenoneuecxoro erentma. Bnpouem, ymn y
+rnx oestxn onontno ontmne, rax uro samernrt nonor ne cocrannr rpya.
Onaxo n nmom cnyuae erentmn mnmnanse n uenonexa ntrnxxr upesntuano
noxoxnmn, a nspocnte nmn n mnmnanse cnntno ornnuamrcx pyr or pyra.
Mnaennt uenonexa or poxennx onaamr xpyrntm uepenom, nnocxnm nocom n
raxo xe uenmcrtm, xax n erentmn mnmnanse. uenoneuecxne +mpnont n
+mpnont mnmnanse, a raxxe nponecct pasnnrnx nnoa oonx mnexonnrammnx
eme onee cxoxn, uem nx nonopoxennte ern! Onaxo mosr uenoneuecxoro
mnaenna tcrpo pacrer, rora xax cxopocrt pocra mosra nonopoxennoro
mnmnanse nocrenenno samenxercx. Ho mepe roro xax mnmnanse nspocneer, ero
uenmcrt ntaercx nnepe, noc ocraercx nnocxnm, syt ynennunnamrcx, a
naponnte yrn cranonxrcx onee ntnyxntmn. uepenno cno y +rnx xnnorntx
nnxe n mentme uenoneuecxoro.
Ho cnonam oxropa Crnnena x. Iyna, snamennroro naneononora ns
Iapnapcxoro ynnnepcnrera, pasnnna mexy nmtmn n mnmnanse cocronr n rom,
uro uenoneuecxn mosr pacrer tcrpee n ontme. uenoneuecxn uepen
npncnocannnaercx x cnoemy coepxnmomy, urot noxonrt mosry, xax
nepuarxa x pyxe
8
.
H1o nmsmnae1 rononnym ont?
unsnonornuecxax npnunna rononno onn o cnx nop ne nsnecrna. Cymecrnymr
no xpane mepe 4 ocnonnte reopnn, oxcnxmmne ee nponcxoxenne.
Hanonee pacnpocrpanennax reopnx rnacnr, uro xponenocnte cocyt n cxantne,
nnrammne ronony n nnno, cyxamrcx n pacmnpxmrcx nenpannntno, pacrxrnnax
crenxn aprepn. Fonente penenropt nnnsn +rnx crenox ]nxcnpymr ont. Mosr
cam no cee ne uyncrnyer onn, nocxontxy y nero ner onentx penenropon.
Bropax reopnx cocronr n rom, uro mtmnt ronont n men cnocont coxpamartcx n
nnora xonnyntcnnno cxnmamrcx. 3ror nponecc sanycxaer onente cnrnant.
Mnaennt uenonexa or poxennx onaamr xpyrntm uepenom, nnocxnm nocom n
raxo xe uenmcrtm, xax n erentmn mnmnanse.
Tpertx reopnx yrnepxaer, uro rononnax ont naunnaercx c nonnt nnsxoro
+nexrpnuecrna, npoxoxme no nonepxnocrn mosra n napymamme nopmantnt
ocryn xncnopoa n xponenocnte cocyt xoxn uepena. Hanpxxennte cocyt
crnmynnpymr onente penenropt.
B uernepro reopnn ronopnrcx o rom, uro n xnerounom omene nemecrn n rxanxx
mosra nponcxonr nesnaunrentnt xnmnuecxn ncananc, nxnmuammn
menaropt
9
.
Ho cnonam oxropa Hnxa Xo]]mana, uepena pyrnx xnnorntx na momenr
poxennx n nenom c]opmnponant. Onaxo y uenoneuecxoro mnaenna uepennte
mnt npn poxennn ne saxptrt n xocrn eme ne ornepenn nonnocrtm.
Xnsnennax neoxonmocrt nx pasnnrnx uenonexa snaunrentnoe ynennuenne
mosra
10
.
Cxontxo nnon rononnon onn cymec1nye1?
Cymecrnyer no mentme mepe rpn nna rononno onn, ne cunrax ro, xoropax
tnaer or otxnonenno npocryt, rpnnna, cnnycnra n pyrnx saonenann. K
nnm ornocxrcx anxmax rononnax ont, mnrpent n rncramnnonax ont.
Hanonee pacnpocrpanennax ont anxmax. Taxax ont cosaer crxrnnammee
omymenne n nyntcannm, pacnpocrpanxmmymcx no ronone noxpyr onacrn,
coornercrnymme ooxy mnxnt.
Font npn mnrpenn otuno nxnmuaer nyntcnpymmym ont c ono cropont
ronont, romnory n uyncrnnrentnocrt x mymy. Hacrynnennm mnrpenn moryr
npemecrnonart nnoxax aypa (nnsyantnoe nenponornuecxoe napymenne), a
raxxe nepement n nacrpoennn. Bosmoxno, o 15 % ancrpannnen crpaamr or
cnyuantx, nepnonuecxnx nnn nocroxnntx mnrpene ntcoxo nnrencnnnocrn.
Menee pacnpocrpanena rncramnnonax ont. 3ra ocrpax ont nosnnxaer c ono
cropont ronont n nnna n nnrcx or 20 mnnyr o 2 uacon. Iononnax ont
nonropxercx onn nnn onee pas n reuenne onoro nnn necxontxnx ne, neent
nnn mecxnen. 3arem ona npexpamaercx na nnrentnt cpox, no nnmt nx roro,
urot nnont nepnyrtcx es xaxnx t ro nn tno nnnmtx npnunn
11
.
Hmn enncrnennt nn mnexonnrammnx, y xoroptx onnr ronona.
Hepeae1cn nn rononnan ont no nacnec1ny?
Hpecrannxercx nnonne nosmoxntm, uro rononnax ont nepeaercx no
nacnecrny. Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro nexoropte ns nac poroeui, :mooi
ucnimieami eo.oeuvm oo.i. Cornacno ono mennnncxo reopnn, xoropax
nocrenenno operaer nce onee mnpoxym noepxxy, nexoropte nmn
renernuecxn npepacnonoxent x rononno onn.
Fontmnncrno nme, crpaammnx or nepnonuecxnx rononntx one, poxent c
nonornuecxo cxnonnocrtm x romy, urot nx ncntrtnart.
oxrop xo+nt Cenep cunraer, uro oo.iuuucmeo .moe, cmpaoamuux om
nepuoou:ecrux eo.oeuix oo.e, poroeui c ouo.oeu:ecro cr.ouuocmim r mo+v,
:mooi ux ucnimieami. Huoo oma cr.ouuocmi ecmi, .uoo uem, u, ec.u oua ecmi,
ua eosuuruoeeuue eo.oeuo oo.u cnocooui e.umi ca+ie pasuie eeuu, marue rar
us+eueuue noeooi u.u uevoa:ui oeui ua paoome
12
.
K coxanennm, nepnonuecxax rononnax ont, nacrnrammax 1 ns 20 uenonex,
naxonrcx nepno n cnncxe one, or xoroptx nmn nmyr ncnenennx, rax
cunraer oxrop Cenep: Hoc.eouue ucc.eooeauu vrasieamm ua ouoxu+u:ecroe
paspvueuue e +osee, cosoamuee npeopacno.oreuuocmi r eo.oeuo oo.u. Onaxo
nccneonarenn nce eme ntramrcx ntxcnnrt, uro xe nmenno ram paspymaercx.
Hpenonaramr, uro xaxnm-ro opasom +ro cnxsano c yponnem coepxannx
ceporonnna, xoropt n oprannsme xnnxercx ecrecrnenntm rpanxnnnnsaropom.
oxrop Cenep cunraer: Ec.u v eac uao.moaemc omom nouureuui nopoe, mo
npoeoupvmuue qarmopi eaue rusuu ovov e.umi ua eosuuruoeeuue eo.oeuo
oo.u. . ueromopix maru+ npoeoupvmuu+ qarmopo+ +orem orasamic
cmpecc. Ho ooooueuue, :mo eo.oeuvm oo.i cosoaem cmpecc, e ropue ue eepuo.

Hcnontsonanne oneyronxmmnx cpecrn onee nyx-rpex ne n neenm n
reuenne nnrentnoro npemenn moxer ntnnrtcx n yxymenne rononntx one.
Kpome ncero npouero, oxrop Cenep yrnepxaer, uro, v:umiea ece
qarmopi, acnnpnn, xoropt o neannero npemenn coneronann or rononno
onn ontmnncrno npaue, n raxo cnryannn anexo ne nyumn ntop. Bmecro
+roro nmn, crpaammne or nepnonuecxnx rononntx one, onxnt oparnrtcx
x npauy. Ecnn nocne ocneonannx naronornuecxne npnunnt nx nosnnxnonennx
ne yyr naent, ro cmauem cuo, :mo oma eo.oeua oo.i :acmi
ouo.oeu:ecro opeauusauu (:e.oeera) u v ueeo r ue cvuecmevem
npeopacno.oreuuocmi.
oxrop Cenep npeynpexaer: Tenepi +i suae+, :mo ucno.isoeauue
oo.evmo.muux cpeocme (ooi:uo pero+euove+ix e anmerax) oo.ee oevx-mpex
oue e ueoe.m e me:euue o.ume.iuoeo epe+euu +orem ei.umic e vxvoueuue
eo.oeuix oo.e.
Xenmnn, ncntrtnammnx rononnym ont, n 2 pasa ontme, uem myxunn c
ananornuntm neyrom.

Xenmnnt, xnnymne n epennxx n npnropoax, ropaso uame crpaamr or
rononno onn, uem re, xro xnner n ropoax.
Houeuy ne pexouenye1cn sannna1t acnnpnn anentcnnonmu coxou?
9 ns 10 cnyuaen paxa cnxsant c opranamn ronont.
3ror CBOT saamr onontno uacro. Hmn npnnnmamr acnnpnn c anentcnnontm
coxom, ecnn nx rononnax ont ntsnana npocryo. Onn xorxr, urot acnnpnn
oponcx c rononno ontm, a nnramnn C ns anentcnnonoro coxa c npocryo.
Onaxo n nexoroptx cnyuaxx +ro ne camax nyumax mtcnt. Acnnpnn +ro
anernncannnnnonax xncnora. Anentcnnont cox coepxnr acxopnnonym
xncnory n pyrne xncnort. Kora acnnpnn npnnnmamr c xncnorntm nannrxom
(anentcnnont, rpen]pyront n romarnt cox), a raxxe sannnamr ero xoxa-
xono, nnnom, nnnom, anxorontntm nannrxom, xo]e, uaem, pacconom, yxcycom n
rax anee, cmect +rnx nemecrn oxastnaer na xenyox upesmepno paspaxammn
+]]exr
13
.
Ha rononnym ont moxer ecrnonart cnna nnymennx. Hccneonannx
noxastnamr, uro 40 % nme, crpaammnx or rononno onn, nonyuamr
nemenennoe oneruenne, npnnnmax ranerxy ns caxapa, n xoropo ner
nexapcrnenntx cpecrn, no xoropym nm ann n xauecrne oneyronxmmero
cpecrna. Taxona cnna nnaneo!

Acnnpnny (ecnn ranerxa es oonouxn) ocrarouno 30 cexyn, urot nonacrt n
xponenocnym cncremy.
H1o 1axoe cnnpou nspmnammencn rononm?
Ho cnonam oxropa unnnnna Knnra, cuuopo+ espieamuec eo.oei
ueooi:uoe uapvueuue cua, oo ueoaeueeo epe+euu +a.o oceeuaeueec e
+eouuucro .umepamvpe. 3ror cnnpom xapaxrepnsyercx nsptnammnmcx
snyxom nnn omymennem, nosnnxammnm n ronone cpasy nepe nnn no npemx cna.
oxrop Knnr coomaer o nxrn cnyuaxx raxoro cnnpoma, c xoroptmn emy
npnmnoct cronxnyrtcx n reuenne 4 mecxnen
14
.

Acnnpnny (ecnn ranerxa es oonouxn) ocrarouno 30 cexyn, urot nonacrt n
xponenocnym cncremy.
B onom cnyuae myxunna 36 ner paccxastnan o epo+ro+ espiee, cnonno ero
ronona paspiea.aci ua rvcru. B pyrom rpnnarnrpexnernxx xenmnna
nepexnnana espie, uv+, rar ovomo .onuv. uapur, nnn sevr, c.oeuo
uunamm cmpvui. Bce +rn cnmnromt npemecrnonann cny. oxrop Knnr
oannxer, uro, nepoxrno, npnunna +roro cnnpoma ne nmeer ornomennx x
rannmnnnannxm nnn +nnnencnn. K cuacrtm, nexoropte ynyumennx nanmamrcx
naroapx nexapcrny xnonasenamy. oxrop Knnr yrnepxaer, uro omcvmcmeue
omoeo cuuopo+a e v:eouurax no paccmpocmea+ cua ceuoeme.icmevem o mo+,
:mo ouo ecmpe:aemc ue c.uuro+ :acmo, oouaro +a.o:uc.euuocmi onucauu
+orem vrasieami ua omcvmcmeue ceeoeuu, a ue ua peorocmi ca+oeo
cuuopo+a
15
.
Hourn rpert ncex nonpexenn ronont, nerarnnno nnnxmmnx na peut, moxer
nosecrnonart n na cnoconocrt uenonexa ncnontsonart xstx xecron.

9 ns 10 cnyuaen paxa cnxsant c opranamn ronont.

uepen xomnosnropa upanna Hose]a Iana tn noxnmen onnm nencxnm
]penonorom, xaxanmnm nccneonart ero ntnyxnocrn.
Ecnn uenonexy o1pesa1t ronony, cxontxo npeuenn uoae1 qynxnnonnpona1t uosr?
3ror CBOT saamr onontno uacro. Bepoxrno, nocne roro xax ronony orpesamr,
cosnanne ocraercx n ne npnmepno 12 cexynt. 3roro ocrarouno nx
nonnmannx nponsomemero, no neocrarouno, urot nouyncrnonart ont.
Hs ncex xnntx cymecrn uenonex ntenxercx camtm ontmnm xonnuecrnom
nnnentx mtmn.
B 1996 roy oxrop nn 3enn, snamennrt npau ns Can-upannncxo, npouen no
pano necxontxo ]parmenron cnoero oxnaa:Ho omo+v eonpocv npoeoou.uci
onpeoe.euuie ucc.eooeauu u coop uuqop+auu Ocuoeuie us uux npoucxoou.u
o.ure r rouv 4pauvscro peeo.muu. Iu.iomuua paooma.a rpve.ie cvmru.
Toeoa oi.o ue+a.o ooermoe o. usv:euu. Oouu qpauvscru epa:
uumepecoea.c eonpoco+, cro.iro +orem qvuruouupoeami +ose oes
noooeprru cucme+ me.a. Ou npoee. c.eovmuu orcnepu+eum. Koeoa :e.oeera
r.a.u ua .ore eu.iomuui, epa: oaea. e+v vrasauu +opeami c uumepea.o+ e 1
cervuov. Koeoa uor onvcra.c, epa: c.eooea. sa eo.oeo u c:uma. :uc.o
+ueauu. Pesv.imami eeo uao.moeuu eoeopm o mo+, :mo noc.e omoe.euu
eo.oei om me.a npoucxoou.o +uuu+v+ 2 +ueauu u +arcu+v+ 1520. Cpeouee
:uc.o cocmae..o 34 +ueauu. Jmo saeaoo:uoe ucc.eooeauue ecn.i.o ua
noeepxuocmi, roeoa c ua:a.a oo cepeouui 60-x HACA usv:a.o eosoecmeue
eicorux cropocme ua nu.omoe eicorocropocmuix ca+o.emoe. Hpoo.e+a
cocmo.a e mo+, :mo, roeoa .em:ur nooeepea.c eicoru+ nepeepvsra+, cepoe ue
vcneea.o nooeoumi r eo.oee oocmamo:uoe ro.u:ecmeo rpoeu. Cro.iro epe+euu
nu.omv mpeovemc, :mooi cnpaeumic co c.oruo cumvaue?.. 4pauvscroe
ucc.eooeauue no.oru.o ua:a.o o:eui earui+ peueuu+, racamuu+c
oesonacuocmu no.emoe ua eicorux cropocmx
16
.
Pasmep ronont nmo nennxo anepnnt mnpono nsnecrnocrn ropaso mentme,
uem pasmep ronont xenmnn cpenecrarncrnuecxo xoncrnrynnn.

Xenmnnt pennero Ernnra ntmnntnann na ronone nonoct n narnpann ee xoxy
o necxa. Hnora nx onee xpxoro cnxnnx ncnontsonannct nocx n pyrne
nonnpymmne nemecrna.

Hmn enncrnennte mnexonnrammne c ntcrynammnm noopoxom.
Moano nn nepecan1t uenoneuecxym ronony?
Panee mt yxe ocyxann, nosmoxno nn noepxnnart xnsnt n orpesanno
ronone. uro xacaercx nepecaxn, reopernuecxn, onnpaxct na conpemennte
mennnncxne rexnonornn, +ro nosmoxno, onaxo y nac ner rexnnuecxnx
momnocre nx ycnemnoro nponeennx noontx onepann. Pasymeercx, raxo
onepannn moryr nomemart mopantnte n +rnuecxne coopaxennx. H rem ne menee
nccneonannx n +rom nanpannennn neyrcx.

Camax cnntnax mtmna namero rena ra, uro nnraer uenmcrt.
B 1997 roy nepoxnpypr ns CBA coomnn o nepecaxe ronon onnx oestxn
pyrnm. oxrop Poepr Var ns ynnnepcnrera Kec Becrepn Pesepn n Knnnnene
yrnepxan, uro nocne rpancnnanrannn oestxnt npoonxann sannmartcx cnonmn
otuntmn enamn ecrt, nnrt, cnart n npoctnartcx. Onn oare c.eou.u sa
.aoopauma+u ceou+u uoei+u e.asa+u. Kasanoct, uro cnyx oestxn nocne
onepannn ocrancx ne nonpexen, nocxontxy onn pearnponann na naoparopnte
mymt. Ho coomennm oxropa Vara, uepeuie eo.orua eo.oei u me.a
rueomuix ueeos+oruo oi.o euoei npucoeouuumi opve r opvev, u nomo+v ouu
ocmaea.uci napa.usoeauui+u. uepes neenm oestxnt ymepnn
17
.
Ecnn nt nonaraere, uro xaxax uacrt uenoneuecxoro rena tna nccneonana n
anaromnponana, nonoe orxptrne moxer nac cnntno ynnnrt. Hocne onee uem 500
ner nccneonannx anaromnn uenonexa, n 1996 roy, npaun ns ynnnepcnrera
M+pnnen n Fanrnmope oxnnnn, uro onapyxnnn nonym, npexe ne nsnecrnym
anaromnuecxym crpyxrypy. 3ro neontmax mtmna, nymax ns sane uacrn
rnasnnnt x nnxne uenmcrn. Hocne roro xax npaun nnepnte ynnenn +ry mtmny
npn ncxptrnn rpynon, onn nponenn px nccneonann c ncnontsonannem
marnnrno-pesonancnoro cxannponannx xnntx nme. Orxptrne tno cenano
cnyuano, xora npaun nsyuann mtmnt, cnxsannte c xenannem
18
.

Hs ncex xnntx cymecrn uenonex ntenxercx camtm ontmnm xonnuecrnom
nnnentx mtmn.

Camax cnntnax mtmna namero rena ra, uro nnraer uenmcrt.

Bce snamr, uro neprnxantnax oposxa na nepxne ryo nastnaercx ryntm
xenoxom, nnn philtrum. Ho nnxro ne snaer, nx uero on nyxen.
Ecnn m uenoneuecxym ronony uoano mno nepecan1t n um m c uonu pyrou ouennnnct rononaun, xeu m n c1an nocne +1oro?
Vuente ronopxr namnm pyrom. Hnunocrt cnxsana c mosrom, a ne c renom.
Ho+romy nt ne yere ymart o cee xax o uenonexe, nonyunnmem nonym
ronony n mosr. Bt yere cunrart, uro nonyunnn nonoe reno. H nam pyr yer
ymart rouno rax xe.
H1o 1axoe nuouxn n noueuy onn mnam1?
Ecnn xmouxn noxnnxmrcx n nyxntx mecrax, mt nx nmnm, no ecnn +ro ntrnxnr
nexpacnno mt nx nenannnm.
Herxo xpacnemmne nmn nastnamrcx +pnro]oamn. Hoxpacnenne xax npnsnax
cmymennx noxnnxercx npnmepno c 6 ner.
mouxa omn repmnn, ncnontsymmncx nx oosnauennx yrnynenn n xoxe.
oxrop Vnntxm xonnn yrnepxaer, uro, cxopee ncero, onn noxnnxmrcx ns-sa
neocrarounoro pasnnrnx rxann, npncoennxmme xoxy x xocrn. mouxn
nosnnxamr ram, re mtmeunte nonoxna npnxpennxmrcx x rnyoxnm
nonepxnocrntm cnoxm xoxn (raxnm, xax mexa nnn noopoox) nnn re xoxa
coennxercx c xocrxmn nonoxnncro rxantm (na nneuax, na cnnne nnn na noxrxx).
Onn moryr nosnnxart n mecrax cxonnennx xnpa, samernoro no nonepxnocrtm
xoxn. Pacnonoxenne xmouex n nexoroptx mecrax xnnxercx nacnecrnenntm
npnsnaxom. Bepoxrnee ncero, cymecrnyer renernuecxax npepacnonoxennocrt x
nx noxnnennm. Hpana n ro, uro nnacrnuecxne xnpyprn moryr cosanart xmouxn y
nexoroptx cyerntx nme, xenammnx nx nmert
19,20
.
Moae1 nn nuouxa ncuesny1t?
Moxer, n +ro uacro cnyuaercx. Ho cnonam oxropa xnma Fpnxepa, ecnn n
reuenne xnsnn mtmnt ynnnxmrcx, xmouxa ncuesaer nnn c nospacrom
cranonnrcx mentme
21
.
Herue ncero yntartcx n +rom yuacrnymr nnmt 17 mtmn. urot naxmypnrtcx,
nyxno noxnmunrt 43 mtmnt.

Otunax yntxa crnmynnpyer ]ynxnnm ntenennx +nop]nnon +rn nemecrna
mosra cnocont cosart y nac, xax mnnnmym, uyncrno nerxo +]opnn.

Ho cnonam onoro yuenoro, yntxa +ro enncrnennoe ynnnepcantnoe, nonxrnoe
ncem ntpaxenne nnna.

Herxo xpacnemmne nmn nastnamrcx +pnro]oamn. Hoxpacnenne xax npnsnax
cmymennx noxnnxercx npnmepno c 6 ner.

Cunraercx, uro noxpacnenne ne npnsnax nennnnocrn, a cnecrnne uyncrna nnnt.
Houeuy uopmnnm nosnnxam1 n ocnonnou na nnne?
Honaram, +ro noromy, uro nnno enncrnennoe mecro, re npaxrnuecxn nce
mtmnt npnneramr nanpxmym x xoxe, yyun upesntuano recno c ne cnxsant.
Hanonee pacnpocrpanenntmn y xnrene name nnanert xnnxmrcx 6 ntpaxenn
nnna: rnen, ornpamenne, crpax, cuacrte, neuant n ynnnenne. Onaxo ytre
nnnmarentnt. Vuente, nsyuammne ntpaxenne nnn n nx cnxst c xyntrypntmn
ocoennocrxmn, yrnepxamr, uro, xora rpeuecxne myxunnt npnxoxr n
emencrno, onn naunnamr mnpoxo yntartcx.

Ho cnonam nnacrnuecxnx xnpypron, nropax norxxxa nnna ncera ntrnxnr
nyume n ecrecrnennee nepno.
Inana 4
Inasa

O rnasax nanncano ouent mnoro. Ho+rt nastnamr nx sepxanom ymn. Kpacora n
rnasax cmorpxmero snamennrax ]pasa, npnnnctnaemax Mapraper Bont]
Xanrep]op (18551897). V noun rtcxua rnas ]pasa xona Hnnn (1554
1606). V rex rnasa smen (no x nce panno rex nmnm) necnx ns ]nntma Byn
Annena 3e.ue (1983). Feccmeprnte crpo]t moxno npnnonrt ecxoneuno. O
rnasax nanncano rax mnoro, no ontmnncrno ns nac snamr o nnx ouent mano.
Mory1 nn nmn nmnon1t cnon rnasa napyay ns rnasnnn?
3ro ouent crpannax cnoconocrt n ouent pexax. Hepnoe n mennnncxo
nnreparype onncanne uenonexa, ymemmero ntnyunnart rnasa rax, uro onn
ntnesamr ns rnasnnn, a sarem nrxrnnart nx oparno es xaxoro t ro nn tno
npea nx cex, tno onynnxonano n American Journal of Ophthalmology sa 1928
ro
1
. oxrop I. ueppep cooman o nanarnnernem monoom uenonexe,
xoropt +oe no ceoe eo.e ein:ueami e.asa us e.asuu, .uoo no o:epeou, .uoo
oouoepe+euuo. uertpe roa cnycrx oxrop Cmnr n Journal of the American
Medical Association paccxastnan o rom, uro nexn onnnanarnnernn mantunx
cnocoen enart ro xe camoe
2
. o cnx nop npemx or npemenn noxnnxmrcx crartn o
nmxx, onaammnx raxo cnoconocrtm.
Hexoropte rnasa etpaxamr ne ontme, uem otunax uepnnxa, a pyrne rnyoxn,
cnonno xonoen, 8 xoropom moxno yronyrt.
J+epcou
V noxonoro axrepa-xomnxa Maprn uentmana tnn rnasa, eie.oeeuue rax,
cnonno onn nor-nor ntcxouar ns opnr, no na camom ene on ne mor +roro enart.
Ero nnno tno raxnm ncm xnsnt. uentman crpaan or onesnn Kpysona,
xoropym nnora nastnamr uepenno-nnnentm nsocrosom. Hpn raxom
saonenannn rnasa ntrnxxr rax, cnonno onn ntnptrnnamr ns opnr, xorx spenne
npn +rom ne napymaercx. uentman ne tn ncxnmuennem. B nacnopre na nonpoc
o ornnunrentntx ]nsnuecxnx xapaxrepncrnxax uentman ornernn npocro:
Hnno.
oxrop Fapnerr Fepman ns Fanrnmopa nastnaer cnoconocrt no cocrnenno
none ntranxnnart rnasa ns rnasnnn cnnpomom nonoro yapa. On nnmer o
+rom crpannom ymennn rax: B sar.m:euue xo:v npoumupoeami J+epcoua,
romopi nuca.: Heromopie e.asa eiparamm ue oo.iue, :e+ ooi:ua :epuura,
a opveue e.vooru, c.oeuo ro.ooe, e romopo+ +oruo vmouvmi
. Ec.u ei euoe.u
maroe pas, v eac ocmauemc uesaoieae+oe ene:am.euue ua ecm rusui
3
.
Ono mopranne uenoneuecxoro rnasa nnrcx npnnnsnrentno 0,05 cexynt.

Xpycrannx rnasa npoonxaer pacrn n reuenne nce xnsnn uenonexa.
Houeuy n nnauy?
Hccneonanne ronopnr o rom, uro mt nnauem no ]nsnonornuecxnm nnn no
+monnonantntm npnunnam. Ha camom ene, nnau moxer nrpart naxnym pont n
]nsnuecxom n ncnxonornuecxom soponte uenonexa.
Bce mt snaem, uro nnau +ro +monnonantnoe paccnanenne, oneruammee
noannxemt crpecc. Ho ropaso menee nsnecrno o rom, uro cnest onn ns
nyumnx cnocoon nx oprannsma nsannrtcx or roxcnuntx cycrannn. K
npnmepy, co cnesamn ntxoxr re xe conn, xoropte ntenxmrcx c norom n mouo.
Cnest coepxar n cee necxontxo pasnnuntx cone, xoropte oraer xpont,
ocnooxax or nnx oprannsm.
Hnau +ro +monnonantnoe paccnanenne, oneruammee noannxemt crpecc.

Cnest onn ns nyumnx cnocoon nx oprannsma nsannrtcx or roxcnuntx
cycrannn.
To, uro cnest coepxar crononym cont xnopn narpnx, nsnecrno c rex nop,
xax ]pannyscxn xnmnx Anryan Hanyaste (17431794) n 1791 roy nponen nepnoe
nayunoe nccneonanne cnes. Onaxo cnest coepxar n pyrne conn, nanpnmep
xnopn xannx, a raxxe nemecrna, npnnnmammne yuacrne n opasonannn cone.
Cpen nnx xantnn, narpn nyyrnexncnt n mapranen. 3xcnepnmenrt,
nponeennte ontme 30 ner nasa, noxastnamr, uro xonnenrpannx narpnx n
cnesax raxax xe, xax n n xponn.
B cpenem nnau nnrcx oxono 6 mnnyr. Otunt roonant peenox nnauer 65
pas n mecxn.
B ntpaxennn rpomxn nnau nomoxer nam ycnoxonrtcx ecrt snaunrentnax onx
ncrnnt. pennerpeuecxn ]nnoco] Apncrorent (384322 rr. o n. +.) cunran, uro
nnau no npemx rearpantnoro npecrannennx nneuer sa coo xarapcnc
naronpnxrnt nponecc cnxrnx crpecca nyrem ocnooxennx +monn. 3ro cnono
nponoxnno cee nyrt n n conpemennt cnonapt ncnxonornn. B cnoe
xnaccnuecxo crarte 1906 roa, onynnxonanno n American Journal of
Psychology, oxrop Antnnn Foprxnncr paccxastnaer, uro 54 ns 57 nannenron
coomann o ynyumennn camouyncrnnx nocne nnaua
4
. Heannne nccneonannx n
+ro onacrn coomamr o raxnx xe pesyntrarax.
Fnoxnmnx oxrop Vnntxm upe ns O]rantmonornuecxoro nccneonarentcxoro
nenrpa P+mcn n Cenr-Hone, n Mnnnecore, onapyxnn, uro +monnonantnte
cnest, ntstnaemte cnesnnntmn ]nntmamn, no xnmnuecxomy cocrany
ornnuamrcx or cnes paspaxennx, noxnnxmmnxcx npn ntxannn napon
nyxonoro coxa, onn coepxar ontme enxa. Onaxo snauenne +roro orxptrnx
noxa ocraercx nexcntm
5
.
B nccneonannn, nponeennom cecrpnncxnm orenennem Hnrrcyprcxoro
ynnnepcnrera, ncnxnarp-nccneonarent Mapraper Kpeno onapyxnna, uro cpen
137 myxunn n xenmnn oo.iue eceeo oi.u cr.ouui n.arami soopoeie .mou,
oo.aoamuue nosumueui+ omuoueuue+ r c.esa+, a ue me, rmo cmpaoaem seo u
ro.umo+ oev+ saoo.eeauu+u, romopie, rar c:umaemc, cesaui co
cmpecco+
6
.
Tenept nccneonarenn nsyuamr xnmnuecxn cocran cnes n noncxax raxnx
ocnooxammnxcx npn crpecce cycrannn, xax +nop]nnt,
apenoxoprnxorponnt ropmon, nponaxrnn n ropmon pocra.
B cpenem nnau nnrcx oxono 6 mnnyr. Otunt roonant peenox nnauer 65
pas n mecxn
7
.
uenoneuecxne ern, noxnnnmnecx na cner n cpox, poxamrcx c orxptrtmn
rnasamn n ymemr mnrart. Bosmoxno, onn npoentnamr raxoe n o poxennx, no
onapyxnrt +ro cnoxno.

Ho-nacroxmemy uepntx rnas y nme ne tnaer. Hner rnas +ro cocrannax
ocoennocrt. B sanncnmocrn or xonnuecrna pasnnuntx nnerontx nnrmenron,
naxoxmnxcx n uenoneuecxom rnasy, nner payxno oonouxn naptnpyercx or
cnerno-ronyoro o remno-xopnunenoro.

uenoneuecxn rnas cnocoen pasnnuart 10 mnnnnonon nneron.
Hpana nn, u1o aenmnnm nnauy1 uame uyaunn?
Vrnepxaercx, uro ecnn myxunnt noome nnauyr, ro enamr +ro xpane pexo,
ocoenno na nynnxe. Pacnpocrpanennt crepeornn rnacnr, uro nnau yxastnaer n
myxunne na cnaocrt. Bpemx or npemenn cnna +roro crepeornna axe ]opmnpyer
omecrnennoe mnenne
8
. B 1968 roy amepnxancxn cenarop 3myn Macxn,
nnnpymmn xannar n npesnenrt or emoxparnuecxo naprnn, noxoponnn
cnon naext na nspanne nocne roro, xora ero sacnxnn no npemx ntcrynnennx
nepe nynnxo c rnasamn na moxpom mecre. Cenarop Macxn nosxe orpnnan,
uro nnaxan. On yrnepxan, uro cnest noxnnnnct ns-sa xonono norot. 3ro
nnonne morno trt npano, nocxontxy cnntnt xono uacro ntstnaer cnest,
onaxo nmn emy ne nonepnnn. Ero xannarypy orxnonnnn xax cnnmxom
cnaym nx roro, urot crart npesnenrom; n xoneunom nrore on nttn ns
npesnenrcxo ronxn, xanyn n nensnecrnocrt, n nnxro, npomy npomennx sa
xanamyp, n cnest ne npoponnn.
uenoneuecxn rnas cnocoen pasnnuart 10 mnnnnonon nneron.
Onaxo n nocnenne rot noxnnnnct nexoropte cnnerentcrna roro, uro mt
crann nosnonxrt namnm nnepam nnaxart. Ftnmn npemtep-mnnncrp Ancrpannn
Fo Xoyx onn ns raxnx npnmepon. On nnaxan na nynnxe necxontxo pas,
onaxo nomen n ncropnm xax nropo npemtep Ancrpannn no xonnuecrny ner
cnyxt na +rom nocry.
Tem ne menee ]axrt ronopxr o rom, uro myxunnt nnauyr snaunrentno uame, uem
npnnxro cunrart. K npnmepy, nccneonannx, nponeennte n CBA, noxastnamr,
uro xenmnnt nnauyr n cpenem 5,3 pasa n mecxn, a myxunnt 1,4 pasa. Taxnm
opasom, n reuenne roa n cpenem myxunna nnauer nourn 17 pas
9
.
Ecnn nnau xnsnenno naxnt ]axrop nx noepxannx sopontx,
cnococrnymmn ocnooxennm +monn n nsannxmmn or crpecca, n ecnn
xenmnnt n namem omecrne nnauyr c ontme roronnocrtm, raxoe nonoxenne
en nnonne oxcnxer, nouemy myxunnt cront nonepxent saonenannxm,
cnxsanntm co crpeccom, n ymnpamr pantme xenmnn. Bosmoxno, xenmnnt
npocro nomnxr o rom, uro exenennte cnest nomoramr nyume npaue
10
.
O1xya epy1cn cnesm?
Ho ]ponrantntmn xocrxmn uepena, npxmo na rnasom n uyrt nosan nero,
naxonrcx mnnanennnax cnesnax xenesa. Or +ro xenest x rnasy n nexy
noxonr c ecxrox cnesntx xananon. Kora mt mopraem, cnesnax xenesa
nosyxaercx n cnest omtnamr rnas. Taxnm opasom rnas ocraercx ynnaxnenntm
n uncrtm. Cnest crepnntnt n coepxar +nsnmt, paspymammne axrepnn, rem
camtm samnmax rnasa or nn]exnnn.

Cnest crepnntnt n coepxar +nsnmt, paspymammne axrepnn, rem camtm
samnmax rnasa or nn]exnnn.
Kya eme uory1 nonac1t cnesm, xpoue 1oro u1o onn c1exam1 no nnny?
Kora mt nnauem, neontmo nponenr nnarn repxercx uepes ncnapenne, onaxo
ocnonno oem yxonr no nnyrpennn yron rnasa, crexax nnns no nym cnesntm
xananam n cnesnt memox, nanomnnammn no ]opme apaxnc, a sarem nonaaer n
cnesno-nocono nporox, re cnest nnnrtnamrcx n noconym nonocrt. Ho+romy,
ecnn nt mnoro nnauere, noc uacro oxastnaercx sanoxenntm.
uerneprax uacrt uenoneuecxoro mosra cnxsana c ]ynxnne spennx.

Payxnax oonouxa +ro mempana, xonrponnpymmax oem cnera, xoropt
nonaaer n rnas.
Houeuy nnora n nnauy, rnnn na cuac1nnnmn xonen?
Fontmnncrno ncnxonoron cunramr, uro na camom ene mt ne nnauem or cuacrtx
+ro nce mn]. Taxoro xnnennx, xax cnest cuacrtx, ne cymecrnyer. Ha camom ene
mt nnauem orroro, uro ncuesnn nenpnxrnte uyncrna. Myxunnt n xenmnnt
moryr noannxrt xenanne sannaxart. 3monnonantno nepexnnax npn npocmorpe
cenrnmenrantnoro ]nntma, mt moxem cepxnnart cnest o camo ero
xyntmnnannn. Hocne +roro nacrynaer, rax cxasart, nama cocrnennax
xyntmnnannx mt naunnaem nnaxart. Ocnooxaercx +neprnx, panee
ncnontsyemax nx cepxnnannx cnes. Taxnm opasom, cnest xnnxmrcx
ntpaxennem +monnonantnoro ocnooxennx n couerannn c uyncrnamn rpenorn,
crpaxa, neuann, oneruennx n rax anee.
Cnest xnnxmrcx ntpaxennem +monnonantnoro ocnooxennx n couerannn c
uyncrnamn rpenorn, crpaxa, neuann, oneruennx.
Ho mt nnauem or cuacrtx ne rontxo npn npocmorpe ]nntmon. Mt ocnooxaem
+monnn n nne cnes, xora ncrpeuaem nnsxnx nme nocne onro pasnyxn, xora
nmnmt uenonex ntsopannnnaer nocne cnoxno onepannn, xora xro-ro
ocraercx nen nocne anroxaracrpo]t n n pyrnx xpnrnuecxnx cnryannxx. Hpnunnt
nx +monnonantnoro oneruennx moxno npnymtnart ecxoneuno. H cnest y nac
nnxora ne saxonuarcx.
Peenox ne cnocoen nponsnonrt cnest, noxa emy ne ncnonnnrcx 68 neent.
Houeuy n uopram?
Hccneonannx ronopxr o rom, uro n cpenem nmn mopramr 1 pas n npomexyrxe
or 2 o 10 cexyn. Mt enaem +ro anromarnuecxn, nocxontxy namn nexn
samnmamr rnasa or nonpexenn. Hnora mt mopraem namepenno, ncnontsyx rax
nastnaemt xstx xecron. K npnmepy, mt moxem moprart, urot npnnneut
nnnmanne, npnrnamax no]nnpronart pyroro uenonexa. Hnora mt mopraem,
ntpaxax ynnnenne, xax yro ronopx: Inasam cnonm ne nepm! Hexoropte
neuenonexoopasnte npnmart, x npnmepy aynnt, nmemr na nepxnem nexe
enoe nxrno. Moprax, onn emoncrpnpymr yrposy, npeynpexamr n
cnrnannsnpymr o onacnocrn.
V nme nnyrpennxx nonepxnocrt nepxnero n nnxnero nexa, a raxxe camn rnasa
ntcrnant ronxo, nourn npospauno mempano xonmnxrnno. Konmnxrnna
cnyxnr nx ynnaxnennx nonepxnocrn rnas, nocxontxy nx nx npannntnoro
nnxennx neoxonma nnara. Bo npemx moprannx nexo pacnpocrpanxer nnary no
xonmnxrnne, a raxxe nanpannxer ee n yronxn rnasa.
Kora nt noxnrect cnart, remneparypa namnx rnas n onacrn noxpyr nnx
cranonnrcx ntme na onn rpayc (xora nt sactnaere), a sarem no npemx cna ona
nosnpamaercx x nopme.

Kora-ro n Mapoxxo, cornacno otuam, nenecrt epxann rnasa saxptrtmn no
npemx nce cnaeno nepemonnn.

uenoneuecxomy rnasy neoxonmo oxono uaca, urot aanrnponartcx x nourn
nonno remnore. Onaxo, npncnoconnmnct x ne, rnasa cranonxrcx n 100 000 pas
uyncrnnrentnee x cnery, uem n nennte uact.
Hpana nn, u1o ueu peae n uopram, 1eu n cuac1nnnee?
Bpaun nnn yuente-nxennopncrt ronopxr o +rom neuacro, onaxo
ecrnnrentno moxer oxasartcx rax, uro uem mt cuacrnnnee, rem pexe mopraem.
3roro yexennx npnepxnnaercx onn ns nsnecrntx amepnxancxnx nenponoron.
Ocnontnaxct na nponeennom nccneonannn, on yrnepxaer, uro neyuamennoe
mopranne uerxn npnsnax xopomero +monnonantnoro camouyncrnnx.
B cpenem nmn mopramr 1 pas n npomexyrxe or 2 o 10 cexyn.
Ho cnonam oxropa xose]a Tnxa, npo]eccopa neponcnxonornn n Focroncxom
xonnexe, npumuie :vecmea eeovm r oo.ee peoro+v +opeauum, a
ompuame.iuie, marue rar mpeeoea u.u oo.i, sacmae.mm :e.oeera +ueami
:aue
11
.
urot nponnnmcrpnponart cnom rouxy spennx, oxrop Tnx yxastnaer, uro n xoe
npesnenrcxnx earon 1988 roa mexy xopxem Fymem n Maxnom
yxaxncom ropor Bvu, +opeamuu e cpeoue+ 67 pas e +uuvmv, +opea. 89,
eoeop oo aoopmax, u 44, roeoa xea.u. oua Kvo.a. Ho mnennm +xcnepron n
onacrn xstxa xecron, uacrora moprannx xnnxercx onnm ns ]axropon,
onpeenxmmnx noey na ntopax, nocxontxy n ee sanoenannn ontmym pont
nrpaer renennsnonnt opas. K npnmepy, n xoe npesnenrcxnx earon 1992
roa Fnnn Knnnron mopran pexe, uem xopx Fym, no pasnnna tna neontmo
xax n npenmymecrno Knnnrona na ntopax.
Ecnn cnoxnrt nce npemx, xoropoe sannmamr moprannx, ro n ent nonyunrcx
npnmepno 1 uac. Taxnm opasom, oxono 5 ner n xnsnn mt npononm c saxptrtmn
rnasamn.

Hmn c ronytmn rnasamn nyume nnxr n remnore.
O1uero opasym1cn uemxn no rnasaun?
Boxpyr rnas tnamr xpyrn, a no rnasamn memxn, no memxn ntrnxxr ropaso
xyxe, a noromy nac +ro ontme ecnoxonr. Ho cnonam oxropa Ferr Onepr c
]axyntrera omecrnennoro sopontx Kann]opnncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Fepxnn,
memxn n xpyrn opasymrcx no ono n ro xe npnunne. 3rn xnnennx yxastnamr
na nponemt c omenom xnxocre n oprannsme, ns-sa uero noxnnxmrcx orexn.
Xnxocrt conpaercx n onacrxx no rnasamn, ram, re xoxa rontme, uem re t
ro nn tno eme. C nospacrom n, nosmoxno, no nnnxnnem nacnecrnenntx
]axropon memxn moryr crart onee samerntmn n axe nocroxnntmn. Koxa
nocrenenno repxer cnom +nacrnunocrt n naunnaer nponncart
12
.
Heyuamennoe mopranne uerxn npnsnax xopomero +monnonantnoro
camouyncrnnx.
Onaxo ornomenne x +romy moryr nmert n pyrne ]axropt. V nexoroptx nme
nocroxnnte memxn opasymrcx ns-sa nacnecrnennoro e]exra, npn xoropom xnp
noxpyr rnasntx xnox ntcrynaer nnepe ns-sa ocnanenntx mtmn. Hexoropte
nexapcrna, raxne xax xoprnson, nnn anneprnuecxne peaxnnn na xocmernxy,
raaunt tm nnn anromonntnte ntxnont eme onee yxymamr cnryannm.
Orex moxer trt ntsnan ycranocrtm nnn paspaxennem rnas. 3aonenannx
mnronnno xenest, nouex nnn cepna raxxe nnnxmr na naxonnenne xnxocrn,
xoropoe ocoenno samerno noxpyr rnas. Cymecrnyer eme ona npnunna
]opmnponannx memxon no rasamn cnna npnrxxennx. Kora uenonex cnnr,
ocoenno na xnnore, n nepxnnx n nnxnnx nexax moxer conpartcx
ononnnrentnax xnxocrt.

Ecnn cnoxnrt nce npemx, xoropoe sannmamr moprannx, ro n ent nonyunrcx
npnmepno 1 uac.
Hserare ntmeynomxnyrtx ]axropon, ycyrynxmmnx nponemy, rax xax c
raxnmn orexamn rpyno cnpannrtcx. Honoxnn no ronony ononnnrentnym
noymxy, nt ynennunre orrox xnxocrn or rnas sa cuer rpannrannn. B xpannx
cnyuaxx ornncammym rxant nnn nsnnmxn xnpa no rnasamn moxno ypart
xnpyprnuecxnm nyrem. Taxax onepannx uacro npononrcx n amynaropntx
ycnonnxx.
H1o nmsmnae1 1eunme xpyrn no rnasaun?
oxrop Onepr cunraer ocnonntm ]axropom nospacr. Bnonne nosmoxno, uro
remnte xpyrn no rnasamn xnnxmrcx nacnecrnenntm npnsnaxom n c nospacrom
cranonxrcx samernee. Onaxo onn pexo tnamr cnmnromom xaxoro-nno
saonenannx. To, uro xaxercx remntmn nnn cnne-uepntmn xpyramn, npecrannxer
coo xpont, npoxoxmym no nenam, pacnonoxenntm no nonepxnocrtm xoxn.
3rn xpyrn moryr remnert, ecnn rnasa ycrann. Temnte xpyrn no rnasamn uacro
noxnnxmrcx y xenmnn no npemx mencrpyann nnn epemennocrn. Cxptrt xpyrn
no rnasamn nomoxer cnennantnax xocmernxa
13
.
Hccneonanne ronopnr o rom, uro nner rnas yxastnaer na nexoropte
xapaxrepncrnxn name nnunocrn. Hmn co cnerno-ronytmn rnasamn npoxnnxmr
repnenne n ynopcrno, a nmn c remno-xapnm nnerom, necmorpx na npncymym nm
nmnyntcnnnocrt, nyume cnpannxmrcx c nepnoamn xpnsnca.

Hmn c ronytmn, senentmn nnn ceptmn rnasamn n snaunrentno ontme
crenenn nonepxent nosmoxnocrn pasnnrnx paxa xoxn.

Cpen myxunn 1 ns 12 ne pasnnuaer nnera, a cpen xenmnn 1 ns 200.
Houeuy n mypmct?
Herue ncero ornernrt na +ror nonpoc cneymmnm opasom: mt mypnmcx, urot
ynyumnrt spenne. Ho+romy nonpoc nyxno c]opmynnponart nnaue: nouemy
npnmyp ynyumaer spenne?
urot ne sanpartcx rnyoxo n rexnnuecxne onncannx, cxaxem rax: rnas
ynannnnaer nyun cnera n ncxaxaer nx, npoennpyx nonyuennt opas na
neontmo yuacrox ceruarxn. Onaxo nce moxer norn no-pyromy. Ecnn nyun
naunnamr ]oxycnponartcx nepe ceruarxo, y uenonexa nosnnxaer nnsopyxocrt
(mnonnx) n anexne oexrt on nnnr pacnntnuartmn. Ecnn xe nyun
]oxycnpymrcx sa ceruarxo, uenonex nnnr pasmtrtmn nnxamne oexrt
(antnosopxocrt).
Ho cnonam oxropa Crnnena Mnnnepa, npexropa Henrpa xnnnnuecxo nomomn
npn Amepnxancxo onrnmerpnuecxo acconnannn n Cenr-Hynce, qop+a
e.asuoeo o.ora u +ouuocmi qorvcupoeru xpvcma.ura u poeoeui no+oeamm
vcmauoeumi qorvc, oouaro veo., noo romopi+ .v:u npoxoom e e.as, marre
uepaem ceom po.i. On oxcnxer: Ceem nocmvnaem e e.as co ecex uanpae.euu.
Hv:u, exoouue noo ve.o+ ceepxv u.u cuusv, ooi:uo qorvcupvmmc nepeo
eumpo+ speuu u.u sa uu+, a.v:u, exoouue nepneuourv.puo e.asv,
orasieammc mo:uo ua xpvcma.ure, cosoaea :emru oopas moeo, ua :mo
:e.oeer c+ompum. Ho+romy, no cnonam oxropa Mnnnepa, ocuoeuo c+ic.
npuuvpueauu cuusumi :uc.o noeepxuocmuix u.u nepuqepu:ecrux .v:e,
nocmvnamuux e e.as, :mooi e ueeo nonaoa.u mo.iro me .v:u, :mo uovm np+o u
qorvcupvmmc ua cem:amre. B xoneunom nrore npuuvpueauue ompesaem
oo.iuuucmeo .v:e, orasieamuuxc ue e qorvce, u usoae.em :e.oeera om
eocnpumu pas+imoeo usoopareuu. oxrop Mnnnep cunraer, uro :e.oeer ue
peuum npoo.e+i, eosuuramuue c eeo speuue+, nocmouuo npuuvpueaci; oma
mexuura no+orem .uui mo+v, rmo nomep. ceou o:ru u xo:em pase.oemi
ooporui suar.
upesmepnoe npnmypnnanne cnocono ntsnart rononnte onn n cnpononnponart
noxnnenne mopmnn na nnne. Ecnn nt nauann npnmypnnartcx uepecuyp uacro,
oparnrect x oxynncry. Hnora na +ry npnntuxy nam moryr yxasart pyrne nmn.
C rouxn spennx onronpemenno nepcnexrnnt nyume ncnpannrt cnoe spenne, a ne
npnmypnnartcx. 3ro ropaso onee antnonnnoe pemenne.
Cpen myxunn 1 ns 12 ne pasnnuaer nnera, a cpen xenmnn 1 ns 200.
Houeuy n nnora nnay nepe rnasaun nn1na?
Moxno, xoneuno, cnpocnrt, uro nt xypnnn nnn nnnn. Onaxo crpannte nxrna
nepe rnasamn, o xoroptx ner peut, nastnamrcx nnanynamn. 3rn nxrna
noxnnxmrcx n nne rouex, xpyron, nnnn nnn axe cnoxntx reomerpnuecxnx
ysopon. Hnanynt naxoxrcx ne nepe rnasamn n axe ne na nx nonepxnocrn:
onn nnanamr euvmpu rnasa n cocroxr ns mentuamnx uacrnn rxann n
oprannuecxoro mycopa, nponntnammero nnyrpn crexnonnnoro rena
cryenncroro nanonnennx rnasnnnt.
Otuno conponoxax nponecc nspocnennx n crapennx, +rn uacrnnt moryr
noxnponart nonaanne cnera na ceruarxy. Ceruarxa +ro mempana rnasa,
nonyuammax nnsyantnte opast n nepeammax nx n mosr nyrem +nexrpnuecxnx
nmnyntcon. Haammax na ceruarxy rent nnnrcx xax nxrno, nponntnammee n
none spennx.
upesmepnoe npnmypnnanne cnocono ntsnart rononnte onn n cnpononnponart
noxnnenne mopmnn na nnne.
Hnanynt ocoenno samernt npn nsrnxe na onoronnym nonepxnocrt, raxym
xax enax crena nnn ronyoe neo. Ha nx noxnnenne uacro nnnxer npemx cyrox.
Cunraercx, uro uame ncero onn samernt yrpom, xora uenonex npoctnaercx n
cpasy cmorpnr na noronox. Ecnn uenonex nexnr ropnsonrantno, rxant n
oprannuecxn mycop onycxamrcx na ry uacrt ceruarxn, xoropax orneuaer sa
npxmoe spenne. Knerxn xponn n noounte npoyxrt nocnanennx n rnasy raxxe
moryr ]opmnponart nnanynt. B xoneunom nrore nce onn ntnoxrcx
oprannsmom.
Otuno nnanynt esonacnt. Onaxo, no cnonam oxynncra ns Can-upannncxo,
oxropa xona Kn]epa, nnora onn moryr yxastnart na onee ceptesnte
nponemt co sopontem. On nnmer, uro, ec.u ei euesanuo om+emu.u
sua:ume.iuoe us+eueuue e pas+epe u.u :uc.e n.aevuoe" noe.euue posoeamix
,n.aevuoe" u.u, r npu+epv, n.aevuoe", conpoeoroamuuxc nocmouui+u
ecniura+u ceema, nporoucv.imupvmeci c oqma.i+o.oeo+
14
.
oxrop Kn]ep yxastnaer, uro oo.iuuucmeo .moe npueiramm r noeceoueeuo+v
pasuooopasum n.aevuoe". Oouaro, ec.u ouu eac oecnorom, nonpoovme oicmpo
nooeueami e.asa+u eeepx-euus u.u enpaeo-e.eeo. Bsoo.mae ruorocmi e e.asv, ei
ua raroe-mo epe+ coeuueme n.aevui" c .uuuu speuu.
H1o npnae1 rnasau nne1?
Hner rnas sanncnr or nnrmenra payxno oonouxn, xoropt nastnaercx
menannn. Konnuecrno menannna onpeenxer nner rnas. Fontmoe xonnuecrno
+roro nnrmenra cosaer remnte rnasa (uepnte, xapne n cnerno-xapne), a mentmee
xonnuecrno ]opmnpyer cnernte (senente nnn ronyte). V nme-antnnocon
xpacnte (posonarte) rnasa ns-sa orcyrcrnnx menannna n payxno oonouxe.
Tax xax ona npospauna, cxnost nee nnnt xponenocnte cocyt rnasa.
Hner rnas sanncnr or nnrmenra payxno oonouxn, xoropt nastnaercx
menannn.
Konnuecrno menannna onpeenxercx nacnecrnennocrtm. B mnpe snaunrentno
ontme remnornastx nme, uem nme co cnerntmn rnasamn, n npnunna +roro
xpoercx n renernuecxom omnnnponannn npnsnaxon, cnxsanntx c ontmnm
xonnuecrnom menannna. Ho+romy, ecnn n cemte y onoro ponrenx remnte rnasa,
a y pyroro cnernte, nx ern, cxopee ncero, yyr nmert remnte rnasa.
Houeuy nne1 rnas uoae1 uenn1tcn c nospac1ou?
To, uro nner rnas menxercx c nospacrom, n snaunrentno crenenn nnnmsnx. B
raxnx cnyuaxx menxercx ne crontxo nner rnas, cxontxo nennunna onpeenenno nx
uacrn. uaxrnuecxn, nner payxno oonouxn c nospacrom ne menxercx. Onaxo
spauox (uepnoe ornepcrne n nenrpe payxno oonouxn) moxer nocrenenno
cyxartcx. Hocxontxy n nenrpe rnas cranonnrcx menee remntm, payxxa naunnaer
xasartcx cnernee. Oxcnxx +ry nnnmsnm, oxrop Pnuap To]r, npo]eccop
o]rantmonornn Hnrrcyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera, ronopnr, uro xpxo-ronyte rnasa
moryr xasartcx nce cnernee no mepe roro, xax uenonex crapeer.
Kora nam ncnonnxercx 6 ner, namn rnasa ocrnramr pasmepa, xoropt
coxpannrcx na ncm ocranmymcx xnsnt.

3pauox namero rnasa naunnaer ymentmartcx c roro momenra, xax nam ncnonnxercx
20 ner.

B 17 ner namnm rnasam rpeyercx n 3 pasa ontme npemenn na aanrannm x
remnore, uem n 20.
Moae1 nn uopxont ynyumn1t uoe spenne?
Taxax rouxa spennx upesntuano ycrounna, n, nosmoxno, n ne ecrt onx
npant. C ono cropont, +ro ona ns camtx craptx aymxnntx cxasox, a c
pyro onn ns rpannnonntx ecnonesntx coneron mamt. Onaxo mama
nnonne moxer oxasartcx npana: urot ynyumnrt spenne, cronr ecrt ontme
mopxonn.
Ho cnonam oxropa ennnca Fenopa, npo]eccopa nepononornn
Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera, n mopxonn mnoro nnramnna A, xoropt neoxonm
nx noepxannx xopomero spennx. Hpn ceptesnom neocrarxe +roro nnramnna
moxer nosnnxnyrt nounax cnenora; nnpouem, +ro cocroxnne ynyumaercx, xora
ontnte naunnamr ecrt mopxont. Ecnn xe nt nonyuaere ocrarouno nnramnna A,
mopxont npx nn nonnnxer na name spenne
15
.

Kora uenonex cmorpnr na uro-ro npnxrnoe, spauox pacmnpxercx na 45 %.
Bnramnn A naxnax cocrannxmmax nponsnocrna oprannsmom pernnona.
Pernnon uyncrnnrentnoe x cnery nemecrno, nosnonxmmee xnerxam ceruarxn
pearnponart na cner. Cner, nosecrnyx na monexyny pernnona, nsmenxer ee
]opmy. 3ro axrnnnpyer nennym xnmnuecxym peaxnnm, n pesyntrare xoropo n
mosr nocrynaer coomenne, uro cner ocrnr ceruarxn. oxrop Fenop oxcnxer,
uro n rnasy cymecrnyer na nna uyncrnnrentntx x cnery xnerox: xonouxn n
nanouxn. Hanouxn orneuamr sa nnenne npn rycxnom cnere n nanonee
uyncrnnrentnt x neocrarxy nnramnna A. nx npannntnoro ]ynxnnonnponannx
nanouxam neoxonmo, urot xaxax monexyna pernnona tna na cnoem mecre n
roronnnact orpearnponart na cner.

Cpen enouex antronnsm pacnpocrpanen npnmepno na 1 %, cpen mantunxon
+ror noxasarent ocrnraer 8 %.
e]nnnr nnramnna A nneuer sa coo neocrarox pernnona n nanouxax. Ecnn
xaxne-ro xnerxn yyr nnment pernnona, nanouxn ne cmoryr nonnocrtm
aanrnponartcx x remnore. Cneonarentno, ]ynxnnx nounoro spennx yer
napymena. oxrop Fenop cunraer, uro uem ontme mopxonn nnn nmoro pyroro
ncrounnxa nnramnna A nt cenre n +rom cnyuae, rem ontme y nac craner
pernnona, n nounoe spenne nocrenenno noccranonnrcx.
Kora uenonex cmorpnr na uro-ro npnxrnoe, spauox pacmnpxercx na 45 %.
Moae1 nn c rnasou cnyun1tcn yap?
Bce mt snaem, uro yap moxer cnyunrtcx ns-sa nonpexennx mosra, a xax nacuer
rnasa? Cam rnas ne nonepxen yapy, xoropt nnonne moxer yrpoxart
spnrentnomy nepny, n raxoe uacro tnaer. Ecnn spnrentnt nepn oxastnaercx
napannsonan, nponcxonr nnesannax norepx spennx
16
.
Hpana nn, u1o 1enennsop npen1 rnasau?
To, uro renennsop paspymaer spenne, nceomee sanyxenne. Xorx xonrpacr
mexy xpxnm renennsnonntm +xpanom n remno xomnaro moxer npemenno
yromnrt rnas, renennsop ne nanocnr spennm cymecrnennoro ymepa. Fonee roro,
ne cymecrnyer pncxa nonpenrt rnasa ns-sa roro, uro na +xpane yer nnno
orpaxenne neyauno pacnonoxenno namnt nnn pyroro ncrounnxa cnera. He
cneyer oxrtcx, ecnn peenox saxouer cecrt nnsxo x +xpany, noromy uro on ne
craner or +roro nnsopyxnm n ne ncnoprnr spenne. Ho cnonam oxropa Teoopa
Hoynnnna, npecrannrenx Amepnxancxo axaemnn o]rantmonornn, ueromopie
.mou c v+epeuuo ramaparmo npu npue.vueuuo+ ceeme euom orpau oare :vmi
.v:ue
11
.
uame ncero ncrpeuaercx raxax ]opma antronnsma, xora uenonex ne nnnr
xpacnte n senente orrenxn n nocnpnnnmaer +rn nnera xax ronyo n xenrt.
oxrop Hoynnnn oannxer, uro ern .mom cuoemi o.usro r orpauv, u ec.u oi
c+oe.u, mo saopa.uci oi e me.eeusop c eo.oeo. eno n rom, uro mantmn ymemr
rouno ]oxycnponart nsrnx na oexrax, pacnonoxenntx n necxontxnx
canrnmerpax or nx rnas. Ho mepe nspocnennx +ro paccroxnne ynennunnaercx. Tax
uro, no cnonam oxropa Hoynnnna, ern, xoneuno, +oevm saeoparueami orpau
opveu+ spume.+, uo maroe no.oreuue ue epeoum ux soopoeim.
oxrop Vnntxm Fexnep, crapmn nayunt corpynnx Hannonantnoro conera
CBA no panannonno esonacnocrn n nsmepennxm n Bamnnrrone, paccennaer
mn] o rom, uro renennsnonnoe nsnyuenne npenr rnasam. oxrop Fexnep ronopnr,
uro no cpannennm c remn renennsnonntmn npnopamn, uro tnn nocrpoent 25
ner nasa, xora ero oprannsannx nepnax npeynpexana o nosmoxnom pncxe
panannn, coepe+euuie npuoopi npouseoomc uua:e, ucno.isvmm oo.ee uusroe
uanpreuue u .v:uee orpauupoeauue. Heearuo, uacro.iro o.usro ei cuoume r
orpauv, nocro.irv peumeeuoecrue .v:u oo.iue ue cosoamm npoo.e+
18
.
H1o 1axoe ant1onnsu?
Aconmrnax nneronax cnenora, nnn antronnsm, ncrpeuaercx ouent pexo rax
cunraer oxrop xemc K. Tpayrmann, o]rantmonor ns xnnnnxn Mao n
Mnnneanonnce. Honnax nneronax cnenora osnauaer, uro uenonex nnnr mnp n
ceptx ronax. Onaxo uame ncero ncrpeuaercx raxax ]opma antronnsma, xora
uenonex ne nnnr xpacnte n senente orrenxn n nocnpnnnmaer +rn nnera xax
ronyo n xenrt. Onaxo on moxer nayunrtcx pasnnuart xpacnt n senent,
pacnosnanax nx no crenenn xpxocrn.
oxrop Tpayrmann oannxer, uro antronnsm, xax nacnecrnennoe saonenanne,
ropaso mnpe npecrannen cpen mantunxon, uem cpen enouex. Cpen enouex
antronnsm pacnpocrpanen npnmepno na 1 %, cpen mantunxon +ror noxasarent
ocrnraer 8 %.
Hneronoe spenne moxer yxymnrtcx or raxnx saonenann, xax xarapaxra, nenpnr
spnrentnoro nepna nnn or pasnnuntx nonpexenn ceruarxn. Onaxo oxrop
Tpayrmann yrnepxaer, uro napymenne nneronoro spennx no raxnm npnunnam
nponcxonr xpane pexo. Hacnecrnennt antronnsm, xorx n ne neunrcx, nce
xe ne xnnxercx ceptesno npaueno nponemo. Ecnn uenonex ocosnaer, uro
crpaaer nnerono cnenoro, on moxer npncnoconrtcx x raxomy cocroxnnm,
nanpnmep, noxynax oexy, nonpocnrt npoanna nomout emy n onpeenennn
nneron
19
.
Xorx nt ne nacneyere raxoro npnsnaxa, xax noxnnenne memxon no rnasamn,
noono romy xax nacneyere nner nonoc, renennnx x nx noxnnennm sanoxena
renernuecxn.

Bt ne cmoxere unxnyrt, ecnn y nac orxptrt rnasa.

Her nyx aconmrno onnaxontx rnas.

Otuno paccroxnne mexy rnasamn panno mnpnne onoro rnasa.
H1o 1axoe xa1apax1a?
Jmo eonpoc J+u.u 4o..ou us Hoxauuecovpea, Prua Aqpura.

Karapaxra +ro nocrenennoe nomyrnenne npospaunoro xpycrannxa rnasa. 3penne
yxymaercx, nocxontxy cner yxe ne oxonr o ceruarxn ns-sa naxonnennx n
xpycrannxe enxa. Karapaxra moxer nauart cnoe pasnnrne n pannem nospacre n no
mnornm npnunnam, onaxo nanonee pacnpocrpanenno npnunno saonenannx
xnnxercx crapenne. B nponecce crapennx napymaercx ecrecrnennoe pacnpeenenne
not n monexyn enxa, ns-sa uero enxn naunnamr cnnnartcx. Ho+romy xarapaxra
nanpxmym cnxsana c rem, xax n rnasy pacnpeenxercx noa. Cnono xarapaxra
nponcxonr or rpeuecxoro katarraktes, uro osnauaer noona n noocnycx.
Kaxym cexyny n uenoneuecxn rnas nocrynaer 400 rpnnnnonon nonn
nn]paxpacnoro cnera.
Cymecrnyer no mentme mepe 72 nna xarapaxrt. Hanonee pacnpocrpanenno
xnnxercx crapuecxax xarapaxra.
Ona xnnxercx ocnonno npnunno cnenort noxnntx nme, noxnnxxct ns-sa
nocrenennoro paspymennx xpycrannxa. Hpnmepno nononnna ancrpannnen crapme
65 ner nmemr nponemt co spennem, cnxsannte co crapuecxo xarapaxro.
Crapuecxax xarapaxra pasnnnaercx menenno n esonesnenno n reuenne mnornx
ner. Otuno ona opasontnaercx na oonx rnasax. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx spenne
nourn ne yxymaercx, n rora neuenne ne rpeyercx. Pasnnnmaxcx xarapaxra
cosaer nerxo samernt ent spauox. Tora xarapaxra cunraercx
cospenme. Otuno, npexe uem yannrt xarapaxry, xnpyprn-oxynncrt xyr,
xora ona nonnocrtm cospeer. Ho sa nocnenne na ecxrnnernx xnpyprnuecxax
rexnnxa pasnnnact nacrontxo, uro renept xarapaxry moxno yannrt ropaso
pantme, ymentmnn uncno ner, xoropte ontno nponeer c nonnxenntm
spennem.
nx onpeenennx roro, ynyumnr nn yanenne xarapaxrt spenne, o]rantmonoramn
ncnontsyercx cpannnrentno nont npnop nsmepnrent norennnantno ocrport
spennx. On nsnyuaer ronxn nyu cnera, npoxoxmn uepes onee-menee uncroe
oxno xpycrannxa nannenra, n npoennpyer na ceruarxy opas rannnt nx
spennx. Hannenr ntraercx npounrart rannny. Onnpaxct na rounocrt npourennx,
npau onpeenxer, x uemy nmenno ornocnrcx nponema x xarapaxre nnn x
nonpexennm ceruarxn.
Hneronoe spenne moxer yxymnrtcx or xarapaxrt, nenpnra spnrentnoro nepna n
or nonpexenn ceruarxn.
Ecnn nannenry npennctnaercx xnpyprnuecxoe nmemarentcrno, on onxen snart,
uro ntne onepannx no yanennm xarapaxrt npaxrnuecxn esonesnenna n na 90
% ycnemna. B nponecce onepannn samyrnennax uacrt xpycrannxa yanxercx, n
spenne nannenra noccranannnnaercx naroapx ouxam, xonraxrntm nnnsam nnn
nmnnanrannn nocroxnnoro ncxyccrnennoro xpycrannxa. Vanenne xarapaxrt
nmeer na ocnonntx neocrarxa: onepannx moxer trt oporo n saonenanne
nmeer otxnonenne noxnnxrtcx nnont. Hexapcrno nx neuennx n npeornpamennx
xarapaxrt noxa ocraercx rontxo meuro.
Hccneonarenn ns Maccauycercxoro nncrnryra rexnonorn paspaartnamr
+]]exrnnnoe nexapcrno xax nx neuennx, rax n nx npeornpamennx xarapaxrt,
onnpaxct na orxptrne oxropa xopxa Feneexa n ero xonner. Ocnono +roro
nexapcrna xnnxercx monexyna nanrerenna, xoropax, xax nn crpanno, naxonrcx n
xaxo xnerxe rena n yuacrnyer n nponsnocrne ]epmenron. Hanrerenn
npeornpamaer cxonnenne enxa n xpycrannxe n, raxnm opasom, opasonanne
xarapaxrt
20
.
Her nyx aconmrno onnaxontx rnas.
Kann]opnncxax xopnopannx Ioptex n Hpnnnene paspaartnaer nmnnanrar
xpycrannxa nx ncex crpaammnx xarapaxro. Xpycrannx nyxen nx roro, urot
nannenr mor ]oxycnponart nsrnx na nnxnnx nnn antnnx oexrax. 3ro ona
ns mnornx nontrox yuentx ns pasntx crpan paspaorart +]]exrnnnym
mnoro]oxycnym nnnsy. Taxne xpycrannxn ]ynxnnonnpymr rax xe, xax
n]oxantnte ouxn, no ne nmemr nnnmo pasenxmme nx rpannnt. Hannenrt,
nonyuammne mono]oxycnte xpycrannxn, nnxr ropaso nyume, uem o
onepannn, no moryr ]oxycnponart nsrnx rontxo na nnsxnx nnn rontxo na
anexnx oexrax. Hnnst Ioptex nosnonxmr nannenram noccranonnrt
cnoconocrt nnert n nnnsn, n nann. 3ro nosmoxno noromy, uro xpycrannx
Ioptex cocronr ns nxrn xonnenrpnuecxnx xonen, cnocontx ]oxycnponartcx na
oexrax, pacnonoxenntx na nmo ncrannnn or nannenra. Ho cnonam oxropa
Fpmca Kpncrn, mnoro]oxycnt xpycrannx cosan rax, urot nerue
npncnocannnartcx x pasnnuntm ycnonnxm ocnemennx
21
.
B XXI nexe noxnxrcx nonte, onee +]]exrnnnte cnocot npeornpamennx n
neuennx xarapaxrt. Ono ns saau xnnxercx neuenne xarapaxrt n crpanax
rpertero mnpa. Ome xe nentm moxno nasnart nsannenne uenoneuecrna or
xarapaxrt x 2010 roy
22
.
Ecnn name rnasnoe xnoxo cnnmxom nnnnoe, nt nnsopyxn.

Kax nastnaercx enox moero rnasa?
Cxnepa.
Moae1 nn 1yro sa1nny1mn ranc1yx nonnnn1t na uoe spenne?
Jmo eonpoc Toooa Marra..a us Moumau Pueepeim, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Tyro sarxnyrt rancryx ecrnnrentno moxer cxasartcx na namem spennn. B
nponecce nccneonannx 94 o]ncntx paornnxon tno ntxcneno, uro y 67 % ns
nnx yxymenne spennx cnxsano c nnorno sarxnyrtmn rancryxamn. Iancryx
orpannunnaer npnrox xponn x rnasam. Hexoropte nccneonarenn axe
yrnepxamr, uro ryrne nopornnuxn nnnxmr na xponxnoe annenne, a xponxnoe
annenne, esycnonno, oxastnaer nnnxnne na spenne
23
.
Bama ceruarxa nyxaercx n xncnopoe, urot nopmantno ]ynxnnonnponart.
Ho+romy, xora nt cmorpnre n renecxon, ne saepxnnare txanne. Hyume
cenare nox nornyxe.

Kaxym cexyny n uenoneuecxn rnas nocrynaer 400 rpnnnnonon nonn
nn]paxpacnoro cnera.

urot art noram raxym xe narpysxy, xaxym ncntrtnamr rnasnte mtmnt n
reuenne nx, nam nyxno nporn 80 xnnomerpon.

3pauox rnasa pacmnpxercx, ecnn nt cmorpnre na uenonexa, xoroporo nmnre. Ho
ne onnparect na +ror +]]exr, nponepxx uyncrna namero naprnepa. 3pauxn rouno
rax xe pacmnpxmrcx, ecnn nt cmorpnre na roro, xoro nenannnre.
Bmnae1 nn y uenonexa onn rnas ronyon, a pyron xapnn?
Jmo eonpoc oeuoa 4pu+aua us Moc+aua, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

a, tnaer, n onontno uacro. Ecnn onn nam rnas ronyo, a pyro xapn, +ro
nastnaercx rerepoxpomne payxxn. Taxoe xnnenne nanmaercx npnmepno y 1
ns 500. Otuno nnxaxnx ]nsnuecxnx nponem c +rnm ne cnxsano, n spenne
ocraercx nopmantntm. Onaxo nexoropte nmn nontsymrcx nnerntmn
xonraxrntmn nnnsamn, cxptnax ror ]axr, uro rnasa y nnx pasnoro nnera
24
.
Hpnmepno 35 % xenmnn saxnnnn, uro npenounn t nmert pyro nner rnas
senent.

V nme xopomo pasnnra cnoconocrt pasnnuart nnera. Onaxo coaxa moxer
nnert raxne napnannn ceporo nnera, xaxne uenonex pasrnxert ne cnocoen.

Hccneonarenn cunramr, uro ecnn nt cnocont pasnnuart cnerno-senent nner,
ro moxere oneruart cnntnym rocxy onn ns cnmnromon nocrantrnn.
H1o nponcxon1 co cne1ou nocne 1oro, xax on nornomae1cn rnasou?
Jmo eonpoc 4poucuca Ka.ieuua us Bporeu-Xu.., Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Hncarent Tom Ponnc yrnepxaer: Umo npoucxooum co ceemo+ noc.e moeo,
rar ou noe.ouaemc e.aso+, eonpoc, uumepecvmuu +uoeux v:euix
25
.
Ecnn onn nam rnas ronyo, a pyro xapn, +ro nastnaercx rerepoxpomne
payxxn.
B upesntuano cnoxnom nponecce cner npenpamaercx n nepnnte cnrnant,
nymne n mosr. Tontxo 10 % cnera, nonaammero na poronnny, ocrnraer
ceruarxn. Cner, nocrynammn n rnas, coprnpyercx n opaartnaercx. B +ro
opaorxe upesntuano naxnym ]ynxnnm ntnonnxer ceruarxa. Ona npuuu+aem
us orpvramue cpeoi mv uuqop+aum, :mo npeocmae.em earuocmi, u
omceueaem mo, :mo raremc .uuuu+
26
. Cner npoxonr uepes 4 xnerountx cnox
ceruarxn: xnerxn-ranrnnn, nnonxpnte, ropnsonrantnte n amaxpnnnte xnerxn
(cnxsannte c ranrnnxmn n nnonxpntmn xnerxamn). Hocne +roro cner ocrnraer
125 mnnnnonon xonouex n nanouex, a raxxe cnox nnrmenrnponanntx xnerox. Bce
+ro nponcxonr nnnsn or ceruarxn, na paccroxnnn oxono 0,25 mnnnnmerpa. B
xoneunom nrore cnrnant ynocxrcx no spnrentnomy nepny n mosr, xoropt nx
opaartnaer n pearnpyer coornercrnenno.
Cnente nmn ne nnxr no cne opason. Bo cnax onn nocnpnnnmamr
nponcxoxmee raxnm xe cnocoom, xax +ro nponcxonr npn npoyxennn.

oxasano, uro nnau npeornpamaer rononnte onn, xpannnnnny n, nnonne
nosmoxno, cepeunte npncrynt.

Hccneonarenn ne snamr ncex nponeccon, nponcxoxmnx n oprannsme, xora nt
conpaerect pacnnaxartcx or nanntna +monn. Onaxo mt rouno snaem, uro n
+rom yuacrnyer nce name reno: nsmenxmrcx xnmnx xponn, nner xoxn, mtmeunte
pe]nexct n paora xaxo xenest.
Hpana nn, u1o ce1ua1xa nmnepny1a nansnanxy?
Jmo eonpoc 4poucuca Ka.ieuua us Bporeu-Xu..a, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Iepman ]on Ientmrontn, ]nsnonor XIX nexa, onaxt cxasan, uro, ecnn t on
an onomy ns cnonx nomomnnxon saanne cosart opran uyncrn, ]opmnpymmn
nsopaxenne, ror npnnec t emy uenoneuecxn rnas n nonan t n rouxy
27
.
Hexoropte cunramr, uro uenoneuecxn rnas ntnepnyr nansnanxy. Konouxn n
nanouxn uenoneuecxoro rnasa pasmement c oparno cropont ceruarxn. Onn ne
nnxr nxoxmn cner nanpxmym (xax +ro nponcxonr, x npnmepy, n rnasy
xantmapa). Ceruarxa rnasa nosnonountx anaromnuecxn ntnepnyra nansnanxy,
nocxontxy nanouxn n xonouxn (]oropenenropt rnasa) pacnonoxent n sane
uacrn rnasnoro xnoxa n cner ocrnraer uyncrnnrentno x nemy onacrn, npoxox
uepes cnon nepnntx xnerox. Cxopee ncero, +ror nepeneprtm ceruarxn npocrax
ncropnuecxax cnyuanocrt. Cner onxen nonacrt na xnerxn-penenropt npexe,
uem npoer nce ocrantnte cnon n xponenocnte cocyt ceruarxn. 3ro ona ns
npnunn, no xoropo mt nmeem cnenoe nxrno, o uem ronopnnoct panee n +ro
rnane
28
.
o 12 ner mantunxn nnauyr rax xe uacro, xax n enouxn.
Houeuy rnasnme nnoxn ne sauepsam1 n xononym noroy?
Bce mt nnenn ]nntmt, re nccneonarenn nsnpannct na 3nepecr nnn
ycrpemnxnnct x nonmcy. Cocyntxn, cnncammne c opot, onnnernopxnn mopos.
Houemy xe n raxnx xonontx ycnonnxx ne samepsamr rnasnte xnoxn?

Pasronapnnax, nt mopraere npnmepno 15 pas n mnnyry.
Fontmax uacrt namero rnasa samnmena rnasnnne n xopomo nsonnponana or
xonoa n xapt. C nosyxom xonraxrnpymr menee 180 ns 360 rpaycon opnrt.
Xorx rnasnnna sanonnena noonponnnaemtm coepxnmtm (nono xnxocrtm n
crexnonnntm renom), xoropte moryr cunrartcx nepntmn xannaramn na
samepsanne npn upesntuano nnsxnx remneparypax, +rn cycrannnncoepxar
ntcoxn nponenr nemecrn, npenxrcrnymmnx samepsannm (narpn, xann n
xnopn). Fnaroapx +romy rnas naxonrcx n esonacnocrn. Kpnrnuecxax peaxnnx
oprannsma na nnsxne remneparypt ntpaxaercx n nanpannennn ocnonnoro noroxa
renno xponn or xncre n nor x onee naxntm opranam mosry, cepny n rnasam.
B +xcrpemantntx cnryannxx axrnnnax nyntcannx xponn n mosr corpenaer ne
rontxo ero, no n rnasa
29
.
3ro moxer noxasartcx ynnnrentntm, no ncxyccrnennt rnas, cenannt ns
nnacrnxa, npocnyxnr n 5 pas ontme, uem cenannt ns crexna.
Kax mc1po uoprae1 rnas?
Mopranne rnas cnoxnax ]nsnonornuecxax n ncnxonornuecxax peaxnnx.
Cymecrnymr pasnte nnt moprannx. K npnmepy, onn nmn mopramr uame
pyrnx. Ho cnonam oxropa Poepra Xacxa, n cpenem mopranne nnrcx or 50 o
75 mnnnncexyn. On ocnontnaercx na nn]pax, onynnxonanntx n nccneonannn
Iocyapcrnennoro Htm-Hopxcxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cronn Fpyx. He ntrarect
camocroxrentno nsmepnrt npemx cocrnennoro moprannx. nx cnxrnx npannntntx
noxasann nam ne xnarnr tcrport peaxnnn
30
.
Kaxt ro nt mopraere 7 884 300 pas
31
.

Kora nt unraere, ro nepnonuecxn mopraere. Onaxo cnna nnymennx raxona, uro
nt moprnere necxontxo nnmnnx pas, unrax +ror asan.

Pasronapnnax, nt mopraere npnmepno 15 pas n mnnyry. Kora nt unraere, ro sa ro
xe npemx mopraere oxono 6 pas.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro xora nt neere mamnny, ro uame mopraere na
anrocrpae, uem na ropocxnx ynnnax.

uem rnyxe nt cxonnenrpnponant, rem pexe mopraere.
Inana 5
Hoc

Rnn Hesapt yrnepxan, uro y Kneonarpt OH cocrannxn cyrt ee xpacort.
Peenox Rnnx, cxopee ncero, roxe ne tn HM oenen, xax n Heonapo,
Iannne, Bontrep nnn xnmmn mpanr. Onaxo nepnt npns nonyunn t
Cnpano 3mona Pocrana. OH xnnxercx npnsnaxom nennxoro ocronncrna, ecnn
rontxo nt ne nemaere EIO, ne cyere n uyxne ena n ne nopornre npout.
Pasymeercx, mt ronopnm o noce n yem naexrtcx, uro es sanycrna. O nocax
cnaramr nerent. nx roro urot n nnx nonacrt, ne oxsarentno noncmy conart
cno noc. Ham noc ncera uyrt nnepen nac camnx. 3ro +nemenrapno, xax nam
noc.
Bam noc moxer uyrt ynennunnartcx nnn ymentmartcx n sanncnmocrn or npnroxa
xponn.
Onaxo ne cronr satnart o ymax n pre. To, uro noapnno cnany Ieny, crano n
rpnym]om cnonenxa amo. Xorx y xomnxa xo H. Fpayna, no omemy mnennm,
tn camt nnnnt noc sa ncm ncropnm Ionnnnya, mnornx pyrnx onaarene
noonoro coxponnma mt nnxora ne ysnaem nx por na samxe.
Moae1 nn uon noc nmpac1n eme ontme?
Homnnre ncropnm o manentxom epenxnnom uenoneuxe Hnnoxxno, xoropt ouent
xoren crart nacroxmnm xnntm mantunxom? Kaxt pas, xora on ronopnn
nenpany, ero noc nemnoro ntpacran. Ha camom ene raxoe xnnenne, xax +]]exr
Hnnoxxno, o onpeenenno crenenn cymecrnyer nnonne peantno. Bnyrpn namero
noca naxonrcx nemepncrax rxant, rouno raxax xe, xax n nnyrpn namero ny-nt-
menx-nonnmaere-uero. Bam noc moxer uyrt ynennunnartcx nnn ymentmartcx n
sanncnmocrn or npnroxa xponn. Ha ero pasmep nnnxmr nnma, remneparypa,
onesnt, anneprnx n axe +monnonantnoe cocroxnne: nanpnmep, cnntnt rnen
moxer nsmenxrt pasmep namero noca. V mnornx nme nocne et on oxastnaercx
npemenno sanoxen, a nexoropte yrnepxamr, uro axe uyncrnymr, xax on
pacmnpxercx nnn cxnmaercx. Pasmep noca menxercx ouent nesnaunrentno, onaxo
ecnn nt yere nsmepxrt ero n reuenne nx, ro ecrnnrentno onapyxnre, uro
on cranonnrcx ro mentme, ro ontme xorx, xoneuno, nepement +rn ne cront
macmrant, xax y neotxnonennoro noca enxrn Hnnoxxno.
Bamn noconte nasyxn nycrt. Ecnn t onn tnn nnorntmn, nama mex crana t n
na pasa ronme, urot yepxnnart ononnnrentnt nec.
Kax onro sanax oc1ae1cn n nocy?
Jmo eonpoc Bappu Mapmuua us Juqu.oa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Boome-ro Fappn Maprnn saaer o sanaxe nent px nonpocon. On nnmer: Kax
onro sanax ocraercx n nocy? Kaxnm opasom on rya nonaaer? Cymecrnymr nn
aromt sanaxa? Hnora x uyncrnym xaxo-ro sanax, a norom, uepes necxontxo
uacon, xora ero ncrounnxa yxe ner nonnsocrn, omymam +ror sanax onxrt. Kax
moxno uyncrnonart sanax, xoroporo na camom ene ner?

Ocosnanne n nocnomnnanne sanaxon nosecrnyer na oonxrentnym cncremy
mosra n nepnnym cncremy.
Heoxonmo nomnnrt, uro sanax ]nsnuecxoe xnnenne. Ho xpane mepe, raxnm
on tnaer n camom nauane. 3arem n ecrnne ncrynamr ncnxonornuecxn ]axrop
n cnoxnte nponecct name namxrn. B namem cosnannn nosnnxamr
nocnomnnannx o sanaxax. Bt moxere ncnomnnrt sanax uepes uact, nn, mecxnt
nnn axe rot nocne roro, xax ero nouyncrnonann. Vuentm noxa cnoxno nonxrt
nponecc cnxstnannx enxon, perynnpymmnx nepeauy apomaron n nocono
nonocrn. Onaxo, no cnonam oxropa Conomona Cnaepa, yuenoro-nenponora ns
ynnnepcnrera xona Xonxnnca n Fanrnmope, ]enomen npnnomnnannx sanaxon
noxox na ro, xax nexoropte nmn ncnomnnamr nepexnrt nmn ontr, raxo,
nanpnmep, xax nona. Monexynt sanaxa ecrnnrentno cymecrnymr. Onn
nepenocxr sanax n noc, pacnpocrpanxxct no nosyxy n no noe. Monexynt xaxoro-
ro xonxpernoro sanaxa ne saepxnnamrcx n nocono nonocrn naonro onn
samemamrcx monexynamn pyrnx apomaron, xoropte npncyrcrnymr n nosyxe.
Ocosnanne n nocnomnnanne sanaxon nosecrnyer na oonxrentnym cncremy
mosra n nepnnym cncremy. Hpn +rom ncnontsymrcx re xe uacrn mosra, xoropte
axrnnnsnpymrcx npn pyrnx rnnax nocnomnnann. Vuente npenonaramr
cymecrnonanne ocooro oprana, anannsnpymmero oonxnne, n nastnamr ero
oonxrentntm mosrom. On pacnonoxen n nnmnuecxo cncreme, nenoanexy or
nocono nonocrn, n nepenem n sanem orenax rononnoro mosra. Bce +ro ronopnr
nam o rom, uro n nocy sanax naonro ne saepxnnaercx, onaxo o xonna namnx
ne moxer ]nxcnponartcx xnerxamn namxrn
1
.
Tontxo 3 ns 10 nme moryr nponsnontno pacmnpxrt nospn.
3aueu nau n nocy nonocm?
Jmo eonpoc eu.u Kov. us Ipem-Her, Him-Hopr.

Hayunoe nasnanne nonoc n nocy pecnnuxn. Onn nyxnt nx roro, urot
saepxnnart rpxst, ntnt n pyrne uacrnnt, xoropte mt ntxaem uepes noc
nmecre c nosyxom, rem camtm npenxrcrnyx ero nponnxnonennm n txarentnte
nyrn. Hexoropte sarpxsnennx moryr paspaxart n axe nonpenrt cnnsncrym
oonouxy +roro upesntuano naxnoro oprana. Cymecrnyer npenonoxenne, uro
pecnnuxn xaxnm-ro opasom nomoramr namemy oonxnnm, no mexannsm +roro
noxa ne ntxcnen
2
.
Oonxrentnte penenropt xponnxa noxptnamr nnomat, pannym nonepxnocrn
xoxn ncero ero rena. Bamn oonxrentnte penenropt sannmamr rontxo 4,8
xnaparnoro canrnmerpa.
3aueu nau 2 nospn?
Jmo eonpoc oua.ioa Himee..a us Ko.o, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Hoc xnsnenno naxnt opran, yuacrnymmn n nponecce ocranxn xncnopoa n
rpaxem, ponxn, nerxne, cepne n xpont. On neoxonm nx nsannennx
oprannsma or yrnexncnort. Mt cunraem, uro noc +ro onnount opran, no
ontmax uacrt ero ]ynxnn conepmaercx n crepeopexnme. V nac na nerxnx,
nenoe n npanoe, no mano xomy nsnecrno, uro xaxoe nerxoe cnxsano c
coornercrnymme nospe, neno nnn npano. Ecnn, cxaxem, nenax nospx xaxoe-
ro npemx saxptra, nenoe nerxoe moxer ncntrart xncnoponoe ronoanne n rora
nponsoer nepexo nponecca txannx na npanym nospm, uro xnnxercx
samnrntm mexannsmom cncremt noconoro pe]nexca n uacrnocrn n nce
txarentno cncremt n nenom. Fonee roro, no cnonam oxropa H+ra Fapennn ns
Amepnxancxoro pnnonornuecxoro omecrna, 2 nospn enamr txanne onee
+]]exrnnntm n nyume noepxnnamr paory ncero rena. Pacnonarax nx
txannx 2 nospxmn, mt nosnonxem xaxo ns nnx nemnoro oroxnyrt. Onaxo
nomnnre, uro ona nospx moxer ycrart. Ecnn nospx paoraer n onnouxy onee
3 uacon, ona ycraer. Otuno ns-sa cnn rpannrannn ona nospx oxastnaercx
sanoxenno, nocxontxy uenonex naxonrcx n cnxmem nonoxennn 8 n onee uacon.
Ho+romy c nymx nospxmn mt cnnm onee esmxrexno, n, ecnn ona ns nnx
npemenno ne ]ynxnnonnpyer, nponecc txannx ne napymaercx, noromy uro y nac
ecrt pyrax
3
.
Bamn oonxrentnte penenropt sannmamr rontxo 4,8 xnaparnoro canrnmerpa.
Houeuy n saxpmnam rnasa, xora unxam?
Jmo eonpoc oeuoa Pusa us I.eu Beeep.u, Burmopu.

Ha xstxe npo]eccnonanon +ro nastnaercx unxarentntm pe]nexcom, xoropt
ecrt nourn y ncex xnnorntx. unxanne nomoraer ouncrnrt noc n nasyxn,
ononpemenno ooramax xncnopoom xnerxn rena. Pesxn nox uepes noc
conepmaer npnmepno ro xe camoe. Onaxo unxanne npecrannxer coo ouent
cnoxnt ]nsnuecxn nponecc.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro 25 % nme, yrparnnmnx oonxnne, repxmr n
cexcyantnoe xenanne.
Texnnuecxn ono nponcxonr rora, xora paspaxnrent xonraxrnpyer co
cnnsncro oonouxo noca, uro, n cnom ouepet, crnmynnpyer rponnunt nepn,
or xoroporo ner cnrnan n naponnen mocr n npoonronart mosr, ornpannxmmn
crnmyn n nepnnym cncremy, n rax anee. Bo npemx unxannx n rene nosnnxaer
nenepoxrnoe nanpxxenne. 3naunrentnoe annenne oxastnaercx n na rnasa. 3roro
annennx neocrarouno, urot onn ntcxounnn ns rnasnnn, onaxo nnonne
xnaraer, urot nouyncrnonart ononnnrentnoe nanpxxenne. B nornepxenne
+roro oxrop x. I. pamxennep ns Mexynaponoro pnnonornuecxoro omecrna
ronopnr: Mi sarpieae+ e.asa, roeoa :uxae+, :mooi npeooxpauumi ux om
ouvueuu eima.rueauu
4,5
.
nx anrnncxoro xoponx Ieopra III noc nrpan ontmym pont. On cunran, uro
uyncrno oonxnnx moxer nonnexart nac n ontmne nenpnxrnocrn. On nsmennn
saxon, nxnmunn rya crartm, rnacxmym, uro, ecnn myxunny conasnnnn na pax
yxn ero xent, y nero ecrt necomte npnunnt nx pasnoa.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro 25 % nme, yrparnnmnx oonxnne, repxmr n
cexcyantnoe xenanne.

B Maxao, neanexo or Ionxonra, nynnunoe xontpxnne n nocy, xax nn crpanno,
oopxercx.

Otunte nmn moryr saepxnnart txanne npnmepno na 1 mnnyry. Mnpono
pexop cocrannxer 7,5 mnnyrt.

ne namn nospn no-pasnomy perncrpnpymr sanaxn: nenax aer nm rounym
onenxy, a npanax ntenxer nanonee npnxrnte.

Hoc c ropnnxo cunrancx n pennem Pnme snaxom nnepcrna.

Hayunoe nasnanne npnntuxn xontpxrt n nocy pnnornnnexcomannx.

B VI nexe name +pt unxammnx nme tno npnnxro nospannxrt, nocxontxy
cunranoct, uro raxnm opasom onn nsronxmr ns oprannsma sno. Bo npemx nennxo
uymt n Enpone nana nsan saxon, rnacnnmn, uro nmomy unxnynmemy nao
ronopnrt a narocnonnr nac Iocnot.
Houeuy um ne uync1nyeu sanaxa coc1nennoro 1ena?
Jmo eonpoc A.aua re us Kouue.c Houm, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Ho cpannennm c pyrnmn xnnorntmn, oonxnne y nme pasnnro onontno
nnoxo. Mt ne sameuaem sanaxon namero rena, nocxontxy nx nac camnx on
npaxrnuecxn ne nmeer snauennx, xorx nx pyrnx moxer trt upesntuano
nenpnxren.

Hoc c ropnnxo cunrancx n pennem Pnme snaxom nnepcrna.
Ho cnonam oxropa H+r Fapennn ns Amepnxancxoro pnnonornuecxoro omecrna,
namn nepnnte oxonuannx, ornercrnennte sa sanax (oonxrentnte nepnt), nerxo
neperpyxamrcx n ycramr. B pesyntrare nepnnax cncrema nrnopnpyer
ontmym uacrt nn]opmannn, xoropym nonyuamr nepnt. Ho+romy onn ne
pearnpymr na sanax cocrnennoro rena, ecnn rontxo on ceptesno ne menxercx.
oxrop Mopnn Kep oannxer, uro nrnopnponartcx moryr n npnxrnte sanaxn.
oxrop Kep npnnonr npnmep, uro xnrenn*censored*mn n Hencnntnannn ne
opamamr nnnmannx na sanax moxonano ]apnxn, pasnnrt no ncemy ropoy.
Xorx rocrn ropoxa uacro tnamr nepenonnent +rnm sanaxom, camn xnrenn
nonpocry ero ne sameuamr
6,7
.
Hccneonannx ronopxr o rom, uro snaxomte sanaxn npoyxamr crapte
nocnomnnannx c ontme axrnnnocrtm, uem snaxomte nnt nnn snyxn. 3nax +ro,
npo]eccnonantnte rnnnornsept, crpemxmnecx noccranonnrt nocnomnnannx
cnonx xnnenron, uacro ncnontsymr nx +roro onpeenennte apomart, raxne xax
sanax npnctnxn, onnnox, cmont, pos n rax anee.

uacro ronopnrcx, uro xenmnnt onaamr nyumnm oonxnnem, uem myxunnt.
Ona reopnx yrnepxaer, uro epemennocrt sacrannxer xenmnn trt onee
pasopunntmn n ee, nx uero neoxonmo pasnnroe uyncrno oonxnnx. To xe
nponcxonr n co nxycom.

Ecnn nam sanxsart rnasa, n 95 % cnyuaen nt cmoxere yraart non uenonexa no
onomy nnmt sanaxy ero txannx. B Hnrrcyprcxom ynnnepcnrere tn nponeen
+xcnepnmenr, n xoropom ncntryemte onxnt tnn onpeennrt non uenonexa no
sanaxy ero ntoxa uepes rpyxy. Orner tn npannntntm n 19 cnyuaxx ns 20.

uyncrno sanaxa moxer trt camtm cexcyantntm ns ncex. Vuente ns Bent
onapyxnnn, uro xenmnnt, ute nnno myxunnt cunramr npnnnexarentntm,
naxnyr nyume pyrnx npecrannrentnnn cnoero nona. 3ro onpeennnn
cneymmnm opasom: rpynna xenmnn-oponontnen n reuenne necxontxnx noue
cnana n onnx n rex xe ]yronxax, a sarem npeocrannna nx nccneonarenxm.
Hocne +roro myxunnt-ncntryemte oropann nanonee npnxrno naxnymne
]yronxn. Hoenrenxmn oxasannct re xenmnnt, xoroptx nropax rpynna
myxunn npnsnana nanonee npnnnexarentntmn. C pyro cropont,
nccneonarenn onapyxnnn, uro uem onee npnnnexarentntm xaxercx nnno
myxunnt, rem xyxe on naxner. Ho cnonam oxropa 3nxn Pnxoncxn, omo cuo
norasieaem .moonimuvm pasuuv e cmpameeuu suaro+cmea +erov +vr:uua+u
u reuuuua+u
8, 9
.
Ec1t nn y uenn n nocy xounac, nouorammnn nan1n npannntnoe nanpannenne?
B xaxom-ro cmtcne, raxo xomnac ecrnnrentno ecrt.
Vuente ns Kann]opnncxoro nncrnryra rexnonorn n Hacaene onapyxnnn, uro
n pemeruaro xocrn uenonexa, pacnonoxenno mexy rnasamn nosan noca,
naxonrcx xpomeunt necrxmn xpncrann marnernra. Marnernr marnnrnt
mnnepan, xoropt ecrt y omamnnx ronye, mnrpnpymmero nococx, ent]nnon,
nuen n neryunx mtme.
Ecnn nam sanxsart rnasa, n 95 % cnyuaen nt cmoxere yraart non uenonexa no
onomy nnmt sanaxy ero txannx.
Hexoropte axrepnn coepxar monexynxpnte nenn marnernra, xoropte
ecrnymr, no cnonam oxropa uapntsa Vonxorra, rar rpoue:uie cmpe.ru
ro+naca, noseo.muue oarmepu+ opueumupoeamic e +aeuumuix no.x 3e+.u u
oon.ieami oo ceoeeo .mou+oeo oo+a e .vre
10
. Hpecrannxercx, uro marnernr
nomoraer xnnorntm naxonrt npannntnoe nanpannenne n ycnemno mnrpnponart,
nosnonxx opnenrnponartcx no marnnrntm nonxm 3emnn. Onaxo yuente ne moryr
rouno cxasart, xax nmenno xnnornte +ro enamr. Kora xe peut ner o nmxx,
nexoropte +xcneprt yrnepxamr, uro marnernr enaer pemeruarym xocrt
uyncrnnrentno x marnnrntm nonxm n nomoraer onpeenxrt nanpannenne.
Hexoropte axe nonaramr, uro +ror xomnac nomor n uenoneuecxo +nonmnnn,
nocxontxy oneruan mnrpannm n oxory
1113
.
Oonxnne nepntm (ns nxrn uyncrn) naunnaer yxymartcx c nospacrom.
Kaxona cxopoc1t unxannn?
Jmo eonpoc Keua Mvuu us Hopmeema, Keuuc.euo.

Hpn unxannn or nac pasneramrcx mentuamne xannn not na paccroxnne 1,8
merpa co cxopocrtm npnmepno 160 xnnomerpon n uac
14
.
Bpeno nn noannn1t unxanne?
Jmo eonpoc Keua Mvuu us Hopmeema, Keuuc.euo.

Hoannenne unxannx moxer nanpenrt namnm ymam, rnasam, noconomy xpxmy,
nnnentm xocrxm n pepam. 3axptn por, sanoxnn ymn n yepxnnax noc saxptrtm,
nt nanpannxere annenne or unxannx ue uapvrv, a eeepx, e eecmaxueev mpvov
(coeouumuvm uocoeie npoxooi co cpeouu+ vxo+), a ommvoa r oapaoauui+
nepenoura+. B +rom cnyuae ouent cnntnoe unxanne moxer cosart cront
ntcoxoe annenne nosyxa, uro paspymnr apaannym nepenonxy
15
.
Bt unxaere uame, ecnn necnre ontme nopmt.
Mory nn n oc1anonn1t unxanne?
Hexoropte npaun yrnepxamr, uro npnnnxammeecx unxanne moxno
ocranonnrt, npnxan xstx x nnyrpenne uacrn nepxne ryt. Bt moxere saxptrt
noc n uacrt ry rax, urot ocrannrt neontmoe ornepcrne nx ntxoa nosyxa.
Moxno naxart yxasarentntm nantnem na ]nnrpym (oposxy mexy nepxne
ryo n nocom). Cunraercx, uro annenne na nepn n +ro rouxe cnnxaer
pe]nexropnoe xenanne unxnyrt.
Ecnn no npemx sanxrnx cexcom y nac ns noca reuer xpont, nosmoxno, +ro npnsnax
nontmennoro annennx.

Ecnn y nac +nncraxcnc, +ro ne nmeer ornomennx x raxcn nnn x raxcam. Hpocro y
nac noconoe xponoreuenne.
Hpana nn, u1o anneprnm (cennym nnxopaxy) uoano nmneun1t, csen uec1nmn ue?
Jmo eonpoc Cimsau Caumoc usHaprcnvpa, Ka.uqopuu.

He cymecrnyer nayuntx cnnerentcrn, nornepxammnx +ror ]axr. Onaxo n
napoe ronopnrcx, uro, nocxontxy nuent nepenocxr ntntny c mecrntx nneron, ee
xomnonenrt naxoxrcx n n mee. Cmtcn n rom, uro, cen mecrnt me, nt
ntpaoraere nmmynnrer x ntntne. K coxanennm, rpant roxe pacnpocrpanxmr
ntntny. Cxopee ncero, anneprnx y nac yer na nee, a rpana nuen ne nnrepecyer.
Hccneonannx, nponeennte n Apnsoncxom ynnnepcnrere, noxastnamr, uro
nonepxennocrt cenno nnxopaxe cnxsana c uyncrnom sacrenunnocrn.
Houeuy ac1ponan1m ne xpann1?
Henecomocrt n orcyrcrnne annennx n xocmoce nnnxmr na mxrxoe neo. B raxnx
ycnonnxx ero nastnamr nnanammnm, a xpan cranonnrcx nenosmoxntm.
Kax uoano ysna1t, rnycannm n nnn ne1?
Hmn nam cxaxyr, ecnn nt cenaere uro-ro rnycnoe, no nor c rnycanocrtm eno
pyroe. Onnm ns nanonee npocrtx cnocoon ysnart, rnycannre nt nnn ner,
xnnxercx cneymmn. 3axmnre nospn n cxaxnre: Fpena, Fo n Fapapa
tcrpo exann sa yreppoom. 3arem pasoxmnre noc n cxaxnre +ro cnona.
Ecnn nt ne samernnn ontmo pasnnnt n nponsnomennn +ro ]past n nyx
napnanrax, nt ecrnnrentno rnycannre.
Kaxon sanax nn uenonexa caumn npnnnexa1entnmn?
Orner moxer nac ynnnrt. 3ro ne sanax camtx opornx yxon, +ro apomar
cnexero xnea. Hecxontxo ner nasa cosarenn yxon n noncxe nanonee
npnnnexarentntx sanaxon nponenn nccneonanne, nxnmuanmee n cex ecxrxn
xonponanntx apomaron, xoropte recrnponana rpynna ncntryemtx.
Hoennmnm sanaxom oxasanact cnnresnponannax xopnunax ynouxa.

Enncrnennt sanax, sapexomenonanmn cex cexcyantntm arrpaxranrom, +ro
mycxyc.
Cymec1nym1 nn sanaxn, xo1opme enc1nn1entno nnnnm1cn aqponsnaxaun?
B omem, ner. Ho noncnxonor, oxrop M+pn 3nnen OKonnop ns ynnnepcnrera
Tanct, yrnepxaer, uro enncrnennt sanax, sapexomenonanmn cex
cexcyantntm arrpaxranrom, +ro mycxyc
16
.
Vcmauoeueuo, umo +yxuuum xpanam ououe xeuuuu. 1eopua, ozacuamuaa
+mo, euacum, umo xeucru eop+ou npoeecmepou raru+-mo opaso+ noaeuaem
xpan. Hocue uacmynueuua +euonaysm xeuuuum uauuuamm xpanemo mar xe
uacmo, rar u +yxuuum.
Inana 6
Ymn

Kax rnyxne o1 poaennn nmn qopuynnpym1 cnon umcnn?
Cymecrnymr pasnoro poa cnopt, xacammnecx neoxonmocrn xstxa n
]opmnponannn mtcne n naoopor. Bosmoxno, onn nomnn co npemen
Apncrorenx, xoropt yrnepxan, uro rnyxne nmn nnxora ne cmoryr nayunrtcx
mtmnennm n xstxy. Beptre nnn ner, no nexoropte o cnx nop npnepxnnamrcx
noono rouxn spennx. Ho cnonam oxropa Ionapa Facn, nnnrnncra n
cnennanncra no paccrpocrnam peun n xonnexe Ianayer (nx cnaocntmamnx)
n Bamnnrrone, roe-rmo oo cux nop c:umaem, :mo e.vxue ue v+emm ov+ami.
Oouaro e.vxue .mou +ic.m u eiparamm ceou +ic.u ua ca+ix pasuix sirax,
ua:uua c aue.ucroeo u sarau:uea siro+ recmoe.
oxrop Facn oannxer, uro oo.iuuucmeo .moe e ceoe+ cosuauuu no.isvmmc
eusva.usaue. Ouu c:umamm, :mo ov+amm c.oea+u, nocro.irv nimammc
eipasumi ceou +ic.u eepoa.iuo. Onucauue +ic.e oaem u+ sir. Bipara ceou
+ic.u no-aue.ucru, ei no.aeaeme, :mo u ov+aeme ux no-aue.ucru. oxrop
Facn nponnnmcrpnponan +ro npnmepom: Hpeocmaeime npievua e eicomv. Ou
cmoum u c+ompum ua mo +ecmo, omrvoa cooupaemc npieami; oouaro ou ue
eoeopum ceoe: Ce:ac nooeev eom soeci, nomo+ ocmauoe.mci eom ma+, a
npieami ovov c npaeo uoeu" Ou omoeo ue eoeopum. Ou npeocmae.em
1
.
oxrop Facn ocrarouno aprymenrnponanno orcrannaer cnom rouxy spennx,
onaxo mnorne ncnxonnnrnncrt, es comnennx, nocnopxr c nnm. A cnpamnnan nn
xro-nnyt Apncrorenx?
Camte nerxne nx uenoneuecxoro cnyxa snyxn, a raxxe camte npocrte nx
nponsnomennx raxont (no nopxxy): a, o, + n y.

Hocne roro xax nt cnnmxom nnorno noenn, ns nxrn uyncrn nmenno cnyx
cranonnrcx nanmenee nocnpnnmunntm.
uenoneuecxoe yxo moxer pasnnuart uacrory snyxa mexy 20 n 20 000 repn.

Ceptrn nocxr no mnornm npnunnam. Hepnte sonorte ceptrn nauann nocnrt
mopxxn, urot, xora onn ympyr, nx cmornn npnnnuno noxoponnrt.
Hpana nn, u1o nmn qopunpym1 unenne oo une na ocnone pasuepa, qopum n nonoaennn uonx ymen?
3ro ouent crpannt nonpoc. Onaxo nexoropte cnennanncrt ecrnnrentno
cunramr, uro ]opma, pasmep n nonoxenne namnx yme nomoraer nmxm
ntpaartnart o nac mnenne. Ho cnonam ncnxonora, oxropa Maxna
Hopmana, eaue .uo uauoo.ee earua qusu:ecra xaparmepucmura, no
romopo .mou eac oeuueamm. A vuu ooua us ca+ix earuix :acme eaueeo
.ua.oxrop Hopman ocnontnaer cnoe mnenne o ymax onee uem na
nanarnnernem ontre xnnnnuecxnx nccneonann. On onnctnaer 7 nnon yme,
nmemmnx snauenne
2
.

uenoneuecxoe yxo moxer pasnnuart uacrory snyxa mexy 20 n 20 000 repn.
Bontmne
Ecnn namn ymn ontme otunoro pasmepa, nmn cunramr nac meptmn n
nnnmarentntmn x uyncrnam pyrnx.

Manentxne
Ecnn namn ymn manentxne, nmn ymamr, uro nt mnoro paoraere n, cxopee
ncero, xopomo nanre c oxpyxammnmn. Hpenonaraercx, uro nt nmnre
nstcxannt crnnt xnsnn n nerxo nonepxent nnnxnnm pyrnx.

Oc1pme
Ecnn namn ymn cnerxa saocrpent cnepxy, nmn ymamr, uro nt ymnt,
oaxrentnt n remnepamenrnt.

nnnnme uouxn
Ecnn y namnx yme nnnnte mouxn, nmn cunramr nac myptm n xopomnm
cnymarenem.

Hnsxo pacnonoaenm na ronone
Ecnn namn ymn pacnonoxent nnsxo, nac cunramr neneycrpemnenntm,
neanncrnuntm n +monnonantntm.

Pacnonoaenm nnsxo x nnny
Ecnn ymn cnnnyrt nnxe x nnny, nac cunramr xoncepnarnnntm, ynpxmtm,
cypontm, a raxxe nexnnntm n onaammnm xopome namxrtm.

Pacnonoaenm anexo o1 nnna
Ecnn ymn pacnonaramrcx anexo or nnna, nmn cunramr nac nanopncrtm
onrnmncrom co sopontm ornomennem x cee
3
.
3naere nn nt, uro n xaxom yxe pacnonaraercx 2000 xenes, ntenxmmnx cepy?
Mennnncxne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro onn ntenxmr ee nnrencnnnee,
xora nt ncnyrant.

uem xononee xnnmar, rem mentme ymn. 3ro noromy, uro ymn oramr renno,
xoropoe oprannsm crpemnrcx coxpannrt. B nenom +ro npncnoconenne
cnocrnenno n ocrantntm mnexonnrammnm, no ecrt eme n raxoe npannno: uem
xononee xnnmar, rem xopoue xnocr (no rem xe npnunnam).

Apncrorent cunran, uro nmn c ontmnmn ymamn nmxr mnoro onrart no
nycrxxam.
Houeuy y noannmx nmen nonoca1me ymn?
3ro xnaccnuecxn CBOT. Ero uacro saamr nnyxn, oparnn nnnmanne na ymn
aymxn nnn eymxn. Hmn cpenero nospacra naunnamr +rnm nnrepeconartcx,
xora sameuamr, uro renept nm neoxonmo pnrt n ymn. B nenom +ro nmeer
ornomenne x ropmonantntm nsmenennxm.
uem xononee xnnmar, rem mentme ymn.
Cymecrnyer rpn rnna uenoneuecxnx nonoc. Hepnt rnn ne ornocnrcx x
onpeenennomy nony n noxptnaer nce reno uenonexa (ponn, pecnnnt, nonoct na
norax, na pyxax, na ronone n rax anee). Bropo rnn nmeer ornomenne x nony n
ntpacraer n xoe nononoro cospenannx na onnx n rex xe yuacrxax rena y
myxunn n y xenmnn (nonoct na noxe n no mtmxamn). Tpern rnn nonoc pacrer
rontxo y myxunn naunnax c nopocrxonoro nepnoa (nonoct na nnne, na rpyn n
na xnnore).
Cymecrnyer ne ]opmt nonoc. Hocroxnnte nonoct noxptnamr npnntunte uacrn
rena (ronony, pyxn n norn). Bennyc npecrannen na menee nonocartx uacrxx (no,
nexn n ymn).
Bce rnnt n ]opmt nonoc nonepxent nosecrnnm ropmonon. Ho mepe crapennx
nam ropmonantnt ananc menxercx. Taxo cnnr moxer rpanc]opmnponart
]onnnxynt nennyca n ]onnnxynt nocroxnntx nonoc n naoopor. B pesyntrare n
spenom n noxnnom nospacre nonoct uacro noxnnxmrcx ram, re pantme nx ne
tno, n nonnocrtm ncuesamr orrya, re xora-ro nx tno ouent mnoro.
Ocoenno sameren +ror ropmonantnt cnnr n onacrn yme, nocxontxy n nnx
pacnonoxeno mnoxecrno ]onnnxyn nennyca. K romy xe ymn ncera na nny, n
ornnune or pyrnx uacre rena, xoroptm ne yenxmr cront npncrantnoro
nnnmannx
46
.
Cunraercx, uro uenoneuecxoe yxo noxoxe na mnnnarmpnoe nnannno. Ono
coepxnr n cee +xnnnanenr 10 000 crpyn n 3000 monorouxon.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen aconm1nmn cnyx?
uyncrno cnyxa o-o-ouent nnrepecnax rema! Xorx +xcneprt noxa ne moryr
npnrn x omemy mnennm ornocnrentno roro, uro xe nmeercx n nny no
aconmrntm cnyxom, n nenom rax nastnamr neotunym cnoconocrt pasnnuart n
nocnponsnonrt mystxantnte nort no namxrn, ne cntma pyrnx n xauecrne
ncnomorarentntx. Aconmrntm cnyxom onaamr npnmepno 6 % nme. 3ra
cnoconocrt nepeaercx no nacnecrny. Xorx ontmnncrno mystxanron ne nmemr
aconmrnoro cnyxa, no cpannennm c ome nonynxnne nmenno n +ro rpynne
nanmaercx ocnonnoe uncno rex, xro nm onaaer.

Aconmrntm cnyxom onaamr npnmepno 6 % nme. 3ra cnoconocrt
nepeaercx no nacnecrny.
Vuente yxe mnoro nexon cnopxr o nosmoxnocrxx pasnnrnx aconmrnoro cnyxa.
Hexoropte cunramr, uro +ro npoxennoe xauecrno: nno ecrt, nno ner +romy
nenosmoxno nayunrtcx nnn pasnnrt n cee. Otuno onn npnnoxr ror aprymenr,
uro aconmrnt cnyx onxen nmert renernuecxym npnunny, nocxontxy +ro
cnocrno nepeaercx ns noxonennx n noxonenne nnyrpn onoro poa. Taxxe onn
yxastnamr, uro ero npaxrnuecxn ne n cnnax ntpaorart n cee axe mystxanrt n
yuamnecx. Onaxo pyrne yuente nonaramr, uro aconmrnt cnyx xaxnm-ro
opasom pasnnnaercx nocne poxennx. Onn yrnepxamr, uro emy moxno
nayunrtcx nnn pasnnrt, nocxontxy nmn c aconmrntm cnyxom uacro nmemr
ponrene, xoropte nmxr mystxy n xenamr mystxantntx ocrnxenn nx
cnonx ere. Taxne yuente uacro nanomnnamr, uro ren aconmrnoro cnyxa ne
naen. Ho nponnn, ror ]axr, uro aconmrnt cnyx xax t xyntrnnnpyercx
nnyrpn cemtn, xnnxercx cnnerentcrnom, noepxnnammnm rouxy spennx oenx
cropon.
Aconmrnt cnyx nmeer ornomenne x mosry, a ne x yxy.
Heanno tno onapyxeno, uro ]opma n pasmep mosra onaarene aconmrnoro
cnyxa ornnuamrcx or mosra ncex ocrantntx nme. Hccneonanne oxropa
Iorrpna Bnayra onnpanoct na opasnt marnnrno-pesonancnoro cxannponannx,
npoenannoro 30 xnaccnuecxnm mystxanram, y 11 ns xoroptx tn aconmrnt
cnyx. Vuente onapyxnnn, uro y nocnennx nncounax onacrt n nenom
nonymapnn mosra tna na 40 % ontme, uem n npanom
7
.
Ono xcno rouno aconmrnt cnyx nmeer ornomenne x mosry, a ne x yxy
815
.
urot trt nennxnm xomnosnropom, ne rpeyercx aconmrnt cnyx. Hs raxnx
xomnosnropon, xax Monapr, Byman n Barnep, rontxo Monapr, no
npenonoxennxm, nmen aconmrnt cnyx. noe pyrnx npexpacno oxonnnct
es nero.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen noome ne1 cnyxa?
3ro cnocrno no mnorom npornnononoxno nannunm aconmrnoro cnyxa n roxe
nepeaercx nacnecrnenno ns noxonennx n noxonenne. Hensnecrno, nouemy ono
noome npoxnnxercx, ecnn, xoneuno, ne yunrtnart ror ]axr, uro uenonex c
orcyrcrnnem cnyxa pexo cnyman mystxy o 7 ner. Ecrt nexoropte cnnerentcrna
roro, uro cnyxonte cnoconocrn raxnx nme nemnoro nnxe nopmt, no +ra
pasnnna ne npecrannxercx snaunrentno n n nyumem cnyuae xnnxer coo nnmt
+nemenr orcyrcrnnx cnoconocrn pasnnuart mystxantnte rona.

Hexoropte cnennanncrt cunramr, uro orcyrcrnnx cnyxa noome ne
cymecrnyer.
Fonee roro, ner cnnerentcrn xaxo t ro nn tno pasnnnt mexy crpyxrypo
mosra nme c orcyrcrnnem cnyxa n nme, y xoroptx cnyx ecrt. Hexoropte
cnennanncrt cunramr, uro orcyrcrnnx cnyxa noome ne cymecrnyer. uacro +ro
nonpoc snannx n mystxantno ynepennocrn. Ecnn cunrart, uro nannune cnyxa
nopma, ero orcyrcrnne moxno ntneunrt. Ho cnonam onoro ns cnennanncron,
oxropa Hynca Pycco, ncemy, uero ner, moxno nayunrt
16,17
.
Hme, cunrammnx, uro y nnx ner cnyxa, ropaso ontme, uem rex, y xoro ero
ecrnnrentno ner. 3xcneprt no pasnnrnm mystxantnocrn yrnepxamr, uro
peenxy eme n pannem nospacre moxno npnxnenrt xpntx orcyrcrnnx cnyxa, n y
nero nosnnxner yonax npnunna nserart xaxo t ro nn tno mystxantno
exrentnocrn. Onaxo cnennanncrt ronopxr o rom, uro ontmnncrno (ecnn ne nce
raxne ern) moryr nayunrtcx nonnmart menonm, xax +ro enamr ocrantnte.
H1o 1axoe rononoxpyaenne n xax ono cnnsano c ymaun?
Jmo eonpoc Bpmca Havopa us Caoo.eopma, Prua Aecmpa.u.

Peut ner o onesnn Mentepa. Fonesnt Mentepa npecrannxer coo ono ns
necxontxnx paccrpocrn necrnynxpnoro annapara. Becrnynxpnt annapar
xnnxercx uacrtm nnyrpennero yxa n mosra, nomorax xonrponnponart pannonecne n
nnxenne rnas. Paccrpocrno necrnynxpnoro annapara nosnnxaer n rom cnyuae,
ecnn nnyrpennee yxo nnn mosr nonpexent onesntm nnn rpanmnponant.
Cnmnromt onesnn Mentepa nxnmuamr n cex nnesannte npncrynt
rononoxpyxennx, crpannte snyxn (snon n ymax), cnnxenne cnyxa, xoropoe n
xoneunom cuere moxer npnnecrn x rnyxore, cexynnym nnn npoonxnrentnym
norepm cnoconocrn anannsnponart oxpyxammee, a raxxe xoporxym nnn onrym
norepm namxrn. Hpncryn moxer nnrtcx mnnyrt nnn axe uact, a norom ne
noxnnxrtcx n reuenne ne, neene, mecxnen nnn ner. Hexoropte ontnte
onnctnamr +ro xax cnxmym n nnx omy c uacontm mexannsmom.
Cunraercx, uro onesntm Mentepa crpaann mnorne snamennrocrn. Hs namnx
conpemennnxon x nnm npnnanexan nepnt amepnxancxn acrponanr,
notnanmn n xocmoce, noxont Anan F. Benap. 3ro saonenanne na
ecxrnnerne ncxnmunno ero ns xocmnuecxo nporpammt, noxa Benap ne
cnpannncx c nnm. 3namennrt cnennanncr no onesnn Mentepa oxrop xon
Kemnnx cunraer, uro rtcxun, ecnn ne mnnnnont, nme no ncemy mnpy crpaamr
em, axe ne noospenax o +rom. On oannxer, uro n nenom +rn nannenrt
sopont, uyncrnymr cex xopomo n nx cynpyram, pystxm n corpynnxam rpyno
npenonoxnrt uro-ro nnoe. Mnornm ns nnx nnxora ne nocranxr raxo narnos.
Hexoropte nseramr npaue, pyrne ne xenamr nnxomy paccxastnart o
noxnnxmmnxcx cnmnromax. Fonee roro, no cnonam oxropa Kemnnxa
18
, sauacrym
npaun nonpocry ne moryr pacnosnart npnsnaxn +ro onesnn.
Cpen ere n nospacre 10 ner, nmemmnx nponemt co cnyxom, uncno enouex
npentmaer uncno mantunxon.
K cuacrtm, onesnt Mentepa nsneunma. Hpn +rom saonenannn nomoramr crporax
nera, nsmenenne noneennx, nexapcrna n onepannx (n nponecce xoropo
nannenry ncrannxercx mynr, nsannxmmn or nepenstrxa xnxocrn no
nnyrpennem yxe). Homnmo +roro, cymecrnyer n nonax xnpyprnuecxax nponeypa,
perponanpnnrnax necrnynxpnax nenp+xromnx, npnmenxmmaxcx n rex cnyuaxx,
xora nce ocrantnte merot oxasannct ne+]]exrnnnt. Fonesnt Mentepa ne
sapasna.
Cpen ere n nospacre 10 ner, nmemmnx nponemt co cnyxom, uncno enouex
npentmaer uncno mantunxon.
Houeuy nmn ennc1nennme anno1nme, xo1opmu ne nao nonopaunna1tcn na snyx, u1om ero ycnmma1t?
Jmo eonpoc Cmecu Ke..em us Porxo+nmoua, Keuuc.ouo.

Hmn n ntcmne npnmart cnocont onpeenxrt ncrounnx snyxa, ne nonopaunnax
ronony no nanpannennm x nemy. pyrne xnnornte nonopaunnamr ronony nnn
ymnte paxonnnt, urot ynonnrt snyx. Teopnx, oxcnxmmax cnoconocrt
uenonexa, ocnonana na nonnmannn ynnxantnoro crpoennx ero yme. Bo-nepntx,
onn camn no cee xnnxmrcx axycrnuecxnm nsnyuarenem. Onn nsnyuamr onopnt
snyx, oennxmmncx c nxoxmnm snyxom, uro ]opmnpyer nnyrpn yxa
nnrep]epennnonnym xaprnny. Hpnpoa +ro xaprnnt uyncrnnrentna x
nanpannennm nxoxmero snyxa. Bo-nroptx, ynnrxa yxa nocnpnnnmaer n
anannsnpyer +ry xaprnny xax axycrnuecxym ronorpammy. Cneom ncm +ry
nn]opmannm nnrepnpernpyer mosr, onpeenxx nanpannenne snyxa
2022
.
Hmn cnocont onpeenxrt ncrounnx snyxa, ne nonopaunnax ronony no
nanpannennm x nemy.
Houeuy, xora n cxoay na eper nocne uopcxon nporynxn, 1o nce eme npoonaam uync1nona1t noxaunnanne?
3ro xnnenne nastnaercx cnnpomom Mant e Faxmona. Ha camom ene nnpannx
npoonxaercx n cnyxontx npoxoax, napymax name pannonecne. urot opecrn
ero nnont, rpeyercx xaxoe-ro npemx, npnmepno napa mnnyr. Bosecrnne +roro
cnnpoma ananornuno npemennomy uyncrny snona n ymax, xora n nnx snennr
nocne rpomxoro snyxa n myma
22
.
Ec1t nn cnoco ouany1t c1paxonym xounannm, npn1nopnct rnyxnu?
Her. Bama xomnannx sacrannr nac nporn recr: nam npnercx ronopnrt n
mnxpo]on, ononpemenno cnymax n naymnnxax cnon cocrnennte cnona c
saepxxo npnmepno 0,2 cexynt. Ecnn nt nx cntmnre, ro nensmenno naunere
sannnartcx n menxrt remn peun. B nmom cnyuae ne nyxno raxoro enart.
Houeuy e1xonen no1epnn cnyx?
Hmnnr nan Ferxonen (17701827) onn ns nennuamnx mystxantntx rennen
ncex npemen. On counnnn 9 cnm]onn n nnannponan 10-m, naxoxct na cmeprnom
ope. Ero mnorouncnennte mystxantnte ocrnxennx norpxcamr eme cnntnee,
xora nt ysnaere, uro n nepno nononnne xnsnn on crpaan or nporpeccnpymme
rnyxort. B 29 ner Ferxonen nonnocrtm norepxn cnyx. Vnnnrentno, no nocne
+ro yrpart counnennx xomnosnropa crann eme cnoonee n xpue.

Ha Cenepnom n Rxnom nonmcax 2 uenonexa n xnnomerpe pyr or pyra moryr
necrn pasronop, ne nontmax ronoca.
Hcropnxn mennnnt cunramr, uro Ferxonen crpaan or onesnn Hexera. Onn
ocnontnamr cnoe mnenne na nnemnem onnxe Ferxonena: ontmax ronona n
mnpoxne ponn xnnxmrcx ornnunrentntmn ocoennocrxmn +roro saonenannx.
Henopmantnt pocr xocre paspymnn cnyxonte nepnt xomnosnropa, uro npnneno
x rnyxore
23
.
Xopomo nn cnmmno na nonmce?
Ha Cenepnom n Rxnom nonmcax nosyx nnora nacrontxo xonont n nnornt,
a ne raxo rnaxn, uro snyxonte nonnt nepeamrcx ecnpenxrcrnenno n 2
uenonexa n xnnomerpe pyr or pyra moryr necrn pasronop, ne nontmax ronoca.
Houeuy nmn cnmma1 uon ronoc ne 1axnu, xaxnu cnmmy ero n?
3ro xnaccnuecxn CBOT. Hmn pasmtmnxmr na +ro crpannocrtm c rex nop,
xax tn nsoperen marnnro]on. Bnepnte ycntman cno ronoc n sanncn, nt ne
moxere nonepnrt cnonm ymam. Heyxenn x ronopm rax?! Hnxro ne cmoxer
yenrt nac, uro nmenno rax nt n ronopnre.
Kax nn crpanno, n xaxom-ro cmtcne nt npant. Comnennx, cnopt nnn nonnoe
nenpnxrne sanncannoro ronoca xax cnoero cocrnennoro nanmaercx noncmy.
Anrpononorn coomamr o +rom na nporxxennn mnornx ner. 3auacrym nmenno
onn nepnte snaxomxr c marnnro]onom npecrannrene pasnnuntx xyntryp mnpa,
ncnontsyx ero nx nnnrnncrnuecxoro anannsa. Ha camom ene oxcnenne +roro
ynnnepcantnoro n orroro eme onee nmontrnoro snyxonoro ]enomena
ocrarouno npocroe. Ho cnonam oxropa Hentcona Borana, orcrannoro noronea,
npenoanarenx n nocranonmnxa nxnnn n ronoca n Ionnnnye, cnymax cno ronoc
n nponecce pasronopa, mt nocnpnnnmaem ero ne rontxo ymamn. Mt c.iuu+
sevroeie eo.ui, pacnpocmpaumuuec euvmpu uac, :epes ruorocmi,
sano.umuvm euvmpeuuue opeaui.
Cnymax cno ronoc mt cntmnm snyxonte nonnt, pacnpocrpanxmmnecx nnyrpn
nac, uepes xnxocrt, sanonnxmmym nnyrpennne oprant.
Peut naunnaercx n roprann, orxya ncxoxr snyxonte nnpannn. uacrt +rnx
nnpann pacnpocrpanxercx no nosyxy. 3ro nmenno ro, uro cntmar pyrne,
xora mt pasronapnnaem (n ro, uro sannctnaer marnnro]on). pyrax uacrt
nnpann npoxonr uepes xnxocrn n pasnnunte rxann name ronont.
Bnyrpennee n cpenee yxo pacnonoxent n xocrntx nonocrxx. 3rn nonocrn
npecrannxmr coo camym rnepym uacrt uenoneuecxoro uepena. Bnyrpennee
yxo coepxnr xnxocrt, a cpenee nosyx, n oa onn naxoxrcx n nocroxnno
xomnpeccnn. Ioprant, n cnom ouepet, saxnmuena n mxrxym rxant, raxxe
coepxamym xnxocrt. Ho nosyxy snyx pacnpocrpanxercx nnaue, uem n
xnxocrn n nnorntx rxanxx. 3ra pasnnna ornocnrcx npaxrnuecxn xo nce
mnpnne ronon, xoropte mt nocnpnnnmaem, no+romy oxpyxammne cntmar
concem ne ro, uro cntmnm mt.
oxrop Boran sameuaer nmontrnym erant: nccneonarenn onapyxnnn, uro
axe manentxne ern cranxnnamrcx c +rnm snyxontm +]]exrom. uacro onn
nonpocry ne moryr onosnart cno cocrnennt ronoc, ycntman ero n sanncn,
axe cpasy nocne roro, xax ona cenana. Hccneonanne ne moxer oxasart, uro
ronoc, xoropt mt cntmnm (nam nnyrpennn ronoc), nenpemenno ntme nnn
nnxe, uem ror, xoropt cntmar pyrne (nnemnn ronoc). Ho+romy moxno
cxasart, uro na camom ene y nac na ronoca. H oa ns nnx namn nacroxmne
ronoca. Bce sanncnr or yxa nnnmammero
24
.
H1o 1axoe ymnan cepa?
3ra npornnnax cycrannnx ouent naxna nx namero sopontx, a ee nnnxax
xoncncrennnx nmeer cnoe snauenne. K ne npnxnennamrcx ntnt, rpxst, axrepnn,
rpnxn n pyrne onacnte paspaxnrenn, ne nonaax raxnm opasom n yxo, ony
ns nanonee uyncrnnrentntx onacre namero oprannsma, x romy xe, xax moxno
samernrt, ocrarouno orxptrym nnemnnm nnnxnnxm. Vmnax cepa coepxnr
ocote ]epmenrt nnsosnmt. Hnsosnmt paspymamr xnerounte crenxn
uyxepontx axrepn nymx cnocoamn: npexe ncero onn saepxnnamr
mnxpot, ecrnyx noono nnnxo ymare nx myx, a sarem pacrnopxmr nx
noxnmnuecxnm cnocoom.
Vmnax cepa coepxnr ocote ]epmenrt nnsosnmt.
Bpaun nastnamr +ro nemecrno nepymnn. Vmnax cepa tnaer pasntx nneron. V
eno n uepno pact ymnax cepa xenronaroro nnera, nnaxnax n mxrxax. Onaxo y
nexoroptx asnarcxnx rpynn (nanpnmep, y monronon) ona ceponarax, cyxax n
nomxax. 3a cepy orneuaer onpeenennt ren. Bnaxnym cepy cosaer
omnnanrnt ren, cyxym peneccnnnt.
Xorx nac c ercrna npnyuamr uncrnrt ymn, c rouxn spennx sopontx nyume
ocrannxrt n nnx nemnoro cept. Hnora nx sopontx naxna ne rontxo uncrora, no
n ecrecrnennax cexpennx oprannsma!
25

Vuente ne snamr, nouemy no cpennm noxasarenxm myxunnt repxmr cnyx
snaunrentno pantme, uem xenmnnt.

Inana 7
Po1

Houeuy n senam?
3enanne rema, xoropax npx nn ntsoner y nac cxyxy.
Hccneonanne ronopnr o rom, uro npaxrnuecxn ne cymecrnyer nayuntx
cnnerentcrn, noxpennxmmnx mnorne namn nonynxpnte nosspennx
ornocnrentno roro, nouemy n xora mt senaem, nx uero cnyxnr senox n xaxne
ocroxrentcrna nnnxmr na uacrory ero noxnnennx. 3enox sanycxaercx o cnx nop
nensnecrntm ]nsnonornuecxnm cocroxnnem. Onaxo, ecnn nt nnnre ue-ro
senox, nam ecrnnrentno xouercx nemenenno sennyrt, n +ro onn ns nemnornx
npnmepon noonoro uenoneuecxoro noneennx. Ha camom ene senox moxer trt
cnpononnponan axe urennem nnn npocro mtcntm o nem. 3rn orxptrnx
pesyntrar nccneonannx, nponeennoro neymnm cnennanncrom no senannm
oxropom Poeprom Hponanom, npo]eccopom ncnxonornn ynnnepcnrera n
M+pnnene. oxrop Hponan n na pyrnx yuentx notroxnnn nce, uro nayxa o
cnx nop snana o senannn
1
.
3enox nceomee n, nepoxrno, ynnnepcantnoe uenoneuecxoe noneenne, xoropoe
nanmaercx n reuenne nce xnsnn. Hpn senxeomrpimue pma conpoeoroaemc
o.ume.iui+ eooxo+, sa romopi+ c.eovem ropomru eioox. 3enanne nrpaer
ontmym pont n pacxptrnn encraxnentx rpy (nymnx or yxa x ropny) n n
perynnponxe annennx nosyxa n cpenem yxe.
3enanne upesntuano naxno nx sopontx. 3enanne (nnn ero orcyrcrnne) moxer
xnnxrtcx cnmnromom nonpexennx mosra, yxastnart na onyxonn, xponoreuennx,
mopcxym onesnt, xopem n +nne]annr. 3ro naxnt repanenrnuecxn ]axrop n
npeornpamennn nocneonepannonntx txarentntx ocnoxnenn. B onom
nccneonannn coomanoct, uro ncnxornxn pexo senamr, ecnn rontxo y nnx ne
nonpexen mosr. Hexoropte npaun yrnepxamr, uro nmn c ocrptmn
ncnxnuecxnmn paccrpocrnamn ne senamr o rex nop, noxa ne naunyr
nonpannxrtcx.
3enanne upesntuano naxno nx sopontx.
3enanne uacro acconnnpyercx c pemoro, cxyxo n nnsxnm yponnem peaxnn
nosyxennx. Hccneonannx nornepxamr, uro nmn cxnonnt senart, npnnnmax
yuacrne n nnrentntx, cxyuntx, monoronntx sanxrnxx, a raxxe ecnn nanmamr
sa uem-ro nennrepecntm, n ornnune or yuacrnx n nanmennx oxnnnenntx n
nmontrntx cotrn
2
.
oxrop Hponan c xonneramn cunramr, uro senanne nccneonarenxmn
neoonennnaercx. On oannxer, uro vmeeproeuue o cesu +erov cou.ueocmim
u seeauue+ ocuoeauo ua sopaeo+ c+ic.e u noeceoueeuo+ uao.moeuuu, r :e+v
uavra +a.o :mo +orem oooaeumi. Hanpnmep, n nnreparype o cne nnmt nnora
ynomnnamr ynennuenne uacrort senannx y nme, xoroptx xnonnr n con, no saro
nouepxnnamr ne ornocxmnecx x reme nnn omne nonoxennx, xacammnecx
senannx.
Hmn c ocrptmn ncnxnuecxnmn paccrpocrnamn ne senamr o rex no& noxa ne
naunyr nonpannxrtcx.
Henponornuecxoe oxasarentcrno cnxsn mexy senannem n norxrnnannem xpoercx
n coomennxx o nmxx c nonpexennem mosra, ne cnocontx pasennrt +rn na
noneennx. Bo npemx senannx raxne nannenrt uacro emoncrpnpymr
coornercrnymmne nnxennx n napannsonanntx ocrantnoe npemx uacrxx rena.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nexapcrna, ntstnammne senxn, npononnpymr
norxrnnanne n y pasnnuntx xnnorntx.
Hccneonannx oxropa Hponana yrnepxamr, uro cvuecmevem ceuoeme.icmeo,
rar +uuu+v+, :acmu:uo aemouo+uu senannx n norxrnnannx. Ocnontnaxct na
onom ns cnonx naoparopntx ontron, on nnmer: Toeoa rar 47 % nomeueauu
conpoeoroa.oci seero+, mo.iro 11 % seeroe conpoeoroa.oci
nomeueauu+u. Kpome +roro, yuent npenonaraer, uro senanne, nponcxoxmee
nepe rem, xax ycnyrt, n nocne roro, xax uenonex npoctnaercx, moxer trt xax
mexannsmom ycnnennx nnnmannx n axrnnnsannn mosra, rax n cnrnanom x
paccnanennm, cnocoom cnnsnrt axrnnnocrt, noroponnrt nac nnn xaxnm-ro
nntm opasom nororonnrt xo cny.
oxrop Hponan n ero xonnern ormeuamr, uro .uui uecro.iro eunomes
omuocume.iuo c+ic.a seeauu oi.u cepiesuo pacc+ompeui. He tno naeno n
nayunoro nornepxennx roro mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoro mnennx, uro senanne
nno peaxnnx, nno cnoco perynnponxn yponnx xncnopoa nnn yrnexncnoro rasa
n xponn. Vuente onapyxnnn, uro senanne ne nopoxaercx n ne noannxercx
ntxannem rason c nontmenntm yponnem yrnexncnort nnn xncnopoa. Taxxe
nccneonarenn coomamr, uro senanne ne cnxsano c cnntntmn ]nsnuecxnmn
narpysxamn. Ftno onapyxeno, uro nmn, xoropte pexo senamr, ne
xomnencnpymr +ro npoonxnrentnocrtm senxon. Touno rax xe, nmn, senammne
uacro, ne senamr tcrpee.
Ocranoct eme xoe-uro. Ecnn oxrop Hponan n ero xonnern npant no ncem, o uem
ronopnnoct ntme, ro nt sennynn, xax mnnnmym, pas, unrax necxontxo nocnennx
asanen
4
.
Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn nxyconoro cocouxa uenonexa or 7 o 10
ne.

Kora uenonex ronopnr, ro pasptsrnnaer npnmepno 300 mnxpocxonnuecxnx
xanent cnmnt n mnnyry, ro ecrt 2,5 xannn na cnono.

Orneuarox xstxa xaxoro uenonexa ynnxanen.
Mory nn n nancera nsuenn1t snyuanne coc1nennoro ronoca?
Bt ecrnnrentno moxere nsmennrt cno ronoc. Amepnxancxn norone
yrnepxaer, uro 30 % nme neonontnt rem, xax on snyunr. oxrop ann+nt P.
Fyn, paorammn n orenennn peun n cnyxa Apnsoncxoro ynnnepcnrera n
Tacxone, noxcnxer:Horu.ie xomm, :mooi ux eo.oc sev:a. +o.ore, a +o.ooie
cmpe+mc coe.ami eeo co.uouee. H nocxontxy nce ontme en neercx no
rene]ony, nam eo.oc cmauoeumc cmo.i re eareu, rar u eau euo.
Mi ruee+ e oouecmee, e romopo+ cmpe+u+c sev:ami onpeoe.euui+
oopaso+, ronopnr oxrop Mopron Kynep, norone ns Hoc-Anxeneca, n
oannxer: Mi xomu+, :mooi uau eo.oc sev:a. ue :epes uoc, a rasa.c no.ui+
u e.vooru+. Mi xomu+, :mooi e ue+ :vecmeoea.aci cu.a. Mi xomu+
paseoeapueami mar, ovomo v uac eicoru cmamvc u no.oreuue e oouecmee
5
.
30 % nme neonontnt rem, xax snyunr nx ronoc.
oxrop Hnnnnan Inacc, norone ns Fenepnn-Xnnc n Kann]opnnn, nonyunna
nsnecrnocrt xax peueno xoncyntranr snes. Ee xnnenramn tnn acrnn
Xo]]man n Bon Konnepn. Ona yrnepxaer: Uacmo ei +oreme cosoami o ceoe
.oruoe ene:am.euue me+, rar eoeopume. Pesru, uenpumui eo.oc cosoaem
oopas s.oeo u epvooeo :e.oeera. Bicoru eo.oc +orem vrasieami ua
uespe.ocmi. Ec.u v eac +ouomouui eo.oc, .mou +oevm peuumi, :mo ei ue
uumepecui u.u ue uumepecvemeci u+u
6
.
Hoono xocmernuecxo xnpyprnn, nsmenenne ronoca cranonnrcx nce onee n
onee montm. B CBA nsnec npo]eccnonantntx noroneon yxe anno
nponneraer. Moxno nsmennrt cxopocrt, ron, crenent orpaxennx snyxa n nocono
nonocrn n axe axnenr. Ho cnonam oxropa Fyna, uuoeoa ece, :mo mpeovemc,
omo uav:umi .moe eoeopumi :vmi oicmpee. B CBA mxnt axnenr
nocnpnnnmaercx xax npnsnax nnsmero xnacca, n mnorne nmn c Rra xenamr
ero nsmennrt. B ynnnepcnrere Kann]opnnx-Fepxnn nearornuecxn ncnxonor
oxrop Hoypenc Crmapr ormeuaer: Koeoa .mou c.iuam +eo.ume.iui mrui
eoeop, ouu aemo+amu:ecru cuuramm uume..ermva.iui rooqquueum
eoeopueeo ua 20 nvurmoe.

Otuno uenonex cmeercx oxono 15 pas n ent.
oxrop Inacc yrnepxaer, uro nonroa rpennponxn rnopxr uyeca,
nocxontxy uurmo ue poroaemc c n.oxu+ eo.oco+. Hmoo :e.oeer +orem
ucnpaeumi mo, rar ou eoeopum
1
.
Ecnn uenonex crpaaer or upesmepno xaxt, y nero nonnnncnx.

Camt nnnnt n mnpe xstx npnnanexnr pnrancxomy nonrenm Crnneny
Tenopy. Ecnn on ntcyner ero n npnxpoer por, nnna or xonunxa xstxa o nenrpa
nepxne ryt cocrannr 9,4 canrnmerpa.

Apaxnyrnpo]onx +ro crpax roro, uro apaxnconoe macno npnnnnner x ney.

Otunt uenonex nornomaer sa ro oxono 900 xnnorpammon et n nannrxon.

V xenmnn onee xoporxne ronoconte cnxsxn no cpannennm c myxunnamn.

3a cnom xnsnt nt ntnnnaere npnmepno 75 000 nnrpon not.

Otuno uenonex cmeercx oxono 15 pas n ent.

Kora nt cmeerect, nosyx ns nerxnx ntxonr napyxy xoporxnmn ronuxamn co
cxopocrtm npnmepno 113 xnnomerpon n uac.

K 60 roam ontmnncrno nme repxmr nononnny cnonx nxycontx penenropon.
H1o 1axoe nxo1a?
Hxora +ro paspaxenne na]parmt, ntstnammee cnasm. Ho cyrn, nxora
cocronr ns nyx +ranon. Hepnt +ro nenponsnontnoe coxpamenne na]parmt.
Ono nponcxonr noromy, uro nepnt, xonrponnpymmne ee, no xaxnm-ro npnunnam
nosyxamrcx (nanpnmep, ns-sa roro, uro uenonex en nnn nnn cnnmxom tcrpo).
Hocxontxy txanne n nponecc et nponcxonr n ono n ro xe npemx, nosnnxaer
co. B +rom cnyuae nt moxere xonrponnponart nxory, nonpocry nserax roro,
uro ee ntstnaer. Bropo +ran +ro ntox, n nponecce xoroporo crenxn,
oxpyxammne npocrpancrno mexy ronocontmn cnxsxamn n sane uacrn ropna
(ronoconax ment), cmtxamrcx c xapaxrepntm menxammnm snyxom. Ero mt n
cntmnm, xora nxaem.
urot nonxrt, uro xe raxoe nxora, neoxonmo pasopartcx, uro npecrannxer
coo na]parma. Herxne saxnmuent n xnerxy, re pepa opasymr crenxn, a
na]parma non. na]parma +ro nsornyrax nnepx nnocxax mtmna. Kora nt
tmnre nopmantno, na]parma onycxaercx nnns o rex nop, noxa ne samer
ropnsonrantnoe nonoxenne. B ro xe npemx mtmnt, oxpyxammne pepa,
coxpamamrcx, nonnmax nerxne nnepx. 3ro noxoxe na nsner xpnnonnnono mxn
n nocxoxmem noroxe nosyxa. Ipynax xnerxa pacmnpxercx, yrnynxercx, n
oem nosyxa nnyrpn ynennunnaercx.
Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno nnon neuennx nxort. Hexoropte nmn ntnnnamr
sannom craxan not. pyrne saepxnnamr txanne o rex nop, noxa nxora ne
npexpamaercx. Tpertn tmar n naxer. 3rn rexnnxn cnocont noccranonnrt
nopmantnt pnrm na]parmt. Bosmoxno, +ro nponcxonr naroapx cnnxennm
yponnx xncnopoa n ynennuennm yponnx yrnexncnort. pyrne merot nxnmuamr
n cex paspaxenne nepnno cncremt ornnexammnmn raxrnxamn, nanpnmep
mexorannem noca, urot ntsnart unxanne, nnn ntrxrnnannem xstxa. Ecnn nxora
npoonxaercx, necmorpx na nce npnnoxennte ycnnnx, urot ee ocranonnrt,
oparnrect x npauy.
Cymecrnyer axe raxoe xnnenne, xax +nnemnx nxort. 3ro cnmnrom nexoroptx
]opm +nne]annra (nocnanennx mosra).
Camt npoonxnrentnt npncryn ecnpeptnno nxort nnncx (npnrorontrect!)
68 ner. Hecuacrnt nxan n cpenem 2025 pas n mnnyry, no, rem ne menee, nen
nopmantnym xnsnt, naxt xennncx n tn ornom 8 ere
8
.
Kax um rno1aeu?
Hopmantnoe rnoranne rpexuacrnt nponecc, nmemmn npoonxnrentnocrt or
8 o 12 cexyn. Inoranne nponsnontno nnmt oruacrn n n ocnonnom xnnxercx
pe]nexropntm axrom. Hepnax ]asa rnorannx xnnxer coo xoneunym ]asy
xenannx. Xenanne nepnt n nocnenn nponsnontnt +nemenr rnorannx.
Hpoxenannax nnma cmemnnaercx no pry co cnmno, urot nororonnrtcx x
npoxoy nnns no ropny (rnorxe). Hacroxmn axr rnorannx naunnaercx rora,
xora ea nporanxnnaercx xstxom x sane uacrn ropna. stx naannnnaer na
neo, sacrannxx ey npoxonrt nnns.
Camt npoonxnrentnt npncryn ecnpeptnno nxort nnncx 68 ner.
Bropax ]asa nacrynaer, xora ea naxonrcx n ropne. Ona nnrcx npnmepno 2
cexynt n xnnxercx pe]nexropno. Henponsnontnte pe]nexct xonrponnpymrcx
rnorarentntm nenrpom, pacnonoxenntm n crnonono uacrn mosra. Ea
nporanxnnaercx nnns no nnmenoy pnrmnuecxnmn coxpamennxmn mtmn
(nepncrantrnxo). 3ect naxno, uro xpyronax mtmna (c]nnxrep) npn nxoe n
nnmeno ocraercx paccnanenno, orxptnax rem camtm ropnono xanan. Ioprant
onxna npnnonxrtcx, urot naroprannnx saxptn nxo n rpaxem n ea ne
nonana n nerxne.

K 60 roam ontmnncrno nme repxmr nononnny cnonx nxycontx penenropon.
Ha nocnene crann nepncrantrnuecxne nnxennx nnmenoa npoonxamr
nporanxnnart ey nnns x xenyxy. nx +roro onxna paccnanrtcx eme ona
xpyronax mtmna, xoropax x romy xe ne nosnonnr ee nonnmartcx nnepx. 3ra
nocnenxx ]asa sannmaer or 6 o 10 cexyn.
Inoranne raxo cnoxnt nponecc, uro neynnnrentno, ecnn nnora uro-ro
nponcxonr ne rax
9
.
Hpncryn nxort nnrcx n cpenem 5 mnnyr.

Kaxt ent nt nponsnocnre npnmepno 5000 cnon.

axe ouent ymnte nmn n pasronope pyr c pyrom ncnontsymr nnmt 1 % ncex
cymecrnymmnx n xstxe cnon.

Xpan moxer trt cront xe rpomxnm, xax n paorammax nnenmarnuecxax pent.

V nac cymecrnyer 4 ocnonntx nxyca. Bxyconte penenropt, pacnosnammne
conenoe n cnaxoe, naxoxrcx na xonunxe xstxa; re, uro pacnosnamr roptxoe, n
nenrpe, a re, uro xncnoe, no oxam.

urot cxasart ono cnono, rpeyercx paora 72 mtmn.

Cymecrnyer oxono 5000 pasnnuntx xstxon, na xoroptx oxcnxmrcx xnrenn
3emnn.
Oc1anannnnae1cn nn uoe cepne, xora n unxam?
3a cpenmm npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn uenonex nponsnonr npnmepno 38 000
nnrpon cnmnt.
3ro onn ns nanonee pacnpocrpanenntx mn]on, xacammnxcx namero oprannsma.
Cepne ne ocranannnnaercx, xora nt unxaere, xorx rax moxer noxasartcx. B
momenr unxannx n rpyno xnerxe cosaercx cnntnoe nonoxnrentnoe annenne.
Ono ocrarouno momnoe n cnocono nsmennrt pnrm cepnenennx, no ne
ocranonnrt paory cepna. Omymenne xparxoro nonptrnnannx cepeunoro
pnrma n xnnxercx, nosmoxno, ncrounnxom omnounoro mnennx o ero ocranonxe.
Ho cnonam oxropa xex Fnoxa, tnmero npesnenra Amepnxancxoro xonnexa
npaue rpyno xnerxn n Htm-Hopxe, opasonanne nonoxnrentnoro annennx n
rpyn, xora mt unxaem nnn xamnxem, nastnaercx manenpom Bantcantnt
10
.
Mnnyrnt noneny cxnraer 26 xanopn.

B cpenem uenonex npononr npnmepno 2 neenn cnoe xnsnn nenyxct.

Hpnmepno 40 mnnnnonon amepnxannen crpaamr or xponnuecxoro ypnoro sanaxa
nso pra.

Otunt senox nnrcx oxono 6 cexyn.

Hno moxer nauart senart npnmepno uepes 11 neent nocne sauarnx.

Cnmnnte xenest nponsnoxr npnmepno 850 mnnnnnnrpon cnmnt exenenno.

Bt naunnaere ncntrtnart xaxy, ecnn oem not n namem oprannsme
cnnxaercx ncero nnmt na 1 %.

Ecnn nt xyere nnmy npenmymecrnenno na npano cropone pra, nt, nosmoxno,
npanma. Ecnn xe npenounraere nenym cropony, ro, cxopee ncero, nt nenma.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen saue1no aauono nnoxo?
Jmo eonpoc Keppu Bup: us Or.u Hcm, Burmopu.

Aamono xnoxo ntnyxnax uacrt xpxma, onerammero roprant. Pasmep roprann
onpeenxer pasmep aamona xnoxa n xnnxercx nacnecrnenntm npnsnaxom, na
pasnnrne xoroporo nnnxmr ropmont. Bnnxnne ropmonon naunnaercx n xoe
nononoro cospenannx, n pesyntrare uero opasyercx ontmoe, cpenee nnn manoe
aamono xnoxo.

Bt naunnaere ncntrtnart xaxy, ecnn oem not n namem oprannsme
cnnxaercx ncero nnmt na 1 %.
Myxcxne ropmont nonoxnrentno nnnxmr na pocr roprann, no+romy y myxunn
ropaso uame opasyercx ontmoe, ntnyxnoe aamono xnoxo. Hacnecrnennocrt
onpeenxer, nacxontxo cnntno ropmont nonnnxmr na pocr rnorxn. Ecnn nt
myxunna n y namero orna ontmoe aamono xnoxo, cxopee ncero, y nac ono roxe
yer ontmnm. Iopmonantnoe nnnxnne n xoe nononoro cospenannx,
ynennunnammee rnorxy, enaer aamono xnoxo nropnuno nonono
xapaxrepncrnxo nmecre c noxontmn nonocamn (y oonx nonon),
nomtmeuntmn nonocamn (y oonx nonon), ynennuennem rpyn (y xenmnn),
pocrom nnnentx nonoc (y myxunn), nauanom mencrpyannn (y xenmnn), nnsxnm
ronocom (y myxunn) n rax anee. Ho cnonam oxropa Hecnn Iaprnepa,npu:uua
no.oeoeo pas.u:u e pas+epe e.omru ueuseecmua
11,12
.
Tonxax nexnax mtmna no xstxom nastnaercx yseuxo.

3a cpenmm npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn uenonex nponsnonr npnmepno 38 000
nnrpon cnmnt
13
.
Houeuy ronoc mnae1 nnsxnu nnn nmcoxnu?
Jmo eonpoc Cauopi To+ac us Koovpea, Burmopu.

Btcoxn nnn nnsxn ronoc sanncnr or pasmepa rnorxn, pasmepa roprann n nnnt
ronocontx cnxsox. Xenmnnt nmemr onee ntcoxn ronoc, nocxontxy nx cnxsxn
xopoue n rontme. Myxunnt onaamr nnsxnm ronocom, nocxontxy y nnx onn
ronme n nnnnee. Pasmep +rnx uacre rena onpeenxer nama nacnecrnennocrt,
no+romy ntcora ronoca nepeaercx no nacnecrny.
Otunt senox nnrcx oxono 6 cexyn.
V nac moxer trt ronoc, ouent nanomnnammn ronoc namero para nnn cecrpt.
Ho cnonam oxropa Kopnennyca Pocca, crpyxrypnoro nonora ns Bamnnrroncxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Cn+rne, oo.iua +vrcra e.omra, o.uuuie eo.ocoeie cesru u
uupora eopmaui, pesouupvmua, roeoa cesru noci.amm ro.eoauu, e+ecme
npouseoom e.vooru sevr, u u+euuo omu xaparmepucmuru mar om.u:amm
+vrcro eo.oc om reucroeo.
Hmenno noconte nasyxn npnamr namemy ronocy opnrnnantnoe snyuanne. Onn
ecrnymr xax +xoxamept.

Haoparopnte ontrt yxastnamr na ro, uro, xora ronopnr manentxnx peenox,
oe cropont ero pra orxptnamrcx ononpemenno. Onaxo, xora ronopnr
nspocnt, npanax cropona pra otuno orxptnaercx na onm cexynt pantme,
uem nenax. Bnpouem, ecnn nt pemnre nonanmart +ro n sepxane, ro nnuero ne
samernre. Kora nt cmorpnre na cex, cnonrannocrt noannxercx n nt
nanmaere neecrecrnennte peaxnnn.

Anrpononorn onapyxnnn, uro ncx uenoneuecxax peut nponsomna or nopuannx.

Cpen ere n nospacre 10 ner c nponemamn n pasnnrnn peun uncno mantunxon
npenocxonr uncno enouex.

Hccneonannx ronopxr o rom, uro, xora uenonex nxer, ron ero ronoca cnerxa
nontmaercx. 3ro orxptrne tno cenano cnennanncramn, anannsnpymmnmn
ronoca, sanncannte n nonnnnn na nnenxn.

Bce snyxn, sanncannte na marnnro]on n sanymennte saom nanepe, yyr
snyuart nnaue nce, xpome cmexa.
H1o sa c1pannoe omymenne n ncnm1mnam, xora xycam anmunnnenym qontry?
Jmo eonpoc Ku+ Cv us Iourouea.

Bt uyncrnyere nerxn yap roxom. Bt cranxnnaerect c +rnm xnnennem, ecnn
anmmnnnenax ]ontra npnxacaercx x nnome, cenanno ns amantramt. 3ro moxer
oxasartcx onontno ontno. Anmmnnnenax ]ontra ncrynaer n peaxnnm c
merannom nnomt (otuno pryrtm nnn cepepom), cosanax +nexrpnuecxn
sapx, nosnnxammn mexy pasnnuntmn merannamn. Cnmna pra cnerxa pasenxer
merannt n cnyxnr nennoxnm npononnxom noroxa +nexrponnron.
B 1762 roy nrantxncxn yuent no nmenn Hynxn Iantnann nponen
+xcnepnmenr c noxxamn nxrymex, urot oxasart reopnm, cornacno xoropo na
pasnopontx meranna, pasenenntx nponoxme xnxocrtm, nopoxamr rox n
+ror rox moxno ncnontsonart nx crnmynxnnn nepnon. Iantnann sacrannn noxxn
nxrymex eprartcx, n reopnx tna oxasana. Mt xe oxastnaem ee xaxt pas,
xora xycaem ]ontry n ncntrtnaem yap roxom
14,15
.
B pennem Pnme cymecrnonano rpn nna nonenyen: asnym mexy
npnxrenxmn; ocxynym mexy nnsxnmn pystxmn; cyannym mexy
nnmnenntmn.

Hpana nn, uro noneny ecrecrnennt anrnnornx? Touxa spennx, nnepnte
ntnnnyrax n 1940-e rot oxropom C. H. Karno]]om ns Kann]opnncxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Fepxnn, ocnontnanact na rom, uro noneny ntenxer crontxo
renna, uro cnocoen ynnuroxnrt mnxpoon. Ecnn t +ro tno npano!

Xenmnna, exenenno nontsymmaxcx nomao ncm cnom nspocnym xnsnt,
xaxte 5 ner pacxoyer rmnx ntcoro c cocrnennt pocr.
Kaxan xoc1t n uenoneuecxou oprannsue ne cnnsana nn c onon ns cocennx xoc1en?
Jmo eonpoc Pu:apoa Mar.eua us Kapouqqa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.
Her, +ro ne ona. H +ro ne ona. Ha camom ene +ro noxstunax xocrt.
Hoxstunax xocrt nesamernax xocrouxa n ]opme yxnt V, naxoxmaxcx n
ropne, nonnsocrn or nnxne uenmcrn n xstxa, npxmo na aamontm xnoxom.
Ona cnyxnr nx noepxxn xstxa n ero mtmn
16,17
.
H1o sa xycouex xoan nncn1 n sanen uac1n nea y cauoro ropna n nn uero on nyaen?
3ror CBOT saamr ouent uacro. On nmeer ornomenne x namemy crapomy
opomy pyry xstuxy. Myntrnnnnxaropt pasnnexannct or ymn, ecxrnnernxmn
nsopaxax xstuox y cnonx nepconaxe. B onom myntr]nntme Mnxxn Mayc
yxnarnncx sa rnranrcxn xstuox nennxana, ntranmerocx npornornrt mtmonxa
nmecre c xaxnm-ro nannrxom, n cnaccx.
Mnnyrnt noneny cxnraer 26 xanopn.
Ha camom ene, xstuox ne xoxa, a mtmna n cnnsncrax oonouxa, pasenxmmne
ropno n rnorxy. Ho cnonam oxropa Fenxamnna Vonxepa, ocnonnax ]ynxnnx
xstuxa saxptnart nocornorxy, xora nt rnoraere nnn pasronapnnaere. stuox
xonrponnpyer nxo n ntxo nnmn n nnmenapnrentnt rpaxr. On xe nomoraer
npeornparnrt orptrnnanne. Ecnn nnma xacaercx xstuxa, nponcxonr cnasm
ropna, ne nosnonxmmn uenonexy nonepxnyrtcx. K romy xe, ecnn t xstuxa ne
tno, nnma morna nonacrt n noconym nonocrt. Taxnm opasom xstuox n nponecce
rnorannx ]opmnpyer samnrnym neperopoxy. Ho cnonam oxropa Hecnn
Iaprnepa, cvuecmevmm .mou, v romopix uem si:ra (e pesv.imame oeqerma
om poroeuu u.u xupvpeu:ecro onepauu), u e e.o+ ouu cnpae.mmc c omu+
ueoocmamro+, oouaro ue +oevm cqop+upoeami marvm re oqqermueuvm
sauumv uocoe.omru, rar .mou c si:ro+. oxrop Vnntxm xonnn oxcnxer,
uro coueranne mtmeuntx nnxenn xstuxa n mxrxoro nea no npemx rnorannx
nonnmaer rnepoe neo, naroapx uemy ea n xnxocrn npoxoxr no porono
nonocrn n rnorxy. A ecnn nt nennxan, xstuox nomoxer nam samernrt mtmonxa
18
21
.
3a npomemn ro nt sennynn onee 3,5 rtcxun pas
22
.

Bt ne moxere senart, xora cnnre.

3enanne ntstnaercx ycranocrtm, ronoom, nepeeannem, nnoxo nenrnnxnne,
crpaxom, rpenoro nnn cxptro arpeccne. Ecnn nt senaere, pexe ncero +ro
yxastnaer na ceptesnym onesnt. A ecnn nt ceptesno ontnt, ro senox xnnxercx
npnsnaxom ntsoponnennx.

3ennnre n mnorne noxpyr nac sennyr. To xe cnyunrcx, ecnn nt poxnre,
uemerect nnn ycmexaerect. Oxpyxammnm nepeaercx n nanpxxennoe cocroxnne.
Ecnn nt nanpxxent, nmn noxpyr nac roxe cranonxrcx nanpxxenntmn.
H1o 1axoe unnanennnme aenesm n nn uero onn nyanm?
Mnnanennnte xenest npecrannxmr coo ontmne orxptrte macct
nnm]arnuecxo rxann, pacnonoxennte n sane uacrn porono nonocrn. Ho
cnonam oxropa Fenxamnna Vonxepa, +rn xenest no+oeamm opeauus+v
oopomic c :vrepooui+ +amepua.o+, maru+ rar oarmepuu. Ouu oopasvmm
vrpen.euue, c onopo ua pearuu romopoeo me.o +orem eicmpaueami
onpeoe.euuvm sauumv npomue emopreuu. Muuoa.eeuouie re.esi
uano+uuamm qopm u.u noxoree sauumuoe coopvreuue.

Bce snyxn, sanncannte na marnnro]on n sanymennte saom nanepe, yyr
snyuart nnaue nce, xpome cmexa.
Houeuy n o1xpmnam po1, xora xpamy nexn?
Kax nn crpanno, +ro onn ns nanonee uacro saanaemtx nonpocon. B ocnonnom
+ro xnnenne cnxsano c noneennem, a ne c ]nsnonorne, xax raxono. Hanonee
yenrentnax reopnx rnacnr, uro orxptrt por nanpxraer nnnente mtmnt n
pacrxrnnaer xoxy noxpyr nex, naroapx uemy naxnatnart xocmernxy cranonnrcx
nerue. Onaxo npnunno moxer cnyxnrt n npornnononoxnax peaxnnx. Pacxptrne
pra paccnanxer mtmnt nnna. 3ro enaer nanoxenne rene ne raxnm
nsnypxmmnm sanxrnem. Tperte nosmoxnoe oxcnenne orxptrne pra
npenxrcrnyer moprannm. Mnorne xenmnnt yrnepxamr nmenno +ro, onaxo
nayunte oxasarentcrna narn sect ropaso cnoxnee, uem cnnerentcxne.
Mopranne nacroxmax xaracrpo]a n raxom nponecce. uem mentme nt mopraere,
rem nyume
23
.
Bxyconte cocouxn uenonexa onee uyncrnnrentnt na yponne mopx, uem na
nosntmennocrn.

Bt moxere ocranonnrt nxory, npnxan x ropny no oxam aamona xnoxa xynxn
nta, naxernxn c mopoxeno ]acontm, anxn nnn yrtnxn c coono nmte
xononte npemert. 3ro nosecrnyer na nepnt, sanycxammne cnasm
na]parmt.
Ec1t nn uexannsu, oc1anannnnammnn nxo1y?
Jmo eonpoc 4peoa 4poucuca usHaqaema, Huouaua.

ecrnnrentno, raxo mexannsm nsopenn, n axe ne onn. Hoxany, nanonee
nmontrnt tn nsoperen Tomacom Acmapom ns xenerr Cnrn n
Konnexrnxyre. Ero mamnna ntrnxnr xax crapomonte nect. Btnnn craxan
not, nt ncraere na nnar]opmy. Hnar]opma naunnaer pesxo rpxcrn nac c
uacroro 92 pasa n mnnyry. Cunraercx, uro +ro ocranannnnaer nxory n 100 %
cnyuaen.
Bt ne moxere senart, xora cnnre.
Houeuy uen1on oxnaaae1 uoe ropno?
Jmo eonpoc rosu Vo.mepc us Teppa+eppi, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Ha camom ene, menron ne oxnaxaer name ropno. On nnmt uacrnuno
anecresnpyer nepnnte oxonuannx, sa ncxnmuennem rex, uro nponoxr n nam mosr
omymenne xonoa.
Cxontxo nxyconmx cocouxon na uoeu nsmxe?
Ho cnonam oxropa Tomaca Ipenepa, ysnart xonnuecrno cocouxon na xstxe
nenpocrax saaua. On oxcnxer, uro +ro uncno sanncnr or nennunnt namero
xstxa. Hpncmorpenmnct x nemy nonnxe, nt ynnnre, uro xstx noxptr ontmnm
xonnuecrnom menxnx nosntmenn yropxon. Hx cymecrnyer mnoxecrno nnon,
no na xaxom raxom yropxe pacnonaraercx n cpenem oxono 250 cocouxon.
urot ysnart, cxontxo nx y nac, nocunrare yropxn n ymnoxtre na 250.
Kcrarn, y mnaennen ontme cocouxon, uem y nspocntx, n pacnonaramrcx onn ne
rontxo na xstxe, no n na nnyrpenne uacrn mex
24
.
Hasnannt no nmenn snamennroro ronnxa, +]]exr mnenca +ro npnuynnnoe
npenourenne nexoroptmn ns nac roptxnx npoyxron n nannrxon. Fontmnncrno
nme ne nmxr roptxoe, npenounrax cnaxn nxyc, uro oycnonneno
nonornuecxnmn npnunnamn. Hpnpoa samnmaer nac or orpannennx, nopoxax
ornpamenne x roptxomy nxycy, xoropt nmeer ontmnncrno xonnrtx nemecrn,
cnaxnx xon npaxrnuecxn ne ncrpeuaercx.
Inana 8
Koaa

Kaxo opran uenoneuecxoro rena camt ontmo? Bt npant, ecnn noymann, uro
+ro xoxa. Koxa eme n camt rxxent opran: ona necnr or 2,5 o 4,5 xnnorpamma.
Ecnn pacxarart ee, xax nnn, ona noxpoer nnomat oxono 2 xnaparntx merpon.
Ona nennxonenno samnmaer nac, ornnuno nsonnpyer or xapt n xonoa,
saepxnnaer axrepnn n npente nemecrna. Taxxe ona cnyxnr mecrom oxonuannx
namnx nepnon, naroapx uemy mt moxem omymart npnxocnonennx. Ha camom
ene xoxa npocro ynnnrentna!
Orneuarxn nantnen otuno ne menxmrcx n reuenne nce name xnsnn. Onaxo
nsmennrt nx moryr mpamt n rxxenax pyunax paora, pasrnaxnnammax nexoropte
oposxn.
Houeuy n uemyct?
Xorx nayxe mnoroe nsnecrno o sye, mt nce eme ne moxem noxnacrartcx nce
nonnoro snann o +rom ]enomene. Cencopnte penenropt, pacnonoxennte no
nonepxnocrtm xoxn, noctnamr cnrnant n mosr. uyncrno sya nepeaercx no rem
xe nepnntm nyrxm, uro n uyncrno onn. Hoannxmmee ontmnncrno cencopntx
penenropon +ro cnoonte nepnnte oxonuannx, ne npenasnauennte nx
ntnonnennx xaxo-nno ono ]ynxnnn. Onn nocnpnnnmamr xax paspaxnrenn
sya, rax n onente. 3rn cencopnte penenropt xnnxmrcx nanonee
pacnpocrpanenntmn oxonuannxmn nepnno cncremt uenoneuecxoro rena. 3ro n
nonxrno, nocxontxy nmn onxna trt noxptra ncx nonepxnocrt xoxn. Kora
cencopnte penenropt axrnnnpymrcx maxcnmantno, nosnnxaer oneno cnrnan.
Kora paspaxenne nesnaunrentno, nosnnxaer cnrnan sya.
Koxa camt rxxent opran: ona necnr or 2,5 o 4,5 xnnorpamma.
Vuente moryr crnmynnponart sy, narpenax xoxy nannenra. Onaxo, ecnn
remneparypa yer cnnmxom ntcoxo, uenonex naunnaer ncntrtnart ont. B
xoe naoparopntx +xcnepnmenron sy moryr ntsnart n onpeenennte
xnmnuecxne nemecrna. Ocnonntmn cpen nnx sect xnnxmrcx rncramnnt,
no+romy npaun uacro neuar sy anrnrncramnnntmn npenaparamn. Kora npau
nnnr, uro nannenr xanyercx na xpannnnnny, on neunr nmenno +ro saonenanne, n
sy npexpamaercx. Ho +ro ne snaunr, uro moxno c ynepennocrtm oxcnnrt,
nouemy sy cnxsan c xpannnnnne. On moxer nmert ornomenne x pasnoopasntm
ceptesntm saonenannxm (raxnm, xax onesnt Xoxxnna) nnn, x npnmepy,
yxastnart na npncryn naera.
Bonpoc o ]ynxnnn, xoropym ntnonnxer sy, ocraercx orxptrtm. Hexoropte
]nsnonorn yrnepxamr, uro sy xnnxercx nepntm npeynpexennem o
nannrammecx onn. Hexoropte anrpononorn cunramr, uro n anexo pennocrn
sy cnyxnn nanomnnannem namnm nepnotrntm npexam o neoxonmocrn
nsannxrtcx or nme n pyrnx xoxntx napasnron. Onaxo nccneonanne
noxastnaer, uro npemenamn repnert sy ropaso cnoxnee, uem ont. Bpaun
ormeuamr, uro nce es ncxnmuennx nannenrt c xecroxnm syom roront
pacuecart cex o xponn.
Hpnmepno 75 % namero rena cocrannxer noa.
3y moxno tno t cpannnrt co mexorxo. Onaxo cnnerentcrna ronopxr o rom,
uro +rn omymennx ceptesntm opasom ornnuamrcx. Hecmorpx na ro uro mexorxa
ntstnaer cmex, no cpannennm c syom n ontm nmn neonro moryr ee
ntrepnert. B +rom cmtcne ne cnpanennno yrnepxenne, uro uenonex
nenpemenno nteper yonontcrnne, a ne ont. Taxoe nneuarnenne, uro n name
xnsnn nocroxnno nosnnxamr nce nonte ncrounnxn sya. Ho cnonam oxropa C.
Heonapa Cama c ]axyntrera omecrnennoro sopontx Kann]opnncxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Fepxnn, noxnnnact +nnemnx paspaxennx sanero npoxoa ns-sa
cnnmxom +neprnunoro nornpannx xecrxo ryanerno ymaro
1
.
Tem ne menee nayxa mnoroe ysnana o sye. Kax neanno ormernn npo]eccop
epmaronornn oxrop Ponant Mapxc ns Mennnncxoro xonnexa ynnnepcnrera
V+ntca, cvuecmevem +uorecmeo saoo.eeauu, npu romopix svo e.emc
nocmouui+ cu+nmo+o+, u epa:a+ :pesei:auo c.oruo cnpaeumic c uu+.
He:euu mpaouuouui+u +emooa+u, vei, coeepueuuo ueoocmamo:uo.
Onn mn] o sye, nnpouem, neoxonmo pasnexrt: ner cnnerentcrn rax
nastnaemoro sya cetmoro roa. Onaxo snamennrax nteca xopxa
Axcentpoa n nocneymmn xnaccnuecxn ]nntm Fnnnn Vanepa c raxnm xe
nasnannem o nospoxennn myxcxoro nnno nocne cemn ner paxa nmnmt
cmxer ecnn ne name mennnnt, ro yx rouno name nonynxpno xyntrypt.
Tana sya ntstnaer paspaxenne, n yuente npoonxamr nouectnart ronont
2
.
Ho mepe roro xax nt nanpaere nnn repxere nec, nam nynox coornercrnenno
ynennunnaercx nnn ymentmaercx.

Xorx xoxa camt rxxent opran namero rena, nonepxnocrt xoxn snaunrentno
mentme nonepxnocrn nerxnx. Herxne cosant ns mnnnnonon mentuamnx
antneon, noxoxnx na rposn nnnorpaa. Hmenno n nnx nponcxonr xncnopont
omen mexy nosyxom n xpontm.
Houeuy uon xoaa uopmn1cn?
Tpannnonnt orner raxon, uro mopmnnt npenmymecrnenno opasymrcx ns-sa
nonaannx na xoxy conneuno yntrpa]nonerono panannn. Ha nporxxennn
mnornx ner yntrpa]noner paspymaer cpennnt cno xoxn (epmy), ocnanxx ero
n nnnxx raxnm opasom na ]opmnponanne mopmnn. 3ro cocroxnne nsnecrno xax
epmarorennos paspymenne xoxn no nosecrnnem conneuno panannn.
Onaxo c nospacrom epma raxxe ocnanxercx. Ho cnonam oxropa Annena
Hoypenca, nsnecrnoro epmaronora ns unxaro, uame ncero mopmnnt noxnnxmrcx
y nme c ronxo nnn cnerno xoxe
3
. nx roro urot coxpannrt xoxy,
neoxonmo, nacxontxo +ro nosmoxno, nserart conneuntx nyue. pyrax
ornnunax nosmoxnocrt nomout cee ncnontsonart connnesamnrnt xpem.

Mopmnnt npenmymecrnenno opasymrcx ns-sa nonaannx na xoxy conneuno
yntrpa]nonerono panannn.
V noxnntx nme xoxa rontme, uem y monotx, n ee xnerxn menee
oprannsonannt. Ho mnxpocxonom nnno, uro ram, re xora-ro pacnonarannct
axxyparnte cronnxn sopontx nnxnnx xnerox (+nnepmnc), nacrynaer
ecnopxox, n nopmantnt nponecc xnerounoro pocra n oprannsannn
paspymaercx. C nospacrom ymentmaercx xonnuecrno nonoxon xonnarena,
menxmrcx nx crpyxrypa n nnornocrt. Konnarenonte nonoxna nrpamr naxnym
pont n coxpanennn ynpyrocrn n +nacrnunocrn xoxn. Kora-ro rnaxne, noxoxne
na pesnny +nacrnnonte nonoxna nocrenenno cranonxrcx xecrxnmn, nnorntmn n
menee ynpyrnmn. 3nacrnnonte nonoxna nnnxmr na cnoconocrt xoxn
nosnpamartcx x npexne ]opme nocne pacrxrnnannx, ocoenno nocne nosecrnnx
na nee conneunoro cnera.
Kora xoxa crapeer, y menxnx xponenocntx cocyon epmnca crenxn
yronmamrcx, no npn +rom cranonxrcx onee ptxntmn. Hponcxonr omee
cnnxenne xonnuecrna nepnntx xnerox, nonoc, norontx xananon n cantntx xenes,
nponsnoxmnx xnponte ntenennx xoxnoe cano.
Hor ne naxner. 3anax ncnycxamr axrepnn, xnnymne na xoxe.
Crapenne xoxn coueraer n cee na nponecca. Onn nponecc nnyrpennn,
pyro nnemnn. Xpononornuecxoe crapenne sanporpammnponano renernuecxn,
onaxo xnmnuecxne peaxnnn no nosecrnnem conneuntx nyue +ro yxe
nnnxnne oxpyxamme cpet. Mt ne moxem nsmennrt cnom nacnecrnennocrt, no
nnonne cnocont xonrponnponart cnoe noneenne n epxartcx noantme or
conneuntx nyue
4
.
Houeuy nocne npnnn1nn nannm xonunxn uonx nantnen uopma1cn?
3ro xnaccnuecxn CBOT. Kparxnm ornerom moxer cnyxnrt cneymmn: +ror nn
mopmnn nosnnxaer ns-sa e]opmannn nepxnero cnox xoxn n ncuesnonennx
samnmammnx ee ecrecrnenntx macen. Ho cnonam oxropa Mapnannt
O`onoxtm, npo]eccopa epmaronornn unxarcxoro ynnnepcnrera Pam, xora mt
norpyxaemcx n nanny, eepxuu c.o roru enumieaem +uoeo eooi. Huruu
c.o ue cnocooeu vee.u:ueamic, noomo+v eepxuu eiuvroeu c+opuueamic,
oopasv cr.aoru. K c:acmim, omom oqqerm oopamu+.
Ho nt moxere saart n pyro nonpoc: nouemy mt mopmnmcx, xax crapt
ntcoxmn nno, a ne pasyxaem, xax ryxa? eno n rom, uro es macna,
samnmammero namy xoxy, naonn pyx n crynnn nor ooeseoruea.uci
oi, norpyxaxct n noy, a ne naoopor. Hponcxonr +ro rax.
Hpnmepno 75 % namero rena cocrannxer noa. 3ror nponenr naptnpyercx n
sanncnmocrn or xonnuecrna xnpa, xoropt coepxnrcx n rxanxx oprannsma.
Oesnoxnnanne nponcxonr, xora samnrnte macna cmtnamrcx c nonepxnocrn
xoxn. Boa naunnaer npocaunnartcx ns xnerox napyxy. 3rn xnerxn onaamr
nonynponnnaemtmn mempanamn, a +ro snaunr, uro onn nerxo oramr noy, no ne
cnocont rax xe nerxo ee nnnrtnart. Ecnn xoxa repxer macno, nocne 15 mnnyr
npetnannx n noe xnerounte mempant orxptnamrcx napyxy, noa noxnaer
xnerxn n opasymrcx mopmnnt.
Konunxn nantnen n naonn mopmarcx tcrpee, uem rtntnax cropona pyx,
nocxontxy n ne naxoxrcx ononnnrentnte cantnte xenest. 3rn xenest
nocroxnno nononnxmr sanact samnrnoro macna, enax +ro nourn c ro xe
cxopocrtm, c xoropo ero cmtnaer noa
5
.
Hor ne naxner. 3anax ncnycxamr axrepnn, xnnymne na xoxe.

Koxa no mtmxamn coepxnr xonoccantnoe uncno axrepn: na 1 xnaparnom
canrnmerpe nx moxer trt o 79 980, rora xax n cyxnx onacrxx, nanpnmep na
npenneute, uncno axrepn na ro xe nnoman ocrnraer 2015.
H1o 1axoe pac1naxn?
oxrop Anan Kcenaxnc n cnoe paore Ho:e+v Bece.a Kocmi[1]1
Bece.a rocmi +iue.or n.e:eeo rocmu, no-aue.ucru funny bone, eece.a
rocmi. (Hpu+e:. nep.)

[3arpimi] Meu ue Bece.um? (1993) nnmer o rom, uro pacrxxxn cnnerentcrno
roro, uro xoxa tna ntnyxena pacmnpnrtcx, npncnocannnaxct x ontme
macce rena. Koxa onaaer ynnnrentno cnoconocrtm ynennunnartcx n
pasmepax n coxpamartcx n sanncnmocrn or nsmenennx macct rena. Hnora
pacrxxxn noxnnxmrcx nocne nert
6
. To, uro onn uame nosnnxamr y xenmnn, uem
y myxunn, mn], xorx na nepnt nsrnx rax ecrnnrentno moxer noxasartcx.
Ono ns npnunn nosnnxnonennx +roro mn]a xnnxercx ror ]axr, uro n mecrax, re
uame ncero onapyxnnamrcx pacrxxxn, myxcxoe ononocenne ropaso onee
nnornoe, uem xencxoe. uro xe +ro sa mecra? ymam, ne rpyno oraartcx.
Hccneonarenn onapyxnnn, uro uame ncero mocxnrt oonenamr rex nme,
xoropte neanno enn anant.

1 xnaparnt canrnmerp xoxn coepxnr oxono 1000 norontx xenes, 3
xponenocntx cocya, 9300 menanonnron (nnrmenrntx xnerox xoxn) n onee uem
1000 nepnntx oxonuann.

Hmn cpactnamr c cex meprnte xnerxn xoxn n ntpamnnamr nonte npnmepno
sa 27 ne. 3ro cocrannxer nourn 1000 cmen xoxn n reuenne xnsnn. K 70 roam
nmn cpactnamr npnmepno 48 xnnorpammon xoxn.

Houemy nt ne cmoxere nomexorart cam cex? Mosxeuox npeynpexaer mosr o
rom, uro nt namepenaerect cenart. A mosr ne omanemt! Hocxontxy on snaer,
uro +ro nponsoer or namnx cocrnenntx pyx, ro nrnopnpyer omymennx
mexorxn.
H1o 1axoe rycnnan xoaa?
Xorx mnorne yrnepxamr, uro +]]exr rycnno xoxn nosnnxaer no camtm
pasntm npnunnam, no cyrn on xnnxercx mtmeuno peaxnne na xono. Kora
uenonex nonepraercx nosecrnnm nnsxnx remneparyp, menxne mtmnt,
pacnonoxennte n ocnonannn nonocxnoro memouxa, naunnamr coxpamartcx n
noxpyr nonoca opasyercx nosntmenne. Ecnn remneparypa ocraercx nnsxo
ocrarouno onro, nosnnxaer +]]exr rycnno xoxn n nonoc nonnmaercx.
Mennnncxnm repmnnom, osnauammnm rycnnym xoxy, xnnxercx cutis anserina.
Bce nmn ncntrtnamr noonoe omymenne, nn ona nannx n nn ona +rnnuecxax
rpynna ne xnnxercx sect ncxnmuennem.
Bonoct cnyxar nx samnrt rena or xecrxnx conneuntx nyue. Bosmoxno,
no+romy ocnonnax macca namnx nonoc naxonrcx na ronone, samnmax n nepnym
ouepet mosr. 3ro ocoenno nepno, ecnn reno nonepraercx ontmomy
nanpxxennm (nanpnmep, y erynon ero pesyntrarom tnaer conneunt yap).
Taxxe nonoct ymentmamr nepoxrnocrt nosnnxnonennx nponem, cnxsanntx c
rpennem npn nnxennn rena. Bosmoxno, no+romy y nac ecrt nonoct no
mtmxamn n mexy nor.
K 70 roam nmn cpactnamr npnmepno 48 xnnorpammon xoxn.
Homnmo +roro nonoct npeoxpanxmr reno or xonoa. V xnnorntx, noxptrtx
mepcrtm, ncranmne tom nonocxn ]opmnpymr rennosamnrnt noxpon,
saepxnnax rennt nosyx y camoro rena. Xonont nosyx ne oxonr o
uyncrnnrentno xoxn.
Cxopee ncero, pe]nexc rycnno xoxn ocrancx nam n nacnecrno or pannero,
npnmnrnnnoro uenonexa, cymecrnonanmero na yponne npnmara. Xorx, no
cpannennm c ropnnnamn, mnmnanse n opanryranramn, nmn yrparnnn ontmym
uacrt nonocxnoro noxpona, mt rouno rax xe, xax n onn, o cnx nop ncntrtnaem
coxpamenne mtmn, pearnpymmnx na xono. A pas nonoc y nac mentme, uem y
namnx npnmnrnnntx parten n cecrep, ro n mypamxn onee samernt. Kora
mepcrt xnnorntx nonnmaercx tom, onn ntrnxxr upesntuano cnnpeno.
Kora tom ncramr namn nonoct, mt ntrnxnm samepsmnmn
7
.
Houeuy y uenn ne mnae1 rycnnon xoan na naonnx nnn na noomnax?
Bosmoxno, +ro yer camtm xparxnm ornerom n xnnre. Iycnnax xoxa
noxnnxercx rontxo ram, re ecrt nonoct. Ho+romy na naonxx n na noomnax nor
y nac ee ne tnaer.
Iycnnax xoxa noxnnxercx rontxo ram, re ecrt nonoct.
Houeuy rycnnon xoan ne mnae1 na nnne?
Jmo eonpoc Lmeqqu Lv.i us O.oauu, Him-Hopr.

Kax mt yxe ocyxann panee, ram, re ner nonocxntx memxon, ner mtmn nx nx
coxpamennx, a snaunr, ner n rycnno xoxn. Ho cnonam oxropa Fpmca Honna,
mentuamne mtmnt no nasnannem arrectorpili orcyrcrnymr y nonoc,
pacnonoxenntx na uepene, no+romy ram ner n mypamex. Tax uro na esnonocom
nnne rycnno xoxn ne tnaer
8,9
.
H1o osnauae1 oaor nepnon, n1opon n 1pe1ten c1enenn?
Hecmorpx na pacnpocrpanennoe yexenne, oxor nepno crenenn ne camt
ceptesnt. Crenent oxora sanncnr or yponnx nonpexennx cnoen xoxn ornem
nnn xapom. Hpn oxore nepno crenenn (nanpnmep, conneunom nnn nmom
nesnaunrentnom oxore) nonpexen rontxo nepxnn cno xoxn. 3rn oxorn
saxnnamr camn no cee sa necxontxo ne, ne ocrannxx mpamon.
Oxor nropo crenenn onee rnyoxn n paspymaer necxontxo cnoen xoxn, uro
npnnonr x opasonannm nontpe. Hx nonepxnocrt nnaxnax n nenax. Ecnn
nontpn coxpanxmrcx, onn samnmamr nonpexennym onacrt. Hocne +roro
raxxe ne opasyercx nnxaxnx mpamon, n xoxa noccranannnnaercx uepes
necxontxo neent. Ho cnonam paornnxon Koponencxo ercxo ontnnnt n
Mentypne, ecrt n onee ceptesnt oxor, xoropt nastnamr rnyoxnm oxorom
nropo crenenn. B +rom cnyuae opasyercx nnaxnt ent crpyn c xpacntmn
nxpannennxmn
10
.
Oxor rperte crenenn nonnocrtm paspymaer nepxnne cnon xoxn, a raxxe
ononnnrentnte xoxnte crpyxrypt, raxne xax nonoct n noronte xenest, n
ocrnraer noxoxntx cnoen. B +rom cnyuae onacrt oxora cyxax, oyrnnnmaxcx,
enax, noxoxax na xoxypy, n ecrecrnennt nn xoxn ne noccranannnnaercx.
Taxo oxor rpeyer nemenennoro mennnncxoro nmemarentcrna.
Oxorn rperte crenenn uacro neuar nyrem rpancnnanrannn. Co sopontx uacre
rena cnnmamr ronxne cnon xoxn n nepecaxnnamr na ooxxennte onacrn.
Otuno onopcxn yuacrox saxnnaer es ocnoxnenn, nocxontxy epercx nnmt
ronxn cno. Tpancnnanrannx +ro ne npocro xocmernuecxax nponeypa. Hpn
oxorax rperte crenenn ona neoxonma eme n noromy, uro paspymennte
noxoxnte cnon rxann ne moryr noccranonnrtcx ocrarouno tcrpo, urot
samnrnrt reno or nn]exnn nnn norepn xnxocrn. Hponemt nosnnxamr n rom
cnyuae, ecnn oxor cront omnpen, uro sopono xoxn ne xnaraer na nce
nonpexennte yuacrxn.
Hnomat xoxn, ncnontsyemo nx rpancnnanrannn, moxer trt snaunrentno
mentme, uem onacrt oxora.
Hnrepecno, uro nnomat xoxn, ncnontsyemo nx rpancnnanrannn, moxer trt
snaunrentno mentme, uem onacrt oxora. B name npemx ocrynno mnoxecrno
rexnnx, nosnonxmmnx napacrnrt xoxy nx nepecaxn. Ho onomy meroy xoxy
paspesamr na ronxne nonoct, noxptnax nmn ooxxennt yuacrox. pyro
cnoco rpeyer menxo noxpomnrt xoxy, pasmecrnrt ee n nnrarentnt pacrnop n
ntpacrnrt n naoparopnn nont cno. B xauecrne npemenntx ncrounnxon moxno
part xoxy cnnne nnn uenoneuecxnx rpynon, no n xoneunom nrore reno ee
orroprner.
Heannne nontrxn paspaorart ncxyccrnennym xoxy ann npornnopeunnte
pesyntrart. Cpen paspaorox nocnennx ner ecrt xoxa, xoropax cocronr ns
nenoro pxa cycrannn, nxnmuammnx n cex axe xpxm axynt. Onaxo
ontmnncrno npaue nce eme cunramr, uro npenournrentnee ncero nepecaxa
cocrnenno xoxn nannenra, nocxontxy nmmynnax cncrema rena, nepoxrnee ncero,
orneprner nmym ncxyccrnennym xoxy xax uyxeponym crpyxrypy.
Tem ne menee cnennanncrt n +ro onacrn ynepent, uro cosanne ncxyccrnenno
xoxn, xoropym oprannsm ne craner orroprart n xoropym moxno yer
nepecaxnnart, craner peantnocrtm x xonny nexa
11
.
3aueu uyaunnau cocxn?
Teopernuecxn, nce mt moxem nmert nonnonenno ]ynxnnonnpymmne rpyn,
cnoconte anart monoxo. Onaxo myxcxax rpyt, nxnmuax n cocxn, ne nonyuaer
ocrarounoro xonnuecrna xencxoro ropmona +crporena, a noromy nnmena
nosmoxnocrn nponsnonrt monoxo. Ho cnonam onoro ns mexynapontx
cnennanncron no nonontm ropmonam, v rarooeo no.a cvuecmevmm
npevee.u:euu, ocuoeieamuuec ua pauue+ paseumuu u noc.eovmue+
eop+oua.iuo+ e.uuuu. Cocru e.mmc oouu+ us mex o.e+eumoe, :ie
qop+upoeauue v +vr:uu oepauu:ueaemc eue ua pauue+ omane, a nomo+v ouu
uuroeoa ue oopemamm ceoeeo saeepueuuoeo euoa u ue +oevm qvuruouupoeami
mar, rar +i uao.moae+ omo v reuuuu.
Ha 1 xnaparnom canrnmerpe name pyxn pacnonoxeno npnmepno 40 canrnmerpon
xponenocntx cocyon.
oxrop Fpmc Max+nen, nepo+noxpnnonor ns Pox]enneponcxoro ynnnepcnrera n
Htm-Hopxe, oannxer, uro nannune cocxon n rpyno rxann y myxunn
nnnmcrpnpyer ror ]axr, uro asont nnan crpoennx myxunn n xenmnn cxox
12
.
Hacxontxo mt moxem cynrt, rxant myxcxo rpyn ne nmeer nno
]ynxnnonantno snaunmocrn, xpome ro, uro ona orpaxaer cepne n nerxne or
nonpexenn. Onaxo cocxn xnnxmrcx +porenno sono xax y myxunn, rax n y
xenmnn.
Tem ne menee oxrop Max+nen yxastnaer, uro mraui v +vr:uu uurvoa ue oe.aci
u cnocooua peaeupoeami ua reucrue eop+oui, :mo euouo ua npu+epe
euuero+acmuu (auo+a.iuoeo vee.u:euu +vrcrux epvoe). Iuuero+acmu
noe.emc npu usoimre ocmpoeeua, a marre :acmo uao.moaemc npu +vrcro+
a.roeo.us+e
13
.
3aueu une o1neua1xn nantnen?
3ror CBOT onn ns nanonee nonynxpntx. Orneuarxn nantnen ocrannxmr
nnnmte uacrn pyunxon, opasymmnxcx ram, re +nnepmnc yrnynxercx n
epmy, ]opmnpyx ysop ns nepecexammnxcx nnnn. Vnnxantnte orneuarxn na
pyxax n na norax sanncxr no mnorom or cnyuanoro pacnonoxennx +rnx pyunxon
n pocra crpyxryp xoxn.

Bnrnnnro npoxnnxercx y rex, xro crapme 20 ner.
3rn pyunxn cnococrnymr yepxannm npemera n pyxax. Honepxnocrt xoxn xax
t cosana no romy xe npnnnnny, uro n nonepxnocrt anromonntntx mnn. V nac
opasonanact nenax cncrema xenoxon, rpene n ntemox, urot ornonrt noy
or nantnen. Haxonen, nmenno raxax nonepxnocrt nantnen samnmaer nx or
nontpe, ymentmax oxonoe annenne, xoropoe n npornnnom cnyuae pasennno
t na cnox xoxn n ano xnxocrn nosmoxnocrt conpartcx n opasonanmemcx
npocrpancrne, ]opmnpyx rem camtm nontpt
14
.
Houeuy xoaa uanxna aexcona noenena?
3ro nponsomno c ann Mypom n, nosmoxno, co Crnnom Maprnnom; renept n
Maxn xexcon yrnepxaer, uro neuenne +roro crpannoro saonenannx cenano
ero xoxy eno. 3aonenanne nastnaercx nnrnnnro, n ero oxpyxaer mnoxecrno
ran. Bnrnnnro npecrannxer coo paccrpocrno, npn xoropom xoxa repxer
nnrmenr ns-sa paspymennx nnrmenrntx xnerox menanonnron. Onacrn, re
xnerxn paspymnnnct, cranonxrcx entmn. Hnrmenr yrpaunnaercx ne na ncem rene,
a nnmt na orentntx ero yuacrxax. Hanonee pacnpocrpanennte mecra noxpyr
ornepcrn (nanpnmep, rnas), n onacrn conpnxocnonenn (n naxy nnn
nomtmxax) n na orxptrtx yuacrxax (na nnne nnn na pyxax).
Hanonee pacnpocrpaneno nnrnnnro y nme c saonenannem mnronnno
xenest nnn onpeenenntmn napymennxmn omena nemecrn.
Bnrnnnro nopaxaer uenonexa nmoro nona n nmoro nospacra, no otuno
npoxnnxercx y rex, xro crapme 20 ner. Bnrnnnro onontno pacnpocrpanennoe
saonenanne, xoroptm n pasno crenenn ontnt 12 % uenoneuecxo nonynxnnn,
xorx ero uacro nyramr c pyrnmn xoxntmn nponemamn. Bnrnnnro ne sapasno n
nnxaxnm opasom ne cnxsano c npoxaso. Crapoe nasnanne +ro onesnn enax
npoxasa ne nmeer no coo nayunoro ocnonannx. Hanonee pacnpocrpaneno
nnrnnnro y nme c saonenannem mnronnno xenest nnn onpeenenntmn
napymennxmn omena nemecrn. Taxxe nnrnnnro onee samerno y remnoxoxnx.
Fontmnncrno saonenmnx uyncrnymr cex sopontmn n ne crpaamr nnxaxnmn
pyrnmn cnmnromamn, xpome norepn nnera xoxn.
Kora naunnamr noxnnxrtcx ente yuacrxn xoxn, rpyno cxasart, yyr nn onn
ynennunnartcx n uncne nnn n pasmepe. Bo mnornx cnyuaxx nnrmenr cnepna
naunnaer ncuesart, no sarem cocroxnne crannnsnpyercx. B pyrnx cnyuaxx
norepx nnrmenra moxer naptnponartcx. B +rnx nsmenennxx nrpaer pont n
ncnxonornuecxn ]axrop, nocxontxy mnorne nannenrt coomamr o rom, uro
nanmann nepnte nnn nocneymmne +nnsot nocne nepnoon ]nsnuecxoro nnn
+monnonantnoro crpecca. Btnnraercx npenonoxenne, uro crpecc xaxnm-ro
opasom sanycxaer nponecc ennrmenrannn uenoneuecxnx xnerox y rex, xro
renernuecxn x +romy npepacnonoxen. Hnrepecno, no nexoropte
ennrmenrnponannte yuacrxn moryr neoxnanno noremnert. Houemy +ro
nponcxonr, ocraercx saraxo.
Ha 1 xnaparnom canrnmerpe name pyxn pacnonoxeno npnmepno 1400 nepnntx
oxonuann.
Bpaun-nccneonarenn ne moryr c ynepennocrtm cxasart, uro xe nmenno ntstnaer
nnrnnnro. Hexoropte ynepxmr, uro reno npoxnnxer anneprnuecxym peaxnnm na
cocrnennte nnrmenrnte xnerxn. pyrne cunramr, uro xnerxn moryr crpanntm
opasom paspymart camn cex n nponecce nponsnocrna nnrmenra. Cpen
crpaammnx nnrnnnro pacnpocrpanen crpax roro, uro +ro saonenanne cnxsano c
paxom xoxn n xnnxercx onnm ns nepntx ero npnsnaxon. Onaxo mexy
ennrmenrnponanntmn yuacrxamn n paxontmn nnn opaxontmn cocroxnnxmn ner
npnunnno-cnecrnenno cnxsn. Bnpouem, nexoropte nannenrt c paxom xoxn
nnora saonenamr nnrnnnro, no yxe noc.e roro, xax noxnnxmrcx cnmnromt paxa.
Hpnunna +roro nexcna. H uro eme onee crpanno, y mnornx nannenron c paxom
xoxn on nepecraer pacnpocrpanxrtcx nocne roro, xax onn saonenamr nnrnnnro.
Houemy raxoe nponcxonr, roxe nenonxrno.
Bnrnnnro moxer nopasnrt nmoro uenonexa. Fonee uem n nononnne cnyuaen n
cemte saonenmero nnrnnnro nanmanoct n npexe. B raxnx cemtxx uacro
nponcxonr pannee noceenne nonoc. Crarncrnuecxn pannxx cenna moxer
npenocxnmart nnrnnnro nnn naoopor. Hnora ontnte ne snamr, uro n nx
cemte cymecrnyer ncropnx +roro saonenannx. Onn nonaramr, uro ns noxonennx n
noxonennx nepeaercx rontxo pannxx cenna.

B 1 xynuecxom canrnmerpe cnmnt soponoro uenonexa coepxnrcx or 10
mnnnnonon o 1 mnnnnapa axrepn.
Xopomax nonocrt cocronr n rom, uro nnrnnnro moxno ntneunrt. B ymepenntx
cnyuaxx rpnm noxptnaer nopaxennte yuacrxn xoxn es xaxoro t ro nn tno
neuennx. Hpn cpenem nopaxennn xoxa xopomo pearnpyer na yntrpa]noneronte
nyun, crepont, na raxne nexapcrna, xax ncopanen, a raxxe na nmte
xomnnannn c ero ncnontsonannem. Taxax repannx crannr nentm oxpacnrt ente
yuacrxn n onee remnt nner. Hyume ncero ona ecrnyer n cnyuaxx, xora
nanmaercx nnmt necxontxo neontmnx entx nxren.
V Maxna xexcona repannx no noccranonnennm nnera nponannnact. B nanonee
ceptesntx cnryannxx ontnomy npennctnaercx ennrmenrannx. nx roro urot
ncx xoxa npnopena ent ron n nannenr ne ntrnxen nxrnncrtm, ncnontsyercx
monoenson. Ho npncmorpom npaua monoenson naxnatnaercx 23 pasa n ent
o rex nop, noxa ne noeneer ncx xoxa, n nocne +roro repannx npoonxaercx 2
pasa n neenm. Hourn c ynepennocrtm moxno cxasart, uro xexcon ncnontsyer
monoenson, nocxontxy +ro eouucmeeuuoe neuenne ennrmenrannn. Tax
yrnepxaer oxrop xemc Hopnan c ]axyntrera epmaronornn mennnncxoro
orenennx ynnnepcnrera Hnnnnnnarn. oxrop Hopnan oannxer, uro
monoenson ntnnctnamr c ocropoxnocrtm n rontxo n rex cnyuaxx, xora y
nannenra xpxo ntpaxennoe nnrnnnro, rax xax nnora nexapcrno ntstnaer
mecrnoe paspaxenne. K romy xe nx nonnoro +]]exra rpeyercx or 6 o 12
mecxnen neuennx, a ycnex nacrynaer n 75 % cnyuaen
15
.
Ecnn Maxn xexcon nepecraner ncnontsonart mono-enson, nner xoxn
nepnercx. Ho cyrn, on moxer crart uepntm n nmo momenr, xora rontxo
noxenaer
16
.
Ha 1 xnaparnom canrnmerpe name pyxn pacnonoxeno npnmepno 40 canrnmerpon
xponenocntx cocyon, 90 onentx penenropon, 1400 nepnntx oxonuann, 6
remneparypntx penenropon n 12 penenropon annennx.
Cxontxo annmx oprannsuon anne1 na uenonexe?
Ecnn mt ncxnmunm onesnernopntx napasnron (myx, xneme n pyrne
mnxpooprannsmt), na soponom uenonexe (a raxxe nnyrpn nero) xnner
ecuncnennoe mnoxecrno cymecrn. Fontmnncrno raxnx naxnennxon, onrammnx
cnapyxn, ne cosaer nnxaxnx nponem n ornomennn sopontx, a nexoropte moryr
axe nomorart n npnnocnrt uenonexy nontsy.
Ecrecrnennax mnxpo]nopa xnnxercx rnanntm crnmynom ]opmnponannx
mexannsma nmmynnrera.
3rn oprannsmt n nx mnpoxoe pasnoopasne pnrancxn mnxpononor Teoop
Posepn onncan n cnoem xnaccnuecxom nccneonannn usui ua
Ue.oeere
11
. Mnxpot opasymr na xoxe cno pasnnuno nnornocrn. K npnmepy,
na uenonexe xnner ocot nn xneme, onrammn ncxnmunrentno n ocnonannn
pecnnn, ne npnunnxx nm nnxaxoro npea. Posepn yrnepxaer, uro n 1
xynuecxom canrnmerpe cnmnt soponoro uenonexa coepxnrcx or 10 mnnnnonon
o 1 mnnnnapa axrepn, uro n mouenom nystpe nnn nerxnx npaxrnuecxn ner nn
ono axrepnn, no mnnnnont nx xnnyr n nnmenapnrentnom rpaxre (na ncem ero
nporxxennn). On yxastnaer na ro, uro mentuamne ]opmt xnsnn, xnmamne
cnapyxn n nnyrpn nac, naxnt nx noepxannx xopomero sopontx n uro
xnnornte, c poxennx xnnymne n uncro or mnxpoon cpee, repxmr nmmynnrer
xo mnornm saonenannxm. Posepn enaer ntno, uro ecmecmeeuua
+urpoq.opa e.emc e.aeui+ cmu+v.o+ qop+upoeauu +exauus+a
u++vuumema
18
.
3naere nn nt, uro moxno ononpemenno nonyunrt omopoxenne, conneunt
oxor n samepsnyrt o cmeprn? Bce +ro peantnax onacnocrt, nocreperammax
nac na Cenepnom n Rxnom nonmcax.

B nocemt uacon neuepa 13 nmnx 1793 roa Xan-Hont Mapar, ]pannyscxn
penonmnnonnt nnep, tn ynr Bapnorro Kop+. B +ro npemx Mapar
naxonncx n nanne, re npononn ontmym uacrt npemenn. Onaxo enan on +ro
ne noromy, uro nmnn xynartcx nnn upesntuano saornncx o cnoe rnrnene. H
ro n pyroe npornnopeunno nsrnxam roro npemenn, cornacno xoroptm uacroe
npnnxrne nann cunranoct nesopontm n axe ne+rnuntm ynneuennem. Ha camom
ene Mapar crpaan or paspaxennx (nosmoxno, ncopnasa), cnmnromt xoroporo,
no ero mnennm, oneruannct nocroxnntm ynnaxnennem xoxn. Kax nonnrnx
Mapar tn upesntuano xecrox, cunrax, uro nxrarypa nyumax nx upannnn
]opma npannennx. On orcrannan macconte yncrna n nec npxmym
ornercrnennocrt sa norpomt n pesnm, n xoe xoroptx rnnn n nnnonarte, n
nennnnte. Mt nnxora ne ysnaem, xax nosecrnonann na ero cosnanne
nocroxnnt ncxom]opr n ont n ne yxymancx nn ns-sa +roro ero rxxent
xapaxrep.

Ho cnonam nexoroptx epmaronoron, ocnonno npnunno opasonannx mopmnn
xnnxercx con nnns nnnom.

Ie na namem rene moxno narn xonnon?

Otuno n necxontxnx mecrax. Konnon +ro nmax cxnaxa xoxn.
H1o nmsmnae1 antnnnsu?
Jmo eonpoc Kouuu Ko+nuou us Iocqopoa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Panee n +ro xnnre ronopnnoct, uro y nac mnnnnont menanonnron nnrmenrntx
xnerox, nponsnoxmnx nporenn. Onn pacnonoxent n xopnxx nonoc n n nepxnem
cnoe xoxn (+nnepmnce) n onpeenxmr nx nner.
Konnon +ro nmax cxnaxa xoxn.
Hmn, crpaammne antnnnsmom, otuno onaamr nopmantntm xonnuecrnom
menanonnron, onaxo ns-sa renernuecxoro napymennx y nnx orcyrcrnyer
xnmnuecxoe nemecrno, sanycxammee n menanonnrax nponsnocrno nnrmenra
(menannna), no+romy nx xoxa n nonoct ente. V nexoroptx nme eno
oxastnaercx nnmt neontmax uacrt rena, ecnn rontxo nmenno ram menanonnrt
]ynxnnonnpymr nenpannntno. 3ro nastnaercx noxannsonanntm antnnnsmom.
B pyrnx cnyuaxx nopaxena ncx nonepxnocrt rena. B +rom cnyuae ronopxr o
aconmrnom antnnnsme. 3pnrentnt antnnnsm nmeer ornomenne x
orcyrcrnnm nnrmenra n rnasax, xoropte n +rom cnyuae xaxyrcx posontmn.
Posont orrenox nm npnaer xpont n xannnnxpax, npocmarpnnammnxcx uepes
npospaunte oonouxn rnasa. B otuntx rnasax cner o nexoropo crenenn
orpaxaercx n ero ecrnne npnrnymaercx nnrmenrom payxno oonouxn.
Tonmnna xencxo xoxn cocrannxer nnmt ne rpern or ronmnnt myxcxo
Onaxo npn orcyrcrnnn +roro nnrmenra, urot ne rpanmnponart rnasa xpxnm
cnerom, uenonex onxen mypnrtcx nnn nocnrt remnte samnrnte ouxn.
Ienernuecxn neocrarox, ne nosnonxmmn menanonnram nponsnonrt menannn,
+ro orcyrcrnne ]epmenra rnposnnast. Antnnnsm noxnnxercx n rom cnyuae,
ecnn n nponecce ]opmnponannx nno ne nonyuaer or onoro ns cnonx ponrene
ren, ornercrnennt sa nponsnocrno +roro ]epmenra. Kax renernuecxn
peneccnnnt ]axrop antnnnsm moxer noxnnrtcx n nmoe npemx n nmom
noxonennn. Vnnnepcantnt antnnnsm ormeuaercx npnmepno n 1 ns 20 000
cnyuaen n pacnpocrpanen no ncem mnpe. Ecrt n pyrne nponemt, cnxsannte c
antnnnsmom: ]nsnuecxn antnnoct ropaso cnaee otuntx nme
1921
.
Fopoanxn moryr nepeanartcx uepes otunt raxrnntnt xonraxr, nanpnmep
pyxonoxarne. Fopoanxn ntstnaer nnpyc, xoropt moxer norn n oprannsm
uepes napannny nnn panxy.
Houeuy ne ncuesam1 uon mpaum n pac1naxn, ecnn xne1xn xoan noc1onnno ononnnm1cn?
Jmo eonpoc Auore.i ou Mapro us He:xapoma, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.
ecrnnrentno, nexoropte xnerxn xoxn nocroxnno ononnxmrcx. 3nnepmnc
(nepxnn cno xoxn) cpactnaer meprnte xnerxn, samenxx nx na monote n
soponte rax tcrpo, uro nonnocrtm ononnxercx xaxte 4 neenn. K
coxanennm, mpamt n pacrxxxn sarparnnamr n epmy (cno xoxn no
+nnepmncom). Ho cnonam oxropa Hona Hasapa, epmaronora ns Cenepo-
sananoro ynnnepcnrera unxaro, epma ne cpactnaer xnerxn, xax +ro enaer
nepxnn cno xoxn. Ecnn nt nonyunnn nerxn conneunt oxor +nnepmnca, on
coer npnmepno uepes 3 neenn.
Ecnn nt nonyunnn nerxn conneunt oxor +nnepmnca, on coer npnmepno
uepes 3 neenn.
Onaxo, ecnn y nac noxnnnnct mpam, pacrxxxa nnn nt cenann cee rarynponxy, n
+rom cnyuae sarponyra epma, a noromy cnet ne ncuesamr. Paspymenne epmt
crnmynnpyer n oprannsme nponsnocrno ]nponacra. unponacr +ro xnerxn,
ntpaartnammne xonnarenonte nonoxna, xoropte npeoxpanxmr xoxy. Teno
onxno samnmart cex or onacntx nn]exnn, +ry ]ynxnnm ntnonnxer n xoxa.
Bpam nesnaunrentnax norepx n opte sa ntxnnanne. Onaxo mpam nnn
pacrxxxa moryr nocrenenno paccocartcx, a rarynponxa co npemenem norycxneer.
Hourn ncera x +romy nponeccy nmeer ornomenne renernxa. H c raxo xe
nerxocrtm, xax nexoropte nmn nyramrcx mpamon, y pyrnx onn ncuesamr es
cnea
22
.
Pynt epemennocrn mennnncxoe nasnanne pacrxxex.

Oxpyrnte pant na xoxe saxnnamr menennee, uem pant nmoro pyroro rnna.
Bnepnte +ror +]]exr orxptnn pennerpeuecxne nennrenn, xoropte crann
npnanart oxpyrntm panam pyrym ]opmy nx onee tcrporo saxnnnennx.

Tonmnna xencxo xoxn cocrannxer nnmt ne rpern or ronmnnt myxcxo.

uem rontme xoxa xenmnnt, rem pantme y nee nosnnxnyr mopmnnt, npnsnaxn
crapennx. V myxunn +ro ne rax. Bor nonesno!

Hmn enncrnennte npnmart, xoropte ne nmemr ocoo nnrmenrnponanntx
naone.
H1o nmsmnae1 nonmpn?
Jmo eonpoc Ca+aumi Bopou us Paoa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Kora xoxa ooxxena, ctnoporxa ns nonpexenntx xponenocntx cocyon
conpaercx mexy nepntm cnoem xoxn (+nnepmncom) n nroptm (epmo).
Homnmo +roro nontpn ntstnaer pacrnpanne xoxn. Ho nosecrnnem rpennx
+nnepmnc nnraercx na epmo nsa-nnepe o rex nop, noxa mexy nnmn ne
opasymrcx menxne nonocrn.
uem rontme xoxa xenmnnt, rem pantme y nee nosnnxnyr mopmnnt, npnsnaxn
crapennx.
B +rnx nonocrxx conpaercx xnxocrt nmenno ee nt nnnre, ecnn nportxaere
nontpt nronxo. Bontpn moryr noxnnxrtcx ns-sa anneprnuecxnx peaxnn,
yxycon nacexomtx nnn no nosecrnnem xnmnuecxnx nemecrn
23
.
Crpecc nnoxo nnnxer na xoxy. Hccneonannx nornepxamr, uro anneprnuecxax
ctnt ntcrynaer nmenno no npemx crpeccontx nepexnnann uenonexa. To xe
camoe moxno cxasart o nptmax n pyrnx nponemax xoxn.

Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno cnyuaen, xora cnmnromt xpannnnnnt nonnocrtm
ncuesamr nocne roro, xax nannenr xopomentxo ntnnaxancx.

Menxn cunramr, uro, xora nt xpacneere, xpacneer n nnyrpennxx nonepxnocrt
namero xenyxa.
3anncn1 nn xauec1no no1a o1 nmsmnammnx ero qax1opon: nmcoxan 1eunepa1ypa, qnsnuecxan pao1a nnn 1penora?
ecrnnrentno, y uenonexa cymecrnyer necxontxo pasnonnnocre nora. Onn
moxer trt onee naxyunm, uem pyro.
Koxa onaaer nymx nnamn norontx xenes anoxpnnontmn n +xxpnnontmn.
3xxpnnonte xenest ntenxmr nor ncnecrnne peaxnnn na +monnonantnte
crnmynt n nx repmoperynxnnn. 3rn xenest pannomepno pacnonoxent no ncemy
reny. Onn cosamr uncrt, npospaunt nor nourn es sanaxa, cnyxamn nx
oxnaxennx xoxn. Anoxpnnonte xenest ntenxmr nor rontxo n xauecrne
peaxnnn na +monnonantnte crnmynt. 3rn xenest pacnonoxent nnmt na
onpeenenntx yuacrxax rena. Fontmax nx uacrt cocpeorouena n nomtmxax,
oxonococxontx xpyxxax, nepene uacrn men, a raxxe n onacrn noxa n sanero
npoxoa. Anoxpnnonte xenest nponsnoxr nor, coepxamn uacrn xnerox,
xoropte ero ntenxmr. 3ror nor nmecre c pyrnmn nemecrnamn n macnamn
ntenxercx oxono nonocxntx ]onnnxyn na xoxe no ncemy reny. Kax npannno, mt
uyncrnyem nmenno sanax +roro nora.
Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno cnyuaen, xora cnmnromt xpannnnnnt nonnocrtm
ncuesamr nocne roro, xax nannenr xopomentxo ntnnaxancx.
Horntm xoxrenem, uro nponsnonr nam oprannsm, nmxr xopmnrtcx axrepnn.
Hpncyrcrnne n nory axrepn n aer nornt sanax. Henpnxrnt sanax rena
ntstnamr nmenno axrepnn, npnnneuennte norontmn ntenennxmn. Ho cnonam
oxropa V. Happn Kennn, nonora ns rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera
Hencnntnannn, ]ynxnnn norontx xenes oonx nnon crnmynnpymrcx
cnmnarnuecxo nepnno cncremo (CHC). CHC axrnnnpyercx naroapx
ntenennm mosrom raxnx nemecrn, xax apenannn. Kora mt rpenoxnmcx, mosr
uepes CHC noaer cnrnan o ocnooxennn apenannna, n mt ntenxem ror
camt naxyun nor onaxo ysnaem o +rom camtmn nocnennmn
24,25
.
Bo npemx epemennocrn xenmnna nanonee nonepxena conneunomy oxory.

K nanarnnernemy nospacry nt naxonnnct no connnem 80 % or ncero npemenn,
xoropoe npononre no ero nyuamn n reuenne xnsnn.

Vnncron uepunnnt nocnn menxonoe nnxnee ente n cnan na menxontx
npocrtnxx. H +ro concem ne noromy, uro on tn nexenxo. Hpocro y nero tna
ouent uyncrnnrentnax xoxa n rpyax rxant ntstnana cnntnoe paspaxenne.
Houeuy cne1, npocneunnammnn uepes xoay, xaae1cn xpacnmu?
3ror CBOT saamr ouent uacro, n orner na nero conepmenno ouennen. Ho
cnonam oxropa Fpmca Honrna, ece o:eui npocmo nomo+v :mo v uac rpacua
rpoei. Merov oev+ c.o+u roru pacno.aeaemc mouru c.o u.u cemi
ranu..poe, sano.ueuuix rpoeim
26
.
3cxnmoct onn ns camtx esnonoctx nme na nnanere. Bonoct samnmamr
xoxy or xonoa, no+romy crpanno, uro y +cxnmocon nx rax mano. 3ror ]axr
neoxcnnm.

Cymecrnyer pacxoxee mnenne, uro xenrntment npenounramr nonnnox. Ho
menee nsnecren ycranonnennt nayxo ]axr, uro nonnnox npenounramr n
xomapt.

Panee mt nccneonann nonpoc, ecrnnrentno nn mopxont ynyumaer spenne.
Cymecrnyer cnnerentcrno roro, uro, ecnn nt yere ecrt cnnmxom mnoro
mopxonn, nama xoxa moxer crart opanxeno. Fpnrancxne yuente coomnnn o
rpex uemcxnx nannenrax, nacrontxo npncrpacrnnmnxcx x mopxonn, uro nx xoxa
npnopena opanxent orrenox. Orpannunn norpenenne mopxonn, onn nepenecnn
cnnpom orment, onaxo nocne +roro nx xoxa nepnyna nopmantnt nner.
Hpana nn, u1o cymec1nym1 nmn c ronyon xoaen?
Jmo eonpoc Muee. Cau:eca us Mauu.i, 4u.unnuui.

a, raxne nmn ecrnnrentno cymecrnymr. B oranennom paone
amepnxancxoro mrara Kenryxxn xnner rpynna nme c ronyo xoxe. 3ro
noromxn ]pannyscxoro nmmnrpanra, nocennnmerocx ram onee 160 ner nasa. C
rex nop n reuenne mnornx noxonenn onn ncrynann n pax rontxo c unenamn
cnoero poa, n cnatt nne +roro npannna tnn ouent pexn. B pesyntrare
myrnponanmn ren nepeanancx ns noxonennx n noxonenne n saxpennn npnsnax
ronyym xoxy. B renax +rnx nme orcyrcrnyer ]epmenr, neoxonmt nx
npenpamennx ronyoro enxa xponn n xpacnt remornonn. 3ro n npnaer nx
xoxe ronyonart nner. onontno cnmnonnuno, uro nasnanne yanenno
mecrnocrn, re onn xnnyr, Fyxra Fecnoxocrn
27
.
Ha xaxnx yuac1xax uoero 1ena ontme ncero no1onmx aenes?
Onacrn rena, re na 1 xnaparnt canrnmerp npnxonrcx nanontme uncno
norontx xenes, cront, naonn, nomtmxn n no
28
.

Bam renom, nnn nonnax sannct HK, ronopxmax o rom, xro nt ecrt renernuecxn,
naxonrcx axe n xpomeuno uacrnne nepxorn.
Houeuy uon norn naxny1 aae 1ora, xora unc1me?
Eme ona crpannocrt namero rena: cnnpom norntx nor. 3aonenanne pexoe, n
ncrnnnte cnyuan raxoro napymennx cnxsant c nenpannntntm ycnoennem
oprannsmom xnpon. 3ro nepeaercx no nacnecrny. Ecnn nama mama xanyercx na
ro, uro y nac naxnyr norn, onnnxre ee, cnoero nany nnn oonx ponrene cpasy!
Hepnotrnte nmn ntxnnn, noromy uro pexo mtnnct. Tax cunraer +xcnepr no
oncropnuecxnm xnnorntm. uyncrnnrentnte x sanaxy xnmnnxn, yrnepxaer on,
nserann nonmunx Homo Sapiens. Hmenno n XX nexe, a ne pantme, nmn nauann
perynxpno mtrtcx. o +roro noannxmmee ontmnncrno xnrene
anrnoronopxmnx crpan nno ne mornn, nno ne xorenn mtrtcx. Mnorne ne
mtnnct nn pasy sa ncm cnom xnsnt! uacro nx oexa raxxe tna ne crnpana
29
.

Bam renom, nnn nonnax sannct HK, ronopxmax o rom, xro nt ecrt renernuecxn,
naxonrcx axe n xpomeuno uacrnne nepxorn.

Fontmnncrno opoanox pacryr napyxy. Onaxo noomnennte opoanxn pacryr
nnyrpt.
Kax uoano nsnecn1t cnom xoay?
Bt ne moxere nsnecnrt xoxy, noxa ona na nac. Onaxo nt moxere ntcunrart,
cxontxo ona necnr, nocnontsonanmnct ocoo ]opmyno. 3ro acr nam
npnnnsnrentnt pesyntrar pasennre nec cnoero rena na 16.
Houeuy y nmen ne rpyn, ne ontme n ne uentme?
V mnexonnrammnx, x xoroptm ornocxrcx n nmn, uncno monountx xenes
naptnpyercx or 2 o 16. V xaxoro nna, nesanncnmo or xonnuecrna n nem ocoe,
nonornuecxoe npannno, no xoropomy npnpoa paccunrtnaer +ro uncno, raxono:
monountx xenes n 2 pasa ontme, uem ere, oxnaemtx n onom nomere.
Otuno y uenonexa poxaercx 1 peenox, no+romy y nac 2 rpyn.
Orneuarxn nantnen nnsnenon connaamr nnmt n 95 % cnyuaen.
Rnnnm1cn nn o1neua1xn nantnen ononnnonmx n nynnnonmx nnsnenon onnaxonmun?
Panee n +ro rnane mt yxe ocyxann orneuarxn nantnen. Orneuarxn nantnen
nnsnenon ne ncera nenrnunt. Onn connaamr nnmt n 95 % cnyuaen. Ho
cnonam oxropa +nna Bnncemnyca, pncynox nnnn na xoxe nyxnontx
nnsnenon ue oo.ee oouuaroe, :e+ omne:amru ooi:uix opamiee u cecmep
npocmo omu opami u cecmpi (o.usuei) poou.uci e oouu oeui.Heoxonmo
nomnnrt, uro ysop ns +rnx nnnn onpeenxercx rontxo renernuecxnm xoom.
Vponent xonnenrpannn ]axropa pocra n ropmonon n rxanxx naptnpyercx or
uenonexa x uenonexy. B nponecce ]opmnponannx orneuarxon yuacrnyer crontxo
napnann, uro npaxrnuecxn nenosmoxno, urot y nyx nme onn oxasannct
onnaxontmn
3034
.
Cxnonnocrt x opasonannm nepxorn nacneyercx. Hepxort ne sapasna, n y nac ona
ne noxnnrcx, ecnn nt npnuemerect pacuecxo cocea. A nmn? Bmn concem
pyroe eno, no+romy nyume epxnre cnom pacuecxy npn cee.
Rnnnm1cn nn o1neua1xn nantnen nenon n npanon pyxn sepxantnmun?
Her. Onn n nnsxo ne noxoxn. Ho cnonam oxropa +nna Bnncemnyca, ecnn nt
cenaere necxontxo orneuarxon nantnen snaxomtx nam nme, ro nerxo
onapyxnre +ro camn.
Haoparopnte ncntrannx nornepxamr, uro 70 % ntnn n namem ome xnnxercx
meprntmn xnerxamn xoxn unenon cemtn, nx pyse n pyrnx nme, notnanmnx
n +rom xnnnme.
Houeuy cymec1nym1 nny1pennne n nnemnne 1nnm nynxon?
Hynxn xax orneuarxn nantnen: ner nyx onnaxontx nynxon. Hynox +ro
saneuennax rxant, pasnnnmaxcx ns ocrarxon nynonnnt nnoa. Ho cyrn, +ro
mpam or pant. oxrop upeepnx Cnnr oxcnxer: Hocro.irv raroa
,paua om.u:aemc om opveo, raroi upa+ om uee, cmauoeuuc nvnro+,
om.u:aemc om .mooeo opveoeo. Tar oopasvemc .uoo euvmpeuuu, .uoo
,eueuuu mun
35
,
36
.
Inana 9
Bonocm n nor1n

B crnxornopennn Hoxnmenne noxona no+r Anexcanp Hoyn (16881744)
nanncan eccmeprnte crpoxn: Iepoee, :e +oev:u ovx eicor,/ Hepeoro evoum
reucru eo.ocor[2]2
Hep. B. Mnxymennua.

|3axptrt]. Ftrt moxer, crapnx Anexc n ne nmen n nny ontmnncrno ns nac, no
on nonan rouno n nent. Bonoct onn ns xpuamnx opason n uenoneuecxo
xnsnn n xyntrype: ncropnx nnecxoro Camcona, cxasxa npo Panynnent n rax
anee
Houeuy uon nonocm ceem1?
3ro onn ns nanonee uacro ncrpeuammnxcx nonpocon. B noannxmmem
ontmnncrne cnyuaen nospacr n napymenne ]ynxnnonnponannx menanonnron
sacrannxmr nonoct ceert.
Hponecc noceennx naunnaercx n rnynne nnemnero cnox xoxn (+nnepmnca) n
nocrenenno onpaercx o ee nnyrpennero cnox (epmt). Kaxt ns 100 000 (nnn
oxono roro) nonocxon na uenoneuecxo ronone sanncnr or nonocxno nyxonnnt,
pacnonoxenno no nonocxntm memxom. Hmenno uepes nonocxnym nyxonnny
npoxoxr pasnoopasnte xnmnuecxne cycrannnn, ]opmnpymmne nonoc. Otuno
+rn nemecrna coepxar xeparnn. B xopnxx nonoc n +nnepmnce pacnonoxent
mnnnnont menanonnron (nnrmenrntx xnerox, nponsnoxmnx enox). Onn
ntenxmr nemecrna, onpeenxmmne nner nonoc n xoxn.
Kaxt ns 100 000 nonocxon na uenoneuecxo ronone sanncnr or nonocxno
nyxonnnt, pacnonoxenno no nonocxntm memxom.
B oprannsme nme-antnnocon npncyrcrnyer ocrarounoe uncno menanonnron,
onaxo ns-sa renernuecxoro e]exra y nnx ner nemecrna, or xoroporo sanncnr
nponsnocrno nnrmenra. V nexoroptx nme nner repxer rontxo neontmo
yuacrox xoxn. Tax noxnnxmrcx ente nxrna nnn ente npxn nonoc.
Menanonnrt amr nner, opaartnax nonoc n nonocxnom memxe. Hocrenenno
nonoc pacrer n nnny, n ero nner cranonnrcx sameren rnasy. Kora nonoc nonyuaer
oxpac naroapx ecrnnxm menanonnron, +ror nner ne moxer nsmennrtcx.
Hnrmenrannx ne rontxo sarparnnaer xeparnnonym cocrannxmmym nonoca, no n
nponnxaer n onee rnyoxne crpyxrypt. Bemecrno-nnrmenr, menannn, onaaer
nymx ocnonntmn xomnonenramn. Or xonnuecrna +rnx xomnonenron sanncnr,
xaxo oxpac npnoperyr nonoct: remnt, cnernt nnn npomexyrount orrenox.
B ent n xoe ecrecrnennoro rpennx ntnaaer npnmepno 100 nonoc. C nospacrom
crapte remnte nonoct ncuesamr, ocrannxx nce ontmee uncno nontx, yxe cetx.
Ho mepe roro, xax cete nonoct naunnamr npenannponart na ocrantntmn,
cenna ynennunnaercx. Taxnm opasom, cenna cmect ocranmnxcx remntx nonoc
n nontx, yxe cetx. Bo mnorom cenna npeonpeenena renernuecxn. Onaxo
crpecc n ecnoxocrno raxxe moryr nnnxrt na cxopocrt, c xoropo uenonex
ceeer. Myxunnt n xenmnnt ceemr no-pasnomy. Xenmnnt ceemr uyrt
tcrpee myxunn. K 25 roam npexenpemennax cenna sarparnnaer npnmepno 25
% ncex nme. Hepnte cete nonoct naunnamr noxnnxrtcx n 15 ner. Ho nponnn
cytt, xnerxn, ammne nner, uacro ycxopxmr nponsnocrno nnrmenra no mepe
namero crapennx, no+romy nnora, nesaonro o roro, xax nnrmenrnte xnerxn
nornnyr, nonoct moryr npemenno noremnert
1
.

K 25 roam npexenpemennax cenna sarparnnaer npnmepno 25 % ncex nme.
Hapymenne paort mnronnno xenest ona ns camtx pacnpocrpanenntx
npnunn npexenpemennoro npexpamennx ]ynxnnonnponannx menanonnron
2
.
3aonenannx, nosecrnymmne na rnno]ns, cnnxamr oxpacxy nonoc, panno xax n
nepeon n nponsnocrne ropmonon n xnuxax nnn xnunnxax. Hapymnrt
]ynxnnonnponanne menanonnron moxer naer, a raxxe cnntnoe ncromenne.
Hpexenpemennoe noceenne cnxsano n c nosmoxntm ynennuennem pncxa
cepeuntx saonenann. Hexoropte cnnerentcrna ronopxr o rom, uro n cnyuae
snoxauecrnenno anemnn e]nnnr nnramnna B
12
nerarnnno orpaxaercx na
]ynxnnn menanonnron n nosnnxaer cenna
3
.
Xy Careo ns uanr M+, uro n Tannane, onaaer camtmn nnnntmn nonocamn n
mnpe. Hx nnna cocrannxer 5,16 merpa. Ero par H orpacrnn nonoct nourn
nxrnmerpono nnnt.

Vcarte nmn moryr ncntrtnart anneprnm x cocrnenntm nonocam na ryax. 3ro
cnyuaercx noromy, uro yct conpamr na cex ntntny, nepenocxmymcx no
nosyxy, xoropax npononnpyer anneprnuecxym peaxnnm.

B nexoroptx uacrxx Pymtnnn ycarte xenmnnt nanonee nonynxpnte
nenecrt, nocxontxy nx nonocarax nepxnxx rya cunraercx cnmnonom cynpyxecxo
nepnocrn n nnoonnrocrn.
Houeuy nonocm onnx nmen ntmmnecn, a pyrnx npnume?
Hamn nonoct moryr trt or npnpot npxmtmn, xypuantmn nnn
npomexyrounoro rnna. Ient onpeenxmr ne rontxo nner nonoc, no n ro, xaxnmn
onn yyr no ]opme. unent neontmnx +noramntx coomecrn (re paxn
nponcxoxr rontxo mexy nx npecrannrenxmn) uepes necxontxo noxonenn
npnoperamr onpeenennt rnn. Hpnmepom +roro xnnxercx nnemx can (nnora
nastnaercx ymment xanr), xnnymee n nycrtne Kanaxapn n Rxno A]pnxe. Bce
nmn +roro nnemenn nmemr nonoct n nne nepunnox. 3ror opasnt repmnn
yxastnaer na ro, uro nx nonoct upesntuano nnorno sannrt or poxennx.
B Knrae orarte nmn orpamnnann norrn nenepoxrno nnnt. Horrn tnn cront
nnnntmn, uro nx ynpann n menxonte memouxn. Taxnm opasom orart
uenonex mor nouepxnyrt craryc n npoemoncrpnponart, uro y nero ecrt cnyrn n
emy camomy nnuero ne nao enart.
Kaxnu opasou nepuanen1 sannnae1 uon nonocm?
Xnmnuecxne nemecrna, ncnontsyemte nx cosannx +ro npnuecxn, sannnamr
nonoct, cnepna paspymax, a sarem noccranannnnax nx nnyrpennne xnmnuecxne
cnxsn.
Ient onpeenxmr ne rontxo nner nonoc, no n ro, xaxnmn onn yyr no ]opme.
B ocnonnom nonoct cocroxr ns nporenna no nasnannem xeparnn, xoropt
coepxnr ontmoe xonnuecrno cept. Xnmnuecxne cnxsn coennxmr aromt cept
ono monexynt enxa c aromamn cept cocennx monexyn. Kax saxnenxn, uro
yepxnnamr nmecre crantnte nepexnannt neocxpeon, +rn xnmnuecxne mocrt
yepxnnamr monexynt xeparnna, cosanax crpyxrypy, npnammym xaxomy
nonocy ero xapaxrepnym ]opmy.
uenonex moxer nsmennrt ecrecrnennym crpyxrypy nonoc necxontxnmn cnocoamn
n na pasnoe npemx. K npnmepy, nnorno oepnyn npxt npxmtx nonoc noxpyr
ropxue sannnouno ]opmt, moxno nenaonro ee sannrt. Onaxo crpyxrypa enxa
nonoc n xoneunom nrore pasorner nx, nepnyn npnponym ]opmy.

Ecnn myxunna nnxora ne yer pnrtcx, nnna ero opot cocrannr npnmepno
10 merpon.
Kora xe nt enaere nepmanenr, enxn nonoc nonyuamr nosmoxnocrt
nepecrponrtcx rax, urot npnart nonocam xypuanym ]opmy nmecro npxmo.
Bnauane napnxma*censored* namartnaer nonoct na nryn, a sarem naxnatnaer
nemecrno, paspymammee cnxsn mexy enxamn. Touno rax xe, xax crantnte
anxn moryr pacnonsrnct, ecnn yepyr cxpennxmmne nx +nemenrt, rax n
monexynt cnocont oranxrtcx pyr or pyra. Ocnooxennte or
]nxcnpymmero nemecrna enxn nepecrpannamrcx n nmoe nonoxenne, xoropoe
napnxma*censored* npnaer nonocam. Ecnn nonoct naxpyunnamr na nryn,
nonyuamrcx sannrxn.
Ocraercx nocnenn mar. Heperpynnnponxa onxna trt sa]nxcnponana. B
xonne napnxma*censored* cmtnaer nemecrno, paspymammee cnxsn mexy
nporennamn, n oannxer pyro xnmnuecxn pacrnop, ]opmnpyx nonte cnxsn
mexy enxamn, cosanax xypuant rnn nonoc. axe nerep, connne n mamnynn ne
cmoryr ero nsmennrt. Tontxo nocne roro, xax nonoct nnont orpacryr, onn operyr
ry ]opmy, xoropax onpeenxercx renamn. Kaxnm t npountm nn tn pacrnop nx
nepmanenra, on ne moxer nsmennrt renernuecxym ocnony
4
nonoc.
B 21 ro 1 ns 20 monotx nme sameuaer, uro nnnnx pocra ero nonoc na ronone
naunnaer orxnonxrtcx nasa.

Hexoropte nmn noome ne nmemr nonoc. 3ro saonenanne nastnaercx
ynnnepcantno anonenne.

Ho nenonxrntm npnunnam yrpom nonoct pacryr tcrpee, uem n nmoe pyroe
npemx cyrox.

Ecnn myxunna nnxora ne yer pnrtcx, nnna ero opot cocrannr npnmepno
10 merpon.
Ecnn n 1epnm nonocm, uory1 nn onn nmpac1n cnona?
Mano xro ns nac cnennantno ntnpaer nonoct, onaxo mnorne xorxr nepnyrt yxe
ntnanmne. Hont +xcnepnmenrantnt npoyxr cmoxer noccranonnrt namn
nonoct axe nocne roro, xax onn yrparnnn cnom ]opmy n necx. Horepx nonoc n
pesyntrare crapennx ne rontxo myxcxax nponema. Hpnmepno 30 % xenmnn x
40 roam raxxe crpaamr or nx norepn. 3ro cocroxnne nastnaercx crpyxrypntm
ontcennem. Onaxo nont npoyxr yxe xnnxercx nonynxpntm nexapcrnom
xax nn crpanno, nypernxom. 3ro cnnpononaxron.
Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro nonoct myxunnt pacryr tcrpee, xora on snaer,
uro cxopo samercx cexcom.
Hccneonanne, nponeennoe n Tpnxonornuecxom nenrpe unnnna Knnrcnn n
Honone, noxastnaer, uro cnnpononaxron ceptesno ynyumaer cnryannm npn
crpyxrypnom ontcennn. 3noxpnnonorn nenrpa anann ost +roro opantnoro
nexapcrna mecrn xenmnnam n nospacre or 30 o 45 ner, crpaammnm ymepenntm
nnn ceptesntm ontcennem. V 4 xenmnn nexapcrno ocranonnno antnemee
ntnaenne nonoc, y 2 pyrnx neoxnanno ntsnano nx pocr. Enncrnenntm
noountm +]]exrom cnnpononaxrona xnnxercx napymennn perynxpnocrn
mencrpyann. Cnnpononaxron noannxer axrnnnocrt recrocrepona n pyrnx
myxcxnx ropmonon. Hsnecrno, uro xencxoe crpyxrypnoe ontcenne sanycxaercx
ns-sa uyncrnnrentnocrn x +rnm nemecrnam.
Heanno nccneonarenn pacmnpnnn cno +xcnepnmenr n nxnmunnn rya eme 25
xenmnn n 12 ntcemmnx myxunn. B nnxamem yymem onn naemrcx
nporecrnponart cnnpononaxron na cornxx nme, ecnn pesyntrart nonoro ontra
yyr raxnmn xe mnorooemammnmn.
oxrop +nn Knnrcnn, ocnonarent n npexrop nenrpa, yrnepxaer: Mi ue
omrpi.u +aeu:ecroeo +ac.a, romopoe +orem eipacmumi ronuv eo.oc, uo
coeepueuuo cuo, :mo eosoecmeue cnupouo.armoua ueooxoou+o usv:ami u
oa.ee
5
.
Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro nonoct myxunnt pacryr tcrpee, xora on snaer,
uro cxopo samercx cexcom. V xenmnn +ro npoxnnxercx n mentme crenenn.

Ha nnne myxunnt ntpacraer oxono 30 000 nonoc, n on npononr npnmepno 3350
uacon cnoe xnsnn, cpnnax nx.

Bo npemx npesnenrcxo xamnannn Anpaama Hnnxontna 1860 roa emoxpar no
nmenn Banenrnn T+nnn ns Hax Kaynrn, uro n Mnccypn, noxnxncx, uro
nepecraner pnrtcx, ecnn Hnnxontn noenr. T+nnn cepxan cnoe cnono, n ero
opoa ocrananact nepnro c noxpx 1860 roa nnnort o ero cmeprn n 1910
roy, ocrnrnyn nnnt 3,8 merpa.
Houeuy nexo1opme nmn 1axne nonoca1me?
upesmepnt pocr nonoc npoxnnxercx y 10 % enymex-nopocrxon n raxoro xe
uncna xenmnn n nepno epemennocrn n poon. Bonoct ntpacramr na nnne n na
rpyn, na cnnne n na xronnax, a raxxe na xnnore, n onacrn mexy nynxom n
noxom n omem, noncmy.
Cymecrnymr mecra, re no cranapram conpemenno mot rontxo myxunnt
moryr orpamnnart nonoct. Ho+romy, xora na rene enymex noxnnxercx axe
nemnoro nonoc, nexoropte ynnnxmrcx neyxenn onn naunnamr npenpamartcx
n myxunn? Bosmoxno, onn nyramr ornocnrentno pacnpocrpanennt rnpcyrnsm
c menee nsnecrntm n ocrarouno pexnm xnnennem nnpnnnsanne.
Inpcyrnsmom npaun nastnamr cocroxnne, npn xoropom na rene noxnnxercx
nstrounoe xonnuecrno nonoc. Pasymeercx, ro, uro nastnamr nstrountm,
rnyoxo cyexrnnno. He cymecrnyer cranaprnoro mennnncxoro onpeenennx
nstrounocrn. Tem ne menee npnmepno 1 ns 10 ancrpanncxnx enymex n
monotx xenmnn onaaer snaunrentno crenentm rnpcyrnsma, xax
yrnepxaer oxrop Iopon Cenarop, +noxpnnonor ns Koponencxo ontnnnt
Xoapr, nanncanmn o +rom crartm n ancrpanncxn exeneentnnx Australian
DR Weekly
6
.
oxrop Cenarop npononr ono ns pexnx nccneonann, xacammeecx yponnx
pacnpocrpanennx rnpcyrnsma. B 1964 roy n pnrancxo crarte, onynnxonanno
n The Lancet oxropom H. Maxnarom ns ynnnepcnrera V+ntca, tno onncano
nccneonanne 400 xenmnn-yuamnxcx. Oxasanoct, uro 26 % ns nnx onaann
nocroxnntmn nonocamn na nnne. Ha nepxne rye y nnx ntpacrano ontme
nonoc, nexenn na noopoxe. V 10 % ncex xenmnn nonoct na nnne tnn
oruernnno samernt nx ecnpncrpacrnoro nanmarenx. Haxonen, y 4 %
xenmnn nonoc tno crontxo, uro, no mnennm oxropa Maxnara, neoxonmo
tno npenpnnnmart neuenne.
upesmepnt pocr nonoc npoxnnxercx y 10 % enymex-nopocrxon n raxoro xe
uncna xenmnn n nepno epemennocrn n poon.
Inpcyrnsm pasnrentno ornnuaercx or nnpnnnsannn. Bnpnnnsanne nastnamr
cocroxnne, npn xoropom nponcxonr ynennuenne xonnuecrna nonoc na rene,
nonnxaercx ronoc, pacrer mtmeunax macca, noxnnxercx nonocxnax nnnnx,
rnnnunax nx myxcxoro na, nponcxonr crnmynxnnx cexpennn n tcrpoe
ynennuenne cantntx xenes, uro uacro neer x nosnnxnonennm nptme,
nanmaercx rnneprpo]nx xnnropa (xnnrop cranonnrcx ontme), onnromenopex
(mencrpyantnte nepnot nponcxoxr or cnyuax x cnyuam, a xponn cranonnrcx
mentme) nnn amenopex (mencrpyannn npexpamamrcx).
H rnpcyrnsm, n nnpnnnsannx xnnxmrcx cnecrnnxmn nstrounoro xonnuecrna
recrocrepona (myxcxoro ropmona). Otuno +rn nsmenennx sanoxent
renernuecxn, no nnora na nx nosnnxnonenne nnnxer onesnt nnn uro-ro pyroe.
uame ncero +ro tnaer nonnxncros xnunnxa. B xnaccnuecxo
paore Iupcvmus+ (1981), nanncanno +noxpnnonoramn H. Mone-xapnncom, u.
Karrennom n H. Monuonnuem, anropt yxastnamr, uro cvuecmevem np+a cesi
+erov cmeneuim eupcvmus+a u vpoeue+ n.as+i mecmocmepoua omux
reuuuu. Cunraercx, uro uem ontme myxcxoro ropmona, rem ntme crenent
nnpnnnsannn. Onaxo rpn npaua ronopxr o rom, uro e oo.iuuucmee c.v:aee
eupcvmus+a n.as+a mecmocmepoua vee.u:ueaemc ueua+uoeo u.u oare
uaxooumc ua ooi:uo+ o. reuuuu vpoeue
1
.
Inpcyrnsm ne osnauaer rax nastnaemoro orcyrcrnnx xencrnennocrn.
Xencrnennocrt, ocnonannax na ntnemnnx cranaprax xencxo xpacort,
nxryercx nnycrpne mot n npecrannxer coo upesntuano cyexrnnnoe
xauecrno. To, uro cunraercx npexpacntm n onn ncropnuecxn nepno, moxer ne
xnnxrtcx raxontm n pyro. K npnmepy, n Bnxropnancxym +noxy cpenn
yponent rnpcyrnsma y am cunrancx onontno montm n npnnnexarentntm.
Mnenne myxunn o nonocax na rene xenmnnt rax xe nnnnnyantno, xax n
npenourennx xenmnn ornocnrentno nannunx nonoc na rpyn nnn nnne myxunn.
V nonnnon ontme nonoc, uem y nme c remntmn nonocamn.
Bonocxno noxpon naptnpyercx cpen +rnnuecxnx rpynn. V xenmnn Cenepno
Enpont na rene mentme nonoc, uem y xenmnn Rxno, y asnarox nx eme mentme.
Hpornnosauarounte nexapcrna moryr ntstnart ononnnrentnt pocr nonoc,
nnnxx na ropmonantnt yponent xenmnnt.
Horrxm rpeyercx non roa, urot orpacrn or cnoero ocnonannx o xonunxa.
Inpcyrnsm na nmo crann pasnnrnx moxno neunrt. Ho cnonam oxropon
Crnnena xaa ns Mennnncxoro nenrpa unnnepc n Aenane n xona
Kaprepa ns ontnnnt Konxop n Cnnee, onynnxonanmnx crartm o +rom
n Medical Journal of Australia,xocmernuecxoe neuenne nxnmuaer n
cex omoe.ueauue, eiuunieauue, rpe+i o. oenu.uu, eoueuue, opumie u
o.ermpo.us
8
.Taxxe moxno ncnontsonart pasnnunte nnt ropmonorepannn.
Iopmonantnoe neuenne rnpcyrnsma ne onxno nnnxrt na nnno nnn pyrne
acnexrt cexcyantnocrn
9
.
Inpcyrnsm ne ncuesaer, ecnn xenmnna cpnnaer nonoct. Bonoct poxamrcx no
nonepxnocrtm xoxn, n pnrte ne nnnxer na cxopocrt nx pocra nnn xecrxocrt.
Ecnn y nac cymecrnymr comnennx n ecnoxocrno ornocnrentno pocra nonoc na
rene, noronopnre c repanenrom, urot paccexrt nce crpaxn.
Bpemenamn enymxa moxer oparnrtcx r myxunne, no nnxora
oparnrtcx e myxunny
10
.
Mexy npounm, xomnosnrop n nnanncr upeepnx Bonen nocnn opoy rontxo na
ono nononnne nnna. On oxcnxn +ro rem, uro, nocxontxy on cnnr sa
]oprentxno oxom, aynropnx nnnr nnmt ony ero cropony.

Ha ronone nspocnoro uenonexa pacrer npnmepno 100 000 nonoc.

V nonnnon ontme nonoc, uem y nme c remntmn nonocamn.
Ecnn nonocm uep1nm, noueuy uoe qnsnuecxoe n +uonnonantnoe coc1onnne nnnne1 na nx nn?
3ror CBOT uacro saamr nmecre c nonpocom o rom, xax paoraer xonnnnonep
nx nonoc.
Xorx nonoct n meprnt, nx nnemnn nn sanncnr or cexpennn cantntx xenes,
pacnonoxenntx n ocnonannn nonocxno ]onnnxynt. Ecnn cexperon ntenxercx
neocrarouno, nonoct cranonxrcx cyxnmn, nomxnmn n ntrnxxr nonpexenntmn.
Hpn nstrxe cexpera nonoct ntrnxxr cantntmn n esxnsnenntmn. (Hpocro
pexnama mamnynx!) Ha cexpennm cantntx xenes nnnxmr nospacr, omee
cocroxnne sopontx, ropmonantnt yponent n axe +monnonantnoe cocroxnne.
Fepemennte xenmnnt uacro sameuamr nsmenennx n cocroxnnn cnonx nonoc. 3ro
cnxsano c ropmonantntmn nepemenamn, xapaxrepntmn nx +roro nepnoa
11
.
B Poccnn no npemx npannennx Herpa Hepnoro nmo uenonex, nocnnmn opoy,
onxen tn nnarnrt sa +ro cnennantnt nanor.

Koporxne axn nonoct, yxpamammne oe cropont nnna, no-anrnncxn
nastnamrcx sideburns. Onn nonyunnn cnoe nasnanne no nmenn amepnxancxoro
renepana npemen Ipaxancxo nont, nocnnmero orpomnte axn n cpnnammero
nonoct rontxo c noopoxa. Hnrepecno, uro nmx +roro noennoro renepana tno
ne Caepn, a 3mpoys Fepnca.

V nme c ntcoxnmn ymcrnenntmn cnoconocrxmn coepxnrcx ontmoe
xonnuecrno nnnxa n men n nonocax.

Horrn na ontmnx nantnax pacryr menennee, uem na ncex ocrantntx.

Horrxm rpeyercx nonroa, urot orpacrn or cnoero ocnonannx o xonunxa.

Ecnn t uenoneuecxn nonoc tn raxo xe roncrt, xax nenonont rpoc, ro
yepxan t nonemennt na nero nnrarent noesa.

Cxopocrt pocra norrx sanncnr or nnnt nantna, no+romy norort namero cpenero
nantna pacrer tcrpee ocrantntx.

Bonoct n norrn enncrnennte yuacrxn uenoneuecxoro rena, re ner xpacntx
xponxntx renen. Bo ncex ocrantntx opranax xponocnaxenne nocroxnno,
nocxontxy xpacnte xponxnte rentna ocrannxmr n nx xnerxn xncnopo n
nnrarentnte nemecrna.

B reuenne nx myxunnt repxmr npnmepno 40 nonoc. Xenmnnt repxmr 70.
Houeuy nmn y1pa1nnn ontmym uac1t nonocnnoro noxpona?
3ro onn ns nanonee uacro saanaemtx nonpocon. Cymecrnyer no mentme mepe
7 nosmoxntx oxcnenn +roro ]axra.
3a nepntm oxcnennem mt ornpannmcx ne x xomy-nnyt, a x snamennromy
pnrancxomy nonory, anrpononory n soonory ecmony Moppncy. Ho cnonam
Moppnca, orcyrcrnne nonoc na ontme uacrn rena conpemennoro uenonexa
xnnxercx neoremnemtm +nemenrom +nonmnnn. H +ror +nonmnnonnt mar nmen
ornomenne x xape. Bo npemx axrnnno oxort nonoct npeoxpanxnn
nepnotrnoro uenonexa or neperpenannx. Kora namn nonocarte npexn cnesnn c
epenten n npenparnnnct n oxornnxon pannnn n canann, yponent nx ]nsnuecxo
axrnnnocrn upesntuano nospoc. Horonx sa nnme xapxax paora. V pennnx
nme nsmennnact repmoperynxnnx c ynennuennem uncna norontx xenes no
ncemy reny n yrparo ontme uacrn rxxenoro mepcrxnoro noxpona. Horonte
xenest ne mornn oxnaxart ocrarouno, ecnn ncnapxmmncx nor ynannnnancx
mepcrtm. Taxnm opasom, uem mentme nonoc, rem npoxnanee.
Bonoct n norrn enncrnennte yuacrxn uenoneuecxoro rena, re ner xpacntx
xponxntx renen.
Onaxo cymecrnymr n pyrne reopnn, oxcnxmmne yrpary mepcrn. Hexoropte
ns nnx noxoxn na npany, pyrne ne cnnmxom. Bropax raxona: norepx nonoc
nomorana pennnm nmxm nyume cnpannxrtcx c xoxntmn napasnramn nmamn,
xnemamn n noxamn. uem mentme nonoc, rem nerue nx nonnrt. Tpertx ronopnr o
rom, uro c mentmnm xonnuecrnom nonoc nerue nnanart. Hexoropte anrpononorn
orcrannamr reopnm nono oestxnt, n xoropo ronopnrcx, uro npexe, uem
nepepartcx na pannnnt n canannt, nmn, cnycrnnmnecx c epenten, xnnn n
onorax. uerneprax reopnx reopnx onosnanarentntx snaxon rnacnr, uro,
nocxontxy pennne nmn ontme nonarannct na spenne n mentme na sanax,
norepx nonoc nomorana nm pacnosnanart pyr pyra, ornnuart n rpynne n
ntenxrt cnonx cpen pyrnx nnon npnmaron.
uenoneuecxne nonoct nmemr ontme orrenxon, uem mepcrt xnnorntx.
Hxrax reopnx yrnepxaer, uro nononte oprant cranonnnnct onee samerntmn,
ecnn na rene tno mentme nonoc. onot +ro reopnn samnman uapnts apnnn.
On yrnepxan, uro ontmax uacrt uenoneuecxoro rena nnmnnact mepcrn, urot
ntennrt onacrt noxa, re o cnx nop ocraercx mnoro nonoc. 3ror xonrpacr
xnnxercx ]opmo cexcyantno npnnnexarentnocrn n crnmynxnnn,
cnococrnymme ecrecrnennomy oropy. B mecro reopnn ronopnrcx, uro,
nocxontxy myxunnt nonocaree xenmnn, axe ecnn n y rex, n y pyrnx na rene
mano nonoc, nononax pasnnna nce panno onee samerna. Becrax rnacnr, uro
mentmee xonnuecrno nonoc n ontme yuacrxon rono xoxn enano cexcyantnte
nsanmoornomennx onee xpxnmn c raxrnntno rouxn spennx. Onaxo +ro
npenonaraer, uro y nonocartx xnnorntx cexc cxyunoe sanxrne, a c raxnm
mnennem namn xnnornte xonnern mornn t crpacrno nocnopnrt
1216
.
Ha ontme uacrn cpenenexono Enpont cymecrnonano npeyexenne,
xacammeecx nme c ptxnmn nonocamn. Fonee npenounrannct cnernte nnn
remnte nonoct. Bnpouem, +ro ne nmeno ornomennx x camomy nnery nonoc. B
napoe cunranoct, uro ptxne onaamr nsopntm, nsmenunntm n nenocroxnntm
npanom. Hnora n n name npemx moxno ycntmart, uro y ptxnx ornennt
remnepamenr.

Ho yrnepxennxm nexoroptx yuentx, nner xencxnx nonoc cnnerentcrnyer o
crenenn ynepennocrn xenmnnt n cee: 71 % ptxnx xenmnn ynepent n cee,
cpen pmnerox ynepenntx xenmnn ncero 65 %, a cpen nonnnox 47 %.

uenoneuecxne nonoct nmemr ontme orrenxon, uem mepcrt xnnorntx.
3aueu nau nonocm na noxe n no ummxaun?
Jmo eonpoc Ku+oep.u Uen+eu us Heupuma, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.
Ha +ror cuer cymecrnyer ne snaunrentnte reopnn. Hepnax raxona: nonoct na
noxe n no mtmxamn cnnxamr rpenne, nosnnxammee npn nnxennn pyx n nor.
K npnmepy, es +rnx nonoc xoxa no mtmxamn uame t narnpanact,
paspaxanact, cosanax ontmne neyocrna. Bropax reopnx yrnepxaer, uro
noxonte n nomtmeunte nonoct cnocont nontmart namy cexcyantnym
npnnnexarentnocrt. Cornacno +ro rouxe spennx, nonoct na noxe n no
mtmxamn ynannnnamr monounym xnxocrt, ntenxemym cantntmn xenesamn.
Kora +rn cexpert paspymamr axrepnn, opasyercx cnntnt mycxycnt sanax.
Knnnnuecxne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro noonte sanaxn ecrnymr xax
cexcyantnte arrpaxranrt n nosynrenn. Hornxa reopnn raxona, uro es nonoc
opasontnaercx n ocraercx mentme sanaxa, a noromy cnnxaercx cexcyantnax
npnnnexarentnocrt. B conepnnuecrne sa naprnepmy uem menee nonocartm
oxastnancx myxunna, rem menee on tn xenanntm
17
.
Houeuy nonocm ne pac1y1 na mpauax nnn na cneax o1 npnnnnxn?
Jmo eonpoc Teppu To+ncoua us Baurveepa, Bpumaucra Ko.v+ou.

3ror CBOT saamr onontno uacro. Inyoxne nonpexennx xoxn
conponoxamrcx paspymennem nonocxntx memxon, no+romy nonoct na raxnx
yuacrxax ne noccranannnnamrcx. 3ro xnnenne nastnaercx pynontm
ontcennem. Ha mpamt n cnet or npnnnnox nonoct moxno nepecaxnnart.
Bepnyrt x xnsnn nornmne nonocxnte nyxonnnt ona ns ocnonntx nene
conpemenno epmaronornn. Bepoxrno, +ro yer ocrnrnyro n neanexom
yymem
18
.
V nme c ntcoxnmn ymcrnenntmn cnoconocrxmn coepxnrcx ontmoe
xonnuecrno nnnxa n men n nonocax.
Houeuy xnunuecxan sannnxa nonoc ne ncera nonyuae1cn?
Panee mt oxcnxnn, uro raxoe nepmanenr n xax on ecrnyer. Ionopx xparxo,
nepmanenr paspymaer xnmnuecxne cnxsn mexy enxontmn crpyxrypamn nonoc n
cosaer nx no-nonomy c pyrnm noopontm noxasarenem. Otuno nepmanenr
ecrnyer rax, xax +ro npenonaraercx nponsnonrenem, xax oemaer
napnxma*censored* n xax rpeyer xnnenr. Heyonnernopnrentnt pesyntrar
xnmnuecxo sannnxn moxer nonyunrtcx, xax mnnnmym, no uertpem npnunnam.
Bce onn nmemr ornomenne x npenonaraemtm xnmnuecxnm peaxnnxm, xoropte
onxnt nponcxonrt n coornercrnnn c cocranom npenapara.
Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn nonoca c roro momenra, xax on nauan pacrn,
18 mecxnen.
Bo-nepntx, n namem oprannsme moryr npncyrcrnonart onpeenennte nemecrna,
nnnxmmne na xnmnm rena. Ho+romy npexe, uem cenart nepmanenr,
napnxma*censored* onxen cnpocnrt y nac, ne npnnnmaere nn nt xaxne-ro
nexapcrna n ne npoxonre nn xypc neuennx, urot yenrtcx, uro npenapar
noecrnyer.
Bo-nroptx, npn napymennn ]ynxnnn +noxpnnntx xenes reno, a snaunr, n
nonoct nnment neoxonmtx ropmonon, uro cosaer nenaronpnxrnte ycnonnx
nx yaunoro cosannx npnuecxn.
B-rpertnx, ceptesnoe +monnonantnoe ecnoxocrno moxer npemenno nsmennrt
xnmnm rena nacrontxo, uro nepmanenr ne nonyunrcx. 3monnn nnnxmr na
ropmonantnt ]on n xnmnuecxne nponecct n oprannsme. Hnora nepmanenr,
xoropt nt ycnemno enann o +roro necxontxo pas, moxer ranncrnenntm
opasom ne nonyunrtcx ns-sa namero nnoxoro nacrpoennx.
B-uerneprtx, nponemt c nnpxynxnne xponn, sarparnnammne xoxy ronont,
nerarnnno nnnxmr n na nonoct. Ecnn xoxa na ronone n nonoct nesopont,
+]]exrnnnocrt nepmanenra moxer trt upesntuano nnsxo
19
.
Houemy nonoct sannnamrcx no oxem? Bnara pacmnpxer crnon xaxoro nonoca
nepannomepno. Hs-sa +roro on crnaercx n cropony, npornnononoxnym ontmemy
nsyrnm.

Cunraercx, uro nmn, xaxt ent mommne nonoct, ne crpaamr ypcnrom
nocnanennem cycranntx cymox. 3romy cnococrnyer ononnnrentnax perynxpnax
paora pyxamn.

Hocne 70 ner uem crapme nt cranonnrect, rem menee nepoxrno noxnnenne
nepxorn, axe ecnn na ronone y nac xonna nonoc.
Moae1 nn nepuanen1 ne nonyun1tcn no npnunne epeuennoc1n?
Hpn epemennocrn menxercx xnmnx rena, uro n reopnn moxer nonnnxrt na
xauecrno npnuecxn. Bnpouem, nponsnonrenn nepmanenra nouepxnnamr, uro n
noannxmmem ontmnncrne cnyuaen ropmonantnte nsmenennx, nponcxoxmne
npn epemennocrn, ne cunramrcx ocrarouno cnntntmn, urot nnnxrt na
nepmanenr. Onaxo n +rom mnpe nosmoxno nce. Hnuro ne nepmanenrno.
3a ro nonoct na ronone orpacramr n cpenem na 12,7 canrnmerpa
20
.

Bonoct n norrn ne pacryr nocne cmeprn uenonexa. 3ro rontxo xaxercx. B reuenne
1218 uacon nocne ero xonunnt xoxa na nnne n xonunxax nantnen cxnmaercx,
cosanax nnnmsnm roro, uro norrn n nonoct nce eme pacryr
21
.

Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn nonoca c roro momenra, xax on nauan pacrn,
18 mecxnen.

Onn nonoct na name ronone moryr npoxnrt rontxo 4 mecxna, pyrne 4 roa.
o cnx nop ocraercx saraxo, nouemy npoonxnrentnocrt nx xnsnn nacrontxo
pasnnuna.
Houeuy uyaunnm n nexo1opmx coomec1nax oc1am1cn esopomun?
Hannune opot +ro nonpoc ropmonon. B uenoneuecxo nonynxnnn cymecrnymr
napnannn ropmonantnoro ananca. Ho cnonam oxropa Hnn Fpa, eo.oci ua .ue
enepeie noe.mmc e noopocmroeo+ eospacme (c 11 oo 17 .em v +vr:uu) e
cesu c noeiueuue+ vpoeu mecmocmepoua, +vrcroeo*eop+oua. Hmooe
uapvueuue e ouoorpuuuo cucme+e +orem sa+eo.umi u.u eoooue nperpamumi
pocm eo.oc ua .ue. Ecnn myxunnt n nexoroptx omecrnax ne nmemr opo,
+ro yxastnaer na nx ropmonantnym nopmy
22,23
.
Ecnn nt orpamnnaere opoy, +ro nastnaercx noronorpo]ne. Ecnn nt ee
cpnnaere, +ro nastnaercx noronoromne.

Myxunna nacneyer xapaxrepnte npnsnaxn cnoe opot ne rontxo or orna, no n
or marepn.

Vuente ns ynnnepcnrera Cnpaxys coomamr, uro y nexoroptx xenmnn nocne
neyaunoro nmonnoro comsa ntpacramr neontmne yct. Tax uro nmere +ro n
nny.
H1o 1axoe cnnpou nepacuecmnaeumx nonoc?
Jmo eonpoc Ho.i Mapmuu us Berc.u, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

B 1973 roy epmaronorn nnepnte coomnnn o nannenrax c cnnpomom
nepacuectnaemtx nonoc. Hmn c raxnm cnnpomom ne mornn npnuectnartcx no
nym npnunnam. Bo-nepntx, crnon nonoca tn ne xpyrntm, a rpeyrontntm. Bo-
nroptx, nont nero npoxonn xanan. Oa +rn ]axropa enann nonoct aconmrno
neocrynntmn pacuecxe. K cuacrtm, +ro cocroxnne ne nnnxer nn na ute soponte,
xpome, nosmoxno, ymennoro sopontx napnxma*censored*a. Knnenr c raxnmn
nonocamn nacroxmn xommap
24
.
Bonoct na maxymxe name ronont pacryr tcrpee, uem nonoct no croponam. Ho,
xora no nnnxnnem nospacra namn nonoct naunnamr ntnaart, na maxymxe nt
repxere nx tcrpee, uem no oxam.
Cxontxo nonoc na 1ene uenonexa?
V otunoro uenonexa npnmepno 5 mnnnnonon nonoc, nnmc-mnnyc napa coren. Bt
yxe npnymann nm nmena?
Inpcyrnsm +ro anomantnoe ononocenne. Otuno ono ntstnaercx neotuno
ntcoxnm yponnem recrocrepona. Ho cnonam oxropa Iopona Cenaropa,
+noxpnnonora ns Koponencxo ontnnnt Xoapra n Tacmannn, npnmepno 1 ns
10 ancrpanncxnx enymex n monotx xenmnn onaaer snaunrentntm
yponnem rnpcyrnsma.
Cxontxo nponen1on nmen ceem1 x 50 roau?
Ha +ror nonpoc ne cymecrnyer rounoro ornera. Onaxo ecrt npannno nxrtecxr
na nxrtecxr: 50 % nme ceemr x nxrnecxrnnernemy nospacry.
50 % nme ceemr x nxrnecxrn ner nemy nospacry.
Cxontxo nonoc nau nyano no1epn1t, u1om nac nasnann nmcmu?
H na +ror nonpoc ner rounoro ornera. Onaxo cymecrnyer npannno copox nxrt na
copox nxrt. Hpnmepno 45 % ncex myxunn ntcemr x 45 roam.
Houeuy npn xnuno1epannn nonocm cnntno nmnaam1?
Hexoropte nnt xnerox namero oprannsma enxrcx onontno tcrpo, ocoenno
paxonte. Anrnpaxonte npenapart npenasnauent nx roro, urot ynnart
tcrpo enxmnecx xnerxn. K necuacrtm, xnerxn nonoc roxe enxrcx tcrpo, a
noromy nornamr. Bnpouem, nocne npexpamennx repannn nonoct orpacramr
nnont.
Houeuy nexo1opme nonocm caun no cee npenpamam1cn ns xypnnmx n npnume nnn naoopo1?
Honnnxrt na +ro moxer nce, uro cnocono nsmennrt crpyxrypy nyxonnn nonoc.
Hanpnmep, ropmonantnte nsmenennx n cnxsn c nyeprarntm nepnoom,
epemennocrt, saonenannx mnronnno xenest, a raxxe oxorn, nxnmuax n
conneunt.
3ameueno, uro npo]eccnonantnte moenn onaamr mentmnm uncnom pecnnn,
uem otunte xenmnnt. Onn repxmr nacroxmne, xora cnnmamr c nex
ncxyccrnennte.

Kocmernuecxne xnpyprn nnora ]opmnpymr ponn, nepecaxnnax nonoct c sane
uacrn men.

Onpeenennt rnn ntnentx xneme xnner rontxo na uenoneuecxnx pecnnnax.

Hexoropte yuente cunramr, uro, ecnn t namn npexn xonnn ocnxom no nty,
na crynnxx nx nor ntpocnn t nonoct. Honxpnte menen enncrnennte
menen, na crynnxx xoroptx pacrer mepcrt, noromy uro onn xoxr n ocnonnom
no nty.
Y xoro uame ncero mnam1 xypnnme nonocm y uyaunn nnn y aenmnn?
3ro onn ns rex cnyuaen, xora renepnte pasnnunx orcyrcrnymr. Ien xypxntx
nonoc onnaxono npoxnnxercx y oonx nonon.
V uenonexa na rene npnmepno 5 mnnnnonon nonoc, nnmc-mnnyc napa coren.
3aueu nau nor1n?
Jmo eonpoc A.ucuu rvu us Kamv+oi, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Ecnn t y nac ne tno norre, xoxa conpanact t y xonunxon nantnen, cosanax
rem camtm mnorouncnennte neyocrna.
Horrn pacryr or ocnonannx n nponnramrcx nnepe na 0,1 mnnnnmerpa n ent.
Horort cxontsnr no nonepxnocrn xonunxa nantna. B ocnonannn norrx naxonrcx
cno enxmnxcx xnerox. 3rn xnerxn npncoennent x nononepxnocrn norreno
nnacrnnt, cnxstnax ee c ocnonannem. Onaxo orentnte cnoonte xnerxn
ecrnymr noono cmasxe nx cxontsxmero n nponecce pocra norrx. Ho+romy
norort, xorx n npncoennennt x ocnonannm, ocraercx cnoontm n
nnxennn
25,26
.
o cnx nop nensnecrno, nouemy ntcnna y myxunn opasontnaercx rontxo na
ronone, a na noopoxe ee ne tnaer.

uame ncero ntctmn cranonxrcx nmn c ptxnmn nonocamn.

Innnoxpar, camt snamennrt npau pennocrn, npennctnan or ontcennx
npnnapxy, ocnonntm nnrpenenrom xoropo tn ronynnt nomer.
Houeuy nor1n na pyxax pac1y1 mc1pee, ueu na norax?
Horrn na pyxax pacryr co cxopocrtm oxono 4 canrnmerpon n ro. 3ro n 23 pasa
tcrpee, uem cxopocrt pocra norre na norax. Houemy xe rax nonyuaercx?
Hoxany, nanonee yenrentnax reopnx, oxcnxmmax +ro ornnune, cnxsana c
pasnnne n nnpxynxnnn xponn na pyxax n na norax. Fonee +neprnunax nnpxynxnnx
ycxopxer pocr norre. Kponoopamenne n nantnax pyx snaunrentno axrnnnee, uem
n nantnax nor. Onaxo na pasnnny pocra norre moxer nnnxrt n rpanma.
Hsnecrno, uro uem cnntnee nonpexenne, rem menennee pocr. Hantnt na norax,
n ornnune or nantnen na pyxax, nonyuamr n noncenenno xnsnn ropaso ontme
mnmex n cnnxxon. Fonee roro, connne n oynt c nocxamn raxxe moryr nrpart
cnom pont. Vcranonneno, uro connne ycxopxer pocr norre. Onaxo, nocxontxy
ontmnncrno ns nac nocnr ornnxn n nocxn, ropaso ontme nyue nonaaer na
nantnt pyx. Ho+romy norrn na pyxax, orxptrte conneuntm nyuam, pacryr
tcrpee, a cxptrte or nnx norrn na norax pacryr onee menenno.
Horrn na pyxax pacryr co cxopocrtm oxono 4 canrnmerpon n ro.
Mory1 nn nor1n nepec1a1t pac1n?
Hnora moryr. K npnmepy, ecnn nt ceptesno ontnt. Oprannsm nepecraer
orpamnnart norrn, ecnn emy neoxonmo +xonomnrt sanact enxa.
Horrn na pyxax npo]eccnonantntx nnanncron orpacramr tcrpee, uem y
otuntx nme.

axrnnocxonnx rexnnuecxoe nasnanne nponeypt nsxrnx orneuarxon nantnen.

uem nnnnee nanen, rem tcrpee pacrer norort.

Crarncrnxa noxastnaer ntcoxn nponenr ronyornastx nme, nmemmnx
npnntuxy xycart norrn, uro xapaxrepno n nx nme c ptxnmn nonocamn.

Hcnxonorn coomamr, uro nmn, xycammne norrn, ropaso ynpxmee rex, xro ne
nmeer raxo npnntuxn.
Houeuy nor1n pacmennnm1cn?
oxrop Xnnapn Fonynn yrnepxaer, uro nesoponte norrn uame ncero
pacmennxmrcx, a ne nomamrcx, n ornnune or sopontx. oxrop Fonynn
paccxastnaer, uro cymecrnyer na nna pacmennennx. Hpoontnoe pacmennenne
noxnnxercx n pesyntrare crapennx. B norre opasymrcx yrpt n nnannt, a nont
+rnx nnnn nerxo nosnnxamr rpemnnt, nocxontxy norrn, xax n xoxa, repxmr
tnym rnxocrt n xnnocrt. Onnxomnsnc pacmennenne, noxnnxmmeecx n cnoxx
xonunxa norrx. 3ror nn pacmennennx moxer cnyunrtcx n nmom nospacre. On
xnnxercx pesyntrarom cnnmxom arpeccnnnoro nosecrnnx na norort,
ocnannmero ero o xpane crenenn. Hnrepecno, no ono ns nanonee
pacnpocrpanenntx npnunn raxoro ocnanennx xnnxercx nstrounax nonnponxa.
H1o 1axoe saycenen n noueuy on 1ax nerxo nnqnnnpye1cn?
Horort cocronr ns nnacrnnt (uacrn, xoropym mt crpnxem), nynxn (eno
onantno ]opmt n ocnonannn norrx, orxya on ntpacraer) n xyrnxynt (cnox
xoxn, ]opmnpymme xpa norrx n nynxy). uro xe raxoe saycenen?
Ho norrem naxonrcx ocnonanne norrx n ero xopent. Hnora, n nponecce pocra
xyrnxyna pnercx. uame ncero +ro nponcxonr noxpyr yrnono uacrn norrx, re
xyrnxyna cranonnrcx cyme no mepe nnxennx norrx or nynxn. Tax n ]opmnpyercx
saycenen. Pasptn moxer nponcxonrt onee onoro pasa c opasonannem
cocennx saycennen. 3ro orxptnaer noxoxnte cnon, ne samnmennte or
nn]exnn, no+romy n raxnx cnryannxx nocnanennx nosnnxamr onontno uacro.
Ho cnonam oxropa +nna Heneprpacca
27
, n sanncnmocrn or rnynnt
paspymennx n poa nn]exnnn ont moxer oxasartcx ocrarouno cnntno.

Inana 10
Cxene1, xoc1n n sym

uenoneuecxn cxener uyo nnxenepno rexnnxn.
Ero moxno cpannnrt c xpenxnm sannem. K npnmepy, nama epennax xocrt
cnntnee, uem apmnponannt eron roro xe neca. Kora nt tcrpo nere, +ra
xocrt nonepraercx annennm or 80 o 90 xnnorpammon na 1 xnaparnt
canrnmerp. Fontmnncrno nme n mnpe xnnyr n omax snaunrentno menee
npountx, uem +ra xocrt! Kocrn, cocroxmne ns xantnnx n ]oc]opa, raxne
nnornte, uro nx xpncrannnuecxax crpyxrypa nanomnnaer anmas camoe npounoe
nemecrno, ncrpeuammeecx n npnpoe. He satnare n o cnne syon. 3ynax +mant
nanonee rnepoe nemecrno, cosannoe uenoneuecxnm renom. Ono nacrontxo
rnepoe, uro opmamnne rpeyercx 1 mnnnnon ooporon n mnnyry, urot uepes
nero nporn.
Cxontxo xoc1en n uenoneuecxou 1ene?
Tax nnn nnaue nam nanepnxxa npnxonnoct orneuart na noont nonpoc. Bt
npant, ecnn nasnann nn]py 208. Cxopee ncero, n nocneymmne necxontxo ner +ro
uncno ne nsmennrcx, no+romy nocraparect ero sanomnnrt. Ie pacnonoxent
namn xocrn? Fontmax nx uacrt naxonrcx n xoneunocrxx, npenmymecrnenno n
cronax n xncrxx.
B uenoneuecxom rene 208 xocre.
uacrora nepenomon xocre no crarncrnxe pacnpeenxercx raxnm opasom: 60
nepenomon ns omero xonnuecrna nponcxonr n nepxnnx xoneunocrxx (pyxn n
npenneutx), 60 n nnxnnx (cront, ronenn n epa), 26 n nosnonounom orene
(cnnna), 24 nepenoma npnxonrcx na pepa, 22 na uepen, 6 na ymn, 4 na
nneueno noxc (sarpnnox n nneun), 3 na rpynny, 2 na rasonym onacrt n 1
na mem.
B ro xe npemx nac moryr cnpocnrt: cxontxo y uenonexa syon? Haeemcx, nt
ornernnn npannntno 32.
Fontmo nanen ecrnnrentno cunraercx nantnem.

Ecnn nt ne moxere nepecrart nnrart nantnamn pyx n nor, nt crpaaere or
arerosa.

Cxanynomanrne nastnaercx mero npecxasannx cytt no nonarxe,
nsnneuenno ns xaxoro-nnyt cxenera.
Kax unoro uoae1 necn1t uenonex?
Xorx yuente o cnx nop cnopxr na +ry remy, cxopee ncero, ne cymecrnyer
npeenon nx pasmepon uenoneuecxo ocon. Onaxo mt yxe cnocont na
macmrante nemn ouent macmrante.
Camtm rxxentm uenonexom ns ncex xnnmnx na semne tn xon Fpay+p Mnnnou
(19411983). B nexoropte rot ero nec cocrannxn onee 629 xnnorpamm.
B mapre 1978 roa Mnnnoua, pocr xoroporo ocrnran 185,4 canrnmerpa, npnnesnn
n Vnnnepcnrercxym ontnnny Cn+rna. Ero oprannsm tn nepenactmen
xnxocrtm, a cam nannenr crpaan or cepeuno n txarentno
neocrarounocrn. Horpeonanoct 12 noxapntx, urot ocrannrt ero n nanary.
Ero nonoxnnn na ne xpenxo cnxsannte ontnnunte xponarn. oxrop Poepr
Bnapn, xoncyntranr-+noxpnnonor, nocunran nec Mnnnoua, ocnontnaxct na
yponne ero nnrannx n ntenenn. B xonne xonnon Mnnnou nonpannncx n cnnsnn
nec o 215,8 xnnorpamma, onaxo nosxe ontmax uacrt neca nepnynact. Kora on
ymep n 1983 roy, ro necnn onee 361,9 xnnorpamma.
3ynax +mant nanonee rnepoe nemecrno, cosannoe uenoneuecxnm renom.
Camt rxxent ntxnnmn peenox, poxennt ecrecrnenntm nyrem, necnn
10,2 xnnorpamma. Mantunx ponncx n 1954 roy n Hrannn y cnntopt ueene ns
Anepct. Camtm rxxentm peenxom, ponnmnmcx c nomomtm xecapena ceuennx,
raxxe tn mantunx n necnn on crontxo xe. Ero n 1982 roy ponna Kpncrnna
Camane Canery ns Tpancxen, n Rxno A]pnxe. ern, npentmammne +ror nec,
poxamrcx meprntmn. Camt ontmo ns nnx necnn 13,26 xnnorpamma n
ponncx n 1939 roy n 3]]nnreme, mrar Hnnnnoc. Onaxo ern ne camoe
rxxenoe, uro cnocono nponsnonrt uenoneuecxoe reno. Kncra moxer trt
ropaso rxxenee. 24 oxrxpx 1991 roa n Kann]opnnn ns xnunnxon
rpnnarnmecrnnerne xenmnnt tna yanena rnranrcxax xncra necom 137,4
xnnorpamma. Ee ntpesann n ynesnn na orentno xaranxe. Xenmnna nonnocrtm
nonpannnact n neer nonnonennym xnsnt. oxrop K+rpnn O`X+nnan, cnennanncr
no rnnexonornuecxo onxonornn, pyxononr xnpyprnuecxo pnrao
Cr+n]opcxoro mennnncxoro nenrpa n Hano Antro, n Kann]opnnn. oxrop
O`X+nnan paccxasana, uro +ra xncra xnnnact camo ontmo n ncropnn
mennnnt, npentcnn ananornunt pexop na 53 xnnorpamma. Hannenrxa
pocrom 178 canrnmerpon n necom 95 xnnorpammon (nocne onepannn) o onepannn
tna npnxonana x nocrenn n reuenne nyx ner ns-sa orpomnoro neca
opoxauecrnenno onyxonn. oxrop O`X+nnan cxasana, uro xncra, ocrnrmax sa
ecxrnnernn nepno nourn 92 canrnmerpon n namerpe, oxasanact upesntuano
neotuno. Fontmnncrno xncr xnunnxa ntpacramr ne onee uem na 20
canrnmerpon, yrnepxaer ona. oxrop O`X+nnan oannna, uro naueumra
:uma.a o c.oruocmx voa.euu rucm eopasoo +euiuux, :e+ poc.a v uee, u
o.aeopasv+uo ue moponu.aci c onepaue. Oua oo.aci nomepmi rusui.
Oouaro ece noeepuv.oci mar, rar ueeos+oruo oi.o npeono.orumi. euuuua
nona.a +erov +o.omo+ u uaroea.iue. Cnoxnax onepannx sanxna onee 6
uacon. Macca, ntnnpammax ns pmmno nonocrn xenmnnt, tna c]opmnponana
ns mnoxecrna mentuamnx onyxonennntx opasonann, cpocmnxcx nmecre, rar
uapur c eooo, romopi cooeprum e ceoe +uorecmeo opveux uapuroe,
oxcnxer oxrop O`X+nnan. Kncry uaoo oi.o arrvpamuo omoe.umi om cmeuor
opmuuo no.ocmu u ruue:uura. Mi cramu.u ee ua uocu.ru, :mooi pacce:i u
usv:umi noo +urpocrono+. Hurmo ue +oe nooumi ee, oannna oxrop
O`X+nnan.
Koneno camt nonpexaemt cycran uenoneuecxoro oprannsma.
o +roro camax ontmax xncra, ntpesannax ns uenonexa, necnna 83,9 xnnorpamma.
Ee yannnn y nannenrxn ns M+pnnena n 1991 roy. B mae 1993 roa Max
Iyxan, npecrannrent Cr+n]opcxoro mennnncxoro nenrpa, cxasan, uro
nannenrxa tna ouent cuacrnnna, n renept y nee xyo xnnor.
Camt ontmo uyxepont oprannsm, cnocont ntxnrt n uenoneuecxom rene
+ro napasnrnuecxn uepnt. Cymecrnyer npnmepno 800 000 nnon nemaro.
Camt ontmo nx npecrannrent moxer ntpacrn o necxontxnx merpon n
nnny, no ncrpeuaercx otuno nnmt n nnanenre xamanora. Teopernuecxn, ecnn
uenonex cecr mxco xnra, uepnt moxer sapasnrt n ero, no xpane mepe, na xaxoe-
ro npemx.
B nponecce +nonmnnn uenonex cranonnrcx nce ntme. 3a nocnenne 200 ner
myxunnt ntpocnn npnnnsnrentno na 10 canrnmerpon.
Pasymeercx, n nac xnnyr axrepnn n nnpyct. Camax ontmax ns nsnecrntx
axrepn neanno orxptrt onoxnerount oprannsm, onrammn n
xnmeunom rpaxre ptt y ocrpona mepnn n Knnncn+ne
1
. o +roro axrepnn
cunrannct cront menxnmn, uro nx nenosmoxno tno ynnert nenoopyxenntm
rnasom. Onaxo +ra nonax rnranrcxax axrepnx ocrnraer pasmepa rasernoro
e]nca. oxrop 3crep 3nrepr, nccneonarent ns Hnnancxoro ynnnepcnrera n
Fnymnnrrone n ona ns rex, xro conepmnna orxptrne +ro rnranrcxo axrepnn,
paccxastnaer: Barmepu mara oo.iua, :mo +i +ore+ npurpenumi r ue
o.ermpooi. Faxrepnm nasnann Epulopiscium Fishelsoni, a pta, n xoropo ona
xnner, nastnaercx Acanthurus Nigrofuscus. Teopernuecxn, ecnn mt cenm +ry
pty, ro moxem crart omom nx orpomno axrepnn. Onaxo +ro ne snaunr, uro
ona saepxnrcx n nac naonro. Bnonne nepoxrno, ona ne cmoxer ntxnrt n cront
ontmom oprannsme, xax uenoneuecxn
2
.
Camo nnsxo napo monooxenon tnn ornmt ne renepan n mnccnc Tom
Mantunx-c-Hantunx uapnts n Hannnnx Crparron ns moy H. T. Fapnyma. 3ra
uecrt npnnanexnr pasnntcxo nape yrnacy M+crpy Fperepy e Cnntna n
Knonn Hepepe Poua, xoropte noxennnnct 26 oxrxpx 1998 roa. Hx pocr
cocrannxn 89 n 91 canrnmerp coornercrnenno.
Houeuy cpennn poc1 uenonexa noc1enenno c1anonn1cn ontme?
ecrnnrentno, n nponecce +nonmnnn uenonex cranonnrcx nce ntme n ntme. 3a
nocnenne 200 ner myxunnt ntpocnn npnnnsnrentno na 10 canrnmerpon, a pocr
xenmnn n +rom cnyuae npnmepno na 69 % mentme pocra myxunn. 3ro xnnenne
nanmaercx npaxrnuecxn no ncex enponecxnx crpanax n cpen nacenennx
pyrnx pasnnrtx crpan. Vnennuenne pocra cnxstnaercx c nnycrpnannsanne,
ynyumennem ycnonn xnsnn, xauecrnenntm nnrannem, nyumnm mennnncxnm
yxoom, rnrneno n cannrapne, naroapx uemy cnnxaercx saonenaemocrt.
Btnnnyrt no xpane mepe uertpe reopnn, oxcnxmmne nam +nonmnnonnt
pocr: ocrarox nnrannx, ocoenno xnnornoro nporenna, npeornpamammero
ocranonxy pocra; ynennuenne norpenennx caxapa, crnmynnpymmero pocr;
npnnnnxn, naroapx xoroptm ern pexe cranxnnamrcx c saonenannxmn,
saepxnnammnmn pocr; cnnxenne xonnuecrna nme, ntnonnxmmnx rxxenym
]nsnuecxym paory n ercxne rot, uro nosnonxer oprannsmy ncnontsonart
+neprnm, nocrynammym c nnme, nx ynennuennx pocra
3
.
C+m Cr+cn, nocemnanarnnernxx enymxa ns Cr+n]opra, n Anrnnn, cunraercx
camo nnnnonoro n mnpe. Ha xnnapt 2001 roa nnna ee nor or nxrxn o epa
cocrannxna 1,26 merpa. 3ro pocr otunoro anrnncxoro peenxa 10 ner.

Kapnnxn n nnnnnyrt nourn ncera nmemr ere nopmantnoro pocra, axe ecnn
oa ponrenx nnnnnyrt nnn xapnnxn.

Mnorne snamr, uro y Annt Fonen, nropo xent Ienpnxa VIII, na ono pyxe
tno 6 nantnen. Ona nocnna cnennantnym nepuarxy, urot cxptrt +ror ]axr.
Onaxo mano xomy nsnecrno, uro y nee tno 3 rpyn.

Koneno camt nonpexaemt cycran uenoneuecxoro oprannsma. B ontnnnt
CBA exerono nonaaer 1,4 mnnnnona nannenron c rpanmamn (n nntmn
nponemamn) xonena.
Hacxontxo uanentxnu uoae1 m1t uenonex?
Mt cnocont n na mnnnarmpnte nemn. Camtm manentxnm uenonexom, xora-
nno xnnmnm na semne, tna Hmcnx 3apare (18631889) ns Can-Kapnoca n
Mexcnxe. B nospacre 20 ner ona necnna 5,9 xnnorpamma. 3ro tn ee
maxcnmantnt nec. Hpn poxennn ona necnna oxono 1,1 xnnorpamma. B 17 ner ee
nec cocrannxn 2,1 xnnorpamma, a oxonuarentnt pocr 67,3 canrnmerpa. Ona
crpaana or upesntuano rxxeno ]opmt xapnnxonocrn (nanocomnn), xoropym
uame nastnamr ncnnasne. enymxa ne morna pacrn n nanpart nec.
Cymecrnyer, xax mnnnmym, 29 ]opm napymenn pocra. Ono ns nanonee
pacnpocrpanenntx xnnxercx axonponnasnx. Ona npoxnnxercx npnmepno n 1 ns 25
000 cnyuaen. B ocnone +roro saonenannx nexar renernuecxne napymennx,
npnunna nosnnxnonennx xoroptx nensnecrna.

Crpemeuxo camax manentxax xocrt namero rena. 3ro ona ns rpex cnyxontx
xocrouex n cpenem yxe.
Bosmoxno, nanontmnm opasom cepxnnaer pocr rnno]nsapnt nn]anrnnnsm
(panee nastnaemt areneosom). Hmn c +rnm saonenannem camte
nnsxopocnte ns ncex. Hpn nopmantntx nponopnnxx rena onn crpaamr or
neocrarxa ropmona pocra.
Hsnecrno, uro Hmcnx 3apare xnna n nnmere. Cxopee ncero, ona nonyuana
neocrarounoe nnranne. Xorx xnmuenym pont nrpamr rent n ropmont, nnoxoe
nnranne raxxe cnococrnyer nosnnxnonennm raxoro cocroxnnx. Pantme +rn nmn
tnn eme nnxe, uem ceuac, ns-sa xapaxrepntx nx npomnoro nnsxnx cranapron
nnrannx. Xorx reno 3apare tno manentxnm, ee nnrennexryantnte cnoconocrn
oxasannct n nopme. 3ro pasnenunnaer rnannt mn], oxpyxammn nme c
neocrarountm pocrom: manentxoe reno osnauaer manentxn mosr. Ha camom
ene, xorx n nexoroptx cnyuaxx saepxxa ymcrnennoro pasnnrnx ecrnnrentno
nanmaercx, n ontmnncrne cnoem mosr n cosnanne raxnx nme oxastnamrcx
cnocont na ro xe, na uro cnocoen mosr otunoro uenonexa.
Hoxont axrep Maxn ann nornepxaer +ror ]axr. ann, ropt rem, uro
xapnnx, xax on uacro ronopnn, tn snamennr nyume n Ionnnnye namxrtm na
nanorn. Ho omemy mnennm, on mor sanomnnrt ncm ntecy Bexcnnpa c onoro
npourennx. On xnnxncx unenom Mensa, nnrennexryantnoro oennennx nme c
ntcoxnm yponnem IQ, n na onpeenenno crann ycranonnn pexop cpen unenon
+ro oprannsannn. ann tn nomnnnponan na narpay xnnoaxaemnn sa pont n
]nntme Kopao.i vparoe(1965) n nncran na Fponee, necmorpx na ro, uro ram
nx nero tno mano pone.
Camax menxax mtmna crpemennax mtmna, xonrponnpymmax crpemeuxo. Ona
ocrnraer nnnt 0,127 canrnmerpa.
Camt manentxn ntxnnmn peenox necnn npn poxennn 283,5 rpamma.
(Hopmantnt onomennt mnaenen necnr npnmepno 3200 rpammon. Oxono 5 %
uenoneuecxnx mnaennen necxr npn poxennn onee 4 xnnorpammon, n npnmepno
crontxo xe mentme 2,5 xnnorpamma. ern, poxennte c necom o 2,5
xnnorpamma, cunramrcx neonomenntmn, a re, xoropte necxr mentme 1,5
xnnorpamma, xpane neonomenntmn. axe nanarnneentnt nno necnr n
cpenem 300 rpammon. Pocr camoro manentxoro nonopoxennoro tn 30,4
canrnmerpa. Pocr nopmantnoro onomennoro mnaenna cocrannxer npnmepno 48,2
canrnmerpa. 3ror xpomeunt mnaenen ponncx y xenmnnt no nmenn M+pn+n
Tarrapr (19381983) ns Cayr Bnnc n Anrnnn 6 exapx 1961 roa. enouxa
ponnact na 6 neent pantme cpoxa. Vnnnrentno, no pot npomnn es
nmemarentcrna mennnncxoro nepconana. Kora mnccnc Tarrapr, naxonen,
oparnnact x npauam, nnnmanne c nx cropont tno noncrnne reponuecxnm. B
reuenne 30 uacon oxrop . A. Bnpep xaxt uac xopmnn xpomeunoro mnaenna
cmectm rnmxost, penn n not, nnonmo uepes nanonnnrent anropyuxn.
Hpncrantnoe nnnmanne n rmarentnt yxo oxasann nonoxnrentnoe nosecrnne.
B reuenne 3 neent peenox napan nec o 822 rpammon. uepes ro enouxa
necnna 6,29 xnnorpamma. B 21 ro ee nec cocrannxn 48 xnnorpammon.
Fepennax xocrt camax xpenxax xocrt uenoneuecxoro rena.
Camax manentxax uacrt uenoneuecxoro rena +ro xnerxa. Knerxn tnamr pasntx
pasmepon. Myxcxax nononax xnerxa cnepmaroson nanonee menxax. Ona
cocrannxer npornnononoxnocrt xencxo xnexnerxe, xnnxmmecx camo
ontmo enncrnenno xnerxo, xoropym moxno paccmorpert nenoopyxenntm
rnasom.
Crpemeuxo camax manentxax xocrt namero rena. 3ro ona ns rpex cnyxontx
xocrouex n cpenem yxe. Becnr ona 3,23 mnnnnrpamma, a n nnny ocrnraer 0,38
canrnmerpa. Camax ontmax uenoneuecxax xocrt epennax. Fepennax xocrt
cocrannxer npnmepno 27,5 % or pocra nspocnoro uenonexa.
uro xacaercx mtmn, camax menxax ns nnx crpemennax mtmna, xonrponnpymmax
crpemeuxo. Ona ocrnraer nnnt 0,127 canrnmerpa. Crpemennax mtmna
snaunrentno ornnuaercx no ]opme n ]ynxnnxm or camoro ontmoro mycxyna rena
ontmo xronuno mtmnt. B +rom cnyuae, ontmee ncera nosan
4
.
Tepanenr, cnennannsnpymmncx na neuennn xncre n cron, nastnaercx
oproneom.

Camtm uyncrnnrentntm nantnem uenoneuecxo pyxn xnnxercx yxasarentnt.

Fepennax xocrt camax xpenxax xocrt uenoneuecxoro rena.
Mory1 nn nexo1opme nmn npecxasmna1t noroy no onn n cyc1anax?
Vnnnrentno, no nexoropte nmn ecrnnrentno ymemr npecxastnart noroy,
nnnmarentno npncnymnnaxct x cnoe onn. Ho cnonam oxropa Hona Opra,
xnpypra-opronea ns Mennnncxoro nenrpa Htm-Hopxcxoro ynnnepcnrera, nmn
c nonpexenntmn cycranamn moryr ncntrtnart ont, xora annenne naaer.
Onaxo nn mennnna, nn ncnxonornx noxa ne cnocont art orner na nonpoc,
nouemy raxoe nponcxonr
5
.
oxrop xose] Xonnanep, paorammn n mennnncxom orenennn
Hencnntnancxoro ynnnepcnrera, cunraer, uro nontmenne nnaxnocrn n cnnxenne
annennx uacro npnnoxr x oocrpennm onn y rex, xro crpaaer or aprpnra.

nnna pyxn or namero sanxcrtx o noxrx panna nnne name cront.
Cunraercx, uro ncrounnxom onn moxer trt nponnnaemocrt xnerox. B ontnte
rxann nocrynaer ontme xponn. Crenxn xponenocntx cocyon crpaammnx or
aprpnra nme sauacrym onee nponnnaemt, a xpont n +rnx mecrax ncera
naxonrcx no onee ntcoxnm annennem, uem n oxpyxammnx rxanxx.
Hponnnaemocrt ynennunnaercx, xora annenne oxpyxamme cpet naunnaer
nonnxartcx, nanpnmep nepe rposo. Ecnn cycrant yxe ontnte, saxocrenente,
nocnanennte n pacnyxmne, ononnnrentnax xnxocrt moxer ycnnnrt onente
omymennx. 3ra rnnoresa eme ne oxasana, onaxo, nosmoxno, ona npecrannxer
coo nyumee nayunoe oxcnenne +roro xnnennx.
oxrop Mennnn Posennorep, xnpypr-oprone ns Konymncxoro xonnexa
repanenron n xnpypron n Htm-Hopxe, yexen, uro nepnnte xnerxn cycranon
moryr trt uyncrnnrentnt x nsmenennxm annennx oxpyxamme cpet. On
nastnaer +ro apomerpnuecxo ontm. Onaxo oxrop cnemnr oannrt,
uro no cvmu omo ue +eouuucra npoo.e+a
6
. On nouepxnnaer, uro
apomerpnuecxym ont moxno cnnmart npornnonocnannrentntmn cpecrnamn,
raxnmn xax acnnpnn, nnn npocro nepeexart n mecrnocrt c pyrnm xnnmarom
7
.
Hpnmepno 20 % macct namero rena cocrannxer cxener.

Camax npounax xocrt uenoneuecxoro rena uenmcrnax.

uyncrnnrentnocrt cpenero nantna xenmnnt nonnxaercx no npemx mencrpyann.

Kaxt ent otunt uenonex enaer or 8000 o 10 000 maron, a sa cnom xnsnt
moxer nporn 185 000 xnnomerpon. 3ro ro xe camoe, uro 5 pas oorn 3emnm no
+xnaropy.

Fontmo nanen nacrontxo naxnax uacrt uenoneuecxoro rena, uro sa
xoopnnannm ero nnxennx orneuaer orentnt yuacrox mosra, xoropt ne
cnxsan c pyrnm nenrpom, xonrponnpymmnm ocrantnte nantnt.

uenonex c rexcoaxrnnne nmeer 6 nantnen na ono nnn oenx pyxax nnn norax.

Bosmoxno, n yymem nmn cmoryr orpamnnart neocrammne xoneunocrn, xax
xmepnna orpamnnaer cee nont xnocr. Hccneonanne noxastnaer
mnorooemammne pesyntrart +xcnepnmenron no ntpamnnannm xocrn c
npnmenennem +nexrpnuecrna. B nacroxmee npemx y ere o 5 ner, norepxnmnx
xonunx nantna, nosmoxno ero nonnoe noccranonnenne.

nnna pyxn or namero sanxcrtx o noxrx panna nnne name cront.
Moano nn onosna1t uenonexa no nx, nsn1on ns xoc1n?
B namn nn yuente moryr nenrn]nnnponart nponanmero uenonexa no
xpomeunomy ]parmenry xocrn, onomy syy nnn yuacrxy HK c pyrnx uacre
rena. Ocranxn cxenera, xocrn n syt moryr paccxasart o nospacre n pocre na
momenr cmeprn, o rom, xaxoro nona tn uenonex n axe xaxax y nero +rnnuecxax
npnnanexnocrt. Ho cnonam oxropon Kpncro]epa xoca n 3pnxa Cronepa,
cymecrnyer necxontxo nonesntx xnmue, naroapx xoroptm cyente
anrpononorn pacxptnamr npn onosnannn rant nnunocrn
8
.
Bospac1. Kora yuente nccneymr cxenernte ocranxn, xenax ysnart nospacr
uenonexa na momenr cmeprn, n nepnym ouepet onn cmorpxr na sartnounym uacrt
uepena. 3artnounax xocrt n ocnonannn uepena cpacraercx n cranonnrcx xecrxo n
nospacre 45 ner. Onaxo 8 pyrnx xocre +ro onacrn npoonxamr pacrn no
mepe pocra camoro uenonexa. Hpn paccmorpennn +rnx xocre n conoxynnocrn nx
cocroxnne moxer yxasart na nospacr n npeenax o 40 ner. anee yuente cmorpxr
na syt. Hopxox noxnnennx syon (npopestnanne) raxxe nonesen npn
onpeenennn nospacra. K npnmepy, ocranxn syon moryr cocroxrt rontxo ns
monountx (mnaenen), ns nocroxnntx nnn ns couerannx rex n pyrnx.
Hon. Kora yuente crpemxrcx ysnart non uenonexa, ro naunnamr c onacrn rasa.
Kocrn xencxoro rasa pacxptrt mnpe, uem xocrn myxcxoro. Fontmax mnpnna
rasono nonocrn oneruaer eropoxenne. Hocne +roro nccneyercx nepenxx
uacrt uepena. Haponnte yrn nourn ncera onee samernt y myxunn, uem y
xenmnn.
Poc1. Kora yuente xorxr ntuncnnrt pocr uenonexa, ro n nepnym ouepet
cmorpxr na epa. nnna epenno xocrn nanpxmym cnxsana c omnm pocrom
uenonexa. Ecnn n nannunn ecrt epennax xocrt nnn uacrt ocranxon, no xoroptm
moxno ysnart ee nnny, yuente cnocont ntcunrart n nect pocr uenonexa. nx
+roro saxnmunrentnoro mara cyente anrpononorn ncnontsymr cnennantnte
anrponomerpnuecxne rannnt.
Paca. Kora yuente xorxr onpeennrt pacy, onn nnont opamamrcx x uepeny.
Cyente anrpononorn yrnepxamr, uro n 90 % cnyuaen moryr ycranonnrt
+rnnuecxym npnnanexnocrt, nsmepnn onpeenennte napamerpt uepena,
ornnuammne ony pacy or pyro.
Bpauenme n c1oua1onornuecxne sanncn. Xorx camn no cee cxenernte
ocranxn amr cyentm anrpononoram snaunrentnym onm nn]opmannn,
annte, copannte na ocnonannn nsyuennx cxenera nmecre c npaueno nnn
cromaronornuecxo sannctm, pacxptnamr eme ontme cneenn o uenonexe.
Kora naxoxr neonosnannoe reno, cnennanncrt nponoxr nanmennx n recrt
cxenerntx ocranxon. 3arem onn cnepxmr pesyntrart c mennnncxnmn nnn
cromaronornuecxnmn cneennxmn noospenaemoro.
uenonex c rexcoaxrnnne nmeer 6 nantnen na ono nnn oenx pyxax nnn norax.
B ononnenne x ntxcnennm nospacra, nona, pocra n +rnnuecxo npnnanexnocrn
cymecrnymr rpn pyrne nosmoxnocrn onpeenennx nnunocrn, ecnn ocrynnt
cxener n npauente sanncn.
Bo-nepntx, ncropnx neuennx syon sanncana n mennnncxym xapry. uncno syon,
mocrt n pyrne acnexrt syno xomnosnnnn moryr npnnecrn x nenrn]nxannn
rena. 3yt noxptrt npouno +mantm, no+romy, no cpannennm c ocrantntmn
uacrxmn cxenera, onn xyxe ncero noamrcx nonpexennxm. Kpome +roro,
xaxt sy ynnxanen no ]opme xoponxn, xopnx n nonocrn.
Bo-nroptx, nonpexennx xocre nnn syon uacro ocrannxmr nocroxnnte cnet.
3ro nnonne moxer trt sa]nxcnponano n mennnncxnx xaprax. 3yt
(ananornuno xocrn) ornnuamrcx pyr or pyra no pasmepy, ]opme n eranxm
nnyrpenne crpyxrypt. 3rn +nemenrt nerxo pacnosnamrcx penrrenom.
Penrrenoncxne cnnmxn cpannnnamr co cnnmxamn, xpanxmnmncx n mennnncxo
xapre. Ho cnonam oxropa Knaa Cnoy, cyenoro anrpononora ns ynnnepcnrera
Oxnaxomt, rocmu mar re vuura.iui, rar u omne:amru na.iee. Fnaroapx
+ro ynnxantnocrn, moxno onosnart uenonexa no ]parmenry xocrn nnn axe no
onomy syy
9
. A ecnn ne cymecrnyer ocrynntx mennnncxnx sannce nnn n
pacnopxxennn npaue nnmt necxontxo ]parmenron xocrn?
B-rpertnx, rexnnuecxn nporpecc n meroax nccneonannx nosnonxer ntne
ntennrt renernuecxn marepnan (HK) ns xocrn nnn sya uenonexa, axe ecnn
on anno ymep. Onosnanne nponcxonr nyrem cpannennx +rnx opasnon c
opasnamn HK xnnymnx pocrnennnxon. B +rom nponecce ocoenno nonesna
mnroxonpnantnax HK.

B xaxo uenoneuecxo xnerxe cymecrnymr crpyxrypt no nasnannem
mnroxonpnn, no ]opme nanomnnammne xo]ente sepna.

B xaxo uenoneuecxo xnerxe cymecrnymr crpyxrypt no nasnannem
mnroxonpnn, no ]opme nanomnnammne xo]ente sepna. Onn pacnonoxent nne
xnerounoro xpa, nnyrpn camo xnerxn. Mnroxonpnn amr xnerxe +neprnm,
cxnrax caxapa n xnpt, n coepxar ouent mnoro HK, nnora n cornn pas
ontme, uem nmax pyrax crpyxrypa xnerxn. Ontrt noxastnamr, uro ecnn HK
ntxnnaer, ro uame ncero coxpanxercx n mnroxonpnxx. Hocxontxy
mnroxonpnantnte HK nepexoxr x erxm rontxo or marepn,
mnroxonpnantnax HK nmoro uenonexa nenrnuna HK ero marepn, cecrpt
nnn para. Ecnn ne part no nnnmanne pexne renernuecxne myrannn, onosnanne
uenonexa raxnm cnocoom nourn ncera nosmoxno.
Hrax, urot ycranonnrt nnunocrt nponanmero uenonexa, yuente nnramrcx
nnepx n nnns no cemenomy peny, ncnontsyx n xauecrne necrnnnt HK
10
.
Houeuy nnruen 1axne nnsxopocnme?
A]pnxancxne nnrmen nopaxamr xnrene 3anaa c rex nop, xax onee nexa nasa
nepnte ]ororpa]nn +roro mnnnarmpnoro napoa ocrnrnn Enpont. Ero nsyuenne
cnnaer yuentx c ronxy, rax xax rpannnonnoe oxcnenne nentcoxoro pocra x
nnrmexm ne npnmennmo.
Otuno nentcoxn pocr ntsnan nnsxnm yponnem ropmona pocra uenonexa (hGH).
B nounoe npemx +ror ropmon ntenxercx ns rnno]nsa, pacnonoxennoro n mosre.
Btcoxn nnn nnsxn pocr nepeaercx no nacnecrny, nocxontxy xonnuecrno hGH
saaercx renernuecxn. Iopmon pocra onpeenxer rpynna ns nxrn cocennx renon,
noxannsonanntx n xpomocome 17. Cam no cee ropmon npecrannxer coo
cnoxnt enox, cosannt ns 191 amnnoxncnort. Pocr uenonexa yer nnsxnm,
ecnn rnno]ns ne cnocoen ntpaartnart ocrarounoe xonnuecrno ropmona, ecnn
cymecrnyer renernuecxn e]exr n xpomocome 17 nnn ecnn ropmon pocra
ntenxercx, no no xaxnm-ro npnunnam ne moxer ycnannartcx oprannsmom. Pocr
moxer npexpamartcx ns-sa neocrarxa nnrannx, onesne nnn rpanm, uro
ocoenno xapaxrepno nx ronoammnx crpan rpertero mnpa.
Hmo uenonex anomantno manentxoro pocra cunraercx xapnnxom. 3ro cocroxnne
nastnaercx nanocomne, nnn nannsmom.
Hmo uenonex anomantno manentxoro pocra cunraercx xapnnxom. 3ro cocroxnne
nastnaercx nanocomne, nnn nannsmom. nx neuennx +roro saonenannx n
Ancrpannn yxe mnoro ner ncnontsyercx ncxyccrnennt nocnnrernuecxn
ropmon pocra. Ho cnonam oxropa x. H. Vopn ns Koponencxoro ercxoro
rocnnranx n Mentypne, nocnnrernuecxn eop+ou pocma raremc uacmouu+
:voo+, u eo +uoeux c.v:ax :voeca oecmeume.iuo npoucxoom. o cux nop ou ue
eisiea. rarux-.uoo cepiesuix nooo:uix oqqermoe. Onaxo oxrop Vopn
ronopnr, uro ouocuumemu:ecru eop+ou pocma :pesei:auo oopoe 1 eouuua
cmoum 20 oo..apoe u eoooeoe .e:euue peoeura, eecueeo 30 ru.oepa++oe,
ooooemc, rar +uuu+v+, e 15 600 oo..apoe. Merov me+ rvpc .e:euu, e
romopi exoom ereoueeuie noororuie vro.i, +orem o.umic +uoeue
eooi
11
.
Hourn 40 ner nasa yuente ntxcnnnn, uro y nnrmeen yponent coepxannx
ropmona pocra n nopme. Ho cpannennm co cnonmn onee ntcoxnmn a]pnxancxnmn
cocexmn nnrmen xopomo nnramrcx, ornnuamrcx xpenxnm sopontem n ontmo
npoonxnrentnocrtm xnsnn n ne cranxnnamrcx c anomantno ntcoxnm
xonnuecrnom rpanm. Tax nouemy xe onn npaxrnuecxn nnxora ne ntpacramr
ntme 140 canrnmerpon?
Hocnenxx nayunax rnnoresa oxcnxer raxo nnsxn pocr nnrmeen cneymmnm
opasom: n nx renax nponsomen co xnerountx penenropon, n, xorx nx
oprannsm ntpaartnaer ocrarounoe xonnuecrno ropmona pocra, on ne
peannsyercx.
Otuno xnerount penenrop npecrannxer coo naxnemym crtxonounym
asy nx ropmona pocra, nnpxynnpymmero n name xponenocno cncreme.
Iopmon onxen npncrart x xnerxe, urot ra cmorna ero ncnontsonart. Onaxo
xnerount penenrop nnrmeen no xaxo-ro npnunne ]ynxnnonnpyer nenpannntno,
ne nosnonxx ocrarounomy xonnuecrny ropmona npncrart x xnerxe.
Cneonarentno, ontmax uacrt ropmona nonpocry repxercx.
oxropa Iepxap Faymann n Menncca Boy c mennnncxoro ]axyntrera Cenepo-
sananoro unxarcxoro ynnnepcnrera nmecre c oxropom Tomacom Mepnmn ns
unopncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Iencnnnne npoanannsnponann xpont 20 nnrmeen,
xnnmnx n necy Hrypn Henrpantnoro 3anpa, n npnmnn x nexoroptm nnrepecntm
saxnmuennxm
12
.
B xponn nnrmeen xomana Faymanna onapyxnna +vcop, oopasoeaeuuc us-sa
oeqerma r.emo:uoeo peenmopa, xoropt cocroxn ns monexyn ropmona pocra,
npncoennenntx x cnxstnammemy nporenny, paspymennomy n xoe neyauno
nontrxn npnxpennrtcx. Vuente ynnenn, uro no cpannennm c xonrpontno
rpynno n oprannsme nnrmeen npncyrcrnyer nononnna neoxonmo uenonexy
cncremt ropmon-nporenn. Cnaoe mecro +ro cncremt neocrarox xnerountx
penenropon. C raxnm mantm uncnom penenropon nnrmen npaxrnuecxn nensexno
cronxnynnct t c nponemamn n ]ynxnnn ropmona pocra, axe ecnn t nonyuann
ero ncxyccrnenntm nyrem.
Teopnx, ntnnnyrax xomano Faymanna, cornacyercx c xapaxrepncrnxamn
nponecca pocra nnrmeen. B reuenne nopocrxonoro nepnoa nx pocr samenxercx.
3ro nponcxonr nmenno rora, xora nx nopmantnoro pocra neoxonm nonnt
naop xnerountx penenropon. V pyrnx nopocrxon n +ror nepno opasymrcx
ononnnrentnte xnerounte penenropt, uro ntnnnaercx n rnnnunte nx +roro
nospacra cxauxn n pocre.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n reuenne xnsnn nam nonaonrcx nepecaxa cepna,
panna 1:3000.
Hnrepecno, uro nnrmen ns neca Hrypn upesntuano xpenxne nmn. H myxunnt, n
xenmnnt ouent nonnxnt, nponopnt n cnntnt. Onaxo nanontmee
nocxnmenne ntstnamr ern nnrmeen. Ho cnonam Xana Htepa Anne, nanncanmero
xnnry Hue+eu Kumaov (1973) n cnxnmero ]nntm Hue+eu (1974), ern nnrmeen
yxe c mnoro nospacra onaamr ntammnmncx ]nsnuecxnmn cnoconocrxmn
13
. K
npnmepy, rpexnernn peenox moxer ntcrpennrt ns nyxa rax rouno, uro c
paccroxnnx 10 merpon 9 ns 10 pas nonaer n mecrncanrnmerponym mnment. Onn
ymemr ynnart ns npamn neontmym nut, ynepenno nnanamr n eramr tcrpee,
uem otunt enponecxn peenox n 8 ner. B 3 roa raxo peenox c rpyom
moxer ycroxrt na ono nore, rora xax rpexnernn peenox nnrmeen es ocotx
ycnnn nsnpaercx na nanarnmerponoe xoxoconoe epeno.
ecrnnx ronopxr ontme, uem pocr
14
.
Hpana nn, u1o y nac ec1t necenan xoc1t?
Beceno xocrn y nac ner, saro y nac ecrt necent nepn. 3ro noxreno nepn,
orneuammn sa omymennx nneua, npenneutx, xncrn n nantnen. Fontmax uacrt
noxrenoro nepna cnpxrana rnyoxo no xoxe, re on xopomo samnmen
15
. Onaxo
n onacrn noxrx nepn ouent nnsxo noxonr x nonepxnocrn n noxptr ronxnm
cnoem xoxn n coennnrentno rxann. Ho+romy ecnn nt neyauno yapnrect
noxrem, ro ncntraere neotunym ont. Taxnm opasom nt rpanmnpyere
nenocpecrnenno noxreno nepn. Omymenne onn nnrcx necxontxo cexyn.
onontno crpanno, uro +ror nepn nastnamr necentm
16
.

Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n reuenne xnsnn nosnnxner neoxonmocrt n nepecaxe
neuenn, panna 1:2000.
H1o 1axoe nncuan cyopora?
Hncuax cyopora +ro mtmeunt cnasm, nastnaemt eme ]oxycno
ncronne. On nosnnxaer ns-sa onro paort pyuxo nnn xapanamom,
ocoenno ecnn epxar nx cnnmxom xecrxo. Hepnonuecxn paccnanxre pyxy,
pasmnnare ee, epxnre xapanam cnoono n enare nepeptnt otuno +ro
nomoraer pemnrt nponemy. urot nonxrt, ocrarouno nn cnoono nt epxnre
xapanam, nonpoyre ntrxnyrt ero cnoono pyxo ns saxnara nantnamn. Bpau
nnn pyro cnennanncr no sopontm moryr pexomenonart ynpaxnennx n
rexnnxn paccnanennx, nomorammne cnpannxrtcx c +ro cyoporo. B nanonee
rxxentx cnyuaxx neoxonmo xnpyprnuecxoe nmemarentcrno
17
.

Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n pesyntrare roro, uro 3emnx yer paspymena
cronxnynmnmcx c ne mereopnrom, panna 1:9000.
oxropa Hn Temnn n xo+nt Hepnmarrep ns Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n
Cenr-Hynce nccneonann xponenocnym cncremy nannenron c nncue cyoporo
n cpannnnn ee c cncremo rex, xro ne ncntrtnaer nnuero noonoro. Onn
onapyxnnn, uro y nannenron c cyoporo uepes cencopno-moropnym xopy mosra
npoxonr rontxo ne rpern neoxonmoro oema xponn. Heocrarox
xponocnaxennx ncntrtnaer nmenno ror yuacrox mosra, xoropt necer
ornercrnennocrt sa nocnpnxrne omymenn n nnxennx xncrn
18
.
H1o nmsmnae1 pesxym ont n pepax?
Ha camom ene onxr ne pepa. 3ra pesxax ont cyopora eryna, nnn ont n
oxy, xax ee eme nastnamr. Otuno cyopora npecrannxer coo onesnennoe
cnasmarnuecxoe coxpamenne mtmn, ronnuecxn cnasm, nnn cnasm narxxennx.
Onaxo npnunna +roro cnasma naxonrcx n xnmeunnxe. Kax oxcnxer oxrop
Anpnnt Ma, racrpo+nreponor Konymncxoro npecnnrepnancxoro mennnncxoro
nenrpa n Htm-Hopxe, marvm cvoopoev +oevm eiseami uecro.iro npu:uu. K
npu+epv, ec.u rmo-mo c.uuro+ n.omuo noe., a same+ ua:a. oe.ami mo, :mo
mpeovem armueuoeo npumora rpoeu, +orem eosuuruvmi omuocume.iua uue+u
(oepauu:euue nocmaeru rpoeu e ruue:uur). Jmo npoeoupvem cvoopoev. Tarvm
oo.i +oevm eisieami u +iue:uie npoo.e+i
19
.
Hpana nn, u1o nmn c auny1nponannon xoneunoc1tm nnora uory1 ncnm1mna1t omymennn n nen?
3ro ynnnrentnoe xnnenne nastnaercx cnnpomom ]anromno xoneunocrn. O
omymennxx, nosnnxammnx na mecre amnyrnponanntx pyx n nor, nmn coomann
na nporxxennn mnornx nexon, n +ro ncera nsymnxno npaue. Cnnpom
]anromno xoneunocrn nsyuancx yuentmn c 40-x roon XX nexa, n coomennx o
pesyntrarax nccneonann nepnonuecxn noxnnxnnct n mennnncxo nnreparype
n xnnrax no ncnxonornn.
Bt moxere nauart xypnrt n 4 cnyuaxx ns 10. Ecnn y nac nosnnxaer sanncnmocrt,
ro n 7 ns 10 cnyuaen nt nontraerect pocnrt xypnrt n n 3 ns 10 npeycneere.
oxrop Ponant Mennax ns orenennx ncnxonornn ynnnepcnrera Maxrnnna n
Monpeane nanncan o +rom crartm n Scientific American, re yxasan, uro cnnpom
]anromno xoneunocrn nanmaercx y ontntx nourn n 70 % cnyuaen.
Omymenne +ro uacro onesnennoe n onnctnaercx xax xrymax, memxmax nnn
crpenxmmax ont. Hpncrynt moryr naptnponartcx or pexnx n cnatx o
npoonxnrentntx n xecroxnx. Otuno onn naunnamrcx ncxope nocne
amnyrannn, no nnora noxnnxmrcx cnycrx neenn, mecxnt nnn rot. oxrop
Mennax oannxer, uro ca+oe cmapoe oocueuue cuuopo+a qaumo+uo
roue:uocmu u cesauuo c ue oo.u cocmo.o e mo+, :mo ocmamuuec e
orou:auuu rv.imu uepei sarau:ueammc vse.ra+u ueepo+a+u, romopie
npooo.ramm noci.ami e +ose u+nv.ici
20
.
Bennxonennt Apncrorent ne ncera npoxnnxn nanmarentnocrt. K npnmepy,
on cunran, uro y myxunn ontme syon, uem y xenmnn. Houemy on npocro ne
nocmorpen?

Heaneprantnt (xax myxunnt, rax n xenmnnt) nontsonannct syouncrxamn. Mt
ncrpeuaem ncxonaemte ocranxn c samerntmn xenoxamn na syax, xoropte
mornn trt cosant rontxo syouncrxamn.
Houeuy nmn yuentmam1cn, xora c1apem1?
Boome-ro, crapnxn ne ymentmamrcx. To, uro noxnnte nmn ecrnnrentno
repxmr n pocre, npaxrnuecxn ne nmeer ornomennx x renam, a ornocnrcx x
nnnxnnm rpannrannn n reuennm npemenn. K 70 roam uenonex cpenero pocra
repxer npnmepno 3 canrnmerpa or ro ntcort, xoropo on ocrnran n nauane
xnsnn. Ho cnonam oxropa Hoypenca Pnrrca ns xnnnnxn Mao n Mnnneanonnce,
xnmuenym pont n +rom nrpamr rpn ]axropa:
norepx paccroxnnx mexy nosnonountmn ncxamn ns-sa annennx rpannrannn;
omee ocnanenne mtmn cnnnt;
nnoxax ocanxa.
Xenmnnt crpaamr or ontme norepn pocra no ornomennm x ero noxasarenm n
pannem ercrne. Cunraercx, uro +ro nponcxonr ns-sa ntcoxoro yponnx pasnnrnx
ocreonoposa
21
.
K 70 roam uenonex cpenero pocra repxer npnmepno 3 canrnmerpa or ro
ntcort, xoropo on ocrnran n nauane xnsnn.
Houeuy no y1pau n nmme poc1ou?
Bce mt no yrpam ntme pocrom, uyrt nnxe nem n nnxe ncero neuepom.
oxrop xeppn V+ntc ns orenennx nenarpnn ynnnepcnrera Be]]nna
oxcnxer, uro nx +roro cymecrnymr ne npnunnt. Bo-nepntx, n pacrymem
peenxe eop+ou pocma eioe.emc no uo:a+, e onpeoe.euuo+ pum+e. Ou
oecmevem e uecro.iro omanoe, o.aeooap romopi+ rocmu ua roueeix
n.acmuurax (onuqusax) vo.uummc. Bo-nroptx, nocne roro xax pocr
npexpamaercx, exenenno nponcxonr ro+npeccu cnuui noo e.uuue+
epaeumauu, uro cxastnaercx na nose. V nspocntx ymentmenne pocra x neuepy
cocrannxer npnmepno 15 mnnnnmerpon.
oxrop Hnrep anxep]nn ns orenennx anaromnn Hnnepnyntcxoro
ynnnepcnrera oannxer, uro n pacuer neoxonmo part n pyro xomnonenr
ecrecrnennte nsrnt nosnonounnxa. Jmu useuoi eapiupvmmc e saeucu+ocmu
om eeca me.a u eeo nosi. B pesv.imame, uaxooci e eepmura.iuo+ no.oreuuu,
noseouo:uur oceoaem euus, +eu ceou useuoi u vropa:uea o.uuv cnuui. Koeoa
ei .erume, npoucxooum oopamuoe, u noseouo:uur vo.uuemc. Vcmauoe.euo,
:mo 80 % us+eueuu e pocme cesauo c us+eueuu+u omux useuooe
22
.
pennne rpexn cunrann, uro nx nsneuennx syno onn nyxno cecrt mtmt.
3aueu nau sym uypoc1n?
3yt mypocrn nam rpern naop uertpex xopenntx syon. 3yt mypocrn ne
nmemr nnxaxoro ornomennx x mypocrn. 3yt mypocrn ncrpeuamrcx y ouent
manoro uncna asnaron no cpannennm c cenepoamepnxannamn nnn enponenamn.
Mt ne snaem, nouemy +ro rax. B name npemx syt mypocrn ne ntnonnxmr
naxntx ]ynxnn, onaxo y pennnx nme +ro tno ne rax. Hamn npexn enn
nnmy, xoropym cnoxno tno npoxenart. uacro mxco tno xecrxnm, pacrennx
sarpxsnenntmn, a ]pyxrt ceann saonro o roro, xax onn cospenann.
ononnnrentnte syt nx nepemantnannx nnmn tnn npocro neoxonmt.
Vcranonneno uro 80 % nsmenenn n pocre cnxsano c nsmenennxmn nsrnon
nosnonounnxa.
3ro nenn +]]exrnnno cnyxnn nam rpern naop xopenntx syon, nsnecrntx
xax syt mypocrn, xoropte nonyunnn cnoe nasnanne ns-sa npemenn nx
npopestnannx. Cunraercx, uro x romy npemenn, xora onn noxnnxmrcx ns ecen,
mt yxe onxnt onaart xaxo-ro mypocrtm. Tpern naop xopnentx syon
otuno ne noxnnxercx pantme 17 ner. o +roro npemenn nm npocro neocrarouno
mecra n uenmcrn, urot pacrn. Ho mepe pasnnrnx uenonexa ynennunnancx mosr n
menxnoct crpoenne xocre. Btcrynammne uenmcrn namnx npexon nocrenenno
ynpannct nnyrpt uepena, cranonnnnct mentme n xopoue. 3ro +nonmnnonnoe
nsmenenne npoonxaercx n no ce ent. Fontmnncrno nme yxe ne onaamr
nacrontxo ontmo uenmcrtm, urot na ne xnarnno mecra ononnnrentntm
uertpem xopnentm syam. Ho cnonam oxropa xenenn esmon, .uui +a.a
:acmi :e.oee:ecro nonv.uu oo.aoaem :emro paseumi+u mpemiu+u
ropeuui+u svoa+u. O, xax tcrporeuna mypocrt!
23,25

Bama xncrt cranaprna, ecnn ee mnpnna panna nnne cpenero nantna.
Houeuy nexo1opme nmn cxpnnn1 syaun no cne?
Hpnmepno 15 % nme cxpnnxr syamn no cne. Hpexe uem npopexyrcx
nocroxnnte syt, npaxrnuecxn nce ern npemx or npemenn nx crncxnnamr. 3ro
xnnenne nastnaercx pyxcnsmom. Cxarne syon moxer trt nacrontxo cnntntm,
uro onn naunnamr pacmartnartcx nnn nsnamnnartcx. annenne, ocymecrnnxemoe
npn +rom, moxer nonneut sa coo cnntnym ont n mtmnax uenmcrn, nnna nnn
ronont, uyncrno oepenenennx nnn onemennx. Fpyxcnsm moxer npnnecrn x
ceptesnomy saonenannm cnnpomy uenmcrntx cycranon, conponoxaemomy
cnntno ontm. Hannenrt n +rom cnyuae npaxrnuecxn ne moryr xenart, ronopnrt
n cnart.
Hpnmepno 15 % nme cxpnnxr syamn no cne.
Homnmo rex, xro cxnmaer syt, xora cnnr, ecrt n raxne, xro eccosnarentno
cxnmaer uenmcrn, xora npoctnaercx. Hexoropte nmn enamr +ro, xora
cocpeoraunnamrcx, pyrne xora paccrpoent, rpertn xora nanpxxent nnn
paccepxent. Anxoront oocrpxer pyxcnsm. Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro na
+ro xnnenne uacro nnnxmr +monnn. Hmn, crpaammne pyxcnsmom, xax npannno,
emoncrpnpymr ntcoxn yponent rnena n nanpxxennocrn. ecrnnrentno,
pyxcnsm moxno nasnart ]nsnuecxnm ntpaxennem ncnxonornuecxoro
nanpxxennx. Onaxo nexoropte nmn cxnmamr cnon syt uncro no ]nsnuecxnm
npnunnam. Hx uenmcrn nnn syt nnoxo crtxymrcx, cosanax ncxom]opr n
npnunnxx ont. Onn naxoxr oneruenne n cxarnn syon.
Ionopxr, uro x uncny rex, xro cxnman syt, npnnanexana Kneonarpa.
Hpoxnnennx ee pyxcnsma tnn samernt no npemx rocyapcrnenntx nnsnron.
Onaxo nensnecrno, sanonnn nn +rn ocoennocrn Kneonarpt ee nosnmnenntx,
Rnnx Hesapx nnn Mapxa Anronnx.
Herenapnt renepan xopx Kacrep n reuenne nce cnoe xnsnn crpaan or
cnntno xponnuecxo onn nocnecrnnx pyxcnsma. Camoe crpannoe, uro,
cornacno ncropnuecxnm sanncxm, Kacrep paccunrtnan npemx cnonx nrn no npemx
oocrpennx +ro onn
26,27
.
Houeuy uon cpennn nanen caumn nnnnmn n noueuy on pasnnncn 1axnu opasou?
urot nm moxno tno noxastnart rpyte xecrt! 3ro, xoneuno, uepecuyp
cment orner, no na camom ene yenrentntx oxcnenn +roro ]axra ne
cymecrnyer, xpome roro, uro pasmep xaxoro nantna no ornomennm x ocrantntm
ouent naxen nx cnnontx ]ynxnn pyxn.
Ho crarncrnxe, epa xenmnn na 3,8 canrnmerpa mnpe, uem epa myxunn.
Hpnmart onxnt nmert cnntnte pyxn, cnoconte xnarart npemert n nomorart
nasart no epentxm. C rouxn spennx +nonmnnonno ncropnn eme 6 mnnnnonon
ner nasa mt, nmn, raxxe nyxannct n +ro cnoconocrn. (Pasymeercx, n name
npemx eme ocrannct necxontxo npecrannrene uenoneuecxoro poa,
ecrnymmnx rax, cnonno onn o cnx nop nncxr na nerxax!) Ho cnonam oxropa
P+nenna Cacmana, nnna cpenero nantna onn ns acnexron +nonmnnn,
xoropt ponnr nac c oestxnamn: y mnornx npnmaron, nxnmuax n uenonexa, +ro
camt nnnnt nanen, xoropt xnnxercx ]ynxnnonantno octm xncrn. Kncrt
nmeer xax nnyrpennne, rax n nnemnne mtmnt. oxrop Cacman oxcnxer, uro nce
+rn mtmnt pacnonaramrcx noxpyr ocn, npoxoxme uepes cpenn nanen, xocrn
xoroporo camte xpenxne n nnnnte ns ncex xncrentx. Taxnm opasom, on
naxonrcx n yono nosnnnn, n xoropo moxer npoxnnxrt cnny camo ontmo
nennunnt. Ecnn t cpenn nanen tn manentxnm, omax cnna pyxn
snaunrentno cnnsnnact
28,29
.
Tontxo y npnmaron, n rom uncne n y uenonexa, no 3 xocrn na xaxom nantne, sa
ncxnmuennem ontmoro.

B Hcnannn ecrt neontmo ropoox, nourn nce xnrenn xoroporo nmemr 6 nnn 7
nantnen na xaxo pyxe. K raxnm nocnecrnnxm npnnenn pocrnennte paxn n
renernuecxne myrannn.

Ho crarncrnxe, epa xenmnn na 3,8 canrnmerpa mnpe, uem epa myxunn.

Koxa mexy namnm ontmnm n yxasarentntm nantnamn nastnaercx xapmamxom.
Houeuy uon ontmon nanen caumn xopo1xnn ns ncex?
Ho cnonam oxropa Tomaca Ipenepa, mo, :mo ece na.ii v :e.oeera pasuoeo
pas+epa, u om.u:aem eeo om opveux rueomuix, oe.a vuura.iui+
euoo+. uenoneuecxn ontmo nanen n couerannn c yxasarentntm
npecrannxmr coo nanonee momnt n rount xnararentnt nncrpymenr,
xaxo xora-nno nsoperana npnpoa. K npnmepy, mt moxem nontsonartcx
ynanxo. Cront rounax n ynepennax paora ontmoro n yxasarentnoro nantnen
oruacrn cnxsana c nx pasmepom. K npnmepy, ecnn t ontmo nanen tn nnnnee,
on ne cmor t rax +]]exrnnno nsanmoecrnonart c yxasarentntm (n mnnxe, rax
cxasart). Ham ontmo nanen npoxnnxer upesntuanym rnxocrt n ymenocrt,
yuacrnyx no mnornx ]ynxnnxx xncrn. Mannnynxnnn pyxn ne tnn t raxnmn
+]]exrnnntmn, ecnn t on oxasancx snaunrentno xopoue nnn nnnnee cnoero
otunoro pasmepa
30
.
4,5 xnnorpamma nnmnero neca na rannn cosamr npnmepno 22,5 xnnorpamma
ononnnrentno narpysxn na nosnonounnx.
Houeuy no y1pau uon pyxn 1axne oepenenenme n nenonxne?
Jmo eonpoc Ipeea Cromma us Peeeumeu.., Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Otuno namemy oprannsmy neoxonmo npemx, urot oxonuarentno npocnyrtcx.
Ecnn nt cnnmxom tcrpo ncraere, emy cnauana nyxno npncnoconrtcx x semnomy
npnrxxennm. Ho cnonam oxropa Mapxa Xannera, npocroe orcyrcrnne rnxocrn n
oepenenenocrt pyx no yrpam es xaxnx t ro nn tno ononnnrentntx
cnmnromon n onn xnnxercx pacnpocrpanenno xanoo, no ne npecrannxer
coo mennnncxym nponemy. Hanpnmep, ecnn nt cnnre na oxy, nonoxnn no
ronony pyxy, n ona sarexaer, rpeyercx necxontxo mnnyr, urot n ne
noccranonnnact nnpxynxnnx xponn.
4,5 xnnorpamma nnmnero neca na rannn cosamr npnmepno 22,5 xnnorpamma
ononnnrentno narpysxn na nosnonounnx.
C pyro cropont, cycrant nme, crpaammnx aprpnrom, no yrpam uacro
tnamr xecrxnmn n nnoxo crnamrcx o rex nop, noxa uenonex ne pasomner norn
n pyxn n nemnoro ne noxonr. Hmn, crpaammne or xncrenoro rynnentnoro
cnnpoma, npn xoropom nepnt cannnnamrcx n xanane sanxcrtx, moryr
ncntrtnart onemenne, omymenne noxantnannx n axe ont
31
.
Tontxo y npnmaron, n rom uncne n y uenonexa, no 3 xocrn na xaxom nantne, sa
ncxnmuennem ontmoro.
Houeuy norn n pyxn uory1 sa1eut, ecnn n onro oc1amct n onon n 1on ae nose?
Jmo eonpoc Kopo. Huu.u us Xovmopua, Burmopu.

Hepnt noctnamr n nonyuamr cnrnant or mosra. Onaxo ecnn nt, x npnmepy,
nexnre na pyxe, ro cosaere upesmepnoe annenne, cnnxammee nnpxynxnnm
xponn n xpomeuntx cocyax xponenocno cncremt xannnnxpax n aprepnonax,
naxoxmnxcx anexo or cepna. 3ro annenne moxer cannrt nepnt, n rora
nmnyntct ne yyr npoxonrt nn n onom ns nanpannenn. B +rom cnyuae mosr
nonyuaer omnounte cnrnant o neoxonmocrn ntenennx nemecrna no
nasnannem nop+nnne]pnn. 3ror neporpancmnrrep cyxaer mentuamne
xponenocnte cocyt, npeoxpanxx oprannsm or ceptesntx nonpexenn. Kora
xponocnaxenne nor nnn pyx n reuenne nnrentnoro npemenn napymaercx, nt
uyncrnyere onemenne nnn orex xoneunocrn. Honxn +ro a nexoroptm nmxm
rpeyercx ocrarounoe npemx, urot +ro ocosnart, nt cpasy xe crpemnrect
ncrpxxnyrt pyxy nnn pasmxrt nory, noccranannnnax xponoopamenne. Fnaroapx
+romy nepnnte oxonuannx noctnamr n mosr nyxnte cnrnant, n n namn norn nnn
pyxn nocrynaer ontmoe xonnuecrno xponn o rex nop, noxa cocyt ne npnyr n
nopmy. Tora noxantnanne ncuesner
3236
.
Tannonmnnt ropaso uame nonpexamr xonenn, uem rannopt. Fepa xenmnn n
ornomennn x nennunne xoneunocrn ontme eep myxunn, no+romy n annenne
na xonennte cycrant y nnx ontme.

Ho pesyntraram nccneonann, nponeenntx nponsnonrenxmn nesnn Bnx, n
reuenne xnsnn otunax amepnxanxa peer norn oxono 6000 pas.
Houeuy um cxpemnnaeu norn, xora cnnu?
Jmo eonpoc Komu Tepuov.. us Xeuoepcoua, 3anaoua Aecmpa.u.

3ror ]axr moxer trt cnxsan c noneennem, ]nsnonorne nnn couerart n cee n
ro n pyroe.
C rouxn spennx noneennx cxpemnnanne nor nosnonxer nam npnnxrt
naronpncronym nosy. Cnennanncrt no xstxy rena ronopxr, uro xora mt
cnnm c xem-ro pxom n cxpemnnaem norn n cropony +roro uenonexa, ro
nnrepecyemcx nm n xornm npoonxnrt omenne. Onaxo ecnn cnyuaercx
npornnononoxnoe n mt cxpemnnaem norn, saxptnaxct or uenonexa, ro xornm
conmcrn ncrannnm n npexparnrt pasronop.
Cxener otxnonennoro nspocnoro uenonexa necnr npnmepno 4,5 xnnorpamma.
C rouxn spennx ]nsnonornn cxpemnnax norn, nt npnnonnmaere ony ns nnx. Ho
cnonam oxropa Hona Hennnuun, noem norn ne rontxo cnnmaer annenne co
crynnn, no cnnxaer nenosnoe annenne n crynne n no nce nore. K romy xe, xora
mt cxpemnnaem norn, crnamrcx epa. Cycran epa ecrecrnenntm opasom
crpemnrcx nanpannrt nory napyxy, noromy uro raxoe nonoxenne enaer ero onee
cnoontm. Hsmenenne neontmoe, n uenonex neocosnanno npnnnmaer nosy, n
xoropo emy yonee cnert. oxrop Hennnuun ormeuaer, uro crnanne
epennoro cycrana nnnxer na nonoxenne noxcnnunoro orena. B +ro uacrn
cnnxaercx nporn (nnn nopos) nosnonounnxa nnepe, nosnonxx mnornm nmxm
uyncrnonart cex onee xom]oprno
3739
.
urot nomenxrt nce uacrn namero rena na ncxyccrnennte, cosanne xoroptx
crano nosmoxno n namn nn, nam norpeyercx 50 mnnnnonon onnapon.

Kora nt npocro cnoxono cronre, yepxnnax pannonecne, n +rom yuacrnymr 300
mtmn.

Cxener otxnonennoro nspocnoro uenonexa necnr npnmepno 4,5 xnnorpamma.

Hn]exnnn xocre neuarcx rpynee ncero, nocxontxy x nnm noxonr ouent mano
xponenocntx cocyon, uepes xoropte nocrynamr x rxanxm nexapcrnennte
nemecrna.

Kocrnt mosr otunoro uenonexa xaxt ent nponsnonr 30 mnnnnnnrpon
xponn, uro cocrannxer npnmepno 260 mnnnnonon xnerox.

1 ns 7 uenonex crpaaer aprpnrom. Kax ronopnrcx, ecnn y nac ner aprpnra, ro nt
nnuero o +rom ne snaere, a ecnn on y nac ecrt, nnxro ne cmoxer o nem snart
ontme, uem nt.

3axptrtm nepenomom nastnamr rpanmy, npn xoropo cnomannax xocrt ocraercx
nnyrpn rena. Hpn orxptrom nepenome xocrt ntxonr napyxy.

2 ns 5 xapnnxon ntxoxr samyx nnn xenxrcx na uenonexe otunoro pocra
40
.
Houeuy nyaen paser, u1om noeaa1t mc1po?
Hapamnnanne maxcnmantno cxopocrn co craprono nosnnnn sannmaer y nyumnx
cnpnnrepon npnmepno 3 cexynt. 3a +ro npemx oprannsm xoopnnnpyer nce cnon
ecrnnx ocoenno pannonecne. Cnennanncrt npenonaramr, uro ecnn
mrnonenno nsxrt ntcoxym cxopocrt, ro uenonex moxer nonyunrt rpanmy,
cnorxnynmnct o cocrnennte norn
41
.
Otuno crona nmeer 7200 orentntx nepnon.
H1o xpyc1n1, xora n crnam xonenn, ocoenno ecnn cnay na xop1ouxax?
Jmo eonpoc uauui Io.ocmovu us Ko.qu.oa, Burmopu.

Bosmoxno, nyumnm oxcnennem +roro ]enomena cnyxnr reopnx, cnxsannax c
annennem nosyxa n asorom. Bce namn cycrant coepxar n cee nosyx n
xnxocrt. Asor xnnxercx rnanntm xomnonenrom xax nosyxa, rax n cycranno
xnxocrn. Kora nt ncraere (nnn conepmaere pyrne nnxennx), menxercx
annenne n cycrane n asor opasyer xpomeunte nystptxn. Hnora ocrarouno
semnoro npnrxxennx, urot opasonannct +rn nystptxn. Xpycr +ro snyx
nnxennx nystptxa. K npnmepy, xora nt yrpom nonnmaerect c nocrenn, n
xoropo nponexann ncm nout, asor n nosyx nepememamrcx, pearnpyx na
rpannrannm. Caxct na xoprouxn, nt cosaere ontmee annenne, uem xora
ncraere na xonenn nnn npocro nere, n coornercrnenno nmenno n +rom nonoxennn
nt uame ncero cntmnre nystptxn asora. Tax nnn nnaue, crnart xonenn
mymnoe eno. Ho cnonam nsnecrnoro npaua ns Can-upannncxo, oxropa nna
3enna, rpecx +ror nastnaercx xannnanne. Tax uro axe raxax nemt, xax
opasonanne nystptxon asora, nmeer cnoe nmx!
4247

nnna cront n nponopnnonantnom rene cocrannxer npnmepno 15 % or omero
pocra uenonexa.
Houeuy nosnnxam1 cyoporn n norax?
Jmo eonpoc Hasi Mu..c us Ha+o.a, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Cyoporn +ro onesnennte cnasmarnuecxne coxpamennx mtmn. V monotx
nme onn noxnnxmrcx nocne +neprnuntx ynpaxnenn, ocoenno ecnn mtmnt
ne npnntxnn x raxo axrnnnocrn. V noxnntx nme cyoporn nosnnxamr
nnesanno n es xaxnx t ro nn tno npenecrn.
Hexoropte cunramr, uro cyopory npononnpyer ocnoonnmncx xann n
nanpxxenno mtmne. Fonee roro, raxoe coxpamenne moxer ycnnnnartcx
oesnoxnnannem. Ho+romy no npemx ynpaxnenn n n nmo pyro cnryannn,
xora mtmnt paoramr ontme otunoro, pexomenymr nnrt noy. Hnora
pexomenymr enart cnennantnte pacrxxxn nx npeornpamennx cyopor nnn
xnacrt na ontnoe mecro cont
48
.
Heontmoe yrnynenne nosan xonena nastnaercx noxnnxo.

Hourn nce snamr, uro ona crynnx y nnx xopoue pyro, no mano xro rouno
nomnnr xaxax nmenno.

nnna cront n nponopnnonantnom rene cocrannxer npnmepno 15 % or omero
pocra uenonexa.

Cnennanncrt yrnepxamr, uro pacrxxenne neunrcx tcrpee, ecnn ncxnmunrt
ynorpenenne conn.

Otuno crona nmeer 7200 orentntx nepnon.

Xencxax crona ornnuaercx or myxcxo ne rontxo pasmepom. V nee ntme noem,
a nxrxa onee ponnax.

Fontmo nanen myxunnt nponopnnonantno nnnnee, uem ontmo nanen
xenmnnt.
Hpana nn, u1o pasuep c1onm cnyan1 uepon nsuepennn?
a, +ro rax, n +ra crona tna ropaso nnnnee, uem conpemennte cranaprt.
Crona pasmepom n 30 canrnmerpon, xoropym ntne ncnontsymr n xauecrne mept
nx nsmepenn, npnnanexana enponecxomy nmneparopy Bapnemanm (742814).
Ho nnne ero cront ycranannnnannct cranaprt n nmnepnn. Hecomnenno, y nero
tna neotuno nnnnax crona nnn nepe namn ouepeno npnmep
npeynennuennx.
B xaxo crone y uenonexa 26 xocre, 38 mtmn n 56 cnxsox.

Onn nenarp-oprone yrnepxaer, uro mnaennt onxnt trt octmn o rex
nop, noxa ne naunyr xonrt. Hmn eme ne npnymann oynn, xoropax pasnnnana
t nory nyume, uem ee orcyrcrnne.

Hccneonarenn yrnepxamr, uro, ecnn uenonex ne nocnr oynn, y nero nosnnxaer
ropaso mentme nponem co cronamn.

Hccneonarenn pennnx xocre cunramr, uro yncrna cpen nme cront xe
crapt, uro n npnunnt nx conepmart.

Eme ne nsoperena raxax oynt, xoropax enaer crony onee nptryue, uem ona
ecrt cama no cee.

Hccneonannx ronopxr o rom, uro 8090 % xenmnn nocxr oynt mentmero
pasmepa, uem nm nonaraercx.
Moano nn ynennun1t xoc1t c nouomtm ynpaanennn?
a, moxno. K npnmepy, nsnecrno, uro y npo]eccnonantntx rennncncron
nnornocrt xocrn n pyxe, n xoropo onn epxar paxerxy, na 35 % ntme, uem
nnornocrt pyro.
Hpana nn, u1o 200 ne1 nasa uenoneuecxne xoc1n mnn 1nepae, ueu ceronn?
Ecrt nexoropte cnnerentcrna, noepxnnammne +ry rouxy spennx. B cpannennn
c ceronxmnnm nem nmn, xnnmne 200300 ner nasa, ne crpaann or raxoro
mnoxecrna nepenomon. Vuente ns Cmnrcononcxoro nncrnryra n Bamnnrrone
cpannnnn cxenert nme, xnnmnx n ro npemx, n cxenert namnx conpemennnxon.
Onapyxeno, uro n name npemx or nepenomon n onacrn uenmcre, noca n/nnn
uepena crpaaer 14,8 % nme. na-rpn cronernx nasa +ro uncno cocrannxno
ncero 4 %.
34 % neca otunoro uenonexa npnxonrcx na norn.
Houeuy ummnm nantnen nnannc1on ne ynennunnam1cn n pesynt1a1e nrpm na nnc1pyuen1e?
B ornnune or cnoprcmenon, nonnmammnx rxxecrn, n xyntrypncron,
ocrnrammnx ynennuennx mtmn naroapx rpennponxam, y nnanncron raxoro ne
nponcxonr. eno n rom, uro n nantnax ner mtmn rontxo cyxoxnnnx. Tem ne
menee mtmnt na sanxcrte nnanncron moryr ouent cnntno onert.
Enncrnennt cycran uenoneuecxoro rena, xoropt moxer cenart npamenne na
360 rpaycon, +ro nneuo.

34 % neca otunoro uenonexa npnxonrcx na norn.
Houeuy cnouannan xoc1t 1ax nerxo saannae1?
Bor uro ronopnr oxrop Tom Vnncon: Kocmu :pesei:auo uumepecui. Hx
+oruo npeocmaeumi rar na.o:ru, noooeprueamuue qop+v eaueeo me.a, uo,
ec.u ei c.o+aeme na.o:rv, no:uuumi ee ovoem ueeos+oruo. Onaxo xocrn
xnnte, xax n nce name reno. B xocrno rxann cmect enxon n mnnepanon
cranonnrcx xecrxo n upesntuano noxoxe na eron nnn mryxarypxy. 3ra uacrt
xocrn nexnnax. Onaxo nnyrpn n cnapyxn +roro xecrxoro cnox naxoxrcx
pasnoro poa xnerxn. 3rn xnerxn xnnte. Hmenno onn cosamr xecrxn xapxac.
Ecnn nam nyxno ntneunrt cnomannym xocrt, xnerxn xocrn pocamr nce cnon
cnnt na ro, urot noccranonnrt n yxpennrt ocnony. Jmo o:eui noxore ua mo,
rar ei pacmeme. Beoi recmru raprac oo.reu raru+-mo oopaso+
vee.u:ueamic e pas+epax, uua:e ei mar u ocmauemeci +a.euiru+, eepuo?
49

Cymec1nye1 nn xoc1nnon xnen, cxnennammnn cnouannym xoc1t?
B namn nn ecrt mennnncxax nponeypa, nosnonxmmax tcrpo saneunnart
nepenomt. Kne cmect xantnnx n ]oc]aron nnonrcx nenocpecrnenno n
mecro nepenoma. 3ra cmect tcrpo sacrtnaer n n reuenne 12 uacon operaer
npounocrt ecrecrnenno xocrn.
Cnennanncrt no mop]onornn rena yrnepxamr, uro nospacr n nec pexo moxno
onpeennrt no nnxne uacrn nor. Ecnn t na xonxypce xpacort xmpn nneno
rontxo nnxnmm uacrt nor yuacrnnn, noenrenem morna t oxasartcx xenmnna
npaxrnuecxn nmoro nospacra.
Houeuy c1on1t na uec1e ropaso y1oun1entnee, ueu n1n?
Otunt uenonex n 3,84 pasa ntme cnoe epenno xocrn.
ecrnnrentno, ropaso nerue xonrt, uem ror xe nepno npemenn croxrt es
nnxennx. Kora nt cronre, nocroxnno paoramr onn n re xe mtmnt,
nnmennte nosmoxnocrn oroxnyrt. Ecnn xe nt xonre, ro paora
pacnpeenxercx na mnoxecrno pasntx mtmn onee pannomepno. Opronet
coomamr o xnnennn no nasnannem cnnpom xasnno. On ntpaxaercx n
nontmenno uyncrnnrentnocrn, nocnanennn n onn n norax, nosnnxammnx ns-sa
roro, uro uenonex cnnmxom onro cronr na onom mecre. Cnnpom pacnpocrpanen
cpen npoannon, napnxma*censored*on n xonrponepon n cynepmapxerax.
Ecnn cpannnnart nymero n croxmero uenonexa, ro croxmn xaxercx nnxe
pocrom. Hmenno no+romy cosarenn nocxontx ]nryp n manexenon enamr nx uyrt
ontme peantnoro uenoneuecxoro pasmepa.

Xencxoe reno, npnsnannoe camtm npexpacntm, npnnanexano Benepe
Mnnoccxo. Ee eccmeprnym cxyntnrypy cosann 2500 ner nasa. Onaxo no
ceronxmnnm xpnrepnxm Benepy counn t cnnmxom roncro n ne npnnxnn na
paory nn n onn xypnan, nocnxmennt ntcoxo moe.

Bnyrpennxx uacrt nneua nastnaercx nomtmxo.

Ecnn monoax xenmnna cpenero renocnoxennx, neca, oema eep, rannn n
rpyn craner na 30 canrnmerpon ntme, na 10 canrnmerpon ynennunr rpyt, na 13
canrnmerpon ymentmnr rannm n ocrannr epa raxnmn, xax ecrt, y nee yyr
nponopnnn xyxnt Fapn. Bnpouem, nonoct +ro concem pyroe eno.
Bmnn nn uenoneuecxne cymec1na xora-1o nmme, ueu cenuac?
B cpenem nmn ceronx ropaso ntme, uem xora t ro nn tno n ncropnn.
Honnonennoe nnranne, npo]nnaxrnxa n neuenne onesne, cepxnnammnx pocr,
nonnnxnn na raxoe nonoxenne neme. Onaxo n oncropnuecxne npemena namn
npexn, xpomantonnt, tnn ntme conpemenntx nme. K romy xe nx mosr tn
ontmero oema. Kpomantonnen nno nornornna nonynxnnx nme, xoropte
tnn mentme nx no pasmepy, nno onn ntmepnn. Xant, uro xpomantonnt
ncuesnn. Ftno t sopono noronopnrt c uenonexom, y xoroporo mosr ontme
namero.
Amepnxancxne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nmn pocrom 173 canrnmerpa
cunramr cex nnsxnmn.

Ha camom xe ene +ro cpenn pocr uenonexa.

Otunt uenonex n 3,84 pasa ntme cnoe epenno xocrn.
Kax uoano nmuncnn1t cnon yymnn poc1?
Ho cnonam oxropa +nna Bnaepa, cvuecmevem uecro.iro +emoooe
npeocrasauu pocma. Hpoue eceeo ese.uvmi ua ceoux pooume.e. Bi oo.rui
oimi om 1,5 oo 2,5 caumu+empa eiue ceoeeo oma (ec.u ei +vr:uua). Ecnn nt
xenmnna, ro na ry xe ntcory yere ntme cnoe marepn. oxrop Bnaep
oannxer: Bo.ee c.orui+ +emooo+ e.emc pac:em no ocooo+v
peumeeuoecro+v cuu+rv eaue rucmu. Hpu+euue r ue+v uoeeuvm
ro+nimmepuvm npoepa++v, ea+ crarvm, uacro.iro eicoru+ ei ovoeme.
Oouaro, uesaeucu+o om +emooa, ece omo no oo.iue :acmu ooeaoru
50
.

3a mnnyry xenmnnt n cpenem npoxoxr 78 merpon, a myxunnt 74,5 merpa.
H1o canrae1 ontme xanopnn omunmn er nnn ax1nnnan xota?
Xorx oxonuarentnoe pemenne no +romy nonpocy nce eme ne ntneceno, nosmoxno,
+ro nce-raxn xota. Hpn xote marn onee xoporxne, a paora pyxamn
nponcxonr onee axrnnno. Ho+romy na pannom paccroxnnn npn xote nmn
paoramr ontme.
K1o xon1 mc1pee uyaunnm nnn aenmnnm?
Kaxercx, na +ror pas mxu na cropone xenmnn. Koporxne, tcrpte marn
noxptnamr ontmee paccroxnne, uem nnnnte n neroponnnnte. urot oxasart,
uro xenmnnt xoxr tcrpee myxunn, ynnnepcnrer n Mnnnecore nponen
nccneonannx n ntxcnnn, uro sa mnnyry xenmnnt n cpenem npoxoxr 78
merpon, a myxunnt 74,5 merpa.
3a npomnt ro nt npomnn npnmepno 2525 xnnomerpon. H +ro es yuera
ononnnrentntx rpennponox nnn nporpamm ynpaxnenn
51
.

Inana 11
Bny1pennne opranm

pennerpeuecxn pamarypr Co]oxn (495406 nn. o n. +.) xax-ro nanncan:
Mnoro uyec noxpyr, no nn ono ns nnx ne cpannnrcx c uenonexom. Hmn n
nnpany ynnnrentnte cosannx. uem rnyxe mt norpyxaemcx n nam
norpxcammn oprannsm, rem ontme nonnmaem, nacxontxo on ynnxanen.
Honnopxnsm +ro nannune n nonono c]epe myxunnt, xax mnnnmym, 3 xnuex.
H1o 1axoe ont?
Bce mt ee uyncrnyem, no uro ona coo npecrannxer? Bpaun onpeenxmr ont
xax ornocnrentno noxannsonannoe uyncrno ncxom]opra, neomoranne nnn
myunrentnoe omymenne, ncrounnxom xoroptx xnnxercx crnmynxnnx
onpeenenntx nepnntx oxonuann. Onaxo nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ont
ropaso onee cnoxnoe xnnenne.
Font neoxonma nx namero ntxnnannx. Ona cnyxnr samnrntm mexannsmom
cnoeopasno cnrnannsanne rena, no nosmoxnocrn yeperax nac or
upesntuano onacntx nnn axe cmeprentntx ]axropon. K npnmepy, ecnn mt
oxnraem nantnt cnnuxo, reno ronopnr nam: Fontme ne nonepra menx
nosecrnnm ntcoxnx remneparyp nnn xnerxn paspymarcx nancera.
Font neoxonma nx namero ntxnnannx. Ona cnyxnr samnrntm mexannsmom
cnoeopasno cnrnannsanne rena.
Mennnna onpeenxer, xax mnnnmym, 36 orentntx nnon onn. Horyrn nropo
crann poon conponoxamrcx coxpamennxmn marxn. Hapacrammax ont
nepnonuecxn nonropxmmaxcx xnasnpenmarnuecxax ont n xoneunocrxx,
cnocrnennax nopocrxam. Ocrpym, tcrpym ont nastnamr crpenxmme.
Ftnamr crpannte n nnora neoxcnnmte nnt onn. K npnmepy, ncrounnxom
onn npn cnnpome ]anromno xoneunocrn npecrannxercx ra uacrt rena,
xoropym xora-ro amnyrnponann. Hexoropte nnt onn nasnant no nmenn
nme. Font Fpoyn nosnnxaer n cxnaxe xoxn nonnsocrn or cycrana,
nonepxennoro nenpanrnn. Font Bapxo nonnxaer npn penmarnsme xnuxa. H r.
.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ont ne npocro peaxrnnnt orner rena.
Vnnnrentno, no cymecrnyer ornocnrentnax nesanncnmocrt onn or cocrnenno
naronornuecxnx nponeccon, nponcxoxmnx n oprannsme. Mnorouncnennte
nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ont moxno cnnsnrt nnaneo (nexapcrnom,
nnmenntm xaxnx t ro nn tno nexapcrnenntx nemecrn). Taxxe ee moxno
ycnnnrt, ncnontsyx noneo (onacnoe mennnncxoe neuenne). Taxoe
emoncrpnponanoct ne onn pas
1
. Fonente crnmynt nnexyr sa coo pasnnunoe
noneenne n sanncnmocrn or nospacra, ncnxonornuecxoro craryca, rnna rpynnt, x
xoropo npnnanexnr uenonex (x npnmepy, pennrnosno omnnt),
omecrnennoro nonoxennx nnn xyntrypt.
Oem onn, pacnpeenennt no 9 pasnnuntm rnnam, onpeoe.emc euvmpu
rourpemuo rv.imvpi. Tax ronopxr na ncnxonora ns ynnnepcnrera Anteprt,
oxropa xennc n Poepr Mopc, nccneonanmne nme uertpex +rnnuecxnx
rpynn, xnnymnx n 3anano Kanae: rarrepnron, nocrountx nnenen,
yxpannnen n xanacxnx anrno]onon. Hccneonanne onapyxnno, uro xaxax ns
uertpex rpynn no-pasnomy nsmepxer n pearnpyer na 9 rnnon onentx crnmynon
2
.
Xenyount cox nacrontxo exn, uro cnocoen pacrnopnrt rnost.
Taxnm opasom, ont +ro ne rontxo namn nepnt, no n nam nnunt ontr
3
.
H1o 1axoe cuex?
unsnonornuecxn cmex npecrannxer coo cepnm cnasmarnuecxnx n oruacrn
nenponsnontntx ntoxon c neotuno noxannsanne, uame ncero yxastnammnx
na cocroxnne necentx. Hnora cmex noxnnxercx xax ncrepnuecxax peaxnnx nnn
pe]nexropnt orner na mexorxy. Otxnonennt cmex tnaer nyx nnon:
cepxannt n ncxpennn; nx xaxoro ns nnx ecrt npnunna. Henopmantnt
cmex tnaer rpex rnnon: nanxsunnt, ntnyxennt n npnrnopnt; y +rnx
pasnonnnocre npnunnt ner.
V otunoro uenonexa nacunrtnaercx or 40 o 50 mnnnnapon xnpontx xnerox.

Camax ontmax rpynax xnerxa n mnpe npnnanexana Poepry 3pny Xtmsy ns
Hnnnnoca n CBA. B oxnare ona cocrannxna 3,15 merpa. Ko nm cnoe cmeprn n
1958 roy rpnnarnnyxnernn Xtms necnn nourn nonronnt 484 xnnorpamma.
Ero noxoponnnn n rpoy pasmepom c xmnx nx ynaxonxn poxnx.

Marxa, nnn uterus, +ro opran, or narnncxoro nasnannx xoroporo opasonano
cnono ncrepnx.

Innnoxpar, pennerpeuecxn oren mennnnt, cunran, uro nnocxorpyax xenmnna
cmoxer ynennunrt cnom rpyt, ecnn yer mnoro n rpomxo nert.
H1o nponcxon1 c uonu oprannsuou, xora n cuemct?
Kora nt conpaerect sacmexrtcx, n mosr nocrynamr nepnnte nmnyntct, xoropte
crnmynnpymr xnmnuecxne peaxnnn n xnerxax mosra n ncero rena. K npnmepy,
nama +noxpnnnax cncrema moxer saxasart ntpaorxy rpanxnnnnsaropon n
oneyronxmmnx nemecrn. Cmex nnnxer na cnnres xomnonenron, cnococrnymmnx
nnmenapennm, coxpamammnx n paccnanxmmnx aprepnn, ynyumammnx
xponoopamenne. Bosmoxno, cmex n ne camoe +]]exrnnnoe nexapcrno, no yx
rouno ono ns camtx npnxrntx.
Heuent camax ontmax xenesa uenoneuecxoro oprannsma.

3a cnom xnsnt nt ceaere 30 000 xnnorpammon et +ro cocrannxer nec
npnmepno 6 cnonon.

Hont ntcrnnammn xenyox cno cnnsn nponsnonrcx xaxte 2 neenn,
naroapx uemy xenyount cox ne nepenapnnaer nnyrpennmm nonepxnocrt
+roro oprana.

Xenyount cox nacrontxo exn, uro cnocoen pacrnopnrt rnost.
Hpana nn, u1o cuex nonoan1entno nnnne1 na soponte n aae uoae1 nac nmneun1t?
oxrop Hopman Kasenc n cnoe xnnre Auamo+u Bo.esuu e Bocnpumuu
Haueuma (1979) yrnepxaer, uro cmex nomor emy nepnyrt soponte
4
. Ero
cnnerentcrna tnn nacrontxo ynnnrentntmn, uro nexoropte ontnnnt renept
nmemr nnnorexn cmexa nneosanncn, nomorammne nannenram uame
cmexrtcx na nyrn x ntsoponnennm, a raxxe oprannsymr nanart necentx,
ocoenno n ercxnx orenennxx.
Ecnn oparnrtcx x noxnmnn, ro cmex noannxer nponsnocrno xoprnsona,
xoropt, xax nsnecrno, noannxer nmmynnym cncremy oprannsma.

Horonopxa rnacnr, uro ecnn xaxt ent cmexrtcx, ro n npau ne nonaonrcx.
Horonopxa rnacnr, uro ecnn xaxt ent cmexrtcx, ro n npau ne nonaonrcx.
Hpana nn, uro cmex onaaer nennrentno cnno?
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro, xora mt cmeemcx, nontmaercx omen nemecrn,
crnmynnpyercx mtmeunax rxant, a n xpont ntpactnaercx mnoxecrno
xnmnuecxnx nemecrn, nonesntx nx oprannsma. Hocmexnmnct, uenonex ne rontxo
uyncrnyer cex paccnanenntm, on moxer npeynpenrt enpeccnm, cepeunte
saonenannx, a raxxe nontcnrt conpornnnxemocrt onn. Tenept amepnxancxne
nccneonarenn nonaramr, uro cmex cnocoen yxpennxrt nmmynnym cncremy.
3ro tno npoemoncrpnponano +xcnepnmenrantno. B onom raxom +xcnepnmenre,
nponeennom oxropom K+rnnn nnnon ns 3ananoro xonnexa Hono Anrnnn n
Cnpnrn]nne, n mrare Maccauycerc, cryenron-oponontnen pasennnn na ne
rpynnt. Ono rpynne nopyunnn cmorpert opasonarentnt ]nntm es necentx
cnen. pyrax rpynna cmorpena sannct xomenno nporpammt Pnuapa Hpaopa.
oxrop nnnon onapyxnna, uro xonnenrpannx cnmnnoro nmmynornoynnna A
(IgA) (anrnrena, cnxsannoro c conpornnnxemocrtm pecnnparopntm saonenannxm
nepxnnx txarentntx nyre) snaunrentno nontmanact y nme, cmorpenmnx
mmopncrnuecxym nepeauy
5
.
Ho cnonam oxropa Hn C. Fepxa, nmmynonora mennnncxoro orenennx
ynnnepcnrera Homa Hnna n Kann]opnnn,ompuame.iuie o+ouu +oevm
vnpae.mi u++vuuo cucme+o, uo menepi cuo, :mo ue:mo noooouoe oe.amm u
no.orume.iuie o+ouu. Xorx nce +ro eme oraxn, oxrop Fepx ynepen, uro
cmex sanycxaer n oprannsme npocro noxnmnuecxn nponecc, nmemmn
ornomenne x nponsnocrny xoprnsona. Kopmuso. nooae.em u++vuumem u
oo.aoaem oepo+ui+ e.uuue+ ua u++vuuvm cucme+v. C+ex cuuraem vpoeeui
ropmuso.a, noseo. armueusupoeami uumep.eruu-2 u opveue vrpen.muue
u++vuumem eeuecmea.
Cmex cnnxaer yponent xoprnsona, nosnonxx axrnnnsnponart nnrepnexnn-2 n
pyrne yxpennxmmne nmmynnrer nemecrna.
Bosmoxnocrn nexapcrnenno cnnt cmexa yxe nauann nnocnrt nsmenennx n
paory ono ns rnanntx ontnnn no xpane mepe, +xcnepnmenrantno.
Konymncxn npecnnrepnancxn nenrp n Htm-Hopxe oprannsonan y cex nnpx
Fontmoro noxa xomany xnoynon. Fnaroapx nm, n xnsnn nannenron
nocroxnno npncyrcrnyer cmex. K npnmepy, npo]eccnonantnte xnoynt naenamr
ente ontnnunte xanart n pasesxamr no nanaram na ponnxax. Onn rax n
ctnnmr myrxamn n npnayrxamn. Hv-ra, oaea noc+ompu+, raroeo eema v
meo rpoei, ronopnr raxo xnoyn n aer manentxomy nannenry menox n antom
nx pncynxon. Tax nnn nnaue, sopontm ontntx ne npennn axe neyaunte
myrxn.
Hnxro noxa rouno ne snaer, ecrnnrentno nn cmex cnocoen samennrt npaua.
Onaxo cnona xnaccnuecxo necnn Crnnena 3onxema npnnnmamr nont cmtcn:
onesnt moxer crart npemenem, xora nopa noci.ami sa r.ovua+u
6
.
B noxenyouno xenese ecrt yuacrox no nasnannem ocrponxn Hanrepranca.

Otunt amepnxanen xonr n ryaner oxono 6 pas n ent (no pasntm npnunnam).

75 % uenoneuecxnx ncnpaxnenn cocrannxer noa.

Camo ontmo mtmne uenoneuecxoro rena xnnxercx xronunax mtmna.
Bosmoxno, ona xe n camax cnntnax ecnn ocnontnartcx na rom, uro oem npxmo
nponopnnonanen cnne.

Camo nnnno mtmne namero oprannsma xnnxercx mtmna epa.

Kaxt ro n renax nannenron ontnnn CBA ocraercx npnmepno 1500
xnpyprnuecxnx nncrpymenron. uame ncero x +rnm nannenram ornocxrcx nonnte
nmn, nocxontxy n nx renax ontme npocrpancrna.

uenonex cxnraer npnmepno na 7 % ontme xanopn, marax no xecrxo semne, a
ne no ac]antry.

Bspocnt uenonex enaer npnmepno 23 000 noxon n ent.

Fontmnncrno nme moryr necrn na cee nec, npnmepno pannt nx
cocrnennomy. A nor mypane moxer ramnrt na cee npemer, necxmn npnmepno
n 100 pas ontme, uem on cam.

Otunt uenonex ntnnnaer n ent npnmepno 2,4 nnrpa not. Hs +roro oema
1,4 nnrpa mt nonyuaem c nnrtem, a 1 nnrp c eo.

Ecnn copart nmecre ncm mouy, xoropym uenoneuecrno nponsnonr n reuenne nx,
ro ns nee nonyunrcx nanarnmnnyrnt Hnarapcxn noona.

Hopocrxn n 2 pasa uame saonenamr npocryo, uem nmn crapme 50 ner.
Houeuy n cuemct, xora nmxam necennmnn ras?
Becenxmn ras ynpomennoe nasnanne saxncn asora. ecrnne +roro rasa tno
orxptro n 1772 roy pnrancxnm yuentm xose]om Hpncrnn (17331804).
Kpome roro, Hpncrnn tn onnm ns yuentx, orxptnmnx xncnopo. Btxanne
saxncn asora ntstnaer omymenne ymepenno +]opnn. 3ro nerxoe necente crano
mono nonnnxo na enponecxnx neuepnnxax XIX cronernx. Xorx X+m]pn +nn
(17781829) ormeuan, uro saxnct asora noxnpyer ont n noromy moxer trt
nonesna xnpypram n xauecrne anecresnn, rontxo n 40-e rot XIX nexa ona namna
cnoe npnmenenne n mennnne. o +roro n xauecrne oneyronxmmero cpecrna
ncnontsonannct camte pasnte nemecrna: anxoront, onnym, manparopa. 3axnct
asora npnmenxercx o cnx nop, ocoenno n cromaronornn.
Camo nnnno mtmne namero oprannsma xnnxercx mtmna epa.
3axnct asora onn ns mnornx rason, ecrnymmnx xax oesonnnammee
cpecrno. Opasno ronopx, on norpyxaer nepnnym cncremy n pemory, raxnm
opasom orxnmuax cosnanne n nsannxx or onn. 3axnct asora cnnxaer
xonnuecrno nepenocnmoro xpontm xncnopoa. Hpn napymennn xncnoponoro
omena (rnnoxcnx) mt uyncrnyem +]opnm n necente.
Henoe nerxoe mentme npanoro, xax yro ycrynaer mecro nx cepna.

Exenenno uenonex ntenxer raxo oem renna, xoroporo xnarnr, urot
ncxnnxrnrt 30 nnrpon nexno not.
Houeuy y uenn mnae1 uopcxan onesnt?
Ee ocrarouno, urot nac ntpnano! Xorx na +ror cuer cymecrnyer mnoxecrno
reopn, cnennanncrt cxoxrcx n onom onn ne moryr o xonna pasopartcx, uro
xe nmenno ee ntstnaer. Ocoenno nnrepecno, nouemy onn nmn cnntnee
noamrcx mopcxo onesnn, uem pyrne. Tomnora, nenocrt, pnora, nor n
rononoxpyxenne nce +ro ee xonapnte npnsnaxn. Hpnmepno 90 % ns nac
ncntrano mopcxym onesnt xorx t pas n xnsnn
7
.

Hpnmepno 90 % ns nac ncntrano mopcxym onesnt xorx t pas n xnsnn.
oxrop Moxame Xamn, cnennanncr no paccrpocrnam necrnynxpnoro annapara
ns Knnnnencxo xnnnnuecxo acconnannn n Orao, yrnepxaer, uro mopcxax
onesnt moxer ncxonrt ns onoro ns nyx ncrounnxon. Ona ornocnrcx nno x
nponemam no nnyrpennem yxe (ynpannxmmem pannonecnem), nno x nponemam n
nenrpantno nepnno cncreme (nepnntx nmnyntcon nnxenn ronont n rena n
mosr). Cornacno +ro reopnn, xnxocrt ntnnecxnnaercx ononpemenno uepes
rpn nonyxpyrntx ymntx xanana. Hs-sa +roro n mosr nocrynamr npornnopeunnte
cnrnant, n nponcxonr napymenne pannonecnx, xoropoe conponoxamr rpenora,
crpecc n cnaocrt
8
.
B Australian DR Weekly nponnrnponant cnona oxropa Cecnna V.
x.*censored*ra, tnmero npecearenx Amepnxancxo axaemnn
oronapnnronornn: Muoeue.mou cmpaoamm om +opcro oo.esuu nomo+v, :mo eo
epe+ nvmeuecmeu suaro+ie u+ cnocooi opueumauu uapvueui. K
npnmepy, roeoa peoeuor :umaem e +auuue, euvmpeuuee vxo qurcupvem
oeureuue +auuui, oouaro e.asa euom mo.iro .ucmi
ruueu. oxrop*censored*r pexomenyer npn mopcxo onesnn nserart cnntntx
sanaxon n xnpno nnn ocrpo nnmn
9
.
oxrop Kenner Kox, racrpo+nreponor ns Mennnncxoro nenrpa*censored*mn n
Hencnntnannn, cunraer, uro, cxopee ncero, cymecrnyer ren mopcxo onesnn, +ro
oxcnxer, nouemy onn nmn onee cxnonnt x ne, uem pyrne. 3ro mnenne
ocnonano na neannnx anannsax nepnennnonntx, nenponornuecxnx n
ropmonantntx xomnonenron +roro manonpnxrnoro xenyounoro napymennx
10
.
urot cxeut 1 xnnorpamm xnpa, nyxno nporn 120 xnnomerpon.
oxrop Ho+nt Ko+n, cnennanncr-oronapnnronor ns Htm-Hopxcxoro
ynnnepcnrera, oannxer, uro nmn, nonepxennte mopcxo onesnn, onxnt
ontme tmart cnexnm nosyxom n ne ynorpenxrt npoyxron, coepxamnx
anxoront n xo]enn. B ceptesntx cnyuaxx on pexomenyer nexapcrna n nne
ranerox nnn nnacrtpx.
oxrop Iapont Cnntnepman, xnnnnuecxn ]apmaxonor ns Htm-Hopxa n anrop
necxontxnx xnnr no sopontm, coneryer cneymmee.
B camonere craparect sannmart cnente pxom c xptntxmn.
B nnanannn ocranarect na nanye nnxe x cepenne xopanx n ne cmorpnre na
nonnt.
B noese, n anroyce nnn n mamnne craparect cnert no xoy nnxennx n
cocpeorouenno cmorpnre npxmo.
He unrare no npemx nyremecrnnx.
Hserare rxxeno nnmn n anxoronx.
Ecnn nt npnnnmaere nexapcrna or mopcxo onesnn, cenare +ro, xax mnnnmym,
sa nonuaca o nauana noesxn, a no npemx noesxn npnnnmare ero xaxte 46
uacon
11
.
Tem ne menee oxrop Kenner apnx, cnennanncr no nnyrpennemy yxy n
ynnnepcnrere Bxont omecrnennoro sopontx Konnexrnxyra, npeynpexaer,
uro or mopcxo onesnn nexapcrn eme ne nsopereno. Hyumee, uro moxno
cenart n raxo cnryannn, +ro nce crepnert, nocxontxy nepenocnmocrt
mopcxo onesnn ceptesno naptnpyercx or onoro uenonexa x pyromy
12
.
urot cxeut 1 xnnorpamm xnpa, nyxno nporn 120 xnnomerpon.
Houeuy nmn, npnnnuammne o1 cepeunmx saonenannn nn1pornnnepnn, ne nspmnam1cn?
Jearvau! Jearvau! B rapouo.oeu:ecro+ pevmc oo+oi!

Bce mt snaem, uro nnrpornnnepnn upesntuano nsptnoonacnoe nemecrno. 3ro
necranntnt xnmnuecxn xoxrent ns yrnepoa, noopoa, asora n xncnopoa.
Hnrpornnnepnn, xoropt nannenrt-cepeunnxn npnnnmamr n nne ranerox,
ecrnyer nenocpecrnenno na crenxn xponenocntx cocyon. Onaxo, no cnonam
oxropa Tomaca Poeprcona, rnant orena cepeuntx saonenann
Hannonantnoro nncrnryra cepna, nerxnx n xponn npn Hannonantnom nncrnryre
sopontx CBA, xonnuecrno n xonnenrpannx nnrpornnnepnna n noontx
nexapcrnax cnnmxom mana, urot onn crann nsptnoonacntmn, axe ecnn nannenr
npnmer cpasy mnoro nexapcrna n yer nptrart.
oxrop Poeprcon oannxer, uro nnrpornnnepnn pacmeopeu e uano.uume.e
mao.emru n x romy momenry, xax noe.ouaemc opeauus+o+, uaxooumc e
uu:moruo roueumpauu. Ou pacuupem cocvoi, vee.u:uea nomor rpoeu r
cepov u oo.ee:a paoomv cepoa, nocro.irv cuuraem oae.euue
13
.
nnna name ronxo xnmxn moxer n 4 pasa npentmart nam pocr.

Bt uenonex nnn mtmt? Ha camom ene +ro ouent nenpocro nonpoc. 90 % namnx
renon nenrnunt renam mtmn.

Bnemnn nn uenoneuecxoro cymecrna snaunrentno menxercx or poxennx o 5
ner, sarem eme pas n 12 ner n n 30. uenonex menxercx n nepno or 50 o 80 ner n
or 80 o cmeprn. Otuno c 30 o 50 ner nnemnocrt ne ouent menxercx, xpome
onoro acnexra ynennunnaercx omn nec.
Hpana nn, u1o anxoront corpenae1 n xononym noroy?
Jmo eonpoc Ipeea Hvraca us auoaca, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Hecmorpx na pacnpocrpanennoe yexenne, nepno oparnoe. Ho cnonam
]apmaxonora oxropa Poxepa Manxenx, nopmantnax samnrnax peaxnnx
oprannsma na xono cyxenne xponenocntx cocyon. Cyxenne xponenocntx
cocyon samenxer xponoopamenne, raxnm opasom coxpanxercx renno, a
xoneunocrn cranonxrcx uyrt xononee, ncx +neprnx nanpannxercx na cnacenne
xnsnenno naxntx nnyrpennnx opranon. Anxoront pacmnpxer xponenocnte
cocyt, ntstnax y nexoroptx nme noxpacnenne xoxn n nenaonro anax nm
omymenne renna, nocxontxy xpont npnnnnaer x nonepxnocrn rena.

90 % renon uenonexa nenrnunt renam mtmn.
Onaxo nocne +roro oprannsm naunnaer repxrt snaunrentno ontme renna.
Anxorontnte nannrxn ntnyxamr reno paorart npornn cex n n xoneunom cuere
sacrannxmr nac mepsnyrt. Moxer, nyume nmecro +roro naert rennte
napexxn?
14,15

Hs namero rena ntramrcx ntpnartcx napyxy 22 ronnt armoc]epnoro annennx.
Ecnn t ero ne tno, nac t momenrantno cannno n nenemxy. Cnapyxn na nac
anxr re xe 22 ronnt armoc]epnoro annennx. Ecnn t ne tno ero, nt t
nsopnannct.

Ecnn uenonex necnr 68 xnnorpammon, npnmepno 43 ns nnx cocrannxer noa.

Ona xnnax xnerxa onaaer ontmnm xonnuecrnom nonnxntx uacre, uem
nmax mamnna, xaxym xora-nno nsoperan uenonex.

Hpana nn, uro y acrponanron n xocmoce ne tnaer orptxxn? a, ecnn onn es
repmernsnponannoro xocrmma. A nor ecnn t onn oxasannct es cxa]anpa n
orxptrom xocmoce, nenosmoxnocrt orptrnyrt tna t mentme ns nponem nx
xpont saxnnena t.
Cxontxo nosyxa n nmxam n 1euenne roa?
Ho nocueram cnennanncron-]nsnonoron, sa onn ro namn nerxne ntxamr 4
582 181 nnrp nosyxa. Onaxo nor uro ronopnr oxrop +nn Bnaep: Ooi:uo
:e.oeer oe.aem npu+epuo 16 eooxoe e +uuvmv u c raroi+ us uux eoupaem
npu+epuo 500 +u..u.umpoe eosovxa. Ec.u ei v+uorume omo ua ro.u:ecmeo
+uuvm e cvmrax, mo no.v:umc npu+epuo 11 520 .umpoe eosovxa e oeui. Hv u uv,
omo eeoi cmo.iro eop:eeo eosovxa!
16

Bosyx, xoropt otunt uenonex exenenno ntxaer, necnr n 7 pas ontme,
uem ncx ea n noa, xoropym on ynorpenn n reuenne nx.
Cxontxo yrnexncnoro rasa eaerono nmmxae1 n a1uocqepy omunmn uenonex? nnocn1 nn +1o snaunumn nxna n napnnxonmn +qqex1?
Jmo eonpoc Bappu Beueoommu us Cuoeuxo+a, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Kora uenonex 70 xnnorpammon neca ne nnxercx, ro xaxym mnnyry on
nttxaer uerneprt nnrpa yrnexncnoro rasa. Hpnmepno 1 nnrp n mnnyry on
nttxaer no npemx otuno noncenenno exrentnocrn n ontme 2 nnrpon n
mnnyry npn axrnnno ]nsnuecxo narpysxe, nanpnmep npn ere nnn sanxrnxx
a+ponxo.

Ecnn uenonex necnr 68 xnnorpammon, npnmepno 43 ns nnx cocrannxer noa.
3roro neocrarouno, urot nnecrn snaunmt nxna n napnnxont +]]exr,
onycxax, uro uenonex npononr 8 uacon no cne n 16 uacon sannmaercx otuntmn
enamn. Ho cnonam oxropa xo+nx C. Henana ns HACA, norpenxx yrnexncnt
ras n nponecce ]orocnnresa, pacrnrentnocrt ornnuno cnpannxercx c ro
yrnexncnoro, uro nponsnonrcx nmtmn n xnnorntmn, a raxxe opasymmecx n
pesyntrare pasnoxennx xnnorntx rxane. Onaxo ecnn nt xaxt ent
npononre snaunrentnym uacrt npemenn, sannmaxct axrnnntmn ]nsnuecxnmn
ynpaxnennxmn, ro nnocnre n napnnxont +]]exr name nnanert ontme cnoe
otuno onn. 3ro ornnunt nono, urot ne xonrt n mxone na ]nsxyntrypy,
eme onn ro ne yuacrnonart n cemenom mapa]one Sun n Herald nnn ocranartcx
omoceom (n unrart +ry xnnry) uyrt ontme
17,18
.
uem crapme mt cranonnmcx, rem menennee tmnm.

1 ns 20 uenonex nnxora ne npocryxaercx. B mnpe cymecrnymr nmn, xoropte ne
nonepxent otuno npocrye n n nenom onaamr ornnuno nmmynno
cncremo.

B ono n ro xe npemx moxno nmert 2 pasntx nna npocryt, ntsnannte 2
pasnnuntmn nnpycamn.
Houeuy, xora y uenn npoc1ya nnn rpnnn, naunnae1cn nnxopaxa, n no1em n nce uoe 1eno noun1?
Jmo eonpoc Mapra Tepuepa us Bpe Hapra, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Hnxopaxa, nor, nomora n rene n pyrne cnmnromt nena, xoropym nt nnarnre sa
ro, uro nam oprannsm opercx c nn]exnne. Kora nnpyc npocryt nnn rpnnna
oxastnaercx n xponenocno cncreme, oprannsm ntenxer nnrep]epon,
nnrepnexnn, npocrarnannn n pyrne xomnonenrt nmmynno samnrt.

Ecnn onn ns cynpyron saonen rpnnnom, n 38 % cnyuaen nropo noxnarnr ror
xe nnpyc.
3ro n xnnxercx npnunno nnxopaounoro cocroxnnx, npn xoropom napymaercx
nponecc meraonnsma, ynennunnaercx xponocnaxenne rex onacre rena,
xoropte nyxamrcx n +rom, n cnnxaercx ram, re npnrox xponn ne nyxen.
Ho+romy no npemx npocryt nnn rpnnna uacrnuno orxnmuamrcx ymcrnennax
exrentnocrt n ]nsnuecxax xoopnnannx. B xnnnnuecxnx +xcnepnmenrax
cnmnromt rpnnna noxnnxmrcx npn nneennn n oprannsm nepeuncnenntx ntme
xomnonenron nmmynno samnrt. Vuente ne snamr, nouemy nce +rn cnmnromt
neoxonmt nx optt c nnpycom. Onn moryr xnnxrtcx uacrtm xaxoro-ro
mexannsma namnx anexnx npexon, xoropt n name npemx ne rpeyercx.
Hsnecrno, uro mnorne nnpyct nornamr no npemx xapa, xora remneparypa rena
nontmaercx na 12 rpayca, uro nomoraer paspymnrt nnpyc npexe, uem on
paspymnr xnerxn uenonexa
19
.
Ecnn onn ns cynpyron saonen rpnnnom, n 38 % cnyuaen nropo noxnarnr ror
xe nnpyc.

B nonpoce npocryt cymecrnyer renepnoe panencrno. Mantunxn npocryxamrcx
uame enouex, no xenmnnt uame myxunn.

Bt moxere ntpaorart nmmynnrer x nnpycy, ntstnammemy npocryy, onaxo ee
nosynrenxmn xnnxmrcx cornn nnpycon. Ecnn nt saonenn, noman onn ns nnx,
ro o xonna xnsnn ntpaoraere x nemy nmmynnrer.
Houeuy, xora n npoc1yaamct, 1o xyae ncero uync1nym cen noutm?
Houtm nt nourn ncera uyncrnyere cex ycranmnm n yromnenntm. Onaxo
sanoxennocrt noca ecrnnrentno cnntnee noutm. Oruacrn +ro nmeer ornomenne
x namemy crapomy pyry semnomy npnrxxennm. Fonex, uame ncero nt nexnre n
pexo ncraere c nocrenn. Haxoxct n nexauem nonoxennn n mano nnraxct, nt
naxonrect n cocroxnnn, npn xoropom xnxocrn rxane n xpont nocrynamr n
ronony n ontmem oeme, uem xora nt cronre. Hmenno no+romy, ntsopannnnax
nocne npocryt, nt uyncrnyere cex nyume, xora nonnmaerect n xonre.
Bt ne moxere npocrynrtcx na Cenepnom n Rxnom nonmcax. Honxpnte
remneparypt raxne nnsxne, uro otunte nnpyct ram nonpocry ne ntxnnamr.

Cymecrnyer crontxo nnpycon otuno npocryt, uro reopernuecxn nosmoxno
npocryxartcx xaxt ro, ne saonenax naxt ono n ro xe
pasnonnnocrtm.

Mtmnt uenonexa nponsnoxr raxo oem renna, xoroporo xnarnno t na ro,
urot xnnxrnrt no 1 nnrpy not n uac.
Houeuy 1enno cunruae1 ont?
Jmo eonpoc Buuceuma B.ora us Aeora Bu:, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.
Bo mnornx ornomennxx namn uyncrna omantnamr mosr n naoopor. Ho cnonam
oxropa ann+nx Xyxepa ns orenennx ]nsnuecxo repannn ynnnepcnrera
Cenepno Kaponnnt n uenen Xnnn, pasmemax nnemnne ncrounnxn renna na
ontno uacrn rena, nt crnmynnpyere uyncrnnrentnte penenropt, uepes xoropte
npoxonr coomenne x nenrpam mosra o rom, uro remneparypa nsmennnact. 3ror
ornnexammn manenp nosnonxer cnnsnrt ont, no ne cnxrt ee oxonuarentno.
Kora reno aanrnpyercx x onee ntcoxo remneparype, nam nyxno npoonxart
corpenart +ro mecro, urot cmxrunrt nocnpnxrne onentx penenropon.
Hcnontsyx renno, nt oxnaere ynyumennx camouyncrnnx, uro otuno n
nponcxonr.
B uenoneuecxom rene naxonrcx onee 639 mtmn.

Cnoprnnnte menxn, paorammne n onacrn rxxeno arnernxn, yrnepxamr, uro
rpeyercx n 2 pasa ontme npemenn na ro, urot mtmna yrparnna nont oem
no cpannennm c rem npemenem, sa xoropoe naxauana ee.

Crepont tnn nsoperent n Iepmannn no npemena npannennx nanncron ne
rontxo nx napamnnannx mtmn, no n nx nontmennx arpeccnnnocrn.
nn uero npaun c1yua1 no uoen cnnne no npeun ocneonannn?
Cnpocnre o +rom nmoro repanenra nocryuan no cnnne, npau camtm npocrtm,
tcrptm, ementm, esonesnenntm n naexntm cnocoom ysnaer o cocroxnnn
namnx nerxnx, n nx +roro ne nonaonrcx axe penrrenoncxn cnnmox.
B uenoneuecxom rene naxonrcx onee 639 mtmn.
Kaxoe nerxoe naxonrcx n nnenpantno nonocrn n sanonneno nosyxom. Txant
nerxoro raxxe nactmena nosyxom. Kora npau cryunr no cnnne nnn no rpyno
xnerxe, snyxonax nonna npoxonr uepes nosyx. Ho nnora +ror snyx npoxonr
uepes pyrym cpey, n rora on moxer trt rycxntm, nnocxnm nnn xaxnm-ro
pyrnm. 3ro osnauaer, uro n nerxnx ecrt xnxocrt nnn xaxax-nno nnornax macca.
B mennnncxom nncrnryre namemy repanenry paccxastnann, xaxne snyxn
nosnnxamr n rom nnn nnom cnyuae.
Houeuy ypun1 n anno1e?
Vpuanne n xnnore menxn nastnamr borborygmus. Mnoxecrnennoe uncno
borborygmi. Ho cnonam oxropa Maxna Onxena, +ro cnono tno npnymano
pennnmn rpexamn n crpemnennn nmnrnponart snyx, xoropt nponsnonrcx
xenyxom rononoro uenonexa.
Mtmnt xenyxa coxpamamrcx xaxte 75115 mnnyr.
Mtmnt xenyxa coxpamamrcx xaxte 75115 mnnyr. 3rn pnrmnuecxne
coxpamennx noont nonnam, narxrnnammnm n paccnanxmmnm nonocrt
xenyxa. Kora n ne ner nnmn, coepxnmoe xenyxa (xenyount cox,
xenyounte rast n nosyx) nnxercx nnyrpn, cosanax ypuamn snyx. Kora n
xenyxe ecrt ea, ona racnr +ror snyx, npnxnmax coepxnmoe x crenxam
nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra. Hexoropte npaun cunramr, uro nnxenne n xenyxe
moryr cosanart axe mtcnn o ee. pyrne nonaramr, uro snyxn xenyxa moryr
trt npnpontm nanomnnannem o rom, uro nam neoxonmo noecrt. Ho cnonam
oxropa Hpyenc Pacnn, nonnt mtmeuntx coxpamenn raxxe nmemr cnoe
nasnanne: mnrpnpymmn mno+nexrpnuecxn xomnnexc
2026
.
H1o 1axoe poat n aenyxe?
Jmo eonpoc eopi Couuvc us Uunnuue Hopmoua, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

V namero xenyxa cymecrnyer necxontxo pasnnuntx peaxnn na nnemnne
crpecconte crnmynt. Onn ns nnx poxt n xenyxe, nosnnxammax, xora nt
nepnnnuaere. Bosmoxno, +ro nopmantnt +nemenr peaxnnn cpaxacx nnn ern,
cnxsannt c noroxom apenannna.
B 1940-e rot y nyx nnonepon-nccneonarene no nmenn Bont] n Bont]]
nosnnxna pexax nosmoxnocrt noounm nanmart ry camym poxt. V onoro ns
nx nannenron, conara, notnanmero na Bropo mnpono none, tna
nesaxnnammax pana n xenyxe, xoropax ntxonna na nonepxnocrt rena. Bont] n
Bont]] nanmann sa pesxnmn ]nsnonornuecxnmn nsmenennxmn, xora nannenr
noneprancx pasnoopasntm +monnonantntm crnmynam. Ecnn on cranxnnancx c
cnryanne, ntstnanme rpenory, y nero nonnxanoct ntenenne xenyounoro
coxa, ymentmanoct xponocnaxenne xenyxa n menxnact amnnnrya mtmeuntx
coxpamenn xenyxa poxt tna camo nacroxme.
oxrop xo xopx saxnmuaer: Koeoa e re.vore ua:uuaemc opori,
cmpauuoe ouvueuue, romopoe ee conpoeoroaem, eosuuraem us-sa rpoeu,
nv.icupvmue om re.vora no uanpae.euum r eauu+ +iua+
21
,
28
.
Hpana nn, u1o y nac n aenyxe ec1t uosr?
3namennrt oxrop nn 3enn paccxasan cnonm panocnymarenxm o nocnennx
nccneonannxx, naroapx xoroptm ntxcnnnoct, uro y namero xenyxa ecrt
cocrnennt mosr. On oxcnxer: Mi npueir.u ov+ami, :mo eo.oeuo +ose
noci.aem no uepeui+ eo.orua+ cueua.i uaue+v re.vorv, a re.voor noci.aem
cueua.i e +ose, u mar ouu paoomamm. Oouaro e oouo+ us cee+eumoe cnuuuoeo
+osea +i oouapvru.u uepei, uanp+vm esau+ooecmevmuue c re.voro+ ua
vpoeue peq.ercoe. Jmo osua:aem, :mo, ec.u, r npu+epv, ei nepepereme cnuuuo
+ose eoe-mo ua vpoeue ueu, re.voor ovoem vnpae.mic ceou+ coocmeeuui+
nv:ro+ uepeoe. Jmu peq.ermopuie corpaueuu u qop+upvmm opori e
re.vore
29
.

Bama neuent n 4 pasa rxxenee cepna.
Hpana nn, u1o, ecnn nn1t nennym noy, uoano cnnsn1t nec?
B onpeenennom cmtcne a. Hexnax noa cxnraer ontme xanopn, uem otunax
nnrtenax. 3ro nponcxonr noromy, uro oprannsm nporpenaer ncm ey n noy,
xoropym mt ynorpenxem, o nopmantno remneparypt rena, a nx +ro paort
nyxna +neprnx. Bnpouem, xonnuecrno xanopn, xoropte npn +rom cxnramrcx,
nenennxo, no+romy cama no cee nexnax noa ne cnnmxom noxonr nx
nporpammt cnnxennx neca
30
.
Moae1 nn m1t 1ax, u1o uon rpyt sauepsne1 n o1nann1cn?
H orxya epyrcx +rn ropocxne nerent? Pasymeercx, nce name reno moxer
samepsnyrt, ecnn yer ocrarouno onro ncntrtnart nosecrnne remneparypt
nnxe -35,5 rpayca no Hentcnm. uro xacaercx namnx rpye, ro npn nnsxo
remneparype samepsamr ne crontxo onn, cxontxo rpynte nmnnanrart.
Cnennanncrt oxcnxmr, uro cnnnxononte nmnnanrart rpyn naunnamr
samepsart npnmepno npn -67,8 rpayca no Hentcnm. Hpn raxo remneparype nama
rpyt pncxyer ynacrt ns-sa roro, uro nmnnanrart cranyr xecrxnmn, xax xament, n
ynennuarcx n nece, a rxann n mtmnt rpyn moryr oxasartcx neocrarouno
cnntntmn, urot npornnocroxrt rpannrannn. Onaxo, ecnn nt oxaxerect ram,
re remneparypa -67,8 rpaycon, ro, cxopee ncero, tcrpo nornnere, n ynanmax
rpyt yer camo nesnaunrentno ns namnx nponem
31
.
uem ntme nt xnnere ornocnrentno yponnx mopx, rem nnxe manct saonert
paxom.
Houeuy uoe 1eno noepannae1 1eunepa1ypy n 37 rpaycon?
B namem rene nocroxnno nponcxoxr xaxne-ro xnmnuecxne peaxnnn meraonnsma.
Temneparypa renna, ntenxemoro npn omene nemecrn, cocrannxer npnmepno 37
rpaycon. Onaxo y orentntx nme n pasntx uenoneuecxnx omecrn
cymecrnymr napnannn rax nastnaemo nopmantno remneparypt.
ecxrnnernxmn cunranoct, uro nopmantnax remneparypa uenoneuecxoro rena
cocrannxer 37 rpaycon. Onaxo nocnenne mennnncxne nccneonannx noxasann,
uro nopmantnax remneparypa naxonrcx nnxe x 36,8 rpayca, n npeenax or
36,2 o 37,5 rpayca. Hopmantnax remneparypa naptnpyercx or ono
uenoneuecxo rpynnt x pyro. K npnmepy, nopmantnax remneparypa rena
xnonnen cocrannxer 36 rpaycon, a y ancrpannnen n amepnxannen ona pannxercx
37 rpaycam
32
.
Ho cnonam nexoroptx cnennanncron, remneparypa nantnen na norax yxastnaer na
cxopocrt namero omena nemecrn: rennte norn ntcoxn yponent
meraonnuecxnx peaxnn, xononte nnsxn.
Hpana nn, u1o n uory mc1pee cnnsn1t nec, npoannan n ropoe, pacnonoaennou nmme yponnn uopn?
B ropoax, naxoxmnxcx ntme yponnx mopx, ropaso mentme nme c
nstrountm necom, uem n ropoax, pacnonoxenntx na yponne mopx nnn nnxe.
Ona reopnx na +ror cuer rnacnr, uro na ontmo ntcore oprannuecxax rxant
tcrpee paspymaercx, uro npenxrcrnyer nponeccy xnpoornoxennx, a name reno
cxnraer ontme xanopn, ntpaartnax ro xe xonnuecrno +neprnn.
Bt cxnraere ontme xanopn, naxoxct n opcrnymmem cocroxnnn, nexenn no
cne.
Hpana nn, u1o n canram ontme xanopnn, naxonct n opc1nymmeu coc1onnnn, neaenn no cne, n n ueu pasnnna?
Bt cxnraere ontme xanopn, xora opcrnyere. K npnmepy, ecnn nt necnre
63,5 xnnorpamma, ro no cne cxnraere sa 1 mnnyry 1 xanopnm, a ecnn npocro
cnoxono cnnre (nanpnmep, unraere nnn cmorpnre renennsop), ro nonropt.
Ho nanmennxm npaue, nnrarent namero rena paoraer na +neprnn,
ntenenno npoyxramn, xoropte nt cenn nosanuepa.

Bama neuent n 4 pasa rxxenee cepna.

uem ntme nt xnnere ornocnrentno yponnx mopx, rem nnxe manct saonert
paxom.

B cpenem reno otunoro myxunnt ontme rena otuno xenmnnt n coepxnr
ontme not n mentme xnpa. 3ro ne npnunnt, no xoroptm myxunnt otuno
nyume xenmnn yepxnnamr n cee xnxocrn.

Vuente ne snamr, nouemy mexy 20 n 40 roamn xenmnnt ropaso uame myxunn
nanpamr nec.

Hpn nccneonannn moene, cnxnmnxcx na nxnaxax xypnana Hneo c 1979
no 1988 ro, onapyxnnoct, uro n cpenem onn necxr na 1319 % mentme
otuntx xenmnn.
H1o 1axoe cnnpou xponnuecxon yc1anoc1n n cymec1nye1 nn on na cauou ene?
Jmo eonpoc Huuoce To+ac us Couou Bo, Tac+auu.

Bce ontme n ontme cnennanncron-menxon nonaramr, uro cnnpom
xponnuecxo ycranocrn (CXV) ecrnnrentno cymecrnyer. CXV +ro crpannoe
saonenanne, xoropoe moxer nnrtcx or 6 mecxnen o necxontxnx ner. Ono
npoxnnxercx n pxe cnmnromon, x xoroptm ornocxrcx xpanee yromnenne, ont n
cycranax, norepx namxrn n pasnnunte nenponornuecxne nponemt. Mnorne
crpaammne or +roro saonenannx ne cnocont nopmantno xnrt n paorart.
Cunraercx, uro CXV ontnt npnmepno 200 000 ancrpannnen. uacro raxne nmn
cranxnnamrcx co cxenrnuecxnm ornomennem npaue n oxpyxammnx, xoropte ne
nepxr n cymecrnonanne noonoro saonenannx. Fontnte oxnamr nauana
nponeennx cnenn]nuecxnx anannson xponn, pas n nancera cnocontx
nornepnrt peantnocrt +roro cnnpoma.
Bce nnaxnte oonouxn, ntcrnnammne uenoneuecxoe reno, ntenxmr
ecrecrnennte anrnnornxn.
Hccneonarenn namnn cnoco narnocrnponart +ro rxxenoe, nsnypxmmee
paccrpocrno, npnuem cnyuano: nccneyx pyrym ranncrnennym onesnt
CHH. oxrop xe Henn c xonneramn onapyxnn xnacc uenoneuecxnx
nmmynntx xnerox, yxastnammnx na nannune CXV. Vnennuenne uncna +rnx
xnerox otuno ronopnr o nnpycno nn]exnnn. Xorx yuente n pantme naxonnn
noonte yxasarenn na nnpycnym axrnnnocrt, onn ne cmornn narn nnpyc,
ntstnammn +ro saonenanne. Komana oxropa Henn coomaer, uro y ncex 120
nporecrnponanntx nannenron c CXV nanmanact xponnuecxax axrnnannx
nmmynno cncremt, cnonno uenonex tn nonepxen ceptesno nnpycno
nn]exnnn. Fonee roro, xomana Henn onapyxnna nocneonarentno ntcoxn
yponent nnroroxcnuecxnx xnerox CD8. Onn npecrannxmr rnn uenoneuecxnx
nmmynntx xnerox, opmmnxcx c nn]exnne. Komana Henn cunraer, uro
nnroroxcnuecxne xnerxn CD8 xnnxmrcx ocnonntm rnnom xnerox,
axrnnnsnpymmnxcx no npemx saonenannx. Taxnm opasom onn xnnxmrcx
ynnxantntm nx CXV mapxepom, nocxontxy ne tnn onapyxent n xonrpontno
rpynne ns 80 uenonex, xoropte tnn nno sopont, nno crpaann or pyrnx
nsnecrntx saonenann. oxrop Henn cunraer, uro cnenn]nuecxne anannst
xponn, cnoconte onpeennrt nannune CXV, yxe ne sa ropamn. On
oannxer: Jmo cnocoo omoe.umi mex, rmo npocmo vcma., u mex, v roeo
npucvmcmevem u++vuua pearu cuuopo+a xpouu:ecro vcma.ocmu uurmo
eue ue cosoaea. uacmo.iro eceoxeamieamuux mecmoe. o.aeooap u+ +i
c+ore+ c onpeoe.euuocmim crasami, :mo omu naueumi uu:eeo ue
eiov+ieamm.
CXV +ro peantnocrt
33-36
.
4 ns 5 nme c xamnxmn n xenunom nystpe ne snamr, uro y nnx onn ecrt.
Houeuy 1ax cnoano nepecaanna1t xnmeunnx?
B nepecaxe ronxo xnmxn cymecrnymr rexnnuecxne cnoxnocrn. Tem ne menee
nx nme, ute xnsnn yrpoxamr saonenannx xnmeunnxa, nccneonarenn ns
Hnrrcyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera amr peantnym naexy. nnnmnct
nepnonpoxonamn n noono rexnnxe xnpyprnn, onn paspaorann nponeypy, o
xoropo n ne meurann eme na noxonennx nasa. Onn moryr nnanono
nepecaxnnart ronxym xnmxy. Hepecaxa ronxo xnmxn cnoxna, nocxontxy ona
nycrax n coepxnr rtcxun nnm]onnron ocnonno ]axrop, nnnxmmn na
orropxenne. Onaxo, necmorpx na cnoxnocrn, oxropom Anpeacom Haxncom n
ero xonneramn nponoxrcx ycnemnte nepecaxn +roro oprana
37
.
Xyte nmn nmemr xnmeunnx n 2 pasa ontme ro nopmt, uem rpeyer nx
]nsnonornx.

Bce nnaxnte oonouxn, ntcrnnammne uenoneuecxoe reno, ntenxmr
ecrecrnennte anrnnornxn.

Kora nt pasmnnaere ontxy uecnoxa, opasyercx cepocoepxamee coennenne
annnnnn. 3ror anrnnornx araxyer ne mxnnt axrepn n ecuncnennoe uncno
rpnxon.

Hmn, xoropte exr mnoro crpyuxonoro nepna, pexe crpaamr or cepeuntx
npncrynon, nn]apxron, rpomon n nponem c xponoopamennem. Cunraercx, uro
nemecrno n nepne, nonoxnrentno nnnxmmee na soponte, +ro xancannnn.

Bosmoxno, uro nonmnnnnona ancrpannnen ontnt naerom, no noxa o +rom ne
snamr.
Cxontxo nmn uory1 npoan1t c nepecaaennmu opranou?
Bpemx xnsnn sanncnr or oprana, nospacra nannenra, ornocnrentnoro cocroxnnx
ero sopontx n pyrnx ]axropon. Ceronx 93 % nannenron c nepecaxenntmn
nouxamn n 82 % nannenron c nepecaxenntm cepnem xnnyr nocne onepannn xax
mnnnmym ro. Hpoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn nocne rpancnnanrannn nocroxnno
ynennunnaercx.
Bpau moxer narn sameny xaxomy oprany namero rena sa ncxnmuennem mosra n
nepnno cncremt.

4 ns 5 nme c xamnxmn n xenunom nystpe ne snamr, uro y nnx onn ecrt.

Hpnunno nepnonuecxnx npncrynon nnxopaxn, noxnnxmmnxcx y nexoroptx
myxunn, ]nsnonorn cunramr neocrarox recrocrepona.

C nospacrom mopcxax onesnt moxer ncuesnyrt.

Mano xomy nsnecren ror ]axr, uro ontme nononnnt nme, paorammnx c
rexnonorne nnpryantno peantnocrn, sapaartnamr ns-sa nee mopcxym onesnt.

Hyumnm nexapcrnom or noxmentx cunraercx con.
Hpana nn, u1o y uenn nmpac1e1 ontman rpyt, ecnn n yy snoyno1penn1t anxoroneu?
Jmo eonpoc Mapuu Pa+oc us Keesaua, 4u.unnuui.

ecrnnrentno, ecnn myxunnt yyr onroe npemx snoynorpenxrt anxoronem,
onn pncxymr ynennunrt cnom rpyt. Pasnnrne monountx xenes nponcxonr no
nnnxnnem xencxoro nononoro ropmona +crporena. upesntuano ntcoxne yponnn
+roro ropmona naxoxr y nexoroptx myxunn, ontntx nnpposom neuenn, uro
xnnxercx cnecrnnem mnornx ner anxorontno sanncnmocrn.
Xenmnna nacneyer ]opmy cnoe rpyn ne rontxo or marepn, no n or orna.
Houeuy n ony n 1y ae noroy une xononee, ueu uoeuy npnn1enm?
Jmo eonpoc Couou roc us 4peooo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

B +rom yuacrnymr xax mnnnmym na ]axropa. Bo-nepntx, y myxunnt onee
ntcoxn yponent omena nemecrn. Bo-nroptx, y xenmnn otuno ecrt
ononnnrentnt cno xnpa, xoropt moxer xnnxrtcx npenxrcrnnem na nyrn
renna, nymero x nonepxnocrn xoxn. Xenmnnt nyume uyncrnymr cex n
xononym noroy, nocxontxy +ror cno xnpa yepxnnaer renno, onaxo, xora
remneparypa nontmaercx, xnp ne nosnonxer +]]exrnnno or nero nsannxrtcx
38
.
B uenoneuecxnx nouxax nacunrtnaercx onee mnnnnona xananon.

Hexoropte ]nsnonorn cunramr, uro cont +ro +monnonantnt crnmynxrop.

Bama neuent paspymaer npnmepno 140 rtcxu xpacntx xponxntx renen n mnnyry.
Bocnonnxer nx nam xocrnt mosr.

Hanoueunnxn xonrponnpymr nono-coneno ananc n oprannsme n nomoramr
reny aanrnponartcx x pasnnuntm xpnrnuecxnm cnryannxm. 3rn oprant otuno
ne noxoxn onn na pyro: npant no ]opme nanomnnaer cepn nynt, a nent
noxox na xonnuecxym mnxny.
Inana 12
Cepne n xpont

Houeuy y nac necxontxo rpynn xponn?
Fontmnncrno ns nac snamr, uro cymecrnyer uertpe ocnonnte rpynnt xponn: A,
B, AB n O (coornercrnyer II, III, IV n I rpynnam. Hpu+e:. peo.). Kaxax
pasenena na pesyc-nonoxnrentnym n pesyc-orpnnarentnym, uro n cymme aer
nocemt rpynn. 3ro nastnaercx nonnmop]nsmom xponn. Hecmorpx na npononmte
nccneonannx, nayxa ne snaer, nouemy y nac rontxo nocemt rpynn xponn, a ne
nocemtecxr, nocemtcor, nocemt rtcxu nnn ne ona-enncrnennax.
nx ntxnnannx nna uncno rpynn xponn ne npecrannxercx cymecrnenntm. B
+rom samernt rontxo xnnte neocrarxn es xaxnx-nno npenmymecrn. K
npnmepy, nanonee nsnecrnt neocrarox cnxsan c cnryanne, xora pesyc-
orpnnarentnax mart nmeer ere or pesyc-nonoxnrentnoro orna. Fnonornuecxax
neconmecrnmocrt marepn n peenxa moxer npnnecrn x cmeprn mnaenna.
Kaxercx, uro annenne +nonmnnonntx nponeccon anno onxno tno pemnrt
nponemy pesycno neconmecrnmocrn. Onaxo +roro ne cnyunnoct, n raxoe
nonoxenne en crannr nayxy n rynnx. Heocrarxn uacro xomnencnpymrcx
npenmymecrnamn. K npnmepy, nonnmop]nsm remornonna, ynennunnammn
uncno nme c cepnonnno-xnerouno anemne n Henrpantno A]pnxe, nomoraer
samnrnrt nx or manxpnn. Taxo omen uacro nastnamr canancnponanntm
nonnmop]nsmom.
K coxanennm, nayxa ne moxer cxasart, uro nect xponxno nonnmop]nsm
canancnponan. Mt eme ouent mano snaem o npnponom pannonecnn xponn,
onaxo yxe samernnn, uro nexoropte ee nnt nmemr onpeenennte neocrarxn
na ]one pyrnx. K npnmepy, nccneonanne oxropa Kopnnnt By noxastnaer,
uro nmn c rpynno xponn O no cpannennm co ncemn ocrantntmn rpynnamn
onee nonepxent pmmnomy rn]y, nnpycntm saonenannxm (ocoenno
nonnomnennry), xponoreuennxm, ayronmmynntm saonenannxm n xsne xenyxa.
Komapt, pasnocunxn manxpnn, npenounramr nme nmenno c +ro rpynno
xponn, no npnunna raxoro ntopa ocraercx nexcno
1
. Cornacno nccneonannm
oxropa x. Hoprencena nmn c rpynno xponn A no cpannennm c ocrantntmn
uame nonepxent manxpnn, paxy, ocne, caxapnomy naery, nn]apxram,
nepnnnnosno anemnn, penmarnuecxnm saonenannxm n noueunoxamenno
onesnn (cnxsanno c naxonnennem cone)
2
.
Hporonxx xpont uepes nce reno, uenoneuecxoe cepne cosaer raxoe annenne, uro
moxer ntnycrnrt crpym xponn onee uem na 9 merpon.
Onaxo c raxnmn cpannennxmn moxno sarn onontno anexo. B 1980-e rot
oxropa x. A. Fepmop n u. Kapnmn-Fymepn onynnxonann n
xypnane Nature crartm, re coomanoct, uro xpont rpynnt A snaunrentno mnpe
pacnpocrpanena y pnrannen ns ntcmero connantno-+xonomnuecxoro cnox no
cpannennm c nmtmn, ute rpynno xponn xnnxercx rpynna O. 3a +rnm
saxnnennem nocneonan norox xpnrnxn, ne ocnaenammn o cnx nop
3
.
Cymecrnonanne xponxnoro nonnmop]nsma ]axr, no cmtcn n nonornuecxax
snaunmocrt +roro ]axra ocraercx saraxo
4
.
Ecnn xponenocnym cncremy otunoro uenonexa ntnoxnrt n npxmym nnnnm, ee
nnna cocrannr onee 95 000 xnnomerpon.

uenoneuecxoe cepne tercx c uacroro npnmepno 70 pas n mnnyry, cepne
semnepoxn oxono 600 pas, cepne xonnpn 1300 pas, a cepne ronyoro xnra
10 pas n mnnyry.

3a ro name cepne coxpamaercx npnmepno 42 075 900 pas, a sa cpenmm
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn oxono 3 mnnnnapon, nnmc-mnnyc necxontxo
mnnnnonon.

Hporonxx xpont uepes nce reno, uenoneuecxoe cepne cosaer raxoe annenne, uro
moxer ntnycrnrt crpym xponn onee uem na 9 merpon.

Hocunrano, uro nx roro, urot ntcocart ncm xpont ns otunoro nspocnoro
uenonexa, neoxonmo 1 120 000 xomapon.
Moae1 nn uenonex nue1t onee onon rpynnm xponn?
3ror nonpoc sarparnnaer ynnnrentnt ]enomen xponxntx xnmep.
Hs mxontnoro xypca nonornn nce mt snaem, uro xaxt uenonex onaaer
xaxo-ro ono rpynno xponn:
A (II), B (III), AB (IV) nnn O (I) n rontxo oouo. Ham ronopxr, uro mt ne moxem
nmert ne rpynnt xponn, nocxontxy reno orneprner nenoxoxmym rpynny,
xoropax nonaaer n nero npn nepennnannn. Onaxo nce +ro ne xacaercx xponxntx
xnmep.
Kponxnax xnmepa +ro uenonex, onaammn nymx pasntmn rnnamn xponn n
rxanxmn, nponsnoxmnmn nonte xponxnte rentna oonx rnnon. Kponxnte
xnmept ncrpeuamrcx xax cpen xnnorntx, rax n cpen nme, no ouent pexo.
Bce nsnecrnte uenoneuecxne xnmept nnsnent. Cunraercx, uro xaxnm-ro
opasom eme n marxe nponcxoxr rpn ouent crpannte nemn. Kpont ennrcx
mexy nymx nnoamn, onn omennnamrcx rxanxmn, nponsnoxmnmn xpont, a
nopmantnax peaxnnx nmmynno cncremt orropxenne uyxo xponn
noannxercx.

3a ro name cepne coxpamaercx npnmepno 42 075 900 pas.
Ecnn y nac xpont rpynnt A, ona pasnocnr na enxa anrnren A n anrnrena B.
Anrnren +ro nemecrno, noyxammee oprannsm ntpaartnart anrnrena. Ecnn
nama xpont rpynnt B, ona pasnocnr anrnren B n anrnrena A. Ecnn nama xpont
rpynnt AB, ona coepxnr oa anrnrena, no y nee ner anrnren. H naxonen, ecnn y
nac xpont rpynnt O, n ne ne coepxnrcx anrnrenon, no saro ecrt oa nna
anrnren.
Taxnm opasom, nmn c xpontm rpynnt A moryr esonacno nonyuart xpont
rpynnt A nnn rpynnt O. Hmn c xpontm rpynnt B moryr nonyuart xpont rpynnt
B nnn O. Hmn c rpynno xponn AB (ynnnepcantnt pennnnenr) moryr nonyuart
xpont nmtx rpynn, nocxontxy nx xpont conmecrnma co ncemn ocrantntmn.
Hmn c rpynno xponn O (ynnnepcantnt onop) moryr anart xpont ncem
ocrantntm, no nonyuart moryr rontxo xpont cnoe rpynnt
5
.
Camax ontmax nena uenoneuecxoro oprannsma nonax nnxnxx nena. Ho +romy
cocyy xpont nosnpamaercx or nnxne uacrn rena n cepne. Bt, xoneuno, moxere
ynnnrtcx: ecnn +ro camax ontmax nena, nouemy ee nastnamr nnxne?

Kaxym cexyny nam xocrnt mosr nponsnonr 3 mnnnnona xponxntx renen n n
reuenne 1 cexynt paspymaer ro xe xonnuecrno.

Kaxym cexyny no name xponenocno cncreme ycnenaer nporn 25
mnnnnapon xnerox.

Cronnx ns 500 xnerox xponn cocrannr n ntcory rontxo 1,02 mnnnnmerpa.

Ho nensnecrntm npnunnam xencxn oprannsm uame ornepraer nepecaxennoe
cepne, uem myxcxo.

Bame cepne uame tercx no npemx tcrpo xott nnn xapxoro cnopa, uem no
npemx nnrnmno nnsocrn.
H1o 1axoe cxopnynxa cepna?
Jmo eonpoc auuo. Paaua us Mu..opo, Ka.uqopuu.

Cxopnynxa cepna rax nastnaemt no+rnuecxn nenrp namnx +monn
npecrannxer coo nnyrpennne nonocrn cepna, npnnxnmne nn paxonnnt. Ho
]opme onn nanomnnamr mopcxnx nycrnopuartx monnmcxon, x npnmepy Cardium
edule ns cemecrna Cardiiae. 3rn mopcxne cosannx nnemne noxoxn na cepne
6
.
Kpont nnornee npecno not, no ro xe nnornocrn, uro mopcxax.

Bce mt snaem, uro uenoneuecxax xpont xpacnax. Ho ontmax uacrt xponn ocoe
+roro mnpa npnnanexnr nacexomtm, n ona cnerno-senenax.

Xenmnnt c xpontm rpynnt B xnnyr ontme, uem xenmnnt c xpontm rpynnt O.
Myxunnt c xpontm rpynnt O xnnyr ontme myxunn c xpontm rpynnt B. 3rn
crarncrnuecxne annte nnxax ne oxcnxmrcx.

V myxunn npnmepno na 10 % ontme xpacntx xponxntx renen, uem y xenmnn.

Houxn +ro oprant, ounmammne xpont. Hourn y xaxoro ns nac ne nouxn, no
ontmnncrno ntxnner n c ono. B 1954 roy nannenr oxropa x. Xaprnenna
Xappncona n oxropa xose]a Mmppex tn ouent onen, nocxontxy y nero
orxasann oe nouxn. Emy cpouno rpeonanact nepecaxa maxcnmantno cxoxero
oprana raxoro, xoropt ne orneprner oprannsm. K cuacrtm, y nero tn par-
nnsnen. B nepno noncrnne ycnemno nepecaxe raxoro poa nnsnen nannenra
oran ony ns cnonx nouex n cnac cnoemy pary xnsnt.

B reuenne nce name xnsnn cepne nporanxnnaer npnmepno 150 mnnnnonon
nnrpon xponn. Hpnmepno sa 25 ne cepne moxer nanonnnrt em nnanarentnt
accen, ecnn y nac ecrt nx +roro nnmnne sanact. B nenom, nam oprannsm
coepxnr onee 4 nnrpon xponn.

nx roro urot xpont cenana onn nonnt xpyr no ncemy reny, rpeyercx 60
cexyn.
Cxontxo xnnoue1pon xponenocnmx cocyon n uoeu 1ene?
3ro xnaccnuecxn CBOT. Kponenocnax cncrema cocronr ns nen, aprepn n
xannnnxpon. Ee nnna cocrannxer npnmepno 100 000 xnnomerpon, a nnomat
onee nononnnt rexrapa, n nce +ro naxonrcx n rene onoro nspocnoro uenonexa.
Ho cnonam oxropa +na Vnntxmca, ontmax uacrt nnnt xponenocno cncremt
npnxonrcx na xannnnxpnte mnnn. Karoi ranu..p o:eui ropomru, uo ux
v uac :pesei:auo +uoeo
7
.
Ecnn y nac ornocnrentno xopomee soponte, nt ntxnnere, ecnn axe norepxere
oxono rpern cnoe xponn.

Hmn, xnnymne ntme yponnx mopx, onaamr ornocnrentno oMIntmnm
oemom xponn no cpannennm c remn, xro xnner na yponne mopx. Taxnm opasom
oprannsm npncnocannnaercx x oxpyxamme cpee c neocrarxom xncnopoa.

Ecnn namn nouxn sopont, onn ]nntrpymr oxono 95 mnnnnnnrpon xponn n
mnnyry.

Ecnn nt ntrxnere n nnny nce cnon aprepnn, nent n xponenocnte cocyt, ro
cmoxere naxt oepnyrt nmn 3emnm.

Kpont nyremecrnyer no ncemy namemy oprannsmy, ncxox or ono cropont
cepna n n xonne nonnoro xpyra nosnpamaxct x pyro. 3a ent nama xpont
npoxonr 270 370 xnnomerpon.
Cxontxo xpacnmx xponnnmx 1enen n xanne xponn?
Kannx xponn +ro nerounax nennunna. Hyume nostmem mnnnnnnrp, xoropt no
oemy panen ontmo xanne. Ho cnonam oxropa Tomaca Ipenepa
8
, n
cpenem v +vr:uu e +u..u.umpe rpoeu uaxooumc 5 400 000 rpacuix rpoeuix
me.e. V reuuuu e mo+ re ooe+e npucvmcmevem 4 800 000 rpacuix rpoeuix
me.e.
3a npomnt ro uepes name cepne npomno 3 152 715 nnrpon xponn
9
.

Kaxte 17 mnnyr ncx xpont namero oprannsma npoxonr uepes mnronnnym
xenesy.

Bame cepne ne moxer nponycrnrt ouepenoe coxpamenne, no nnora ono
conepmaer npexenpemennoe mnnn-nenne, xoropoe nt ne uyncrnyere, a norom
tercx onee cnntno, sannaen namnm nnnmannem.
Ecnn une enam1 ay1onornunoe nepennnanne xponn, snaun1 nn +1o, u1o n uory yuepe1t?
Kax pas naoopor. 3ra nponeypa nponcxonr rora, xora nt xornre coxpannrt
cnom xpont na yymee n ncnontsonart, ecnn ona norpeyercx nam nx
nepennnannx.
Cepne mncrepa Cnoxa ns cepnana Cmap Tper naxonnoct cnpana, a ne cnena. B
nexoroptx cnyuaxx neuro noonoe moxer nanmartcx y nme. Ecnn name
cepne naxonrcx cnpana, a neuent cnena, namn oprant pacnonoxent n
sepxantnom orpaxennn, nnn situs inversus. Taxoe ]opmnponanne nnyrpennnx
opranon nanmaercx npnmepno y 1 ns 10 000 uenonex.

Cepne otuno xenmnnt npnmepno na 20 % mentme cepna otunoro
myxunnt.

Bame cepne tercx c uacroro 100 800 yapon n ent. 3a npomnt ro ono
cenano omenomnxmmee xonnuecrno yapon 3 679 200 010.

Kora monote xnerxn cepeuno mtmnt pasnnnamrcx n naoparopntx
ycnonnxx, ro ona naunnaer nyntcnponart cama no cee, es ncxxoro nnemnero
crnmyna. 3ro npecrannxer coo xpxn npnmep renernuecxo namxrn.

Hmn ne onaamr cnoconocrtm nomenxrt pnrm nennx cepna, a nor
nacexomte +ro ymemr.

Hexoropte nn]apxrt ne conponoxamrcx ontm n rpyn.

B noneentnnx pncx nn]apxra na 33 % ontme, uem n nmo pyro ent.

Otuno y uenonexa xponxnoe annenne na npano pyxe ntme, uem na neno.

3namennrt cnennanncr-xapnonor, oxrop H. Paccenn Koer yrnepxaer, uro
nmxm c nstrountm necom n nopmantntm xponxntm annennem uacro cranxr
nenpannntnt narnos nontmennoe xponxnoe annenne. Hpnunna +ro omnxn
npocra. Kora nponsnoxr nsmepennx y uenonexa c ontmo pyxo, ro annenne,
o xoroporo pyxan onxen trt naxauan, oxastnaercx onontno ntcoxnm. 3ro n
nnnxer na nenpannntnoe ronxonanne noxasann npnopa.

Pasronop nontmaer xponxnoe annenne.

Taxcncrt n nonrenn anroycon ouent uacro nmemr nontmennoe annenne.
Hpnunnt +roro nonxrnt, onaxo ecrt n eme xoe-uro onn nocroxnno
ntnyxent orxnatnart noxo n ryaner. 3ro raxxe nontmaer annenne.

He nsnecrno, nouemy nmn c ntcoxnm annennem pexo saonenamr paxom.
Inana 13
Con

Houeuy uenn npeun o1 npeuenn yn1 cyoporn, xora n sacmnam?
Jmo eonpoc J+u.u Bpavu us Hvsa Xeoc, Keuuc.euo.
Ha narnncxom xstxe +ro nastnaercx eunuaeoeu:ecru+ +uor.ouvco+, ro ecrt
cyoporn no cne. Bpaun nastnamr nx rnnnarornuecxnmn cyoporamn, nnn
conntmn noeprnnannxmn. 3rn cyoporn npecrannxmr coo nnesannte
coxpamennx mtmn nor, pyx, men n/ nnn ronont. 3ro xnnenne nmeer mnpoxoe
pacnpocrpanne n ne nnnxer na soponte. Innnarornuecxne cyoporn nor
noxnnxmrcx n rom cnyuae, ecnn nepnnte nonoxna, nymne x mtmnam, npyr
nosyxamrcx ononpemenno. 3rn nepnt copant n nyuox ronmnno nourn c
xapanam. Kaxt nepn cosaer pesxoe nanpxxenne n neontmo uacrn
mtmeunoro nonoxna, cnxsannoro c nnm n npoxoxmero no nore. Kora nce nepnt
+roro nyuxa nosyxamrcx ononpemenno, uenonex uyncrnyer cyopory.
Cnennanncrt, nccneymmne con, ne moryr rouno cxasart, uro ntstnaer raxoe
coxpamenne mtmeuntx nonoxon n nouemy ono noxnnxercx nmenno no npemx
sactnannx. Bce mt npemx or npemenn cranxnnannct c nnm, no nexoropte nmn
nepexnnamr +rn cyoporn uame, uem pyrne. Hoxnnenne rnnnarornuecxnx
cyopor nenpecxasyemo. Onaxo xnnnnuecxne nanmennx yxastnamr, uro uacro
onn nosnnxamr n ro npemx, xora mente mtmnt nepe cnom naunnamr
paccnanxrtcx. Innnarornuecxne cyoporn ornnuamrcx or mnoxnonnuecxnx
cyopor, xnnxmmnxcx cnasmamn n nosnnxammnx no npemx cna uepes perynxpnte
nnrepnant
14
.
Hccneonarenn cna ronopxr, uro sa nout sopont uenonex nonopaunnaercx
npnmepno 12 pas.

uem ontme myx n xena xnnyr nmecre, rem antme pyr or pyra onn cnxr n
nocrenn.

Xenmnnt npoctnamrcx ropaso uame myxunn, ecnn nx naprnep
nepenopaunnaercx nnn menennrcx noutm, ror, xoro raxne nonoport ontme
rpenoxar, otuno mentme necnr.

Hccneonarenn cna onapyxnnn, uro, ecnn noutm namero naprnepa ner pxom,
nt, cxopee ncero, yere cnart nnxe x ero nononnne xponarn nnn axe na ne.
Onn npenonaramr, uro +ro nponcxonr ns-sa +]]exra noopaxaemo nnsocrn
c orcyrcrnymmnm naprnepom. Fonee orxponennoe oxcnenne rnacnr, uro nac
npocro payer noxnnenne cnoonoro npocrpancrna.
Houeuy n qnsnuecxn ne uory npnnnua1t yuac1nn n cnonx cnonnennnx?

Ha camom ene, n onpeenennom cmtcne nt n nnx yuacrnyere. K npnmepy, ecnn
nam cnnrcx, uro nt exnre, cepne naunnaer nrtcx cnntnee otunoro. Bamn
norn axe moryr nnrartcx, npana ne rax nnrencnnno, xax npn nacroxmem ere.
Bo npemx cna n nepont cnnnnoro mosra n n xopy rononnoro mosra nanpannxmrcx
cnrnant, xoropte nnexyr sa coo npemennt napannu, samnmammn nac or
]nsnuecxoro yuacrnx n cnax. Taxo nepno cna nsnecren xax REM, nnn ]asa
tcrporo cna, nocxontxy na +ro crann saxptrte rnasa tcrpo nnramrcx,
cnex sa cotrnxmn
5
.
To, uro mt nastnaem rnnnosom, pennne rpexn nastnann nennrentntm cnom.

Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro, xorx mnoxecrno nme ne nomnxr cnonx cnon,
ner nn onoro uenonexa, xro t nx ne nnen.

Hccneonannx ronopxr o rom, uro nno n marepnncxo yrpoe nnnr cnt. 3ro
saxnmuenne ocnonano na cnoxntx recrax c nsmepennem narrepnt mosrontx nonn
n pyrnx acnexrax ]ynxnnonnponannx oprannsma. O uem cnxrcx cnt
nepoxenntm erxm, ocraercx rontxo raart.

Cnt aconmrno +roncrnunt (3nrmyn upe).

O uem nmn uame ncero nnxr cnt? Bor nanonee pacnpocrpanennte remt:
naenne;
npecneonanne nnn nanaenne;
neyaunax nontrxa cenart xaxym-ro npocrym nemt; pyrnnnte sanxrnx na
paore, oma nnn n mxone; cexc.
Kaxne cnm nau cnn1cn nne1nme nnn uepno-enme?

3ror CBOT saamr onontno uacro. Bonpoc crapnnnt, no nenosmoxno oxasart
nn ro nn pyroe. Hexoropte yrnepxamr, uro nm nnxora ne cnxrcx nnernte cnt.
B +rom cnyuae cnonnennx nastnamrcx uepno-entmn. pyrne ronopxr, uro nnxr
nnmt nnernte cnonnennx. Tpertn cunramr, uro cnt moryr trt xax nnerntmn,
rax n uepno-entmn, no n oonx cnyuaxx xora mt nx ncnomnnaem, ro
nenponsnontno nanonnxem nnerom. Ham ym myrnr na namn, xora mt nnnm cnt
xaxercx, uro n nponecce npnnomnnannx cnonnenn mt nocroxnno nrpaem c
nnerom. Cxontxo xe nnera mt oannxem n namn cnt?

Xorx mnoxecrno nme ne nomnxr cnonx cnon, ner nn onoro uenonexa, xro t nx
ne nnen.
Xorx nensnecrno, o xaxo crenenn nmn pacnneunnamr uepno-ente cnt,
nccneonanne oxropon 3nn Mnnnc n H+ncn Kepp oxastnaer, uro cnonrannoe
nocnponsneenne nnera noyxaer uenonexa ncnomnnart ero n rex cnyuaxx,
xora na camom ene ero ner. B nponecce +xcnepnmenra nmxm noxastnann cepnm
nnnmcrpann. Hononnna ns nnx tna nnerno, pyrax nononnna uepno-eno.
Ha ]ororpa]nxx nsopaxannct otunte cnent n npemert. Cnnmxn
emoncrpnponannct xax n nnerno, rax n n uepno-eno nepcnn. Kaxym
]ororpa]nm nmxm noxastnann npnmepno 10 cexyn, a sarem coomann, uro or
nnx rpeyercx nasnart rpn nanonee sanomnnnmnxcx npemera, ne ncnontsyx
npnnararentntx (urot nsexart cnon, oosnauammnx nner). Onncanne xaxo
nnnmcrpannn sanncann na nnenxy, urot n antnemem ncnontsonart ero n recre
na namxrt. Bo npemx +roro recra neoxonmo tno npocnymart onncanne,
cocroxmee ns rpex cnon, xoropoe ananoct xaxo ]ororpa]nn, ncnomnnrt
coornercrnymmn cnnmox n coomnrt, tn nn on nnerno nnn uepno-ent.
Hccneonanne cornacontnanoct c reopne. Hornepxax rnnoresy, nmn uame
omnannct, onnctnax uepno-enym ]ororpa]nm nnerno, a ne naoopor. Onn
onncann ontme nnerntx cnnmxon, uem nx tno n ecrnnrentnocrn. pyrnmn
cnonamn, onn nnonnn +nemenr nnera n uepno-enoe nsopaxenne. oxropa
Mnnnc n Kepp nncann: Ho.v:euuie pesv.imami eoeopm o mo+, :mo
eocnpumue u eocno+uuauue eemoe roucmpvrmueui npoecc. Hmou cr.ouui
ecno+uuami eeuu maru+u, raru+u ouu npueir.u ux euoemi mo ecmi e eeme, a
ue :epuo-oe.i+u
6-8
.
Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro nt naunnaere nnert ontme cnon nocne roro, xax
pocaere xypnrt.

Vuente yrnepxamr, uro uenonex nnnr ontme cnon no npemx
+nexrpomarnnrntx ypt.

Hensnecrno nouemy, no nmn, cnxmne n cepenne nx, nnxr ontme cnon, uem re,
xro cnnr nnxe x neuepy.
Mory nn n ynpannn1t cnonun cnaun?

Kax yrnepxamr na xanacxnx ncnxonora, mt ecrnnrentno na +ro cnocont.
Vuente +xcnepnmenrnponann c ]enomenom, nsnecrntm xax ynpannxemte
cnonnennx.
Otuno cnt, xoropte nam cnxrcx, xaxyrcx nnonne peantntmn. Mt naaem, nac
npecneyer uyonnme, mt nepexnnaem +pornuecxoe npnxnmuenne. Hocne
npoyxennx nam moxer norpeonartcx napa cexyn na ocosnanne roro, uro nce
rontxo uro ncntrannoe namn nponcxonno ne no-nacroxmemy, a no cne. Kommap
+ro nnn npnxrnax cnena, mt em ne ynpannxem. Mt nennxom oxastnaemcx no
nnacrn cocrnennoro cna. Ho ynpannxemte cnonnennx concem pyroe eno.
B +rom cnyuae cnonnen nonnocrtm ocosnaer, uro con +ro ne peantnocrt, n
cnocoen xonrponnponart ero coepxanne. On nacroxmn macrep cnonnenn.
Vuente yrnepxamr, uro uenonex nnnr ontme cnon no npemx
+nexrpomarnnrntx ypt.
Ho cnonam oxropon xen Iaxenax n xen Focnent, vnpae.e+ie
cuoeuoeuu +oevm oimi saoaeui+u u oare no.esui+u. Onn yrnepxamr, uro
nmo moxer nayunrtcx ynpannxrt cnamn. He yyun cnoxntm nnn pexnm
xnnennem,vnpae.e+ie cuoeuoeuu noe.mmc v ueromopix .moe ooeo.iuo
:acmo, 60 % us uac euom ux cnoumauuo. Onn oannxmr, uro raxne cnonnennx
moryr oxasartcx no.esui+ uucmpv+eumo+, romopi +oruo ucno.isoeami,
:mooi oo.iue vsuami o ceoe e cpaeuume.iuo oesonacuix oocmome.icmeax. K
npnmepy, ei +oreme cmo.ruvmic co c.orui+u o+ououa.iui+u npoo.e+a+u
u ompenemupoeami eapuaumi ux peueuu eo cue. Kpome roro, ei +oreme
nocemumi oo+, eoe eipoc.u, noopooumi ma+, ecmpemumic co cmapi+u
opvsi+u u oare saoami eonpoci v+epuu+ poocmeeuuura+.
oxropa Iaxenax n Fonent paccxastnamr o cnocoax, xoroptmn ntstnamr
ynpannxemte cnonnennx. Bo-nepntx, sanenre cnennantnt nennnx. Bi
oo.rui no+uumi ceou cui, :mooi c uu+u paoomami. Bo-nroptx, nennre
cnonnennx. v+ame o uux. Paccrasieame ux eaue ce+ie. Cmapameci
oouapvrumi e uux c+ic.. B-rpertnx, nosnaxomtrect c xstxom
cnonnenn. Cui eoeopm :pesei:auo .u:ui+ a..eeopu:ecru+ siro+.
3anuciea ux, nimaci noumi, rar ouu cesaui c eaue noeceoueeuo rusuim,
ei pasoepemeci e ceoe euvmpeuue cu+eo.ure. B-uerneprtx, xaxym nout,
roronxct xo cny, ronopnre cee: Ceeoou xo:v veuoemi cou u npu omo+
nouu+ami, :mo cn.m.
Onn ynepent, uro nmn, ceptesno ornocxmnecx x cnonm cnam, n xoneunom nrore
naunyr nnert ynpannxemte cnonnennx. Onn oannxmr, uro nx naunnammnx
nepntm npnsnaxom ynpannxemtx cnonnenn moxer xnnxrtcx noxnoe
npoyxenne: xora nt npoctnaerect no cne, a norom npoctnaerect eme pas n
nonnmaere, uro o cnx nop nnenn con; cnt, n xoroptx nt ronopnre c xem-ro o
namnx cnax; cnt, n xoroptx nt nomnnre npetymn con. Vuente yrnepxamr,
uro nepnt ynpannxemt con, cxopee ncero, saxonunrcx ouent tcrpo. Taxnm
opasom, nx roro urot npoonxart nnert ynpannxemte cnt, uenonex onxen
nayunrtcx noepxnnart +monnonantnoe pannonecne. Jrcnepu+eumupvme u
uac.aroameci cua+u, uo ue nepeno.umeci u+u. Macrepcrno n ynpannennn
cnonnennxmn nnonne ocrnxnmo, n, xax cunramr na ncnxonora, .mou,
cnocoouie vnpae.mi cua+u, orasieammc e vuura.iuo+ cocmouuu, eoe e oouo
mo:re cxoomc cosuauue u noocosuauue.

Hensnecrno nouemy, no nmn, cnxmne n cepenne nx, nnxr ontme cnon, uem re,
xro cnnr nnxe x neuepy.
Ecnn cnt moxno xonrponnponart, nepe namn orxptnamrcx ecxoneunte
nosmoxnocrn, orpannuennte nnmt namnmn mtcnxmn cosnarentntmn nnn
nmtmn pyrnmn. Hamn cnonnennx noncrnny yyr nam nounnxrtcx. Mt
cranem macrepamn cocrnenntx cnon
911
.
Houeuy n xoay no cne?
Xoxenne no cne peantno cymecrnymmn ]enomen. Bo cne xoxr npnmepno 15
% ncex ere n rontxo 2 % nspocntx. Mantunxn uame nonepxent +romy
xnnennm, uem enouxn. Mnorne ns +rnx nme caxrcx na nocrenn n nexoropoe
npemx npocro cmorpxr nepe coo, a nexoropte nsnecrnt rem, uro ponnn ne
mentme nonyuaca. C ]enomenom xoxennx no cne ne cnxsano nenponornuecxnx
nnn ncnxonornuecxnx nponem. Cunraercx, uro npnunna ercxoro xoxennx no
cne cnxsana c neocrarouno spenocrtm monoo nepnno cncremt, neoxonmo
nx roro, urot ocymecrnnxrt mosronte nponecct, rpeyemte no npemx cna
12
.
Moaeu nn um conepmn1t npec1ynnenne, noxa xonu no cne?
3ror CBOT saamr ouent uacro. Onaxo n ontme crenenn on xacaercx
noneennx, nexenn camoro no cee rena. Moxem nn mt conepmnrt npecrynnenne,
noxa xonm no cne, nnn nac ocranonnr xaxo-ro nnyrpennn ronoc? Ecnn mt
cnocont na npecrynnenne, ro na xaxoe? Ho-nacroxmemy xecroxoe? Moxem nn
mt xoro-nnyt ynrt? A ecnn moxem, nonecem nn sa +ro naxasanne? Moxer nn
uenonex, yrnepxammn n cye, uro on xonn no cne, cxptrt neantnoe
yncrno? Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro uenonex ecrnnrentno moxer
conepmnrt npecrynnenne, noxa cnnr, n axe xoro-ro ynrt. Onaxo neoxonmo
uerxoe mpnnuecxoe onpeenenne, cunrart +ro npecrynnennem nnn ner.
Bo cne xoxr npnmepno 15 % ncex ere n rontxo 2 % nspocntx.
Mennnncxn repmnn xoxennx no cne comnamynnsm. On opasonan or
narnncxnx cnon somnus, uro osnauaer con, n ambulare, ro ecrt xota.
Comnamyna +ro uenonex, xoropt xonr no cne, a ecrt eme nmn, xoropte no
cne pasronapnnamr, n +ro nastnaercx cnoronopennem. Cocroxnne no nasnannem
comnonenrnocrt ornocnrcx x rax nastnaemomy connomy ontxnennm. 3ro
nenonnoe cocroxnne cna, ormeuaemoe norepe opnenrannn, nosyxenntmn
ecrnnxmn n xecroxnm noneennem.
B 1985 roy oxropa n Ocnant n xon 3nanc onncann rpn nponsomemnx n
Bornannn cnyuax, cnxsanntx c npoxnnennxmn xecroxocrn no npemx xoxennx
no cne. B nanonee ceptesnom ns nnx uertpnanarnnernn mantunx nanan na
cnom nxrnnernmm nomponym cecrpy c noxom, ena ee ne ynn. Mantunx n ero
mnamn par ocranannct na nout n ome cnoe rern. Mantunxn cnann nnnsy, a
rerx c oueptm nanepxy. B na uaca noun cnxmn crapmn par nonxncx c
xponarn, npomen na xyxnm n cenan cee yreppo c ctpom. 3arem on nsxn
xnent nox, ornpannncx n ryaner, norom nomen n xomnary cnoe xysnnt n
nauan nanocnrt e yapt noxom. Hpoynnmaxcx or xpnxon cnoe ouepn rerx
mantunxa nnerena n xomnary n cxnarnna nnemxnnnxa, coxpannn raxnm opasom
enouxe xnsnt. Ho orstnam pontx n nnsxnx, mantunx tn nopmantntm
sopontm peenxom ns paoue cemtn n arpeccnnntm noneennem ne ornnuancx.
On tn otuntm yuennxom, ceptesntx nponem sa nnm ne uncnnnoct, n
enncrnenntmn ero npanonapymennxmn tnn nporyn mxont n menxax xpaxa n
marasnne. Xorx n nx cemte ne nanmanoct cnyuaen comnamynnsma, mantunx
onaxt yxe xonn no cne (n nepno ortxa n nernem narepe). Hpocnynmnct,
mantunx ne nomnnn, uro ntrancx xoro-ro ynrt. On ne mor nonepnrt n ro, uro
cenan, nnn xax-ro oxcnnrt cnon ecrnnx. Ha camom ene on ouent nmnn
cnom cecrpy. Tem ne menee ero onnnnnn n nontrxe yncrna, npnsnann
nnnonntm, on nponen 4 neenn n rmptme, nocne uero ero ornpannnn na
ncnxnarpnuecxym +xcneprnsy. 3arem emy nosnonnnn nsmennrt npnsnanne,
saxnnrt o nennnonnocrn n ornycrnnn na cnooy.
B +rom +nnsoe, nmenmem mecro n 3nnypre, xeprna comnamynt nonpannnact.
Onaxo n 1991 roy n Vrane nponsomno noxoxee nponcmecrnne. 3ro xnnxercx
nepntm o]nnnantno sa]nxcnponanntm n mennnncxo nnreparype cnyuaem,
xora uenonex ynn xoro-ro no cne. oxrop H. F. H. Onyra coomaer o
rpnnarnnxrnnernem myxunne, xoropt, naxoxct n cnxmem cocroxnnn, ncran n
ynn npaxrnuecxn nesnaxomoro uenonexa. Hnnnenr nponsomen n xnnnnxe
sopontx, xya nmn npnesxann na ntxonte. Cornacno o]nnnantnomy oruery,
nocpen noun cnxmn ncran c xponarn n npomen n cocenmm xomnary, re
naxonnact ero yymax xeprna, nocne uero xecroxo sapesan +roro uenonexa,
ntxpnxnnax onnnennx n rom, uro ror ero nsnacnnonan. Kora pyrne nannenrt
xnnnnxn onapyxnnn myxunny, on ntrancx orpesart xeprne *censored* n nnxax
ne pearnponan na xpnxn cnacarene. Hocne yncrna on npocro nepnyncx x cee n
xomnary n npoonxan cnart.
oxrop Onyra nnmer: ror ]axr, uro uenonex conepmnn yncrno no cne, ue
noo.erum co+ueuum. Myxunna paoran maxrepom, tn cuacrnnn n paxe n
nmen rponx ere. On ne naxonncx no nnnxnnem anxoronx nnn napxornxon, y
nero camoro n y ero pocrnennnxon ne nanmanoct nnxaxnx ncnxnuecxnx
paccrpocrn nnn cnyuaen comnamynnsma. Bnpouem, ero xena yrnepxana, uro
nnora on pasronapnnan no cne. Ho cnonam oxropa Onyrn, mecrnoe
saxonoarentcrno ne ntnecno +romy uenonexy cyenoro npnronopa. On nnmt
tn na neonpeenennoe npemx saxnmuen n ncnxnarpnuecxym xnnnnxy o.
oa.iueueeo ooc.eooeauu.
Cnyuan n 3nnypre n Kamnane noxastnamr, uro axrt xecroxocrn nnonne moryr
conepmartcx, xora uenonex cnnr. Fonee roro, n raxnx cnryannxx y conepmnnmero
nacnnne orcyrcrnymr npetymne +nnsot npoxnnennx xecroxocrn, ymennte
saonenannx nnn axe camo xoxenne no cne.
Cnt aconmrno +roncrnunt
3ue+vuo 4peo.
Orneuaem nn mt sa ecrnnx, xoropte conepmaem, yyun no cne? B
saxonoarentno ase na +ror cuer ne ronopnrcx nnuero onpeenennoro.
Hocxontxy y nac ecrt cnyuan sacnnerentcrnonanntx menxamn yncrn no cne, n
neanexom yymem, paccmarpnnax ena o yncrne, samnra nnonne moxer
onnpartcx na noont npeneenr, a comnamynnsm moxer npenparnrtcx n
macxnponxy neantnoro npecrynnennx. Tenept y nac ecrt nono trt nauexy
1317
.
To, uro mt nastnaem rnnnosom, pennne rpexn nastnann nennrentntm cnom.
Moaeu nn um nanpen1t cee, xora xonu no cne?
Moxem, n romy ecrt mnorouncnennte npnmept. Kax nacuer yreppoa c
xomautnmn xoncepnamn? Cnraper c macnom? Kycxa apaxnconoro macna,
oepnyroro ctpo nerunno? 3aonenanne, xoropoe menxn nastnamr
comnamynnuecxnm nnmentm paccrpocrnom (CHP), npnaer nont cmtcn
repmnny nonynounax saxycxa. Crpaammne +ro crpanno onesntm
npoxnnxmr uyeca neotunoro xynnnapnoro ncxyccrna, sannmaxct nm rnyoxo
noutm. Onn tcrpo sactnamr, no ne conpamrcx ns-sa +roro orxnatnart yxnn.
Bo cne nmn c raxnm paccrpocrnom ncramr c xponarn, urot noxpennrtcx;
otuno raxoe cnyuaercx c nnmn xaxym nout n nnrcx onee uaca. Onaxo,
nesanncnmo or roro, xax uacro nnn xax onro +ro npoonxaercx, noonte
+nnsot otuno xapaxrepnsymrcx nencrontm n nenoxonrpontntm
nornomennem nnmn. Hpocnynmnct yrpom, nounte eoxn onapyxnnamr
cnnerentcrna cnonx nountx nnpymex, uacro npnxox or nnx n yxac.
Bpaun onapyxnnn, uro CHP ropaso uame nopaxaer xenmnn, uem myxunn.
oxrop Mapx Maxonon c xonneramn nor yxe mnoro ner nsyuaer +ro saonenanne.
B onom ns cnonx nccneonann onn nanmann 19 uenonex n nospacre or 18 o
54 ner. Onn ns nnx crpaan or +roro paccrpocrna yxe uerneprt nexa, a 14
nannenron tnn xenmnnamn. Bpaun onapyxnnn, uro CHP ropaso uame
nopaxaer xenmnn, uem myxunn. Cneonarentno, sect mt nanmaem ry xe
xaprnny, uro n c pyrnmn nnmentmn paccrpocrnamn, nanpnmep nepnno
anopexcne nnn ynnmne. Onaxo, no cnonam oxropa Maxonona, +ro
napymenne no.uocmim om.u:aemc om auopercuu u ov.u+uu. 3ro ue uo:uoe
npooo.reuue marux paccmpocme. Ho cyrn, omo pasuoeuouocmi
co+ua+ov.us+a.
Heynnnrentno, uro 19 nannenron tnn rnyoxo necuacrnt n naxonnnct n
cmxrennn ns-sa cnoero crpannoro noneennx n neoxcnnmoro ynennuennx neca.
Hexoropte axe oxnnct sa cnom xnsnt. oxrop Maxonon coomnn, uro
necxontxo uenonex pesann cee nantnt, roronx ey, onapnnann por, nocxontxy
nnnn xnnxmne xnxocrn, pncxonann nonyunrt yap +nexrpnuecxnm roxom,
nenpannntno opamaxct c xyxonntmn npnopamn, n yapxnnct o crent nnn
meent, nanpannxxct na xyxnm. Ona nannenrxa npocnynact, xora yxe
roronnnact ntnnrt yrtnxy uncrxme xnxocrn c ammnaxom.
oxrop Maxonon c xonneramn npoonxamr nsyuart, nacxontxo
pacnpocrpanenntm xnnxercx +ro paccrpocrno, uro ero ntstnaer, xax ero
npeornparnrt n moxno nn coxparnrt nnn axe ypart ranerxn, ynyumammne
cocroxnne nannenron (otuno xnonasenam n pomoxpnnrnn), urot cnmnromt
npn +rom ne nosnpamannct
1821
.
uenonex cunraercx enncrnenntm cymecrnom, xoropoe ner cnart, xora +roro ne
xouer, n ncraer, ecnn ne ntcnancx.

Anrpononorn yrnepxamr, uro nemepnte nmn otuno cnann crox. uacro no
npemx cna onn npncnonxnnct x crenam nemep. Hanepnxxa +ro tno ne cnnmxom
xom]oprno.
Houeuy n cnnm ncm nout, no, npocnynmnct, uync1nym cen yc1anmnu?
Bosmoxno, nt crpaaere or cnnpoma yromnrentnoro cna. Ho cnonam oxropa H.
x. yrnaca, npnmepno 1 % nspocntx nonepxen anno+ no cne. na nanonee
pacnpocrpanenntx cnmnroma napymennx cna rpomxn xpan (n 95 % cnyuaen) n
nennax connnnocrt (n 90 % cnyuaen). Onaxo oxrop yrnac oannxer, uro 40
% +rnx nme raxxe cranxnnamrcx c yromnrentntm cnom. 3ro osnauaer, uro
onn npoctnamrcx cront xe nnn axe eme onee ycranmnmn, uem xora noxnnnct
cnart.
Ho cnonam oxropa uapntsa Honnaxa, mo, rar :e.oeer :vecmevem ceo, roeoa
npocinaemc uesaeucu+o om epe+euu cvmor, saeucum om cmaouu cua, e
romopo ou uaxoou.c eo epe+ npoovroeuu. Ecnn uenonex tn n crann
tcrporo cna (REM) n n +ro npemx npocnyncx, ro uyncrnyer cex
oroxnynmnm. Onaxo ecnn tcrpt con napymen anno+ nnn pyrnm
cocroxnnem, nanpnmep enpeccne, saxynopxo txarentntx nyre npn npocrye
nnn axe ecrnnem nexapcrn, :e.oeer, cropee eceeo, npocuemc e qase
,+eo.euuoeo cua e.vooroeo cua, npu romopo+ ue uao.moaemc oicmpoeo
oeureuu e.as. Ho+romy, noxa on ne nonaer npn npoyxennn n ]asy REM, on
yer :vecmeoeami ceo conntm, axe necmorpx na ro uro cnan ocrarouno.
oxrop Tom Maxo yxastnaer na ro, uro uenonexy neoxonm no.ui ur. cua,
:mooi ouvuami ceo omooxuveuu+, u, ec.u eau cou o. omoeo c.uuro+
ropomor, eeo ra:ecmeo, cropee eceeo, ovoem uusru+. Hoomo+v ei +oreme
:vecmeoeami ceo oare oo.ee vcma.i+u, nocro.irv nponvcmu.u uvrui eixoo
us ur.u:ecroeo cua, romopi ueooxoou+, :mooi ouvuami ceo noceereeuu+ u
omooxuveuu+.
Hpnmepno 1 % nspocntx nonepxen anno+ no cne.
Hanocneox oparnmcx x cnonam oxropa Mapxa Fn+rpyna ns orenennx
ncnxonornn V+ntccxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cyoncn, xoropte moryr nposnyuart
ocrarouno nponnuecxn n xonrexcre remt: Huoeoa, ec.u :e.oeera ua uecro.iro
:acoe usoaeumi om cmaouu REM-cua, ou oe.aemc oo.ee euu+ame.iui+, :mo
ucno.isvemc npu .e:euuu oenpeccuu
22
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30
.
Moano nn nne1t cnm nocne 1oro, xax nm no1epnnn cosnanne, nmnnn cnnmxou unoro anxoronn?
Her. 3ro nenosmoxno noromy, uro norox xponn, nocrynammn n mosr, cranonnrcx
orpannuenntm, rax xax nanpannxercx x pyrnm uacrxm rena, crpaammnm or
anxorontno neperpysxn. Tem ne menee mnorne nmn yrnepxann, uro nm
cnnnnct cnt axe nocne roro, xax onn orxnmuannct. Bnpouem, onn nnonne mornn
nepenyrart +rn cnt c rannmnnnannxmn, nosnnxanmnmn no nnnxnnem anxoronx
cpasy nepe rem, xax norepxrt cosnanne, nnn c otuntmn cnonnennxmn,
xoropte tnn y nnx nepe npoyxennem (yxe nocne roro, xax xponocnaxenne
mosra npaxrnuecxn noccranonnnoct).

Heonapo a Bnnun peman no 15 mnnyr xaxte uertpe uaca.
Bnay nn n cnm, xora naxoayct n ouopoxe?
Her. Taxon xparxn orner na +ror uacro saanaemt nonpoc. Ho cnonam oxropa
ann+nx Barnepa, otunt omopox nponcxonr ns-sa neocrarxa cnaxennx
mosra xpontm. 3ro npemenno nnmaer nac xax cosnannx, rax n cnoconocrn nnert
cnt o rex nop, noxa npnrox xponn ne noccranonnrcx. C pyro cropont,
cnonnennx n ocnonnom noxnnxmrcx na crann REM-cna. B +ro ]ase norox
xponn x mosry npnmepno raxo xe, xax n npn opcrnonannn, ro ecrt nam mosr
paoraer c ro xe cxopocrtm. Tax uro, norepxn cosnanne, nt ne moxere nnert
cnt no ro xe npnunne, no xoropo nt ero norepxnn
31,32
.
B name npemx cxnonnocrt x comnamynnsmy cunraercx nacnecrnenno.

Cornacno nn]opmannn Conera CBA no ynyumennm cna, na paouem mecre
pemner n 2 pasa ontme myxunn (26 %), uem xenmnn (13 %).

Heonapo a Bnnun peman no 15 mnnyr xaxte uertpe uaca.
Houeuy y e1en mnae1 1ax unoro nponeu co cnou?
Hpn nccneonannn sopontx ancrpanncxnx mxontnnxon onapyxnnoct, uro 6 %
noctmn n enxrnnernnx xnrene
Cnnex uacro npoctnamrcx no nouam. 3rn pesyntrart cornacymrcx c mnpoxo
nsnecrno cpen cnennanncron no ercxomy pasnnrnm rouxo spennx, uro or 5 o
10 % ere +roro nospacra ncntrtnamr pasnnunte napymennx cna. Hponemt
+rn nxnmuamr n cex cnoxnocrn c sactnannem n nnrentntm naxoxennem no
cne. Bnpouem, cnryannx y nspocntx npnmepno raxax xe. Ho noonoro poa
napymennx nnxoro ne onxnt nyrart.
Hponemt y ere moryr trt npemenntmn, nepnonuecxnmn nnn
xponnuecxnmn. Mnaennam cnoxno npncnoconrtcx x perynxpnomy nounomy cny.
Bosmoxno, +ro cnxsano c pasnnrnem uenoneuecxoro mosra n nepexoom or
nnyrpnyrponoro cymecrnonannx x mnpcxomy, re ent cmenxercx noutm.
Hccneonanne oxropa P. uepepa ronopnr o rom, uro n nepnym neenm xnsnn
mnaennt cnxr n cpenem or 15 o 17 uacon n ent. B 2 mecxna oxono nononnnt
mnaennen cnxr ncm nout. B 3 mecxna mnaennt cnxr npnmepno 10 uacon noutm n
23 pasa sactnamr n reuenne nx. Hnrepecno, uro ern, xoroptx xopmxr rpyntm
monoxom, noutm sactnamr uyrt menennee. Mexy 6 n 12 mecxnamn npnmepno 25
% ere, cnanmnx o +roro ncm nout, naunnamr npoctnartcx no nouam.
Hccneonanne oxropa Tomaca Anepca ntxnnno, uro mt, nosmoxno,
neoonennnaem uncno ere, npoctnammnxcx onn n onee pas sa nout.
B name npemx cxnonnocrt x comnamynnsmy cunraercx nacnecrnenno.
omxontnnxn n yuamnecx nauantno mxont moryr ncntrtnart nounte crpaxn.
Bym, renn, uyonnma, snte coaxn, rpanrenn, noxnrnrenn, npecneonarenn,
norepx ponrene nnn cama remnora nce +ro moxer oxasartcx ncrounnxom
crpaxon n nerarnnno nnnxrt na con. ern moryr ennrtcx +rnmn crpaxamn, a
moryr cxptnart nx. uacro crpemnenne ere orrxnyrt npemx orxoa xo cny moxer
xnnxrtcx raxrnxo nsexannx nountx crpaxon. Cpen noontx cnyuaen uacro
ncrpeuaercx rpenora, cnxsannax c pasenennem. ern moryr eccosnarentno
paccmarpnnart con xax nepno, n xoropt onn naxoxrcx n onnouecrne, es
ponrentcxo nmnn n nnnmannx. Ecnn n cemte nponsomnn xaxoe-ro nsmenenne,
crpecc nnn xon]nnxr (nanpnmep, nepees, cmeprt eymxn nnn aymxn, pasno
n rax anee), rpenora moxer ycnnnrtcx n crart ono ns npnunn paccrpocrna
cna. Kora ern ysnamr o cmeprn, onn moryr orxastnartcx nrn n nocrent, nyrax
con n cmeprt.
Tpenorn mxontnnxon, cnxsannte c partxmn n cecrpamn, ponecnnxamn, yueo n
mxone n nosnnxammnmn ram cnoxnocrxmn, raxxe nnnxmr na noxnnenne nponem
co cnom. Heannne nccneonannx yxastnamr na ror ]axr, uro axe manentxne
ern crpaamr n name npemx or enpeccnn eme onoro ncrounnxa
nexauecrnennoro cna. Hopocrxn ncntrtnamr nennym connnnocrt nce uame, n y
nnx nosnnxaer norpenocrt n ontmem xonnuecrne cna. Bosmoxno, +ro nmeer
ornomenne x rpeonannxm axrnnno pacrymero rena n nononomy cospenannm.
Iopmont pocra n ronaorponnnt (ropmont, crnmynnpymmne nononoe pasnnrne)
axrnnno ntenxmrcx rontxo npn nonnom nnxne cna. Ocoenno +ro samerno n
nauane nyeprarnoro nepnoa. Hn n xaxoe pyroe npemx xnsnn +ror ]enomen ne
npoxnnxercx.
Hopocrxn ncntrtnamr nennym connnnocrt nce uame, n y nnx nosnnxaer
norpenocrt n ontmem xonnuecrne cna.
Pasnte nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro or 10 o 20 % nopocrxon nonepxent
ecconnnne. Bosmoxno, x +romy nmemr ornomenne enpeccnx n pyrne
rpenoxnte paccrpocrna. Fonee roro, mnorne nopocrxn crpaamr or cnnpoma
ornoxenno ]ast cna. On, onaxo, cnxsan c nponemo sactnannx, a ne
npoyxennx. Ho cnonam Anepca, ocooeuuo nooeepreui omo+v cuuopo+v
noopocmru, nocro.irv us+eumuuec mpeooeauu orpvramue cpeoi, e.ervuue
sa cooo oo.ee nosouu omxoo ro cuv, esau+ooecmevmm c us+eueuu+u
uepoouoorpuuuo cerpeuu e nvoepmamuo+ nepuooe, :mo, e ceom o:epeoi,
eosoecmevem ua npoecci cua.
oxrop Mapx uopman c rpemx xonneramn npenaramr ponrenxm conert, xax
cnpannrtcx c nponemamn cna, nosnnxammnmn y ere. Onn nnmyr: .
usoae.euu om paccmpocme cua ueooxoou+i noooeprra, no+oui u euu+auue
pooume.e. Iueeuie veposi u uarasauu mo.iro epeom. Pooume.u oo.rui
eipaoomami cnorouoe, nouu+amuee, uo veepeuuoe omuoueuue r npoo.e+e.
Omxoo ro cuv oo.reu npoucxooumi e oouo u mo re :emro vcmauoe.euuoe epe+,
a omr.oueuu om omoeo epaqura oo.rui oimi ceeoeui r +uuu+v+v.
Hccneonarenn yrnepxamr, uro nenpannntnax cxema cna moxer samennrt
nononoe cospenanne.
K romy xe uo:uo ceem u paspeueuue peoeurv oeprami oeepi omrpimo :acmo
vcnoraueamm eeo. Bpe+ nepeo cuo+ oo.ruo oimi muxu+ u cnoroui+;
ueooxoou+o usoeeami eosovroamuux me.eeusuouuix npoepa++. Ten.a eauua,
.eeru nepervc u ueruoe ooueuue c pooume.+u e.mmc .v:uu+ peueuue+.
Homnmo +roro, nnora ponrenn onxnt nosnonxrt manentxnm erxm, y xoroptx
cnyuamrcx nounte xommapt, cnart c nnmn n nocrenn. 3ro noepxnr nx n
ycxopnr sactnanne. Ponrenn onxnt noapnnart cnonx ere n ocyxart c
nnmn npncnnnmnecx cnt. Tax y nspocntx yer nosmoxnocrt nomorart erxm n
ntpaxart nm cnom noepxxy. B xauecrne cnoero nxnaa n npeornpamenne
xommapon ponrenn onxnt cenart rax, urot nx ern ne cmorpenn crpamntx
]nntmon n renennsnonntx nporpamm o rex nop, noxa ne nayuarcx nonnmart, uro
+ro ncero nnmt xnno. Ponrenn, xoneuno, ne cmoryr nsannrtcx or ncex
ncrounnxon xommapon, no sauacrym renennenne onn ns nnx
33
-
40
.
Fontmnncrno cnyuaen ercxoro comnamynnsma, xommapntx cnonnenn n
nponem c neepxannem otuno nanmaercx x xonny nepnoro uaca cna.

Hccneonarenn yrnepxamr, uro nenpannntnax cxema cna moxer samennrt
nononoe cospenanne.
H1o 1axoe anno+ no cne?
Anno+ no cne nenponornuecxoe paccrpocrno, ns-sa xoroporo nacrynaer
upesmepnoe ynennuenne nenno connnnocrn n cnyuamrcx nenpecxasyemte
npncrynt nexonrponnpyemoro cna (connte araxn). Hmn c raxnm
saonenannem uacro crpaamr or ymennoro paccrpocrna, nerxo nyramrcx n
npoxnnxmr noxnte cyxennx. Homnmo napymennx nopmantnoro pacnopxxa cna
y nnx uacro nanmamrcx ocranonxa txannx, nontmennoe xponxnoe annenne,
ntcoxn pncx cepeunoro npncryna n pyrne nponemt co sopontem. Ceptesnax
onacnocrt cocronr n rom, uro, xora crpaammn anno+ uenonex neer mamnny,
on moxer ncntrart nnesannym nexonrponnpyemym araxy cna, a +ro nnonne moxer
saxonunrtcx anroxaracrpo]o.

Hmn, xoropte no yrpam nponoxr na connne napy uacon, neuepom sactnamr
tcrpee.
Hccneonanne ronopnr o rom, uro namn oporn moryr crart onee esonacntmn,
ecnn ynennunrt cnncox saonenann, npn nannunn xoroptx uenonexy orxastnamr
n ntaue nonrentcxnx npan. K npnmepy, onxnt nn mt nnmart npan rex, xro
crpaaer anno+? Hexoropte nccneonarenn cunramr, uro onxnt. oxropa Happn
uannn, Mapx Vnnepnrar n Hon Capper yxastnamr, uro crpaammne +rnm
saonenannem n 7 pas uame otuntx nonrene nonaamr n anroxaracrpo]t. 3a
nmo nepno npemenn onn n 5 pas uame nepexnnamr, xax mnnnmym, ony
anroxaracrpo]y. H xora raxax anroxaracrpo]a nponcxonr, n 8 pas uame pyrnx
nonrene onn oxastnamrcx nnnonntmn. oxrop uannn c xonneramn
nornepxamr, uro crpaammne anno+ no cne nmemr na cnoem cuery ontme
anroxaracrpo], nocxontxy nce onn uame sactnamr sa pynem. Komana
onapyxnna, uro npnmepno ona uerneprt ns raxnx nonrene sactnaer sa pynem
mnnnmym pas n neenm. Kpome roro, nocro.irv naueumi c anuoo ue eceeoa
eoeopm npaeov o ceoe+ cocmouuu u +oevm nimamic crpieami omv npoo.e+v,
24 % sacinamuux +uuu+v+ pas e ueoe.m +oevm ue omparami ucmuuuoeo
pas+axa saoo.eeauu.
Komana uannn raxxe onapoonana ecnoxoxmn ]axr, uro con sa pynem
oxastnaercx npnunno 25 % anroxaracrpo] n nenom, no +rn xaracrpo]t
cocrannxmr 83 % or ncex nponcmecrnn co cmeprentntm ncxoom. Omax cxema
raxona, uro nonrent sactnaer sa pynem n nonaaer na nonocy ncrpeunoro
nnxennx, uacro c ]arantntm ncxoom. B cnyuae cmeprentnoro nponcmecrnnx
ns-sa anno+ npnunna xaracrpo]t moxer ocrartcx nentxcnenno. B ornnune or
ntxntx nonrene, n xponn xoroptx ocramrcx cnet anxoronx, ncxptrne
nonrenx c anno+ moxer n ne nomout n ntxcnennn ncrnnno xaprnnt.
Con sa pynem oxastnaercx npnunno 25 % anroxaracrpo] n nenom, no +rn
xaracrpo]t cocrannxmr 83 % or ncex nponcmecrnn co cmeprentntm ncxoom.
Komana uannn nccneonana nn]opmannm oo ncex anroxaracrpo]ax,
cnyunnmnxcx n amepnxancxom mrare Bnpxnnnx (c mecrnmnnnnonntm
nacenennem) sa nxrnnernn nepno, c 1981 no 1985 ro. B cnncox tna nxnmuena
nmax anroxaracrpo]a, nonnexmax sa coo rpanmy uenonexa nnn ymep
cocrnennocrn ntme 500 onnapon. 3arem nccneonarenn cpannnnn nn]opmannm,
nonyuennym n macmraax mrara, c nn]opmanne o opoxntx napymennxx
nannenron c anno+ no cne, naxoxmecx n ynnnepcnrere Bnpxnnnn, n
naoparopnn paccrpocrn cna. Xorx mnoroe o anno+ xax o ]axrope
anroxaracrpo] eme nensnecrno, cymecrnymr cnoxnte mennnncxne n
mpnnuecxne nponemt, noxnnxmmnecx na ocnone onymennx, uro crpaammnm
noontm paccrpocrnom ne cneyer nonyuart nonrentcxnx npan. K npnmepy,
uro onxen npenpnnxrt npau, ecnn on snaer, uro ero nannenr, xoropomy ne
nomorno neuenne, ne nponn]opmnponan rpancnoprnte nnacrn o +rom ]axre n
npoonxaer nonrt mamnny? Komana uannn npoxnnxer nonnmanne, onaxo
npnepxnnaercx xecrxo nnnnn: Haueumi c anuoo eo cue, sacinamuue sa
pv.e+, ue oo.rui eooumi +auuuv. Ouu npeocmae.mm oouecmeeuuvm
onacuocmi, nocro.irv +oevm ucra.e:umi u.u voumi opveux eooume.e,
naccarupoe u.u neuexoooe.
Anno+ no cne ne cneyer nyrart c pyrnm paccrpocrnom cna napxonencne.
Hapxonencnx, raxxe nsnecrnax xax cnnpom Iennno, nnn napoxcnsmantnt con,
cocronr ns xoporxnx, nepnonuecxnx n nexonrponnpyemtx +nnsoon cna. Onaxo
napxonencnx uacro nxnmuaer n cex rannmnnnannn, xarannexcnm (mtmeunym
cnaocrt, ocoenno no npemx norxrnnannx) n pasnnunte crenenn npemennoro
napannua. Ho cpannennm c anno+ no cne napxonencnm ropaso cnoxnee neunrt, n
ona npecrannxer onee ceptesnym onacnocrt nx nonrene n nemexoon.
Con onn ns nanonee npnxrntx, nennnntx n esonacntx nnon uenoneuecxoro
noneennx.
Hccneonanne, nponeennoe n Bnpxnnnn, mnpoxo ocyxanoct n mennnncxo
n ncnxonornuecxo nayuno nnreparype, a raxxe n cpecrnax maccono
nn]opmannn CBA. Ocoenno ceptesnt nnrepec x nemy npoxnnnn amepnxancxne
crpaxonte xomnannn. C rex nop n Bnpxnnnn tn nponeen eme px
nccneonann, npnnemnx x rem xe ntnoam. K npnmepy, nccneonanne n
ynnnepcnrere Bncxoncnna onapyxnno, uro nmn, crpaammne anno+ no cne, e 7
pas :aue pasoueamm ceou +auuui, :e+ me, rmo cnum uop+a.iuo.
Otuno mt nonaraem, uro con onn ns nanonee npnxrntx, nennnntx n
esonacntx nnon uenoneuecxoro noneennx. Onaxo +ro nn n xoem cnyuae ne
ornocnrcx xo cny sa pynem
4144
.
Cnennanncrt no cny yrnepxamr, uro, ecnn nam rpyno sacnyrt, ncrantre n
npoenare cno otunt pnryan orxoa xo cny eme pas.

Hmn, xoropte no yrpam nponoxr na connne napy uacon, neuepom sactnamr
tcrpee. Hpenonaraercx, uro rax na nonornuecxne uact oprannsma
nosecrnyer cner.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro y otuntx nme nponecc sactnannx sannmaer 7
mnnyr.
Moae1 nn c1axan uonoxa ycnnn1t connnnoc1t?
Hccneonarenn cna c +rnm ne cornacnt. Hexoropte yrnepxamr, uro monoxo (no
xpane mepe, cnxroe nnn manoxnpnoe) na camom ene nosyxaer mosr. Fenox n
pyrne npncyrcrnymmne n monoxe xomnonenrt cunramrcx crnmynxropamn
mosrono exrentnocrn. Hpn xonraxre c xenyxom xononoe monoxo n
onpeenenno crenenn ynr nam oprannsm. C pyro cropont, monoxo
coepxnr xantnn. uacrt +xcnepron cunramr, uro xantnn ycnoxannaer nepnt, a
rennoe monoxo n xenyxe cnocono ycnoxonrt nect oprannsm.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro y otuntx nme nponecc sactnannx sannmaer 7
mnnyr.
Moae1 nn caxap nonmcn1t connnnoc1t?
Hexoropte cnennanncrt n onacrn cna yrnepxamr, uro caxap ecrnnrentno
moxer cenart nac conntm. Onn paccxastnamr, uro cnaocrn cosamr n
oprannsme raxo xoxrent xnmnuecxnx +nemenron, xoropt orpnnarentno nnnxer
na axrnnnocrt mosra, enax uenonexa onee paccnanenntm n nxntm.
Ec1t nn 1axne nmn, xo1opme nnxora ne cnn1?
Taxne nmn crpaamr or pexoro xponnuecxoro saonenannx aconmrno
ecconnnnt, ne nosnonxmme nm cnart. B mennnncxo nnreparype npnnoxrcx
npnmept cnyuaen, xora nexoropte nannenrt oxonnnct es cna 5 n onee ner.
Cunraercx, uro nmn, crpaammne ecconnnne, moryr omanyrt cex n
nontrartcx sacnyrt, rnxx n remnory mnpoxo pacxptrtmn rnasamn. Htraxct
saxptrtcx, nexn sanycrxr nponecc sactnannx.

Onnm nmxm cnoxno sacnyrt, pyrnm cnoxno ocranartcx no cne. Cnennanncrt
no cny pexo ymamr o nocnennx. Onaxo +rn nmn npecrannxmr coo nnonne
peantnym npnunny nx ecnoxocrna, nocxontxy cnoxnocrn n noepxannn cna
uacro xnnxmrcx npnsnaxom nponem co sopontem.

Ecnn y nac cnoxnocrn c sactnannem, nnnnre no ncem rpenory. Ecnn nam cnoxno
onro ocranartcx no cne, nnnonara, cxopee ncero, enpeccnx.
Ecnn counauynm uory1 xon1t, xax anexo onn cnoconm yn1n?
B 1987 roy onnnanarnnernn mantunx no nmenn Maxn nxcon tn naen
sa 160 xnnomerpon or cnoero oma, naxoxmerocx n mrare Hnnnnoc. On xonn
no cne n xaxnm-ro opasom yxnrpnncx cecrt na noes.
Hpana nn, u1o nnmenne cna nm1xa?
Tax ono n ecrt. Hnmenne uenonexa cna uacro ncnontsonanoct n xauecrne ocoo
xecroxo ]opmt ntrxn. Hmn, xoroptm ne anann cnart, cxonnn c yma. Cnepna
onn cranonnnnct cepnrtmn, paspaxnrentntmn, nenonxnmn n satnunntmn,
sarem naunnannct rannmnnnannn.
Ecnn nam cnoxno onro ocranartcx no cne, nnnonara, cxopee ncero, enpeccnx.
Hacxontxo rpouxnu mnae1 xpan?
Camt rpomxn xpan tn saperncrpnponan y Kepa Vonxepra ns Kymant n
Bnennn. Crpaax or anno+ no cne, on naxonncx n ontnnne, n 24 max 1993 roa
ero xpan, cornacno noxasarenxm npnopon, ocrnr 93 ennen. 3ro rpomue, uem
snyx paoramme nnenmarnuecxo penn nocpen oporn n uac nnx
45
.
Cxontxo uacon n ro n cnnm?
B npomnom roy nt cnann npnmepno 2555 uacon
46
.
Fnonorn cunramr, uro uem xnnornoe ymnee, rem ontme cna emy rpeyercx.
Houeuy neu nau cnn1cn ontme cnon, ueu noutm?
3ro rontxo xaxercx. Ha camom ene noutm mt nnnm crontxo xe cnon, cxontxo n
nem, onaxo nennte sanomnnaem nyume. uem tcrpee mt npoctnaemcx nocne
cnonnennx, rem xpue ero ocrarount opas. eno n rom, uro nama
onronpemennax namxrt no npemx cna noannena, nmenno no+romy mt satnaem
cnt, xoropte npncnnnnct nam n nauane noun. nem xe mt cnnm mentme n
npoctnaemcx ncxope nocne roro, xax sacnynn. Taxnm opasom, nam nerue
ncnomnnrt npncnnnmeecx, a noromy nam xaxercx, uro ontme cnon cnnrcx
nmenno nem
47
.
Hexoropte nccneonarenn cunramr, uro, ecnn nt ne moxere sacnyrt, ncranare c
xponarn. Hnaue, cunramr onn, nt naunere cnxstnart xponart c ecconnnne n
pasouaponannem. Ftno onapyxeno, uro nexoropte nmn naunnamr
paspaxartcx, xax rontxo sanpamrcx no oexno, camn ne nonnmax nouemy.

Onopnt omennx, xoropt nocxr nannenrt c nonpexennem men, nomoraer n
or xpana.

Cpen nme, nmemmnx cnoxnocrn c sactnannem, ropaso ontme xenmnn, uem
myxunn.
Moano nn nocnonnn1t neoc1a1ox cna?
a. B name npemx, xora nce xya-ro eryr, a 24 uacon n cyrxn nnxomy ne xnaraer,
n xeprny npnnocnrcx nmenno con.
uenonex, pocnnmn xypnrt, nyxaercx n mentmem xonnuecrne npemenn na
nouno con.
Ho n xoneunom cuere, ecnn noontme cnart n ntxonte, necxontxo noue nopx
noxnrtcx pantme nnn cnart yptnxamn necxontxo pas, ro e]nnnr cna
nocnonnnrcx. B xpannx cnyuaxx, ronopxr +xcneprt, nam moxer nonaonrtcx o
6 neent, urot nocnonnnrt nosnnxmn e]nnnr. Tpeonannx oprannsma sanncxr
or mnornx ]axropon, n onnm ns nnx xnnxercx +]]exrnnnocrt cna nyxnoro
xauecrna. Onpeenennt rnn mosrontx nonn onxen nosnnxart n
coornercrnymmee npemx, urot con cmor nocnonnnrt e]nnnr y rex, xro cnnr
mano. Hanocneox npnney cnona oxropa Mapxa Fn+rpona: Heromopie
ucc.eooeauu oouapvru.u, :mo .mou, romopie +a.o cnm, e oo.iue cmeneuu
rouqop+ucmi, :epec:vp +uoeo paoomamm u om.u:ammc omcvmcmeue+
euorocmu no cpaeueuum c me+u, rmo cnum +uoeo, oouaro opveue ucc.eooeauu ue
c+oe.u noomeepoumi omo omrpimue
48
,
49
.
Hccneonarenn ycranonnnn, uro uem mentme nt cnnre, rem ontme enre. B ror
ent, xora nac nnmnnn nonnoro oema nounoro cna, nt, cxopee ncero, yere
uyrt rononee otunoro.

uenonex, pocnnmn xypnrt, nyxaercx n mentmem xonnuecrne npemenn na
nouno con; pasnnna cocrannxer npnmepno 1 uac.

Mnorouncnennte mennnncxne nccneonannx yrnepxamr, uro otunt
pacnopxox cna uenonexa onxen trt raxon: 4 uaca cna 4 uaca opcrnonannx,
n rax anee.

Hccneonarenn onapyxnnn, uro nmn, xoroptm nao ncero nnmt mecrt uacon
nounoro cna, sactnamr ropaso rnyxe ocrantntx. Onaxo nm ne rpeyercx
nepnoro n nocnenero uaca nerxoro cna, xoropt nanmaercx y ontmnncrna
nme.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nmn, xoropte pano ncramr, nerue
npncnocannnamrcx x napymennm nopnrmon, cnxsannomy c nepemeno uacontx
noxcon.
Inana 14
Cuep1t

Cmeprt npner xo ncem nam. Ho c ee npnxoom mt cenaem ropaso ontme, uem
npocro copocu+ omom opeuui uv+, xax nncan Bexcnnp.
Innoxcemnx neocrarox xponn n mosre xnnxercx npnunno cmeprn nmoro
uenonexa.
Moano nn yuepe1t o1 c1paxa?
Xorx mpnnuecxoe saxnmuenne ne nnnxer na ]nsnonornuecxn ]axr, nce
ynennunnammeecx uncno anoxaron n mpncron ntne nonaramr, uro crpax nnonne
moxer ynrt. oxrop xopx 3nrent, npo]eccop mennnnt nnyrpennnx opranon
n ynnnepcnrere Pouecrepa, yrnepxaer: Hema.iuie pearuu peoru, uo ouu
c.v:ammc. Bo.iuuucmeo .moe ue v+upamm, cmo.ruveuuci c uoroei+
cooimue+. Ho ueromopie eno.ue +oevm crou:amic.

B CBA namn manct nornnyrt n anroxaracrpo]e cocrannxmr 1 cnyua ns 88.
Fontmax uacrt +rnx nme nornaer or ncnyra, cnxsannoro c orpanennxmn,
nanaennxmn n omnmn connantntmn crpaxamn. Hpnmepnt cnenapn raxon:
noxnnoro uenonexa nyraer nananmn rpanrent, n ror rnner or cepeunoro
npncryna. Vpon cepny nanocnrcx n nepno nontmennoro nanpxxennx, xoropoe
moxer cnyunrtcx xax ncnecrnne ocooro cocroxnnx cosnannx, rax n ns-sa
]nsnuecxo narpysxn
1
.
Moano nn yuepe1t o1 cuexa?
Ho rem xe camtm npnunnam moxno ymepert n or cmexa. AFP coomaer o cnyuae,
xora arcxn oxrop n yxnantnom cmtcne ymep or cmexa: npncryn xoxora,
cnyunnmncx n xnnorearpe, ntsnan cepeunt npncryn, nonnexmn sa coo
cmeprt. Bpau cmorpen ]nntm Piora no H+euu Bauoa. Cunraercx, uro ero cepne
nontcnno cno pnrm c nopmantnoro yponnx 60 yapon n mnnyry o yponnx mexy
250 n 500 yapamn
2
.
B CBA namn manct nornnyrt n anroxaracrpo]e cocrannxmr 1 cnyua ns 88.
Cmeprt or yapa monnnn nacrnrner nac n 1 cnyuae ns 39 000. Bepoxrnocrt cmeprn
or ropnao rouno raxax xe 1 cnyua ns 39 000. Banct nornnyrt n
annaxaracrpo]e 1 cnyua ns 40 000. Bosmoxnocrt ymepert, ynan c xponarn, 1
cnyua ns 2 000 000. Cmeprt or yxyca smen 1 cnyua na 3 000 000. Bepoxrnocrt
nornnyrt or nanaennx axynt 1 cnyua ns 3 700 000.
Hpoonaam1 nn namn nonocm pac1n nocne cuep1n?
3pant cmtcn nocxastnaer: nam rontxo raremc, uro nocne cmeprn nonoct
pacryr. Mnorne cunramr, uro nocne cmeprn pacryr xax norrn, rax n nonoct,
onaxo na camom ene reno npocro yctxaer, cmopmnnaercx, xoxa cxnmaercx, n
nonoct cranonxrcx onee samerntmn. Bnpouem, cymecrnymr pexne cnyuan,
xoropte nenosmoxno ornecrn x npocromy crxrnnannm xoxn. K npnmepy, n cnoe
xnaccnuecxo xnnre Auo+a.uu u Peorue C.v:au e Meouuue (1897) xopx Iyn
n Vonrep Han nnmyr:
Apucmome.i paccvroaem o noc+epmuo+ pocme eo.oc, a ep+eu npueooum
c.v:a, roeoa c mpvna uecro.iro pas cpesa.u oopoov u eo.oci. Huoeoa +i
uao.moae+ ceuoeme.icmea omo+v e nposermopcro. Ko.ovo.. vno+uuaem o me.e,
npo.eraeue+ e se+.e :emipe eooa, eo.oci romopoeo npoou.uci :epes
uen.omuie cmiru u uei epooa. .uua eo.oc ua eo.oee cocmae..a eoce+uaoami
om+oe, oopooa oocmuea.a eoci+u, eo.oci re ua epvou oi.u om :emipex oo
uecmu om+oe
3

Ecrt n pyrne noonte cnnerentcrna, ontmnncrno xoroptx nanncano nex
nasa. Hacxontxo moxno onepxrt raxnm paccxasam ontmo nonpoc.
Mennm1 nn namn nonocm nne1 nocne 1oro, xax nm yunpae1e?
Hner nonoc cnocoen nsmennrtcx npn xnsnn naroapx nsanmoecrnnm c
nenocpecrnenntm xnmnuecxnm oxpyxennem. Oxpacxa nonoc raxoe npocroe n
mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoe xnnenne. Ftnaer, uro nonoct oxpamnnamr
nenamepenno. K npnmepy, y paounx na xoantrontx maxrax nonoct nnora
npnoperamr cnnmm oxpacxy, a y paounx na mentx maxrax senenym. Onaxo
oxpacxa nonoc nocne cmeprn +ro xnnenne concem pyroro nopxxa.
Innoxcemnx neocrarox xponn n mosre xnnxercx npnunno cmeprn nmoro
uenonexa.
Cyx no ncemy, +ro ecrnnrentno nosmoxno, xorx n ne ouent mnpoxo
pacnpocrpaneno. Cnyua raxoro poa tn onncan n 1885 roy n Popular Science
Monthly n npecrannxer coo nosmoxnt npnmep nsmenennx nnera nonoc nocne
cmeprn. Bpau no nmenn Iaynrmann onnctnaer reno, +xcrymnponannoe nocne 20
ner npetnannx no semne. Bonoct nsmennnn cno nner c remno-xopnunenoro
na ptxn. Ha nneronom cnexrpe xopnunent pacnonaraercx nnsxo x ptxemy,
no+romy na camom ene nensnecrno, tno nn +ro otunoe ntropanne
xopnunenoro o ptxero nnn ner
4
.
Myxunnt n 6 pas uame xenmnn nornamr or yapon monnnn.

Cpenn nospacr nme, nonanmnx no yap monnnn, 35 ner.

Amepnxannt ymnpamr, nonepxnynmnct syouncrxo, snaunrentno uame, uem
nonepxnynmnct nmtm pyrnm npemerom.

Enncrnennt onop moxer naennrt opranamn, xocrxmn n rxanxmn onee 50
uenonex.

Camo crapo napo onoxnontx nnsnenon tnn xnonxn Knm Hapnra n xnn
Kann. Onn ponnnct 1 anrycra 1892 roa. B xnnape 2000 roa Knm ymepna or
cepeunoro npncryna, e tno 107 ner.

Hpoxasa camax pennxx onesnt n mnpe, cnyuan saonenannx em tnn onncant
eme n 1350 roy o name +pt. B name npemx npoxasa nonnocrtm nsneunnaercx.

Camtmn noxnntmn rponxmxamn tnn u+r, Xoyn n uepnrn Kapy+nn,
ponnmnecx 18 max 1899 roa n Texace, n 3nm Morre. u+r ymepna nepno n
oxrxpe 1994 roa, e tno 95 ner.
Kaxym nosy nm uoae1e sann1t nocne cuep1n?
Hosa n annom cnyuae nmeer ornomenne x nonoxennm, n xoropom rpyn
sacrtnaer nocne nnesanno cmeprn. Hnora reno n momenr cmeprn npnnnmaer
noncrnne crpannym nosy, xoropax ocraercx nensmenno, nocxontxy mtmeunoe
paccnanenne orcyrcrnyer. 3ror ]enomen uacro nanmaercx na none, na nonxx
cpaxenn, n ceptesntm opasom ornnuaercx or otxnonennoro rpynnoro
oxouenennx.

Myxunnt n 6 pas uame xenmnn nornamr or yapon monnnn.
Kora uenonex ymnpaer, ero reno otuno onontno rnxoe n mxrxoe. uepes
nexoropoe npemx nacrynaer rpynnoe oxouenenne. Mtmnt nocrenenno cranonxrcx
xecrxnmn, a sarem cnona menenno paccnanxmrcx. Hnxn oxouenennx moxer
sannmart or 12 o 24 uacon n onee. Ero npoonxnrentnocrt sanncnr or
pasnnuntx ycnonn, raxnx xax npnunna cmeprn, remneparypa nosyxa n rax anee.
Tem ne menee n nexoroptx cnyuaxx nnesanno nacnntcrnenno cmeprn reno
sacrtnaer n ro nose, n xoropo uenonex naxonncx n momenr rnenn. Ho
nensnecrntm noxa npnunnam mtmnt ne moryr paccnanrtcx, rax n ocranaxct n
nanpxxennn. 3ro xnnenne crpanno nost nocne cmeprn uacro onnctnann
xypnanncrt, notnanmne na none. Hosnnnonnte nrnt Hepno mnpono
nponsnenn na cner cront mnoro raxnx cnyuaen, uro nx yxacnte onncannx
nepecrann xasartcx croxmnmn ynomnnannx. Bosmoxno, nyumnm nsopaxennem
raxo nost na none ox xnnxercx cneymmee:
[Be.euue] uao.moa.oci oormopo+ Poccoaxo+ us Bvpovpea ua no.e oumei e
Bo+ou, npousoueoue noo.usocmu om Ceoaua e 1870 eoov. Ou oouapvru. mpvn
co.oama, romopi no.vcuoe.-no.v.era. ua se+.e, oepra +erov oo.iuu+ u
vrasame.iui+ na.ie+ recmuvm :aurv u noouoc ee ro pmv. B omo nose
uec:acmui oi. voum nvue:ui+ opo+, romopoe cuec.o e+v ecm eo.oev,
ocmaeue .uui uurumm :e.mcmi. Te.o u pvru npu cmo.i oicmpo c+epmu
euesanuo oro:eue.u, us-sa :eeo mar u ocma.uci e nosuuu, e romopo oi.u ua
+o+eum euoe.u om opa. Koeoa oormop Poccoax oouapvru. me.o e maro+
cocmouuu, noc.e saeepueuu oumei npou.o oeaoami :emipe :aca
5
.
Ec1t nn 1axoe nnnenne, xax nocuep1nmn onm1?
B rom, uro xacaercx nnenn no npemx xnnnnuecxo cmeprn, cymecrnyer ontmax
nyrannna. Mennnna n ncnxonornx pasenxmrcx no mnennxx, uro xe nmenno
npecrannxer coo noonoro poa ontr rannmnnnannm, npoyxr maccono
ncrepnn, xnmnuecxym peaxnnm mosra na rpanmarnuecxn crpecc nnn
ecrnnrentno npomexyrount mar mexy xnsntm n cmeprtm.
Cpenn nospacr nme, nonanmnx no yap monnnn, 35 ner.
Pasnnrte mennnncxne rexnonornn n merot neuennx nosnonnnn nosnpamart c
roro cnera ontme nme, uem +ro tno npexe. B pesyntrare nce ontme n
ontme cnnerene coomamr o rom, uro c nnmn nponcxonno no npemx
xnnnnuecxo cmeprn. Otuno +ro nannenrt, nepexnnmne ocranonxy cepna,
xomy, rpanmy, ena ne npnnemym x rnenn, re, xro ena ne yronyn, nnn
crpaammne ceptesntmn saonenannxmn. Ecrt cnyuan, xoropoe nponcxonnn c
nepexnnmnmn nenepoxrnt ncnxonornuecxn crpecc, ne cnxsannt c
]nsnuecxnm nonpexennem. K nnm ornocxrcx antnnnncrt nnn maxrept,
sacrpxnmne na necxontxo ne n nemepax n maxrax nocne onanon.
Bosmoxno, nepntm onncannem noonoro ontra cnyxnr paccxas rpeuecxoro
]nnoco]a Hnarona (424347 rr. o n. +.). BPecnvo.ure Hnaron onnctnaer conara
no nmenn 3p, xoropt, xax nce noymann, norn n nrne. Hcropnx rnacnr, uro,
noxa 3p nexan na none ox, ero yma nocnapnna. B conponoxennn ym pyrnx
nornmnx conar 3p nonan n nno mnp crpany, re ymn npecranann nepe
cyom. On ynnen rex, xro ntnpan cnoe cneymmee nonnomenne, a sarem
ntnnnan noy Pexn 3anennx, crnpax namxrt o npetymnx xnsnxx. Onaxo 3py
sanpernnn ee nnrt. Hocne +roro on norepxn cosnanne. B xonne xonnon on
nepnyncx n cnoe reno, n ouent nonpemx norpeantnt xocrep, na xoropt ero
nonoxnnn, xax pas conpannct noxeut
6
.
Hocunrano, uro sa nocnenne rpn c nononnno rtcxuenernx n nnnnnnsonannom
mnpe tno rontxo 230 mnpntx ner.
H1o 1axoe nocuep1nmn onm1?
B 1975 roy oxrop Pamon Moyn nanncan xnnry usui Hoc.e usuu, n
xoropo on paccxastnan o xnnnnuecxo cmeprn, nasnan ro, uro nmn ncntrtnann
no npemx nee, nocmeprntm ontrom. 3ror repmnn oosnauan oouvm
noc.eooeame.iuocmi cooimu, o romopix cooouamm neperueuue ux .mou
noc.e moeo, rar npuxoom e ceo, ena ne nornnyn. Knnra oxropa Moyn
nonna npnmepamn noonoro poa
7
. B name npemx npnsnaercx, uro nocmeprnt
ontr ornocnrcx x nmtm nocnomnnannxm, xoropte tnn y nannenra c momenra,
xora on norepxn cosnanne, oxasanmnct mexy xnsntm n cmeprtm, n o roro, xax
on ero open.
Hocmeprnt ontr nxnmuaer n cex ono nnn necxontxo onncanntx nnxe
omymenn:
ocosnanne cmeprn nnesannoe nonnmanne uenonexom roro, uro c nnm nponsomen
cmeprentnt cnyua (nnn on ne ntxnn no npemx onepannn n r. .);
noxo n orcyrcrnne onn nonnmanne, uro cnxsn, coennxmmne uenonexa c
mnpom xnntx n cocrnenntm renom, opesant;
omymenne npetnannx nne rena nsrnx na nero co cropont n, nosmoxno, na
npaue n mececrep, sannmammnxcx peannmanne;
npetnanne n rynnene uyncrno nnxennx nnepx nnn nnepe no ysxomy npoxoy;
nmn cnera, ncrpeuammne n xonne rynnenx, cymecrna, nsnyuammne cner;
Cymecrno cnera npncyrcrnne oronoono ]nrypt nnn nexo cnnt;
nanopamnt npocmorp xnsnn Cymecrno cnera noxastnaer uenonexy ero
xnsnt;
nexenanne nosnpamartcx omymenne noxox n oxpyxennx cnerom, xoropoe eme
nastnamr uncro nmontm;
rpanc]opmannx nnunocrn ncnxonornuecxoe nsmenenne, xapaxrepnsymmeecx
norepe crpaxa cmeprn, ontme yxonno ocosnannocrtm, uyncrnom cnxsn c
3emne n ontme xaxo xnsnn
8
.
Hs +roro nepeunx uame ncero ncrpeuaercx npetnanne nne rena. O nem coomamr
o 75 % nepexnnmnx xnnnnuecxym cmeprt. Bropoe nanonee uacro ynomnnaemoe
cocroxnne nanopamnt npocmorp xnsnn. Kax ronopnr camo +ro nasnanne,
cotrnx nce xnsnn uenonexa sa cexyny nponocxrcx n ero cosnannn. pyrne
cocrannxmmne nocmeprnoro cymecrnonannx no uacrore ytnannx pacnonaramrcx
raxnm opasom: npoxoxenne cxnost rynnent, ncrpeua c pyrnmn cymecrnamn
(xnntmn nnn meprntmn pocrnennnxamn), ncrpeua c Cymecrnom cnera,
omymenne npncyrcrnnx oxecrna, nosnpamenne n reno n nepexnnanne roro,
uro nccneonarenn nastnamr +nemenramn enepconannsannn (nanpnmep,
nsmenennoe uyncrno npemenn nnn orcrpanenne or peantnocrn).
Ecnn t n namn nn coxpanxncx ror xe yponent cmeprnocrn, uro tn n 1900
roy, onee nononnnt nme, nacenxmmnx ceuac nnanery, tnn t meprnt.
Eme ono nnrepecnoe orxptrne, neanno noxnnnmeecx na cner naroapx
nccneonannxm, yxastnaer na ror ]axr, uro nmn, coomanmne o ontre
xnnnnuecxo cmeprn, ynnnrentno nnsxn no nponcxoxennm.
Hocneonarentnax renennnx npocnexnnaercx n rom, uro n ercrne
npaxrnuecxn nce onn xnnxnnct xeprnamn nacnnnx
9
.
Cymecrnymr mnorouncnennte reopnn, oxcnxmmne ontr xnnnnuecxo cmeprn,
n pasnoopasnte nccneonannx crpemxrcx orennrt mn]t or peantnocrn. Ono
ns nanonee nmontrntx orxptrn noxnnnoct n neannne rot: n nepexnnannn
xnnnnuecxo cmeprn npncyrcrnyer snaunrentnax xyntrypnax cocrannxmmax. To,
xaxne +nemenrt uenonex nnnr, sanncnr or roro, n xaxom omecrne on poc. K
npnmepy, naroapx paore oxropa Hcamt Mamne ns orenennx ncnxonornn
ynnnepcnrera 3amnn crano nsnecrno, uro mnorne a]pnxannt, nepexnnmne ontr
xnnnnuecxo cmeprn, paccmarpnnamr ero xax sno n ornocxr x xononcrny.
nonnt, ncntranmne xnnnnuecxym cmeprt, paccxastnamr o nnnntx, rnyoxnx
pexax n npexpacntx nnerax. 3ro pacnpocrpanennte cnmnont xnoncxoro
ncxyccrna. Bocrounte nnnnt nnora ncrpeuamr neecntx unnonnnxon.
Haxonen, xnrenn Mnxponesnn nnxr neeca xax orpomnt ropo c
neocxpeamn.

3namennrte nocnenne cnona npesnenra upannnn Bapnx e Ionnx tnn
raxont: Kax ontno.
oxrop Kenner Pnnr onncan 12 nsmenenn, xoropte uacro nponcxoxr y
uenonexa, nepexnnmero nocmeprnt ontr:
ontmee nonnmanne nennocrn xnsnn; yxpennenne uyncrna cocrnennoro
ocronncrna; onee rnyoxoe couyncrnne pyrnm nmxm; nontmennoe omymenne
cmtcna cymecrnonannx n nonnmanne cex; xenanne yunrtcx; nospocmax
yxonnocrt;
oocrpennax +xonornuecxax nocnpnnmunnocrt; oocrpenne nnrynnnn, nnora
renenarnuecxne cnoconocrn;
nontmennax ]nsnuecxax uyncrnnrentnocrt; cnnxenne repnnmocrn x cnery,
anxoronm n napxornxam; uyncrno, uro nx mosr nsmennncx n cnocoen nmecrnrt
ontme nn]opmannn;
omymenne, uro renept onn ncnontsymr nect mosr, a ne rontxo ero neontmym
uacrt
10
.
Moae1 nn uenonex ecnpnunnno sarope1tcn?
Taxoe xnnenne nastnaercx cnonranntm camonosropannem (CC). Cnonrannoe
camonosropanne cnxsano c neoxcnnmo cmeprtm nnn oxoramn, npn xoroptx
ncrounnx ornx ne onapyxen. Cnonrannoe camonosropanne crano nmnmo remo
nx ncxyccn cpen nme, nnrepecymmnxcx napanopmantntmn xnnennxmn.
Onaxo nayxa yrnepxaer, uro cnonrannoro camonosropannx ne cymecrnyer n uro
nce noonte cnyuan nmemr uerxoe oxcnenne.
Hepnt npenonaraemt cnyua CC tn onncan n mennnncxo nnreparype
oxropom xonom Onepronom, noxnnnmnct n crarte 1836 roa, onynnxonanno
n Transactions of the Medical Society of Tennessee. B crarte paccxastnaercx o
cnyuae nosnnxnonennx oxoron y npo]eccopa maremarnxn, nonyuenntx
nensnecrntm opasom no nensnecrntm npnunnam n 1835 roy.
B Xo.oouo+ o+e (1852) uapntsa nxxenca nepconax no nmenn Kpyx npnnnmaer
yxacnym cmeprt or CC. B cnoe npemx nxxenca pesxo xpnrnxonann sa ro, uro on
(cxaxem rax) pasynan oront nynnuntx crpaxon ornocnrentno +roro xnnennx,
cymecrnonanne xoroporo ne oxasano o cnx nop.
B name npemx nnmt onn uenonex ns 2 mnnnnapon npoxnnaer 116 ner n ontme.
Bpemx or npemenn cnyua npenonaraemoro CC onnctnaercx n mennnncxo
nnreparype nnn, uro uame, n nepnonuecxo neuarn. K npnmepy, penoprax 1990
roa ns Hexnna naunnancx rax: Oquua.iua easema cooouaem: rumacrue
epa:u ecmpeeoreui noe.euue+ uoeo +eouuucro saeaoru me.o +o.oooeo
:e.oeera +orem cnoumauuo eocn.a+eumic e ca+ix :vecmeume.iuix +ecmax u
nporueami ooerov. anee ronopnnoct, uro y mnomn nocroxnno nosropannct
nomtmxn, npanax pyxa n napyxnte nononte oprant
11
.
Bosmoxno, nanonee nsnecrnt cnyua raxoro poa nponsomen n 1985 roy n
Anrnnn. O nem paccxasano n xnnre C+epmi om Ceepxecmecmeeuuix
Hpu:uu, nanncanno xennn P+nnc n Hnrepom Xoyxom
12
. Hocne nocemennx
ypoxa omonocrna enouxa-nopocrox nnesanno saropenact, cnycxaxct no
mxontno necrnnne. Ona nonyunna nnmt nonepxnocrnte oxorn cnnnt, no uepes
ne neenn ymepna n ontnnne or ocnoxnenn, ntsnanntx nn]exnne.
Camte crapte uernepnxmxn n mnpe ponnnct 5 max 1912 roa.
3ra cmeprt ne cnxsana c neoxcnnmtmn cnyuaxmn CC, nocxontxy oxcnenne
nponsomemero moxer oxasartcx onontno npocrtm. oxrop Fepnap Har,
npo]eccop cyeno naronornn c xa]ept mennnnt V+ntcxoro ynnnepcnrera,
nanncanmn o +rom cnyuae n New Scientist, ormeraer nepoxrnocrt CC no ncex
noontx nponcmecrnnxx
13
. Ho cnonam oxropa Hara,earuocmi rpoemc ue
cmo.iro e omo mpaeeouu, npu:uua romopo .eero oocuemc cmpve easa,
eocn.a+euueue n.amie, uo e oesepauu:uo nompeouocmu .moe eepumi e
,cnoumauuoe ca+oeoseopauue, e qaumasum, noporoeuuvm Xo.ooui+ o+o+
Uap.isa urreuca. Iooa+u namo.oeu ompua.u omom qeuo+eu, oouaro
cnoumauuoe ca+oeoseopauue oo cux nop npeocmae.em cooo +accoeoe
sao.vroeuue, ue re.amuee uc:esami us :e.oee:ecrux v+oe.
oxrop Har oannxer: Koue:uo, +epmeie me.a +oevm ecnixuvmi u ceopemi
oom.a, oouaro o. omoeo oo.rui oimi xopouu ucmo:uur oeu u cu.iua mea,
:mooi me.ecui rup ua:a. oecmeoeami rar mon.ueo, noorueamuee qumu.i
ooeroi. B omo+ uem uu:eeo cnoumauuoeo u oeeo:ra, :i ooeroa saeope.aci
ua cnuue, cropee eceeo, c.uuro+ o.usro nooou.a r easoeo rouqopre, :mo
npuee.o r uesua:ume.iuo+v m.euum, noc.e romopoeo :epes ueromopoe epe+
eosuur.o n.a+.
Bpx nn +ro moxno nasnart napanopmantntm xnnennem, a noromy nce
ynomnnannx o CC nayxa npeaer ornm
14
.
Camte crapte uernepnxmxn n mnpe Aont], Anna Mapnx, 3mma n 3nnsaer
Orrman. Onn ponnnct 5 max 1912 roa. Hepntm n mapre 1992 roa ymep Aont],
emy tno 79 ner.

Fpnrancxn npo]eccop Apnan Taprerr snaer camoro pennero cnoero npexa.
Pesyntrart recron HK npo]eccopa noxasann, uro ero pocrnennnxom xnnxercx
onapyxennt n ueape cxener, nospacr xoroporo enxrt rtcxuenern.

Moxer nn monnnx nonacrt n onoro uenonexa naxt? a, moxer. Amepnxanen
Pon Cannnnan, necnnun n napxe Bnpxnnnn, nsnecren rem, uro monnnx nonaana
n nero ne 2, a nentx 7 pas. 3rn cnyuan nponcxonnn mexy 1942 n 1977 roamn.
Hnrepecno, uro, ntxnn no ncex nepeenxax, n 1983 roy +ror uenonex-rpomoorno
noxonunn c coo xax npenonaramr, ns-sa neyanmecx nmnn.
3anncn1 nn mancm yuepe1t o1 conneunon ax1nnnoc1n?
Hayxa ne snaer npxmo npnunnno-cnecrnenno cnxsn mexy yponnem
uenoneuecxo cmeprnocrn n axrnnnocrtm connna. Bce nontrxn narn raxym
cnxst onponeprannct nocneymmnmn nccneonannxmn.
Moxer nn monnnx nonacrt n onoro uenonexa naxt a, moxer.
B 1972 roy noe pyccxnx yuentx saxnnnn, uro onapyxnnn cnnerentcrna cnxsn
conneuno axrnnnocrn c noneennem pasnnuntx xnntx oprannsmon. Onaxo +rn
cnnerentcrna ne tnn ocrynnt sa npeenamn roramnero CCCP. Vuente axe
npenarann ocnonart nonym nernt nayxn, urot nsyuart coornomenne noneennx
xnntx oprannsmon n connna. Onaxo cnycrx yxnantno necxontxo ner +ry nem
nopasnn conneunt yap.
B 1976 roy oxropa F. x. Hnna n H. 3. Crappox ns Hncrnryra nccneonannx
nnasmt n Cr+n]opcxom ynnnepcnrere nmecre c oxropom Pororom ns
Hannonantnoro nncrnryra cepna n nerxnx npn Hannonantnom nncrnryre
sopontx CBA onynnxonann nneuarnxmmne pesyntrart cnonx nstcxann,
ronopxmne o rom, uro conneunax axrnnnocrt ne nmeer nnxaxoro ornomennx x
uenoneuecxo cmeprnocrn. Onn nsyunnn crarncrnxy cmeprn n CBA n ne
onapyxnnn nnxaxo cnxsn mexy cmeprtm n connnem. Onn nncann: B e.o+
uaue ucc.eooeauue ue noooeprueaem omrpimue Iueeiueea u Hoeuroeo u ux
npeo.oreuue no cosoauum uoeo eemeu uavru ee.uoouo.oeuu
15
.
Houeuy nmn yunpam1 no cne?
B +rom ner nnxaxo rant. Ecnn exenenno nmn cnxr npnmepno no 8 uacon n
ymnpamr or ecrecrnenntx npnunn, ro n 1 ns 3 cnyuaen onn ymnpamr no cne.
Onaxo, nomnmo +roro, cymecrnymr crpannte cmeprn, nanpxmym cnxsannte co
cnom, o cnx nop onn cranxr mennnncxym nayxy n rynnx n ne noamrcx
nayunomy oxcnennm. 3ror ]enomen nastnaercx cnnpomom nnesanno n
neoxcnnmo cmeprn (CBHC). CBHC nanmaercx cpen nspocntx nme n
ocoenno uacro cpen myxunn-asnaron. Hnxro ne snaer, nouemy +ro xnnenne
nanonee pacnpocrpaneno y myxunn n nouemy emy rax nonepxent asnart.
Amepnxancxn nenrp no xonrponm sa saonenannxmn n Arnanre nasnan CBHC
ocnonno npnunno cmeprn cpen monotx mxno-nocrountx asnaron-myxunn,
exanmnx n CBA n nauane 1980-x roon. CBHC axe nastnann cnnpomom
nnesanno cmeprn nspocntx, no ananornn c nnesanno ercxo cmeprtm, xoropax
n Ancrpannn xnnxercx neyme npnunno rnenn ere n nospacre o 1 roa.
Banct na ro, uro ceronx n nac nonaer monnnx, pannt 1:250 000 000, a na ro,
uro +ro cnyunrcx n reuenne nce name xnsnn, 1:9100.
Hepnoe onncanne CBHC n mennnncxo nnreparype noxnnxercx n 1917 roy na
unnnnnnnax, re ero nasnann anrynryr. B 1959 roy n coomennn ns nonnn
+ror cnnpom tn nasnan noxxypn. O nem nncann n Haoce, Btername, Cnnranype
n no nce Asnn. Cnnpom nsnecren no pasnnuntmn nmenamn, no +ro nce ror xe
crpannt, neoxcnnmt ]enomen. Henocpecrnenno nepe cmeprtm nce ero
xeprnt naxoxrcx n opom spannn. Hx rparnuecxax nnesannax xonunna
xnnxercx nx nnsxnx nacroxmnm moxom. Cemtx uacro ocraercx n nnmere,
nocxontxy nmenno nornmn myxunna npnnocnn n om entrn. Cnnerenn
paccxastnamr, uro nonauany xeprna cnnr nopmantno, a norom conepmenno
neoxnanno naunnaer cronart, xpnnert, crpanno xpanert, satxartcx n n xonne
xonnon nornaer. Bpaun nastnamr +ro aronantntmn npnsnaxamn. Fontmnncrno
xeprn cnnpoma nornamr or xenyouxono apnrmnn, nnora nocne necxontxnx
mnnyr aronnn. Xenyouxn +ro manentxne nonocrn n nnxne uacrn cepna, a
apnrmne nastnaercx mecrnoe nenponsnontnoe coxpamenne mtmnt. Hnora
nnsxne ntrannct pasynrt crpaammero uenonexa. Onaxo ecnn +ro n
yananoct, ro oxastnanoct ecnonesntm uenonex nce panno nornan. Kora xe
npaun enann ncxptrne, onn ne naxonnn yrpoxammnx xnsnn naronorn,
npnsnaxon cnyuanoro orpannennx, anneprnn nnn yncrna.
Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n anroxaracrpo]e panna 1:126.
B 1992 roy cemepo yuentx onncann n crarte cnoe nyxnernee nccneonanne
CBHC n cenepo-nocrounom Tannane. Onn yxastnann, uro rnnnuno moentm
CBHC xnnxercx cneymmax: nocne aronantntx npnsnaxon uenonex nornaer n
reuenne cyrox; otuno emy or 20 o 49 ner, y nero ner ucmopuu cepiesuix
saoo.eeauu, e me:euue npeouecmevmueeo eooa uao.moa.oci xopouee soopoeie,
a ua npomreuuu cvmor oo c+epmu uop+a.iua
paoomocnocoouocmi
16
. Vuente oannxmr, uro e 63 % c.v:aee c+epmi
npoucxoou.a npu ceuoeme.x, a ocma.iuix repme uaxoou.u e nosax cua u
omoixa. B c.v:ax roeoa npu omo+ npucvmcmeoea.u .mou, 94 % c+epme
uao.moa.oci e me:euue :aca c ua:a.a aeouuu. Bce .mou, noeuouue om CBHC,
oi.u +vr:uua+u. V nornmnx nme tn nopmantnt nec. Kypenne,
napxornxn, anxoront, a raxxe pyrne nosmoxnte ]axropt pncxa nx xnsnn ne
yrpoxann.
Hnrepecno, uro nepoxrnocrt CBHC cpen unenon cemtn nornmero cocrannxna n
40,3 %. 18,6 % xeprn nmenn parten, xoropte raxxe nnesanno ymepnn, onaxo nn
y xoro ne tno cecrep, nornmnx raxnm opasom. CBHC nponsnonr nneuarnenne
cesonnoro xnnennx. Ho xpane mepe, n Tannane n nanontme crenenn nmn
nonepxent emy n reuenne mapra max, a n cenrxpe noxpe nornamr pexo.
Hccneonarenn ormeuamr, uro ntne n Tannane CBHC
cranonnrcx nomeuua.iuo cepiesuo npoo.e+o oouecmeeuuoeo soopoei. 3ror
cnnpom ynnaer n ro npnmepno 3000 myxunn n nospacre or 20 o 49 ner n
cunraercx ono ns ocnonntx npnunn cmeprn n +ro nospacrno rpynne napxy c
anapnxmn, orpannennxmn, yncrnamn n cepeuntmn npncrynamn.
Cnnpom CBHC ynnaer n ro npnmepno 3000 myxunn n nospacre or 20 o 49 ner.
Heynnnrentno, uro n orcyrcrnne nayunoro oxcnennx +roro cnnpoma n
nocenxax n epennxx mnpoxo pacnpocrpanent cyenepnx. Hccneonarenn
paccxastnamr, uro nmn n centcxnx paonax cenepo-nocrounoro Tannana
nastnamr CBHC nara (cmeprt no cne). Mecrnoe oxcnenne nara raxono:
npnspax-nona nmer ymn monotx myxunn. Hax ymy, ona xer, xora
myxunna sacner, a sarem noxnmaer ee, nocne uero cneyer nnesannax cmeprt.
Vuente yxastnamr, uro cmpax nepeo .a-ma u npusparo+-eooeo" uuporo
pacnpocmpaueu e ceeepo-eocmo:uo+ Tau.auoe; e uapooe noe.mmc pumva.i,
er.m:amuue e ceo +acrupoerv cnuux +vr:uu reucro roc+emuro, .aro+ o.
uoeme u nocme.iuo ooeroo.
Ona ns rnnores ornocnrentno cnnpoma nnesanno cmeprn rnacnr, uro
coueranne ]nsnuecxnx n ncnxnuecxnx crpeccopon moxer xaxnm-ro opasom
sanycrnrt mexannsm CBHC. B xauecrne npnmepa n onom nccneonannn 1978 roa
tnn npnneent ncnxonornuecxne ]axropt, npononnpymmne cnxsannte c nnmn
cepeunte saonenannx. Onaxo pyrne yuente cunramr +ry rouxy spennx nectma
cnopno
17
.
Hpnspax-nona nnn uro-ro pyroe, no CBHC noxa ocraercx rano
18
.
Hocunrano, uro sa nocnenne rpn c nononnno rtcxuenernx n nnnnnnsonannom
mnpe tno rontxo 230 mnpntx ner.

Ecnn t n namn nn coxpanxncx ror xe yponent cmeprnocrn, uro tn n 1900
roy, onee nononnnt nme, nacenxmmnx ceuac nnanery, tnn t meprnt.

3namennrte nocnenne cnona npesnenra upannnn Bapnx e Ionnx tnn
raxont: Kax ontno.

Bo Bropo mnpono none yncrno xaxoro npaxecxoro conara oxonnoct
Tpocrnennomy comsy n 300 000 onnapon.

Cornacno pnrancxomy saxony, npnnxromy n 1845 roy, nontrxa camoyncrna
xnnxercx npecrynnennem, xapammnmcx cmeprtm.

B name npemx nnmt onn uenonex ns 2 mnnnnapon npoxnnaer 116 ner n ontme.
H1o 1axoe soun?
3omn, nnn xnnte meprnent, xnnxmrcx neoremnemo uacrtm xnsnn
xapncxo nannn na Ianrn. Hocneonarenn xyntra nyy cunramr somn rpynamn,
xoroptx nepnynn x xnsnn c nomomtm uepno marnn. Tpyn yro t oxnnaer
naroapx cnne ora-smen nnn nxoxmero n nero nnrona. Meprnen, renept
cranmn somn, nce eme cunraercx uenoneuecxnm cymecrnom onaxo nnmen peun,
nonn n cyxenn. Tem ne menee somn cnocoen x anromarnuecxnm ecrnnxm,
moxer xonrt n ncnonnxrt npocrte xomant. 3ro cocroxnne noxoxe na rpanc
nnn na con. Onncannx xnntx meprnenon nectma xpacount.

Banc nornnyrt ns-sa nanaennx coaxn nmeer nepoxrnocrt 1:700 000.
Hcroxn nept n somn sarepxnt n pennocrn. Onaxo nourn nanepnxxa ona
ncxonr ns rpannnonno pennrnn n ]ontxnopno rpannnn 3anano A]pnxn,
orxya ranrxne npntnn n Hont Cner n xauecrne paon. Xorx opasonannte
ranrxne n xnrenn 3anaa ornocxrcx x somn xax x noopaxaemtm cymecrnam
(neuro npoe nonxon-ooporne Pymtnnn nnn nenpexonon Hpnannn),
ontmnncrno ranrxn cunramr nx peantnocrtm. Ha camom ene ceronx mano xro
ns ranrxn ocmennrcx napymnrt ray nyynsma, sanpemammee axe ynomnnart
somn. ecrnnrentno, cosanne somn npecrynnenne, xoropoe xapaercx
ranrxncxnm saxonom.
oxrop Hamapx oon, ranrxncxn ncnxnarp ns Hopr-o-Hpenca, nccneyer
]enomen somn yxe 20 ner. Tora xax pyrne ranrxncxne npaun orxastnamrcx
npnxonrt x somn, xoroptm raxxe rpeyercx mennnncxax nomomt (es
comnennx, ns crpaxa nepe ray, sanpemammnm +ro enart), oxrop oon neunn
mnoxecrno raxnx nme. Oparnnmnct x nayxe, nonnmannm n cneyx
rymanncrnuecxnm neanam, nmecro roro urot noanartcx crpaxy n
npepaccyxam, on ynepen, uro pacxptn rant, oxpyxammne somn. Cxopee
ncero, cosanne somn nponcxonr c nomomtm npocrtx noxnmnuecxnx peaxnn
n napono mennnnt. oxrop oon yrnepxaer, uro npenpamenne
nopmantnoro uenonexa n somn nonpoc naxauxn ero nexapcrnamn es ero neoma.
3omnponanne ncnontsyercx n xauecrne naxasannx, nasnauaemoro cyamn nyy. B
noncxax cnpanennnocrn ranrxne uame opamamrcx x cyy nyy, uem x
o]nnnantnomy npanocynm, nocxontxy ranrxncxax saxonoarentnax cncrema
norpxsna n xoppynnnn n cnyxnr rontxo orartm. Cyt nyy pemamr
pasnoopasnte cnopt, xacammnecx xax nponem cocrnennocrn, rax n nnuno
xnsnn. Taxnm opasom, uenonexa moryr cenart somn n xauecrne naxasannx no
pemennm cya, rax xe xax no ancrpanncxomy saxony naxnatnaercx mrpa] nnn
nasnauaercx cpox saxnmuennx.
Cxopee ncero, cosanne somn nponcxonr c nomomtm npocrtx noxnmnuecxnx
peaxnn n napono mennnnt.
Ho cnonam oxropa oona, npenpamenne n somn conepmaercx cneymmnm
opasom: uenonexy amr ntnnrt ony ns necxontxnx pasnonnnocre xon.
Hepnt, rerpooroxcnn, nnonr otunoro uenonexa n rpanc, noxoxn na cmeprt.
3ror x nonyuamr ns ptt-mapa, rerpoona, n n nyxno nponopnnn cmemnnamr
c orpesanntmn uacrxmn meprno xat. Bropo x enaercx ns neceonoro
onoma, xoropt nastnamr orypnom somn (cocombre zombi). 3ror x samenxer
nponecc meraonnsma o raxo crenenn, uro xeprna xaxercx meprno. Ecrt n
pyroe sente, o cnx nop nensnecrnoe oxropy oony, onaxo ornnuno snaxomoe
xpenam nyy, xoropoe nosnpamaer uenonexy, naxoxmemycx nourn n xomarosnom
cocroxnnn, cnoconocrt trt ]nsnuecxn axrnnntm, nmex peaxnnn meraonnsma,
nnsxne x nopme. oxrop oon yxastnaer, uro nocne nneennx xa xeprna cxopo
xaxercx meprno. Cemtx +roro uenonexa ne snaer, uro on nce eme xnn, n
ycrpannaer noxopont. Hosxe, xora somn oxnnnxmr, on nosnpamaercx omo n
esopnenrnponannom, crynoposnom cocroxnnn, anax nouny nx nonoro pocra
mn]on o somn, xnntx meprnenax.
3ro xnnenne cymecrnyer naroapx ranrxncxo noxoponno rpannnn. Ocot
+rnxer rpeyer or cemtn n pyse ymepmero noxnnyrt xnanme npexe, uem
conepmnrcx saxoponenne rena n semne. Ho cnonam oxropa oona, raxo otua
nornopcrnyer camtm pasntm nnam npecrynnennx: reno moxno nomennrt,
noxnrnrt, oxnnnrt n nnxro o +rom ne ysnaer
19
.
Ecnn trt rountm, n cxnene Ipanron n Htm-Hopxe nnxro ne norpeen.
Hpesnenr Vnncc C. Ipanr n mnccnc Ipanr ram npocro noxoponent. Hpn
norpeennn reno xnayr n xmy n sactnamr semne.

Banc nornnyrt, orroro uro nam na ronony ynaer xocmnuecxn mycop, nmeer
nepoxrnocrt 1:5 000 000 000.

Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt or yapa mereopnrom cocrannxer npnmepno 1:(10I10
12
)
(onn x ecxrn rpnnnnonam).

Banc nornnyrt ns-sa nanaennx coaxn nmeer nepoxrnocrt 1:700 000.
Kax npenpa1n1t noxonnnxa n uyunm?
Tpannnx antsamnponannx n cosannx mymn eper nauano n xyntrype Ernnra,
nosnnxme npnmepno sa 3000 ner o name +pt. Tepmnn mymn]nxannx
nponcxonr or nepcncxoro cnona, osnauammero nocx. Texnnxa mymn]nxannn
pasnnnanact nyrem npo n omnox. Hepnte mymnn tnn ornmt ne rax
nennxonennt, xax n nocneymmne +noxn.
nx coxpanennx mymn pennne ernnrxne ncnontsonann rmnn.
Camax crapax nsnecrnax mymnx npnnanexnr mno npnnnecce, noxoponenno
npnmepno n 2600 roy o name +pt na nnaro nonnsocrn or nennxo nnpamnt
Xeonca n Inse. Mymnm onapyxnnn n 1989 roy. Camax pennxx mymnx,
coxpannnmaxcx nennxom, npnnanexnr npnnopnomy mystxanry, noxoponennomy
npnmepno n 2400 roy o name +pt n rponnne He]ep n Caxxape. Ee ocrann ns-
no semnn n 1944 roy.
Cunraercx, uro reno coxpanxnoct naroapx ecrnnm apomarnuecxnx cmon,
otrtx ns pacrenn nna xommn]opa (ryrryn, apacxn mnpr, antsamonoe
epeno. Hpu+e:. peo.). Ocnonnym cmony nonyuann ns menncct. Em
antsamnponann rena, n or +roro eper nauano nonxrne antsam. Camt pannn
mero antsamnponannx nxnmuan n cex omartnanne rena marepne,
nponnranno cnennantntm cocranom, n saxoponenne n cnoxx yrnx n necxa n
cyxom nomemennn. Onaxo n nauane Honoro Hapcrna, npnmepno n 1570 roy o
name +pt, +ror otua npenparnncx n cront pasnnroe ncxyccrno, uro ernnercxne
antsamnponmnxn axe npononnn mexy coo copennonannx. Onn ntrannct
cosart nanonee peanncrnunt nnemnn nn, uacro pacnnctnax nnna n yxpamax
pyrne uacrn rena. Fantsamnponanne napcxo cemtn Ernnra nxnmuano n cex
panxantnym xnpyprnm. Cepne, nerxne n nnyrpennocrn ntnnmannct,
npomtnannct n nantmonom nnne n saneuartnannct n ypnt, nanonnennte cnnprom
n rpanamn. Hnrepecno, uro mosr tn enncrnenntm opranom, xoropt xpent ne
coxpanxnn. Cunranoct, uro +ro ne ]ynxnnonantnax macca, n ernnrxne ornocnnnct
x nemy rax xe, xax mt ornocnmcx x xnpy. Mnppa, pyrne apomarnuecxne cmont n
macna, a raxxe ocotm opasom npnroronnennte narononnx sannnannct n
nycrym nonocrt rena, nocne uero paspes samnnancx. Ha na mecxna reno xnann n
cennrpy, nxxymym cycrannnm, sarem ynpann orrya, ntmaunnann n nnne,
axxyparno sannrontnann n xnonxonym rxant, oxynann n anrnaxrepnantnym
mast, noxoxym na xamy, xnann n pacnncno rpo n ocrannxnn n rponnne.
Camax onrax xoma, nocne xoropo uenonex ounyncx, nnnact 37 ner.
pennne ernnrxne tnn cront necrxmnmn xnpypramn, uro n npeenax nx
nosmoxnocre cymecrnonana xnpyprnx mosra. Onn ocnannann +rn nantxn ne
rontxo nx roro, urot xoncepnnponart rena meprntx, no n nx roro, urot
neunrt xnntx. Ernnercxoe ncxyccrno mymn]nxannn n rexnnxn antsamnponannx
tno yrpaueno n nauane xpncrnancxo +pt.
Hn ono uenoneuecxoe omecrno ne ocrnrano eccmeprnx. Ho ernnrxne
onpeenenno ntrannct ero opecrn
20
.
Exerono n CBA 100 uenonex satxamrcx o cmeprentnoro ncxoa,
nonepxnynmnct mapnxontmn pyuxamn.

nx coxpanennx mymn pennne ernnrxne ncnontsonann rmnn.

Camax onrax xoma, nocne xoropo uenonex ounyncx, nnnact 37 ner.
Moae1 nn nysmpex nosyxa, nonanmnn n ap1epnm, uenn yn1t?
Jmo eonpoc Mapmuua Hu us vucaoa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Kpome roro, uro +ro onn ns camtx nonynxpntx nonpocon, +ro eme n onn ns
nsnmnenntx cmxeron erexrnnntx pomanon. Vnna nnonr coepxnmoe
nycroro mnpnna n neny xeprnt, ne ocrannxx na ero rene nnuero, xpome
xpomeuno ormernnt or yxona, xoropym npx nn cmoxer samernrt mecrnt
naronoroanarom.
Hponnxnonenne nystptxa nosyxa n aprepnm n nepexptrne noroxa xponn,
nymero x cepny nnn mosry, nastnaercx nosymno +monne. Bosymnax
+monnx ecrnnrentno moxer oxasartcx cmeprentno. Ecnn +ro cepeunax
+monnx, ona moxer cnpononnponart nn]apxr nnn cosart onacnym xoponapnym
nosymnym npoxy. Ecnn +monnx n mosre, moxer nponsorn nncyntr. Tem ne
menee (na samerxy norennnantntm ynnam) nystpex nosyxa npx nn cmoxer
xoro-ro ynrt. Bo-nepntx, nosyx nao nnonrt n ontmym aprepnm nnn neny n
menxym ne nonyunrcx. Bo-nroptx, cam no cee nosymnt nystpex onxen trt
ocrarouno ontmnm, urot cymert nonnocrtm noxnponart xpynnt cocy. Ho
mnennm +xcnepron, neoxonmo nnecrn nopxxa 200 mnnnnnnrpon nosyxa,
urot ntsnart utm-ro nnesannym cmeprt. Manentxn nystpex npocro paccocercx
n xnerxax rena.

Hponnxnonenne nystptxa nosyxa n aprepnm n nepexptrne noroxa xponn,
nymero x cepny nnn mosry, nastnaercx nosymno +monne.
Cranaprnax mennnncxax npaxrnxa rpeyer, urot, npexe uem cenart yxon,
npau yenncx, uro n mnpnne ner nosymntx nystptxon. To xe nmeer ornomenne
n x xanentnnnam, xoropte ncnontsymrcx no npemx nnn nocne onepannn. B
annaparaxcepoe-.eerue ecmpoeui qu.impi, voupamuue ece c.v:auo
eosuuruue nvsipiru. Bo.iuui c.eovmm npocmo+v npaeu.v uo+ep oouu
eosovxa ue oo.ruo oimi uueoe
21,22
.
Horonopnm o xannnanax. Hnoxannnant exr rontxo rex nme, xoroptx
snamr (ro ecrt nme nnyrpn cnoe cocrnenno rpynnt). 3xsoxannnant exr
rontxo rex, xoro ne snamr (ro ecrt ne nxoxmnx n nx rpynny).
Hpana nn, u1o cnaucxne nnsnenm yunpam1 n ono n 1o ae npeun?
Jmo eonpoc Posa.uuoi m+ou us Ceum-Ku.oa, Burmopu.
uro xacaercx +roro nonpoca, ro ornerom na nero yer ncropnx uanra n 3nra
Fanxepon (18111874), camtx snamennrtx cnamcxnx nnsnenon, cnyua
ononpemenno ynnnrentnt n noyunrentnt. Ctnontx xnracxoro ptaxa, onn
ntpocnn n Fanrxoxe, n Tannane (rora nsnecrnom xax Cnam), tnn orxptrt
saesxnm pnrancxnm xynnom n n xoneunom cuere openn cnany n ycnex, nonan n
Enpony n Amepnxy. onroe npemx onn tnn rnanntm nomepom nnpxa H. T.
Fapnyma n n pesyntrare c nouerom ymnn na nencnm. Fnnsnent xennnnct na
cecrpax n nponsnenn na cner 21 peenxa na nonx.
B annaparax cepne nerxne ncrpoent ]nntrpt, ynpammne nce cnyuano
nosnnxmne nystptxn.
uanr n 3nr cpocnnct n nnxne uacrn rpyn, coennxxct nnorno xpenxo rxantm
npnmepno 13 canrnmerpon n nnny n 20 canrnmerpon n mnpnny. Hx neuenn
oxasannct cnxsant, a xponocnaxenne n pmmntx nonocrxx tno omnm.
Hensnecrno, cmornn t nx ycnemno pasennrt ceronx, npn conpemennom yponne
pasnnrnx mennnnt, no n XIX nexe raxax nosmoxnocrt tna nemtcnnma. Onaxo
rxant, xoropax nx coennxna, pacrxrnnanact o raxo crenenn, uro uanr n 3nr
mornn croxrt ox o ox n axe conepmart rpmxn n xoe nnpxonoro
npecrannennx.
Cpen 40 mnnnnonon nme, exerono ymnpammnx or pasntx saonenann, ns 10
xnnxmrcx npecrannrenxmn enemnx nann mnpa.
Pocr uanra cocrannxn 157 canrnmerpon, 3nr tn na 2,5 canrnmerpa ntme.
Hnunocrnte xapaxrepncrnxn uanra n 3nra raxxe ornnuannct. uanr tn onee
axrnnntm, 3nr onee rnxnm n samxnyrtm. uanr mnoro nnn. 3nr nospaxan
npornn raxoro noneennx para. 3ra anxorontnax sanncnmocrt n xoneunom nrore
n npnnena x cmeprn oonx. Orpannxx cnoe reno mnoro ner, uanr ne cmor
onpannrtcx or ponxnra n ymep, xora 3nr cnan. Hpocnynmnct, 3nr, xoropt
roamn npnxonn n yxac or mtcnn o raxo cnryannn, nauan poxart, satxartcx,
nnan n xomy n uepes 1 uac ymep. Hnrepecno, no nosxe oxropa npnmnn x ntnoy,
uro cmeprentnoe saonenanne uanra ne xocnynoct 3nra. B rene 3nra ne tno
onapyxeno cneon paspymnrentno n esyepxno crpacrn x anxoronm, cront
samerno n oprannsme uanra. Ho+romy npaun pemnnn, uro 3nr ymep or moxa,
nonyuennoro ns-sa xonunnt uanra. On n yxnantnom cmtcne tn ncnyran o
cmeprn
23
.
Hccneonanne noxastnaer, uro or crpanntx n +xsornuecxnx saonenann ropaso
uame ymnpamr orarte nmn, a ne ente. Forarte axrnnno nyremecrnymr,
no+romy nonepxent ontme onacnocrn nornnyrt or xaxnx-nno
uyxepontx nnepenn n oprannsm.
Heu um oneeu uame ncero n o1 uero n ocnonnou yunpaeu?
Jmo eonpoc Pvou Ocmuua us Humepue+a, Hoei Prui Vo.ic.

Ho nn]opmannn Bcemnpno oprannsannn spanooxpanennx (BO3), n nmo ent
nyxneentnoro nepnoa 20 % nacenennx 3emnn crpaamr xaxnm-nno
saonenannem nnn ncntrtnamr ceptesnte nponemt c nnrannem. BO3
yxastnaer, uro ontmnncrno +rnx ontntx n ronontx nme npoxnnamr n
nnoxo pasnnrtx crpanax, re yponent nnrannx n mennnncxoro ocnyxnnannx
ouent nnsxn. Hnxe npnneent cnncox 10 nanonee pacnpocrpanenntx n mnpe
saonenann n uncno nme, crpaammnx or nnx na ceronxmnn ent, no
anntm BO3: renarnr F: 2 mnnnnapa; ryepxynes: 1,7 mnnnnapa; anemnx: 1,5
mnnnnapa; annnnocromnas (rnncrt): 700900 mnnnnonon; acxapnos (xpyrnt
uepnt): 700 mnnnnonon; napente saonenannx: 680 mnnnnonon; rpnxone]anes
(nnacornan): 500 mnnnnonon; manxpnx: 270 mnnnnonon; e]nnnr oa: 200
mnnnnonon; nntrapnnos (mncrocomos): 200 mnnnnonon.
CHHa n cnncxe ner. BO3 cunraer, uro nnpycom nmmynoe]nnnra
nn]nnnponant npnmepno 10 mnnnnonon uenonex.
Cpen 40 mnnnnonon nme, exerono ymnpammnx or pasntx saonenann, 8 ns
10 xnnxmrcx npecrannrenxmn enemnx nann mnpa. Hs 14,3 mnnnnona ere n
nospacre o 5 ner, xoropte xaxt ro nornamr or onesne, 98 % xnnyr n
crpanax rpertero mnpa.
3a 15 neent nnpyc moxer myrnponart o raxo crenenn, uro naxnnna npornn
nero nepecraner trt +]]exrnnno.
B cnncxe BO3 10 camtx pacnpocrpanenntx cmeprentntx saonenann nnanert
coepxnrcx mano cmpnpnson.
Cepeuno-cocync1me saonenannn (12 mnnnnonon cmepre xaxt ro).
Cepeuno-cocyncrte saonenannx exemecxuno ynnamr no 1 mnnnnony uenonex.
Bmecre nsxrte, nn]apxrt n nncyntrt cocrannxmr camt ontmo paspx
cmeprentntx onesne ns ncex nsnecrntx ntne. Ecnn n XIX nexe n ecrt xaxax-ro
nanacrt, cnoconax xonxypnponart c uepno cmeprtm Cpennx nexon, ro +ro
cepeuno-cocyncrte saonenannx.
napennme saonenannn (5 mnnnnonon cmepre xaxt ro). 3rn saonenannx
nnyrpennnx opranon nanonee pacnpocrpanent n crpanax rpertero mnpa. Onn
nocrenenno oesnoxnnamr nnoxo nnrammnxcx nme. Ocoenno nonepxent
+romy xnaccy onesne manentxne ern. Hporpamma RHHCEu, paorammax c
noontmn saonenannxmn, nxnmuaer n cex pasauy erxm npocrtx cone n
pyrnx nnrarentntx nemecrn, xaxt ro cnacax rem camtm mnnnnont xnsne.
Cronr +ro npnmepno 10 nenron na xaxoro peenxa.
Paxonme saonenannn (4,8 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro). Vnnnrentno, no
camt pacnpocrpanennt cmeprentnt pax ornmt ne pax rpyn, nerxnx nnn
npxmo xnmxn. 3ro pax neuenn. uacro on nopaxaer rex nme, utx neuent panee
tna ocnanena renarnrom. Hnenuonnn (4,8 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro).
3ro saonenanne cpannnmo no uncny cmepre c paxontmn saonenannxmn, no o
nem uacro satnamr. Hnenmonnx +ro nocnanenne nerxnx, nmemmee, xax
mnnnmym, 105 pasnnuntx ]opm.
Tyepxynes (3 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro). Eme ona onesnt, o xoropo
nourn ne nomnxr ns-sa roro, uro ona npaxrnuecxn ncuesna n nnnnnnsonanntx,
orartx crpanax, raxnx xax Ancrpannx, n nopaxaer npenmymecrnenno xnrene
crpan rpertero mnpa. Tyepxynes ntstnaer annnna mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Kpenxo npnnennnmnct x yxsnnmomy nerxomy, axrepnx naunnaer
noeart ero, cosanax nonocrn n pynenarym rxant. Hexapcrna, ocrynnte c 50-x
roon XX nexa, ocranannnnamr saonenanne na crann ero pasnnrnn. Onaxo ram,
re raxnx nexapcrn ner, ryepxynes nporpeccnpyer.
Xponnuecxoe necnennqnuecxoe saonenanne nerxnx (2,7 mnnnnona cmepre
xaxt ro). 3ro omax xareropnx nx ncex ocrantntx onesne txarentno
cncremt.
Kopt (1,5 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro). 3ro upesntuano sapasnoe
saonenanne ntstnaercx napamnxconnpycom. Ono ouent pacnpocrpaneno cpen
ere, xorx n nspocnte or nero ne sacrpaxonant. Cama no cee xopt otuno
npoxonr n nerxo ]opme, no ocnanennte nmn moryr nornnyrt or
cmeprentntx ocnoxnenn.
Hs 14,3 mnnnnona ere n nospacre o 5 ner, xoropte xaxt ro nornamr or
onesne, 98 % xnnyr n crpanax rpertero mnpa.
Iena1n1 B (1,2 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro). Ienarnr F nnpycnoe
saonenanne, xoropoe pacnpocrpaneno no ncemy mnpy. Ecrt, onaxo, onacrn, re
ono xnnxercx +nemnxom: Knra, Rro-Bocrounax Asnx, a]pnxancxne crpant,
pacnonoxennte nnxe Caxapt, ontmnncrno rnxooxeancxnx ocrponon n accen
Amasonxn. Bnpyc pacnpocrpanxercx nn]nnnponanntmn nmtmn uepes xnxocrn
rena n uepes nepenocunxon, y xoroptx ne nanmaercx cnmnromon sapaxennx.
Ancrpannx oxpyxena napoamn, cpen xoroptx upesntuano pacnpocrpanen
renarnr F. Heynnnrentno, uro nnacrn, cnexmne sa omecrnenntm sopontem,
oecnoxoent, xora mt ntesxaem sa pyex.
Mannpnn (1,2 mnnnnona cmepre xaxt ro). 3anpammax crontxo xe xnsne,
uro n renarnr F, manxpnx nepenocnrcx uepes yxyc nn]nnnponannoro xomapa-
ano]eneca. 3ror nosynrent manxpnn npocremn oprannsm nnasmon,
xoroporo nepenocnr xomap. Hnasmon ntstnaer ontme 18 nnon +roro
saonenannx.
Ho crarncrnxe cronernn uenonex moxer npoxnrt n cpenem eme 1,53 roa.
C1onnnx nonopoaennmx (560 000 cmepre xaxt ro). 3ror ynna nme
cnopoopasymmax annnna Clostridium tetani bacillus. Cronnxx nopaxaer
peenxa n reuenne nepntx ne nocne poxennx n cnxsan c anrncannrapntmn
ycnonnxmn npn opaorxe nynonnnt, c opesannem mnaennen myxcxoro nona n
necrepnntntx ycnonnxx nnn c nepeaue uepes mart, xoropym npenapnrentno ne
nmmynnsnponann. 3rn mnaennt nnxora ne ntxnnamr
24
.
H1o uame ynnae1 nmen no nceuy unpy necuac1nme cnyuan nnn onesnn?
Ho crarncrnxe, +rn noxasarenn axe ne nnsxn: saonenannx ynnamr npnmepno n
15 pas ontme nme, uem necuacrnte cnyuan.
Ecnn npn cmeprentnom saonenannn nn]nnnponano crontxo xe nme, cxontxo
or nero ymnpaer, +ro xpnrnuecxax ormerxa, nsnecrnax xax +nnemnuecxn
nopor. 3aonenanne, npn xoropom nn]nnnponanntx nme mentme, uem
cmeprentntx cnyuaen, cnxsanntx c nnm, nocrenenno yracaer.

Ecnn saonenanne ononpemenno nopaxaer mnoxecrno nme onoro xonrnnenra,
+ro +nnemnx. Ecnn ono pacnpocrpanxercx na necxontxo xonrnnenron, +ro
nanemnx.

Ho crarncrnxe cronernn uenonex moxer npoxnrt n cpenem eme 1,53 roa.

3a 15 neent nnpyc moxer myrnponart o raxo crenenn, uro naxnnna npornn
nero nepecraner trt +]]exrnnno.
O1 uero n xaamn ent pncxym yuepe1t?

Kaxt ns nac exenenno pncxyer ymepert. He nmeer snauennx, nacxontxo
rmarentno mt ntraemcx yepeut cex or onacnocre, nocxontxy mnoroe, c uem
mt conpnxacaemcx, moxer oxasartcx cmeprentntm. Ha ocnone nn]opmannn,
npeocrannenno ancrpanncxnm mpo crarncrnxn, n xnnrn Heca Kpanna Karoei
Hauu Lauci: Bce, Ha Umo Bi Haoe.uci u.u Ueeo Bo.uci, om A oo B, tna
ntuncnena nepoxrnocrt npnunnennx ymepa namemy sopontm n noncenenno
xnsnn.
Ecnn nt ponnnct n conpemenno Ancrpannn, ro, nepoxrno, oxnnere npnmepno
o 75,7 roa (uyrt ontme nx xenmnn, uyrt mentme nx myxunn).
Ecnn xoxa xpacnax, xax nnmnx, menxn sapanee moryr npenonoxnrt, uro, cxopee
ncero, uenonex ymep or orpannennx yrapntm rasom.
Banct na ro, uro ceronx n nac nonaer monnnx, pannt 1:250 000 000, a na ro,
uro +ro cnyunrcx n reuenne nce name xnsnn, 1: 9100.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro ceronx na nac nanaer axyna, acrponomnuecxn mana.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro ona nanaer na nac n reuenne nce name xnsnn, panna 1:1
000 000. Onaxo, ecnn raxoe nponsoer, nt cmoxere cnacrnct rontxo n 30 %
cnyuaen.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt ympere n +rom roy, panna 1:119. Hpnunno cmeprn
moxer trt cepeunoe saonenanne (1:3), pax (1:5), nncyntr (1:14), nerounte
saonenannx (1:29), nnenmonnx (1:32), naer (1:58) n saonenannx neuenn (1:83).

Ecnn nt nepexnnn nn]apxr nnn nncyntr, nepoxrnocrt nonnoro ntsoponnennx
panna 1:3.
Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n anroxaracrpo]e panna 1:125. Bepoxrnocrt rnenn n
anroxaracrpo]e n cneymme nosmoxno noesxe npnmepno 1:4 000 000.
Bepoxrnocrt rnenn ns-sa roro, uro nac coter mamnna, ntme ncero n 6 ner. B
mecrnnernem nospacre npnmepno 1 ns 12 500 mantunxon n 1 ns 25 000 enouex
nornamr no xonecamn mamnn.
Bepoxrnocrt pasnrtcx no npemx cneymmero nonera na camonere cocrannxer
mentme 1:4 600 000.
Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n +rom roy npn noxape n cocrnennom ome panna 1:100
000, roro, uro nt yere ncxaneuent, 1:1400. Bepoxrnocrt noxapa n namem
ome n +rom roy panna 1:200, n ecnn raxoe nponsoer 3:10, uro npnunno
noxapa nocnyxnno xypenne. Ecnn noxap nce-raxn cnyunncx, n 1 ns 77 cnyuaen nt
nonyunre rpanmy nnn oxor.
Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt npn naennn panna 1:200 000. Ecnn nam ontme 80 ner,
nepoxrnocrt ynennunnaercx o 1:2 000, a ecnn ontme 90, ona panna 1:570.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt saoneere mnso]penne, panna 1:167.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n +rom roy y nac onapyxnrcx onyxont mosra, panna 1:25
000. Ho ecnn raxoe nponsoer, nepoxrnocrt roro, uro ona oxaxercx
snoxauecrnenno, 4:1. Ecnn no xaxo-nno npnunne nam npecronr onepannx na
mosre, namn manct ntxnrt cocrannxmr 33:1.
Ecnn nt nepexnnn nn]apxr nnn nncyntr, nepoxrnocrt nonnoro ntsoponnennx
panna 1:3, nepoxrnocrt nonyuennx nenonpannmoro ymepa sopontm 1:3 n
crontxo xe nepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt ympere.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n +rom roy nt noxonunre c coo, panna 1:580. Ecnn nt
nontraerect +ro cenart, nepoxrnocrt ycnexa panna 1:14. B reuenne nce name
xnsnn nosmoxnocrt yauno noxonunrt c coo panna 1:73.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n reuenne xnsnn nam nonaonrcx nepecaxa cepna,
panna 1:3000. Ecnn nam nonaonrcx onop cepna, ro nepoxrnocrt roro, uro ero
nayr, panna 1:1, a nepoxrnocrt ycnemno onepannn 7:10. Ecnn ona npomna
yauno, ro manct na ro, uro c nontm cepnem nt npoxnnere eme 5 ner, panna 1:1.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n reuenne xnsnn nosnnxner neoxonmocrt n nepecaxe
neuenn, panna 1:2000; nepoxrnocrt nepecaxn nouxn 1:365; nepoxrnocrt
rpancnnanrannn poronnnt 1:95.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt ocnennere nnn name spenne pesxo yxymnrcx, panna
7:1000.
Bt moxere nauart xypnrt n 4 cnyuaxx ns 10. Ecnn y nac nosnnxaer sanncnmocrt,
ro n 7 ns 10 cnyuaen nt nontraerect pocnrt xypnrt n n 3 ns 10 npeycneere.
Vponent saonenannx paxom xoxn n Ancrpannn camt ntcoxn n mnpe.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n +rom roy nam moryr nocrannrt raxo narnos, panna
1:460. Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro n +rom roy nam nocranxr narnos cmeprentno
]opmt paxa xoxn snoxauecrnenno menanomt, panna 1:6805, a roro, uro n
+rom roy nt or nero ympere, 1:22 407. Ecnn nam nocrannnn narnos
snoxauecrnenno menanomt, ro nepoxrnocrt ymepert or nee panna 1:3.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro na xaxom-ro xnsnennom +rane y nac yyr nponemt c
ymenntm sopontem, panna 3:10. B 1 cnyuae ns 8 nt moxere crart anxoronnxom,
n 7 ns 9 nt yere crpaart or ceptesno ]onn, n 1 ns 16 or rnyoxo
enpeccnn, a n 1 ns 50 nam nocranxr narnos paccrpocrna nannuecxoro rnna,
cnxsannoro c yxymennem ncnxnuecxoro cocroxnnx.
Bepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt saoneere mnso]penne, panna 1:167.
Bepoxrnocrt saonenannx ryepxynesom n reuenne nce xnsnn panna 1:11 000.
Banct saonert manxpne y nac ouent mant, onaxo ecnn nt nce xe saoneere,
ro nepoxrnocrt ymepert or nee panna 1:40, ocoenno ecnn neuenne sanosaer.
Bepoxrnocrt saonert npoxaso n +rom roy panna 1:548 000.
Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n pesyntrare roro, uro 3emnx yer paspymena
cronxnynmnmcx c ne mereopnrom, panna 1:9000.
Fontmnncrno ns nac xnnyr c +rnmn pncxamn, onaxo xaxoe yrpo nonnmamrcx c
nocrenn n nyr n ym, necmorpx nn na uro. H nanocneox nepoxrnocrt
nornnyrt n +rom roy n yme cocrannxer 1:685 000
25,26
.
K 70 roam 20 % neponon namero mosra yyr yrpauent.

Koro neunr repnarp?
uenonex, xoropomy crontxo ner, cxontxo +romy cnony, nnonne noxonr n
xauecrne nannenra +roro npaua. Cnono repnarp nomno n oopor n 1909 roy.

Bor nanonee pacnpocrpanennte xponnuecxne saonenannx noxnntx nme:
aprpnr;
nontmennoe xponxnoe annenne;
norepx cnyxa.

uacro ormeuaercx, uro noxnnte nmn nepenocxr ont nyume, uem monote.

ne rpern nme, nepecrynnnmnx cronernn pyex, cocrannxmr xenmnnt.

Ho cnonam cnennanncron, nourn nnxro ns rex, ue nospacr npentmaer cro ner, ne
ymnpaer or saonenann nce ymnpamr or crapocrn.

uenonex, cocroxmn n paxe, xnner n cpenem na 6 ner n 7 mecxnen ontme, uem
ror, xro nnxora n nem ne tn.

Iopocxax xnsnt nontmaer npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn xenmnn, no cnnxaer
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn myxunn.

Bce snamr, uro n cpenem xenmnnt xnnyr na 7 ner ontme myxunn. Ho ne rax
xopomo nsnecrno, uro x xonny xnsnn, ocoenno nocne 85 ner, xenmnnt crpaamr
or snaunrentno ontmero uncna saonenann, raxnx xax xponnuecxne onn,
aprpnr, ocreonopos n onesnn cepna.

Cmeprentnte saonenannx ropaso mnpe pacnpocrpanent cpen myxunn. Cpen
xenmnn snaunrentno mnpe pacnpocrpanent xponnuecxne saonenannx.

Cmeprt mnoxecrna noxnntx nme crarncrnuecxn cnxsana c nem poxennx. V
xenmnn cmeprt uacro nacrynaer uepes neenm nocne nx nx poxennx. V
myxunn sa neenm o nero.
Houeuy onn nmn noeaam1 n opte co cuep1entnmun saonenannnun, a pyrne yunpam1?
3ro pacnpocrpanennt, no upesntuano cnoxnt CBOT. Tem ne menee orner na
nero, nosmoxno, xpoercx n rom, uro npaun nastnamr ]axropamn nnnnnyantnoro
conpornnnennx. Bpaun n yuente, nsyuammne noneenne uenonexa, naroapx
conmecrntm nccneonannxm ycranonnnn, uro ne nce nmn, crpaammne onnm n
rem xe nnom paxa, onnaxono na nero pearnpymr xaxt conpornnnxercx
onesnn no-cnoemy. K npnmepy, ecnn na uenonexa ysnann o rom, uro y nnx
snoxauecrnennax onyxont mosra, onnm ns ]axropon nnnnnyantnoro
conpornnnennx yer nospacr xaxoro nannenra. Teopnx, nexamax n ocnone
+roro, rnacnr, uro onee monoo nannenr nmeer npenmymecrna nepe rem, xro
crapme ero no nospacry. uem ontme pasnnna n nospacre, rem ntme
npenmymecrna npn ncex pyrnx panntx ocroxrentcrnax. Hocxontxy mnoxecrno
]axropon ypannnnamrcx, ntxcnenne mancon nannenra n noee na onesntm
onontno cnoxnax saaua.
K 70 roam 20 % neponon namero mosra yyr yrpauent.
Fonee roro, ne nce +rn ycnonnocrn ornocxrcx x ]nsnonornn (nanpnmep,
ornocnrentnoe cocroxnne sopontx) n ne nce nocroxnnt (nanpnmep, nospacr).
Mnorne ns nnx nexar n onacrn ncnxonornn n connantntx ornomenn. B
ornnune or ntmeyxasanntx cnoconocre oprannsma, raxnx xax nospacr, mt
moxem nsmennrt re, uro ornocxrcx x namemy noneennm. Vcnemno npoenan +ro,
mt ynennunm cnon manct n opte c onxonornuecxnmn saonenannxmn. uaxropt,
cnxsannte c noneennem, nnepnte tnn ynomxnyrt n nayuno nnreparype n 1957
roy. oxrop Tomac Xonmc n uernepo ero xonner cunrann, uro cotrnx,
ntstnammne crpecc, xnnxmrcx naxno npnunno n nosnnxnonennn raxnx
saonenann, xax pax. Paorax c ontntmn ryepxynesom, xomana Xonmca
onapyxnna cnnerentcrna roro, uro n xoe roa, npemecrnymmero nauany
saonenannx, nannenrt coomamr o ontmem uncne ntstnanmnx crpecct
cotrn no cpannennm c otuntmn, sopontmn nmtmn xonrpontno rpynnt. K
cotrnxm, ntstnammnm crpecc, ornocxrcx cmeprt xoro-ro ns unenon cemtn,
pasno, nepees, nauano onee pannero saonenannx n nexoropte pyrne nemn.
uacro ormeuaercx, uro noxnnte nmn nepenocxr ont nyume, uem monote.
Co npemen nccneonannx Xonmca yuente crpemxrcx onapyxnrt nce snaunmte n
raxnx cnryannxx noneenuecxne ]opmt n cnecrn nx n paspxt cornacno
ornocnrentno naxnocrn. Ono ns ceptesntx nstcxann na +ry remy tno
nponeeno oxropamn xonom F. xemmorom III n Crnnenom H. Hoxom. oxropa
xemmor n Hox nnenn n cam +ror repmnn ]axropt nnnnnyantnoro
conpornnnennx, cnxsan ero c noneennem, mennnno n ]nsnonorne.
Oemnym nayunym nnreparypy, nocnxmennym ]opmam noneennx npn onesnxx,
oomnna oxrop 3nn O`Hnpn. 3nn O`Hnpn nnmer, uro oo.iuuucmeo
ucc.eooeauu ncuxocoua.iuix qarmopoe e cqepe paroeix saoo.eeauu u ux
paseumu oi.u noceueui noucrv cese +erov omu+u qarmopa+u u
pesv.imama+u oo.esuu [oouapvrue] ceuoeme.icmea, oorasieamuue, :mo
coeorvnuocmi ueromopix cnocoooe oecmeu u +emoooe npucnocoo.euu cesaua
c oo.ee oicmpi+ paseumue+ para u xvouu+ npoeuoso+.
uro xe npecrannxmr coo +rn nexoropte cnocot n merot
npncnoconennx? uro xe +ro sa naxnte noneenuecxne ]opmt? oxrop O`Hnpn
npnnonr cneymmn cnncox: Hmou, paccrasieamuue oo vcma.ocmu,
cuureuuu uanpreuu, v+euiueuuu uenpumu ceoeeo no.oreuu, o
oecno+ouuocmu u uecnocoouocmu eipasumi [o+ououa.iui] ueeamue,
npeocmae.mm cooo uacmouvm epvnnv pucra. pyrnmn cnonamn, ecnn y nac
pax, ro, xax n n nmom pyrom cpaxennn, nt onxnt onaart ocrarouno
mornnanne, urot noenrt npornnnnxa. oxrop O`Hnpn nnrnpyer pyrne
nccneonannx n noepxxy cnonx ntnoon o rom, uro ]opmt noneennx nmemr
npxmte ]nsnonornuecxne nocnecrnnx n opte npornn saonenannx.
ne rpern nme, nepecrynnnmnx cronernn pyex, cocrannxmr xenmnnt.
B onom nccneonannn, nponeennom no pyxonocrnom oxropa Canpt Henn,
+rn ]axropt tnn nccneonant na npemer nx nosmoxnoro nnnxnnx na
axrnnnocrt ecrecrnenno xnerxn-xnnnepa y nannenron c paxom rpyn. Knerxn-
xnnnept cunramrcx xpnrnuecxnm xomnonenrom n samnrno cncreme oprannsma
or paxa. Hmo xomnonenr, npenxrcrnymmn axrnnnocrn +rnx xnerox, cnnxaer
nosmoxnocrt oprannsma oportcx c onesntm. oxrop O`Hnpn paccxastnaer o
pesyntrarax paort xomant Henn: crpecc snaunrentno samenxer nopmantnym
axrnnnocrt xnerox-xnnnepon y nexoroptx nannenron c paxom rpyn, onaxo ne y
ncex. Kro xe +rn nmn? oxrop O`Hnpn nnmer: xomana Henn oouapvru.a, :mo
r.emru naueumoe, ue c.uuro+ ooecnoroeuuix ceou+ saoo.eeauue+, .v:ue
npucnocooueuuxc r ue+v, oe+oucmpupoeaeuux cu.iuvm vcma.ocmi no npoqu.m
uacmpoeuu u no.v:aeuux +euiue coua.iuo noooeprru e ceoe+ orpvreuuu,
oi.u +euee armueui. Husru vpoeeui ux armueuocmu e.er sa cooo vee.u:euue
ro.u:ecmea +emacmasoe, :mo noomeeproa.oci ouaeuoso+, cmae, maru+
oopaso+, ouo.oeu:ecrvm roue:uvm mo:rv ucc.eooeauu.
B pyrom nstcxannn oxrop H. Temomox nsyuan noneenuecxne ]axropt
nnnnnyantnoro conpornnnennx n nx ornomenne x nexoroptm earui+
u++vuo.oeu:ecru+ +epa+ y nannenron, crpaammnx xoxno snoxauecrnenno
menanomo. oxrop Temomox npenonaraer, uro nannenrt c rnnom nnunocrn C (y
xoroptx nanmaercx renennnx noannxrt ntpaxenne cnonx +monn) onaamr
xyme c rouxn spennx nmmynnrera samnrno cncremo n no+romy xymnmn
npornosamn. oxrop O`Hnpn coomaer, uro n nccneonannn Temomoxa oi.o
oorasauo, :mo coeprueauue o+ououa.iuix npoe.euu oi.o cesauo c oo.ee
oicmpi+ +umoso+ onvxo.u, xvouu+ npouuruoeeuue+ .u+qoumoe e
nopareuuvm paro+ oo.acmi u oo.iue n.omuocmim onvxo.u, :mo vrasieaem ua
xvouu npoeuos me:euu roruo s.ora:ecmeeuuo +e.auo+i.
Hourn nnxro ns rex, ue nospacr npentmaer cro ner, ne ymnpaer or saonenann
nce ymnpamr or crapocrn.
Fnaroapx pacrymemy uncny nccneonann cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro nmax
ycnemnax opta co cmeprentno ]opmo paxa nxnmuaer n cex ne rontxo
]nsnuecxne, no n noneenuecxne ]axropt. H n raxo opte yx uacro
ropxecrnyer na marepne
27
-
38
.
Ecnn c1pecc uoae1 yn1t, u1o nn uenn nnnne1cn nanontmnu nc1ounnxou c1pecca?
Hccneonannx, nponeennte npauamn n ncnxonoramn, ycranonnnn, uro cnntnt
crpecc moxer necrn x ceptesntm saonenannxm n axe x cmeprn. Onpeenenne
rnannoro ncrounnxa crpecca n xnsnn uenonexa ouent cnoxnax saaua, panno xax
n ro, xora +ror crpecc npnneer uenonexa x rparnuecxomy nauany xaxoro-ro
saonenannx. Crpecc npnnnmaer pasnnunte onnutx. Onnm ns nnx xnnxercx
crpecc, cnxsannt c xnsnenntmn cotrnxmn. On ntsnan otuntmn,
nponcxoxmnmn n reuenne nce name xnsnn nepemenamn, xax xopomnmn, rax n
nnoxnmn.
B cnoem nonaropcxom nccneonannn oxrop Tomac Xonmc n oxrop Pnuap Pee
onynnxonann mxany connantno aanrannn. Ona xnnnact nontrxo art onenxy
cotrnxm, ntstnammnm xnsnennt crpecc, onpeennn camte mnpoxo
pacnpocrpanennte nsmenennx n naennn xaxoe crenentm cnnt nnnxnnx. B
nponecce paspaorxn +ro mxant oxropa Xonmc n Pee onapyxnnn, uro 79 %
ocneonanntx nme ceptesno saonenann, ecnn sa ro naxonnennax no
crpeccontm cotrnxm cymma npentmana 300 annon. na ncnxnarpa cunrann, uro
moxno npocro nocunrart uncno crpeccontx cotrn xnsnn uenonexa n raxnm
opasom npecxasart nepoxrnocrt nosnnxnonennx ceptesnoro saonenannx.

uenonex, cocroxmn n paxe, xnner n cpenem na 6 ner n 7 mecxnen ontme, uem
ror, xro nnxora n nem ne tn.
Cnncox cotrn, nanonee axrnnno nnnxmmnx na noxnnenne crpecca, ouent
nnrepecen. oxropa Xonmc n Pee onapyxnnn, uro nanonee crpecconoe cotrne,
xoropoe moxer nponsorn n xnsnn uenonexa, +ro cmeprt cynpyra. Taxoe cotrne
nmeno 100 annon no mxane aanrannn. Pasno men no nomepom na: y nero
tno 73 anna.
Bce ocrantnte cotrnx n nx onenxn oxasannct raxont:
pasentnoe xnrentcrno cynpyron 65 annon;
saxnmuenne n rmptmy nnn pyrne noonte saneennx 63 anna;
cmeprt nnsxoro unena cemtn 63 anna;
ceptesnax rpanma nnn saonenanne 53 anna;
cnata 50 annon;
ynontnenne c paort 47 annon;
ynaxnnanne pauntx xon]nnxron 45 annon;
ntxo na nencnm 45 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n cocroxnnn sopontx nnn n noneennn unena cemtn 44
anna;
epemennocrt 40 annon;
cexcyantnte nponemt 39 annon;
noxnnenne nonoro unena cemtn (poxenne nonoro peenxa, yctnonnenne, npnes
n r. n.) 39 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n nsnece (cnnxnne, peoprannsannx, anxporcrno n r. n.)
39 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n ]nnanconom craryce (yxymenne nnn ynyumenne) 38
annon;
cmeprt nnsxoro pyra 37 annon;
nepexo na pyrym paory 36 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n xonnuecrne ccop c cynpyrom (xax n cropony ynennuennx,
rax n ymentmennx n cnxsn c poxennem peenxa, nnuntmn npnntuxamn n r. n.)
35 annon;
nonyuenne nnoreunoro xpenra nnn sama nx ontmoro npnoperennx (oma,
nsneca n r. n.) 31 ann;
nnmenne npan na ntxyn nnorexn nnn saxnano 30 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n paore (nponnxenne no cnyxe, nonnxenne, nepeno)
29 annon;
ctn nnn out yxoxr ns omy 29 annon;
nponemt c pocrnennnxamn 29 annon;
ntammnecx nnunte ocrnxennx 28 annon;
naprnep no paxy naunnaer nnn npexpamaer paorart nne oma 26 annon;
nauano nnn sanepmenne o]nnnantnoro oyuennx 26 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n xnnnmntx ycnonnxx (nocrpoxa nonoro oma,
pexoncrpyxnnx, yxymenne cocroxnnx oma nnn oxpyxamme cpet) 25
annon;
nepecmorp nnuntx npnntuex (oext, noneennx, cnxse n r. n.) 24 anna;
nponemt c nauantcrnom 23 anna;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n pacnopxxe paouero nx nnn ycnonnxx paort 20
annon;
nepees 20 annon;
nepexo n nonym mxony 20 annon;
snaunrentnte nsmenennx n npnntuno ]opme n npemenn ortxa 19 annon;
ontmne nsmenennx n uacrore nocemennx nepxnn (n cropony ynennuennx nnn
ymentmennx) 19 annon;
ontmne nsmenennx n connantno axrnnnocrn (xnyt, ncxorexn, xnnorearpt,
rocrn n r. n.) 18 annon;
nsxrne xpenra na neontmne npnoperennx (mamnny, renennsop, xononntnnx n
r. n.) 17 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n pacnopxxe cna (n cropony ynennuennx nnn ymentmennx
npemenn, nsmenenne npemenn orxoa xo cny) 16 annon;
ceptesnte nepement n oeme nnsxoro cemenoro omennx (n cropony
ynennuennx nnn ymentmennx) 15 annon;
ceptesnte nsmenennx n nnmentx npnntuxax (n cropony ymentmennx nnn
ynennuennx npnema nnmn, no npemenn npnema nnn n oxpyxamme ocranonxe)
15 annon;
ornycx 13 annon;
Poxecrno 12 annon;
nesnaunrentnte napymennx saxona (esnnernt npoes, npoxo na xpacnt
cner, napymenne cnoxocrnnx) 11 annon.
Iopocxax xnsnt nontmaer npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn xenmnn, no cnnxaer
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn myxunn.
B 1967 roy Xonmc n Pee cosann nonym nouny nx ncxyccn, noxasan menxam,
uro otunte nsmenennx, nponcxoxmne n noncenenno xnsnn, moryr
npecrannxrt onacnocrt nx sopontx. Ho nponnn cytt nce +rn cotrnx
nacrontxo mnpoxo pacnpocrpanent, uro cama xnsnt renept npecrannxnact
npeno nx sopontx. Tem ne menee nocneymmee nccneonanne tcrpo
ncxptno ror ]axr, uro npecxasart, xro moxer, a xro ne moxer cnpannxrtcx c
nonnymmnmn cotrnxmn, upesntuano cnoxno. Cymecrnyer nenepoxrnt
nanason cnocoon, xoroptmn xaxt ns nac cnpannxercx co crpeccom.
Hexoropte enamr +ro nyume pyrnx. Cymecrnymr axe xyntrypnte n
+rnnuecxne rpannnn cnxrnx crpecca. Ho eme naxnee ro, uro name cocrnennoe
ornomenne x nponemam nrpaer n +rom snaunrentnym pont.
Onrnmncrt rpanc]opmnpymr nosnnxammne nponemt n nosmoxnocrn n n
nepnym ouepet crapamrcx nserart crpeccono peaxnnn.
oxropa Poepr Opnmren n +nn Coent cunramr, uro xnmuom x ycnemnomy
npeoonennm rpynocre xnnxercx ynepennoe, cmenoe n onrnmncrnuecxoe
ornomenne x xnsnn. Onn nnmyr: Baruo ue cuurami nveamuue u onacuie
cmpeccoeie qarmopi, uo pacc+ampueami +up rar +ecmo us+eueuu u
eino.ueuu rusueuuix saoa:. Onmu+ucmi mpaucqop+upvmm eosuuramuue
npoo.e+i e eos+oruocmu u e nepevm o:epeoi cmapammc usoeeami cmpeccoeo
pearuu.
He cronr upesmepno nanpxrartcx ns-sa crpecca
3943
.
Cnrape1a uoae1 nac yn1t, no u1o eme ona uoae1 c naun cena1t?
Cnncox moxno npoonxart o ecxoneunocrn. nx nauana, cnrapernt tm
panoaxrnnen. uenonex, ntxypnnammn sa ent 12 nauxn, nnnrtnaer n cex
osy panannn, xoropym t on nonyunn, cenan 250300 penrrenoncxnx cnnmxon
rpyno xnerxn.
Knmuom x ycnemnomy npeoonennm rpynocre xnnxercx ynepennoe, cmenoe n
onrnmncrnuecxoe ornomenne x xnsnn.
Fnaroapx romy omecrnennomy nnnmannm, xoropoe yenxercx npey cnraper,
nerxo npenonoxnrt, uro npaxrnuecxn xaxt uenonex snaer oo ncex
onacnocrxx, xoropte n nnx raxrcx. Onaxo o panoaxrnnnom coepxannn
cnrapernoro tma nsnecrno ne cront mnpoxo, n mnorne npaun n cnennanncrt no
soponomy opasy xnsnn axe ne noospenamr o +rom. Hccneonannx,
nocnxmennte peantnomy coepxannm n raaxe panoaxrnnntx +nemenron,
noxnnnnct n mennnncxo nnreparype n cepenne 1960-x roon. Hepntm ns nnx
oxasanoct nccneonanne oxropon 3napa P+]opa n Bnnmt Xanr,
onynnxonannoe n xypnaneScience n 1964 roy. Cneymmee noxnnnoct n New
England Journal of Medicine n 1965-m, a rperte n uerneproe onxrt n Science,
ono n 1966-m, pyroe n 1967-m. Xorx na nccneonannx 1967 roa,
onynnxonannte n Nature, yrnepxann, uro yponent panoaxrnnno ost, cxopee
ncero, mentme, uem yxasannt n nccneonannn P+]opa n Xanr, n cneymmem
nccneonannn, onynnxonannom n 1967 roy n Science, tnn nornepxent axe
onee ntcoxne yponnn. Crartn o coepxannn panannn n cnrapernom tme
nepnonuecxn noxnnxmrcx n neuarn. Omee uncno +rnx ncrounnxon nectma
snaunrentno.
Otunax cnrapera coepxnr ouent mant, onaxo nnonne nsmepnmt n
ocrarouno ecrnennt oem panoaxrnnnoro +nemenra nononnx-210.
Baxnte pesyntrart ornocnrentno neannero nccneonannx, onynnxonannte n
xypnane Paediatrics, npeynpexamr o nosmoxno panannonno onacnocrn nx
ere, ntxammnx cnrapernt tm. Anrop nccneonannx, oxrop Iapn 3nanc,
yxastnaer, uro otunax cnrapera coepxnr ouent mant, onaxo nnonne
nsmepnmt n ocrarouno ecrnennt oem panoaxrnnnoro +nemenra
nononnx-210. Kora uenonex xypnr, nononn-210 pacmeopemc, pacni.emc,
eoixaemc u e roue:uo+ c:eme ocaroaemc ua mpaxeoopouxua.iuo
onume.ua.iuo noor.aore .eerux. ormop Jeauc oooae.em, :mo
opouxua.iui onume.u :e.oeera, eirvpueamueeo oouv-oee na:ru cueapem e
oeui, sa oouu eoo oo.v:aem ceo ooso paouauu npu+epuo 89 oop. Cpaeuume ee
c ooso om ooi:uo peumeeuoecro npoeovpi, cocmae.mue 0,03 oop. Taru+
oopaso+, e eoo cpeouu rvpu.iuur enumieaem oreuea.eum oosi, paeuo
npu+epuo 250300 peumeeuoecru+ npoeovpa+. On ormeuaer:Hpuuu+a eo
euu+auue, :mo sa oecmi .em cpeouu rvpu.iuur enumieaem e .eeo:ui
onume.u npu+epuo 80 oop, uevoueume.iuo, :mo e pesv.imame omo npuei:ru
paseueaemc par. oxrop 3nanc ronopnr o rom, uro pncx panannonnoro
onyuennx pacrymnx ercxnx nerxnx ns-sa cnrapernoro tma ponrene moxer
trt xnnnnuecxn snaunmtm. Onaxo mt ne snaem, cxontxo nononnx-210
oceaer n ercxnx nerxnx, a raxxe xaxono ero nnnxnne na nepoxrnocrt
nosnnxnonennx paxa. o mex nop, npooo.raem oormop Jeauc, rvpu.iuuroe
ueooxoou+o uuqop+upoeami, :mo ouu npoeoom ceou ouu e oo.arax
paouoarmueuoeo oi+a u :mo ouu ca+u, ux ce+iu u opvsi pucrvmm us-sa uux
saoo.emi. B 1950-x n 1960-x roax, xora na nonnronax ncntrtnanoct xepnoe
opyxne, nsptnt cosanann onacnte panoaxrnnnte onaxa n no ncex yronxax
nnanert ntnaann panoaxrnnnte ocaxn. Tenept raxne onaxa yxe pyroro
rnna onn nosnnxamr, xora xro-nnyt pxom c namn saxypnnaer.
Ho crarncrnxe nanonee uacro camoyncrno conepmamr ononenmne nmn n
nospacre or 20 o 40 ner.
Kypenne crapnr nme. B cpannnrentno neannnx nccneonannxx,
onynnxonanntx n xypnane New England Journal of Medicine, tno onapyxeno,
uro npaun moryr c ntcoxo rounocrtm onennnart nospacr nannenra. 3ry
cnoconocrt nsyuann oxropa 3nnsaer Bepepn n Cmsanna Xecc. Onaxo
ropaso nnrepecnee nexoropte erann, xoropte npaun onapyxnnn n nponecce
cnoero nccneonannx. Oxastnaercx, xypxmnm nannenram npaun amr n cpenem
na 5 ner ontme, uem nm ecrt na camom ene.

Kypnntmnxn, oxnnmne o nourennoro nospacra, onxnt npncnymartcx x romy
xe conery, uro n monote, n pocnrt +ry npnntuxy. B neannem nccneonannn,
onynnxonannom n Journal of the American Medical Association, oxrop
Mnnnncenr Xnrrnnc n ee xonnern nnmyr: Cvuecmevem .oruoe +ueuue, :mo
ec.u ei rvpume u ooru.u oo nper.ouuoeo eospacma, mo onacuie oqqermi
rvpeuu eac vre ue racammc. Jmo ue mar. Heooxoou+i noeiueuuie vcu.u,
:mooi voeoumi noru.ix rvpu.iuuroe opocumi omv npuei:rv. Komana
Xnrrnnca, nccneonanmax 5201 uenonexa (myxunn n xenmnn) crapme 65 ner,
onapyxnna, uro uem rnyxe xypnntmnxn ntxamr, rem xyxe paoramr nx
nerxne. Herxne myxunn-xypnntmnxon ]ynxnnonnponann na 23 % xyxe, uem
nerxne myxunn, xoropte nnxora ne xypnnn. V xenmnn +ror nponenr ocrnraer
18 %. axe nmn, nnxora ne panmne n por cnrapery, yrpaunnamr or 40 o 50 %
+]]exrnnnocrn paort cnonx nerxnx n nepno or 20 o 60 ner. Hccneonanne
noxasano, uro y tnmnx xypnntmnxon, ocrannnmnx +ry npnntuxy n nospacre or
40 o 60 ner, nerxne paorann na cpenem yponne. A y nme, pocnnmnx xypnrt
o 40 ner, nerxne paorann rax, cnonno re nnxora ne xypnnn. Komana Xnrrnnca
cenana ntno: Ecnn nmn pocamr xypnrt, ro n reuenne necxontxnx ner n
paore nx oprannsma nponsoyr snaunrentnte ynyumennx, a ]ynxnnonnponanne
nerxnx ne yxymnrcx cront ceptesno, xax y rex, xro npoonxaer xypnrt
4452
.
K 70 roam nt ceaere oem nnmn, pannt sepnonomy nonm n 26 axpon.

Hponenr cmeprn or paxa nerxnx cpen nme, xnnymnx n onnouecrne, n 2 pasa
ntme, uem y rex, xro xnner c naprnepom.
Kaxon 1nn nmen uame ncero conepmae1 cauoynnc1no?
Ho crarncrnxe nanonee uacro camoyncrno conepmamr ononenmne nmn n
Hponenr cmeprn or paxa nerxnx cpen nme, xnnymnx n onnouecrne, n 2 pasa
ntme, uem y rex, xro xnner c naprnepom.
Houeuy nocne 65 ne1 uyaunnm conepmam1 n 6 pas ontme cauoynnc1n, ueu aenmnnm?
Bor uro rnacnr na +ror cuer ona reopnx: noonax saxonomepnocrt orpaxaer ror
]axr, uro ropaso ontme myxunn, uem xenmnn, ncm cnom xnsnt paoramr nne
oma, crpemxct x nenxm, xoropte nocne yxoa na nencnm cranonxrcx
neocrnxnmtmn.
Hopocrxn, npnnnmammne napxornxn, conepmamr camoyncrno n 16 pas uame,
uem nce ocrantnte. Onaxo ropaso ontme camoyncrn conepmamr noxnnte
nmn, xorx mt uame cntmnm o cynnne cpen monoexn. Vponent camoyncrn
cpen ntmemnx na nencnm myxunn n nospacre 65 ner n 12 pas ntme, uem cpen
nme roro xe nospacra, npoonxammnx paorart. Vponent camoyncrn
snaunrentno ntme n cenepntx n mxntx mnporax, a n rponnuecxnx sonax
ocraercx ornocnrentno nnsxnm.
Cpen xenmnn n nospacre 2030 ner mentme ncero camoyncrn conepmamr
marepn, oxnammne ere.
Or nonynoun o yrpa ymnpaer cront mnoro ontntx n noxnntx nme, uro
nexoropte mennnncxne crarncrnxn yrnepxamr: nenaxno, nacxontxo uenonex
onen, ecnn n 10 yrpa on nce eme xnn, ro, cxopee ncero, nporxner nect ent.
Ec1t nn na seune 1axoe uec1o, re nmn ne onem1 paxou?
a. Ecrt ono omecrno, re pax nensnecren. 3ro naponocrt xynsa n Cenepo-
3ananom Kammnpe, mexy Haxncranom n Hnne.
Pncx ymepert or paxa ceronx nnmt nemnoro nnxe, uem 50 ner nasa. Cnnxenne
yponnx xypennx npnneno x nanonee snaunrentntm ynyumennxm n +ro onacrn.
Cunraercx, uro ntcoxn nponenr marepnncxo cmeprnocrn no npemx poon eme
nex nasa coxpaman noxasarent cpene npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn xenmnn,
enax ero nnxe cpene npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn myxunn. Onaxo nexoropte
ncropnxn yrnepxamr, uro +ro ne rax. B 1895 roy npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn
xenmnn n CBA, Bennxopnrannn n Ancrpannn cocrannxna 35 ner. Myxunnt
xnnn n cpenem 32 roa.

Crarncrnuecxn mart enncrnennoro peenxa yer xnrt ontme, uem xenmnna
es ere, no nce xe mentme, uem mart, y xoropo nx necxontxo.

Mart c rpemx n onee ertmn no cpennm noxasarenxm xnner ontme, uem mart
nnmt onoro peenxa.

Ecnn nam ncnonnnnoct 65 ner, nepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt oxnnere o 75 ner,
panna 1:2. Ecnn nam ontme 75, ro manct oxnrt o 85 pannt 1:4.

Hccneonarenn ns ynnnepcnrera tmxa saxnmunnn, uro ne cymecrnyer
ycranonnenno sanncnmocrn mexy rem, cxontxo xnnn namn ponrenn n cxontxo
npoxnnere nt.
Moano nn yuepe1t o1 nnmennn cna?
a, moxno. Cmeprn or neocrarxa cna ncera npemecrnyer nonnax
esopnenrannx n esymne. He camt npnxrnt cnoco ymepert.

Cmeprn or neocrarxa cna ncera npemecrnyer nonnax esopnenrannx n
esymne.
Kaxoe ns nn1n uync1n yracae1 nocnennu, xora uenonex yunpae1?
Kora uenonex ymnpaer, nocnennm yracaer cnyx. Ecnn nce oprant uyncrn n
nepno cmeprn paoramr nopmantno, nepntm nponaaer spenne, cneom nxyc,
oonxnne, raxrnntnte omymennx n, naxonen, cnyx. B ro xe nocneonarentnocrn
onn ncuesamr, xora nt sactnaere.
Rnnne1cn nn c1pax cuep1n namen cauon cnntnon qonen?
Ono nccneonanne onapyxnno, uro 31 % nme ecrnnrentno cmeprentno
oxrcx cmeprn. Onaxo n rom xe nccneonannn tno npoemoncrpnponano, uro
45 % ns nac naronornuecxn oxrcx ntcrynart nynnuno. Tax uro camo rnanno
name ]one xnnxercx rano]onx.
Cxontxo e1en, oc1nrmnx 18 ne1, nuem1 oonx annmx nonornuecxnx pon1enen?
B conpemenntx nnycrpnantno pasnnrtx crpanax n n ropoax nx uncno ocrnraer
90 %. 200 ner nasa +ra nn]pa cocrannxna npnmepno 30 %.
Bspocnte n 3 pasa uame nornamr n xaracrpo]ax, uem ern. 3ro ne noromy, uro c
ertmn pexe necuacrnte cnyuan, npocro mt ropaso ontme npetnaem no
nspocnom cocroxnnn.

Hocnenne cnona xnnoaxrepa yrnaca uepenxca-crapmero, snest nemoro xnno,
tnn raxnmn: Mne nnxora ne tno rax xopomo.

penneernnercxnx ]apaonon mymn]nnnponann, npenapnrentno yannn mosr.
Mosr cunrancx nenyxno uacrtm rena, ne necyme n cee nnxaxnx nonesntx
]ynxnn. Hpnmepno rax mt ceuac ornocnmcx x nennmnnry.

B npomnom nmn uacro oxnnct roro, uro meprnte xaxnm-ro opasom moryr
ntpartcx ns mornn. Heanno apxeonorn pacxonann n Cpensemnomopte mornny,
n xoropo yconmn tn npnrnoxen x rpoy noctmnmmontmn rnosxmn.

Tpannnonno na ocrpone Anaman n Hnncxom oxeane nont pacxpamnnamr
oxpo uepen myxa, yxpamamr ero rectmo n nocxr na mee.
Cxontxo nenna nonyun1cn nocne xpeuannn uenonexa poc1ou 1 ue1p 80 can1nue1pon?
Cnennanncrt noxoponnoro mpo yrnepxamr, uro uenonex pocrom 1 merp 80
canrnmerpon c otuntm crpoennem rena npenpamaercx npnmepno n 3,9
xnnorpamma nenna.
Hacxontxo uenoneuecxan paca nnsxa x nmunpannm?
Mt xort sanrpa moxem ynnuroxnrt mnp naroapx opyxnm macconoro
nopaxennx. Bce nnt n xoneunom cuere nepexoxr n paspx ntmnpammnx.
Onaxo n cpenem xaxt nn xnner npnmepno 8 mnnnnonon ner. Ecnn nepnte
nmn noxnnnnct oxono 3 mnnnnonon ner nasa, ro o ntmnpannx nam eme anexo.
Iexaromo nastnamr yncrno mnoxecrna nme.
Cxontxo nponen1on nmen yuepno o1 uepnon cuep1n?
B XIV nexe uerneprt napoonacenennx Enpont ntmepna or uepno cmeprn
(yonno uymt). Houemy yonnax uyma ontme ne npecrannxer yrposy? Ee
moxno +]]exrnnno neunrt anrnnornxamn. Tepmnn yonnax ornocnrcx x
xapaxrepntm yonam, nnn ynennuenntm nnm]arnuecxnm xenesam, xoropte
xnnxmrcx pannnm cnmnromom saonenannx
53
.
Xorx no npemx Bropo mnpono nont ymepno ontme nme, uem na nmo
pyro none n ncropnn uenoneuecrna, neoxonmo nomnnrt, uro n pasrap Bropo
mnpono rpert nacenennx mnpa crpaana or manxpnn.

Hocnenn uenonex tn xasnen na rnntornne n 1977 roy. o 1981 roa upannnx
ne ormenxna cmeprnym xasnt.
Cuoae1 nn uenonex nman1t, ecnn ero paspesa1t nononau?
B npnnnnne, ecnn c namn raxoe npoenart, nt ympere or rpanmt n norepn xponn.
Onaxo cymecrnyer pexoe saonenanne xpecrnonax arenesnx, npn xoropom
uenonex poxaercx es nnxne uacrn rena n npn +rom cnocoen ntxnrt. B +rom
cnyuae onacrt rasa n nor oxastnaercx ne o xonna c]opmnponanno. B
pesyntrare npaun uacro amnyrnpymr norn, ne necymne n cee nnxaxo nonesno
]ynxnnn. Heanno ecxrnnernxx enouxa ns Rxno A]pnxn onnact
mexynaponoro nnnmannx, noromy uro cmorna ntxnrt n cnpannrtcx co cnonm
saonenannem. Ona oynaer pyxn n rennncxn, a sarem ner na pyxax, xya
noxenaer
54
.
Bt cmoxere ntxnrt, ecnn norepxere 80 % xnmeunnxa, 75 % neuenn, cenesenxy,
ony nouxy n nmo opran n onacrn rasa. Onaxo ecnn nt norepxere 20 %
xnxocrn oprannsma, ro ympere.

Ecrt pacnpocrpanennoe yexenne: ecnn uenonexa yapnrt noxom n cepne, on
oxsarentno onxen ymepert. 3ro ne rax. Fontmnncrno nme n +rom cnyuae
ntsopannnnamr.

Hpnmepno 1 ns 3 xeprn ns uncna nsnecrntx yncrn na momenr cnoe cmeprn
tna ntxna.
Moano nn yuepe1t o1 neomunon rnxoc1n cyc1anon?
Jmo eonpoc roau Beuuem us Lovuu Muuu, Kausac.
Her, or +roro ne ymnpamr. Onaxo upesntuano ntcoxne, xyte n nenepoxrno
rnxne nmn otuno nacneymr cepeunoe saonenanne, nastnaemoe cnnpomom
Map]a-na. 3ro saonenanne ynnaer ne rontxo snes-cnoprcmenon (otuno
acxeronncron), no n mnornx pyrnx. Ecnn nt ntcoxn, xyt n rnxn, oparnrect
x cemenomy npauy n nponeptrect na cnnpom Map]ana on nsneunm
55
.
Iexaromo nastnamr yncrno mnoxecrna nme.

B XX nexe ontme amepnxannen nornnn or yncrn, uem or noenntx ecrnn.
Concem pyrax xaprnna nanmaercx n Ancrpannn, Fpnrannn n Enpone.

o cnx nop ocraercx neoxcnnmtm ror ]axr, uro o 40 ner ymnpamr ropaso
ontme ntcoxnx, uem nentcoxnx nme.
Hac1t II
Hc1opnn 1ena. 1101 qax1
Bcemy sameuarentnomy, cnacammemy xnsnn nme nepconany cnnecxoro
Iocnnranx npnnna Ant]pea, re exenenno rpyxrcx nacroxmne anrent-
xpannrenn

Inana 1
Poaenne

B Annce n Crpane uyec Htmnc K+pponn nncan: Haunn c nauana,
ropxecrnenno nponsnec Kopont, n npoonxa rax, noxa ne oemt o xonna.
Tora ocranonnct. A onn mypt uenonex xax-ro cxasan: Hauano ncera
nerxoe. Iopaso rpynee ro, uro nponcxonr norom. Tax mnoro nonpocon o
namem uyecnom rene, uro ouent rpyno pemnrt, c uero nauart n na uem
ocranonnrtcx. anare xe npncnymaemcx x cnonam Koponx n naunem c nauana.
Mt oparnmcx x poxennm, pocry n pasnnrnm uenonexa, a raxxe x pyrnm
nnrepecntm acnexram, xacammnmcx crpannocre namero rena.
Kaxona nepon1noc1t 1oro, u1o ansnt cymec1nye1 na pyrnx nnane1ax?
Pasne xro-nnyt +ro snaer? Mt moxem rontxo npenonarart.
B 1961 r. amepnxancxn acrponom up+nx pex npenoxnn ypannenne nx
nocuera xonnuecrna pasnnrtx n rexnonornuecxom nnane nnnnnnsann,
cymecrnymmnx n name Ianaxrnxe. Vpannenne pexa ntrnxnr rax: N =R I
fp I ne I fl I fi I fc I L. 3ect N xonnuecrno nnnnnnsann n
Ianaxrnxe, pasnnrtx nacrontxo, uro c nnmn moxno ncrynnrt n xonraxr; R
cxopocrt, c xoropo opasymrcx snest, cnoconte ]opmnponart raxne nnanert,
xax nama; fp onx snes, onaammnx nnaneramn; ne uncno nnaner noxpyr
nmo snest c remneparypntm pexnmom, nosnonxmmnm cymecrnonart
uenonexy; fl nepoxrnocrt sapoxennx xnsnn na nnanere c noxoxmnmn
ycnonnxmn; fi nepoxrnocrt nosnnxnonennx pasymntx ]opm xnsnn na nnanere,
re ecrt xnsnt; fc ornomenne xonnuecrna nnaner, pasymnte xnrenn xoroptx
cnocont x xonraxry n nmyr ero, x xonnuecrny nnaner, na xoroptx ecrt pasymnax
xnsnt; L npemx xnsnn nnnnnnsannn.
Ecnn nam ncnonnnnoct 65 ner, nepoxrnocrt roro, uro nt oxnnere o 75 ner,
panna 1:2. Ecnn nam ontme 75, ro manct oxnrt o 85 pannt 1:4.
Bocnontsonanmnct ypannennem pexa, yuente, xoropte nastnann cex Ipynno
noncxa nnesemnoro pasyma, nocunrann, uro cxopocrt opasonannx snes
cocrannxer npnmepno 20 n ro (R =20). Onn xe npenonaramr, uro nononnna ncex
snes opasyer nnanerapnte cncremt (fp =0,5), uro xonnuecrno nnaner n ono
cncreme, na xoroptx moxer cymecrnonart xnsnt, panno 1 (ne =1) n uro xnsnt
moxer noxnnrtcx n pasnnnartcx na ono ns nxrn raxnx nnaner (fl =0,2).
Vunrtnax ror ]axr, uro ent]nnt n xnrt xnnxmrcx pasymntmn cymecrnamn, no
ne cosamr nnxaxnx rexnonorn, yuente npenonoxnnn, uro pasnnrne
rexnonorn moxno oxnart n nononnne mnpon, re cymecrnyer xnsnt (fc =0,5).
Taxnm opasom, nocrannn +rn snauennx n ypannenne pexa, nonyuaem: N =20
I 0,5 I 1 I 0,2 I 0,5 I L. To ecrt uncno nnnnnnsann n ranaxrnxe
panno uncny ner (L), n reuenne xoroptx moxer npocymecrnonart nepeonax n
rexnonornuecxom nnane nnnnnnsannx: N =L. Pasymeercx, nam nsnecrna rontxo
nama cocrnennax nnnnnnsannx. Texnonornuecxn ntcoxopasnnro ee moxno
cunrart rontxo n reuenne nocnennx 50 ner. Taxnm opasom, xonnuecrno
pasnnrtx ]opm xnsnn n name Ianaxrnxe panno, xax mnnnmym, 50. Fesycnonno,
no ncex +rnx pacuerax ouent mnoro npenonoxenn n onymenn, n name
npecrannenne o Ianaxrnxe nocroxnno menxercx n coornercrnnn c nontmn
nccneonannxmn
1
.
Moano nn cosa1t ncxycc1nennym ua1epnncxym y1poy?
B nexoropom cmtcne ona yxe cymecrnyer. Ceuac paspaartnaercx annaparypa,
cosammax ncxyccrnennym cpey nne marepnncxo yrpot, n xoropo nno
moxer pasnnnartcx n pacrn, noxa ne yer n cocroxnnn tmart camocroxrentno.
Hoonte annapart otuno nastnamr ncxyccrnennax yrpoa, nx yxe
ncnontsymr nx ontron c xnnorntmn. Ecnn na npemx orpocnrt +rnuecxne
coopaxennx, ro ncxyccrnennym yrpoy moxno cosart n reuenne necxontxnx
ner, n nno rpertero rpnmecrpa (26 neent epemennocrn) n axe nroporo
rpnmecrpa (13 neent) moxno yer nepememart rya ns marepnncxo marxn.
Peenox yer npoonxart pasnnnartcx ram n ponrcx n cpox (3840 neent
epemennocrn). Teopernuecxn ner npenxrcrnn x romy, urot nonyunrt raxym
ncxyccrnennym yrpoy, xya moxno nomemart eme npe+mpnon, xoropt yer
pasnnnartcx ram nce 9 mecxnen. Bce, uro nx +roro rpeyercx, +ro nonte
rexnonornn.

Mart crpemx n onee ertmn no cpennm noxasarenxm xnner ontme, uem mart
nnmt onoro peenxa.
Hcnontsonanne ncxyccrnenno yrpot nomoxer xenmnnam, crpaammnm
saonenannxmn marxn, xoropte ne moryr camn ntnocnrt peenxa. Mart, ne
xenammax pncxonart, ncntrtnart ont n npoune neyocrna, cnxsannte c
epemennocrtm, repxrt paory (ns-sa xopome sapaorno nnart, ntcoxo
onxnocrn n r. n.), raxxe moxer nocnontsonartcx raxnm nsoperennem. Xenmnna
moxer npocro saepemenert, nomecrnrt +mpnon n ncxyccrnennym yrpoy, a
cnycrx 9 mecxnen nonyunrt nonopoxennoro. oxrop cnnopn Kynaapa ns
xnoncxoro ynnnepcnrera xynreno cosan npxmoyrontnym ncxyccrnennym
yrpoy ns axpnna n nanonnnn renntmn oxononnontmn noamn. Hno norpyxamr
n +ror pesepnyap na rperte neene epemennocrn. Kpont nnoa ounmaercx
annaparom nx nannsa, coennenntm c nynonnno.
Pasne +ro ne ntxo nx xenmnn, xoropte ouent xorxr nmert peenxa, no ne
moryr onocnrt ero? Hnn xe +ro nonnomenne xommapa ns xnnrn Onoca Xaxcnn
Hpexpacnt nont mnp?
Kaxon peenox npn poaennn?
(Cnpauueaem ou Vu.i+c, Heuc*censored*cm, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

Fepemennocrt ennrcx na rpn nepnoa (rpnmecrpa) npnmepno no rpn mecxna n
xaxom. Bo npemx rpertero rpnmecrpa (2640-x neenn) peenox npoonxaer
cranntno pacrn. Hpn poxennn cpenn nec peenxa cocrannxer or 2,7 o 4 xr.
Hpn poxennn cpenn nec peenxa cocrannxer or 2,7 o 4 xr.
Kocrn uepena nonopoxennoro mxrxne, uro oneruaer ero npoxoxenne uepes
eropont xanan.
Tax nastnaemt nymox (nanyro) nourn nonnocrtm ncuesaer y nnoa x 3840-
neene.
Herxne nonnocrtm c]opmnponant. Hepe camtm poxennem nonepxnocrno-
axrnnnoe nemecrno (cyp]axranr) noxptnaer nerxne, uro npeornpamaer
nonaanne n nnx xnxocrn.
Hpn poxennn xoxa peenxa noxptra samnrno macco nepnopono cmasxo.
Otuno x 36- neene epemennocrn rononxa peenxa onycxaercx nnns. Kora +ro
nponcxonr, cneyer tcrpee ornpannxrtcx n ontnnny.
V ontmnncrna ere payxnax oonouxa rnasa cnnenaroceporo nnera.
Hocroxnnt nner rnas npoxnnxercx rontxo uepes necxontxo ne nnn neent
nocne poxennx.
Houxn naxoxrcx n nponecce pasnnrnx.
Mosr raxxe pasnnnaercx.
Peenox moxer cocart ontmo nanen pyxn.
V peenxa pasnnro spenne. Hyume ncero on nnnr ro, uro pacnonoxeno na
paccroxnnn npnmepno 25 cm.
Peenox xopomo cntmnr, axe no npemx cna.
V peenxa pasnnro oonxnne on ornnuaer sanax marepn or sanaxon pyrnx
xenmnn.
Ha nxyc peenox npenounraer uro-nnyt cnaxoe. Peenox nnnr cnt.
Koxa peenxa uyncrnnrentna. Maccax nonopoxennoro ycxopxer ero pocr n
pasnnrne (cm. anee n +ro rnane).
Kaxoro nospac1a n nacxontxo xpynnmu onaen m1t nonopoaennmn, u1om nman1t?
(Cnpauueaem ou Vu.i+c, Heuc*censored*cm, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

Peenox onxen ponrtcx n pesyntrare epemennocrn, nxmecx 40 neent. Ecnn
on ponncx o 20- neenn n necnr menee 500 r, ro on cunraercx neonomenntm.
Taxo nonopoxennt ne cmoxer ntxnrt. Cunraercx, ecnn mnaenen npoxnn 28
ne, snaunr, on ntxnner. Ouent pexo tnamr cnyuan ntxnnannx ere,
xoroptm 21 neenx. B Hnepnanax tnn nponeent nccneonannx c nentm
onpeennrt nponenr ntxnnannx neonomenntx mnaennen. Pesyntrart
oxasannct cneymmnmn:
22 neenn 4,6 %;
23 neenn 46 %;
24 neenn 59 %;
25 neent 82 %.
Kax nnnre, nponenr ntxnnaemocrn snaunrentno ynennunnaercx c xaxo
cneymme neene
2
.
Crarncrnuecxn mart enncrnennoro peenxa yer xnrt ontme, uem xenmnna
es ere, no nce xe mentme, uem mart, y xoropo nx necxontxo.
Moaeu nn um pasronapnna1t c eme ne ponnmnuncn e1tun?
opo noxanonart n ynnnrentnt mnp ranronomnn. Ecnn +roro cnona eme ner n
namem cnonape, ro nycrt ono noxnnrcx ceuac. Hccneonannx noxasann, uro mt
naunnaem omartcx c pyrnmn nmtmn eme o cnoero poxennx. Ianronomnx
+ro mero omennx c nnoom nocpecrnom npnxocnonenn n ronoca.
Ianronomnuecxoe omenne nxnmuaer n cex cnona, mtcnn n uyncrna, ero moxno
onncart xax ncnxoraxrnntnt xonraxr. uacrnonpaxrnxymmn ncnxonor-
+xcnepnmenrarop oxrop Hmnnr nyc ns Ieentepra (Iepmannx) npononr
nccneonannx, oxastnammne, uro xommynnxannx mexy peenxom n xnnore
marepn n pyrnmn nmtmn nnonne peantna
3
. On onnctnaer raxxe pesyntrart
noonoro omennx nx peenxa n nx marepn.
Inanntm cnennanncrom n +ro nono onacrn nccneonann xnnxercx oxrop
upanc Bentman
4
. B xoe +xcnepnmenron, nponeenntx oxropom Bentmanom c
nomomtm yntrpasnyxono narnocrnxn, tno sameueno, uro ecnn no npemx
nocnenero rpnmecrpa epemennocrn myxunna xnaer naont na ront xnnor
cnoe epemenno cynpyrn, ro nponcxoxr npocro nenepoxrnte nemn: peenox
pearnpyer na npnrnamenne noomartcx, nnraercx n nanpannennn naonn orna n
npnxnmaercx x ne. Kora oren ynpaer naont, peenox oronnraercx
5
.
Hno xnno npoxnnxer xenanne ycranonnrt xonraxr. oxrop nyc cunraer, uro
ern, c xoroptmn ponrenn omannct no npemx epemennocrn, ouent xopomo
pasnnnamrcx nocne poxennx. V nnx ntme ymcrnennoe pasnnrne, uem y pyrnx
ere, onn nyume ronopxr, onee nocnpnnmunnt, menee paspaxnrentnt, y nnx
mentme nponem c necom n nnmenapennem.
He cymecrnyer ycranonnenno sanncnmocrn mexy rem, cxontxo xnnn namn
ponrenn n cxontxo npoxnnere nt.
Fnaronpnxrnoe nosecrnne ranronomnx oxastnaer n na mart. Hanpnmep, mnorne
xenmnnt ncntrtnamr rpynocrn no npemx poon no npnunne roro, uro y nnx
cnnmxom ysxn ras n poono xanan. uacro nx ynyumennx pacrxxennx poonoro
xanana npnmenxmrcx nexapcrnennte cpecrna. Ecnn onn ne nomoramr, ro peenox
n mart nonepramrcx pncxy. Heocrarox yxnantno 2 cm npocrpancrna uacro
ntstnaer sarpynennx no npemx poon. Hpnxonrcx ncnontsonart mnnnt nnn
axe npnerart x xecapeny ceuennm. Kax cnnerentcrnyer oxrop nyc, y
marepe, noepxnnammnx xonraxr c peenxom, pasmxruamrcx noxont xpxm n
xpecrnono-rasont cycran. 3ro, n cnom ouepet, nosnonxer poonomy xanany
pacmnpnrtcx. Taxnm opasom, omenne ner na nontsy xax peenxy, rax n
marepn.
Mart moxer pasynrt peenxa es ennoro cnona. Hoonoe uacro nanmaercx
n xoe yntrpasnyxontx nccneonann: ecnn marepn ronopxr, uro na monnrope ne
nnno nnxenn peenxa, ona, esycnonno, naunnaer nonnonartcx. 3roro
nonnennx nnonne ocrarouno, urot cnxmn n xnnore peenox npocnyncx. Hourn
ncera n raxnx cnyuaxx na monnrope moxno ynnert, uro on nauan menennrtcx.
3ror ]enomen tn onapyxen n 1980-x rr. oxropom 3pnxom Penxontom
6
,
neonaronorom[3]3
Heonaronor npau, xoropt ocymecrnnxer nanmenne n neuenne peenxa, xax
npannno, n reuenne nepnoro mecxna xnsnn.(3oeci u oa.ee npu+e:. peo.)

|3axptrt] ns Bryrrapra (Iepmannx).
Hnora xaxercx, uro peenox oruaxnno ntraercx uro-ro cxasart marepn.
Fepemenntm xenmnnam nepexo npnxonrcx noxnart pox-xonneprt, nocxontxy
nx peenox naunnaer ecnoxono cex necrn ns-sa myma. Ho cnonam oxropa F. P.
I. Ban en Fepra, neonaronora ns ynnnepcnrera n entrncxom ropoe Henen, +ro
npoxnnenne uyncrnnrentnocrn nnoa raxxe ornocnrcx x c]epe ranronomnn
7
.

oxrop nyc ormeuaer, uro orpomnt, nencnontsonannt uenoneuecxn
norennnan xpoercx n +ro onacrn npepoontx ornomenn. B nocnenne 100
ner n snaunrentno crenenn cnnsnncx nponenr cmeprnocrn mnaennen, n ceuac y
nac ecrt manc onrtcx roro, urot peenox ne rontxo noxnnxncx na cner
sopontm ]nsnuecxn, no n nonyuan t nce neoxonmoe nx antnemero
xopomero ncnxnuecxoro pasnnrnx. oxrop Bentman coneryer ponrenxm
naxonrt npemx nx ycranonxn +monnonantntx xonraxron c nnoom. 3ro nerxo n
ecrecrnenno, onaxo nnora rpeyercx npemx, urot nayunrtcx omartcx na
yponne uyncrn. oxrop Bentman nnmer: nccneonannx n onacrn ranronomnn
emoncrpnpymr, uro cnoconocrn, xoroptmn onxen onaart xaxt uenonex,
ceronx pasnnnamrcx nce ontme n ontme, rora xax pantme onn
arpo]nponannct nnn noome orcyrcrnonann. 3rn cnoconocrn ouent naxnt nx
ornomenn mexy nmtmn. oxrop coxaneer o rom, uro n namem mnpe, re
omnnnpyer nparmarnsm, mt ouent uacro nrnopnpyem omenne na yponne
uyncrn. Bce, uro cnxsano c +monnonantno xnsntm, c uyncrnamn, ne nmeer
marepnantno nennocrn, a snaunr, +romy ner mecra n namem mnpe.
3monnonantnocrt moxer rontxo memart +xonomnuecxomy pasnnrnm n
nponsnocrny. Kora namn ern ntramrcx cxasart nam uro-ro, ncera nn mt
roront oxorno ntcnymart nx?
8,9

Kax nsann1tcn o1 onn no npeun poon?
(Cnpauueaem Xusep Juopmc, Ceum-Ku.oa, Burmopu, Aecmpa.u)

Ecrt raxax myrxa: ecnn mencrpyannx n poonte onn yen nmenno xenmnn,
snaunr, For myxunna.
Kax nsnecrno, anecresnx no npemx poon ornnuaercx or oesonnnannx npn
]nsnuecxnx rpanmax. uenoneuecxoe reno pearnpyer na rpanmy naroapx
mexannsmam ntxnnannx. Onaxo npn poax xencxoe reno ne nocnpnnnmaer
marounte coxpamennx n pacrxxenne crenox nnarannma xax rpanmy, nocxontxy
pot nnonne ecrecrnennt, nopmantnt nx xenmnnt nponecc.
Ecrt raxax myrxa: ecnn mencrpyannx n poonte onn yen nmenno xenmnn,
snaunr, For myxunna.
Hnrepecno, uro y mnornx xenmnn (ecnn ne y ontmnncrna) no npemx poon
nanmaercx npnnnn oesonnnammnx +nop]nnon. Ho+romy mnorne xenmnnt
satnamr o onn cnycrx nexoropoe npemx nocne poon.
Onn moryr nomnnrt ontnnny, omenne c nepconanom n pyrnmn poxennnamn,
no ont npnnomnnamr nnoxo.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ]nsnuecxne ynpaxnennx nosnonxmr yxpennxrt
mtmnt, oruero coxpamennx marxn cranonxrcx menee onesnenntmn. Taxxe
nomoramr txarentnte ynpaxnennx, npecrannenne n yme nexoroptx xpacox
(ocoenno opanxeno). Honoxenne na xoprouxax nnn axe crox uacro oneruaer
nponecc poon naroapx annennm neca mnaenna. Hpn nroptx poax nepno
cxnarox cranonnrcx xopoue, a ont cnaee, uem n nepnt pas.
Cymecrnymr raxxe mennnncxne cpecrna oneruennx onn, cpen nnx
+nnypantnax n cnnnantnax anecresnx, a raxxe xecapeno ceuenne npn
+nnypantno nnn ome anecresnn.
Hpana nn, u1o m1t uyaunnon onacno nn sopontn?
(Cnpauueaem Ca..u Hopmep, Hum.-Por, Aprausac, CLA)

Kax +ro nn crpanno moxer noxasartcx, no trt myxunno ecrnnrentno onacno.
C camoro momenra sauarnx. B yrpoe marepn +mpnony npnxonrcx oportcx sa
ro, urot crart myxunno. Myxunnt onee nonepxent renernuecxnm n pyrnm
saonenannxm, y nnx n nmom nospacre ntme noxasarenn cmeprnocrn, n nx
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn nourn na 10 % mentme, uem y xenmnn.
Fnonornuecxn ropaso nerue crart xenmnno. Moxno cxasart, uro pasnnrne
+mpnona n xenmnny +ro npannno, a n myxunny ncxnmuenne. oxrop
Ant]pe Xo+r nncan: Ocnonnax ]opma uenoneuecxoro oprannsma, cnoconax x
ntxnnannm, +ro xenmnna, a myxunna neuro ononnnrentnoe.
Ocnonnax ]opma uenoneuecxoro oprannsma, cnoconax x ntxnnannm, +ro
xenmnna, a myxunna neuro ononnnrentnoe.
ormop A. Xoom
Ho mnennm oxropon Mnxa+nx H. Iycra]cona n Harpncnn K. onaxtm, urot
noxnnncx myxunna, n nyxnoe npemx n n onpeenenno nocneonarentnocrn
onxen nponsorn nent xacxa cnoxntx monexynxpntx n mop]onornuecxnx
npeopasonann
10
. Ecnn n xoe +rnx nsmenenn uro-nnyt noer ne rax, ro
+mpnon pasontercx n xenmnny. Hon sanncnr or naopa nonontx xpomocom (X n
Y). B nepnte mecrt neent xnsnn +mpnon crpemnrcx crart xenmnno. B +ro
npemx sapotmn oonx nonon nmemr npnmnrnnnym nononym xenesy, xoropax
moxer pasnnrtcx nno n xnunnx, nno n cemennnx. Ecnn +mpnon renernuecxn
xencxn (XX), npnmnrnnnax nononax xenesa pasnnnaercx n xnunnx es nomomn
xaxnx-nno ]emnnnsnpymmnx ropmonon. Hpnmnrnnnax nononax xenesa
renernuecxn myxcxoro +mpnona (XV) pasnnnaercx n cemennnx, no +ro
nponcxonr rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn ]axrop, onpeenxmmn cemennnx,
npncyrcrnyer n V-xpomocome. 3ro oycnannnnaer nauano ntpaorxn myxcxoro
ropmona recrocrepona, n +mpnon npenpamaercx n myxcxo.

Tpannnonno na ocrpone Anaman n Hnncxom oxeane nont pacxpamnnamr
oxpo uepen myxa, yxpamamr ero rectmo n nocxr na mee.
Ho mnennm snamennroro anrpononora, noxonoro oxropa 3mnn Monrerm,
nepcnexrnna nmert V-, a ne X-xpomocomy neuantna. V-xpomocoma cocrannxer
ncero
1
/
5
uacrt or pasmepa X-xpomocomt, ona ornercrnenna sa mnorne
renernuecxne saonenannx. To, uro myxunna naenen V-xpomocomo, noxoxe,
ocrannxer emy mnoro nponem
11
. Cymecrnyer onee 30 renernuecxnx
saonenann, xoropte ropaso uame ncrpeuamrcx y myxunn, uem y xenmnn,
naunnax c orcyrcrnnx nepennx syon n saxanunnax cnnpomom Ban en Foma
(saonenanne, nxnmuammee n cex npoxennoe cnaoymne, e]opmannn cxenera,
orcyrcrnne norontx xenes n r. .). Kpome roro, ecrt eme no xpane mepe 63
onesnn, xoroptm myxunnt onee nonepxent, uem xenmnnt. B 1999 r. tnn
ocneonant nce ern, ponnmnecx n unnnxnnn n 1987 r., n onapyxnnoct, uro
y mantunxon pncx npn onenxe no mxane Anrap[4]4
Bxana Anrap cncrema tcrpo onenxn cocroxnnx nonopoxennoro.

|3axptrt] na 20 % ntme, a pncx ponrtcx neonomenntm na 11 % ntme, uem y
enouex. Hocne nepnnarantnoro nepnoa[5]5
Hepnnarantntm nepnoom npnnxro nastnart npomexyrox c 28- neenn
nnyrpnyrponoro pasnnrnx o 8-ro nx xnsnn nonopoxennoro.

|3axptrt], y mantunxon na 64 % ntme xymynxrnnnt xo+]]nnnenr
saonenaemocrn acrmo, na 43 % ntme xymynxrnnnt xo+]]nnnenr
saonenaemocrn ymcrnenntm paccrpocrnom, na 22 % ntme xo+]]nnnenr
cmeprnocrn n ntme, no nesnaunrentno, xo+]]nnnenr saonenaemocrn
+nnnencne n rnasntmn onesnxmn. Fonee roro, y mantunxon n 23 pasa ntme
pncx saepxxn n pasnnrnn
12
.
B Ancrpannn xo+]]nnnenr cmeprnocrn ere myxcxoro nona o poxennx ntme,
uem y ere xencxoro nona. Hocne sauarnx na 100 mnaennen xencxoro nona
]opmnpymrcx or 120 o 150 sapotme myxcxoro nona, no na 100 enouex
poxamrcx rontxo 105 mantunxon. Mt ne nnonne nonnmaem npnunnt roro,
nouemy n yrpoe nornaer ontme mnaennen myxcxoro nona.
Hoonax renennnx npocnexnnaercx n nocne poxennx: n nepnt ro nocne
poxennx na xaxym ymepmym enouxy npnxonrcx rpn ymepmnx mantunxa; n
nospacre 21 roa na xaxym ymepmym monoym xenmnny npnxonrcx nourn na
ymepmnx monotx myxunnt. B Ancrpannn npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn y xenmnn
ontme, uem y myxunn (83 roa y xenmnn, 77 ner y myxunn).
Hpoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn y myxunn xopoue na 10 %, n +ro ecrecrnennax nopma
nx nnx.
Haunnax c camoro poxennx n anee, myxunnt cnaee xenmnn yxnantno no
ncex acnexrax noneennx. Hcxnmuenne cocrannxmr ]nsnuecxax cnna, mtmeunax
xoopnnannx n nocnpnxrne npocrpancrna. Hanpnmep, saxnar xncrn pyxn y
nxrnnernero mantunxa sauacrym n na pasa cnntnee, uem y nxrnnerne enouxn.
Onaxo y xenmnn, xax npannno, nyume pasnnra peut, n +ro sauacrym aer n
conpemennom omecrne ontmne npenmymecrna.
Cpenecrarncrnuecxne mantunxn xapaxrepnsymrcx rem, uro:
naunnamr nosxe ronopnrt;
nmemr n omxontnom nospacre mentmn cnonapnt sanac;
nosxe naunnamr ncnontsonart n peun npenoxennx;
nosxe n menennee yuarcx unrart;
xyxe sanepmamr npenoxennx n paccxast;
n snaunrentno crenenn xyxe opasymr nnnrnncrnuecxne cnxsn, xax, nanpnmep, n
recrax, re rpeyercx cosart ncxyccrnennt xstx;
menee nnnmarentnt x snyxam;
menennee nsyuamr nnocrpannte xstxn;
npoxnnxmr xymne, uem y enouex, cnoconocrn x sanomnnannm;
xyxe npoxoxr recrt na nornxy;
onaamr onee entm noopaxennem.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro myxunnt menee samnment n +monnonantnom
nnane. Ho cnonam oxropa M. Ponnca, nccneonarenn npnmnn x
cornamennm uro xenmnnt onee connantno opnenrnponant, a myxunnt onee
+roncrnunt
13
. Xenmnnt xpenue n +monnonantnom nnane, no+romy onn moryr
nosnonnrt cee trt omnrentntmn
14
.
H1o onpeenne1 non peenxa? Hponcxon1 +1o n uouen1 onnoo1nopennn nnnexne1xn nnn nosae?
(Cnpauueaem Xim Hopr, Beea, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hon peenxa onpeenxercx cpasy, xax rontxo xnexnerxa onnoornopxercx. Ho
mnennm oxropa Poepra x. Fpxncxn ns Hayunoro nenrpa sopontx npn
Texaccxom ynnnepcnrere n Can-Anronno, ]axrnuecxn ner nosmoxnocrn
nsmennrt non mnaenna nocne roro, xax nponsoer onnoornopenne
15
. V nme
non onpeenxmr cnepmarosont, a ne xnexnerxa. Bce nopmantnte uenoneuecxne
xnexnerxn coepxar X-xpomocomy. Cnepmarosont moryr coepxart nno X-,
nno Y-xpomocomy. Ecnn cnepmaroson coepxnr Y-xpomocomy, ro mnaenen
yer myxcxoro nona, a ecnn X ro xencxoro. Bor rax nce npocro.
Onaxo n nexoroptx pexnx cnyuaxx Y-xpomocome moxer ne xnarart nexoroptx
renon, nyxntx nx pasnnrnx xnuex, xoropte nnocnecrnnn yyr ntpaartnart
cemennym xnxocrt n myxcxo nonono ropmon recrocrepon. Tora y peenxa
pasnnnamrcx xencxne rennrannn, xorx ananns xpomocom yer noxastnart
nannune Y-xpomocomt. urot pasopartcx n rom, nouemy +ro nponcxonr,
neoxonmo ncnomnnrt o renornne n ]enornne uenonexa.
Hon peenxa onpeenxercx cpasy, xax rontxo xnexnerxa onnoornopxercx.
Ienornn uenonexa +ro conoxynnocrt ero renon. Ha ocnone renornna uenonexa
]opmnpyercx ero ]enornn +ro conoxynnocrt nnemnnx n nnyrpennnx npnsnaxon
oprannsma, npnoperenntx n pesyntrare nnnnnyantnoro pasnnrnx. Xenmnnt,
y xoroptx nponemt c ono ns X-xpomocom nnn y xoroptx nmeercx
nenopmantnax Y-xpomocoma, ne onaamr nopmantno ]ynxnnonnpymmnmn
nonontmn xenesamn, xorx ]enornn y nnx xencxn. Hocxontxy raxne xenmnnt
ne cnocont ntpaartnart xnexnerxn, onn ne cnocont x nopmantnomy
nocnponsnocrny. Fonee roro, y nnx nosnnxamr nponemt c nonontm
cospenannem, ecnn onn ne npoxoxr xypc ropmonantno repannn.
Ienornn uenonexa +ro conoxynnocrt ero renon. uenornn +ro conoxynnocrt
nnemnnx n nnyrpennnx npnsnaxon oprannsma, npnoperenntx n pesyntrare
nnnnnyantnoro pasnnrnx.
Hpana nn, u1o y enouex nepe poaenneu o1naae1 *censored*?
(Cnpauueaem Poouu avus, Him-Hopr, CLA)

3ro mn], uro *censored* pasnnnaercx y ncex +mpnonon, a sarem y ere xencxoro
nona ornaaer sa nexoropoe npemx o poxennx. Orxya xe nsxncx +ror mn]?
eno n rom, uro +mpnont myxcxoro n xencxoro nona nmemr onnaxonte
rennrannn. B reuenne nnyrpnyrponoro pasnnrnx nexoropte uacrn rena
sapotme rpanc]opmnpymrcx. B pesyntrare nponeccon ynennuennx n cpacrannx
nosnnxamr nononte pasnnunx. Bce naunnaercx c nononoro yropxa. Ha cnnmxax
ocrarouno ontmoro nnoa +ror yropox moxer ntrnxert xax *censored*.
Hexoropte cnennanncrt nastnamr +ry crpyxrypy +mpnonantnt ]annoc.
Bosmoxno, no+romy y nexoroptx nme cxnatnaercx omnounoe
npecrannenne, uro nce +mpnont nmemr *censored*.
Hpn poxennn y ere 300 xocre. K nepnoy nononoro cospenannx n namem rene
ocraercx rontxo 206 xocre.
B cnny roro uro nonono yropox nsmenxercx nocrenenno, yntrpasnyxonoe
nccneonanne c nentm onpeenennx nona ne moxer ncnontsonartcx o
onpeenenno crann pasnnrnx nnoa
16
. V mnaennen myxcxoro nona nonono
yropox ynennunnaercx n pasmepe n pasnnnaercx n *censored*. V mnaennen
xencxoro nona +ra crpyxrypa pasnnnaercx n xnnrop n mante nononte ryt. Bce
+ro nponcxonr no ecrnnem ropmonon. Ecnn ontme myxcxnx ropmonon,
mnaenen cranonnrcx myxunno, ecnn xencxnx xenmnno.
Hpana nn, u1o nexo1opme nmn poaam1cn es anantnoro o1nepc1nn?
(Cnpauueaem a+ieu 4av.ep, Keccuor, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Vnnnrentno, no ecrnnrentno tnamr cnyuan, xora nmn poxamrcx es
anantnoro ornepcrnx, n +ro nponcxonr axe ropaso uame, uem nt moxere cee
npecrannrt. Xornre neptre, xornre ner, no npnmepno 1 ns 5000 uenonex
poxaercx es anyca. uyrt uame +ro cnyuaercx c myxunnamn, uem c xenmnnamn.
Cymecrnymr pasnnunte crenenn rxxecrn +roro saonenannx, n sauacrym ono
cnxsano co cnoxntmn nponemamn. Hpn neoxonmocrn npononrcx
xnpyprnuecxax onepannx.
Ionopx nayuntm xstxom, anyc +ro xoneunoe ornepcrne nnmenapnrentnoro
rpaxra. Ecnn y +mpnona ne pasnnnaercx xnmeunnx, ro on ne npoxnner cpox,
neoxonmt nx poxennx. Ho orcyrcrnne anantnoro ornepcrnx +ro
necxontxo pyrax nponema. Henep]opnponannt anyc +ro onesnt, npn
xoropo sanenpoxonoe ornepcrne neocrarouno pasnnro. Fonesnt nosnnxaer na
panne crann pasnnrnx nnoa, ncero uepes cemt neent nocne sauarnx. B
pesyntrare y nonopoxennoro anomannx npoxnnxercx n rom, uro nnxnxx uacrt
xnmeunnxa (npxmax xnmxa) saxanunnaercx uyrt ntme anyca. 3ro cosaer
nponemt pasnnuno crenenn cnoxnocrn n sanncnmocrn or ceptesnocrn e]exra.
Bosuoano nn, u1om nonnnmxn ponnnct o1 pasnmx o1non?
a, nosmoxno. B mennnncxo nnreparype onncano oxono ecxrn cnyuaen, xora
nonxmxn poxannct or pasntx ornon. Hocnenn cnyua nponsomen c
xopnarxo, xoropax ponna n 3arpee nonxmex n nmne 2002 r.
nanarnrpexnernxx xenmnna npnmepno n ono npemx nmena nononym cnxst c
nymx myxunnamn. Tecr HK ycranonnn, uro y mnaennen pasnte ornt
17
.
Kaxnu uoae1 m1t npoueay1ox npeuenn ueay poaenneu nonnnmex?
Otuno ncero necxontxo mnnyr. Ho Mapnunxa Tecxy, rpnnarnrpexnernxx
xenmnna ns Knpnnra (Pymtnnx), y xoropo oxasanact nonax marxa, ponna c
nomomtm xecapena ceuennx nyx mantunxon c npomexyrxom n na mecxna!
Karannna ona ponna 11 exapx 2004 r., a Banenrnna 7 ]enpanx 2005 r.
Karannn ponncx na na mecxna pantme cpoxa n necnn npn poxennn 1600 r.
Banenrnn ponncx n cpox n necnn 2000 r. K romy npemenn crontxo xe yxe necnn n
Karannn.
Camtm xpoxorntm ns ntxnnmnx mnaennen tna enouxa, ona necnna ncero 244
r.
Kaxon caumn xpoxo1nmn n unpe unaenen?
Camtm xpoxorntm ns ntxnnmnx mnaennen tna Pymanca Paxman. Ona necnna
ncero 244 r, xora ponnact n cenrxpe 2004 r. n mennnncxom nenrpe npn
ynnnepcnrere Hoont n unxaro. enouxa noxnnnact na cner na 14 neent pantme
cpoxa, ee nmecre c cecrpo-nonxmxo Xno nsnnexnn ns yrpot marepn c
nomomtm xecapena ceuennx. Xna necnna n na pasa ontme, uem Pymanca, a
nmenno 563 r. Oe cecrpt ponnnct c rnasntmn nponemamn, xoropte npnmnoct
ycrpanxrt c nomomtm nasepno xnpyprnn.
Hsnecrno, uro ns ncex mnaennen, necnnmnx npn poxennn menee 369 r, ntxnnn
rontxo 62 peenxa
18
.
Kaxon caumn xpynnmn n unpe unaenen?
Camtm xpynntm mnaennem tn mantunx, necnnmn 10,2 xr, xoroporo n
cenrxpe 1955 r. nponsnena na cner Kapmennna ueene, xnrentnnna Anepca
(Hrannx).
H1o 1axoe noanan epeuennoc1t?
Hoxnax epemennocrt +ro saonenanne, npn xoropom y neepemenno xenmnnt
npoxnnxmrcx ]nsnuecxne n ncnxonornuecxne npnsnaxn epemennocrn. Hoxnym
epemennocrt eme nastnamr noopaxaemo nnn mnnmo. Hoxnax epemennocrt
nosnnxaer ne rontxo y xenmnn, no n y mtme, xponnxon, xomex, coax, xos,
nomae, menee n pyrnx mnexonnrammnx. V xenmnn noxnax epemennocrt
otuno xnnxercx pesyntrarom orpomnoro xenannx nmert peenxa. B +rnx cnyuaxx
y xenmnnt npexpamamrcx mencrpyannn, ynennunnaercx xnnor, nayxamr rpyn,
ns xoroptx axe moxer counrtcx monoxo, n marxe n mexe marxn nponcxoxr
nsmenennx, coornercrnymmne epemennocrn, n axe recrt moun na epemennocrt
moryr noxastnart nonoxnrentnt pesyntrar.

Camtm xpynntm mnaennem n mnpe tn mantunx, necnnmn 10,2 xr.
Hpn noxno epemennocrn xenmnna xanyercx na cnaocrt no yrpam, romnory,
nepement n nacrpoennn n, cnyuaercx, axe uyncrnyer, yro n ee xnnore
menennrcx mnaenen. Kora peenox n xonne xonnon rax n ne noxnnxercx,
xenmnna sauacrym nnaaer n enpeccnm.
oxrop X. Ipnnrn nncan o rxxenom cnyuae nannenrxn, crpaanme or ecnnonx,
y xoropo pasnnnact noxnax epemennocrt. o +roro y nee ne tno nnxaxnx
ncnxnuecxnx paccrpocrn nnn saonenann mosra. Hpocro ona ouent xorena
nmert peenxa, a ecnnone pymnno nce ee naext
19
.
Hponnnnnnct nn xora-nnyt y uyaunn npnsnaxn epeuennoc1n?
a, npoxnnxmrcx, n uacro. 3ro nastnaercx cnnpomom xyna, nnn cnmnarnuecxo
epemennocrtm. Cnnpom xyna npoxnnxercx n rom, uro yymn oren
nepexnnaer ro xe, uro n ero epemennax naprnepma: romnora n cnaocrt no
yrpam, nontmennt, nsnpamennt annernr, ecconnnna, crpannte cnt,
nepement n nacrpoennn, +monnonantnax uyncrnnrentnocrt, nayxanne rpyn n
npnannenne n nece. Kora y xenmnnt naunnamrcx pot, yymn oren roxe
ncntrtnaer poonte onn. Hnora +rn poonte onn tnamr axe cnntnee y
orna, uem y marepn.
Ecnn nt repnert ne moxere ere, ro y nac mnsonenx.
Cnnpom xyna nanmaercx y ornon no ncem mnpe. B onom ns nccneonann
ntxnneno, uro 22,5 % yymnx ornon opamamrcx sa mennnncxo nomomtm n
cnxsn c onncanntmn ntme cnmnromamn. oxrop C. Maconn n uernepo ero xonner
nnmyr, uro pasnnunte npnsnaxn cnnpoma xyna nanmamrcx y 65 % myxunn. B
cnoem nccneonannn oxropa ormeuamr: y yymero orna cnnpom xyna
npoxnnxercx n neotunom noopaxennn n noneennn. Onn npenonaramr, uro
+ror cnnpom nocnr ncnxocomarnuecxn xapaxrep n xnnxercx nontrxo
pasennrt c epemenno naprnepme rpenory n ont
20
.
Kanacxne nccneonarenn npenonaramr, uro npnunna roro, nouemy y onnx
myxunn nosnnxaer cnnpom xyna, a y pyrnx ner, moxer saxnmuartcx n
pasnnunxx mosra. oxrop A. 3. Cropn n rpoe ero xonner nnmyr: B noyxennn
myxunnt saornrtcx o cnoem mnaenne onpeenennym pont moryr nrpart
ropmont. Bpaun ormeuamr, uro ropmon nponaxrnn ouent naxen nx saort o
peenxe. B xoe +xcnepnmenron rpynna npaue onapyxnna, uro y myxunn c
cnnpomom xyna ntpaartnaercx ontme nponaxrnna, xora onn rnyoxo
conepexnnamr epemenno naprnepme, ro ecrt onn noxnmnuecxn onee
cxnonnt x saore o peenxe
21
. Cnono xyna nponcxonr or ]pannyscxoro
cnona couver, uro osnauaer ntcnxnnart xna. uro xacaercx oxcnennx
cnnpoma xyna, ro noxa nyumax reopnx npnnanexnr xanacxomy npauy Cropn.
Ecnn nt repnert ne moxere ere, ro y nac mnsonenx.

Hpn poxennn y ere 300 xocre. K nepnoy nononoro cospenannx n namem rene
ocraercx rontxo 206 xocre.

Camoe ontmoe uncno sapotme, xora-nno pasnnnmnxcx n uenoneuecxom rene,
tno 15 ns nnx 10 enouex n 5 mantunxon. B nmne 1971 r. na 16- neene
epemennocrn ere nsnnexnn ns xnnora nrantxncxo omoxosxxn. Xenmnna
npnnnmana nexapcrna, ynyumammne nnoonnrocrt.

B reuenne npnmepno 67 mecxnen nocne poxennx mnaenen n cocroxnnn tmart
n rnorart ononpemenno. ern n onee nosnem nospacre n nspocnte ne moryr
+roro.

Peenox moxer sa onn pas ncnycxart pasnoe xonnuecrno moun: nopo ncero
necxontxo xanent, a nnora axe onee 50 mn. 3ro sanncnr n uacrnocrn or neca
peenxa. V xpynntx ere ntpaartnaercx ontme moun, uem y manentxnx.
3opont peenox mounrcx otuno or 6 o 8 pas n cyrxn.

B oxnae RHHCEu O cocroxnnn sopontx ere n mnpe (2006 r.)
coomanoct, uro n 2004 r. ymepno 10,5 mnn ere, ne ocrnrmnx nospacra 5 ner,
npnuem n ocnonnom no rem npnunnam, xoropte moxno tno npeornparnrt. 5,5
mnn ere ymepnn or neoeannx, a eme 1,4 mnn or onesne, otuno
npeornpamaemtx naxnnnanne.
Ynyumae1 nn uaccaa pasnn1ne peenxa?
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro maccax crnmynnpyer pocr n pasnnrne ere,
ocoenno ponnmnxcx neonomenntmn. Ho cnonam oxropa Tn]]ann unna n
nyx ero xonner, naroapx maccaxy neonomennte ern tcrpee nanpamr nec n
nx pantme ntnnctnamr ns ontnnnt
22
. B CBA 12 % mnaennen poxamrcx
neonomenntmn, a y 8 % nec nnxe nopmt. Taxne mnaennt onee nonepxent
pncxy ymepert n pannem nospacre, onn crpaamr ]nsnuecxnmn n ymcrnenntmn
saonenannxmn, nm rpeyercx oporocroxmn mennnncxn yxo. Hpn
nponeennn nepnoro nccneonannx tno onapyxeno, uro n cpenem
neonomennte mnaennt, xoroptm enamr nxrnanarnmnnyrnt maccax rpn
pasa n ent, tcrpee nanpamr nec, n nx na 46 ne pantme ntnnctnamr ns
ontnnnt no cpannennm c remn mnaennamn, xoroptm maccax ne enamr. oxrop
unn cunraer, uro perynxpnt maccax yxpennxer nepnnym cncremy n ynyumaer
ntpaorxy ropmonon, +ro nosnonxer mnaennam axrnnno nnrartcx, a snaunr, n
tcrpee pacrn.
Maccax crnmynnpyer pocr n pasnnrne ere, ocoenno ponnmnxcx
neonomenntmn.
B xoe pyroro nccneonannx no pyxonocrnom oxropa unna marepn n
reuenne mecxna no neuepam enann erxm, crpaanmnm acrmo, exenennt
nanarnmnnyrnt maccax nepe cnom. Ftno ycranonneno, uro n ern, n marepn
cranonnnnct npn +rom menee rpenoxntmn. Hacrpoenne mnaennen ynyumanoct,
nonnxancx yponent ropmona crpecca xoprnsona. Ho, camoe rnannoe, uepes mecxn
y ere ymentmanoct xonnuecrno npncrynon acrmt n ynyumanoct txanne.
B xoe pyroro nccneonannx re xe npaun saxorenn ycranonnrt, ynyumaer nn
maccax noneenne ere mxontnoro n omxontnoro nospacra, crpaammnx
ayrnsmom. Hocne onoro mecxna maccaxa y ere cnnsnnact raxrnntnax
uyncrnnrentnocrt, nx mentme nyrann snyxn, onn crann nnnmarentnee na
sanxrnxx, y nnx ynyumnnoct noneenne.
Ftno nponeeno eme ono nccneonanne c yuacrnem ere, crpaanmnx
naerom, n nx ponrene, xoropte yxaxnnann sa nnmn (enax necxontxo pas n
ent onesnennte nnexnnn nncynnna). Hccneonannx noxasann, uro nocne
maccaxa n reuenne mecxna noxasannx caxapa n xponn y ere npnmnn n nopmy.
Cpasy nocne ceancon maccaxa n y ere, n y ponrene snaunrentno
ymentmanact rpenoxnocrt n nontmanoct nacrpoenne.
B xoe nocnenero nccneonannx xomana oxropa unna nsyuana nosecrnne
maccaxa na nocrrpanmarnuecxn crpecc y mxontnnxon ns Maamn, nocrpaanmnx
or yparana 3npm. erxm n reuenne mecxna na pasa n neenm enann maccax
npxmo n mxone. Hocne +roro y ere orcrynnna enpeccnx, rpenora n nonnsnncx
yponent xoprnsona. Hx pncynxn crann menee mpauntmn, a noneenne onee
oprannsonanntm
23,24
.
B reuenne npnmepno 67 mecxnen nocne poxennx mnaenen n cocroxnnn tmart
n rnorart ononpemenno.
Hpnneem raxxe nexoropte ntnot pyrnx nccneonann.
V neonomenntx ere, xoroptm enann maccax, noxasarenn no mxane Fenn
(mxana nx onenxn ymcrnennoro n ]nsnuecxoro cocroxnnx ere pannero
nospacra) oxasannct nyume, a +ro snaunr, uro ]nsnuecxn n ymcrnenno onn
pasnnnannct tcrpee, uem re ern, xoroptm ne enann maccax.
V nonopoxenntx, ponrenn xoroptx ynorpenxnn xoxann, ntcox pncx
nosnnxnonennx nenponornuecxnx saonenann. B xoe ocneonannx raxnx
mnaennen tno ycranonneno, uro y rex, xomy enann maccax, mentme
nenponornuecxnx nponem no mxane noneennx Fpasentrona n nec onn napann
na 28 % ontme, uem re ern, xoroptm ne enann maccax.
V BHu-nn]nnnponanntx mnaennen nanmamrcx ceptesnte saepxxn n
pasnnrnn. Taxne ern uacro ne ocrnramr nopmantnoro ]nsnuecxoro,
menrantnoro n noneenuecxoro yponnx. B xoe nccneonannx tno ycranonneno,
uro y nn]nnnponanntx mnaennen, xoroptm enann maccax, noxasarenn no
mxane Fpasentrona ynyumannct.
Taxnm opasom, moxno cxasart, uro maccax nonesen mnaennam n nmom cnyuae.
Moae1 nn uyaunna nue1t e1en nocne onepannn no nsuenennm nona?
Hpn onepannn no cmene nona sarparnnamrcx rontxo rennrannn. Myxunnt,
nsmennnmne non, ne moryr nmert ere, nocxontxy y nnx orcyrcrnyer xencxax
penpoyxrnnnax cncrema; nm nponoxr nnmt narnnonnacrnxy. Mnorne
cnennanncrt cunramr +ry onepannm cnacennem nx rex, xomy rpeyercx nonnax
xoppexnnx nona. pyrne menxn nospaxamr: no nx mnennm, +ry nponeypy
omnouno cunrart nananee nx nnunocre, utn cnoxnte ]nsnuecxne n
ncnxonornuecxne nponemt anexo ntxoxr sa pamxn nponemt nona. Onn
npeynpexamr, uro onepannx no nsmenennm nona moxer nnora npnnonrt x
onacntm +monnonantntm n ncnxonornuecxnm nocnecrnnxm.
Hnau peenxa +ro ntpaxenne ycranocrn, neuann, crpaxa, onnouecrna,
pasouaponannx, snocrn, ncxom]opra, onn, cxyxn nnn ronoa.
B nmom cnyuae, urot nmert peenxa, nce panno nyxna xencxax
penpoyxrnnnax cncrema. Tpancnnanrannx onpeenenntx uacre xencxo
penpoyxrnnno cncremt myxunne nosmoxna, no raxax nepecaxennax cncrema
ne yer ]ynxnnonnponart nopmantno. nx +roro nyxnt ropmont, mnorne ns
xoroptx ntpaartnamrcx pyrnmn opranamn. Hanpnmep, urot
rpancnnanrnponannax xencxax penpoyxrnnnax cncrema nopmantno
]ynxnnonnponana n myxcxom rene, neoxonmo raxxe nepecanrt myxunne ne
uacrn xencxoro mosra ony ns rnnoranamyca, pyrym ns rnno]nsa. V xenmnn
rnnoranamyc n rnno]ns xonrponnpymr onynxnnm n xnunnxax. Her onynxnnn
ner epemennocrn. Her epemennocrn ner peenxa.
Kax rpouxo uoae1 nnaxa1t peenox?
Ouent rpomxo. Ipomxocrt nnaua peenxa moxer ocrnrart yponnx 96 ennen
(F). (nx cpannennx: npannna oxpant rpya na crponrentntx nnomaxax
orpannunnamr yponent myma o 85 F, nnaue paoune moryr norepxrt cnyx.)
Bspocnte uacro epxar nnauymero mnaenna na pyxax, ro ecrt pxom c yxom
+ro npeno xax nx cnyxa, rax n nx nepnon. oxrop Marc 3axpnccon ns
Iorenyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera n Bnennn cunraer, uro n ecrnnrentnocrn norepx
cnyxa or nnaua peenxa manonepoxrna. oxrop 3axpnccon nocunran: urot 40 %
ponrene n snaunrentno crenenn norepxnn cnyx, nm nyxno exenenno no 8 u
n reuenne 30 ner ntcnymnnart nnau peenxa momnocrtm 96 F
25
.
Ipomxocrt nnaua peenxa moxer ocrnrart yponnx 96 ennen (F).
H1o osnauae1 nnau peenxa?
(Cnpauueaem Huuou Vu.i+c, Kpooou, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
Hnau +ro ntpaxenne ycranocrn, neuann, crpaxa, onnouecrna, pasouaponannx,
snocrn, ncxom]opra, onn, cxyxn nnn ronoa. Iono xnnxercx camo
pacnpocrpanenno npnunno nnaua nonopoxennoro. H mentme ncero ponrenn
ymamr o rom, uro peenxy moxer trt npocro rpycrno. Ecnn on cxyuaer n cnoe
xponarxe, ro ero moxno ornneut, nanpnmep, ]ororpa]nxmn na crene n noronxe,
xaprnnxamn n romy noontm. Fontmnncrno nccneonarene cunramr, uro nnau
nonopoxennoro xnnxercx ncero nnmt npnsnaxom neomorannx. Hnrencnnnocrt
nnaua menxercx n sanncnmocrn or ero npnunnt. Ecnn norpenocrt peenxa ne
yonnernopxercx onontno tcrpo, nnau otuno ycnnnnaercx
26
.
He cnnmxou nn unoro nnaue1 uon peenox?
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nnau sannmaer y peenxa or 6 o 7 % ero
nennoro npemenn. Ho +rn noxasarenn moryr nsmenxrtcx n pasnte nn y pasntx
mnaennen. Hanpnmep, ecnn peenox xopomo cex uyncrnyer, on c nnrepecom n
yonontcrnnem pearnpyer na nrpymxn. Ho ecnn on ycran, ro n ro xe cnryannn
moxer pacnnaxartcx
26
.
3apasn1enen nn nnau?
B onpeenennom cmtcne sapasnrenen. Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro mnaenen,
xoropomy mentme onoro nx, nnauer, xora cntmnr sannct nnaua pyroro
mnaenna. Onaxo nnrepecno, uro on monunr, xora cntmnr sannct cocrnennoro
nnaua. Hexoropte yuente cunramr +ro cnnerentcrnom npoxenno cnoconocrn
uenonexa orstnartcx na crpaannx pyrnx nme
26
.
Hnau sannmaer y peenxa or 6 o 7 % ero nennoro npemenn.
Moano nn npecxasa1t, xax unoro ye1 nnaxa1t peenox?

B cnonx nccneonannxx oxropa n Cenr-xemc-Poeprc n H. Menon-Hoxancon
na ocnone nsyuennx nnxenn nnoa nontrannct npecxasart, mnoro nn yer
nnaxart peenox. Onn ocneonann 240 marepe, sanncann, xax uacro ern
menenxrcx n yrpoe, a raxxe nsyunnn nx c nomomtm yntrpasnyxa. oxropa
npenonoxnnn, uro nnaxcnnocrt peenxa onpeenxercx eme o ero poxennx,
onaxo o npnunnax +roro moxno rontxo oratnartcx
26,27
.
Mory1 nn pon1enn, n ocoenno ua1epn, pacnosna1t nnau coc1nennoro unaenna? H xora y nnx nonnnne1cn 1axan cnoconoc1t?

a, moryr. Ho +ra cnoconocrt nosnnxaer ne npn poxennn peenxa. B
nnreparype, xacammecx pasnnrnx ere, ormeuanoct, uro yxe na uerneprt ent
xnsnn peenxa ontmnncrno marepe cnocont ornnunrt nnau cocrnennoro
mnaenna or nnaua pyrnx ere. Fonee roro, marepn sauacrym npexpacno
nonnmamr, uem nmenno ntsnan +ror nnau: ronoom, ycranocrtm, ontm nnn
paspaxennem
26
.
Cymec1nym1 nn nnm nnaua?
Cnennanncrt n onacrn ercxoro pasnnrnx onpeenxmr uertpe nna nnaua:
nnau or ronoa pnrmnunt, naunnaercx c xntxantx n nocrenenno cranonnrcx
onee rpomxnm n monoronntm;
nnau or ycranocrn ornnunm or npetymero n pexnx cnyuaxx;
nnau or onn naunnaercx c nponsnrentnoro xpnxa, sarem nacrynaer cexynnax
rnmnna, noxa peenox nepenonr txanne, a sarem nosononnxercx c nono
cnno;
nnau or paspaxennx pnrmnunt, no ropaso onee nnrencnnnt, uem or
ronoa
26
.
Ha uerneprt ent xnsnn peenxa ontmnncrno marepe cnocont ornnunrt
nnau cocrnennoro mnaenna or nnaua pyrnx ere.
Ecnn pon1enn uouen1antno pearnpym1 na nnau unaenna, ne nop1n1 nn +1o peenxa?

Hemenennoe pearnponanne na nnau peenxa ycnoxannaer ero. B xoe onoro
nccneonannx tno ycranonneno, uro tcrpoe pearnponanne, necomnenno,
cnococrnyer romy, urot peenox mentme nnaxan. 3ro raxxe nomoraer pantme
pasnnnart nantxn omennx. B reuenne nepnoro roa noxa peenox ecnomomen
n no ncem sanncnr or ponrene momenrantnax peaxnnx n saora ne moryr ero
ncnoprnrt. Tax ern uyncrnymr, uro oxpyxammn nx mnp +ro esonacnoe
mecro, nonnoe orstnunntx nme.
Peenox n pannem nospacre ne cnocoen mannnynnponart ponrenxmn. Bce, uro
on moxer, +ro ntpaxart ocrynntm emy cnocoom cnon norpenocrn n oxnart
nx yonnernopennx.
onanm nn pon1enn npeyramna1t no1penoc1n peenxa?

Vmnte ponrenn crapamrcx npeyraart norpenocrn peenxa. Ecnn nonpemx
samernrt ero ecnoxocrno n npenpnnxrt neoxonmte mept, ro moxno
nsexart nnaua. B xonne xonnon, peenox net ne moxer cxasart, uro ero
ecnoxonr. B nyumem cnyuae: V-a-a-a!
Peenox n pannem nospacre ne cnocoen mannnynnponart ponrenxmn. Bce, uro
on moxer, +ro ntpaxart ocrynntm emy cnocoom cnon norpenocrn n oxnart
nx yonnernopennx.
Kax nyume ncero ycnoxanna1t nnauymero peenxa?

Ecrt necxontxo cnocoon ycnoxonrt nnauymero peenxa. Ecnn on ronoen,
ecrecrnenno, ero nao noxopmnrt. ern uacro npexpamamr nnaxart, ecnn ycanrt
nx na nneuo. Pnrmnunoe noxaunnanne, nanenanne nomoraer ycnoxonrt peenxa,
nocxontxy nopmannsyer cepnenenne n txanne
26
.
Onnaxono nn nnauy1 nce e1n n unpe?
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro n nnaue ere cymecrnymr nannonantnte
pasnnunx. Hanpnmep, xnoncxne mnaennt nnauyr ouent mano no cpannennm c
enponecxnmn. 3ror ]axr, nepoxrno, oxcnxercx rem, uro xnoncxne marepn
ouent tcrpo orstnamrcx na nnau peenxa. B xoe onoro nccneonannx,
nponeennoro n 1940-x rr., tno ycranonneno: pyccxne mnaennt, xoroptx
xpenxo nenenann, nnaxann ouent mano, no n ouent mano yntannct, xora nx,
nanpnmep, mexorann
26
.
Cymec1nye1 nn nenopuantnmn e1cxnn nnau?
Henopmantnt nnau ncrpeuaercx, n sauacrym +ro cnxsano c ceptesntmn
nponemamn co sopontem. Ocoenno nexopome ]opmo xnnxercx rax
nastnaemt cri du shat xomaun nnau, xoropt nanmaercx y mnaennen,
crpaammnx npoxenntm cnaoymnem
26
.
Moae1 nn peenox nnaxa1t n anno1e ua1epn?

Vxe na 21- neene epemennocrn moxno nanmart, xax mnaenen nnauer n
yrpoe marepn. On enaer raxne xe, xax npn nnaue, nnxennx, no ne nsaer
snyxon. K rpertemy rpnmecrpy epemennocrn (2640-x neenn) y peenxa
noxnnxmrcx ronoconte cnxsxn, no oxononnonte not nce panno ne nosnonxmr
emy nponsnonrt snyxn.
Vxe na 21- neene epemennocrn moxno nanmart, xax mnaenen nnauer n
yrpoe marepn.
H1o 1axoe xon1ponnpyeumn nnau n cneye1 nn npnuenn1t +1o1 ue1o x peenxy, y xo1oporo nponeum co cnou?
(Cnpauueaem J. Koraoac, Bpvr.uu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Or 20 o 40 % ponrene xanymrcx, uro y nx nonopoxenntx nponemt co cnom
n nounoe npemx. Mnaennt uacro naunnamr nnaxart, cxaxem, n 3 u. noun, uem
ouent yromnxmr n rax ycranmnx ponrene. 3ro nponcxonr noromy, uro
mnaenen, neanno naxonnmncx n xnnore mamt, re renno, remno, nnaxno n
mano mecra, eme ne npnntx x nono nx nero ecrnnrentnocrn n nounomy cny.
Konrponnpyemt nnau mero, nsoperennt ocroncxnmn nenarpamn nx
roro, urot oecneunrt nouno con nonopoxennoro. Cyrt ero saxnmuaercx n
cneymmem: nepe cnom peenxa yxnatnamr n xponarxy n nosnonxmr emy
ntnnaxartcx, npn +rom ponrenn ne pearnpymr na nnau. Hocrenenno nnrepnant
nennnmannx ynennunnamrcx, noxa peenox ne oryunrcx nnaxart. Mnorne
ponrenn ronopxr, annt mero ecrnnrentno nomoraer. Onaxo pyrne
yrnepxamr, uro +ro ne ecrnyer, a nnora con peenxa axe yxymaercx.
Hpnxocnonennx oxastnamr neotuano naronpnxrnoe nosecrnne n na
mnaenna, n na mart.
Hexoropte cnennanncrt npeynpexamr: ecnn nosnonxrt peenxy ntnnaxartcx,
ro +ro moxer ntsnart y nero ceptesnte saonenannx. Hccneonannx noxastnamr,
uro y ere, nonyunnmnx rpanmy n camom pannem nospacre, mosr, xax npannno,
pasnnnaercx xyxe
28
. Crpecc nosecrnyer na raxne yuacrxn mosra, xax
nnmnuecxax cncrema, nenoe nonymapne n mosonncroe reno. Kpome roro, moryr
nocrpaart rnnnoxamn n opnro]ponrantnax xopa
29
.
C nomomtm xonrponnpyemoro nnaua nt moxere npnyunrt peenxa cnart, no
xaxo neno? O antrepnarnnnom cnocoe moxno npounrart n Hnrepnere
30
.
Honesnm nn npnxocnonennn nn nonopoaennoro?
(Cnpauueaem J. Koraoac, Bpvr.uu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Ha +ror nonpoc ecrt onosnaunt orner, c xoroptm cornacnt nce cnennanncrt.
Hpnxocnonennx oxastnamr neotuano naronpnxrnoe nosecrnne n na
mnaenna, n na mart. Heanno +ro tno nornepxeno pesyntraramn 17
nccneonann na +ry remy. oxrop x. K. Anepcon n rpoe ero xonner nnmyr,
uro npnxocnonennx x xoxe xnnxmrcx uyncrnenntm nepnoom" nx marepn n
mnaenna nomorammnm nananrt nm xonraxr pyr c pyrom. Vuente
ycranonnnn: npnxocnonennx cnococrnymr ycnemnomy xopmnennm rpytm n
nomoramr ycnoxonrt nnauymero mantma. Fonee roro, xoxnt xonraxr ne
oxastnaer ouennntx xparxonpemenntx nnn onronpemenntx nerarnnntx
nosecrnn. a n noome +ro npocro npnxrno!
31,32

Kora nno naunnae1 ncnm1mna1t ont?
Cnoconocrt ncntrtnart ont nosnnxaer y nnoa ne panee 20- neenn
epemennocrn. Bo ncxxom cnyuae, +ro camte nocnenne annte. Komnonenrt
cnnnoranamnuecxo cncremt, xoropax coomaer o onn, naunnamr
]opmnponartcx na 7- neene epemennocrn. K 1214- neenxm ona yxe
ocrarouno pasnnra, nx roro urot nocnpnnnmart ont. K 20- neene
cnnnoranamnuecxax cncrema nonnocrtm ]opmnpyercx. Ho mnennm oxropa Hona
Panannn, nenponaronora ns ynnnepcnrera n Toponro, nno n nepno mexy 20- n
30- neenxmn epemennocrn moxer uyncrnonart ont cnntnee, uem
nonopoxennte, ern nocrapme n axe nspocnte. 3ro oxcnxercx rem, uro
cnnnoranamnuecxax cncrema y nnx nonnocrtm pasnnra, no anecresnpymmax
cncrema, xoropax opercx c ontm, eme ne o xonna c]opmnponana.
Cnoconocrt ncntrtnart ont nosnnxaer y nnoa ne panee 20- neenn
epemennocrn.
Mory1 nn nonopoaennme npeuync1nona1t ont?
Hoxoxe, uro moryr. Tax yrnepxamr xanacxne npaun, nsyunnmne onesnennte
omymennx ere, marepn xoroptx crpaamr naerom. 3rnm mnaennam n
reuenne nepntx 36 u. xnsnn npnxonnoct neonoxparno sanpart xpont nx
onpeenennx yponnx rnmxost. Honeenne anno rpynnt nonopoxenntx
cpannnnann c noneennem ere roro xe nona, nospacra n neca. Mnaennt, utn
marepn crpaann naerom, npoxnnxnn ecnoxocrno yxe rora, xora nx xoxy
opaartnann anrncenrnuecxnm pacrnopom. Ho cnonam nccneonarene, nocne
npnmepno ecxrn saopon xponn ern pearnponann na nanecenne
anrncenrnuecxoro pacrnopa rax xe, xax na onente omymennx
33,34
.
enc1nn1entno nn nocnec1nnn poonon 1panum cxasmnam1cn na npo1naennn ncen ansnn uenonexa?
(Cnpauueaem M.avus, Vam-H.eus, Him-Hopr, CLA)
Cymecrnyer macca cnnerentcrn roro, uro nponemt, nosnnxmne npn poax,
nnnxmr na name soponte. Poonax rpanma moxer npnnonrt x camoyncrny n
nopocrxonom nospacre, npncrpacrnm x napxornxam, a raxxe ona moxer crart
npnunno npecrynnenn, cnxsanntx c nacnnnem. Hponeennte n 1985 r.
nccneonannx ntxnnnn, uro ono ns rpex ocnonntx npnunn camoyncrna
nopocrxon xnnxnact nosnnxmax npn poxennn txarentnax neocrarounocrt,
xoropax npoonxanact onee onoro uaca. ne pyrne npnunnt: orcyrcrnne
opoonoro yxoa nnnort o 20- neenn epemennocrn n xponnuecxoe
saonenanne marepn no npemx epemennocrn
35
.

Poonax rpanma moxer npnnonrt x camoyncrny n nopocrxonom nospacre,
npncrpacrnm x napxornxam, a raxxe ona moxer crart npnunno npecrynnenn,
cnxsanntx c nacnnnem.
Hccneonannx 1990 r. noxasann, uro ecnn marepn no npemx poon npnnnmann
apnrypart, onnart nnn ontmne ost saxncn asora, ro nepoxrnocrt
nosnnxnonennx npncrpacrnx x onnaram cpen nx ere ynennunnanact n 4,7
pasa
36
.
B 1997 r. n ono ontnnne tnn ocneonant 4269 xenmnn, poxanmnx nropo
pas. Btxcnnnoct, uro poonte ocnoxnennx n couerannn c onrnm ornyuennem
peenxa or marepn nnn orxasom or nero n nepnt ro xnsnn nnocnecrnnn
npononnpymr nnunocrt na conepmenne npecrynnennx, cnxsannoro c nacnnnem.
Tontxo onn ]axrop ns nyx ne oxastnaer raxoro ecrnnx, a nor oa nmecre
nopoxamr peaxnnm, npnnoxmym x npecrynnennm
37
.
oxrop Maxn Oenr nnmer, uro nx onenxn roro, esonacno nn rynxrt neuepamn
no ynnnam ropoa, on nsyuaer mecrnym crarncrnxy poxaemocrn. Ho moemy
mnennm, yponent npecrynnocrn cnxsan c yponnem pooncnomorarentnoro
nmemarentcrna. 3ro osnauaer, nanpnmep, uro x yy ouent ocropoxen n raxnx
ropoax, xax Can-Hayno, Mexnxo, Pnm nnn A]nnt, re noxasarent xecapentx
ceuenn npocro acrponomnuecxn. H naoopor, x mory nosnonnrt cee
paccnanrtcx na ynnnax Toxno, Croxrontma nnn Amcrepama, nocxontxy n +rnx
ropoax coxpanxercx ornocnrentno nnsxn noxasarent pooncnomorarentnoro
nmemarentcrna
38
.
Onsa1entno nn nue1t ontmym rpyt, u1om xopun1t peenxa?
nx nopmantnoro xopmnennx (naxrannn) rpyt ne onxna trt orpomno. V
xenmnn, xopmxmnx 6 mecxnen n onee, rpyt moxer crart mentme, uem no npemx
epemennocrn, no xonnuecrno monoxa yer ntpaartnartcx ocrarounoe. Oem
xnpono rxann rpyn perynnpymr nononte ropmont, a nmenno +crporen.
Henonxrntm ocraercx nonpoc, nouemy xnponte xnerxn rpyn uyncrnnrentnee x
nosecrnnm +crporena, uem xnerxn pyrnx rxane, naxoxmnxcx nonnsocrn
39
.
Houeuy enouxn ne poaam1cn c ontmon rpytm?
Horomy uro nm ne nyxna ontmax rpyt, noxa onn ne cranyr marepxmn. Ipyt
]opmnpyercx n nepno nononoro cospenannx.
nx nopmantnoro xopmnennx (naxrannn) rpyt ne onxna trt orpomno.
Bcera nn n pesynt1a1e nnnec1a poaam1cn e1n c rene1nuecxnun napymennnun?
(Cnpauueaem C. ouaxim, Ia+u.imou, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

3anper na nnnecr cymecrnyer no ncex uenoneuecxnx omecrnax, onaxo ne nese x
nemy ornocxrcx onnaxono. Bo ncex omecrnax sanpement paxn mexy
ponrenxmn n nx ertmn, pontmn partxmn n cecrpamn, no xoe-re onycxamrcx
paxn mexy nompontmn partxmn n cecrpamn. Ecrt mnoxecrno npnmepon
nrnopnponannx sanpera na nnnecr. B pennem Ernnre Kneonarpa noxnnnact na
cner nocne saxnmuennx paxon mexy pontmn partxmn n cecrpamn na
nporxxennn 11 noxonenn. Cnom xpacory n ym ona npnnnctnana uncroxponno
napcrnenno poocnonno. Enponecxne monapxn npoonxann saxnmuart
nnyrpncemente paxn nnnort o XX n.
Cymecrnyer no xpane mepe uertpe npenonoxennx o rom, nouemy nosnnx
sanper na paxn mexy nnsxnmn pocrnennnxamn. Cornacno renernuecxnm
nccneonannxm, pesyntrarom nnnecra moxer crart noxnnenne na cner peenxa c
renernuecxnmn napymennxmn. Hpnmepom romy moxer cnyxnrt raxoe
renernuecxoe saonenanne, xax remo]nnnx, pacnpocrpanennoe cpen enponecxnx
napcrnenntx ]amnnn. Hexoropte axe npenonaramr, uro ona crana xocnenno
npnunno penonmnnn 1917 r. n Poccnn.
Ienernuecxne onesnn uame npoxnnxmrcx npn saxnmuennn xponocmecnrentntx
paxon, uem npn +xsoramnn (sanper pauntx ornomenn mexy pocrnennnxamn).
Onaxo paxn mexy pocrnennnxamn moryr anart n nonoxnrentnte
pesyntrart. Onn ncnontsymrcx npn pasneennn noponcrtx cxaxontx nomae,
coax, xomex n xpynnoro poraroro cxora.
3anper na nnnecr, n uem t nn saxnmuanact ero ncrnnnax npnunna, enaer nme,
cemtn n omecrno n nenom soponee n xpenue.
Teopnx antxnca cocronr n rom, uro npn saxnmuennn paxon mexy nnsxnmn
pocrnennnxamn ne yaercx ycranannnnart xyntrypnte, +xonomnuecxne,
nonnrnuecxne n noennte cnxsn c pyrnmn omecrnenntmn rpynnamn. 3anper na
nnnecr ntnyxaer nme ncxart nenecry nnn xennxa nne cnoe cemtn, n +ro
cnococrnyer ynyumennm ornomenn mexy cocexmn.
Hrax, sanper na nnnecr, n uem t nn saxnmuanact ero ncrnnnax npnunna, enaer
nme, cemtn n omecrno n nenom soponee n xpenue.
Cnuue1pnuno nn name 1eno?
(Cnpauueaem Pu:apo Mar.eu, Kapouqq, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

V nac mnoro napntx opranon: rnasa, ymn, pyxn, norn n r. . Mt nyume nnnm
nymx rnasamn, nyume cntmnm nymx ymamn. Ecnn opran onnount, xax,
nanpnmep, por nnn noc, on otuno pacnonaraercx n nenrpe rena.
Ecnn pacceut reno na ne nononnnt npxmo nocepenne, ro onn yyr nourn
nenrnunt. 3ro nastnaercx nnarepantno cnmmerpne. Onaxo mexy
nononnnamn namero rena ecrt n nexoropte pasnnunx. Hocmorpnre nnnmarentnee
na npanym n nenym nononnny cnoero nnna, na pyxn n norn. Bt samernre, uro onn
uyrt pasnnuamrcx. Ecnn nt orsepxannre nononnny cnoero nnna n cosanre
raxnm opasom nonnoe cnoe nsopaxenne, ro, nosmoxno, nt cex ne ysnaere
40
.
Cymec1nye1 nn 1axan uac1t 1ena, xo1opan nau ne nyana?
Hexoropte oprant uenonexa nastnamr pynmenrapntmn, ro ecrt raxnmn,
xoropte n xoe +nonmnnn yrparnnn cnom ]ynxnnm n nasnauenne. Onnm ns
pynmenron xnnxercx annennxc. Mt moxem xnrt es nero, onaxo on ntnonnxer
cnom ]ynxnnm n nmmynno cncreme uenonexa. On pacnonoxen y nxoa n nourn
crepnntnym nonsomnym xnmxy nnnsn roncro xnmxn n npenasnauen nx
roro, urot coxpamart xonnuecrno onesnernopntx axrepn.
Onnm ns pynmenron xnnxercx annennxc. Mt moxem xnrt es nero, onaxo on
ntnonnxer cnom ]ynxnnm n nmmynno cncreme uenonexa.
A xax nacuer mnnannn? H es nnx mt moxem xnrt, no onn raxxe noepxnnamr
nmmynnym cncremy uenonexa, ne nosnonxx onesnernopntm axrepnxm nponnxart
n rnorxy n nnmeno.
Kpoxornoe mnmxonnnoe reno, naxoxmeecx n mosre, nexora cunrann
nenyxntm. Ho renept nsnecrno, uro ono ntpaartnaer ropmont menaronnn n
ceporonnn.
Xorx rnmyc, pacnonoxennt n nepxne uacrn rpyno xnerxn cpasy sa rpynno,
ymentmaercx no mepe nspocnennx uenonexa, on nrpaer naxnym pont n
nnm]arnuecxo cncreme oprannsma. B nem xnsnenno naxnte T-nnm]onnrt
cospenamr, urot npornnocroxrt onesnxm.
3yt mypocrn nyxnt nx nepexentnannx nnmn. Onaxo pannon conpemennoro
uenonexa ocnonan no ontme uacrn na raxnx npoyxrax, xoropte neoxsarentno
ycnnenno nepexentnart, a snaunr, syt mypocrn renept npaxrnuecxn ne nyxnt.
Onaxo, no mnennm amepnxancxo Acconnannn anrncron, syt mypocrn
nmemr ontmoe snauenne, ecnn onn sopont
41
.
Hyumnm xannarom na pynmenrapnt opran rena moxer cunrartcx nnnnax
naonnax mtmna. Ona naxonrcx n npenneute n orcyrcrnyer y 13 % nme.
Hyumnm xannarom na pynmenrapnt opran rena moxer cunrartcx nnnnax
naonnax mtmna. Ona naxonrcx n npenneute n orcyrcrnyer y 13 % nme. V
nexoroptx nme ona nmeercx rontxo n onom npenneute, rax uro xnrt es nee
nnonne moxno. nnnnax naonnax mtmna tna y ncex namnx npexon-npnmaron.
3ra mtmna ycnnnnaer xnarxy n nmeer ontmoe snauenne npn nptxxax c epena
na epeno. Ona ncnontsyercx nx rpancnnanrannn npn rpanmax sanxcrtx. Tax uro
naroapx nontm rexnonornxm ona yrparnna cnoe crapoe npenasnauenne n
npnopena nonoe
4244
.
Kax uoano yconepmenc1nona1t uenoneuecxoe 1eno?
Hmn mornn t ntrnxert concem nnaue xax cnapyxn, rax n nsnyrpn, ecnn t
ontme xnnn n ncera nmenn ormennoe soponte. B xoe neannnx nccneonann
tnn cenant ntnot, uro uenonex noxnnoro nospacra, onee
npncnoconennt x xnsnn, onxen onaart cneymmnmn xapaxrepncrnxamn:
trt npnsemncrtm, urot nenrp rxxecrn naxonncx nnxe +ro npeornpamaer
naennx, uacro nponcxoxmne c noxnntmn nmtmn;
nmert ontme peep no nsexanne nosnnxnonennx rptx; nmert roncrte xocrn,
xoroptm ne rposxr nepenomt;
ntrnammnecx nasa xonenn, xoropte npeoxpanxmr cycrant or ncrnpannx n
paspymennx;
naxnonennoe nnepe rynonnme nosnonnno t cnnsnrt annenne na nosnonounnx n
ymentmnrt pncx ero nonpexennx;
nsornyrax mex c ynnnenntmn nosnonxamn ypannonemnnana t naxnon ropca;
ononnnrentnax mtmeunax n xnponax macct cnnsnnn t pncx nosnnxnonennx
ocreonoposa;
nent nor c ontmnm xonnuecrnom xonrpontntx xnananon nomornn t oportcx c
noxnnennem napnxosa; ononnnrentnte cyxoxnnnx mornn t noepxart cxener
uenonexa;
ecnn t rpaxex pacnonaranact ntme rnorxn, +ro cnnsnno t pncx nonaannx
nnmn n nannrxon n txarentnoe ropno; xpynnte n nonnxnte ymn nosnonnnn
t ropaso nyume ynannnnart snyxn;
ontmee xonnuecrno nonocxontx cencopntx xnerox nnyrpennero yxa
cnococrnonano t coxpanennm xopomero cnyxa n crapocrn.
Hpn nannunn ncex +rnx xapaxrepncrnx mt tnn t npncnoconent x xnsnn
ropaso nyume, no npn +rom ornmt ne crann t npnnnexarentnee na nn
45
.
H1o nponsomno c pyrnun uenoneuecxnun nnaun, 1axnun xax neanep1antnm? Houeuy nnx1o ns nnx ne nmann?
(Cnpauueaem Humep To+ac, Ko..uueevo, Burmopu, Aecmpa.u)

Anrpononorn yrnepxamr: ncxonaemte ocranxn cnnerentcrnymr o rom, uro
cntme uertpex mnnnnonon ner nasa 3emnm nacenxno mnoxecrno nnon
uenonexoopasntx romnnnon. Ho cnonam oxropa na Tarrepconna, nauantnnxa
orena anrpononornn ntm-opxcxoro Mysex ecrecrnenno ncropnn, npncyrcrnne
ceuac na nnanere onoro nna uenonexa xnnxercx cxopee ncxnmuennem, a ne
npannnom. Enncrnenno ouennno npnunno raxoro nonoxennx en xnnxercx
ro, uro uenonex xnnxercx cymecrnom, nerepnnmtm x xonxypennnn co cropont
,nnxamnx pocrnennnxon" n cnocontm c +rnm oportcx.

pnonnrexn cymecrnonann 20 mnn ner nasa n mornn trt npexamn uenonexa, a
raxxe conpemenntx oestxn, xpome mnmnanse.
Hccneonannx ncxonaemtx ocranxon cnnerentcrnymr, uro 23 mnn ner nasa no
xpane mepe uertpe nna romnnnon onrann na eperax conpemennoro osepa
Typxana n Kennn. Iomnnnt uacrt onee xpynno xareropnn romnnonon, x
xoropo ornocxr neuenonexoopasntx npnmaron, raxnx xax nonrnt (mnmnanse,
ropnnnt n opanryranrn), rnont n ntmepmne npoxoncynt n pnonnrexn.
Hpoxoncynt a]pnxancxne xnnn 14 mnn ner nasa n, nosmoxno, xnnxnnct
npexamn conpemenntx mnmnanse. pnonnrexn cymecrnonann 20 mnn ner nasa n
mornn trt npexamn uenonexa, a raxxe conpemenntx oestxn, xpome mnmnanse.
Iomnnnt pacnpocrpanxnnct ns A]pnxn n, npenonoxnrentno, pyrnx mecr n
nocrenenno nnonsmenxnnct. Iomnnnt, noxoxne na conpemenntx nme,
noxnnnnct npnmepno 100200 rtc. ner nasa. o Enpont onn opannct oxono 40
rtc. ner nasa, npnmepno n +ro xe npemx onn noxnnnnct n n Ancrpannn. Onn
npnnecnn c coo cxyntnrypy, xnnonnct, pennrnm, npnmnrnnnt an]annr,
mystxy n pyrne acnexrt xyntrypt. Kora onn noxnnnnct n Enpone, ram yxe
onrann neaneprantnt. K coxanennm, n reuenne 10 rtc. ner neaneprantnt
ncuesnn. Hourn nanepnxxa moxno cxasart, uro +ro nponsomno n pesyntrare
optt c pyrnmn romnnnamn. Hosnemne ocranxn neaneprantna tnn
onapyxent na ocrpone na n Bocrouno Asnn.
Heu neanep1antnm o1nnuannct o1 nac?
(Cnpauueaem Hmr Cmmapm, Mouopxeeeu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Hoxoxe, nonpocam o neaneprantnax ne yer xonna.
B 1856 r. n nemepe uentxo]ep n onnne Heanep nnnsn mccentop]a
(Iepmannx) paoune onapyxnnn ncxonaemoro uenonexa, xnnmero ne nosxe 30
60 rtc. ner nasa. Ho cpannennm c conpemenntmn nmtmn +ror pennn uenonex
tn npnsemncree, nmen rpynym xnerxy xonoxonoopasno ]opmt n mnpoxn
ras. Hoonoe crpoenne rena tno oycnonneno xonontm xnnmarom, n xoropom
onn cymecrnonann. Hexno noxpon ronmnno npenonoxnrentno 300 m xpyrnt
ro noxptnan nnaro, oxpyxanmne onnny, re onn onrann. V neaneprantnen
tnn nnocxne noct, xpynnte nospn n noconte nonocrn, uro nosnonxno
corpenart nosyx npn noxe. uepen pennero uenonexa tn menee ntrxnyr nnepx.
Heaneprantnt nmenn noxart no n maccnnnte uenmcrn. Mosr y nnx tn
raxoro xe pasmepa, xax y nac, a moxer, n uyrt ontme. Xorx nx mosr, nepoxrno,
nosnonxn pasnnnart peut, noconte xot npenxrcrnonann oruernnnomy
ronopennm. Bepoxrno, +rn pennne nmn nsanann xpmxammne snyxn nnn
opmoranne. Kocrn onn nmenn snaunrentno ontme n ronme namnx. Ocoenno
xpenxnmn y nnx tnn pyxn, norn n crynnn. Ceronx neanepranen mor t crart
uemnnonom mnpa no xyntrypnsmy n nonyunrt rnryn Mncrep Bcenennax.
Heaneprantnt sannmannct oxoro n conparentcrnom. Hpoonxnrentnocrt nx
xnsnn cocrannxna 4045 ner.
Heaneprantnt sannmannct oxoro n conparentcrnom. Hpoonxnrentnocrt nx
xnsnn cocrannxna 4045 ner; onn oennxnnct n rpynnt no 3050 uenonex. 3rn
pennne nmn nontsonannct xamenntmn opynxmn rpya. Heaneprantnt neunnn
ontntx, no onpeenenntm pnryanam xoponnnn meprntx, no+romy moxno
npenonoxnrt o cymecrnonannn y nnx sauarxon pennrnn. Onn crponnn oma ns
epena, xocre n mxyp xnnorntx. Hexoropte nx nocrpoxn n nnny ocrnrann 10
m, a n ntcory 3 m. Hocne neaneprantnen ocranoct ouent mano nponsneenn
ncxyccrna, ntnonnenntx na xocrn n xamne.
Btnnranoct mnoxecrno reopn no nonoy ncuesnonennx neaneprantnen.
Bosmoxno, onn npocro pasmnoxannct menennee, uem, nanpnmep, xpomantonnt.
Moxer trt, onn ntmepnn n cnny mano npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn, nornnn or
npnnecenntx pyrnmn nmtmn onesne (xax +ro nponsomno c xopenntmn
xnrenxmn Cenepno n Rxno Amepnxn nocne nepnoro xonraxra c enponenamn)
nnn tnn ynnuroxent pyrnmn nnemenamn n xoe pennnx +rnnuecxnx uncrox.
Mt ne snaem rouno
46
.
Kax +nonmnnonnponann nepnme nmn, ueu onn nauann sannua1tcn pantme conpa1entc1nou nnn oxo1on?
(Cnpauueaem T.ropoau, Ieuceu.., 4.opuoa, CLA)

Bepoxrno, oxoro n conparentcrnom onn nauann sannmartcx ononpemenno. Ho
o +roro, nosmoxno, nepnte nmn nnrannct naantm. Onaxo eme pantme onn
nanepnxxa xnnxnnct xenanntm naxomcrnom nx mnornx xnmnnxon.
Croponnnxamn +ro rouxn spennx xnnxmrcx oxropa onna Xapr n Poepr
Caccman
47
.

Oxoro n conparentcrnom nmn nauann sannmartcx ononpemenno.
Hanepnoe, mnorne ceronx ymamr, uro nmn ncera naxonnnct na nepmnne
nnmeno nenn. Onaxo Xapr n Caccman yrnepxamr: +ro ornmt ne rax. Onn
npnnoxr nneuarnxmmne ncxonaemte cnnerentcrna roro, uro no xpane mepe
na nporxxennn necxontxnx rtcxuenern cymecrnonannx uenoneuecrna nmn
crapannct ne crart nnme nx onee cnntntx n xpynntx xnnorntx. oxropa
Xapr n Caccman nnmyr: nmn xnnxnnct naxomcrnom nx menee, ntnon, rnrpon,
xpoxonnon, axyn n axe rnranrcxnx nrnn, xoropte renept ntmepnn. Hmn
onaamr cnao no cpannennm c +rnmn xnmnnxamn mycxynarypo, menennee
eramr, ne nmemr momntx xntxon n xorre, a noromy ne moryr conepnnuart c
xnnorntmn n nnane otnannx nnmn
48
. Pasnnnmncx y uenonexa npnmepno 100
rtc. ner nasa xpynnt mosr naennn ero npenocxocrnom na ncemn pyrnmn
cymecrnamn. Fnaroapx pasymy nmn crann conpartcx n rpynnt n oxornrtcx
cooma, noxnnnoct nepnoe npnmnrnnnoe opyxne.
H1o 1axoe 1exnonornuecxan cnnrynnpnoc1t n nsuenn1 nn ona nac?
Texnonornuecxax cnnrynxpnocrt +ro onpeenennt momenr n yymem, xora
nayuno-rexnnuecxn nporpecc craner neotuano crpemnrentntm. B +ro npemx
nacrontxo tcrpo yyr noxnnxrtcx nonte nemn n nponcxonrt cotrnx, uro mt
ne cmoxem axe npecxasart nnxamee yymee. uenonex yer ne n cocroxnnn
cocrannxrt xparxocpounte n onrocpounte npornost n yx rem onee
npeyratnart nocnecrnnx cnonx ecrnn. Ho mnennm oxropa Pex
Kypsnena
49
, cnnrynxpnocrt nacrynnr rora, xora rexnonornn n npnpoa
contmrcx n camn onpeenennx xnsnn, npnpot n uenonexa nsmenxrcx nancera.
3ro yer momenr, xora rexnonornuecxne nsmenennx cranyr nacrontxo
crpemnrentntmn n macmrantmn, uro +ro npnneer x nepenopory n ncropnn
uenoneuecrna. Cnnrynxpnocrt +ro orxptrne xmnxa Hanopt.
Cnnrynxpnocrt nacrynnr rora, xora rexnonornn n npnpoa contmrcx n camn
onpeenennx xnsnn, npnpot n uenonexa nsmenxrcx nancera.
Kora nacrynnr +pa cnnrynxpnocrn? Ho cnonam oxropa Kypsnena, npnmepno n
reuenne cneymmnx 25 ner. Bor nexoropte npenonaraemte ]axropt
cnnrynxpnocrn, xoropte nonnnxmr na pasym uenonexa:
nponsoer cnnxnne ncxyccrnennoro nnrennexra c uenoneuecxnm, nce nmn
nonyuar momenrantnt ocryn xo ncem snannxm no ncem npemeram; +ro
nponsneer penonmnnm n opasonannn n conepmenno nsmennr pont yunrene;
nnrennexr mamnn npensoer nnrennexr uenonexa; mamnnt cmoryr enart
ntnot, rnopnrt n axe uyncrnonart, onn norpeymr npnsnannx, nerannsannn
cnonx npan n axe yyr saxnnxrt, uro onaamr ymo;
mnxpocxonnuecxne nanoxomntmrept yyr nomemart n nam mosr c nomomtm
nnexnn, urot ynyumnrt mtmnenne, namxrt, nnsyantnoe nocnpnxrne n
nonnnxrt na
+monnn; +rn xomntmrept yyr raxxe crnmynnponart mosronte nenrpt
yonontcrnnx n onn, uro nosnonnr, nanpnmep, ycnnnrt npnxrnte omymennx n
ycrpannrt nce ]opmt nenpnxrntx
50

51
.
Aopnrent npoxnnamr n Ancrpannn yxe 40 rtc. ner. Taxnm opasom, nx moxno
cunrart camtmn pennnmn nmtmn.

Hepntm nsnecrntm xonrpanenrnnom tnn +xcxpemenrt xpoxonna ernnrxne
nontsonannct +rnm cpecrnom yxe n 2000 r. o n. +.

Ecnn nce nacenenne Knrax yer npoxonrt mnmo nac xononno co cxopocrtm
onn uenonex n cexyny, ro xonna +romy mecrnnm ne yer ns-sa nocroxnnoro
npnpocra nacenennx.
Inana 2
Ionona

Cxontxo ncero ynnnrentnoro tno cxasano o ronone.
Ono ns mnorouncnenntx ntcxastnann Fenxamnna upanxnnna snyunr rax:
Ecnn uenonex rparnr coepxnmoe cnoero xomentxa na ronony, ro +ro orarcrno y
nero nnxro ne ornnmer.
Onaxo noymaem n o nnne. ncera cunran cnoe nnno neoxonmtm
yocrnom, a ne yxpamennem, cxasan oxrop Onnnep V+nenn Xonmc. B cnom
ouepet V. X. Oen onnctnan cex rax: Moe nnno noxoxe na cnaent ropr,
ocrannennt no oxem.
Fontmax uacrt nme ne onaamr nnemnocrtm ronnnnycxnx xnnosnes. H npx
nn xro-nnyt ntcxaxercx o ontmnncrne ns nac rax, xax Kpncro]ep Mapno
nanncan o Enene Tpoxncxo: Bor +ror nnx, uro rtcxun cyon rnan n antnn
nyrt. Hnno xnnxercx nanonee ysnanaemo uacrtm uenonexa, mt onxnt
ropnrtcx nm n paonartcx cnoe ynnxantnocrn. Hy a renept npoonxnm
pasronop.
Cxontxo necn1 uon ronona?
(Cnpauueaem Hamau Lvcmep, Vocm-Pu:+ouo, Prua Aecmpa.u)

Ornernrt na +ror nonpoc ne rax-ro npocro. V cnennanncron pasnnunte rouxn
spennx ornocnrentno roro, xax npononrt noonte nsmepennx. Ionont tnamr
pasnnuntx ]opm n pasmepon.
Hexoropte cnennanncrt cunramr, uro moxno onontno rouno onpeennrt nec
ronont, nsmepnn ee oem. Hpenonoxnm, oem name ronont oxono 3 n. Onn
mnnnnnrp not necnr 1 r. Kocrn n xnp necxr mentme not. Taxnm opasom, nama
ronona necnr oxono 3 xr. Hs +rnx 3 xr mosry npnnanexnr npnmepno 1,5 xr,
uepeny 1 xr, a xoxe 500 r.
B xoe cnopon na +ry remy peaxropt xypnana Htm Canrncr nontrannct
nocunrart cpenn nec ronont uenonexa, n y nnx nonyunnoct, uro on cocrannxer
4,25 xr
1
. Ho pacueram pyrnx yuentx, +ra nn]pa xonenercx or 4,5 o 5,4 xr. Ax,
a: ecnn eme yuecrt ymn, ro nec ynennunrcx
Cymec1nye1 nn onesnt, o1 xo1opon canuae1cn ronona?
Hnora o rpanynemarose Berenepa ronopxr, uro on cxnmaer ronont,
pasxnxaer noct, ymn n pyrne uacrn rena. Ipanynemaros Berenepa +ro
crpannax onesnt nensnecrnoro nponcxoxennx, xoropax naunnaercx n
txarentntx nyrxx n nponnraercx nnepx x mee n ronone. Hpn +rom nocnanxmrcx
aprepnn n xponenocnte cocyt, npexpamaercx npnrox xponn x xnsnenno naxntm
opranam. 3arem +rn oprant pasxnxamrcx, ocrannxx ontmne nonocrn, xoropte
ntrnxxr no-nacroxmemy ornparnrentno. Fontnte moryr repxrt noc nnn ymn, nx
ronont xaxyrcx cxartmn.
na nrantxncxnx penmaronora, oxropa B. Pnuunepn n x. Banencnnn
2
, nnmyr,
uro pantme uenonex, saonenmn rpanynemarosom Berenepa, otuno ymnpan n
crpaannxx npnmepno uepes 5 mecxnen. Ho ceronx npn nannunn conpemenntx
nexapcrnenntx cpecrn c +ro onesntm moxno +]]exrnnno oportcx, n ontnte
ntsopannnnamr
3
.
Hpana nn, u1o nmn +1o ennc1nennme anno1nme, xo1opme uory1 nayun1tcn c1on1t na ronone?
Hourn enncrnennte. He satnare npo cnonon!
ncera cunran cnoe nnno neoxonmtm yocrnom a ne yxpamennem, cxasan
oxrop Onnnep V+nenn Xonmc.
Mory n onpeenn1t, xax ye1 c1ape1t uoe nnno?
Bpemx, connne n rpannrannx nnocxr cnom nenry n nsmenennx namero nnna. Txann
cnaemr, noxnnxmrcx mopmnnt, yrpaunnaercx monoocrt. Mopmnnt na nnne
(pnrnt) moryr trt menxnmn nnn rnyoxnmn. Moxno cxasart, uro ceronx n
namem pacnopxxennn nmemrcx cnocot optt co npemenem. Hnacrnuecxax
xnpyprnx nnna nastnaercx pnrnexromne.
Moe nnno noxoxe na cnaent ropr, ocrannennt no oxem.
V. X. Ooeu
Kax yer crapert name nnno? oxrop Maxn Fepmanr, cnennanncr no
nnacrnuecxo xnpyprnn ns uecrepa (mrar Bnpxnnnx), npenaraer cecrt nepe
sepxanom, nsxrt ne ]ororpa]nn n monoocrn n spenom nospacre n
nnnmarentno paccmorpert nx. 3arem nsrnxnyrt na ]ororpa]nn ponrene n
noxnntx unenon cemecrna, xora onn tnn n namem nospacre, n cpannnrt c rem,
xax onn ntrnxxr ceuac. 3ro acr nam onpeenennoe npecrannenne o rom, xax
moxer cocrapnrtcx name nnno.
uro otuno nponcxonr npn crapennn nnna?
Koxa na n naponntx yr ocnaenaer, ponn onycxamrcx. Hoxnnxmrcx
rnyoxne ropnsonrantnte mopmnnt n cxnaxn. Mexy ponxmn nosnnxamr
neprnxantnte mopmnnt. Hnnnx nonoc moxer nonxrtcx, oruero yer xasartcx,
uro nonoct ntnann. B ontmnncrne cnyuaen rax n nponcxonr na camom ene.
Koxa nepxnnx nex conpaercx n cxnaxn. Hnxnne nexn raxxe cranonxrcx
pxntmn, no rnasamn noxnnxmrcx memxn. Oxono nnemnnx yronxon rnas
noxnnxmrcx mopmnnt nopontn nanxn.
Bexn onncamr, nosnnxamr mopmnnt, nponerammne mexy xptntxmn noca n
yronxamn pra (nasonanantnte cxnaxn).
Ha mee noxnnxmrcx cxnaxn, nnnnx noopoxa cranonnrcx neuerxo.
Bnnnm1 nn uep1m nnna na nnunoc1t?
(Cnpauueaem Iauc Ieue, K.iu, Iep+auu)

Tepmnn ]nsnornomnxa osnauaer ncxyccrno pacnosnanannx xapaxrepa uenonexa
no uepram ero nnna (yunrtnaercx ]opma n pacnonoxenne na, pone, noca, mex
n pra).
Pacnpocrpanen mn], uro nnno uenonexa nosecrnyer na ero xapaxrep. B +ro
nepnnn pennne xnrant n rpexn. nx xnranen ocooe snauenne nmenn ryt.
Hanpnmep, y myxunn nepxnxx rya acconnnponanact c xencrnennocrtm, a nnxnxx
c myxecrnennocrtm. Taxnm opasom, no nepxne rye onpeenxnn, nacxontxo
myxunna uyncrnennt nmonnnx, a nnxnxx rya yxastnana na ro, nacxontxo
cnntno myxunna xaxer nmnn.
Tepmnn ]nsnornomnxa osnauaer ncxyccrno pacnosnanannx xapaxrepa uenonexa
no uepram ero nnna.
B Enpone XVIII n. ]nsnornomnxa npnopena nonynxpnocrt naroapx
mnenapcxomy ]nnoco]y Ha]arepy, xoropt yrnepxan, uro xapaxrep n
noneenne uenonexa moxno onontno rouno onpeennrt rontxo no ero nnny.
Ceronx mt snaem, uro na ueprt nnna nnnxmr rent. C xapaxrepom nce cnoxnee.
Ha camom ene nenosmoxno onennrt uenonexa, npocro nocmorpen na nero nnn,
roro xyxe, na ero ]ororpa]nm. B ecrnnrentnocrn ne cymecrnyer raxnx
nonxrn, xax noneno noopoox. Tem ne menee mnp no mnorom pearnpyer
nmenno na nnno, a snaunr, ono moxer xocnenntm opasom nnnxrt na xapaxrep
nnnnnyyma. Hanpnmep, uenonex c xpacnntm nnnom yer cxopee nontsonartcx
pacnonoxennem pyrnx nme (xoropte npnntxnn opoxenarentno pearnponart
na xpacory). B pesyntrare mnenne raxoro uenonexa o cee ynyumaercx, n, nnonne
nepoxrno, on no ncex ornomennxx cranonnrcx onee nosnrnnno nnunocrtm.
Hpornnononoxnax cnryannx moxer trt y uenonexa c nexpacnntm nnnom. Tem ne
menee y xaxoro cnoe npecrannenne o xpacore.
Xorx nnno ne oxastnaer nosecrnnx na xapaxrep, no mnennm oxropa
Anexcanpa Toopona, paorammero na ]axyntrere ncnxonornn Hpnncroncxoro
ynnnepcnrera, ono moxer mnoroe o nac cxasart: Hnno ronopnr nmxm ne rontxo
o rom, cnmnarnunt nn nt, no n o rom, nacxontxo nt exrentnt uenonex n moxno
nn nam onepxrt
4
.
Hnno ronopnr nmxm ne rontxo o rom, cnmnarnunt nn nt, no n o rom, nacxontxo
nt exrentnt uenonex n moxno nn nam onepxrt.
A. Tooopoe
B xoe onoro nccneonannx noctmncram cryenram noxasann ]ororpa]nn
xannaron n Konrpecc CBA (ntnrpanmnx n nponrpanmnx). Onapyxnnoct, uro
ntrnxxmnx connno xannaron cryenrt nocnpnnnmann xax nyume
noxoxmnx nx paort, uem rex, y xoro tno xpyrnoe nnno, ontmne rnasa,
manentxn noc, ntcoxn no n neontmo noopoox (ro ecrt c ercxnmn
uepramn nnna). Vnnnrentno, no mnorne ns oropanntx nme ecrnnrentno
tnn npnsnant sacnyxnnammnmn onepnx
5
.
Mory1 nn ox1opa nepenec1n nnno onoro uenonexa pyrouy, xax n xnno?
(Cnpauueaem Beu rv.uau, Mappureu.i, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Ecnn ornernrt xoporxo, ro ner, nocxontxy cymecrnyer necxontxo nponem.
Hanpnmep, ecrt yrposa orropxennx rpancnnanrara nmmynno cncremo. 3ro
xnnxercx ceronx ouent naxno remo nx nccneonannx. Pemennem +ro
nponemt xnnxercx nno noop nmmynonornuecxn conmecrnmoro onopa, nno
noannenne nmmynno cncremt (uro xnno ne xenarentno, rax xax nannenr
ocranercx nesamnmenntm or nn]exnn). Taxne merot, xax macxnponxa
onopcxnx xnerox nnn renernuecxne nsmenennx nepecaxenno rxann, eme
naxoxrcx n crann nccneonann, nx +]]exrnnnocrt noxa ne oxasana. Ho+romy
ocraercx rontxo naexrtcx, uro n antnemem menxn nayr cnoco nsexart
orropxennx rpancnnanrara.

C nomomtm nnacrnuecxo xnpyprnn moxno n snaunrentno crenenn nsmennrt
nnno uenonexa.
Cneymmax nponema cnxsn mexy neponamn. Cymecrnyer necxontxo nepnon,
xoropte nnnepnnpymr nnno, n nx nx nopmantnoro ]ynxnnonnponannx rpeyercx
xopomax cnxst c rpancnnanrarom. Vrpara xonrponx na mtmnamn nnna npnnonr
x nx arpo]nn, n pesyntrare uero nsmenxercx nnemnocrt uenonexa. Hepnt nentsx
npocro cmnrt. Ocnonnax cnoxnocrt saxnmuaercx n rom, uro orpocrxn nepnno
xnerxn (axcont), orenennte or rena nepnno xnerxn (comt), ymnpamr. Axcon
+ro npoonxenne nepona, xoropoe nepeaer +nexrpnuecxne nmnyntct or comt.
Kora xnpyprn orenxmr nepnt, onn na camom ene orcoennxmr nepnnte
oonouxn, urot nepnt mornn noccranannnnart cnon cnxsn es opasonannx
nontx oonouex. K nnny noxonr (a raxxe orxonr or nero) rax mnoro nepnon,
uro nx coennennx nx ncex mnxpoxnpypry norpeyercx nenepoxrnoe xonnuecrno
npemenn. a n ner nnxaxo rapanrnn, uro nepnt naexno coennxrcx.
Eme ono nponemo xnnxercx cam rpancnnanrar. Koxa ne coxpannr ]opmy
nnna, nocxontxy no ne naxoxrcx xocrn n xpxmn. Taxnm opasom, npnercx
rpancnnanrnponart ncm nepenmm uacrt uepena. H npn +rom nao trt ouent
ocropoxntm, urot ne nonpenrt rnasa, oonxrentnte nyxonnnt n nonte onn
rononnoro mosra. Ho n +roro neocrarouno. axe npn ncnontsonannn camtx
nyumnx xnpyprnuecxnx meroon ocraercx nponema coennennx nepene uacrn
uepena onoro uenonexa c sane uacrtm uepena pyroro, a y nnx nanepnxxa
yyr pasnte nponopnnn, ne nosnonxmmne oornct es mna.
Kpome roro, nao ynomxnyrt o romonornuno onesnn, xoropax nnora nosnnxaer
npn nepecaxe xocrnoro mosra.
Onaxo c nomomtm nnacrnuecxo xnpyprnn moxno n snaunrentno crenenn
nsmennrt nnno uenonexa. K coxanennm, c nomomtm xnpyprnuecxnx cpecrn
npaxrnuecxn nenosmoxno nonnocrtm cxonnponart nnno pyroro uenonexa. Hocne
ceptesntx rpanm xnpyprn sauacrym crapamrcx noccranonnrt nnno nannenra,
ocnontnaxct na ero ]ororpa]nxx, cenanntx o necuacrnoro cnyuax. Tem ne
menee rpanc]opmannn, xax npannno, ne yaercx nonnocrtm nsexart.
3anncn1 nn xpan o1 qopum rononm?
Xpan n onpeenenno crenenn sanncnr or ]opmt ronont. Te, y xoro ronona
xpyrnax, xpanxr uame, uem nmn c ntrxnyro ]opmo ronont. O +rom orxptrnn
n 2001 r. coomnnn oxrop Mapx Xanc
6
n nxrepo pyrnx yuentx. B pesyntrare nx
nccneonannx, cocroxnmero ns nyx uacre, tn cenan ntno, uro no ]opme
ronont moxno onpeennrt, xpannr uenonex nnn ner
7
. B xoe nepno uacrn
nccneonannx tnn nsyuent uepenno-nnnente xapaxrepncrnxn mecrnecxrn
uenonex, crpaammnx xpanom. Honyuennte annte cpannnnn c ananornuntmn
noxasarenxmn crontxnx xe nme, xoropte xpanxr pexo. oxropa nsyunnn ncero
25 xapaxrepncrnx. Onn nsmepnnn paccroxnne or nepennx syon o nnmenoa, or
xonunxa noca o oxonuannx noconoro xoa n or nepxne uacrn cxyn o nnxne
uenmcrn. 3rn noxasarenn cocrannnn ocnony nx nnexca uepenno-nnnenoro
pncxa. 3arem nccneonarenn oannnn ononnnrentnte ]axropt, n xoropte
nxnmunnn nospacr, maccy rena n 14 ne]anomerpnuecxnx nsmepenn.
Xpan n onpeenenno crenenn sanncnr or ]opmt ronont.
Bo nropo uacrn nccneonannx npaun, ne snax, xpannr uenonex nnn ner, nsyunnn
napamerpt nnna 19 cnntno xpanxmnx n 47 mano xpanxmnx nnn nonce ne
xpanxmnx uenonex. Hcnontsyx nnexc uepenno-nnnenoro pncxa, npaun ntnnnynn
rnnoresy, xoropax saxnmuanact n rom, uro no ]opme ronont moxno onpeennrt,
xpannr uenonex nnn ner. Ho xpane mepe n 75 % cnyuaen +ra rnnoresa nosnonxer
nonyunrt nepnt orner
8
.
Moae1 nn cexc nmsmna1t rononnym ont?
Onpeenenno moxer n ntstnaer. Cnnpom xonrantno rononno onn nsnecren
eme xax opracrnuecxax ne]anrnx, opracrnuecxax rononnax ont nnn npocro
cexcyantnax rononnax ont. Cnennanncrt n onacrn rononnoro mosra yxe n
reuenne mnornx ner npnsnamr nannune +roro neomorannx, onaxo onn ne snamr,
nouemy y onnx cexc ntstnaer rononnym ont, a y pyrnx ner. 3ror cnnpom
ncrpeuaercx xax y myxunn, rax n xenmnn. Tax uro +ro ne npocro orronopxa: He
ceuac, y menx onnr ronona.
Fpnrancxne yuente npenonaramr, uro coornomenne myxunn n xenmnn,
crpaammnx xonrantno rononno ontm, cocrannxer 3:1. 3ror cnnpom
nanmaercx npnmepno y onoro ns 100 nspocntx nme. H uame on ncrpeuaercx
y nme n nospacre 2025 n 3545 ner. Ocraercx saraxo, nouemy nmn n
nospacre 2634 roa crpaamr nm ropaso pexe.
Cnnpom xonrantno rononno onn nsnecren eme xax opracrnuecxax ne]anrnx,
opracrnuecxax rononnax ont nnn npocro cexcyantnax rononnax ont.
Bo npemx cexcyantno axrnnnocrn n nenocpecrnenno nepe xonrycom nexoropte
nmn ncntrtnamr cnntnym rononnym ont. Iononnte onn or cexca onnctnamr
xax xonmmne nnn pesxne. Ipynna pasnntcxnx nenponoron no pyxonocrnom
oxropa Banenct cunraer, uro cexcyantnax rononnax ont nanomnnaer yap
rpoma
9,10
. Cnennanncrt n +ro onacrn npnepxnnamrcx mnennx, uro rononnte
onn n momenr oprasma ornnuamrcx or mnrpene n one ns-sa nanpxxennx. Tem
ne menee npepacnonoxennocrt x mnrpenxm uacro cnxsana c xonrantntmn
rononntmn onxmn. oxrop xon Ocrepraap, paorammn n ynnnepcnrercxo
ontnnne Opxyca (annx), yrnepxaer, uro ecnn y nannenra, crpaammero
mnrpenxmn, xort pas cnyunncx npncryn xonrantno rononno onn, ro nennx pncx
nonropennx +roro
11,12
. Enncrnenntm yremennem moxer cnyxnrt ro, uro annt
cnnpom ne yrpoxaer xnsnn. a n nsexart ero moxno ecnn nt ne npornn
orxasartcx or cexca
13,14
.
H1o 1axoe ponnuox na ronone y peenxa n xora on sa1nrnnae1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Cromm Iappucou, Bocmou, Macca:vcemc, CLA)

3ro onn ns uacro saanaemtx nonpocon. Hyxno snart, uro ponnuxon necxontxo
n naxoxrcx onn y nonopoxenntx na crtxe xocre uepena.

V 1 % ere ontmo ponnuox saxptnaercx uepes 3 mecxna, a y 96 % uepes 24.
Hepenn ponnuox pacnonoxen na maxymxe, re cxoxrcx neneunt n
carnrrantnt mnt uepena. 3ro camt ontmo ponnuox, ero pasmep oxono 2,1
cm, n on uacro nemnoro ynennunnaercx n reuenne necxontxnx nepntx mecxnen
xnsnn peenxa. On sapacraer ontme pyrnx otuno +ro nponcxonr n nepnt
nnn nropo rot xnsnn peenxa (n cpenem uepes 13,8 mecxna nocne poxennx).
V 1 % ere ontmo ponnuox saxptnaercx uepes 3 mecxna, a y 96 % uepes 24.
H nnmt y concem neontmoro uncna nme on ocraercx orxptrtm ncm xnsnt
15
.
3ann ponnuox naxonrcx na sartnxe, re cxoxrcx namonantnt n
carnrrantnt mnt. Ero pasmep ncero 0,50,7 cm, on ocraercx orxptrtm oxono
nyx mecxnen. Tax xax +ror ponnuox ropaso mentme n ncuesaer onontno
tcrpo, o ero cymecrnonannn snamr nemnorne.
Camo cnono ponnuox nponcxonr or fontanelle, uro nepenonrcx c necxontxnx
xstxon xax ponnuox nnn manentxn ]onran
16
.
nnrae1cn nn uosr, ecnn 1pnc1n rononon?
(Cnpauueaem Cromm Iappucou, Bocmou, Macca:vcemc, CLA)

Moxere ne nonnonartcx axe xora nt ouent cnntno rpxcere ronono, mosr
nepememaercx nesnaunrentno. On samnmen nnyrpn uepena rpemx cnoxmn mxrxo
coennnrentno rxann, nnn oonouxamn. 3rn oonouxn moryr nocnanxrtcx npn
onesnn no nasnannem mennnrnr.
Cnepxy naxonrcx rnepax mosronax oonouxa (or nar. dura mater rnepax
mart). Ona coennena c nnyrpenne nonepxnocrtm uepena. Cpasy no rnepo
pacnonoxena nayrnnnax oonouxa, xoropax nastnaercx rax noromy, uro noxoxa
na cert nayxa. Ecnn xponenocnte cocyt, npoxoxmne uepes rnepym mosronym
oonouxy, nonamrcx (nanpnmep, npn nonpexennn uepena), ro xpont
cxannnnaercx n xpoxornom npomexyrxe mexy nymx ynomxnyrtmn oonouxamn,
n opasyercx cyypantnax remaroma. Cxonnenne xnxocrn n +rom npocrpancrne
rposnr napymennxmn n ]ynxnnonnponannn mosra ns-sa cxarnx mosrontx xnerox.
Cnono ponnuox nponcxonr or fontanelle, uro nepenonrcx c necxontxnx
xstxon xax ponnuox nnn manentxn ]onran.
Tpern cno mxrxax mosronax oonouxa (or nar. pia mater mxrxax mart). 3ro
ronxn cno xnerox nenocpecrnenno na nonepxnocrn mosra. B mxrxo mosrono
oonouxe pacnonoxeno mnoxecrno xponenocntx cocyon, xoropte ocrannxmr
xpont n mosr. 3ra oonouxa orenena or nayrnnno neontmnm npocrpancrnom
(nonayrnnntm npocrpancrnom), sanonnenntm cnnnnomosrono xnxocrtm. Bor
nouemy ronopxr, uro mosr nnanaer nnyrpn uepena.
Hpn nce +ro samnre neynnnrentno, uro mosr ocraercx nourn nenonnxntm.
Tem ne menee ne cronr uepecuyp rpxcrn ronono, nnaue nam rposnr
rononoxpyxenne, rononnax ont nnn nonpexenne men.
Houeuy xnnox osnauae1 a, a noxaunnanne rononon ns c1oponm n c1opony ne1?
B nayxe n n xnsnn cymecrnyer xopomee npannno: nnxora ne yrnepxa
esanennxnnonno. B mnpe ecrt mecra, re nce nnaue: xnnox osnauaer ner, a
noxaunnanne ronono a. Ho nce xe oparnoe ontme pacnpocrpaneno.
Cymecrnyer npenonoxenne, uro otua, onncannt n nonpoce, orpaxaer namn
ercxne xecrt. Kora peenox xouer omartcx nnn xymart, on nnraer ronono
nnepx-nnns, a ecnn, nanpnmep, mnaenen ne xenaer ecrt ro, uro emy npenaramr,
on moraer ronono ns cropont n cropony n snax orxasa. Ha nporxxennn nce
xnsnn mt ne satnaem +ry npnntuxy ntcxastnart cnoe ornomenne x uemy t ro
nn tno.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen ronona nmrnnn1 eqopunponannon?
(Cnpauueaem r. Iapouep, Him-Poue.i, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Hpnunno +roro moxer trt rpanma nnn npoxennt e]exr. Hcxaxenne ]opmt
ronont nastnamr nnarnone]anne. e]opmannx uepena uame ncero tnaer
ntsnana nnemnnmn nosecrnnxmn, nanpnmep, ecnn rononxa peenxa onroe
npemx naxonnact n onom nonoxennn. uame ncero cranonnrcx nnocxnm sartnox,
no nosmoxnt raxxe acnmmerpnx nnna n cmemenne yme. Ho mnennm oxropa
xona Mnpa
17
, y ere, onroe npemx nexamnx na cnnne, ntcox pncx pasnnrnx
nnarnone]annn. Ho+romy, xora peenox opcrnyer, neoxonmo menxrt ero
nonoxenne.
Hcxaxenne ]opmt ronont nastnamr nnarnone]anne. e]opmannx uepena uame
ncero tnaer ntsnana nnemnnmn nosecrnnxmn.
Bropo npnunno ncxaxennx ]opmt ronont xnnxercx xpannocnnocros
npexenpemennoe cpamenne xocre uepena
18
.
Moano nn nman1t, ponnmnct c nyun rononaun?
3ra neotuano pexax naronornx nastnaercx napasnrnuecxo xpannonarne,
uro yxnantno osnauaer cpocmnecx ronont. Hapasnrnuecxax xpannonarnx
xnnxercx cnecrnnem uacrnunoro pasenennx +mpnona n yrpoe marepn, npnuem
onn ns opasonanmnxcx raxnm opasom cnamcxnx nnsnenon ocraercx
neopasnnrtm. Ha ceronxmnn ent n mennnncxo nnreparype ronopnrcx
rontxo o mecrn nccneonannxx noontx cnyuaen. A noome nx tno
sa]nxcnponano oxono ecxrn.
Hanonee nsnecren cnyua rax nastnaemoro nyxrononoro enrantcxoro
mantunxa, ponnmerocx n 1783 r. 3ror cnyua onncan oxrop 3nepap Xoym. V
mantunxa na ronone nmenact nropax, nepenepnyrax ronona raxoro xe pasmepa. Ho
cnonam oxropa Xoyma, na mosra cnntno nepennennct n uepena cpocnnct. Kora
peenox cnan, rnasa nepxne ronont ocranannct orxptrtmn. Kora on nnepnte
npocnyncx, nce uertpe rnasa nnrannct onnaxono, a sarem rnasa xaxo ronont
crann nnrartcx nesanncnmo pyr or pyra. Xnpyprnx roro npemenn ne nosnonxna
nponecrn neoxonmym onepannm. Mantunx ymep n nospacre uertpex ner or
yxyca xopt. Ero uepen xpannrcx n mysee Hononcxoro xnpyprnuecxoro
xoponencxoro xonnexa.
Hapasnrnuecxax xpannonarnx xnnxercx cnecrnnem uacrnunoro pasenennx
+mpnona n yrpoe marepn, npnuem onn ns opasonanmnxcx raxnm opasom
cnamcxnx nnsnenon ocraercx neopasnnrtm.
Heannn cnyua napasnrnuecxo xpannonarnn cnxsan c nmenem Peexxn
Maprnnec ns omnnnxancxo Pecnynnxn, xoropax ymepna n nospacre cemn
neent nocne onepannn no yanennm nropo ronont n ]enpane 2004 r. Hexoropoe
npemx nocne onepannn ona eme xnna, no sarem n ee mosre nponsomno
nexonrponnpyemoe xpononsnnxnne.
Camt nocnenn sa]nxcnponannt cnyua +ro naronornn nponsomen n
Ernnre. B ]enpane 2005 r. n nospacre ecxrn mecxnen Manap Mare nepenecna
yaunym rpnnanarnuaconym onepannm no yanennm nropo ronont.
3ra ronona nmena mem, morna yntartcx, moprart, no tna ne cnocona
cymecrnonart orentno.
3ra naronornx tna xecroxo ntcmexna n opase mececrpt Ionnym n cepnane
Rxnt napx
19
.
Houeuy y uenn ncera onn1 uenmc1t no npeun pasronopa?
(Cnpauueaem Komu Iuocou, Pao, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

B cnonx xnnrax +ro cepnn x nnxora ne ntramct crannrt narnost. Ho ecnn y
uenonexa onnr uenmcrt npocro no npemx pasronopa, ro, nosmoxno, +ro nncouno-
nnxneuenmcrno cnnpom. Pantme +ro saonenanne tno nsnecrno, xax
nc]ynxnnonantno-oneno cnnpom nncouno-uenmcrnoro cycrana. K cuacrtm,
renept nasnanne coxparnnn o cnnpom BHC (cnnpom nncouno-
nnxneuenmcrnoro cycrana), a ro ecrnnrentno moxer saonert uenmcrt, ecnn
nce +ro ntronapnnart.
Bnpe pacnpocrpaneno +ro saonenanne cpen nspocntx nme, no nm moryr
crpaart n ern. Ho nensnecrno npnunne 90 % crpaammnx cnnpomom BHC
xenmnnt. V enouex +ro saonenanne ncrpeuaercx uame, uem y mantunxon.

Ho nensnecrno npnunne 90 % crpaammnx cnnpomom BHC xenmnnt.
Ecnn y nac cnnpom BHC, ro ont moxer trt yxacno. V nac axe ne nonyunrcx
npocro orxptrt por. Mtmnt uenmcrn npn +rom neomorannn nocnanxmrcx,
cranonnrcx rpyno xenart. Font moxer pacnpocrpanxrtcx na mtmnt nnna n men.
Ecnn ne neunrt +ro saonenanne, ro nenpnxrnte omymennx moryr npecneonart
nac xpyrnocyrouno. Cnmnromamn cnnpoma BHC moryr trt rononnax n synax
ont, a raxxe ont n ymax.
Pasymeercx, ne nmax ont n uenmcrn ntsnana nmenno +rnm saonenannem,
no+romy narnos onxen crannrt rontxo cnennanncr. Kcrarn, no nonoy
nponcxoxennx cnnpoma BHC nyr cnopt, n ontmnncrno anropnrerntx
npaue cunramr, uro ner enno npnunnt ero nosnnxnonennx. Kocrn, cnxsxn n
mtmnt uenmcrn opasymr cnoxnoe coennenne, na xoropoe moryr orpnnarentno
nosecrnonart mnorne ]axropt. Hnxe npnneent nexoropte npenonaraemte
npnunnt nosnnxnonennx cnnpoma BHC.
Fpyxcnsm cxpexeranne syamn moxer ntstnart mtmeunte cnasmt n ont.
Hpnunno ero uacro nastnamr crpecc. Kpome roro, npaun n reuenne mnornx ner
npeynpexamr xenmnn o rom, uro onacno nnrentnoe npemx nocnrt na onom
nneue rxxenym cymxy nnn no npemx rene]onnoro pasronopa saxnmart rpyxy
mexy mexo n nneuom.
Anomannx npnxyca n nepexoc uenmcrn.
nc]ynxnnx uenmcrn n pyrne opronenuecxne nponemt (aprpnr, erenepannx
xocrn, rpanma nnn nenpannntnoe pasnnrne cycrana).
Tpanma uenmcrn, cnnnt nnn men. Font moxer npoxnnxrtcx uepes mecxn n onee
nocne nonpexennx.
Vcnnennoe nnrentnoe xenanne.
Bnecxne nccneonarenn npenonaramr, uro y nme c cnnpomom BHC
onapyxnnamrcx nsmenennx n xnmnn mosra. B uacrnocrn y nnx ntpaartnaercx
mentme ceporonnna. Ho cnonam oxropa M. 3pnepra n ero xonner, nmn c
cnnpomom BHC, y xoroptx ouent nnsxn yponent ceporonnna, ncntrtnamr
camte cnntnte onn
20,21
.
Heuenne annoro cnnpoma moxer trt pasnnuntm. Ho mnennm oxropon x. F.
Bexcnepa n M. V. Maxnnnn, nannenrt, npoxoxmne xypc neuennx, nourn ncera
ncntrtnamr snaunrentnoe oneruenne
22,23
. Ecnn uenonex ncntrtnaer ont n
uenmcrn npocro nocne pasronopa, ro emy cneyer oparnrtcx x repanenry. Hpn
onapyxennn y nac cnnpoma BHC npau nourn nanepnxxa cxaxer, uro nauart
neuenne nao c nert, ncxnmuamme npoyxrt, xoropte nyxno nnrencnnno
nepexentnart (+ro ornocnrcx n x xenarentno pesnnxe). nx cnxrnx onn nam
moryr npenoxnrt oesonnnammne cpecrna nnn axe mtmeunte penaxcanrt.
Homoraer raxxe uepeonanne xonontx n ropxunx xomnpeccon na uenmcrt.
oxropa uacro pexomenymr nannenram pemart camnm, xaxnm ns cpecrn nyume
nontsonartcx. Hnora nponoxr xoppexnnm npnxyca. H naxonen, pexomenymr
nerxne ynpaxnennx nx paccnanennx mtmn men nnn nanpannxmr x
]nsnorepanenry. Honesno raxxe ne senart cnnmxom mnpoxo, nocxontxy nsnecrnt
cnyuan, xora y nme no npemx senannx nponcxonnn ntnnxn uenmcrn.
Bnecxne nccneonarenn npenonaramr, uro y nme c cnnpomom BHC
onapyxnnamrcx nsmenennx n xnmnn mosra.
Kpome roro, nam moxer oxasart nomomt anrncr, ecnn name neomoranne cnxsano
c nenpannntntm npnxycom. Bosmoxno, norpeyercx norounrt necxontxo syon.
Hpnxycnte manont n mnnt raxxe ynyumamr npnxyc n ycrpanxmr pyxcnsm.
Tax xax crpecc, noxoxe, roxe ntstnaer cnnpom BHC, ycrpanenne ncrounnxa
rpenorn ctrpaer naxnym pont n opte c onesntm. Bosmoxno, cronr oparnrtcx
x ncnxonory. Fecea uacro nomoraer axe ecnn ronopnrt npn +rom ontno
24,25
.
B ueu cexpe1 saraounon ynmxn uonm nnsm?
(Cnpauueaem Keppu Vomep+au, Mvpoour, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Vxe n reuenne 500 ner nmn npncrantno nrnxtnamrcx n +ro ynnnrentnoe
rnopenne Heonapo a Bnnun. O snamennro, ntstnamme naroronenne yntxe
xoxont nncann ]nnoco]t n no+rt. uro xacaercx yuentx, ro, no mnennm
oxropa Mapraper Hnnnnrcron, nenponora ns Iapnapcxoro ynnnepcnrera,
pasraxa yntxn Mont Hnst saxnmuaercx n ocoennocrxx nnsyantnoro
nocnpnxrnx uenonexa. oxrop Hnnnnrcron yrnepxaer, uro, xora uenonex
nnnmarentno cmorpnr na +ry xaprnny, nsopaxenne xax t mepnaer. 3ro
oycnonneno renxmn na nnne xoxont. Kax noxcnxer oxrop, noxnnenne n
ncuesnonenne yntxn sanncnr or roro, xya ycrpemnen nsrnx spnrenx. Kora mt
cmorpnm na ute-nno nnno, ontmym uacrt npemenn nam nsrnx xonnenrpnpyercx
na rnasax uenonexa. Taxnm opasom, xora spnrent pasrnxtnaer rnasa Mont
Hnst, ero nepn]epnuecxoe spenne ynannnnaer n renn oxono ee ry, xoroptmn
oosnauena yntxa. Kora xe nsrnx nepememaercx na ee por, +rn renn mentme
npnnnexamr nnnmanne. Tax nosnnxaer nocroxnnoe mepnanne
26
.
oxrop Hnxy Cee ronopnr, uro Mona Hnsa xaxercx yntammecx, nocxontxy
ona nonpocry cuacrnnna.
pyroe oxcnenne npnnoxr ronnancxne nccneonarenn ns Amcrepamcxoro
ynnnepcnrera. oxrop Hnxy Cee ronopnr, uro Mona Hnsa xaxercx
yntammecx, nocxontxy ona nonpocry cuacrnnna
2729
.
Moano nn un1a1t no nnny?
Bce ontme cnennanncron cunramr, uro +ro nosmoxno. Conpemennax
]nsnornomnxa mnornm oxsana oxropy Hony 3xmany, ncnxonory ns
mennnncxoro nenrpa npn Kann]opnncxom ynnnepcnrere n Can-upannncxo.
3xman nsyuan ueprt nnna, ntpaxennx n cnxst +roro c noneennem uenonexa.
Hentm nccneonann tno nonyuenne nosmoxnocrn npecxastnart nocrynxn
nme no nx nnemnocrn. B nrore tna cocrannena cnoeopasnax cncrema
pacxonponxn. Cncrema 3xmana nxnmuaer n cex onncanne 3000 ntpaxenn nnna
n coepxnr cxpynynesnte oxcnennx roro, xaxoe ns nnx moxno nanmart n ro
nnn nno cnryannn omennx
30
. 3ry cncremy n cnoe paore ncnontsymr pasnte
cnennanncrt: mpncrt nx nsyuennx ncnxonornn npncxxntx, annmaropt nx
cosannx ]nntmon, corpynnxn HPV n uFP nx optt c reppopncramn.
Mnorne cneonarenn cunramr, uro annax cncrema nomoraer nonxrt, xora
noospenaemt nxer. 3xman nastnaer necxontxo npnsnaxon, no xoroptm moxno
nonxrt, nper uenonex nnn ronopnr npany. Hanpnmep, npnrnopnoe ntpaxenne,
xax npannno, coxpanxercx na nnne ontme, uem ncxpennee. Kora nmn nryr, onn
otuno uame mopramr n ornoxr nsrnx. Ecnn uenonex payercx na camom ene,
on yntaercx ne rontxo prom, no n rnasamn.

Cncremy 3xmana n cnoe paore ncnontsymr pasnte cnennanncrt: mpncrt nx
nsyuennx ncnxonornn npncxxntx, annmaropt nx cosannx ]nntmon,
corpynnxn HPV n uFP nx optt c reppopncramn.
Tem ne menee, ]nsnornomnxa nce xe nerounax nayxa. Ontrnomy nxeny sauacrym
nnuero ne cronr omanyrt coecennxa
31
.
Houeuy nnac1nuecxym xnpyprnm nasmnam1 nnac1nuecxon?
(Cnpauueaem Mapr Himuc, Cmoppc, Kouuermurvm, CLA)

Hnacrnuecxax xnpyprnx nanpannena na noccranonnenne ]opm rena uenonexa. 3ro
ncxyccrno snaunrentno pennee, uem npecrannxmr cee ontmnncrno ns nac. C
annnx npemen ernnrxne, rpexn n nnyct ntrannct nayunrtcx nsmenxrt ueprt
nnna c nomomtm xnpyprnuecxnx onepann. Onaxo conpemennte rexnonornn
nnacrnuecxo xnpyprnn nauann pasnnnartcx nnmt nocne Hepno mnpono nont,
xora norpeonanoct ncnpannxrt pasnnunte ]nsnuecxne e]exrt y panentx
conar. 3naunrentnte ycnexn n +ro onacrn nanmamrcx na nporxxennn
nocnennx nanarn ner.
Hentm menee uem 40 % onepann xnnxercx ocrnxenne xocmernuecxoro +]]exra,
npnuem 85 % +rnx onepann enamr xenmnnam, 15 % myxunnam.
Cymecrnyer mnenne, uro nmo xnpypr moxer enart nnacrnuecxne onepannn.
3ro ne rax, nocxontxy annt xnpyprnuecxn mero rpeyer ononnnrentno
nororonxn. Kpome roro, mnorne cunramr, yro nnacrnuecxax xnpyprnx nyxna
ncxnmunrentno nx norxxex nnna, ynennuennx rpyn, ymentmennx xnnora n r.
n. H +ro nenepno, net onee 60 % ncex nnacrnuecxnx onepann cnxsano c
ycrpanennem nocnecrnn rpanm, a raxxe nsannennem nme or npoxenntx
e]exron. Hentm menee uem 40 % onepann xnnxercx ocrnxenne
xocmernuecxoro +]]exra, npnuem 85 % +rnx onepann enamr xenmnnam, 15 %
myxunnam.
Bor nxrt camtx pacnpocrpanenntx cpen xenmnn npnunn opamennx x
nnacrnuecxnm xnpypram: 1) ynennuenne rpyn, 2) nnnocaxnnx, 3) nsmenenne
]opmt noca, 4) norxxxa nex, 5) norxxxa nnna.
V myxunn necxontxo nnax cnryannx: 1) nsmenenne ]opmt noca, 2) nnnocaxnnx,
3) norxxxa nex, 4) rpancnnanrannx nonoc, 5) nsmenenne ]opmt yme. Bospacr
nannenron xonenercx.
Cpen nnx 45 % opamamrcx x npauy n nospacre 3550 ner, 24 % or 19 o 34
ner, 22 % or 51 o 64 ner, 6 % or 65 ner n crapme, a 3 % monoxe 18 ner
32
.

Hocunrano, uro mopmnna xnnxercx pesyntrarom 200 rtc. naxmypnnann.
Cosay1 nn xora-nnyt ncxycc1nennoe nnno?
(Cnpauueaem Pouuu Iu.oepm, Ipem-Her, Him-Hopr, CLA)

B nocnenne rot n onacrn uepenno-nnneno xnpyprnn tno nponeeno
mnoxecrno nccneonann. Mnorne cnennanncrt ynepent, uro ncxyccrnennoe
nnno cosayr uepes necxontxo ner. Hoopoox, uenmcrn, ryt n pyrne uacrn
nnna ceronx moxno nnonsmenxrt c nomomtm cnnnxonontx nmnnanraron,
xoropte tnamr pasnnuntx ]opm n pasmepon. Hx nsrorannnnamr ns marepnanon
pasnnuno rnepocrn. urot, nanpnmep, ynennunrt mexn, uepes paspes na
nnyrpenne cropone mexn no xoxy nomemamr nmnnanrar. Moxer noxasartcx,
uro +ro crpamnax n onesnennax onepannx, onaxo na nee rpeyercx or 30 o 60
mnn n no mnornx cnyuaxx npnmenxercx nnmt mecrnax anecresnx
33
.
erexropt nxn onontno nenaexnt. Hocunrano, uro 20 % ncntryemtx,
xoropte ronopxr npany, neyauno npoxoxr recrnponanne, rora xax 10 %
nxenon moryr paccunrtnar na ycnex. Ho+romy ceuac paspaartnamrcx
xomntmrepnte nporpammt, perncrpnpymmne nsmenennx ntpaxenn nnna
ncntryemoro. Ona ns raxnx nporpamm noxnnnact n Hncrnryre
nepoxomntmrepntx ntuncnenn n Can-nero. Ee cosarenn yrnepxamr, uro nx
ernme pasnnuaer manemne nsmenennx mnmnxn uenonexa
34, 35
.

Hocunrano, uro mopmnna xnnxercx pesyntrarom 200 rtc. naxmypnnann.
Ho mnennm Amepnxancxo acconnannn nnacrnuecxnx xnpypron nmn,
crpaammne mnrpentm, moryr n snaunrentno crenenn onerunrt cnon crpaannx
c nomomtm nnacrnuecxnx onepann no ycrpanennm mopmnn na nnne
32
.

Inana 3
Inasa

V napoon ncero mnpa cymecrnymr noronopxn n mypte nspeuennx o rnasax.
Enpecxax noronopxa rnacnr: He nnern xstxom roro, uero ne nnnmt rnasamn.
Hemenxax noronopxa: Inasa nepxr camnm cee, ymn pyrnm nmxm.
upannyscxax noronopxa: Hmont cnena, a pyxa rontxo saxptnaer rnasa.
pennerpeuecxax noronopxa, xoropym uacro npnnnctnamr Hnarony, snyunr rax:
yxonnoe spenne ynyumaercx, xora yxymaercx ]nsnuecxoe. O rnasax cxasano
mnoro n ceuac nt camn yenrect n +rom.
Ynennunnam1cn nn rnasnme nnoxn c nospac1ou?
(Cnpauueaem recou Buvc, Be.ieim-Xu.., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

namerp rnasntx xnox nonopoxennoro oxono 18 mm, n on tcrpo
ynennunnaercx n reuenne nepnoro roa xnsnn peenxa. Onaxo norom rnasnte
xnoxn pacryr ouent menenno. Kax cxasano n paore Inasnax naronornx
oxropon +nna x. 3nnna n Mopnca u. Paa
1,2
, npnunnt pocra rnasntx xnox
rouno ne nsnecrnt. B 1950-x rr. n xoe +xcnepnmenron tno onapyxeno, uro
ynennuenne rnas y sapotma ntnnenxa moxno samennrt, ecnn nnecrn n rnasa
neontmym rpyouxy n orxauart nnyrpnrnasnym xnxocrt, rem camtm cnnsnn
nnyrpnrnasnoe annenne. Hocne +roro rnasa nepecramr pacrn xax otuno. Ho
crpanno, uro ceruarxa npn +rom npoonxaer pasnnnartcx. K romy npemenn, xora
ntnnenox roron ntnynnrtcx ns xna, rnasnoe xnoxo y nero manentxoe, a
ceruarxa ynennuena n opasyer cxnaxn.
V pt rnasnoe xnoxo n ceruarxa moryr nocroxnno ynennunnartcx n reuenne nce
xnsnn. Onaxo +ro nexapaxrepno nx nrnn n mnexonnrammnx, n rom uncne n nx
nme
35
.
Kya um cuo1pnu, xora saxpmnaeu rnasa?
(Cnpauueaem recou Buvc, Be.ieim-Xu.., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Kora nt saxptnaere rnasa, nt cmorpnre na nnyrpennmm nonepxnocrt nex.
Onaxo nt nnuero ne nnnre, nocxontxy nx +roro neocrarouno cnera. Tem ne
menee npn xpxom ocnemennn, saxptn rnasa, moxno nanmart xpacnonaroe
cneuenne, nocxontxy cner yer nponnxart cxnost nexn. B paore Anepa
unnoco]nx rnasa ronopnrcx, uro xpacnonaroe cneuenne oycnonneno nannunem
n nexe xponenocntx cocyon
6
.
yxonnoe spenne ynyumaercx, xora yxymaercx ]nsnuecxoe. Hnaron.
Moae1 nn nsuenn1tcn nne1 rnas?
(Cnpauueaem Ho. Kecu, Huoc, Be.uroopumauu)

Fontmnncrno nme ynnnxmrcx, xora ysnamr, uro nner nx rnas ecrnnrentno
moxer nsmennrtcx. Ho raxoe cnyuaercx pexo. Hner rnas onpeenxmr rent, n
rontxo onpeenennte ycnonnx nnn onesnn moryr ero nsmennrt. uame ncero +ro
nponcxonr rontxo c onnm rnasom. Ecnn xe sarponyrt oa rnasa, ro, xax
npannno, onn samernee menxer nner, uem pyro. V mnaennen, ponnmnxcx c
ouent cnerno payxno oonouxo, nocrenenno rnasa moryr crart senentmn n
axe xapnmn. Ha payxno oonouxe nonopoxennoro moxer trt ponmoe
nxrno. Kora ono xopnunenoro nnera n naxonrcx na ronyo nnn cepo
payxno oonouxe, rnas ntrnxnr xax xapn nnn axe uepnt. Kpome roro, y
nonopoxenntx onontno uacro tnamr rnasa pasnoro nnera, uro nnora rax n ne
menxercx co npemenem
7
.
V nme pasnt nner rnas n sanncnmocrn or xonnuecrna nnrmenra n payxno
oonouxe. B xapnx rnasax nnrmenra ontme, uem n senentx, a n senentx
ontme, uem n ronytx.
Hpana nn, u1o cne1nme rnasa onee uync1nn1entnm x cne1y, ueu 1eunme?
(Cnpauueaem Ho. Kecu, Huoc, Be.uroopumauu)

V nme pasnt nner rnas n sanncnmocrn or xonnuecrna nnrmenra n payxno
oonouxe. B xapnx rnasax nnrmenra ontme, uem n senentx, a n senentx
ontme, uem n ronytx. Hexoropte nmn poxamrcx c neontmnm xonnuecrnom
nnrmenra, a ro n noome es nnrmenra. Hnrmenr nrpaer pont aptepa: uem ero
ontme, rem nyume samnment rnasa or nosecrnnx yntrpa]nonera, xoropt
moxer nonpenrt xpycrannx n ceruarxy. Hs-sa +roro nepexo pasnnnaercx
xarapaxra n nponcxonr erenepannx xenroro nxrna. Hentsx rouno cxasart,
ecrnnrentno nn cnernte rnasa onee uyncrnnrentnt x cnery, uem remnte.
Ho mnennm oxropa Kena Mnrrona, paorammero na xa]epe o]rantmonornn
Mnunrancxoro ynnnepcnrera n Ann-Apope, xnerxn spnrentntx penenropon n
ceruarxe rnas nosnonxmr nam nnert, npeopasyx ]oront n nepnnte nmnyntct,
xoropte nepeamrcx no spnrentntm nepnam n mosr. Xnmnuecxne peaxnnn n
xnerxax spnrentntx penenropon n nsanmoecrnne enxon n pyrnx xnmnuecxnx
nemecrn, yuacrnymmnx n +rnx peaxnnxx, no-pasnomy perynnpymrcx n pasnnuntx
ycnonnxx ocnemennx. V ncex nme nanouxn ceruarxn nepeamr nn]opmannm n
uepno-enom cnere, rora xax xpacnte, senente n cnnne xonouxn
nosnonxmr nnert xpacnte, senente n cnnne nnera cnexrpa. Hpn xpxom
conneunom cnere paoramr rontxo xonouxn, a n remnore nanouxn.
Houeuy uenonex ne uoae1 nne1t nnqpaxpacnme nyun?
(Cnpauueaem Mapmuu Haueqopo, Hur*censored*cm, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

3ro ouent nnrepecnt nonpoc. Ho mnennm oxropa Toma Crnxena
8
,
uenoneuecxn rnas cnocoen onpeenxrt +nexrpomarnnrnoe nsnyuenne c nnno
nonnt or 380 o 700 nanomerpon (nm). Ho+romy nsnyuenne c nnno nonnt or
380 o 700 nm nastnaercx nnnmtm cnerom[6]6
B pyrnx ncrounnxax nnnmtm cnerom nastnamr +nexrpomarnnrnoe nsnyuenne c
nnnamn nonn or 380 o 760 nm.

|3axptrt]. Ecnn nnna nonnt oxono 400 nm +ro ]noneront yuacrox cnexrpa, a
ecnn ropaso mentme yntrpa]noneront, xoropt uenoneuecxn rnas ne
pasnnuaer. nnna nonnt xpacnoro yuacrxa cnexrpa cocrannxer oxono 700 nm, a
nn]paxpacnoro cntme 700 nm. Bce, uro ncnycxaer renno, ncnycxaer n
nn]paxpacnoe nsnyuenne.

uenoneuecxn rnas cnocoen onpeenxrt +nexrpomarnnrnoe nsnyuenne c nnno
nonnt or 380 o 700 nanomerpon (nm).
Mt pasnnuaem nnera naroapx rpem nnam enxa, xaxt ns xoroptx
npenasnauen nx pacnosnanannx nsnyuennx onpeenenno nnnt nonnt. 3rn
enxn cnnresnpymrcx n xonouxax. B xaxo xonouxe coepxnrcx rontxo onn
nn enxa. Hpn nnne nonnt 380 nm cner pacnosnaer rontxo xonouxa 5-rnna (or
anrn. short xoporxn). Ananornuntm opasom npn nnne nonnt 700 nm
ecrnyer rontxo xonouxa Z-rnna (or anrn. long nnnnt).
Hocxontxy nocnpnxrne cnera na npeentntx rpannnax cnexrpa y pasntx nme
necxontxo ornnuaercx, nexoropte ns nac, nepoxrno, moryr nnert xpoxornym
uacrt nn]paxpacnoro cnexrpa. Onaxo +ro ne aer ocotx npenmymecrn nnn
cnoconocre npocro orrenxn xpacnoro xaxyrcx uyrt xpue. Her anntx o rom,
nacxontxo anexo n crpopony nn]paxpacno uacrn cnexrpa uenonex moxer
nnert, no, cxopee ncero, nnmt na necxontxo nanomerpon
9
.
Houeuy npn npxou cne1e uepemn1cn cner?
Hoont +]]exr nosnnxaer, nanpnmep, xora n ocoenno xpxn ent uenonex
npncrantno cmorpnr n nnnmmnnarop camonera. Onn nastnamr +ro cnerom,
nropte ncxpamn, a rpertn snesouxamn. B nmom cnyuae ro, uro nt
nnnre, +ro namn cocrnennte xnerxn xponn, npoxoxmne uepes
nonynpospaunte xponenocnte cocyt nepe ceruarxo rnasa. Otuno mt +roro
ne nnnm, no npn xpxom cnere nnxymnecx xnerxn xponn cranonxrcx samerntmn.
Cner nnraercx coopasno nennm nyntca.
Hoxoxe, noont +]]exr nyume ncero sameren npn xpxom ronyom cnere.
annt ]enomen ner n ocnony onoro ns +xcnonaron ntcranxn n Hayuno
ranepee Htm-Hopxa. Hocernrenn mornn sarnxnyrt n xmnx, re ropen xpxn
ronyo cner, n cocrnenntmn rnasamn ynnert +ror +]]exr. Ero axe
npenarann ncnontsonart nx narnocrnxn saonenann xponn, urot
nocunrtnart xonnuecrno xnerox xponn.
uanracrnxa nnn nsrnx n yymee?
3arpynennx n ]oxycnponxe na nnsxnx oexrax nosnnxamr y ncex n pasnoe
npemx, no nepexo n noxnnom nospacre.
Houeuy rnasa nocnannm1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Pu:apo reuruuc, Beuoueo, Burmopu, Aecmpa.u)

Inasa moryr nocnanxrtcx no mnornm npnunnam. Hnora n nnx uro-nnyt
nonaaer, nnn onn ycramr or onro paort c xomntmrepom. B rnasax mnoxecrno
xponenocntx cocyon nx moxno ynnert, ecnn nnnmarentno nocmorpert na
enxn. Kora rnasa paspaxamrcx, xponenocnte cocyt pasyxamr n cranonxrcx
onee samerntmn.
Kax onro uoano cuo1pe1t na connne, u1om ne nonpen1t rnasa?
(Cnpauueaem To++u Vo..uc, Heuuaum-Xu.s, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Orner npocro: nnxora ne cmorpnre na connne, nn enno cexynt! 3ro ouent
onacno. B ceruarxe rnas orcyrcrnymr onente penenropt, no+romy nt axe ne
nouyncrnyere, xora nponsoer nonpexenne. Connne nsnyuaer xax
nn]paxpacnte, rax n yntrpa]noneronte nyun. Kora nt cmorpnre na nero, nyun
oonx nnon ]oxycnpymrcx na ceruarxe rnas. Hpn xpxom conneunom cnere xnerxn
ceruarxn sa necxontxo cexyn moryr trt nenonpannmo nopaxent. Kpome roro, n
ceruarxe nmeercx onacrt ouent uyncrnnrentntx xnerox, xoropax nastnaercx
xenroe nxrno. 3ra mecro nanontme ocrport spennx. Ono raxxe orneuaer sa
cnoconocrt rnasa pasnnuart menxne erann n cympaxe. Paspymenne xnerox
xenroro nxrna npnnonr x snaunrentnomy yxymennm spennx
10
.
Hnxora ne cmorpnre na connne, nn enno cexynt! 3ro ouent onacno. B
ceruarxe rnas orcyrcrnymr onente penenropt, no+romy nt axe ne
nouyncrnyere, xora nponsoer nonpexenne.
Houeuy, ecnn no1epe1t rnasa, nonnnne1cn senenoe cneuenne?
(Cnpauueaem Auua reqqc, Vo.uam-Kpur, Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

Ho mnennm nepoxnpypra, oxropa xona Mopencxn
11
, xora nt oxastnaere
annenne na xaxo-nno opran, na camom ene nt nepeaere +romy oprany
+neprnm. Hmenno +ro n nponcxonr npn +xcrpenno mennnncxo nomomn, xora
ntnonnxercx npexopnantnt yap. 3neprnx, nepeanaemax n pesyntrare yapa
no rpynne, moxer n nexoroptx cnyuaxx noccranonnrt pnrm cepna. Kora nt
rpere rnasa, annennx nantnen ocrarouno, urot axrnnnponart spnrentnte
penenropt. Penenropt n mosr nonpocry nnrepnpernpymr +ror cnrnan xax
nonaanne oexra n none namero spennx.
Hnxora ne cmorpnre na connne, nn enno cexynt! 3ro ouent onacno. B
ceruarxe rnas orcyrcrnymr onente penenropt, no+romy nt axe ne
nouyncrnyere, xora nponsoer nonpexenne.
Houeuy rnasa yc1am1?
(Cnpauueaem To++u Vo..uc, Heuuaum-Xu.s, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Ceronx cnennanncrt cxnonxmrcx x romy mnennm, uro urenne npn nnoxom
ocnemennn ne oxastnaer onronpemennoro orpnnarentnoro nosecrnnx na rnasa.
Tem ne menee npn nnoxom ocnemennn rnasa cnntnee ycramr, rax xax nm
npnxonrcx nanpxrartcx, urot pasnnuart nnera n oexrt. Tax uro nyume ncero
paorart npn xopomem ocnemennn, ocoenno n noxnnom nospacre. K coxanennm,
no mepe crapennx spauxn cranonxrcx mentme.

urenne npn nnoxom ocnemennn ne oxastnaer onronpemennoro orpnnarentnoro
nosecrnnx na rnasa. Tem ne menee npn nnoxom ocnemennn rnasa cnntnee
ycramr.
Ho cnonam onrnxa ns unxaro, oxropa Kenrona H. Maxynntxmca, cpen
cnennanncron ner ennoro mnennx ornocnrentno roro, yxpennxmr nn
cnennantnte ynpaxnennx rnasnte mtmnt, ornercrnennte sa ]oxycnponxy. cno
ono, uro +rn ynpaxnennx cneyer ntnonnxrt rontxo no pexomenannn n no
nanmennem o]rantmonora nnn onrnxa. Hoonym repannm otuno nasnauamr
monotm nannenram, y xoroptx rontxo naunnamrcx nponemt co spennem.
3arpynennx n ]oxycnponxe na nnsxnx oexrax nosnnxamr y ncex n pasnoe
npemx, no nepexo n noxnnom nospacre (antnosopxocrt). 3ro sanncnr or
mnoxecrna ]axropon, nanpnmep: cocroxnne pe]paxnnn rnas (nannune/orcyrcrnne
nnsopyxocrn nnn mnonnn n pyrnx saonenann), oem exenennoro
nanpxxennx spennx, omee cocroxnne sopontx, npnem nexapcrnenntx cpecrn n
r. n. Kpome roro, c nospacrom nsmenxmrcx xnmnuecxne cnocrna xpycrannxa, on
cranonnrcx menee +nacrnuntm n yxe ne moxer menxrt cnom npenomnxmmym
cnoconocrt n sanncnmocrn or crenenn yanennocrn paccmarpnnaemoro npemera
or rnasa.
Hpana nn, u1o cnenme nmn nyume cnmma1?
(Cnpauueaem Kauoecu Ba..uueep, I.eoe, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

ecrnnrentno, cnente nmn cntmar nyume, uem spxune. Onn onontno nerxo
onpeenxmr mecro, orxya ncxonr mym, a raxxe pearnpymr na nsmenenne
ntcort snyxon. 3ro ocoenno xapaxrepno nx rex, xro ocnen n pannem nospacre.
Ho mnennm oxropa H. Heccapa
12
n ero xonner ns monpeantcxoro rocnnranx
Cnxroro cepna, xpxnm npnmepom aanrannn x nontm ycnonnxm opranon
nocnpnxrnx uenonexa xnnxercx cnyua 3nen Kennep (18801968). Ocnenmax n
ornoxmax n pannem nospacre, ona pasnnna y cex nacrontxo ronxoe oonxnne, uro
morna pacnosnanart pyse no sanaxy, nnmt rontxo onn nxonnn n ee xomnary.
3ro, nepoxrno, cnxsano c rem, uro nocne yrpart onnx cnoconocre y uenonexa
naunnamr pasnnnartcx pyrne
13,14
. annym reopnm, n uacrnocrn, pasnnnann
oxrop Hacxant Fennn n ero xonnern c xa]ept ncnxonornn Monpeantcxoro
ynnnepcnrera
15
.
Cnente nmn cntmar nyume, uem spxune. 3ro, nepoxrno, cnxsano c rem, uro
nocne yrpart onnx cnoconocre y uenonexa naunnamr pasnnnartcx pyrne.
Mosr cnocoen nsmenxrtcx n orner na rpanmt nnn onesnn n ontme crenenn,
uem npecrannxnn cee yuente xaxnx-nnyt ecxrt ner nasa. H +ro oxcnxer,
nouemy raxne nmn, xax Crnn Vanep (cneno or poxennx), noxont P+
uapns (cneno c cemn ner), Anpea Fouennn (cneno or poxennx) n mnorne
pyrne, onaamr npenocxontmn mystxantntmn cnoconocrxmn.
Bosenc1nye1 nn qnsnuecxan npnnnexa1entnoc1t na npncnanmx?
Bepnxr ntnecen: ]nsnuecxax npnnnexarentnocrt ecrnnrentno nosecrnyer
na npncxxntx. oxasano, uro nnemne npnnnexarentnte nmn na cyentx
saceannxx onaamr mnornmn npenmymecrnamn no cpannennm c
nenpnnnexarentntmn nmtmn. Cymecrnyer ontmax nepoxrnocrt roro, uro
cnmnarnunt nocynmt yer onpanan, a ecnn ero nce xe ocyxr, ro
npnronop craner onee mxrxnm.
B xoe onoro nccneonannx tno ycranonneno, uro x xapaxrepncrnxam
npnnnexarentnocrn uame ncero ornocxr pyxenmnoe, ynepennoe ntpaxenne
nnna, monym npnuecxy n xopomee renocnoxenne. Cpen orpnnarentntx xauecrn
nastnamr nenpnnernnnt nn, nemonym nnn neonpxrnym oexy, xpyrnoe nnno
n nonnoe reno. Ftno ycranonneno, uro nosecrnne npnnnexarentno nnemnocrn
na cnncxonrentnocrt npncxxntx xnnxercx ceptesntm nempnnuecxnm
]axropom npn npnnxrnn pemenn npncxxntmn n Kanae, Tanane n CBA
16
.
Vuacrnnxn nccneonannx, nosrnannxemoro oxropom Kapnom Benuem ns
ynnnepcnrera n Bocrouno Kaponnne, nouepxnnamr: ntpaxenne uro xpacnno,
ro xopomo ne uyxo n nocnpnxrnm npncxxntx. Cnennanncram-ncnxonoram +ro
nsnecrno c 1972 r. Hccneonannx, npononnmnecx c roro npemenn, noxasann, uro
npncxxnte cxnonxmrcx x romy nnn nnomy mnennm no nosecrnnem
npnnnexarentnocrn onnnxemoro, ncrna nnn cnnerenx. H npn +rom onn uacro
conepmenno ne npnnnmamr no nnnmanne ]axrt, cnxsannte c enom. Kpacora
uenonexa raxxe nmeer snauenne n n cyentx pasnparentcrnax, xacammnxcx
cexcyantntx omorarentcrn
17
.
Btpaxenne uro xpacnno, ro xopomo ne uyxo n nocnpnxrnm npncxxntx.
Hon n paca roxe moryr nonnnxrt na xo ena. oxropa . Anenep n K.
Xa]
18
nnmyr cneymmee: Osnaxomnnmnct c enom o yncrne n pesyntrare
naesa, re ]nrypnponann onnnxemte pasnnuno crenenn npnnnexarentnocrn n
pasntx pac, npncxxnte [yuacrnonanmne n +xcnepnmenre] pexomenonann
npnronopt. Xenmnnt-npncxxnte ornocnnnct x nenpnnnexarentntm xenmnnam-
onnnxemtm cyponee, uem x npnnnexarentntm. V myxunn-npncxxntx
nanmanact npornnononoxnax renennnx onn crpoxe cynnn
npnnnexarentntx xenmnn. Temnoxoxne npncxxnte npoxnnxnn ontmym
cnncxonrentnocrt x remnoxoxnm onnnxemtm, uem x entm. Hpncxxnte-
narnnoamepnxannt tnn menee repnnmt x onnnxemtm-narnnoamepnxannam. Ha
entx npncxxntx paconax npnnanexnocrt ne oxastnana nnnxnnx
19
.
B cpenem rnasnoe xnoxo uenonexa necnr 28 r.

Oxono 94 % xenmnn n 50 % myxunn nnauyr pas n mecxn.

V soponoro nonopoxennoro spenne
20
/
50
. Hnaue ronopx, ro, uro nspocnt
uenonex nnnr na paccroxnnn 50 m, mnaenen pasrnxnr rontxo na ncrannnn 20
m.

Hmn mopramr xaxte 210 c.

3pauox pacmnpxercx na 45 %, xora uenonex cmorpnr na uro-nnyt npnxrnoe.

Bo ]nnpre rnanntm opasom yuacrnymr rnasa. Hcnxonorn cunramr, uro xenmnna
naunnaer ]nnpronart n nyx ns rpex cnyuaen. B ocnonnom +ro nponcxonr rax:
npncrantnt nsrnx, mnmonernt nsrnx, xnxnxante n xecrt. A n ome
cnoxnocrn nacunrtnaercx oxono 52 npnsnaxon ]nnpra.
Moano nn no rnasau nen1nqnnnpona1t nnunoc1t?
Koneuno, moxno. Eme n 1935 r. tno ntnnnyro npenonoxenne o rom, uro
uenonexa moxno nenrn]nnnponart no rnasam. Hamn rnasa, xax n orneuarxn
nantnen, ynnxantnt. Cymecrnyer na cnocoa nenrn]nxannn: no payxno
oonouxe n no ceruarxe rnasa.

Hen1nqnxannn no payanon oonouxe
He cymecrnyer nyx onnaxontx payxntx oonouex axe y nnsnenon.
Payxnax oonouxa naexnoe cpecrno nenrn]nxannn nnunocrn, rax xax ona
ocraercx nensmenno na nporxxennn nce xnsnn. V nee ecrt oxono 400
xapaxrepntx npnsnaxon, xoropte moxno ncnontsonart nx nenrn]nnnponannx.
B payxno oonouxe n 6 pas ontme ornnunrentntx uepr, uem n orneuarxax
nantnen.
Cymecrnymr na cnocoa nenrn]nxannn nnunocrn no payxno oonouxe:
axrnnnt n naccnnnt. Hpn axrnnnom meroe rpeyercx, urot uenonex
nnrancx nnepe n nasa, rora xamepa cmoxer nponsnecrn camoperynnponanne n
c]oxycnponartcx na payxno oonouxe. Hpn +rom uenonex onxen naxonrtcx
na paccroxnnn 1535 cm or xamept. Hpn naccnnnom cnocoe ncnontsyercx
necxontxo xamep. B +rom cnyuae uenonex moxer naxonrtcx na paccroxnnn
onoro merpa or xamep. Hpn ncnontsonannn nmoro ns cnocoon nenrn]nxannx
sannmaer oxono nyx cexyn.

Hen1nqnxannn no ce1ua1xe rnasa
Pncynox xponenocntx cocyon na ceruarxe raxxe ynnxanen y xaxoro uenonexa.
Cxannponanne ceruarxn nxnmuaer n cex ocnemenne sane uacrn rnasa cnatm
nn]paxpacntm cnerom. Hn]paxpacnt cner ncnontsyercx noromy, uro on
tcrpee nornomaercx xponenocntmn cocyamn ceruarxn, uem pyrnmn rxanxmn,
oxpyxammnmn rnas. Hn]paxpacnt cner c pncynxom ceruarxn orpaxaercx
oparno n nneoxamepy, xoropax cunrtnaer pncynox n nponsnonr
nenrn]nxannm. Onaxo nenrn]nnnponanne no ceruarxe nmeer necxontxo
neocrarxon: ceruarxa nonepxena raxnm saonenannxm, xax xarapaxra,
rexnonornx nenrn]nxannn ne cnnmxom npnxrna, rax xax uenonex onxen
npnnnsnrt rnasa ouent nnsxo x xamepe, a xpome roro, sa nce +ro nponeypo
onxen nanmart nororonnennt cnennanncr. Ho xora +ror cnoco
npnmenxercx npannntno, ro nepoxrnocrt omnxn npaxrnuecxn panna nynm
20,21
.
Oxono 94 % xenmnn n 50 % myxunn nnauyr pas n mecxn.
Kax pao1ae1 nepnqepnuecxoe spenne?
Hepn]epnuecxoe spenne, no cyrn, paoraer rax xe, xax n nenrpantnoe. Ocnonnoe
pasnnune saxnmuaercx n xauecrne (uerxocrn) roro, uro mt nnnm. B ceruarxe
rnasa naxonrcx na nna xnerox-penenropon: nanouxn n xonouxn. Onn
npncyrcrnymr n nenrpe (no nnanne xenroro nxrna) n na nepn]epnn ceruarxn,
onaxo n nx pacnpeenennn cymecrnymr pasnnunx. Boxpyr nnannt
cocpeorouent xonouxn, ro ecrt xnerxn, xoropte oecneunnamr nneronoe
spenne. 3ect onn pacnonaramrcx nnornee, uem na nepn]epnn ceruarxn. Hanouex
ontme na nepn]epnn. Onn axrnnnsnpymrcx n remnore, nanpnmep, xora nt
cmorpnre noutm na snest. Moxer trt, nt sameuann, uro nnnre nente
snest ropaso nyume, ecnn cmorpnre ne npxmo na nnx. B +rom cnyuae nonnt
cnaoro cnera nonaamr na nepn]epnm ceruarxn n crnmynnpymrcx nanouxn, a ne
xonouxn.
Ham mosr ontme yuacrnyer n anannse roro, uro mt nanmaem nenrpantntm
spennem, a ne nepn]epnuecxnm. Hocmorpnre na cnono c1pannna. A renept
nonpoyre, ne ornox nsrnxa, npounrart cnona, cxaxem, rpemx-uertptmx
crpouxamn ntme nnn nnxe. Bt nanepnxxa ne cmoxere +roro cenart
22
.
Kax xpyc1annx uoae1 m1t npospaunmu, no npn +1ou coepaa1t xpont?
(Cnpauueaem reru Hauc, Huc+op, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

a, nenosmoxno npecrannrt cee, uro uepes ecnnernt xpycrannx npoxonr
xpont. Moxer trt, +ro nenepno? Ho mnennm oxropa Toma Bnntcona
23
, n nem
ner xponn. Ho xax xe rax? Bet on xnno, a snaunr, emy nyxen xncnopo.
Ha camom ene xpycrannx cocronr ns xnntx xnerox, no onn onaamr ocotmn
cnocrnamn. 3rn xnerxn cnocont aanrnponartcx, ntxnnart n pacrn npn
nannunn neontmoro xonnuecrna xncnopoa. Knerxn xpycrannxa pacryr ouent
menenno na nporxxennn xnsnn uenonexa. H nce xe xncnopo nm, xoneuno,
neoxonm.

Ham mosr ontme yuacrnyer n anannse roro, uro mt nanmaem nenrpantntm
spennem, a ne nepn]epnuecxnm.
Xpycrannx naxonrcx n cnoeopasno nannouxe c nnyrpnrnasno xnxocrtm,
xoropax naxonrcx nenocpecrnenno nepe nnm n sa poronnne. Ona cnaxaer
xpycrannx n poronnny nnrarentntmn nemecrnamn n ntnonr ns rnasa xonnrte
xoneunte npoyxrt omena nemecrn. Bnyrpnrnasnax xnxocrt ne coepxnr
xnerox xponn, no+romy ona npospaunax.
Ounmenne rnas nnyrpnrnasno xnxocrtm noxoxe na ounmenne nnyrpennnx
opranon xpontm, no nponcxonr menennee. Cneonarentno, n xnerxn xpycrannxa
pacryr menenno.
Houeuy cymec1nym1 on1nuecxne nnnmsnn?
Oman spennx nosnnxaer noromy, uro nam mosr cnnmxom xopom n nnrepnperannn
roro, uro on nnnr. Mt xnnem n rpexmepnom mnpe n npnntxnn nnert ero
oemntm. Ecnn nam noxastnamr nyxmepnt pncynox, mosr ntraercx
nnrepnpernponart nnocxoe nsopaxenne xax rpexmepnoe. Mosr ne npenasnauen
nx roro, urot nocnpnnnmart xaprnnt, n +ro ocnona mnoxecrna nnnmsn,
yrnepxaer oxrop Pynep Ban ep Xer, ]nsnonor ns ynnnepcnrera xonca
Xonxnnca n Fanrnmope. Mt ne moxem orxasartcx or nnnmsn. oxrop Ban ep
Xer onapyxnn cnnerentcrna roro, uro noncx oueprann oexron xnnxercx
ouent naxntm nx mosra. pyrne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro axe mnaennt
onaamr onpeenenntm omymennem oemnocrn oxpyxammero mnpa. oxrop
Ban ep Xer oannxer: Mosr ncera crpemnrcx x rpexmepno
nnrepnperannn
24
.
Mosr ncera crpemnrcx x rpexmepno nnrepnperannn.
-p Bau oep Xeom
Hnnmsnx Honco saxnmuaercx n rom, uro ne neprnxantnte nnnnn cnnxamrcx
xnepxy, n nomemennte mexy nnmn ropnsonrantnte nnnnn xaxyrcx pasno
nnnt (nepxnxx ntrnxnr nnnnee nnxne), xorx na camom ene onn
onnaxonte. Hponcxonr +ro noromy, uro nam mosr npnntx x raxomy xnnennm,
xax nepcnexrnna.
Hnnmsnx nasa/nna cocronr ns oueprann, xoropte moxno nocnpnnnmart xax
nasy nnn xax na nnna n npo]nnt, cmorpxmne pyr na pyra. H cnona mosr mtcnnr
rpexmepntmn xareropnxmn, naunnax ncxart oexr na nepenem nnane n oexr
na sanem nnane. Ecnn on ntnpaer ent nner nx nepenero nnana n uepnt
nner nx sanero, ro mt nnnm nasy. Ecnn naoopor na nnna. Mt moxem no
cnoemy xenannm nepexnmuartcx mexy nymx nsopaxennxmn.
B nnnmsnn rpeyrontnnxa Kannxa n pacnonoxennn necxontxnx ]nryp nam
mepemarcx oexrt, xoroptx ner na camom ene. Mosr ncera nmer xonrypt
npemeron, axe ecnn onn onoro nnera c ]onom nnn ecnn onn uacrnuno cxptrt.
Tax n nonyuaercx, uro mt nnnm na necymecrnymmnx rpeyrontnnxa n rpn xpyra.
Hpana nn, u1o uoano omyma1t na cee uen-1o nsrnn?
Ecnn nt cnocont uyncrnonart ue-ro nsrnx, ro nt n +rom ne onnoxn.
Vnnnrentno, no 87 % nme cunramr, uro uyncrnymr, xora xro-nnyt raxom
nanmaer sa nnmn. Ho ecrnnrentno nn mt onaaem raxo cnoconocrtm?
Pynepr Benpex, anrop nynnxann n nonor ns Honona, cunraer, uro a, no
rontxo npn onpeenenntx ycnonnxx
25
. Onaxo cnnerentcrna cymecrnonannx
raxoro ymennx camte pasnte. oxrop Iapn Posenrant n rpoe ero xonner ns
ynnnepcnrera Hnxonnca n mrare Hynsnana pemnnn ntxcnnrt nce nanepnxxa n
nponenn +xcnepnmenr, n xoe xoroporo 140 uenonex no ouepen cnenn n
xomnare, re nmennct cnennantnoe, npospaunoe c oparno cropont sepxano n
nneoxamepa
26
. Hcntryemtm ronopnnn, uro n reuenne nxrn mnnyr sa nnmn moryr
nanmart n nmo momenr. Hocne +roro nmn coomann, uyncrnonann nn onn
ue-nnyt nsrnx n orxya uepes sepxano nnn nneoxamepy. Hccneonarenn
onapyxnnn, uro yuacrnnxn +xcnepnmenra ne nonnmann, xora sa nnmn nenn
nanmenne, ecnn ne cunrart rontxo necxontxnx cnyuaen.
Mosr ncera nmer xonrypt npemeron, axe ecnn onn onoro nnera c ]onom nnn
ecnn onn uacrnuno cxptrt.
Hoxoxe, mt ne cnocont uyncrnonart, xora na nac cmorpxr. Tora nouemy rax
mnoro nme yexent n oparnom? Bepoxrno, uenonex, xoropt nepnr no uro-
ro, nmer +romy nornepxennx n nrnopnpyer nce ro, uro +romy npornnopeunr. B
xoneunom cuere nmn omantnamr camn cex. Komana Posenranx nouepxnnaer,
uro o yuacrnx n +xcnepnmenre 87 % uenonex nepnnn n cnom cnoconocrt. H axe
osnaxomnnmnct c pesyntraramn nccneonannx, onee
3
/
4
ncntryemtx npoonxann
yrnepxart, uro moryr uyncrnonart nsrnx, opamennt na nnx.
Houeuy n nnora uync1nym ute-1o npncy1c1nne?
Mnorne ns nac nepxr, uro omymamr nemn, xoroptx ner na camom ene. Ha
nporxxennn mnornx nexon nmn saxnnxnn, uro nnenn oron, anrenon, yxon,
npnspaxon, emonon n pyrnx nnesemntx cymecrn. na xanacxnx nccneonarenx,
oxropa K. M. Kyx n M. A. Hepcnnrep
27
, pemnnn nponepnrt cnoe npenonoxenne
o rom, uro onn nasnann omymaemtm npncyrcrnnem. B xoe npocroro
+xcnepnmenra nxrnanarn nmxm npenoxnnn no ouepen cnert n xomnare n
onnouecrne n naxnmart xnonxy, ecnn nosnnxner omymenne npncyrcrnnx xoro-
nnyt eme. Fes neoma ncntryemtx nccneonarenn nponsnontno nxnmuann n
ntxnmuann cnaoe marnnrnoe none. Vuente c ynnnennem onapyxnnn, uro
mncrnuecxoe npncyrcrnne connaano c nxnmuennem marnnrnoro nonx ropaso
uame, uem moxno tno npenonoxnrt.

3pauox pacmnpxercx na 45 %, xora uenonex cmorpnr na uro-nnyt npnxrnoe.
B nrore Kyx n Hepcnnrep npnmnn x ntnoy, uro nnnmsnx xaxnm-ro opasom
nosnnxaer n pesyntrare nenonnmannx mexy nonymapnxmn namero mosra. Henoe
nonymapne coepxnr nn]opmannm, orpaxammym nnnnnyantnocrt uenonexa,
ocosnanne nm camoro cex. B npanom nonymapnn raxax nn]opmannx orcyrcrnyer.
Hnnmsnx, no mnennm yuentx ns Kanat, +ro mnmonernoe orpaxenne npantm
nonymapnem omymennx uenonexom camoro cex, xoropoe coepxnrcx n nenom
nonymapnn. Mt ymaem, uro nnnm n uyncrnyem uro-ro, no +roro na camom ene
ner. Fonee roro, Kyx n Hepcnnrep yrnepxamr, uro raxax nnnmsnx nosnnxaer,
nepoxrno, n mosonncrom rene, xoropoe coennxer nonymapnx mosra
28
.
Hpana nn, u1o n cynepuapxe1ax nac rnnno1nsnpym1, noyaan conepma1t noxynxn?
(Cnpauueaem Bpoo Tavuceuo, Him-Hopr, CLA)

B cynepmapxerax ne rnnnornsnpymr, no ncnontsymr nexoropte npnnnnnt
norpenrentcxo ncnxonornn, urot ntnynrt noxynarene norparnrt ontme
ener. Hanpnmep, ontmnncrno nme, nox n cynepmapxer, ne cpasy naunnamr
ocmarpnnartcx, no+romy n sone nxoa otuno orcyrcrnymr ronapt. Kpome roro,
+ra uacrt cynepmapxera tnaer xpxo ocnemena. B xononym noroy noxynarene,
npoxoxmnx uepes nepn, oynaer norox rennoro nosyxa, a n xapxym
npoxnanoro. 3ro sacrannxer nme nouyncrnonart, uro onn nonann n
naronpnxrnym ocranonxy, y nnx nosnnxaer coornercrnymmee nacrpoenne,
urot ntnpart ronapt n rparnrt entrn.
B cynepmapxerax ncnontsymr nexoropte npnnnnnt norpenrentcxo
ncnxonornn, urot ntnynrt noxynarene norparnrt ontme ener.
Cnexne ]pyxrt n onomn pasmemamr n nepene uacrn ropronoro sana, xorx onn
moryr nomxrtcx na ne renexxn, nocxontxy nx noxynamr n nepnym ouepet. eno
n rom, uro nn cnexnx npoyxron oxastnaer nosnrnnnoe nosecrnne na xenanne
noxynart.
Oxono 75 % nme nocne nxoa n cynepmapxer cmorpxr nanpano. Coornercrnenno
nyumne n camte oporne ronapt n marasnne pasmemamr cnpana. Taxxe cnpana or
nxono nepn nepexo naxonrcx sona nmnyntcnnntx noxynox, re npoamr
xypnant, esanxorontnte nannrxn n ntneuxy.
Cnaocrn n saxycxn nourn ncera pasmemamr y nocnenero npoxoa, nepe
xacco. Hccneonannx ncnxonornn norpenrenx ronopxr o rom, uro, nocne roro
xax nmn npnoperamr nonesnte n nyxnte nemn, onn c ontmo oxoro epyr
ne cnnmxom nonesnoe nx sopontx n neoxonmoe nm.
Hoxynarenn unramr nonxn cnonno xnnry. Onn uame cmorpxr npxmo nepe
coo, no+romy camte emente ronapt, xax npannno, pasmemamr na nepxnnx nnn
nnxnnx nonxax, re onn nnoxo nnnt. Kpome roro, nmxm npnxonrcx rxnyrtcx
nnn narnartcx, uro mnornm ne xouercx enart.
Hmn mopramr xaxte 210 c.
ercxne ronapt otuno pasmemamr nentcoxo, urot npnnnexart nnnmanne
ere. Cnaocrn roxe naxoxrcx otuno na raxom paccroxnnn or nona, urot
peenox mor nerxo o nnx orxnyrtcx, noxa ponrenn croxr n ouepen n xaccy.
Honxn c nanonee npntntntmn ronapamn naxoxrcx n xonne xaxoro npoxoa,
rax xax nennxa nepoxrnocrt roro, uro noxynarenn ynnxr nx, samennn xo nepe
nonoporom. Mnorne ronapt, xoropte nontsymrcx nocroxnntm cnpocom,
nanpnmep monoxo, naxoxrcx n sane uacrn ropronoro sana +ro sacrannxer
nme npoxonrt uepes nect marasnn, uro onxrt xe nontmaer nepoxrnocrt
conepmennx nmnyntcnnntx noxynox
29
.
Byy1 nn cosanm ncxycc1nennme rnasa?
Bnonne nepoxrno, uro +ro nponsoer n neanexom yymem. 3nexrpot,
nmnnanrnponannte n spnrentnym sony xopt rononnoro mosra nnn na
nonepxnocrt ceruarxn, moryr onaxt cenart cnentx nme spxunmn. B xoe
nccneonann, nponeenntx n Hannonantnom nncrnryre spanooxpanennx CBA,
cnente nannenrt coomann, uro nnxr xoporxne ncntmxn cnera, xora rox
npoxonr uepes npemenno nmnnanrnponannte nm +nexrpot.
B ynnnepcnrere mrara Rra yuente ntrannct onrtcx noccranonnennx spennx
nyrem coennennx +nexrpoon c xpoxorntmn nneoxamepamn, nmonrnponanntmn
n onpany ouxon. 3rn xamept ecrnymr xax ncxyccrnennte rnasa.
Kaxt ro or 50 o 100 rtc. ancrpannnam ncrannxmr ncxyccrnennte
xpycrannxn nsamen nonpexenntx xarapaxro
30
.
Ocnonntm npnsnaxom rnayxomt xnnxercx nontmennoe rnasnoe annenne,
xoropoe ntsnano napymennem nnpxynxnnn nnyrpnrnasno xnxocrn.

Bnyrpnrnasnax xnxocrt na camom ene naxnee nx ]oxycnponannx cnera na
ceruarxe (a snaunr, n nx spennx), uem cam xpycrannx. Poronnna n nnyrpnrnasnax
xnxocrt ouent nonepxent nosecrnnm cnera. Xpycrannx nyxen, cxopee, nx
ronxo nacrpoxn nsopaxennx.

Hexoropte oxynncrt cunramr, uro ne cneyer nocnrt remnte ouxn. Onn
yrnepxamr, uro n rnasa uenonexa n connnesamnrntx ouxax nocrynaer ontme
yntrpa]nonera, uem y uenonexa n mnxne, nocxontxy mnoro nyue nonaaer n rnasa
nonepx ouxon. Kpome roro, remnte ouxn sacrannxmr spauxn pacmnpxrtcx, a
snaunr, n nnx cnona npoxonr ontme cnera.

Cnennanncrt raxxe conerymr ne rparnrt orpomnte entrn na anropcxne moenn
connnesamnrntx ouxon, ne nponycxammnx yntrpa]noner. Hnacrmacca (axe
npospaunax) yxe xopomo noxnpyer yntrpa]noneronoe nsnyuenne, rax uro n
emente ouxn +]]exrnnno cnpanxrcx c +rnm. B nmom cnyuae nyume cnauana
noronopnre o +rom co cnonm npauom.
Inana 4
Hoc

Fnes Hacxant ronopnn: Ecnn t y Kneonarpt noc tn xopoue, ro nsmennnoct t
nnno ncero mnpa. ecrnnrentno, noc nx nac ouent naxen. Tomac uynnep xax-
ro nanncan: Tor, y xoro ontmo noc, ymaer, uro nce rontxo n ronopxr o
+rom. Cnpano e Fepxepax, snamennrt repo ntect 3mona Pocrana c
neotuano ontmnm nocom, ronopnn, uro +ro npnsnax npnnernnnoro,
nmesnoro, ocrpoymnoro, cnooomtcnxmero n xpaporo myxunnt. Taxoro, xax
on cam.
I. x. V+nnc, nanpornn, rax npenepexnrentno yman o cnoem noce, uro saxnnxn,
yro +ra mryxa nonce ne noc, a xycox nepnosannoro xaoca, npnnennennt x
ero nnny.
anare noronopnm nemnoro o rom, uro xe npnnenneno x namnm nnnam.
Kax um pacnosnaeu sanaxn?
(Cnpauueaem Hpv C+um, Ba..uua, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
Kora mt nmxaem, monexynt nsammnx sanax nemecrn pacrnopxmrcx na
penenropax oonxnnx, pacnonoxenntx n name nocono nonocrn. 3arem cnrnant
no oonxrentntm nepnam nocrynamr n mosr n ram opaartnamrcx.
Vuente ntxcnnnn, uro uenonex moxer pasnnuart onee 10 rtc. sanaxon. Mt
pacnosnaem sanaxn, ncnontsyx no xpane mepe rtcxuy pasnnuntx renon,
xoropte axrnnnt ncxnmunrentno n xnerxax oonxrentntx penenropon
1
.
enc1nn1entno nn nmn no-pasnouy nocnpnnnuam1 sanaxn?
(Cnpauueaem Hpv C+um, Ba..uua, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hmn no-pasnomy nocnpnnnmamr n onennnamr sanaxn, n y +roro ecrt xax
ncropnuecxne, rax n xyntrypnte npnunnt. Mnoroe sanncnr or roro, uro nennrcx
nnn ne nennrcx n onpeenennom omecrne n n onpeenennt ncropnuecxn
nepno. Kpome roro, nnrepecno, uro myxunnt n xenmnnt raxxe no-pasnomy
ornocxrcx x sanaxam, a ocoenno x sanaxam pyr pyra. Ho mnennm myxunn,
camte xpacnnte xenmnnt naxnyr nyume ncex x raxomy ntnoy npnmnn
ancrpncxne yuente, nsyunnmne npenourennx myxunn.
Vuente ntxcnnnn, uro uenonex moxer pasnnuart onee 10 rtc. sanaxon.
3xcnepnmenr npononna oxrop Anx Pnxoncxn, nonor ns nencxoro Hncrnryra
ropocxo +ronornn. Xenmnnt-oponontnt naenn ]yronxn, n xoroptx onn
npocnann necxontxo noue. 3arem rpynny myxunn nonpocnnn ntpart xenmnn,
xoropte naxnyr nyume ncex. Hoenrentnnnamn crann yuacrnnnt +xcnepnmenra,
npnsnannte nanonee npnnnexarentntmn rpynno myxunn, xoropte ne
npnnnmann yuacrnx n onenxe sanaxa. Kora myxunnt n xenmnnt nomenxnnct
ponxmn, oxasanoct, uro re myxunnt, xoropte naxnn xyxe ncero, tnn npnsnant
camtmn npnnnexarentntmn. Ho mnennm oxropa Pnxoncxn, +ro emoncrpnpyer
ynnnrentnte pasnnunx n crparernxx noopa naprnepa y myxunn n xenmnn.
Bor n nonpoy pasepnct!
2

Mory1 nn sanaxn n cynepuapxe1e nosenc1nona1t na ax1nnnoc1t noxyna1enen?
3xcnepnmenrt n xnoncxnx cynepmapxerax n pyrnx mecrax noxasann, uro
axrnnnocrt noxynarene ynennunnaercx, xora n nosyxe uyncrnyercx sanax
nnmona, n cnnxaercx, ecnn ecrt sanax cept.
Hme raxxe npnnnexaer apomar cnexencneuennoro xnea, no+romy n nexoroptx
marasnnax ero crapamrcx noepxnnart na nporxxennn ncero nx, xorx xne
otuno nexyr pano yrpom
3
.

Hme npnnnexaer apomar cnexencneuennoro xnea, no+romy n nexoroptx
marasnnax ero crapamrcx noepxnnart na nporxxennn ncero nx, xorx xne
otuno nexyr pano yrpom.
Mory1 nn sanaxn ycnnnna1t nnn ocnann1t +neprnm uenonexa?
Tpyno npecrannrt cee xnsnt es sanaxon. B xoe nepntx +xcnepnmenron,
nponeenntx HACA, tno onapyxeno, uro axrnnnocrt acrponanron cnnxanact,
xora nx nomemann n onnounym xocmnuecxym xancyny, n xoropo nourn
orcyrcrnonann sanaxn. Acrponanram nacrontxo tno nenpnxrno orcyrcrnne
sanaxon, uro onn pann c coo apomarnuecxne nemecrna. Ceronx HACA n
cncreme xonnnnonnponannx cnonx xocmnuecxnx xopane ncnontsyer
pasnoopasnte sanaxn
4
.
Hccneonannx noxasann, uro snaxomte sanaxn tcrpee npoyxamr crapte
nocnomnnannx, uem snaxomte nnt nnn snyxn. 3nax +ro, npo]eccnonantnte
rnnnornsept, ntrammnecx npoynrt y nannenron nocnomnnannx o npomnom,
uacro naunnamr c roro, uro npocxr nannenron nonmxart, nanpnmep, ercxym
npnctnxy, onnnxn, cmony, post n r. n.
4

uacro ronopxr, uro xenmnnt nyume uyncrnymr sanaxn, uem myxunnt. Ecrt
mnenne, uro no npemx epemennocrn xenmnnt cranonxrcx npnnpuenee x sanaxy
et. Toxcnunax ea, ocoenno n nepnt rpnmecrp epemennocrn, moxer npnnecrn
x npoxenntm nopoxam y peenxa, no+romy xenmnne rpeyercx ocoenno ronxoe
oonxnne
4
.

Xorx neonoxparnte nayunte recrt n nornepxamr, uro n nenom y xenmnn
oonxnne ocrpee, n nap]mmepno npomtmnennocrn n onenxe apomaron nouemy-
ro uame yuacrnymr myxunnt
4
.

Oonxrentnt +nnrenn nocono nonocrn coepxnr 10 mnn cnennantntx
penenropon, uyncrnnrentntx x monexynam naxyunx nemecrn. 3rn penenropt
xpoxornte no pasmepy, no pacnosnamr mnoxecrno sanaxon. Onn apomar moxer
crnmynnponart necxontxo penenropon
4
.

B 95 % cnyuaxx moxno onpeennrt non uenonexa no sanaxy ero txannx. B xoe
+xcnepnmenra n Hnrcyprcxom ynnnepcnrere myxunnt n xenmnnt tmann n
rpyxn, n sanax nx txannx nmxann pyrne nmn c sanxsanntmn rnasamn. B
cpenem non raxnm opasom yratnann n 19 ns 20 cnyuaen.
Hpana nn, u1o xomautn mepc1t nmsmnae1 poc1 nonoc n nocy?
(Cnpauueaem Hmcu Haprep, Cnpuueevo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Orxya nsxnact +ra cxasxa? Ho mnennm oxropa P. xemca Cnancona
5
, xonraxr c
xomaute mepcrtm moxer ntstnart y uenonexa anneprnuecxym peaxnnm or
cpene o rxxeno crenenn, no nnxonm opasom ne nnnxer na pocr nonoc n
nocy
6
.
Hccneonannx noxasann, uro snaxomte sanaxn tcrpee npoyxamr crapte
nocnomnnannx, uem snaxomte nnt nnn snyxn.
enc1nn1entno nn cxnosnnxn, uoxpan oeaa n xononan noroa nnnnm1cn npnunnon npoc1ym?
(Cnpauueaem Hmcu Haprep, Cnpuueevo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

3ro sanyxenne nnxora ne ncuesner. Hpnunno npocryt xnnxercx nnpyc, a ne
cxnosnxxn nnn moxpax oexa. oxrop Kapnoc Hannna ronopnr: nomnm, xax
mama ronopnna, urot x o xonna ntcymnn nonoct, npexe uem noy na ynnny,
na xonont nosyx. Ona npeynpexana, uro ecnn nonoct nonnocrtm ne
ntcoxnyr, ro x saonem npocryo. Ho x ne nomnm, urot x xort pas ns-sa +roro
saonen. tnan n pasntx crpanax n xononym noroy n moxpo oexe n
saonenan ouent pexo
7
.
B xononym noroy nx coxpanennx renna nam oprannsm rparnr ontme xanopn,
n ns-sa +roro moxer ocnanyrt nmmynnax cncrema. Taxnm opasom, ona ne
samnrnr nac or nnpycon
8
.
B omem, ecnn nt sopont, ro, nepoxrnee ncero, ne saoneere, xora ntere na
xono c moxptmn nonocamn nnn no nnaxno oexe. Ho ecnn nt yxe noxnarnnn
npocryy, ro onesnt nemnnyema. Post hoc, ergo propter +ra narnncxax ]pasa
osnauaer: Hocne +roro snaunr ncnecrnne +roro. Hacroxmn npnmep
sanyxennx
9
.
H1o 1axoe +qqex1 nnnoxxno?
B ercxo cxasxe Hnnoxxno epenxnnax xyxna, xoropax xorena trt nacroxmnm
mantunxom n crpaana orroro, uro y nee ynennunnancx noc, xora ona ronopnna
nenpany. Xornre neptre, xornre ner, no n +rom ecrt onx ncrnnt. Ho mnennm
oxropa Anana Xnpma
10
, n nocy nmeercx xanepnosnax rxant, xoropax nannnaercx
xpontm, xora uenonex nxer. 3ro otuno nesamerno co cropont, no uenonex
nnora omymaer, yro noc ynennunnaercx. oxrop Xnpm nastnaer +ro
+]]exrom Hnnoxxno
11
.
Bor nouemy nmn uacro rpyr nnn uemyr noc, xora nryr. Bo mnornx xyntrypax
npnxnatnanne naonn x nocy osnauaer noxt.
mouxy no nocom n na nepxne ryo nastnamr raxxe ]nntrpymom
9
.

Hccneonarenn yrnepxamr, uro
1
/
4
nme, norepxnmnx oonxnne, raxxe repxmr
nnrepec x cexcy
9
.

Hs ncex namnx uyncrn oonxnne recnee ncero cnxsano c namxrtm
9
.
Houeuy, ecnn csec1t cnapay, 1ax nenpnn1no naxne1 uoua?
(Cnpauueaem Kouuu 4ueuooouc, Moumr.op, Him-repcu, CLA)

Hpnmepno 50 % nme npexpacno nonnmamr, uro nt nmeere n nny. B reuenne
mnornx ner cunranoct, uro sanax nosnnxaer ns-sa nannunx n cnapxe
amnnoxncnort acnaparnna. Ho nosxe tno onapyxeno, uro +ro ne rax.
Tora n uem xe eno? B 1954 r. n cnapxe ntxnnnn raxxe ontmoe coepxanne
amnnoxncnort mernonnna. K 1975 r. crano nsnecrno, uro n nponecce roro, xax
nam oprannsm nepenapnnaer cnapxy, mernonnn pacnaaercx, opasyx
cepocoepxamn epnnar, xoropt nastnaercx mernnmepxanran. Orcma n
nenpnxrnt sanax. V onnx nme nnmenapnrentnt nponecc nponcxonr
tcrpee, uem y pyrnx, n rontxo nononnna ns nac onaaer cnoconocrtm
uyncrnonart sanax mernnmepxanrana
12
.
Oonxrentnt +nnrenn nocono nonocrn coepxnr 10 mnn cnennantntx
penenropon, uyncrnnrentntx x monexynam naxyunx nemecrn.
Ananornuntm opasom y nexoroptx nme nocne ynorpenennx cnexnt moua
moxer oxpamnnartcx n xpacnt nner. Kax nnmer oxrop Crnn K. Mnruenn, y
nexoroptx nme moua oxpamnnaercx n xpacnt nner, rora xax pyrne moryr
ecrt ee es noontx nocnecrnn
13
. Onaxo noxa eme ne npononnnct
nccneonannx, oxcnxmmne +ror ]enomen.
Houeuy o1 nexo1opmx nmen ncxon1 sanax rnnnon pmm?
Tpnmernnamnnypnx +ro nacnecrnennoe renernuecxoe saonenanne, ns-sa
xoroporo or uenonexa moxer naxnyrt rnnno pto. 3ro saonenanne nnora
nastnamr cnnpomom ptnoro sanaxa, cnnpomom snononno, nnn necnexe,
ptt. V xenmnn +ro saonenanne ncrpeuaercx uame, uem y myxunn, no yuente
ne snamr, nouemy rax nponcxonr. Hmemrcx nanmennx, cornacno xoroptm
annoe saonenanne nporpeccnpyer y xenmnn x momenry nononoro cospenannx.
Ouent xant, nocxontxy +ro ror nepno, xora enymxn naunnamr ncrpeuartcx c
mnomamn, n orranxnnammn sanax sarpynxer nx omenne.
Hpnunno npocryt xnnxercx nnpyc, a ne cxnosnxxn nnn moxpax oexa.
Tpnmernnamnnypnm ntstnaer e]exr rena, xonpymmero ]nannn
monooxcnrenasy 3 (FMO3). Otuno ]epmenr FMO3 npeopasyer rpnmernnamnn
N-oxcn (noount npoyxr nnmenapennx) n coennenne, ne nmemmee sanaxa.
Orcyrcrnne FMO3 osnauaer, uro neuent ne n cocroxnnn pacmennxrt
rpnmernnamnn N-oxcn. B pesyntrare c txannem, norom n mouo or uenonexa
ncxonr ptnt sanax. Hmn, crpaammne rpnmernnamnnypne, ne uyncrnymr
+ror sanax.
3aonenanne nnepnte tno onncano n mennnncxo nnreparype n 1970-x rr., no o
nmxx, or xoroptx naxno pto, ynomnnanoct anno. Cunraercx, uro onn ns
nepconaxe ntect Bexcnnpa Fypx ormentnnx Kannan, xnnmn na ocrpone,
crpaan +rnm neyrom. 3naunr, onesnt yxe cymecrnonana no npemena
Bexcnnpa. On naxner, xax pta sacrapent sanax ptt.
Ho cnonam oxropa Mnruenna
13
, nensnecrno, nacxontxo mnpoxo pacnpocrpanena
rpnmernnamnnypnx, nocxontxy mnorne nmn ne xorxr ycranannnnart npnunny
sanaxa n neunrtcx. Bnpouem, n oxropa ne ncera pacnosnamr +ro saonenanne, a
n naoparopnxx ne snamr, xaxne nyxno part anannst.
Hmxm, crpaammnm rpnmernnamnnypne, rpyno paorart n xonnexrnne,
no+romy onn otuno nmyr paory na omy. Ouent pexo uenonexa c raxnm
saonenannem npnsnamr nerpyocnocontm, no+romy on ne moxer paccunrtnart
na connantnoe nocone.
Cnocoon neuennx rpnmernnamnnypnn ner. B nexoropo crenenn nomoraer
conmenne nert n xparxonpemennt npnem anrnnornxon. Fontntm cneyer
nserart cnryann, npn xoroptx onn noremr.
FMO
3
raxxe paspymamr nnxornn, anrnenpeccanrt n nexoropte
npornnopaxonte npenapart (raxne, xax ramoxcn]en).
Houeuy uenonex ne onaae1 1axnu ae xopomnu oonnnneu, xax coaxa?
V coax neotuano ocrpoe oonxnne, onn moryr onpeenxrt sanaxn c orpomno
rounocrtm. Onn ynannnnamr sanaxn, xonnenrpannx xoroptx nourn n 100 mnn pas
nnxe ro, xoropax otuno neoxonma uenonexy nx pacnosnanannx. Ho+romy ne
ynnnrentno, uro nonnnnx ncnontsyer coax n a+ponoprax n xauecrne nmxaue.
Ho cpannennm c nmtmn y coax npnmepno n 25 pas ontme oonxrentntx
penenropon, pacnonoxenntx nnxe x sane uacrn noca.

Coaxn ynannnnamr sanaxn, xonnenrpannx xoroptx nourn n 100 mnn pas nnxe
ro, xoropax otuno neoxonma uenonexy nx pacnosnanannx.
H1o 1axoe rnc1oconuec1nuoc1t?
(Cnpauueaem Huro.i reqqc, Topoumo, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

Hccneonannx anno nornepnnn, uro sanax ouent naxen n nonontx ornomennxx
xnnorntx. B cexcyantntx ornomennxx nme on nourn nonnocrtm yrparnn cnoe
snauenne. Onaxo n xoe nocnennx nccneonann tno cenano npenonoxenne,
uro sanax rena moxer trt cnoero poa cnrnanom o rom, noxonr nn myxunna
xenmnne n xauecrne naprnepa. Hpana, nnxro ne snaer, uro +ro sa cnrnan.
Inannt xomnnexc rncroconmecrnmocrn (IKIC) +ro rpynna renon, nrpammax
naxnym pont n nmmynno cncreme. 3ra rpynna renon cnntno naptnpyercx y ncex
nnon mnexonnrammnx, nxnmuax nme. Camnt mtme emoncrpnpymr cno rnn
IKIC uepes sanax moun. Kora camxe mtmn npeocrannrcx ntop, ona oracr
npenourenne romy naprnepy, ue IKIC pesxo ornnuaercx or ee cocrnennoro.
Camxa mtmn, xnnymax na reppnropnn camna, y xoroporo IKIC rouno raxo xe,
xax n y nee, yer ntrartcx cnapnnartcx c naprnepom c pyro reppnropnn n c
pyrnm IKIC.
Bo mnorom ro xe camoe nponcxonr n y nme. Hccneonannx oxropa Knayca
V+xnna ns 3nnyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera noxasann, uro xora xenmnnt
ntnpann naprnepa no sanaxy (nm anann nonmxart nponnrannym norom
myxcxym ]yronxy), ro rex myxunn, y xoroptx IKIC ornnuancx or nx
cocrnennoro, onn cunrann nanonee npnnnexarentntmn
1416
.
O1xya nonnnnoct nasnanne Cennan nnxopaxa?
Cennax nnxopaxa +ro repmnn, ncnontsyemt nx oosnauennx cesonntx
anneprnuecxnx peaxnn. 3ro ocrpt anneprnuecxn pnnnr n xonmnxrnnnr,
ornocnrcx x rpynne nonnnnoson. Honnnnos nosmoxno, onee npannntnt
repmnn nx oosnauennx cenno nnxopaxn. 3ro ocrpoe, nonropxmmeecx
xarapantnoe paccrpocrno, ntstnaemoe anneprne na onpeenennte nnt
ntntnt. Hpnsnaxn cenno nnxopaxn: 1) unxanne, nacmopx, sanoxennt noc, sy
n nocy, n ropne n rnyoxo n ymax, rononnax ont; 2) cnesoreuenne, noxpacnenne
rnas; 3) xpnnnoe txanne n omymenne cannennocrn rpyn.

Cennax nnxopaxa +ro repmnn, ncnontsyemt nx oosnauennx cesonntx
anneprnuecxnx peaxnn.
Ho napontm npnmeram, cnmnromt cenno nnxopaxn noxnnxmrcx, xora nneryr
post n no npemx cenoxoca orcma n nasnanne neyra. Becennne anneprnuecxne
peaxnnn n ocnonnom ntstnaer ntntna epenten, rnanntm opasom xnenon,
ronone n yon. Pannne nernne peaxnnn uame ncero ntstnaer ntntna rpan.
Ocentm anneprnx moxer npoxnnrtcx or ntntnt copnxxon, n ocoennocrn
amposnn.
Or cenno nnxopaxn crpaamr onee 20 % nacenennx Cenepno Amepnxn, n
amposnx rnannt nnnonnnx +roro. B Bennxopnrannn, re or saonenannx
crpaamr 1520 % nacenennx, ocnonno npnunno xnnxercx ntntna rpan, xax n n
Ancrpannn, re ona nopaxaer cntme 40 % nacenennx. B pyrnx crpanax ocnonno
npnunno cenno nnxopaxn xnnxmrcx pyrne nnt ntntnt: ntntna epest n
cxannnancxnx crpanax n ntntna xepa n nonnn.
Inana 5
Ymn

Kax onaxt nanncan Pant] Vono 3mepcon[7]7
Pan] Vono 3mepcon (18031882) amepnxancxn ]nnoco]-neanncr, no+r n
+ccencr.

|3axptrt], npnpoa ana nmxm onn xstx, no na yxa, urot mt mornn
cntmart or pyrnx n na pasa ontme roro, uro ronopnm camn. V. X. Oen[8]8
Vncren Xtm Oen (19071973) anrnncxn no+r, oxasanmn orpomnoe nnnxnne
na nnreparypy XX n.

|3axptrt] cxasan: Vxo nennno, ono xaxer cntmart uro-ro snaxomoe, n ero
nyramr neoxnannocrn; a rnas nerepnennn, xaxer nonnsnt n cxyuaer or
nonropenn. nn Pacx[9]9
nn Pacx (19091994) roccexperapt CBA npn npesnenrax Kennen n
xoncone.

|3axptrt] xax-ro samernn: Onn ns nyumnx cnocoon yexart pyrnx nme
+ro c nomomtm namnx yme.
Tax anare ysnaem ontme o ymax.
Houeuy n ne uory menenn1t ymaun?
Mnorne mnexonnrammne moryr nnrart ymamn n pasntx nanpannennxx, urot
ynannnnart ncrounnx snyxa. Hepnotrnte nmn, nepoxrno, roxe rax mornn. V
conpemennoro uenonexa roxe ecrt neoxonmte nx +roro mtmnt, onaxo onn
nepasnnrt. nx roro urot nayunrtcx menennrt ymamn rpeymrcx nexoropte
ycnnnx n repnenne
1
.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen nuee1cn mpa n uec1e coennennn ymen c rononon?
(Cnpauueaem Jo Leeu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

3ro nastnaercx npeymno nasyxo. Ona nosnnxaer n pesyntrare e]exra
]opmnponannx ymno paxonnnt o poxennx. V +mpnona nmeercx necxontxo
neontmnx yropxon, xoropte onxnt coennnrtcx mexy coo n opasonart
ymnym paxonnny. Hnora +rn yropxn ne cpacramrcx, n opasyercx neontmoe
ornepcrne. Otuno +ro ne xnnxercx ceptesno nponemo, ecnn rontxo ornepcrne
ne sacopxercx n n nero ne nonaaer nn]exnnx
1
.
Mnorne mnexonnrammne moryr nnrart ymamn n pasntx nanpannennxx, urot
ynannnnart ncrounnx snyxa.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen c xaaon c1oponm rononm ne no onouy, a no na yxa?
(Cnpauueaem Jo Leeu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

3ror neontmo npoxennt e]exr nastnaercx npeaypnxynxpntm orpocrxom.
annt orpocrox coepxnr nnyrpn xpxmeno crepxent, on otuno pacnonoxen
npxmo nepe ymno paxonnno
1
.
Kax yxo uoae1 pasnnua1t 1ax unoro snyxon?
(Cnpauueaem repe+u Bouo, Himapr, Him-repcu, CLA)

Vxo ynnnrentnt opran, xoropt cnocoen pacnosnanart neotuano
mnpoxn cnexrp snyxon. Momnocrt +rnx snyxon naxonrcx n npeenax 130
ennen (F). uro +ro osnauaer? Ennnna en (F), npnmenxmmaxcx nx
nsmepennx momnocrn n nanpxxennx, ncnontsyercx raxxe nx nsmepennx
nsmenenn nnrencnnnocrn snyxa. Cnny snyxa yonee nsmepxrt n ennenax (1 F
=
1
/10 F). uenoneuecxoe yxo moxer ynannnnart snyxn, momnocrt xoroptx
pasnnrcx n 10
12
pas (norpxcamme, ne npana nn?). Vuente nocunrann, uro n
cpenem uenoneuecxn mosr moxer pacnosnanart, xax mnnnmym, 400 rtc.
pasnnuntx snyxon.
H1o 1axoe +qqex1 neuepnnxn c xox1enneu?
3]]exrom neuepnnxn c xoxrenem nastnamr cnoconocrt namero yxa
ynannnnart, nanpnmep, n nepenonnenno nmtmn xomnare xaxo-nnyt onn
pasronop. 3ror repmnn npenoxnn oxrop Crnnen Konepn ns Henrpa
nccneonannx cnyxa npn Focroncxom ynnnepcnrere. Ecnn nt nxnmunre
aynosannct neuepnnxn, re mnorne nmn ononpemenno neyr pasronop, nt
moxere ne ynonnrt orentnym ecey. Ho na camom ene nt cnocont ntunennrt
axe ono cnono ns mnornx noroxon peun. Hpn sanncn nonyuaercx neuro npoe
xaxo]onnn pyroe eno namn ymn. B ynnrxe yxa snyx cnauana orenxercx no
uacrore. 3aepxxa mexy cnrnanamn or npanoro n nenoro yxa (nnrepaypantnt
]asont cnnr) xnnxercx onnm ns napamerpon axycrnuecxoro cnrnana, no
xoropomy uenonex noxannsyer ncrounnxn snyxa n npocrpancrne. Knerxn mosra
axrnnno pearnpymr, xora nonyuamr cnrnant npaxrnuecxn ononpemenno. Ho
cnonam oxropa Konepna, n mosre mnoro rpynn neponon, xoropte
]ynxnnonnpymr xax erexropt connaenn. Kaxax ns nnx cnennannsnpyercx
na xapaxrepno saepxxe npemenn n onpeenenno uacrore. Kora nce nepont
ecrnymr nmecre, onn nepeamr n mosr mnpoxn cnexrp npemenntx n uacrorntx
cnxse
2
.

Vuente nocunrann, uro n cpenem uenoneuecxn mosr moxer pacnosnanart, xax
mnnnmym, 400 rtc. pasnnuntx snyxon.
Kax yxo cnnsano c ropnou?
(Cnpauueaem J.usaoem Xo..auo, 4pe+aum., 3anaoua Aecmpa.u)
B cpenem yxe nmeercx npoxo, neymn nenocpecrnenno n cnyxonym rpyy.
Tpya cocronr ns xocrnoro n xpxmenoro orenon, ona coennxer cpenee yxo c
nocornorxo. uynxnnx cnyxono rpyt saxnmuaercx n ntpannnnannn annennx c
oenx cropon apaanno nepenonxn, urot ona morna cnoono nnpnponart
no nosecrnnem snyxontx nonn. Ho +romy npoxoy ns ropna n noca n yxo moxer
nponnxart nn]exnnx. Fnnxe x cepenne cnyxonax rpya otuno saxptra, ona
orxptnaercx no npemx rnorannx n senannx. 3ro nosnonxer nosyxy nponnxart
nnyrpt cpenero yxa n ntxonrt ns nero, urot ypannonecnrt nnyrpennee
annenne. B npornnnom cnyuae nosnnxamr cnntnte onn, rononoxpyxenne, snon n
ymax n napymaercx cnyx.
Houeuy n nnq1e nnn cauone1e saxnamnae1 ymn?

Ho mnennm oxropa Hnoa Tpnnna
3
, xora nt nonnmaerect n nn]re, nsneraere
na camonere nnn eere na mamnne n ropt, armoc]epnoe annenne nonnxaercx, a
annenne nnyrpn yxa nontmaercx. B raxnx cnyuaxx conerymr rnorart, noromy uro
npn rnorannn orxptnaercx nxo n cnyxonte rpyt n crannnsnpyercx annenne.
Ha xaxon nmco1e uenonex naunnae1 uync1nona1t cen nexouqop1no?
Vmn uyncrnnrentnt x nepenaam ntcor. Maxcnmantnax ntcora, na xoropym
sopont uenonex, otuno xnnymn na ntcore yponnx mopx, moxer nonxrtcx
es onesnenntx omymenn, 2,5 rtc. m. Ho nmn, crpaammne ceptesntmn
saonenannxmn, ocoenno txarentntx nyre, nnn re, xro n nonere ynorpenxer
cnnmxom mnoro anxorontntx nannrxon, moryr nouyncrnonart cex nnoxo n na
ntcore nomentme. Btcora nonera naccaxnpcxoro Fonnra-747 otuno 12 rtc.
m.
Maxcnmantnax ntcora, na xoropym sopont uenonex, otuno xnnymn na
ntcore yponnx mopx, moxer nonxrtcx es onesnenntx omymenn, 2,5 rtc. m.
Hanocn1 nn npe rpouxnn myu, o1 xo1oporo npocmnaemtcn?

Kpome npemennoro moxa nx oprannsma, rpomxn mym, or xoroporo
npoctnaemtcx, ne nanocnr ocooro npea. Ecnn mym nyraer, ro y nac ycnnnnaercx
cepnenenne, nontmaercx aprepnantnoe annenne n nnrencnnnee
ntpaartnaercx apenannn. 3ro nponcxonr n pesyntrare crnmynxnnn
cnmnarnuecxo nepnno cncremt. Onaxo nce tcrpo npnxonr n nopmy
naroapx romeocrarnuecxomy mexannsmy rena, xoropt perynnpyer +rn
]ynxnnn. Ecnn snyx nac ycnoxannaer, ro +]]exr yer npornnononoxntm
naroapx paore napacnmnarnuecxo nepnno cncremt.

Btcora nonera naccaxnpcxoro Fonnra-747 otuno 12 rtc. m.
Houeuy nexo1opme nmn poaam1cn rnyxnun?
(Cnpauueaem Kauoecu Bo..uueep, I.eoe, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Inyxora nepexo xnnxercx pesyntrarom nonpexennx nonocxontx cencopntx
xnerox n ynnrxe, pacnonoxenno no nnyrpennem yxe. B +rom cnyuae snyx ne
npeopasyercx n nepnnte nmnyntct n ne nepeaercx n mosr. 3ro xax cnomannax
xnannarypa: nt moxere nanpart na ne xort nect ent, no xomntmrep ne yer
nonyuart nnxaxnx cnrnanon.
Te, xro ponncx co snaunrentno norepe cnyxa, ne moryr cntmart axe co
cnyxontm annaparom. K cuacrtm, cymecrnymr ycrpocrna (ono ns nnx
ynnrxont nmnnanrar), xoropte ntnonnxmr ]ynxnnn nonpexenntx
nonocxontx xnerox. B nx cocran nxonr +nexrpo, xoropt nmnnanrnpyercx n
ynnrxy nnyrpennero yxa. Cnapyxn npnop cnaxen mnxpo]onom n +nexrponntm
ycrpocrnom, noctnammnm nonyuennym nn]opmannm x +nexrpoy n nne nonn
onpeenenno uacrort. Hmnnanrar nnraercx or arapeex, pacnonoxenntx n
napyxno uacrn npnopa. Taxnm opasom mosr nonyuaer rpeymmnecx emy
cnrnant, n uenonex moxer cntmart nourn nce.
Houeuy nnora n 1epnm pannonecne?
uro yepxnnaer nac or naennx? Becrnynxpnt annapar. On cocronr ns rpex
nonyxpyxntx xananon n oronnronoro annapara, pacnonoxennoro n marouxe n
memouxe. Penenropt nonyxpyxntx xananon nocnpnnnmamr yrnonoe ycxopenne, a
penenropt oronnronoro annapara nnnenoe ycxopenne n cnny rxxecrn (n rem
camtm n nonoxenne ronont n npocrpancrne). Or necrnynxpnoro annapara
nmnyntct nocrynamr n mosr, a on, n cnom ouepet, xoppexrnpyer nonoxenne
rena. Horepx pannonecnx moxer nosnnxart npn nocnanennn nnyrpennero yxa
nanpnnrnre. Kpome roro, cnmnromamn +roro saonenannx xnnxmrcx romnora,
pnora n rononoxpyxenne
4
.
Houeuy noannme nmn 1ax uac1o naam1?
V noxnntx nme nepexo nanmaercx nonpexenne necrnynxpnoro
nanpnnra, nocxontxy xpoxornte nonocxonte penenropt nnyrpennero yxa yxe ne
cnocont ]ynxnnonnponart nopmantno. B pesyntrare o mosra oxoxr
ncxaxennte nocnannx n pannonecne rena napymaercx. nx noxnntx nme, y
xoroptx xpynxne xocrn, axe npocroe naenne moxer trt ouent onacntm. B
CBA or +roro exerono ymnpamr onee 15 rtc. uenonex
4
.
Hpetnanne n naymnnxax n reuenne ncero onoro uaca ynennunnaer xonnuecrno
axrepn n namnx ymax na 700 %.
Mory1 nn nmn cnmma1t panononnm?
(Cnpauueaem Iauc L+uom, 4paurqvpm-ua-Maue, Iep+auu)

Ho mnennm oxropa xona Moynepa, panononora ns mennnncxoro xonnexa
mrara Bncxoncnn n ropoe Mnnyoxn, ecrt nmn, onaammne cnoconocrtm
nocnpnnnmart panosnyx. Ho, xax ronopnr oxrop, panononnt rora onxnt
nocrynart nmnyntcamn, noxoxnmn na paapnte
5
.
Kaxona pont uouex ymen?
Mouxn yme ne nmemr ocooro snauennx nx uenoneuecxoro oprannsma. V
pasntx nme onn pasnnuamrcx, uro oycnonneno renamn. Onpeenennax ]opma
mouex yme, no crarncrnuecxnm anntm, cnxsana c nontmenntm pncxom
cepeuno-cocyncrtx saonenann, onaxo nnxro ne snaer nouemy.
Conepmenno nenepno yrnepxenne, uro uem ontme namn ymn, rem nyume nt
cntmnre. V cnona camte ontmne ymn cpen ncex xnnorntx, no on onontno
nnoxo cntmnr.

uacrxmn ymno paxonnnt xnnxmrcx sannrox, rpeyrontnax xmxa, npornnosannrox,
noxxn npornnosannrxa, natennnax xmxa, xosenox, npornnoxosenox, nonocrt
paxonnnt n uennox paxonnnt.

Hpetnanne n naymnnxax n reuenne ncero onoro uaca ynennunnaer xonnuecrno
axrepn n namnx ymax na 700 %.

Fonee 50 % nme no ncem mnpe nnxora ne npnxnatnann x yxy rene]onnym
rpyxy. Onn nnxora ne pasronapnnann no rene]ony.
Houeuy uenonex ne uoae1 cnmma1t 1ax ae xopomo, xax coaxa?
(Cnpauueaem Iauc L+uom, 4paurqvpm-ua-Maue, Iep+auu)

3ror nonpoc moxno nepe]pasnponart cneymmnm opasom: Houemy nmn ne
moryr cntmart yntrpasnyx n nn]pasnyx? uacrora snyxa ntpaxaercx n repnax
(In). Cunraercx, uro uenonex cntmnr snyxn n nanasone uacror or 16 o 20 rtc.
In, nnn 20 xnnorepn (xIn).
uacrora yntrpasnyxa ntme 20 xIn, no+romy nmn ne cntmar +rn snyxonte
xoneannx. Onaxo nexoropte xnnornte, nanpnmep coaxn, es nponem nx
ynannnnamr. Ecrt cnennantnte cnncrxn nx coax, xoropte noamr cnrnan
uacroro oxono 40 xIn.

Cunraercx, uro uenonex cntmnr snyxn n nanasone uacror or 16 o 20 rtc. In,
nnn 20 xnnorepn (xIn).
uenonex nnoxo snaxom n c nn]pasnyxom, nocxontxy nanason +rnx xoneann
nnxe 16 In. Hexoropte xnnornte pacnosnamr nn]pasnyx. Hanpnmep, cnont
moryr pasnnuart snyxn uacroro 15 In, necntmnte nx uenonexa. Knrt nsamr
nnsxouacrornte snyxn n, nepoxrno, omamrcx c nomomtm nnx na ontmnx
paccroxnnxx. 3emnx raxxe ncnycxaer nnsxouacrornte nnpannn. Cunraercx, uro
nexoropte xnnornte moryr uyncrnonart nannrammeecx semnerpxcenne.
Hn]pasnyx ncnycxamr raxne rexnnuecxne ycrpocrna, xax xonnnnonept,
onept, anromonnn n camonert. H xorx nnrencnnnt nn]pasnyx ne npnnonr x
ocnanennm cnyxa, on moxer ntstnart rononoxpyxenne, romnory n rononnym
ont. Ho mnennm oxropa Anpea 3aperro-Cmnra
6
, nnsxouacrornt snyx moxer
raxxe ntstnart pesonanct n rpyno xnerxe n pmmno nonocrn. 3ro nanocnr
npe nnyrpennnm opranam. Tax uro naxt noymare, npexe uem na xonnepre
ncrart nepe ontmnm nnamnxom!
7

Bnnne1 nn qopua ymen na 1o, xax um cnmmnu?
Vnnnrentno, no nnnxer. uopma yme cront xe ynnxantna, xax orneuarxn
nantnen. Vuente ntnnnynn npenonoxenne, uro nocxontxy ymnte paxonnnt y
nme pasnnunte, ro mosr xaxoro uenonexa onxen sanomnnart ]opmy yme,
urot rouno opaartnart snyxonym nn]opmannm. oxrop 3. M. Xo]man n noe
ero xonner ns ynnnepcnrera Hemerena n Hnepnanax nponenn +xcnepnmenr c
yuacrnem nme, xoropte naenann nnacrnxonte naxnaxn, menxnmne ]opmy
yme. 3ro ecrnnrentno nonnnxno na cnyx. Hocne roro xax naxnaxn tnn
cnxrt, nonaonnoct eme necxontxo neent, npexe uem ncntryemte cmornn
cnona nopmantno cntmart
8
.
Cnnsan nn nne1 ymen co cnyxou?
H cnona ynnnrentno, no cnxsan. B reuenne necxontxnx nocnennx ecxrnnern
tnn copant cnnerentcrna roro, uro nmn c remno xoxe cntmar nyume, uem
cnernoxoxne. Vuente npenonoxnnn, uro no xpane mepe uacrnunoe
oxcnenne +romy nao ncxart n nnrmenre menannne. V remnoxoxnx nme ero
ontme. Hccneonannx noxasann, uro npn rpomxom myme menannn
ntpaartnaercx no nnyrpennem yxe cnntnee. Hpenonaraercx, uro menannn
xaxnm-ro opasom nomoraer coxpanxrt nopmantnt cnyx. B xoe nccneonann
raxxe onapyxnnoct, uro y nme co cnerntmn rnasamn uame onapyxnnamrcx
e]exrt cnyxa, uem y nme c remntmn rnasamn.
Bxoe nccneonann onapyxnnoct, uro y nme co cnerntmn rnasamn uame
onapyxnnamrcx e]exrt cnyxa, uem y nme c remntmn rnasamn.
Mory1 nn ymn nsana1t snyxn?
Fontmnncrny ns nac +ro noxaxercx ynnnrentntm, no yxo moxer ne rontxo
npnnnmart snyxonte cnrnant, no n nsanart nx. 3ro nastnaercx
oroaxycrnuecxo +mnccne. Oroaxycrnuecxax +mnccnx npecrannxer coo
axycrnuecxn orner, xoropt xnnxercx pesyntrarom nopmantnoro
]ynxnnonnponannx cnyxonoro penenropa.
Cnonrannax oroaxycrnuecxax +mnccnx (ra, xoropax perncrpnpyercx n orcyrcrnne
snyxono crnmynxnnn) renepnpyercx ynnrxo yxa. 3nyxn npn +rom ouent cnate,
nx nanason cocrannxer 1030 F (ro ecrt neuro cpenee mexy snyxom txannx
uenonexa n rnmnno n rearpe). 3rn upesntuano cnate snyxonte xoneannx
moryr trt saperncrpnponant n napyxnom cnyxonom npoxoe rontxo npn
nomomn ntcoxouyncrnnrentnoro mnxpo]ona.
Hexoropte cnennanncrt ormeuamr cnxst mexy cnonranno axycrnuecxo
+mnccne n snonom n ymax, xoropt uame ncero xnnxercx pesyntrarom
saonenannx. Onaxo +rn snyxn nnxora ne cunrann ceptesno nponemo.
Hcnxonor Pnuap Cannn ns ynnnepcnrera mrara Htm-Hopx n Fy]]ano n reuenne
onee uem ecxrn ner npnepxnnaercx mnennx, uro cnonrannax oroaxycrnuecxax
+mnccnx +ro neuro npoe cnrnana sanxro" n cnyxonom nepne. A ecnn rax, ro
camo yxo xnnxercx npnunno neonronpemennoro yxymennx cnyxa
9
.
Moae1 nn yxonep1xa nponnxny1t n yxo n o1noan1t nnna n uosre?
(Cnpauueaem Popu Pov.uues, Muuueano.uc, Muuuecoma, CLA)

Bac cnnaer c ronxy nasnanne +roro nacexomoro, ne rax nn? 3ro nnmt ntymxn. B
Cenepno Amepnxe ncrpeuaercx no xpane mepe 10 pasnonnnocre yxoneprox.
V nnx ronentxoe rentne, na xonne xoroporo napnte nepxn (xnemneopasnte
npnarxn). Ho cnonam oxropa xose]a Tomxnnca, +nromonora ns mornancxoro
ynnnepcnrera Cenr-3npmc, yxoneprxa n ne ntraercx xnrt n yxe uenonexa, ne
ronopx yxe o rom, urot nponnxart n mosr. Onaxo pyroe eno, ecnn nt ymepnn.
Ocrponnte yxoneprxn, xax nsnecrno, xnnyr nnyrpn ren meprntx mopcxnx nrnn.
Cnyuantm opasom +rn nacexomte tnn sanesent n Kanay n Ancrpannm.
Camax xpynnax pasnonnnocrt yxoneprxa ontmax ancrpanncxax. B nnny ona
ocrnraer nourn 6 cm n rouno ne xnner nn n utem yxe.
Camax xpynnax pasnonnnocrt yxoneprxa ontmax ancrpanncxax. B nnny ona
ocrnraer nourn cm n rouno ne xnner nn n utem yxe.
Houeuy n uync1nym aenanne nououn1tcn, xora cnmmy aypuanne nom?
(Cnpauueaem K. Bappu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Fontmnncrno yponoron yrnepxamr, uro noonax peaxnnx ycnonnt pe]nexc.
Hmn uacro cntmar xypuanne not n paxonnne nnn ryanere, xora xax pas
cnpannxmr nyxy. Onaxo ceptesnte oxasarentcrna n nontsy +roro
npenonoxennx orcyrcrnymr.
Byy1 nn xora-nnyt cosanm ncxycc1nennme ymn?
Xnpyprn npnmnnamr nmxm cnnnxononte ymn, xora nacroxmne ceptesno
nonpexent n pesyntrare oxora nnn rpanmt. Ecnn nocrpaano ono yxo, na saxas
moxno nsroronnrt nropoe no cnenxy c ynenenmero oprana.
Mnornm nmxm, crpaammnm or yxymennx cnyxa, nomoramr xoxneapnte
nmnnanrart
10
.
H1o 1axoe nep1nro?
Beprnro ncntrtnaemoe ontntm nanxsunnoe uyncrno, uro on nnn oxpyxammne
ero npemert naxoxrcx n nnxennn. Hnaue ronopx, +ro nnrarentnax
rannmnnnannx. Hmn, ncntrtnammne neprnro, nso ncex cnn ntramrcx yepxart
pannonecne, onn axe moryr repxrt cosnanne.
Cymecrnyer ne ]opmt neprnro: oexrnnnoe xora nam xaxercx, uro mnp
npamaercx noxpyr nac, n cyexrnnnoe ecnn nac ne ocrannxer omymenne, yro
npamaerect nt.
Beprnro ncntrtnaemoe ontntm nanxsunnoe uyncrno, uro on nnn oxpyxammne
ero npemert naxoxrcx n nnxennn.
B sanncnmocrn or npnunn neprnro enxr na ne rpynnt: nepn]epnnoe n
nenrpantnoe. Hepn]epnnoe neprnro nosnnxaer ns-sa onesne, nosecrnymmnx
na nnyrpennee yxo nnn necrnynxpnt nepn, nanpnmep: onesnt Mentepa,
ocrpt necrnynxpnt nenpnr, xynynonnrnasnc nnn nocnanenne cpenero yxa.
Henrpantnoe neprnro ntstnamr onesnn, nosecrnymmne na sont mosra,
nonyuammne cnrnant or necrnynxpnoro penenropa, necrnynxpnte xpa n
nnxne uacrn crnona mosra, npomexyrounte xpa n nepxne uacrn crnona n
nncounte onn. Hpnunno nenrpantnoro neprnro moxer trt mnrpent, onyxont,
napymennx xponoopamennx nnn nenponornuecxne saonenannx. Tpanma ronont,
sarponynmax ymn, raxxe moxer npnnecrn x nosnnxnonennm neprnro.
Beprnro moxno omymart nexoropoe npemx nocne nepenecennx rpnnna nnn
ceptesno ymno nn]exnnn. Hpncrynt neprnro moryr cnyuartcx pas n neenm,
mecxn nnn ro.
Mnorne nmn nyramr neprnro c axpo]one onesnenntm crpaxom ntcort.
3ry nyrannny noponn ]nntm Ant]pea Xnuxoxa Beprnro (1958 r.), n xoropom
nepconax xemca Crmapra ncntrtnaer rononoxpyxenne n pesyntrare
axpo]onn, ntsnanno ncnxonornuecxo rpanmo.
Houeuy um npn1onmnaeu noraun n 1ax1 uysmxe?
Orner na +ro moxer art ona ns nocnennx reopn nocnpnxrnx pnrma. Cornacno
+ro reopnn, pnrmnunax mystxa axrnnnsnpyer nnrarentnym n cencopnym
cncremt. Pnrm, xoropt mt cntmnm, nocnpnnnmaercx mosrom xax nnxenne.
Mosr pearnpyer na +ro nxnmuennem crepeornnnoro noneennx nanpnmep,
npnrontnannx noramn.

Kora nt npnxnatnaere mopcxym paxonnny x yxy, na camom ene nt cntmnre ne
mym mopx, a +xo nyntcannn cnoe xponn.
pyrax reopnx ropaso npome. Kora nt cntmnre mystxy, npnrontnanne noramn
xnnxercx npnxrntm xomnpomnccom mexy rannem n croxnnem na mecre.
Houeuy onn uysmxantnme pn1um npann1cn une ontme, ueu pyrne?
Bosmoxno, nam npanxrcx rontxo pnrmt onpeenenno cxopocrn. Ecnn snyxonte
+nemenrt uepeymrcx cnnmxom tcrpo nnn, naoopor, menenno, nt moxere
nnoxo nocnpnnnmart raxym mystxy. 3xcnepnmenrt noxastnamr, uro ecnn
npomexyrxn mexy axnenramn menee 0,8 nnn onee 6,4 c., ro cnymarenm ouent
cnoxno nocnpnnnmart raxo pnrm. Hpomexyrox n 1,6 c. otuno nocnpnnnmaercx
nerue. Hpn raxom neantnom nnrepnane uenonex, noxoxe, onennnaer pnrm xax
camt npnxrnt. Hnrepecno, uro nanonee npnnnexarentntmn xnnxmrcx re
pnrmt, xoropte nnxe no cxopocrn x cepnenennm uenonexa. Tax uro xnrom N
1 nx ncex nac tno cepnenenne marepn.
Hnrepecno, uro nanonee npnnnexarentntmn xnnxmrcx re pnrmt, xoropte nnxe
no cxopocrn x cepnenennm uenonexa. Tax uro xnrom N 1 nx ncex nac tno
cepnenenne marepn.
Kaxoe nonymapne uosra ax1nnnee pao1ae1 y uysmxan1on nenoe nnn npanoe?
Ha ocnone pesyntraron nexoroptx nccneonann tnn cenant npenonoxennx,
uro cymecrnyer pasnnna n nponecce pacnpeenennx ncnxnuecxnx ]ynxnn mexy
nonymapnxmn mosra y mystxanron n pannoymntx x mystxe nme.
Onapyxeno, uro npn nocnpnxrnn mystxn npanoe nonymapne axrnnnee paoraer
y mystxanron, uem y rex, xro ne cnxsan c mystxo. Onaxo pyrne nccneonannx
ann oparnt pesyntrar. Onn noxasann, uro pasnnunte uacrn oonx nonymapn
axrnnnpymrcx pasnnuntmn acnexramn mystxn pnrmom, rapmonne n r. n. B
+rom nnane mystxanrt moryr ornnuartcx, a moryr n ne ornnuartcx or pyrnx
nme. Ecnn xaxne-ro ocoennocrn ecrnnrentno ecrt, ro nce panno rouno
nensnecrno, npoxennoe +ro nnn npnoperennoe xauecrno.
Kora nt npnxnatnaere mopcxym paxonnny x yxy, na camom ene nt cntmnre ne
mym mopx, a +xo nyntcannn cnoe xponn. 3ror snyx ycnnnnaer ]opma paxonnnt.
Hoont +]]exr moxno nanmart, npnnoxnn x yxy nmo npemer rnna
uamxn.

Cornacno nayunomy xypnany Kocmoc (nmnt 2005 r.), rannancxne npaun
yannnn 34 nnunnxn myxn ns noca 38-nerne xenmnnt. Hnunnxn rax cnntno
ornoann mxrxne rxann, uro onaxnncx xpxm. Cunraercx, uro +ro nepnt cnyua
onapyxennx (no xpane mepe, n Tannane) nnunnox myx n nocy xnnoro
uenonexa. pyroe eno ymn. Heene pantme y xnrenx Tannana nospacrom 84
roa yannnn ns ymntx xananon 50 nnunnox myx, nocne roro xax on npnmen n
ontnnny c xanoo na sy n ymax.
Inana 6
Po1

Kax sameuarentno cxasan Antepr 3nmren, ecnn A +ro ycnex n xnsnn, ro
snaunr, A =x +v +z.
X +ro paora, v pasnneuennx, a z ymenne epxart xstx sa syamn.
H1o sac1annne1 nac cuen1tcn?
Kpome npocro mexorxn? Bosmoxno, +ro snyunr crpanno, no mnorne
cnennanncrt yrnepxamr, uro cmex asnpyercx na crpaxe. A nmenno oxsnn
yrparnrt uyncrno cocrnennoro ocronncrna, crpaxe nepe connantntmn
rpynocrxmn, crpaxe trt ncxnmuenntm ns xonnexrnna, trt omanyrtm, crpaxe
nepe cexcom, crpaxe rpanmt nnn cmeprn. uem ontme rpenor ntstnaer oexr,
rem ontme na nnm cmemrcx.
B pasnnuntx omecrnax cunramrcx cmemntmn pasnte nemn. To xe camoe moxno
cxasart n o noxonennxx n omecrne. Cymecrnyer ouent ronxax rpant mexy
xomene n rparene, mexy cmemntm n neuantntm, mexy rem, uro ntstnaer
y nac cmex, n rem, uro sacrannxer nnaxart. Bor nouemy nn roro, xax xro-ro
nocxantstnaercx na ananono xoxype, saannxer net xro-ro pyro nonan n
ypanxoe nonoxenne, a ne mt camn. Ho mnennm oxropa Pnuapa Vasmana
1
,
mt cunraem myrxn cmemntmn no mnoxecrny pasnnuntx npnunn: nnora onn
nosnonxmr nam uyncrnonart cnoe npenocxocrno na pyrnmn, ocnanxmr
nosecrnne ntstnammnx rpenory cotrn nnn xe ynnnxmr nac cnoe
nenenocrtm. B xoe nepntx nccneonann, nponeenntx n CBA, tno
onapyxeno, uro n 31 % cnyuaen cmex ntstnann ocrport, xpnrnuecxne pennnxn,
ymnte sameuannx n rnynocrt pyrnx nme; n 21 % cnyuaen cmex pasanancx n
pesyntrare nenentx cnryann; n 15 % cnyuaen npnunno cmexa tno paocrnoe
nacrpoenne n n 13 % cnyuaen xpnnnxnnx pyrnx nme. Pasymeercx, uyncrno
mmopa amepnxannen nectma ornnuaercx or uyncrna mmopa pnrannen,
ancrpannnen, xnonnen n r. .
Cymec1nye1 nn n uosre nen1p cuexa?
Hecmorpx na nontrxn, raxono noxa ne onapyxen. Onaxo, ecnn on nce xe
cymecrnyer, nepoxrnee ncero, +ro rnnoranamyc. Bosmoxno, sect yuacrnyer raxxe
xopa rononnoro mosra ona moxer ycnnnnart nnn noannxrt +monnn,
ntstnammne cmex. Ty xe ]ynxnnm moryr ntnonnxrt nyrn, cymecrnymmne
mexy crpyxrypamn nnmnuecxo cncremt, a raxxe pyrne onacrn rononnoro
mosra. Mt o cnx nop ne snaem mexannsma nosnnxnonennx cmexa, onaxo +ro
ornmt ne memaer nam xoxorart na xopome myrxo.

Mt cunraem myrxn cmemntmn no mnoxecrny pasnnuntx npnunn: nnora onn
nosnonxmr nam uyncrnonart cnoe npenocxocrno na pyrnmn, ocnanxmr
nosecrnne ntstnammnx rpenory cotrn nnn xe ynnnxmr nac cnoe
nenenocrtm.
ormop Pu:apo Vas+au
Houeuy nmn cuem1cn na my1xaun n xaxoe y cuemnon my1xn cauoe naanoe xauec1no?
(Cnpauueaem Uao To+ac, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Fontmnncrno nme nmxr nocmexrtcx. Bo npemx cmexa mosr ntpaartnaer
+nop]nnt, xoropte cnnmamr ont, oneruamr crpecc, ocnanxmr uyncrno
rpenorn, nonnxamr aprepnantnoe annenne. B pesyntrare ynyumaercx name
omee camouyncrnne. Cnennanncrt n onacrn ncnxonornn mmopa ronopxr: urot
myrxa tna cmemno, ee, npexe ncero, cneyer xopomo npenonecrn.
Hpo]eccnonantnte mmopncrt pexomenymr myrnrt crox, nocxontxy npn +rom
nt moxere cnoono ncnontsonart renonnxennx n xecrt. Kpome roro,
rpeyercx +monnonantnocrt n cmena nnronann ronoca.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nauantnnxn myrxr na paore ontme, uem
nounnennte.
Pasymeercx, no ncem +rom ouent naxnym pont nrpaer uyncrno mmopa, xopomax
namxrt, cnoconocrt xparxo nsnarart mtcnn, ynepennocrt n cee, nerxocrt n
omennn, ocrpoymne, ymenne uyncrnonart nacrpo aynropnn n nonnmart, xora
n xaxax myrxa ymecrna. He paccxastnare anexort npo anoxaron na copannn
acconnannn anoxaron, ne paccxastnare anexort npo npaue n npncyrcrnnn
menxon n r. n. uro xe xacaercx coepxannx myrxn, ro camoe rnannoe, urot ona
tna saanno n nonxrno nx nme pasnoro nospacra, nannonantnocrn,
neponcnoneannx n npannnact xax myxunnam, rax n xenmnnam
2
.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro nauantnnxn myrxr na paore ontme, uem
nounnennte. B pesyntrare nanmenn sa conemannxmn n ocroncxom
rocnnrane tno ycranonneno, uro crapmne no onxnocrn npaun myrxr ontme,
uem mnamne, a mnamne ontme, uem ]entmepa.

Ipynna paornnxon, n xoropo ecrt myrnnx, rpynrcx concem ne mentme, uem ra,
n xoropo necentuax orcyrcrnyer. B xoe +xcnepnmenra n Kann]opnncxom
ynnnepcnrere n Hoc-Anxenece tno onapyxeno, uro rpynnt c necentm n
ocrpoymntm uenonexom npoyxrnnnee pemamr pasnnunte saaun.

Kax ntxcnnnoct n xoe nccneonann, myxunnt uame paccxastnamr anexort, a
xenmnnt ontme yntamrcx.

ecrnnrentno nn sannct cmexa sacrannxer nac ontme cmexrtcx?
Tenennsnonmnxn npoonxamr cnopnrt no +romy nonoy. B Bennxopnrannn
ycranonnnn, uro nmn, cnymanmne myrxn, sanncannte na marnnro]on, cmexnnct
ontme rex, xro cnyman sanncn cmexa, snyuanmne ]onom. Onaxo nmn ne
cunrann ouent cmemntmn re myrxn, no npemx npocnymnnannx xoroptx
orcyrcrnonan ]on n nne cmexa.
H1o o1nnuae1 ronoc xaaoro uenonexa?
(Cnpauueaem reuuu Ho.., Ke+opuor-Iapoeus, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

Ha ocoennocrn namero ronoca nnnxmr mnorne ]axropt: rent, nospacr, omee
cocroxnne sopontx, xypenne n r. n. Ho mnennm oronapnnronora, oxropa uapnsa
F. Cnmncona
3
, ronoconte cnxsxn cosamr snyxn, a nerxne oecneunnamr
neoxonmt nx +roro norox nosyxa. nnna n ronmnna ronocontx cnxsox
onpeenxer ntcory ronoca. Taxxe naxnt pesonaropt noc n poronax nonocrt.
stx n ryt yuacrnymr n aprnxynxnnn. Taxne ronoconte napamerpt, xax uacrora
snyxa, nnrencnnnocrt, nnrentnocrt, moynxnnx, cnna n nnpannx, moryr cnntno
pasnnuartcx y nme
4
.
nnna n ronmnna ronocontx cnxsox onpeenxer ntcory ronoca. Taxxe naxnt
pesonaropt noc n poronax nonocrt.
Kax naponc1m nun1npym1 ronoca?
V nme, naenenntx apom nmnrannn, npenocxono pasnnr nponsnontnt
xonrpont mtmn ropna, xstxa n ry. 3ro nosnonxer nm nocnponsnonrt snyx
ronoca pyroro uenonexa. B +rom ene nomoramr raxxe uyrxne ymn. Haponx
rpeyer ntcoxoro macrepcrna n nocroxnno npaxrnxn. Hexoropte ronoca nerxo
nmnrnponart, a nnte npocro nenosmoxno
4
.
Houeuy nexo1opme nmn poaam1cn neumun?
(Cnpauueaem Kauoecu Ba..uueep, I.eoe, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hexoropte nmn ne moryr ronopnrt, nocxontxy ponnnct c e]exramn ropna nnn
ronocontx cnxsox. Ecrt n raxne nmn, xoropte poxamrcx noome es
ronocontx cnxsox. Hpnunno +roro nnora xnnxmrcx nponemt c nenrpantno
nepnno cncremo, xoropax xonrponnpyer txanne, nnxennx ry n xstxa. Taxxe
nemora moxer nosnnxnyrt n pesyntrare renernuecxoro paccrpocrna, ns-sa
npoxennoro e]exra, onesnn marepn n nocnenn rpnmecrp epemennocrn n
rpanmt nnoa.
Kpome roro, npnunno nponem c peutm moryr trt ceptesnte nponemt co
cnyxom. Ecnn uenonex ne n cocroxnnn oruernnno cntmart peut pyrnx nme, on
ne cmoxer n nocnponsnonrt cnona.
Houeuy une nnora ouent xoue1cn csec1t u1o-nnyt necseonoe?
Hnxannsm +ro nsnpamenne annernra, npn xoropom uenonexa rxner ecrt uro-
nnyt neceonoe. Pica na nartnn osnauaer copoxa (nrnna, xoropax yro
t nnmena uyncrna nxyca). uame ncero uenonexa rxner ecrt semnm (reo]arnx),
yront, sacoxmym xpacxy, mryxarypxy, men, crnpantnt nopomox, nnmenym coy,
monort xo]e, nenen or cnraper n pxanunny. narnos nnxannsm cranxr
otuno nocne roro, xax nneuenne x noeannm noontx nemecrn nanmanoct
npnmepno n reuenne mecxna.
Hnxannsm +ro nsnpamenne annernra, npn xoropom uenonexa rxner ecrt uro-
nnyt neceonoe.
Oxono 15 % ere crpaamr nnxannsmom no xpane mepe n reuenne neontmoro
nepnoa o nonono spenocrn. Hnxannsm raxxe nanmaercx y 65 % epemenntx
xenmnn nce npoxonr nocne poxennx peenxa. Hnxannsm raxxe cnxsan c
nopoxamn pasnnrnx n ncnxnarpnuecxnmn paccrpocrnamn. Anopexcnx moxer
nepepacrn n nnxannsm, nocxontxy nexoropte nmn ntramrcx yronnrt cno rono
n cnxrt crpecc, ntsnannt nero, ynorpenxx neceonte nemecrna.
Hpnunno nnxannsma nepexo cranonnrcx e]nnnr n oprannsme pasnnuntx
mnnepantntx nemecrn. Fontnte nepexo crpaamr or sanopon n nsyrnx xnnora.
oxrop K. x. Kyxnx n noe ero xonner n crarte, onynnxonanno n 2004 r.,
npeocreperann, uro npn reo]arnn moxer nosnnxnyrt npeonocnt nnxn. uepes
rpxsnym nnmy n oprannsm uenonexa nponnxamr raxne napasnrt, xax, nanpnmep,
anxnnocroma. Onn ocramrcx n nnmenapnrentno cncreme, nornomamr
nnrarentnte nemecrna n ntstnamr y uenonexa xenanne ynorpenxrt
nenpnronte n nnmy nemecrna
5
.
Moano nn cnnua1t o1neua1xn c ry?
(Cnpauueaem rou Himmou, Houoou, Be.uroopumauu)

Iyt ne nmemr raxoro pncynxa, xax nantnt pyx n nor. Onaxo orneuarxn ry
moryr ncnontsonartcx n xauecrne oxasarentcrna n cye. Ho cnonam oxropa T.
x. Vnnxnncona
6
, rexcrypa xoxn na ryax nnax, nexenn na nantnax. Ha ryax
xoxa rontme, uem na pyrnx yuacrxax rena, no+romy ona onee nonepxena
nonpexennxm. H nce xe ner nyx onnaxontx pncynxon ry.
Hnxannsm raxxe nanmaercx y 65 % epemenntx xenmnn nce npoxonr nocne
poxennx peenxa.
uFP, Cxornen-p n pyrne npanooxpannrentnte oprant no ncem mnpe xax
ynnxy otuno cnnmamr orneuarxn ryno nomat c oxanon, onapyxenntx na
mecre npecrynnennx. Ho pemennm anennxnnonnoro cya mrara Hnnnnoc,
saceanne xoroporo npoxonno n mae 1999 r., orneuarxn ry npnemnemt nx
npanooxpannrentntx opranon xax cpecrno nenrn]nxannn nnunocrn. Ho
pemennm roro xe cya, nenrn]nxannx cunraercx ycnemno, ecnn y opasna n
orneuarxa, nsxroro c mecra npecrynnennx, connaaer 13 npnsnaxon.
urot nsxrt opasen, +xcnepr nactnaer nopomox rantxa pxom c orneuarxom, a
sarem nanocnr ero mxrxo xncrouxo nenocpecrnenno na orneuarox. 3arem
orneuarox ]ororpa]npymr, nocne uero na nero nanocxr xycox npospauno
nnacrnxono nenrt. Henry cnnmamr, n orneuarox ry ocraercx na ne
7,8
.
Houeuy um nenyeucn?
C rouxn spennx anaromnn noneny +ro conpnxocnonenne nyx xpyrontx mtmn
pra n cocroxnnn coxpamennx. Pomanrnuno snyunr, ne npana nn? Hccneonarenn n
Cenepno Hpnannn no pyxonocrnom oxropa +nna Fapnerra neanno
onpeennnn, uro n nonenye yuacrnymr mecrnanart nap mtmn, cxoxmnxcx n
onacrn pra
9
.
Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno reopn ornocnrentno roro, nouemy mt nenyemcx. Bor
nexoropte ns nnx.
Eme n 2000 r. o n. +. cunranoct, uro, xora nmn cnnxamrcx nnnamn, onn
operamr yxonnoe enncrno. txanne nmeno ontmoe pennrnosnoe snauenne.
Hpnnepxennt nexoroptx pennrn n o cnx nop nepxr, uro txanne xnnxercx
uacrtm ymn n axe coepxnr n cee ymy uenonexa.

Honeny xax xecr npnnercrnnx tn nonynxpen y pnmcxnx nmneparopon.
Hsnecrnt nononcxn soonor ecmon Moppnc yrnepxaer, uro noneny
nosnnx n nepnotrntx omecrnax ns otuax marepe pasxentnart nnmy nx
ere, a sarem nepeanart nm ee nso pra n por. ecrnnrentno, noonax
npaxrnxa cymecrnonana no mnornx xyntrypax no ncemy mnpy, xora eme ne tno
ercxoro nnrannx. Hpnxocnonenne ry n nmo ]opme sarem npnopeno snauenne
ntpaxennx nmnn.
Hocne roro xax n Henrpantnym Enpony tn sanesen raax, y monotx myxunn
noxnnnact npnntuxa nocnrt na ryax menxne uacrnnt raaxa. A ecnn enymxa
npoxnnxna nnrepec x mnome, ona onxna tna syamn cnxrt +rn uacrnuxn.
Bnocnecrnnn +ror xecr crann pacnennnart xax paunoe npenoxenne.
Hepnoe nnctmennoe cnnerentcrno o nonenyxx arnpyercx npnmepno 2000 r. o n.
+. Onaxo mnpoxoe pacnpocrpanenne nonenyn nonyunnn rontxo n nepno
nccneonann enponenamn ocrantnoro mnpa. Ftno +ro oxono 500 ner nasa, no
npemx nyremecrnn Xpncro]opa Konyma.

Honeny xax xecr npnnercrnnx tn nonynxpen y pnmcxnx nmneparopon.
Honoxenne uenonexa n omecrne onpeenxnoct rem, xaxym uacrt rena
nmneparopa (or mexn o crynnn) emy osnonxnoct nenonart: uem ntme
naxonnact +ra uacrt, rem ntme cunranoct nonoxenne uenonexa n omecrne.

B Enpone IV n. noneny mnpoxo ncnontsonancx xax ant ynaxennx craryxm.

Honeny no npemx ranna noxnnncx n VI n. no upannnn.

Honenyn ne npnnxrt no mnornx yronxax mnpa. B Rxno A]pnxe y
npecrannrene nnemenn ronra noneny cunraercx nenpnnnuntm ns-sa
nepoxrnocrn omena cnmno, a cnmny onn npnpannnnamr x moue.

upannyscxn noneny no upannnn nastnaercx anrnncxn noneny.

Kora nmn nenymrcx, ntpaartnaercx cnat +nexrpnuecxn rox.

Amepnxancxne nccneonarenn ycranonnnn, uro xenmnnam nenonartcx npannrcx
ontme, uem myxunnam, n xenmnnam npanxrcx onee npoonxnrentnte nonenyn.

Xenmnnt uame nomnxr cno nepnt noneny, uem myxunnt.

Kauecrno n xonnuecrno nonenyen xnnxercx noxasarenem cynpyxecxoro n
cexcyantnoro narononyunx.

Cexconorn yrnepxamr, uro noneny n sartnox moxer nosyxart xenmnny
axe ontme, uem noneny n ryt.

Xenarte nmn nenymrcx n cpenem 4,5 pasa n ent, ecnn yunrtnart nce nonenyn.

Tontxo 8 % nme nenymrcx c orxptrtmn rnasamn.
Houeuy um xpannu?
(Cnpauueaem J. Heppuuc, Hcmevo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
Xpanenne +ro snyx, nosnnxammn ncnecrnne nnpannn mxrxnx rxane
ropranornorxn. Hepexo ono xnnxercx pesyntrarom nnoxoro mtmeunoro ronyca
roprann, nea n xstxa. Kpome roro, npnunno xpanennx moxer trt oxnpenne,
e]opmannx nocono nonocrn, ynennuennte mnnannnt nnn aenont,
anneprnuecxn pnnnr, xypenne, npnem rxxeno nnmn nepe cnom, upesmepnoe
ynorpenenne anxoronx cpasy nepe cnom, nsnnmnee ynorpenenne conn n
npncrynt anno+[10]10
Anno+ npemennax ocranonxa txarentntx nnxenn.

|3axptrt] no cne. Hmn uame xpanxr rora, xora cnxr na cnnne, nocxontxy n
raxom nonoxennn xstx cnerxa sanaaer n npenxrcrnyer cnoonomy
npoxoxennm noroxa nosyxa.
Oxono 90 % crpaammnx npncrynamn anno+ no cne ryunte myxunnt.
Amepnxancxax mennnncxax acconnannx nocunrana, uro myxunnt xpanxr
npnmepno crontxo xe, cxontxo n xenmnnt. Moryr xpanert n ern, ecnn y nnx
ynennuent mnnannnt nnn aenont.
Kauecrno n xonnuecrno nonenyen xnnxercx noxasarenem cynpyxecxoro n
cexcyantnoro narononyunx.
Houeuy nmn ne cnmma1 coc1nennoro xpana n ne npocmnam1cn o1 nero?
(Cnpauueaem Hom Ma.ovuu, Ommaea, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

H xopx Bamnnrron, n Anpaam Hnnxontn tnn nsnecrntmn xpanynamn.
Hpnmepno onn uenonex ns noctmn rpomxo xpannr. Vponent snyxonoro annennx
npn +rom oxono 80 F.
Houemy onn nmn xpanxr rnxo, a pyrne rpomxo? 3ro sanncnr or ronmnnt n
+nacrnunocrn mxrxnx rxane ropranornorxn. Crpaammne nstrountm necom
xpanxr uame n rpomue, uem xyte nmn. Kora ryunte nmn repxmr nec, xpan y
nnx ymentmaercx.
Ecnn y uenonexa neotuano xpenxn con, ro ne nmeer snauennx, nacxontxo
rpomxn y nero xpan, on nce panno ne npocnercx, nocxontxy cocrnennt mym
ne ntstnaer rpenorn. uero nentsx cxasart o cynpyre. Hs-sa xpana, x coxanennm,
pacnaamrcx mnorne paxn
10,11
.
Ho mepe roro xax mt crapeem, mxrxne rxann ropranornorxn repxmr +nacrnunocrt.
Bor nouemy mnaennt, ern n nopocrxn xpanxr mentme, uem nspocnte.

Acrponanrt ne xpanxr. B cocroxnnn nenecomocrn xpanenne npaxrnuecxn
nenosmoxno. Hexoropte ronopxr, uro mxrxoe neo n raxnx ycnonnxx nnanaer.

Camt rpomxn saperncrpnponannt xpan nsanan Kep Banxepr ns mnecxoro
ropoa Kymana. 24 max 1993 r. momnocrt xpana Banxepra, crpaanmero no cne
npncrynamn anno+ n naxonnmerocx n ror momenr n ontnnne, cocrannna 93 F.
3ro rpomue snyxa nnenmarnuecxo penn, paoramme no npemx nnxennx
mamnn n pasrap uaca nnx
12
.

Fpnrancxoe omecrno no opte c mymom yrnepxaer, uro xpan moxer trt
rpomue, uem ycranonnennte saxonom orpannuennx nx myma nnrarene nnn
moronnxnon.

Xpan moryr npeornpamart mnnt, xoropte nocxr na mee nocne rpanmt.

Harenrnoe neomcrno CBA ntano onee 300 narenron na cnocot neuennx
xpana
13
.
Kax um uync1nyeu nxyc?
3ro paora nxycontx penenropon, naxoxmnxcx no nxycontx cocouxax. Bxyconte
cocouxn +ro cxonnennx xnerox, nnn nepnntx oxonuann, na xpoxorntx
yropxax, pacnonoxenntx na xstxe. Bxyconte cocouxn xstxa neotuano
uyncrnnrentnt. Onn cnocont pacnosnart enncrnennym roptxym monexyny
xnnnna cpen 100 mnn monexyn not.
V nspocnoro uenonexa oxono 10 rtc. nxycontx cocouxon. Fontmnncrno ns nnx
pacnonaraercx no xpam, na xonunxe n n sane uacrn xstxa. Ho, uro crpanno, n
cpene uacrn xstxa nx ner.

V nspocnoro uenonexa oxono 10 rtc. nxycontx cocouxon. Fontmnncrno ns nnx
pacnonaraercx no xpam, na xonunxe n n sane uacrn xstxa. Ho, uro crpanno, n
cpene uacrn xstxa nx ner.
Bxyconte cocouxn pacnosnamr cnaxn, xncnt, conent n roptxn nxyct.
Cymecrnyer eme n menee nsnecrnt n menee nonxrnt nam nxyc, xoropt on
raxxe pacnosnaer. 3ror nxyc nastnaercx mmamn n onpeenxercx nannunem
rnyramaron.
Pasnte rpynnt cocouxon cnennannsnpymrcx na orentnom nxyce: ona
pacnosnaer cnaxn nxyc, pyrax xncnt n r. . Kora mosr nonyuaer cnrnan or
penenropon, on onennnaer nxyc.
Houeuy nnoxo omymae1cn nxyc nnmn, ecnn no p1y nepecoxno?
Onpeennrt nxyc nemecrna moxno rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn ono pacrnopeno n
noe nnn cnmne. Hexoropte ns omymenn, xoropte otuno npnnnctnamr
uyncrny nxyca, na camom ene xnnxmrcx peaxnne oonxnnx. Mnorne cnennn
nmemr ornocnrentno cnat nxyc, no cnntno nosecrnymr na oonxnne.
Moano nn ononpeuenno omyma1t ontme onoro nxyca?
Bt moxere pacnosnanart orentnte nxyct axe n rom cnyuae, xora nemecrno
nmeer necxontxo nxycon. Hanpnmep, ecnn cmemart uro-nnyt cnaxoe n roptxoe,
ro moxno ononpemenno omyrnrt n ro n pyroe. Bxyc nnmn raxxe sanncnr or ee
xoncncrennnn.
Mory1 nn nxyconme cocouxn nsmxa nocc1anannnna1tcn?
Bxyconte cocouxn xstxa ocramrcx ontmo saraxo nx yuentx. Onn
ononnxmrcx npnmepno xaxte 10 ne, no nensnecrno rouno, xax onn
perenepnpymr
14
.
Onpeennrt nxyc nemecrna moxno rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn ono pacrnopeno n
noe nnn cnmne.
Houeuy oc1pan nnma oanrae1 nsmx?
(Cnpauueaem Bu.. Teep, auoac, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Ho cnonam ]nsnonora, oxropa Bntx Fanona
15
, cnennantnte penenropt
nomoramr nam pacnosnanart ropxuee/xononoe, mxrxoe/rnepoe, nnaxnoe/cyxoe n
r. n. Mosr npaxrnuecxn nemenenno pearnpyer na cnrnant, nonyuennte or
penenropon, n aer xomany npnnxrt nanexamne samnrnte mept. Kora nt
enre uro-nnyt ouent ocrpoe, nonyuaemt mosrom cnrnan moxer trt
ncronxonan xax onacnocrt. Hanpnmep, n nepne xananento coepxnrcx xancannnn,
xpoxornoe xonnuecrno xoroporo nnepraer mosr nourn n cocroxnne nannxn. Mosr
moxer omnartcx n npn peaxnnn na xono. Hanpnmep, penenropt nocnpnnnmamr
menron xax neuro xononoe
16
.
H1o 1axoe ropnonoe nenne?
(Cnpauueaem Mapr To+ncou, Ha-Hepvs, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
uenoneuecxoe ropno sameuarentnt mystxantnt nncrpymenr. Ho mano xomy
nsnecrno, uro ono moxer ononpemenno ncnonnxrt ne menonn! Taxax rexnnxa
nastnaercx ropnontm nennem (nnn oepronntm). Vnnxantnocrt +roro ncxyccrna
saxnmuaercx n rom, uro ncnonnnrent nsnnexaer cpasy ne, a nnora axe rpn nort
ononpemenno.

Iopnonte necnn nmemr ne ocoennocrn: nnsxn, nnrentnt ocnonno ron,
noxoxn na snyx nontnxn, n nocneonarentnocrt ntcoxnx snyxon, noxoxnx na
snyxn ]nert.
Ho cnonam oxropon Teoopa Hennna n Maxna 3reprona
17
, camtmn
snamennrtmn ropnontmn nennamn xnnxmrcx nonyxouente nacryxn ns Tynt
pernona na mre Cnnpn. Onn onenn cnoe macrepcrno o roro, uro c nomomtm
ropnonoro nennx ynpannxmr craamn n omamrcx pyr c pyrom. H eme onn
ropxrcx cnonmn cnoconocrxmn rouno xonnponart snyxn, xoropte cntmar n
npnpoe, nenne nrnn, cnncr nerpa, xyxxanne nacexomtx n r. n. Iopnonte
necnn nmemr ne xapaxrepnte ocoennocrn: nnsxn, nnrentnt ocnonno ron,
noxoxn na snyx nontnxn, n nocneonarentnocrt ntcoxnx snyxon, noxoxnx na
snyxn ]nert.
H1o nmsmnae1 uoxpo1y?
(Cnpauueaem Hamau To+c, Jorr.uqq, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Moxpora +ro ntenennx ns txarentntx nyre, orxoxmne npn xamne. nx
ynnaxnennx n nerxnx ntenxercx cnnst. C nomomtm nee ns nerxnx raxxe
yanxmrcx uyxeponte uacrnnt. Pecnnruart +nnrenn cnnsncro oonouxn
ponxon nponnraer moxpory x rpaxee, a sarem ona nerxo orxamnnnaercx. Kaxt
ent mt npornartnaem ontmym uacrt cnnsn, no nnmenapnrentnax cncrema,
noxoxe, ne npornn +roro. Xenyounax xncnora pacrnopxer coepxnmoe moxport.
H1o 1axoe nsmx?
(Cnpauueaem Bu.. Teep, auoac, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

stx +ro mtmeunt opran, xoropt ecrt ne rontxo y uenonexa, no n y
ontmnncrna nosnonountx xnnorntx. On nomoraer nam onpeenxrt nxyc nnmn,
nepexentnart, rnorart n aprnxynnponart. stx ouent nonnxnt, ero nnna y
uenonexa oxono 511,5 cm (n sanncnmocrn or roro, xax ero nsmepxrt).
Onponeprax pacnpocrpanennoe mnenne, mory cxasart, uro xstx ne xnnxercx camo
nnnno mtmne rena, nocxontxy cocronr ns necxontxnx mtmn. Camo nnnno
n namem rene xnnxercx noprnxxnax mtmna epa. Ho nouemy xe rora nexoropte
cunramr xstx camo nnnno mtmno? Moxer trt, noromy, uro mnorne ns nac
onramr es ymonxy?
Cpen mtmn xstxa moxno ntennrt cocrnennte (naunnammnecx n
saxanunnammnecx n ronme xstxa) n cxenernte (naunnammnecx na xocrxx ronont
n saxanunnammnecx n ronme xstxa).
nn uero nyaen 1onentxnn xycouex xoan no nsmxou?
(Cnpauueaem Komu Ceuqm, Kopuc, Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

3ror ronentxn xycouex xoxn nastnaercx yseuxo xstxa. Vseuxa coennxer
nnxnmm nonepxnocrt xstxa c nnxne uacrtm porono nonocrn, nopmantno
pasronapnnart n ecrt es nee tno t sarpynnrentno. Hnora yseuxa tnaer
cnnmxom xoporxo, n rora onontno cnoxno ntcontnart xstx. Ecrt eme
yseuxn ry. Camax xpynnax ns nnx naxonrcx nocepenne nepxne ryt. Bt
moxere norporart ee xstxom nnn npnnonxrt nepxnmm ryy n paccmorpert ee n
sepxane.
Ecnn yseuxa ne nosnonxer xstxy nopmantno nnrartcx, ro rpeyercx
xnpyprnuecxax onepannx.
stx +ro mtmeunt opran, ouent nonnxnt, ero nnna y uenonexa oxono 5
11,5 cm.
Rnnne1cn nn nsmx cauon cnntnon ummnen?
Her, xorx y mnornx ns nac on paoraer onro n es ocranonxn
18
.
Houeuy nexo1opmu nmnu nopesam1 yseuxy?
Anxnnornoccnx uacro ncrpeuammaxcx y manentxnx ere anomannx, npn
xoropo yseuxa xstxa neotuno xoporxax no cpannennm c nopmo. 3ro
orpannunnaer nonnxnocrt xstxa, memaer rnorart n sarpynxer peut. Mnaenny
c raxnm e]exrom ouent rpyno cocart marepnncxym rpyt.
B pesyntrare neanno nponeennoro nccneonannx ntxcnnnoct, uro
anxnnornoccnx moxer nporn cama, no nnora nce xe neoxonmo xnpyprnuecxoe
nmemarentcrno
19
.
Ho mnennm oxropa A. Kynenxn n oxropa 3. Fornepa, ponrenn otuno ysnamr,
uro y nx ere uro-ro ne n nopxxe, xora nnepnte npnnoxr peenxa x anrncry.
Cnocot neuennx otuno nxnmuamr sanxrnx c noroneom, nopesanne yseuxn
es anecresnn n ]pen+xromnm no omnm napxosom
20
. oxrop P. K. utoporrn n
rpoe ero xonner yrnepxamr, uro ecnn nx neuennx anxnnornoccnn rpeyercx
]pen+xromnx, ro ee cneyer ntnonnxrt xax moxno ocropoxnee, urot
npeornparnrt nosnnxnonenne ]ynxnnonantntx nsmenenn
21
.
Anxnnornoccnx uacro ncrpeuammaxcx y manentxnx ere anomannx, npn
xoropo yseuxa xstxa neotuno xoporxax no cpannennm c nopmo.
Houeuy n o1xpmnam po1, xora c1annm xon1ax1nme nnnsm?
(Cnpauueaem Hao+u Lmpocceu, 4o.rouopuor, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

ecrnnrentno, +ro ouent nnrepecnoe nanmenne. Eme +ro nponcxonr npn
xopmnennn ere c noxxn. Kax yro xopmxmn orxptnaer cno por nx roro,
urot nomout peenxy ecrt. A xora nmn cnntno xonnenrpnpymrcx na
ntnonnennn xaxo-nnyt saaun, onn otuno ntcontnamr xonunx xstxa nnn
xmypxr ponn.
Bosmoxno, orxptrne pra nomoraer pacrxrnnart xoxy nex n xonraxrnte nnnst
cranonnrcx npome ncrannxrt. Hnn npocro rax nerue ne moprart?
Houeuy y uenn mnae1 o1pmaxa?
Hpn orptxxe ns xenyxa ntxoxr rast, nnora c nenpnxrntm snyxom. Orptxxa
oosnauaercx mennnncxnm repmnnom +pyxrannx (yxacno snyunr, npana?).
Ona moxer oneruart cnmnromt romnort, ncnencnn n nsxorn.
Otuno orptxxy ntstnaer annenne nenponsnontno rnoraemoro namn nosyxa.
Cnnmxom uacroe n upesmepnoe rnoranne nosyxa xnnxercx saonenannem,
nsnecrntm xax a+po]arnx. Cnnmxom tcrpoe npornartnanne nnmn nnn
xnxocrn, pasronopt no npemx et, xenanne pesnnxn, xypenne n axe cocanne
neennon nnora conponoxamrcx sarnartnannem nstrounoro xonnuecrna
nosyxa. Kpome roro, +ro moxer nponcxonrt, xora mt ncrpenoxent n
nopmantnoe txanne napymeno. Hepexo +pyxrannm cnxstnamr c pasnnuntmn
nnmenapnrentntmn paccrpocrnamn, raxnmn xax racrpo+so]areantnax
pe]nmxcnax onesnt n nenrnuecxne xsnt. B nexoropo nnme n nannrxax rason
ontme, uem n pyrnx. 3ro xnoxn, orpyn, xouannax xanycra, nnernax xanycra,
nnnorpa n r. n. K nannrxam noonoro poa ornocxrcx nnno, rasnponxa,
centrepcxax noa n mnorne ]pyxronte coxn.
Ha orptxxy nnnxer nonoxenne rena. Kora uenonex cronr npxmo, nosyx
nonnmaercx na xnxnm coepxnmtm xenyxa, ncrynaer n xonraxr c
racrpo+so]areantntm coennennem, n nosnnxaer orptxxa. Ecnn uenonex nexnr,
nosyx saepxnnaercx n uacro nponnxaer n nenanarnnepcrnym xnmxy.
Cnnmxom uacroe n upesmepnoe rnoranne nosyxa xnnxercx saonenannem,
nsnecrntm xax a+po]arnx.
H1o 1axoe cnmna?
Cnmna cnenn]nuecxoe nemecrno, xoropoe ntenxercx cnmnntmn xenesamn.
Ona coepxnr n cee noy, cnnst n necxontxo ]epmenron. Cnmny ntpaartnamr
ocote xnerxn, xoropte nastnamrcx annnapntmn. Cnmna ntxonr ns +rnx
xnerox n nocrynaer n nporoxn, re nsmenxercx n nponecce ononnnrentntx
peaxnn c nonamn narpnx, xannx, nxaponara n c pyrnmn nemecrnamn. 3arem
ona nonaaer n onee xpynnt nporox n n nonocrt pra.
Kaxono nasnauenne cnmnm?
Ho mnennm oxropa Pnuapa Foy+na ns enapramenra nomennnncxnx
nccneonann npn ynnnepcnrere mrara Konopao n uopr-Konnnnce, cnmna
ntnonnxer mnoxecrno ]ynxnn.
Cuasxa n cnnsmnanne. Cnmna cnxstnaer nepexenannym nnmy, urot tno
nerue rnorart n nepenapnnart ee.
Cuaunnanne cyxon nnmn. Cnmna ynnaxnxer nnmy. Fes +roro mt ne mornn t
uyncrnonart nxyca et. Inrnena p1a. Cnmna omtnaer por n coxpanxer ero n
uncrore. Hexoropte ]epmenrt, coepxamnecx n cnmne, ynnuroxamr
onesnernopnte axrepnn.
Hepenapnnanne xpaxuana. Cnmnnte xenest ntpaartnamr neontmoe
xonnuecrno amnnast, uro cnococrnyer nepenapnnannm xpaxmana.
menounon yqep. Cnmna nomoraer coxpanxrt ananc xncnor no pry n n xenyxe.
Cnmna omtnaer por n coxpanxer ero n uncrore. Hexoropte ]epmenrt,
coepxamnecx n cnmne, ynnuroxamr onesnernopnte axrepnn.
H1o sa nnenxa noxpmnae1 rym n yronxn p1a no y1pau?
Ho mnennm oxropa Kenanna Fnnca ns Acconnannn ancrpanncxnx anrncron n
Cnnee, +ro npocro ocrarxn ncnapnnmecx cnmnt. Onn nnxonm opasom ne
npexr sopontm. Por nocroxnno omtnaercx cnmno, a no npemx cna mt
npaxrnuecxn ne rnoraem. Ho+romy cnmna moxer cxannnnartcx no pry, a ee
nsnnmxn onontno uacro ntrexamr uepes yronxn pra. Kora ona sactxaer,
ocraercx nnenxa.
enc1nn1entno nn uoano sannsmna1t panm?
B cnmne uenonexa npncyrcrnymr nnsonnm, anrnrena xnacca IgA, naxro]eppnn n
naxronepoxcnasa, xoropte ynnuroxamr axrepnn. Hccneonarenn ns
unopncxoro ynnnepcnrera neanno onapyxnnn n cnmne mtmn nporenn,
xoropt nasnann ]axropom pocra nepnon (uPH). Fnaroapx emy pant saxnnamr n
na pasa tcrpee, uem ecnn nx ne rporart. Taxnm opasom, cnmna, ecnn ona
soponax, nomoraer ouncrnrt pany
22
.
Houeuy y unaennen ne mnae1 nenpnn1noro sanaxa nso p1a?
Henpnxrnt sanax ntstnamr ana+ponte axrepnn, cxannnnammnecx n nonocrn
pra. Ana+pontmn +rn mnxpooprannsmt nastnamrcx ne rontxo noromy, uro nm
nx xnsnn ne rpeyercx xncnopo, no n orroro, uro onn ymnpamr npn xonraxre c
xncnopoom. Faxrepnn naxoxrcx rnanntm opasom n sane uacrn xstxa, n cnoe
cnnsn, no+romy oportcx c nenpnxrntm sanaxom nso pra nomoraer raxxe uncrxa
xstxa. Onramr onn n mexy syamn. Faxrepnn nnramrcx nmtmn xpomxamn
nnmn, xoropte naxoxrcx no pry nocne et.
B cnmne uenonexa npncyrcrnymr nnsonnm, anrnrena xnacca IgA, naxro]eppnn n
naxronepoxcnasa, xoropte ynnuroxamr axrepnn
Hoxa por ocraercx cyxnm, y axrepn npoonxaercx npasnnx. Onaxo onn
ntmtnamrcx cnmno n nannrxamn, xoropte mt ynorpenxem. Henpnxrnt sanax
nso pra no yrpam noxnnxercx noromy, uro no npemx cna mt mano rnoraem.
Mnaennt xe, naoopor, nocroxnno nycxamr cnmny. Kpome roro, y nnx ouent
mano syon (ecnn noome ecrt), no+romy uacrnnam nnmn nere saepxnnartcx, a
snaunr, n axrepnxm ner mecra nx cnoxonoro onrannx. Koneuno, n y
mnaennen moxer nnora noxnnxrtcx necnexee txanne, no nourn ncera
pesyntrarom +roro xnnxercx nn]exnnx
23,24
.
Houeuy y uenn uenne1cn ronoc no npeun onynnnnn nnn xora n npnnnuam npo1nnosaua1ounme cpec1na?
Hsmenennx +rn n ontme crenenn moryr trt noopaxaemtmn, uem peantntmn.
Onaxo ropmont ecrnnrentno moryr nnnxrt na ronoc. Bor nouemy n
nocrxnnmaxrepnuecxn nepno ronoc y xenmnn nepexo cranonnrcx nnxe.
Onynxnnx nnnxer na yponent ropmonon, n n npornnosauarountx cpecrnax
ropmont roxe ecrt.
B xoe neannnx nccneonann, nponeenntx oxropamn O. Amnpom n H.
Knmon-Pannom, tno onapyxeno, uro nepopantnte xonrpanenrnnt ne rontxo
ne oxastnamr nenaronpnxrnoro nosecrnnx na ronoc, no axe ynyumamr
nexoropte ero axycrnuecxne xapaxrepncrnxn
25,26
. oxrop M. M. Iop+m-Poynan n
rpoe ero xonner nnmyr, uro nepopantnte xonrpanenrnnt oxastnamr concem
nesnaunrentnoe nosecrnne na ronoc xenmnnt
27,28
.
Houeuy y uenn nsuenne1cn ronoc no npeun +pexnnn?
Hayuntx nornepxenn noonomy xnnennm ner. Bosmoxno, nt npocro
nepnnnuaere n npenxymennn nacnaxennx.

Cnmna nomoraer coxpanxrt ananc xncnor no pry n n xenyxe.
Bye1 nn xora-nnyt cosana ncxycc1nennan rop1ant?
Hapnnreantnoe nporesnponanne nomorno t noccranonnrt peut rem nmxm, y
xoroptx roprant nonpexena n pesyntrare rpanmt nnn onesnn, nanpnmep paxa
29
.
Cosay1 nn xora-nnyt ncxycc1nennym 1paxem?
Moxno cxasart, uro ona yxe cymecrnyer. Ecnn rpaxex nonpexena, xnpyprn
cranxr nmecro nee cnennantnym nnacrmacconym rpyxy
29
.
Hccneonarenn yrnepxamr, uro mecrnnernne ern cmemrcx 300 pas n ent, rora
xax nspocnte rontxo 1520 pas.

Boxona crnmynnpyer ntenenne +nop]nnon, ynyumammnx nacrpoenne n
noxnpymmnx ont.

Kax n orneuarxn nantnen, orneuarox xstxa nnnnnyanen y xaxoro uenonexa.

Coaxn, cnnntn n pyrne mnexonnrammne moryr omymart nxyc not, a nmn ner
mt omymaem rontxo nxyc npnmece, coepxamnxcx n ne.
Inana 7
Koaa

Tenneccn Vnntxmc xax-ro samernn: Mt nce npnronopent x noxnsnennomy
onnounomy saxnmuennm nnyrpn name cocrnenno xoxn! Konpa Aenay+p
ronopnn: Toncrax xoxa +ro ap Foxn.
Kocrn mon npnnnnnn x xoxe moe n nnorn moe, n x ocrancx rontxo c xoxem
oxono syon monx (Knnra Hona, 19:20). Moxer nn E]nonnxnnn nepemennrt
xoxy cnom n apc nxrna cnon? (Knnra npopoxa Hepemnn, 13:23).
anare nosnaxomnmcx c nexoroptmn ynnnrentntmn n saanntmn ]axramn,
xacammnmncx name xoxn
1,2
.
Moano nn nc1annn1t nunnan1a1m n rpyt uepes nynox, u1om ne oc1ananoct mpauon?
a, moxno. Paspesan nynox n npoenan no xoxe npoxo x monountm xenesam,
nnacrnuecxne xnpyprn moryr nnecrn nmnnanrart, ne paspesax rpyt. Hoonax
onepannx nastnaercx rpancymnnnxantnoe ynennuenne rpyn. Xnpypr
ncrannxer no xoxy noxoxym na xarerep rpyxy nnno oxono merpa n c
nomomtm onrnxo-nonoxnncro xamept nnn +nocxona nanpannxer ee x monouno
xenese. Hocne +roro nx cosannx ornepcrnx n rpyxy ncrannxercx neontmo
memouex, xoropt naynaercx, a sarem cynaercx n yanxercx. 3arem no rpyxe n
rpyt nnoxr nmnnanrar, xoropt sanonnxmr ]nsnonornuecxnm pacrnopom.
Tpyxy norom yanxmr, a nmnnanrar saxynopnnaercx cam.
Ecnn nosnnxamr cnoxnocrn, nx ycnemnoro sanepmennx onepannn moryr
norpeonartcx paspest na rpyn. Ho cnonam oxropa xepanta xoncona,
nnacrnuecxoro xnpypra ns Xtmcrona, xoropt nepntm npnmennn noonym
rexnonornm, na rpyn ne ocraercx mpamon, rpyt nnmt cnerxa repxer
uyncrnnrentnocrt H eme naxno, uro npn +rom ner xponoreuennx n cnnxxon
3
.
Hpana nn, u1o no qopue nynxa uoano npecxasa1t npoonan1entnoc1t ansnn?
Onn nemenxn ncnxonor necxontxo ner nasa npnnnex x cee nnnmanne npecct,
saxnnn, uro no ]opme nynxa moxno ne rontxo rouno npecxasart
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn, no n onpeennrt omee, ncnxonornuecxoe cocroxnne
sopontx n xapaxrep uenonexa.
Ho ]opme nynxa moxno ne rontxo rouno npecxasart npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn,
no n onpeennrt omee, ncnxonornuecxoe cocroxnne sopontx n xapaxrep
uenonexa.
oxrop Iepxap Peman, npaxrnxymmn n Fepnnne, yrnepxaer: Pasymeercx,
cymecrnyer mnoxecrno ]axropon, nnnxmmnx na npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn.
Onaxo pasmep, ]opma n nonoxenne nynxa moryr o mnorom ronopnrt. oxrop
Peman coneryer: Ecnn nt xornre ysnart, xax onro npoxnnere, nnnmarentno
ocmorpnre cno nynox, a sarem cpannnre ero c onncannem mecrn rnnon nynxon.
Iopnson1antnmn nynox ntrxnyr n cropont. Hmn c raxnm nynxom ouent
+monnonantnte, uro moxer orpnnarentno cxasartcx na nx soponte. Cpenxx
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn raxnx nme oxono 68 ner.
Bep1nxantnmn nynox pacrxnyr nnepx n nnns. uenonex c raxnm nynxom ynepen n
cee, nennxoymen n +monnonantno ypannonemen. Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt
xnsnn raxnx nme oxono 75 ner.
Bmnyxnmn nynox ntcrynaer nnepe. Cxopee ncero, onaarent raxoro nynxa
onrnmncr n +nrysnacr. Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn raxnx nme oxono 72
ner. Bnanmn nynox nmemr nmn opte, nmxmne, ocmorpnrentnte,
uyncrnennte n nonepxennte nepexnnannxm. Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt
xnsnn raxnx nme oxono 65 ner.
Cuemennmn o1 nen1pa anno1a nynox yxastnaer na ro, uro uenonex nmnr
pasnneuennx n uacro ncntrtnaer nepement n nacrpoennn. Cpenxx
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn raxnx nme oxono 70 ner.
Kpyrnmn nynox ponno ]opmt ronopnr o rom, uro uenonex ouent cxpomnt,
nosepxannt, rnxn n sacrenunnt. Cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn raxnx
nme oxono 81 roa.
oxrop Peman oannxer, uro ecnn uenonexy noxonr onncanne nyx rnnon
nynxa, ro nn]pt npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn cxnatnamr n ntuncnxer cpenee
snauenne.

Boxona crnmynnpyer ntenenne +nop]nnon, ynyumammnx nacrpoenne n
noxnpymmnx ont.
B Ancrpannn cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn y xenmnn cocrannxer 83,2 roa,
a y myxunn 77,2 roa. Hpoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn, npecxasannax oxropom
Pemanom na ocnonannn rnnon nynxon, mentme. Moxer, nonce ne cronr
npnanart raxoro ontmoro snauennx ]opme nynxa? 3ro xaxercx nnonne
pasymntm. Ho ecnn xornre, cxontxo yrono nsyuare cno nynox.
Houeuy n xpacnem ontme pyrnx?
Hanepnoe, rontxo c rouxn spennx renernxn moxno oxcnnrt xponnuecxn
upesmepnt pymxnen. Hoxpacnenne nosnnxaer, xora neontmne xponenocnte
cocyt, nnrammne xoxy, pacmnpxmrcx n ynennunnaercx npnrox xponn. Hnxro
aconmrno rouno ne snaer, nouemy xpacnemr rontxo nmn. Hccneonannx
noxastnamr, uro pymxnen moxer epxartcx o nxrn mnnyr na nnne, mee, rpyn n
axe xronnax.
Hpaxrnuecxn nenosmoxno sacrannrt cex noxpacnert cnennantno. Ecnn nt
nocroxnno xpacneere, nonpoyre n momenr noxnnennx pymxnna sacrannrt cex
noxpacnert eme cnntnee +ro nepexo nomoraer
4
.
473
3aueu um enaeu 1a1ynponxn?
Tarynponxn enann eme pennne ernnrxne oxono 4 rtc. ner nasa. B pasnnunte
nepnot npemenn onn tnn nonynxpnt n Knrae, Hnnn, nonnn, Hono
3enannn n r. . K XVI n. rarynponxn pacnpocrpannnnct n Enpone. Eme rpnnart
ner nasa naxonxn enann cee rontxo axept, mopxxn, yrononnnxn n npou.
Ceronx rarynponxn npnopenn nonynxpnocrt cpen camtx pasnnuntx cnoen
nacenennx n ncex nospacrntx n connantntx rpynn. 3nest xnno, cnopra n npoune
snamennrocrn npenmymecrnenno n nospacre o 30 ner c ropocrtm
emoncrpnpymr cnon rarynponxn. 3ro nosnonxer uenonexy ntpaxart cnom
nnnnnyantnocrt, cnooy n xyoxecrnennt nxyc. Tarynponxn nomoramr
onpeenxrt cocrnennoe x, n +ro onpeenenne nanncano na camo naxno
ymare, nmemmecx n namem pacnopxxennn, na xoxe.

Kax n orneuarxn nantnen, orneuarox xstxa nnnnnyanen y xaxoro uenonexa.
Moa na rarynponxn ocoenno pacnpocrpanxercx n nepnot xpynntx
connantntx nepemen. Bepoxrno, uenonex crpemnrcx oxasart, uro cam cee
xnnxercx xosxnnom, xorx n ne n cocroxnnn xonrponnponart nexoropte acnexrt
cnoe xnsnn (paora, cemenax xnsnt, nonnrnxa, cnooa n r. n.).
Hpana nn, u1o 1a1ynponxn enam1 cee 1ontxo nnunoc1n onpeenennoro 1nna?
Hocnenne nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro npaxrnuecxn ner pasnnun mexy
nmtmn, yxpamammnmn cex rarynponxamn. B xoe nccneonannx, nponeennoro
n 2002 r., ntxnnnn, uro cryenrt c rarynponxamn onee paspaxnrentnte.
Kax ntxcnnnoct n pesyntrare pyroro nccneonannx, n nacroxmee npemx nmn
mentme ocyxamr nannune rarynponox y pyrnx nme, uem +ro tno ecxrt ner
nasa
5
.
nn uero enam1 1a1ynponxn n nne nuen?
Hexoropoe npemx tno mono nmert na rene rarynponxn n nne nmenn
nosnmnennoro nnn nosnmnenno. 3ro cnoero poa xnxrna nepnocrn n nam nex
necranntntx n neonpeenenntx nsanmoornomenn. Onaxo, ecnn ncnomnnrt
rpomxne paxopasnonte nponecct snamennrocre, +ry xnxrny ne ncera
conmamr.
B nacroxmee npemx nmn mentme ocyxamr nannune rarynponox y pyrnx
nme, uem +ro tno ecxrt ner nasa.
Houeuy 1a1ynponxa ne ncuesae1, ecnn xne1xn xoan noc1onnno ononnnm1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Hav.a Asvp, 4u.aoe.iqu, Heucu.ieauu, CLA)

3ror nonpoc saamr nocroxnno, c rex nop xax rarynponxn nomnn n moy. Koxa
cocronr ns +nnepmnca (nepxnero cnox) n epmt (nnxnero cnox). 3nnepmnc
nocroxnno ononnxercx; no cyrn, +ro cno meprntx xnerox. epma xe cocronr ns
xnntx xnerox. Tarynponxa ntnonnxercx nyrem npoxantnannx xoxn n nneennx
xpacxn no +nnepmnc, na epmy, no+romy rarynponxn ouent croxne. uepes
npoonxnrentnt nepno npemenn rarynponxa rycxneer, nocxontxy n xnerxn
epmt co npemenem nornamr.
Ponmte nxrna npecrannxmr coo opoxauecrnennoe cocyncroe opasonanne
n epme n tnamr necxontxnx nnon.
H1o +1o sa yropxn na xoae, xo1opme uemam1 npn pn1te?
Hosnaxomtrect c nceno]onnnxynnrom ape. 3ro pacnpocrpanennoe
nocnannrentnoe saonenanne xoxn, nosnnxammee rnanntm opasom y nme c
ouent xypuantmn nonocamn. Orxya xe raxoe neotunoe nasnanne? uonnnxynnr
+ro nocnanenne nonocxntx ]onnnxynon. Hpncranxa nceno ecrt n nasnannn
onesnn noromy, uro ona ntstnaercx ne nn]exnne. Barba na nartnn osnauaer
opoa.
Hpnunno nceno]onnnxynnra xnnxercx npacranne n xoxy nonoc, nocne roro xax
nx cpnnn. 3ro ntstnaer paspaxenne, n na nonepxnocrn xoxn noxnnxmrcx
manentxne xpacnte yropxn (nanynt), nnora c rnoem.
Ho mnennm oxropa Bapona Fpnxmen-Baxa, pantme c +rnm saonenannem
oponnct ouent npocro npexpamann pnrtcx. Ho renept neuenne +roro
saonenannx nxnmuaer n cex ncnontsonanne pasnnuntx anrnnornxon c mecrntm
ecrnnem, xoprnxocreponntx ropmonon n pernnonon. Hpnmenxercx raxxe
nasepnax repannx
6,7
.
H1o 1axoe ponume nn1na n xax onn nonnnnm1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Komu Be..uuemou, Mau:ecmep, Be.uroopumauu)

Mt no-pasnomy ornocnmcx x ponmtm nxrnam. B nexoroptx xyntrypax
cunranoct, uro ponmoe nxrno xnnxercx snaxom ncxnmunrentnocrn uenonexa
xax n xopomem, rax n n nnoxom cmtcne. Hnora axe ynnann mnaennen,
xoropte nmenn ponmte nxrna n nnoxom mecre.
Hpnunnt noxnnennx ponmtx nxren (remanrnomt, nnn nenyca) o cnx nop
nexcnt. 3rn nxrna moryr trt na rene n nmom mecre. Onn npecrannxmr coo
opoxauecrnennoe cocyncroe opasonanne n epme n tnamr necxontxnx
nnon. Onn ponmte nxrna ncuesamr x cemnnernemy nospacry, pyrne
coxpanxmrcx ncm xnsnt. uame ncero ncrpeuaercx rax nastnaemoe nnnnoe nxrno,
nonyunnmee cnoe nasnanne ns-sa remno-xpacno oxpacxn. Taxne nxrna nepexo
noxnnxmrcx na nnne.
nx yanennx remanrnom nnora ncnontsymr nasepnym xnpyprnm, no ne ncera
ycnemno. nx ocnernennx ponmtx nxren moryr trt nonesnt pasnnunte
xocmernuecxne cpecrna. Ecnn nxrno menxer ]opmy nnn nner, nyxno oxsarentno
oparnrtcx x npauy
8
.
H1o 1axoe necnymxn n noueuy onn nonnnnm1cn?

Becnymxn menxne xenro-xopnunente nxrntmxn na xoxe, xoropte uame ncero
tnamr na nnne n mee. Ecnn nxrntmxn remno-xopnunente nnn uepnte, ro,
nosmoxno, +ro ne necnymxn, a menanos xoxn. epmaronorn nerxo pacnosnamr +ro.
Ho nosecrnnem connna necnymxn moryr crart onee samerntmn. uame onn
ncrpeuamrcx y nme co cnerno xoxe, a ocoenno y ptxenonoctx.
Becnymxn noxnnxmrcx n pesyntrare ynennuennx coepxannx n xoxe menannna.
3ror nnrmenr ntpaartnamr xnerxn xoxn, xoropte nastnamrcx menanonnrt, ero
xonnuecrno xonrponnpyercx na renernuecxom yponne. Ecnn y uenonexa remnax
xoxa, ro ero menanonnrt axrnnnee n ntpaartnamr menannn onee remnoro
nnera.
Bce, sa ncxnmuennem antnnocon, onaamr cnoconocrtm ntpaartnart
menannn. Kora uenonex naxonrcx no nyuamn connna, nponcxonr crnmynxnnx
menanonnron. Fnonorn cunramr, uro +ro cnyxnr samnro or npenoro
yntrpa]noneronoro nsnyuennx. Ho nonpoyre oxcnnrt +ro rtcxuam nme no
ncemy mnpy, xoropte ntramrcx nsannrtcx or necnymex
9,10
.
Bce, sa ncxnmuennem antnnocon, onaamr cnoconocrtm ntpaartnart
menannn.
Kax nsann1tcn o1 necnymex?

epmaronorn c nerxocrtm nocxaxyr nam, xax +ro cenart. Ho nouemy nt xornre
nsannrtcx or nnx?
H1o 1axoe cnnnx?
Cnnxx +ro nocnnenmn xpononorex, nosnnxmn n pesyntrare ymna. Mecro
rpanmt moxer menxrt nner or xenroro o uepnoro. Cnnxx, xax npannno,
nexoropoe npemx onnr, no npoxonr npnmepno uepes ne neenn
1113
.
H1o 1axoe sarap?
(Cnpauueaem Bu C+um, vucao, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Connne oxastnaer cnntnoe nosecrnne na uenonexa. Bo npemx npetnannx na
connne axrnnnpyercx ntpaorxa pasnnuntx ropmonon. Hanonee nsyuenntm
pesyntrarom nnnxnnx connna na oprannsm uenonexa xnnxercx ntpaorxa nnramnna
D. e]nnnr +roro nnramnna npnnonr x nosnnxnonennm paxnra.
Conneunt cner moxer ycnnnrt ntenenne npoonno-menanoxoprnna (HOMK)
nporopmona, ns xoroporo opasymrcx ropmont. Ien HOMK yuacrnyer n
ntpaorxe crnmynnpymmero ropmona n menanonnrax xoxn. V cpenero nspocnoro
uenonexa otuno oxono 12 rtc. menanonnron na xnaparnt mnnnnmerp
nonepxnocrn xoxn. 3ror ropmon noyxaer nexoropte xnerxn xoxn naunnart
ntpaartnart menannn, oruero xoxa npnoperaer xopnunent orrenox. Tax n
noxnnxercx sarap.
Kax nsnecrno, cnnmxom onroe npetnanne na connne onacno nx sopontx,
nocxontxy yntrpa]noneronte nyun moryr crart npnunno saonenannx paxom
14,15
.
Kax connnesamn1nmn xpeu oeperae1 xoay?

3ror nonpoc cneonano t apeconart ]apmanenry, a ne anrpononory, xaxnm
xnnxercx nam noxopnt cnyra. Hnrpenenrt connnesamnrnoro xpema, opasyx
aptep na nonepxnocrn xoxn, nornomamr nnn orpaxamr yntrpa]noneronoe
nsnyuenne.
Ho nosecrnnm na xnnte oprannsmt yntrpa]noner enxr na rpn rnna. nnna
nonn nsnyuennx rnna A naxonrcx n nanasone 315400 nm. Bonnt
yntrpa]nonera rnna B nnora nastnamr cpennmn nonnamn, nx nanason
naxonrcx n nnrepnane 280315 nm. Bonnt yntrpa]nonera C nastnamr
xoporxnmn, nx nanason menee 280 nm.
Ha ynaxonxax ncex connnesamnrntx xpemon yxastnaercx crenent nx samnrt. Ho
cneyer nomnnrt, uro +ra crenent xacaercx rontxo yntrpa]nonera B. urot xpem
tn +]]exrnnen, ero cneyer nanocnrt onntno n ne crnpart. Hyume
nontsonartcx xpemom sa nonuaca o ntxoa na nnxx (nnn xynannx), urot on mor
nnnrartcx n xoxy, nnaue noa nerxo cmoer ero. Ecnn y nac nosnnxamr nonpoct,
opamarect x npauy.
V cpenero nspocnoro uenonexa otuno oxono 12 rtc. mensnonnron na
xnaparnt mnnnnmerp nonepxnocrn xoxn.
Teunoxoaeuy uenonexy na connne aapue nnn npoxnanee, ueu uenonexy co cne1non xoaen?

Her nnxaxo pasnnnt n rom, remnax nnn cnernax xoxa y uenonexa. Xorx remnax
xoxa nornomaer ontme conneunoro cnera, mexannsm xonrponx remneparypt rena
yer noepxnnart nocroxnnym remneparypy oxono 37 C. Temneparypa rena
perynnpyercx raxxe c nomomtm noroorenennx. V pasntx nme n snaunrentno
crenenn naptnpyercx xonnuecrno ntenxemoro nora
16
.

Xorx remnax xoxa nornomaer ontme conneunoro cnera, mexannsm xonrponx
remneparypt rena yer noepxnnart nocroxnnym remneparypy oxono 37 C.
H1o 1axoe cantnme aenesm n xaxona nx qynxnnn?
Cantnte xenest no ontme uacrn npnxpennent x nonocxntm ]onnnxynam. Ho
mnennm oxropa C. Axmea Haxpn ns mennnncxoro n cromaronornuecxoro
xonnexa Xamap n Kapaun (Haxncran), ]ynxnne cantntx xenes xnnxercx
ntenenne macnxnncroro nonyxnxoro nemecrna na xoxy. 3ro nemecrno
xoxnoe cano, ono npecrannxer coo cmect xnpa n ocrarxon meprntx xnerox,
ntpaartnanmnx xnp. 3rn xnerxn nocroxnno samenxmrcx nontmn, pacrymnmn y
ocnonannx xenes. Koxnoe cano oceaer na nonocxe nnyrpn ]onnnxyna n ntxonr
na nonepxnocrt no crepxnm nonoca. Ha esnonoctx yuacrxax xoxnoe cano
ntenxercx uepes cnennantnte nporoxn.
Koxnoe cano nyxno nx samnrt n cmasxn xoxn, npeoxpanennx ee or ntctxannx.
Houeuy yrpn uepnme?
onponeprny pacnpocrpanennoe mnenne o rom, uro yrpn +rn nexpacnnte,
ntstnammne cmymenne uepnte rouxn na xoxe nosnnxamr or rpxsn. 3ro
sacoxmne npoxn cantntx xenesax xoxn. Kora cantnte xenest ne moryr
cexpernponart nopmantno, onn ynennunnamrcx n pasmepe. Tax n noxnnxmrcx
snaxomte nam uepnte rouxn. Temnt nner yrpe oycnonnen npncyrcrnnem n
xoxe nnrmenra menannna. V antnnocon yrpn ecnnernte. B nepno nononoro
cospenannx ropmonantnte nsmenennx moryr crart npnunno roro, uro cantnte
xenest naunnamr paorart ycnnenno. 3ro ne npannrcx nopocrxam, xoropte
xorxr ntrnxert xpacnno n ynnnxmrcx, xya xe enact nx rnaxax xoxa.
Axrnnnocrt cantntx xenes nopo ntstnaer raxne nponemt, xax aenoma
cantno xenest (opoxauecrnennax onyxont), +nnrennoma xnerox cantno
xenest (opoxauecrnennt pocr xnerox +nnrennx), xncra cantno xenest n r. .
V nme, xnnymnx nnnsn +xnaropa, remnax xoxa noxnnnact xax cpecrno
samnrt or yntrpa]nonerontx nyue.
Kax pac1nrnnae1cn xoaa?
Koxa pacrxrnnaercx naroapx romy, uro xnerxn coennent mexy coo
ocotmn crpyxrypamn, cnocontmn cnennxrtcx. Ona ns nnx, ecmocoma,
npecrannxer coo ncxoopasnym crpyxrypy, coennxmmym mexy coo
cocenne xnerxn. Paccroxnne mexy xnerxamn cocrannxer 2530 nm. Hanomerp
+ro ona mnnnnapnax uacrt merpa, ro ecrt mt ronopnm o ouent-ouent
manentxnx paccroxnnxx.
3nnrennantnte xnerxn xpenxrcx x nonexame rxann c nomomtm remnecmocom,
nmemmnx ]opmy nonyncxon. Hexoropte xnerxn ntenxmr neontmoe
xonnuecrno rnnxonporennon, ecrnymmnx xax cnxsxa.
Mano uro nsnecrno o crpyxrype +nnepmnca, nosnonxmme xoxe pacrxrnnartcx,
no ona ornnuaercx or epmt, n xoropo coepxarcx +nacrnn n xonnaren. 3rn na
enxa nmemr ynnnennte, ronxne, +nacrnunte, npounte crpyxrypt n moryr
pacrxrnnartcx xax pesnna
17
.
Houeuy n c1apoc1n xoaa c1anonn1cn pnnon?
Ho mepe roro xax uenonex crapeer, xonnuecrno +nacrnna n xonnarena n xoxe
ymentmaercx. B pesyntrare xoxa repxer cnoconocrt coxpanxrt nepnonauantnym
]opmy, cranonnrcx cyme
18
.
Houeuy nonnnnm1cn mpaum?
(Cnpauueaem Hav.a Asvp, 4u.aoe.iqu, Heucu.ieauu, CLA)

Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno pasnnuntx mpamon n pynon. V nexoroptx nme
mpamt opasymrcx ropaso nerue, n n +rom cnom pont nrpaer renernxa. Tem ne
menee ocnonntm onpeenxmmnm ]axropom opasonannx mpamon xnnxmrcx
rnynna n mnpnna pant. Hanomnm, uro n crpyxrype xoxn ntenxmrcx +nnepmnc
n epma. 3nnepmnc cocronr ns onoro rnna +nnrennantno rxann, a epma ns
necxontxnx rnnon coennnrentno rxann. Ecnn pana ne cnnmxom rnyoxax n ne
nponnxaer n epmy, ro mpam ne opasyercx, nocxontxy perenepannx +nnepmnca
nponcxonr onontno tcrpo. Ho ecnn pana nce-raxn sarparnnaer epmy n ee xpax
nenerxo coennnrt nmecre, ro coennnrentnax rxant epmt moxer npopacrn n
npocrpancrno mexy xpaxmn paspesa. Tax n opasyercx mpam, net
coennnrentnax rxant epmt no nnemnemy nny ornnuaercx or rxann
+nnepmnca.
Heannne nccneonannx noxasann, uro maccax moxer ynnnrentno naronpnxrno
cxastnartcx na soponte xax noxnntx, rax n monotx nme.
Bye1 nn n xoneunou cue1e y ncex nmen onnaxonmn nne1 xoan?
3ro yer sanncert or mnrpannn n ncrynnennx nme n cmemannte paxn. Ho
mnennm oxropa Hnnt noncxn
19
, y nme, xnnymnx nnnsn +xnaropa, remnax
xoxa noxnnnact xax cpecrno samnrt or yntrpa]nonerontx nyue.
Ha sape cnoe ncropnn uenoneuecrno tno ropaso menee monntntm, a ceuac
orpomnoe xonnuecrno nme nepememaercx no ncemy mnpy. Ecnn n yymem
mnrpannx ycnnnrcx, ro n pasntx pernonax nepecraner omnnnponart xaxo-ro
onpeenennt nner xoxn.
Hocne ceanca maccaxa ananns xponn noxastnaer ynennuenne uncna nexonnron n
nontmenne axrnnnocrn nmmynntx xnerox, araxymmnx nnpyct.
enc1nn1entno nn nonesen uaccaa?
Heannne nccneonannx noxasann, uro maccax moxer ynnnrentno naronpnxrno
cxastnartcx na soponte xax noxnntx, rax n monotx nme.
B onxonornuecxo ontnnne Ant]pea xemca npn ynnnepcnrere Orao Honnn
Knnr n Pnuap xocr nsyuann nosecrnne maccaxa na onxonornuecxnx
ontntx, ncntrtnammnx ]nsnuecxn ncxom]opr n rpenory. Hexoroptm
nannenram enann nxrnanarnmnnyrnt maccax naone, crynne n men, rora
xax pyrne nannenrt npocro cnenn pxom. B pesyntrare tno onapyxeno, uro
nocne maccaxa nannenrt ncntrtnann ont n crpecc mentme, uem re, xomy
maccax ne enann.
B mennnncxom xonnexe mrara Htm-xepcn aana 3ernnn n ee xonnern
ntxcnnnn, uro maccax axrnnnsnpyer nmmynnym cncremy n momenrt rpenorn,
crpecca n ycranocrn. Hepnnnuammnm cryenram cenann uacono maccax
naxanyne rnannoro +xsamena. Hocne +roro ananns nx xponn noxasan ynennuenne
uncna nexonnron n nontmenne axrnnnocrn nmmynntx xnerox, araxymmnx
nnpyct
20
.
B rocnnrane Koponencxoro xonnexa npn Hononcxom ynnnepcnrere 3nncon
Tnnc+n nponen nccneonanne, n xoe xoroporo onapyxnn, uro noxnnte nmn,
xoroptm enann maccax, mentme crpaann or enpeccn n onnouecrna, uame
omannct no rene]ony, pexe nocemann npaue n ynorpenxnn mentme xo]e n
anxoronx, uem re, xoroptm ne enann maccax. Kpome roro, nexaune ontnte
nocne maccaxa ntrnxenn menee nemomntmn. H naxonen, y nannenron c
onesntm Antnremepa, xoroptm enann maccax, cnnxanact rpenoxnocrt
21
.
B mennnncxom xonnexe npn ynnnepcnrere n Rxno Kaponnne Posmapn Cmnr n
ee xonnern ycranonnnn, uro y xenmnn, xoropte neanno nepexnnn cmeprt
peenxa, cnnxanoct enpeccnnnoe cocroxnne nocne cepnn ceancon
repanenrnuecxoro maccaxa. Hccneonarenn cunramr, uro maccax cnnxaer
samxnyrocrt uenonexa, paccnanxer, nosnonxer reny ecrecrnenntm opasom
noccranannnnartcx, ymentmaer xonnuecrno ropmonon crpecca n ynyumaer omee
cocroxnne
21
.
B mennnncxom xonnexe mrara Orao n Toneo yuente no pyxonocrnom
oxropa Tomaca Fepxa onapyxnnn, uro y ontntx CHHom nannenron, xoroptm
pas n neenm enann 45-mnnyrnt maccax, cnnxancx yponent ropmonon crpecca
n ynennunnanoct xonnuecrno nmmynntx xnerox. Mt ne snaem, ocrarouno nn
+roro nx npeornpamennx onesnn, ronopnr oxrop Fepx, no +monnonantnoe
cocroxnne nannenron snaunrentno ynyumaercx. A nocxontxy crpecct noannxmr
nmmynnym cncremy, uem nyume yyr uyncrnonart cex BHu-nn]nnnponannte
nannenrt, rem ycnemnee onn cmoryr npornnocroxrt onesnn
21
.
B mennnncxom xonnexe ynnnepcnrera mrara M+pnnen n Fanrnmope oxrop
Iapn Xax n ero xonnern onapyxnnn, uro npn cnxrnn rononno onn maccax
ecrnyer onee +]]exrnnno, uem acnnpnn n pyrne oneyronxmmne cpecrna.
Vuente namnn rpynny coennnrentntx rxane, cnxstnammnx mtmnt men c
oonouxo mosra. Ho cnonam oxropa Xaxa, xora +rn mtmnt coxpamamrcx, onn
cranonxrcx npnunno rononno onn
21
.
Maccax cnnxaer samxnyrocrt uenonexa, paccnanxer, nosnonxer reny
ecrecrnenntm opasom noccranannnnartcx, ymentmaer xonnuecrno ropmonon
crpecca n ynyumaer omee cocroxnne.
Moae1 nn xoaa ene1t o1 c1paxa?
Bt ecrnnrentno moxere noenert or crpaxa, no rontxo npemenno. Hpn
onpeenenntx +monnxx cocyt cyxnnamrcx, n npnrox xponn x xoxe
ymentmaercx. Tax nponcxonr, nanpnmep, npn nnesannom cnntnom ncnyre
22,23
.
H1o 1axoe ouopoaenne?
Omopoxenne +ro nonpexenne rxane oprannsma no nosecrnnem xonoa.
Ho mnennm unenon Honosenancxoro omecrna epmaronoron, omopoxenne
pexo nanmaercx y saxanenntx n sopontx nme axe npn remneparype nnxe
-10 C.
B orner na cnntnt xono cocyt coxpamamrcx, n xpont nanpannxercx x
xnsnenno naxntm nnyrpennnm opranam, nomorammnm noepxnnart renno n
rene. Xornre neptre, xornre ner, no npn omopoxennn n xoxntx noxponax
opasymrcx xpncrannnxn nta, crenxn xponenocntx cocyon nonpexamrcx n
xnerxn paspymamrcx.
Kax n oxor, omopoxenne pasenxmr no crenenn nnrencnnnocrn.
Omopoxenne nepno crenenn (nerxoe) sarparnnaer +nnepmnc. Koxa eneer n
nemeer, xaxercx rnepo, no rxann no ne ocramrcx renntmn n mxrxnmn.
Bropax crenent omopoxennx (nonepxnocrnoe). Opasymrcx nontpn,
sanonnennte npospauno nnn nanomnnamme monoxo xnxocrtm, no rxann
rnyxe ocramrcx nerponyrtmn. Tpeyercx mennnncxoe neuenne.
Tpertx crenent omopoxennx (rnyoxoe). Koxa enax nnn cnnxx, noxptra
nxrnamn, rxann rnyoxo nonpexent. B reuenne nocneymmnx ne
sanonnennte xpontm nystptxn opasymr na nonepxnocrn xoxn roncrym uepnym
xopxy. Tpeyercx cnennantnt yxo. Bosmoxna axe amnyrannx.
uerneprax crenent omopoxennx (ouent rnyoxoe). Honpexamrcx xoxa, mtmnt,
cyxoxnnnx n xocrn. B pesyntrare nponcxonr norepx rxane.
B orner na cnntnt xono cocyt coxpamamrcx, n xpont nanpannxercx x
xnsnenno naxntm nnyrpennnm opranam, nomorammnm noepxnnart renno n
rene.
Bye1 nn uon xnon nue1t 1axne ae o1neua1xn nantnen, xax y uenn?
(Cnpauueaem K. Mour, Hpoeuoeuc, Poo-A.euo, CLA)

Her, ne yer. eno n rom, uro pncynox orneuarxon nantnen ne nonnocrtm
onpeenxercx renamn. uacrnuno on onpeenxercx pocrom nepnon n xoxe, xoropt
moxer ne connaart y xnona n onopa.
Houeuy na naonnx ec1t cxnaxn?
3ro ]nexcopnte cxnaxn, pncynox xoroptx nnnnnyanen y xaxoro uenonexa.
Onn opasymrcx x rpertemy mecxny pasnnrnx nnoa n yrpoe marepn n nnxora ne
nsmenxmrcx (ecnn rontxo na naonxx ne noxnnxmrcx mpamt).
Hexoropte nmn yexent, uro no cxnaxam naonn moxno ysnart o cocroxnnn
sopontx uenonexa nnn npounrart ero cyty. V nme c renernuecxnmn
e]exramn uacro ncrpeuamrcx anopmantnte pncynxn naone. Hanpnmep, y
mnornx ontntx cnnpomom ayna ona nnnnax nonepeunax cxnaxa uepes ncm
naont.
H1o 1axoe epua1ounxos?
epmaromnxosamn nastnamrcx rpnxonte saonenannx xoxn. Ipnxn,
ntstnammne epmaromnxos, pacnpocrpanxmrcx npn nenocpecrnennom xoxnom
xonraxre, npn xonraxre c nonepxnocrtm, xoropo xacancx sapaxennt uenonex
nnn xnnornoe, n pexo npn xonraxre c nouno.
Ipnxn, ntstnammne epmaromnxos, xnnyr n oprannsme uenonexa, xnnorntx n n
noune. nnte cnmnromt saonenannx noxnnxmrcx uame ncero n reuenne 14 ne
nocne sapaxennx.
V nme c renernuecxnmn e]exramn uacro ncrpeuamrcx anopmantnte pncynxn
naone. Hanpnmep y mnornx ontntx cnnpomom ayna ona nnnnax
nonepeunax cxnaxa uepes ncm naont.
Kaxan cauan pacnpoc1panennan qopua paxa?
(Cnpauueaem ou Xe+qu.., Crapoopo, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)
Ho anntm amepnxancxo Acconnannn cementx npaue, nanonee
pacnpocrpanenno ]opmo paxa xnnxercx pax xoxn. B 2007 r. +ror narnos tn
nocrannen mnnnnony amepnxannen n oxono 150 rtc. xananen. A no anntm
Maccauycercxoro nenrpa onxonornn n Focrone, or 40 o 50 % amepnxannen n
nospacre o 65 ner, xax mnnnmym, onn pas saonenann paxom xoxn. Acconnannx
cementx npaue nouepxnnaer, uro nourn nce cnyuan saonenannx paxom xoxn
xnnxmrcx pesyntrarom nstrounoro nosecrnnx yntrpa]noneronoro conneunoro
nsnyuennx, a n nocnenne rot n pesyntrarom sarapa n canonax. Xopomo, uro pax
xoxn noaercx neuennm.
Cymecrnymr na nna +roro saonenannx. Hepnt nemenanomnt pax xoxn. On
nopasenxercx na necxontxo rnnon, cpen xoroptx asantno-xnerounax
xapnnnoma snoxauecrnennax onyxont asantntx xnerox +nnepmnca. 3ror rnn
paxa ocoenno uacro ncrpeuaercx y nme co cnerno xoxe (npenmymecrnenno
na nnne), xoropte cnnmxom mnoro npemenn nponoxr na connne. Ho anntm
Htm-opxcxoro ]ona paxa xoxn, n CBA exerono ns mnnnnona cnyuaen
saonenannx paxom xoxn 800 rtc. npnxonrcx na asantno-xnerounym
xapnnnomy.
Cxnamosnax xnerounax xapnnnoma cxona c asantno-xnerouno. B CBA ee
exerono ]nxcnpymr y 100 rtc. ns mnnnnona ontntx paxom xoxn. Bmecre c rem
oa saonenannx xnnxmrcx nanonee ycnemno nsneunmtmn rnnamn
nemenanomnoro paxa xoxn.
Bropo nn paxa xoxn menanomnt. 3ro ceptesnax onesnt, no menee
pacnpocrpanennax. Menanoma snoxauecrnennax onyxont, pasnnnammaxcx ns
menanonnron nnrmenrntx xnerox, npoynnpymmnx menannnt. 3ro ocoenno
arpeccnnnax ]opma paxa xoxn. Ona opasyercx n +nnepmnce, no tcrpo
npopacraer n onee rnyoxne xnerxn rena n orrya moxer pacnpocrpanxrtcx (n
nne meracrason) n pyrne uacrn rena. Otuno meracrast pacnpocrpanxmrcx no
xponenocntm cocyam, nnm]arnuecxnm xananam n c nepepocnnnantno
xnxocrtm. Ho anntm Amepnxancxo acconnannn cementx npaue,
cctnammecx na nn]pt Amepnxancxoro onxonornuecxoro omecrna sa 2002 r., n
CBA narnos menanomt tn nocrannen 53 600 nannenram, 7400 ns nnx ymepnn.
Hpnmepno 16 % neca namero rena npnxonrcx na xoxy. E raxxe ornonrcx or 5
o 8 % nponecca omena nemecrn.
Moano nn saoxny1tcn, ecnn nonepxnoc1t ncero 1ena noxpm1a xpacxon?
(Cnpauueaem To+ Mu..qopo, Kausac-Cumu, Muccvpu, CLA)

3ror nonpoc mne saanann mnorne nocne ntxoa na +xpant ]nntma
Ion]nnrep o noxoxennxx xemca Fona. B xnnoxaprnne xecroxn Aypnx
Ion]nnrep ynnaer xpacnnym, no nenepnym nmonnnny onontno neotuntm
cnocoom. Bce ee reno tno ntxpameno sonoro xpacxo, n ona ymepna orroro,
uro xoxa ne morna tmart. xemc Fon onapyxnn rpyn enymxn n cxasan, uro
raxne cnyuan nponcxonnn c nennamn xaape. On oannn, uro yymtx moxno
nsexart, ecnn ocrannxrt nesaxpamenntm neontmo yuacrox xoxn n nnxne
uacrn nosnonounnxa.
Coepxamncx n nosyxe xncnopo nponnxaer n xoxy n ecxrt pas rnyxe, uem
cunranoct, a nmenno na rnynny 0,25 0,5 mm or nonepxnocrn xoxn.
Taxnm opasom +ror nonpoc cran nonnonart mnornx nme. Onaxo xemc Fon
xort n npexpacnt cexpernt arenr, no npau nnxytmnt. Hmn ne moryr
ymepert noontm opasom. uero nentsx cxasart o am]nnxx, xoropte, n
ornnune or mnexonnrammnx, tmar uepes xoxy.
Onaxo nao cxasart eme xoe-uro no +romy nonoy. B 2002 r. mecrt nemenxnx
epmaronoron onynnxonann crartm, n xoropo oxastnann, uro xoxa uenonexa
nonyuaer ns nosyxa ontme xncnopoa, uem o +roro cunrann yuente. oxrop
Mapxyc Bryxep n nxrepo ero xonner nncann, uro coepxamncx n nosyxe
xncnopo nponnxaer n xoxy nourn n ecxrt pas rnyxe, uem cunranoct o +roro, a
nmenno na rnynny 0,25 0,5 mm or nonepxnocrn xoxn. 3ro osnauaer, uro nect
nepxnn cno xoxn n uacrt epmt nnramrcx raxnm opasom. Bryxep n ero
xonnern nouepxnnamr, uro npexpamenne nocrynnennx xncnopoa uepes xoxy nce
xe ouent mano nosecrnyer na nnyrpennne oprant
24
.
Cosay1 nn xora-nnyt ncxycc1nennym xoay?
Ho cnonam oxropon +nna Mynn n Anronnoca Mnxoca, cosanne
ncxyccrnenno xoxn eno nnxamero yymero. Amnnncrpannx CBA no
xonrponm sa npoyxramn nnrannx n nexapcrnamn yxe ana nonoxnrentnoe
saxnmuenne no nonoy npoyxra xnnax xoxa. Hexoropte opasnt naxoxrcx n
crann paspaorxn
25,26
.
Hpnmepno 16 % neca namero rena npnxonrcx na xoxy. E raxxe ornonrcx or 5
o 8 % nponecca omena nemecrn.

Hnomat xoxn uenonexa cocrannxer npnmepno 1,52 m
2
.

Ha xaxom xnaparnom canrnmerpe uenoneuecxo xoxn oxono 4 mnn xnerox, 24
nonoca, 35 cantntx xenes, 6,1 m xponenocntx cocyon, 246 norontx xenes, 7480
cencopntx xnerox, 23 622 menanonnra (nnrmenrnte xnerxn) n onee 393 nepnntx
oxonuann.

B nomtmeuno nnanne uenonexa oxono 203 rtc. axrepn na xaxt
xnaparnt canrnmerp xoxn
27
.
Inana 8
Bonocm n nor1n

3oonor ecmon Moppnc cxasan: Cymecrnymr 193 nna oestxn, n 192 ns nnx
noxptrt nonocamn. Hcxnmuenne cocrannxer ronax oestxna, xoropax nastnaer
cex Homo sapiens
1
.
Houeuy nonocm na ronone nnnnee, ueu na pyrnx yuac1xax 1ena?
(Cnpauueaem Poouu To+ncou, Huuuuuamu, Oeao, CLA)

Kaxt nonoc na namem rene poxaercx, pacrer n ymnpaer n coornercrnnn co
cxemo nnxna pocra nonocxntx ]onnnxynon. 3rn nnxnt nmemr pasnnunx nx
pasntx uacre rena. Hanpnmep, nnxn pocra nonocxntx ]onnnxynon ronont
ontme, uem nomtmeuntx nnann.
Hnxn pocra nonocxntx ]onnnxynon cocronr ns rpex ]as: 1) anaren nepno
axrnnnoro pocra nonoc; 2) xararen nepno ocranonxn pocra n nauana
erenepannn; 3) renoren nepno ormnpannx n orropxennx nonocxntx
]onnnxynon.
nnna nonoca onpeenxercx xonnuecrnom npemenn ero npetnannx n ]ase anaren:
uem nnnnee nonoc, rem ontme +ra ]asa
2
.
Moano nn xax-nnyt ycxopn1t poc1 nonoc na nnne?
(Cnpauueaem Poouu To+ncou, Huuuuuamu, Oeao, CLA)

3ror nonpoc uacro saamr nopocrxn. Hm xouercx notcrpee nauart pnrtcx,
urot ntrnxert nspocnee. Hapnn, ne roponnrect, cxopo nce npner camo coo.
Fpnrte eme naoecr nam sa ncm xnsnt. Cpenecrarncrnuecxn myxunna sa cnom
xnsnt rparnr na pnrte oxono 3500 u (146 ne). Cxopocrt pocra nonoc
onpeenena renernuecxn, no cnom pont n +rom nrpamr n pyrne ]axropt, n rom
uncne nospacr, omee cocroxnne sopontx, nnrarentnte nemecrna, saonenannx
xoxn, ocoennocrn nonocxntx ]onnnxynon n ropmont. Cxopocrt pocra nonoc na
nnne n nx ronmnna cnxsant c myxcxnm ropmonom recrocreponom.
Enncrnennt cnoco ycxopnrt pocr nonoc nontmenne yponnx recrocrepona.
Onaxo upesmepnoe ncxyccrnennoe nontmenne moxer npnnecrn x arpo]nn xnuex
n npexpamennm ntpaorxn cemenno xnxocrn. Hanepnxxa ontmnncrno
myxunn ne cranyr nnarnrt raxym ntcoxym neny pan roro, urot na nx nnne
cxopee noxnnnact pacrnrentnocrt.
Cxopocrt pocra nonoc onpeenena renernuecxn, no cnom pont n +rom nrpamr n
pyrne ]axropt, n rom uncne nospacr, omee cocroxnne sopontx, nnrarentnte
nemecrna, saonenannx xoxn, ocoennocrn nonocxntx ]onnnxynon n ropmont.
Cxontxo nonoc um 1epneu eaenenno?
Fontmnncrno nme cunramr, uro exenenno onn repxmr ncero 1020 nonocnnox.
Ho onn sanyxamrcx. Ho mnennm oxropon aant Tp+n n Ponn Cnnxn+pa ns
ontnnnt Cnxroro Bnncenra n Mentypne, nx uenonexa nopmantno exenenno
repxrt or 50 o 200 nonocxon
3
. Ha ntnaenne nonoc nnnxmr raxne ]axropt, xax
nospacr, crpecc n omee cocroxnne sopontx. Kaxt nonoc na ronone pacrer no
xpane mepe 4 roa, npexe uem ntnaaer. Cxopocrt pocra nonoc na ronone
npnmepno 1 cm n mecxn. B CBA 40 ns 147 mnn myxunn n ro nnn nno crenenn
crpaamr upesmepno norepe nonoc. Or +roro xe crpaamr n 20 mnn xenmnn.
Y xoro ontme nonoc y nonnnon, pmne1on nnn pmaenonocmx?
B cpenem na ronone uenonexa oxono 100 rtc. nonoc. Onaxo y narypantntx
nonnnon nonoc na ronone ontme, uem y pmneron n ptxenonoctx. V
nonnnon na ronone n cpenem 120 rtc. nonoc, y pmneron 100 rtc., a y
ptxenonoctx 80 rtc. Hpnunny raxo pasnnnt nnxro rouno ne snaer.
Mory1 nn nonocm o1 moxa nocee1t sa ony nout?
Hayuntx oxasarentcrn romy, uro nonoct sa ony nout moryr noceert n
pesyntrare ncnxonornuecxo rpanmt, ner. Onaxo ronopxr, uro Tomac Mop n
Mapnx Anryanerra noceenn sa ony nout nepe xasntm.
oxrop yrnac Hentcon ns ]pannyscxoro ropoa Anepon-Fepxent onncan cnyua
copoxanxrnnernero ]pannyscxoro ]epmepa, y xoroporo nonoct sa 14 ne crann
ns uepntx cetmn. Cetmn onn ocranannct n reuenne npnmepno 6 mecxnen, a
norom sa 4 mecxna cnona crann concem uepntmn. 3oponte y ]epmepa tno
npexpacnoe. Hnxaxnx onesne ne ntxnnnn, n on ne nepexnnan nnxaxoro moxa
46
.
V nonnnon na ronone n cpenem 120 rtc. nonoc, y pmneron 100 rtc., a y
ptxenonoctx 80 rtc.
3aueu nau nyanm pecnnnm?
Pecnnnt npeornpamamr nonaanne n rnasa rpxsn, ntnn n pyrnx nocroponnnx
uacrnn, a raxxe nomoramr nyume nnert
7
.
Houeuy y nmen 1ax uano nonoc na 1ene?
(Cnpauueaem Bapoapa Cauco+, Iocqopo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

a, y nme, no cpannennm c pyrnmn mnexonnrammnmn, ouent mano nonoc na
rene. Vuente ntnnramr mnoxecrno reopn no nonoy +roro.

Teopnn nononoro o1opa
uem mentme nonoc na rene, rem nyume nnnt rennrannn. Cam uapns apnnn
cunran, uro +ro npnnnexaer nnnmanne npornnononoxnoro nona n ynennunnaer
nosmoxnocrt ycnemnoro penpoyxrnnnoro n +nonmnnonnoro pasnnrnx
8
.

Teopnn 1epuoperynnnnn
Bosmoxno, orcyrcrnne nonoc xaxnm-ro opasom cnxsano c repmoperynxnne rena
uenonexa, onrammero n rponnuecxo cpee. Ha panne crynenn cnoero pasnnrnx
nmn npoxnnann n npeenax 15 x cenepy nnn x mry or +xnaropa. Ho+romy
ncuesnonenne nonoc morno trt pesyntrarom aanrannn uenonexa x xapxomy
xnnmary, net, n ornnune or ontmnncrna mnexonnrammnx, nmn oxornnnct
nem, a ne noutm.

Teopnn ynennuennn uosra
Cornacno +ro reopnn, pasnnrne uenoneuecxoro mosra o ero ntnemnero nna
tno t nenosmoxno npn nannunn rycroro nonocxnoro noxpona. Hannune
ononnnrentntx xnerox mosra cnnxano y nepnotrntx nme pncx conneunoro
yapa no npemx era na nnnnte ncrannnn.

Teopnn eqex1noro rena
pyrax reopnx saxnmuaercx n rom, uro uenonex norepxn nonocxno noxpon n
pesyntrare nannunx e]exrnoro rena n, cneonarentno, myrannn. Bepoxrno, +ra
myrannx nponsomna na panne crann pasnnrnx romnnnon, rax xax ona
sarponyna nce pact.

Teopnn samn1m o1 napasn1on
Ecrt npenonoxenne, uro esnonocomy uenonexy ropaso nerue nsannxrtcx or
napasnron (nme, xneme n r. n.), uem nonocaromy. Hapasnrt xnnxmrcx
nepenocunxamn saonenann n cosamr ncxom]opr.

Teopnn oeam
C noxnnennem oext npocro ornana neoxonmocrt n rycrom nonocxnom
noxpone, nomoranmem nmxm ntxnrt. Bonoct crann nenyxntmn n co npemenem
ncuesnn.
V uenonexa 5 mnn norontx xenes ropaso ontme, uem y nmoro pyroro
mnexonnrammero.
Teopnn nonmx oestnn
3ra ouent npornnopeunnax reopnx rnacnr, uro nmn ntmnn ns nono cpet n
yrparnnn nonocxno noxpon no ro xe npnunne, uro xnrt, ent]nnt n
namanrnnt. Coxpanxrt n noe renno nomoraer cno noxoxnoro xnpa, a ne
nonoct
9
.
Cronr nn ronopnrt, uro xaxax ns +rnx reopn nonepraercx ceptesno xpnrnxe.
Hanpnmep, ornocnrentno reopnn repmoperynxnnn neonoxparno nouepxnnanoct,
uro uenoneuecxax xoxa c ee nsonnnem norontx xenes npenocxono cnpannxercx
c rennooraue xax c nonocamn, rax n es nnx. Kax nncan noxont anrpononor
Mapnnn Xappnc ns Konymncxoro ynnnepcnrera, mt oxnaxaemcx sa cuer
nnarn, xoropym ntenxmr namn noronte xenest. V uenonexa 5 mnn raxnx xenes
ropaso ontme, uem y nmoro pyroro mnexonnrammero
10
.
uro xacaercx reopnn samnrt or napasnron, ro, x npnmepy, uapns apnnn nncan:
nnxercx nn [sapaxenne xoxntmn napasnramn] snom ocrarountx macmraon,
urot npnnecrn x ontcennm rena, +ro nonpoc cnopnt, rax xax nnxro ns
uerneponornx, onrammnx n rponnxax, nacxontxo x snam, ne snaxom c xaxnmn-
nno ocotmn cpecrnamn samnrt or napasnron
8
.
Kaxax ns reopn nepna, yuente o cnx nop ne moryr pemnrt
1113
.
O1uero nmn nmcem1?
(Cnpauueaem Mom Xa..uoe, Tvppa+vppa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Ontcenne nastnaercx anporenernuecxo anonenne, nocxontxy ono
oycnonneno renernuecxn. eno n rom, uro ontcenne nosnnxaer, xora anporen
npnnonr x ymentmennm nonocxntx ]onnnxynon, a snaunr, n x ncuesnonennm
nnn ncromennm nonoc.
Ono npenonoxenne, xacammeecx npnunn ontcennx, saxnmuaercx n rom, uro
nsnnmxn xoxnoro cana sacopxmr ]onnnxynt. 3ro memaer nopmantnomy
]ynxnnonnponannm ]onnnxynon n n xoneunom cuere npnnonr x ntnaennm
nonoc. B Ancrpannn n ro nnn nno crenenn ontcennem crpaamr 96 % myxunn;
y xenmnn +ror nponenr necxontxo mentme. 3naunrentnoe ontcenne
nanmaercx y 60 % myxunn x 50 roam, a y 50 % xenmnn x 60. Ouent
neuantno, no norepx nonoc moxer trt omnpno.
Ontcenne nastnaercx anporenernuecxo anonenne, nocxontxy ono
oycnonneno renernuecxn.
Ho mnennm oxropon aant Tp+n n Ponn Cnnxn+p ns ontnnnt Cnxroro
Bnncenra n Mentypne, npexenpemennax nnn ycnnennax norepx nonoc moxer
ntstnart rpenory, cnxsannym c omymennem yrpart npnnnexarentnocrn B
omecrne yenxercx naxnoe snauenne ]nsnuecxomy onnxy uenonexa, n ocoenno
nonocam. Xorx otunoe ontcenne xnnxercx ecrecrnenntm ]nsnonornuecxnm
nponeccom n ne nosecrnyer orpnnarentno na soponte, omecrno
neonmnnnaer ntctx nme
14
.
Hornepxax +ro, oxrop Hamenna V+nnc n ee xonnern ns nononcxoro Ioncmnr-
xonnex ormeuamr, uro ]opryna ne narononnr x ntctm. Onn nouepxnnamr,
uro, no anntm nccneonannx, ntcte n ntcemmne myxunnt menee xornpymrcx
no raxnm noxasarenxm, xax ]nsnuecxax npnnnexarentnocrt, ynepennocrt n cee n
ycnemnocrt n omecrne. Pesyntrart nccneonann raxxe cnnerentcrnymr, uro
ycnnenne ntnaennx nonoc cnxsano c yrparo uyncrna cocrnennoro
ocronncrna, c enpeccne, nnrponeprnocrtm, nenpornuecxnm cocroxnnem n
uyncrnom yrpart npnnnexarentnocrn. Kpome roro, uem monoxe uenonex,
crpaammn or ontcennx, rem ontmee paccrpocrno on ncntrtnaer
15
.
Hccneonannx, nponeennte oxropom uapnsom Iyccennnom ns Iapnapcxoro
mennnncxoro xonnexa, noxasann, uro nnunocrnte nsmenennx, ntsnannte
npexenpemenntm ontcennem, nopo npnoperamr nocroxnnt xapaxrep
16
.
Ontcenne axe moxer cxasartcx na nonnrnuecxo xnsnn crpant. Hccneonannx
oxropa Hopenca Cnrentmana n ero xonner ns Hentcxoro ynnnepcnrera ntxnnnn,
uro n CBA na ntcoxnx ntopntx onxnocrxx ntctx myxunn ropaso mentme.
Hanpnmep, n amepnxancxom Konrpecce ntctx n ntcemmnx unenon snaunrentno
mentme, uem n rpynne cnyuano ntpanntx myxunn roro xe nospacra
17
. uro
xacaercx amepnxancxnx npesnenron sa nocnenne nonnexa, ro y ncex nnx tnn
xopomne nonoct, sa ncxnmuennem yara 3senxay+pa. On cran npesnenrom n
1953 r., a n 1956 r. ero nepenspann na nropo cpox. Ha oonx ntopax ero
onnonenrom tn ntct 3na Crnnencon.
3naunrentnoe ontcenne nanmaercx y 60 % myxunn x 50 roam, a y 50 %
xenmnn x 60.
V xepana uopa tno roxe mano nonoc, n ero ne nspann ncenapono, a
nasnaunnn npesnenrom n cnxsn c orcranxo Hnxcona
18
.
Kax uoano npeo1npa1n1t onmcenne?
(Cnpauueaem Mom Xa..uoe, Tvppa+vppa, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Koporxo ornernrt moxno rax: ocranarect sopontm n npannntno yxaxnnare sa
xoxe ronont. Tenept yxe ecrt ]apmanenrnuecxne cpecrna, xoropte
ocranannnnamr ontcenne nnn axe axrnnnsnpymr pocr nonoc. Hanpnmep,
]nnacrepn. 3ro nexapcrnennoe cpecrno npenasnaueno nx neuennx aenomt
npecrarentno xenest y myxunn. Ono noxnpyer 5 ant]a-peyxrasy ]epmenr,
cnnresnpymmn ernporecrocrepon (IT). Hexoropte cnennanncrt cunramr,
uro IT axrnnnpyer saxptrne nonocxntx ]onnnxynon. Taxnm opasom, ecnn
npeornpamen cnnres IT, ro npeornpameno n ontcenne. Kpome roro,
nexoropte xnmnuecxne n narypantnte cpecrna cnocont cnnxart ntpaorxy
xoxnoro cana, uro npenxrcrnyer nponeccy ontcennx.
Vuente onapyxnnn ren, orneuammn sa ontcenne, n nx orxptrne nosnonnr
cosart rennym repannm nx nme, xenammnx nmert ontme nonoc.
Pasymeercx, yuente nponoxr nccneonannx n +ro onacrn, nmyr ren,
ntstnammn ontcenne, n ntramrcx cosart rennym repannm. Ho cnonam
nccneonarene ono ns rpynn, onn yxe na nononnne nyrn x nameuenno nenn.
oxrop Anxena Kpncrnano
19
n rpynna epmaronoron coomamr, uro onn
onapyxnnn ren, orneuammn sa ontcenne, n nx orxptrne nosnonnr cosart
rennym repannm nx nme, xenammnx nmert ontme nonoc. 3ror ren
saxnmuaercx n xpomocome 8 n oxastnaer ontmoe nnnxnne na perynnponanne
pocra nonoc y uenonexa. Ho cnonam oxropa Kpncrnan, onapyxenne +roro rena
orxptnaer neorpannuennte nosmoxnocrn, xoropte, nepoxrno, n reuenne
cneymmnx nxrn ner nosnonxr +]]exrnnno neunrt ontcenne. Vxe ceronx n
pamxax nccneonann paspaartnamrcx merot ntpamnnannx, yanennx n axe
ymepmnnennx nonoc c nomomtm renno repannn. uro camoe npnmeuarentnoe,
ecrnonart moxno noxantno, n +ro cnnxaer nepoxrnocrt npoxnnennx noountx
+]]exron
20,21
.
Cymec1nye1 nn pax nonoc?
He camnx nonoc, a nonocxntx ]onnnxynon. Kapnnnoma xnerox Mepxenx
nastnaercx raxxe nepo+noxpnnntm paxom xoxn. 3ro pexn rnn paxa, npn
xoropom snoxauecrnennte xnerxn npncyrcrnymr npxmo no xoxe n n nonocxntx
]onnnxynax.
22 % amepnxancxnx myxunn nocxr yct. Vct n opoa nocroxnno ro nxoxr y
myxunn n moy, ro cranonxrcx nenonynxpntmn.

V Xoo Careon ns uanr-Man (Tannan) camte nnnnte n mnpe nonoct. Hx nnna
ocrnraer 5,15 m. V ero para, Hn, nnna nonoc 4,87 m.

Houemy y Mont Hnst ner pone? B +noxy Peneccanca n Hrannn y xenmnn tno
mono cpnnart ponn.
H1o uoano onpeenn1t no nor1nu?
(Cnpauueaem Uauma. Huoepm, Ovuucao, Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

Horrn moryr mnoroe paccxasart o cocroxnnn sopontx. Ecnn rnasa xnnxmrcx
sepxanom ymn, ro norrn sepxano sopontx. Hsmenenne ]opmt nnn nnera
norre yxastnaer na nannune onesnn saonro o npoxnnennx pyrnx cnmnromon.
Ocnono norreno nnacrnnxn xnnxercx xeparnn. Hnornocrt xeparnna n norrxx
oycnonnena rem, uro n +rom enxe npncyrcrnyer snaunrentnoe xonnuecrno
aromon cept.

Horrn nantnen pyx ntpacramr sa neenm npnmepno na 0,51,2 mm. Horrn na
nantnax nor pacryr menennee.
Horrn nantnen pyx ntpacramr sa neenm npnmepno na 0,51,2 mm. Horrn na
nantnax nor pacryr menennee. Fente nxrna na norrxx moryr yxastnart na
anemnm nnn nponemt c nouxamn. mxn c xopnunentmn rouxamn nnn rpemnnt
nepexo noxnnxmrcx npn ncopnase. Fente norrn c posontmn xonunxamn xnnxmrcx
npnsnaxom nnpposa neuenn. Fente nnnnn nonepex norre cnnerentcrnymr o
saonenannn neuenn. Cnnmxom roncrte norrn moryr trt noxasarenem nnoxo
nnpxynxnnn xponn. Xenrte norrn osnauamr, uro y nac nponemt c neuentm,
naer, paccrpocrno txarentno cncremt nnn nponemt c nnm]arnuecxo
cncremo. Temnte, nnocxne n cnnmxom ronxne norrn yxastnamr na nexnarxy n
oprannsme nnramnna B
12
.
Homxne norrn xnnxmrcx npnsnaxom nexnarxn xenesa n nponem co mnronnno
xeneso. Cnnmxom rnxne norrn tnamr npn penmaronnom aprpnre. Ouent
rnyoxoe, c ronytm orrenxom norrenoe noxe moxer yxastnart na nerounym
nenpoxonmocrt nnn +m]nsemy. Ecnn norrn xpomarcx, ro oprannsmy rpeyercx
ontme enxon n mnnepanon. Xpynxne, mxrxne, necrxmne, a ne maronte norrn
moryr yxastnart na nontmennym axrnnnocrt mnronnno xenest. Bocnanenne
norrenoro nannxa moxer osnauart nannune nn]exnnn nnn napymenne
exrentnocrn mnronnno xenest. Fopost osnauamr nponemt co mnronnno
xeneso. Hnocxne norrn tnamr npn onesnn Peno, npn xoropo nosnnxamr
nponemt c cncremo xponoopamennx, no+romy nocroxnno mepsnyr xncrn pyx n
crynnn. Bnpoxne norrente nnacrnnt moryr osnauart ropmonantnoe
paccrpocrno.
Houemy y Mont Hnst ner pone? B +noxy Peneccanca n Hrannn y xenmnn tno
mono cpnnart ponn.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx nmen noaxoopasnme nor1n?
Mennnncxoe nasnanne +roro saonenannx xononxnx. 3ro norrenax ncrpo]nx,
npn xoropo norrn cranonxrcx ronxnmn n nornyrtmn. Kononxnx cnxsana c
nexnarxo n oprannsme xenesa. Ho mnennm oxropa H. Fpa
22
, +ror neyr raxxe
moryr ntstnart raxne saonenannx, xax penmarnsm, nexoropte onesnn,
nepeanaemte nonontm nyrem, n xpacnt nnocxn nnma. Otuno xononxnx
nosnnxaer rora, xora rxann neocrarouno xopomo cnaxamrcx xncnopoom.
3acronax cepeunax neocrarounocrt, ]nposno-xncrosnax erenepannx,
xponnuecxax acrma n rxxeno ]opme n pyrne saonenannx, cnnxammne
cnoconocrt nerxnx nactmart xpont xncnopoom, npnnoxr x opasonannm
noxxoopasntx norre. Hpnunna roro, nouemy norrn cranonxrcx nmenno
nornyrtmn, nensnecrna
23
.
Ha nnnntx nantnax norrn pacryr tcrpee, uem na xoporxnx. H eme nerom onn
pacryr tcrpee, uem snmo.
Inana 9
Koc1n n sym

Hoxont axrep, xnsnenm n ocrpocnon, c+p Hnrep Vcrnnon, xax-ro samernn, uro
ponrenn +ro xocrn, na xoroptx ern orraunnamr cnon syt. Tyr moxer
nosnnxnyrt nonpoc: a xora onn +ro enamr, o nnn nocne roro, xax nonyuamr
exeneentnoe coepxanne?
H1o 1axoe xoc1n?
Kocrt +ro ocnonnax uacrt cxenera, nnornax coennnrentnax rxant, coepxamax
n cee xaponar xantnnx, ]oc]ar xantnnx n xenarnn. axe n camtx rneptx
yuacrxax xocre nmeercx mnoxecrno mnxpocxonnuecxnx nonocre, cnxsanntx
mexy coo xpoxorntmn xponenocntmn xananamn. Kocrn ornocnrentno nerxne,
onn nmemr ryuarym nnyrpennmm crpyxrypy.
B cocran xocrn nxoxr xocrnax rxant, naxocrnnna, xocrnt mosr, xponenocnte n
nnm]arnuecxne cocyt, nepnt n n pxe cnyuaen xpxmenax rxant. Kocrnt mosr
+ro rycroe xeneopasnoe nemecrno. Iyuaroe nemecrno nopncrt marepnan,
nanonnennt xponenocntmn cocyamn. Ha ryuartm nemecrnom naxonrcx
xocrnax rxant, a anee naxocrnnna. 3ro nnornax oonouxa, coepxamax nepnt
n xponenocnte cocyt, nnrammne xocrt.
Houeuy y unaenna ontme xoc1en, ueu y nspocnoro uenonexa?
Peenox poxaercx npnmepno c 300 xocrxmn, onaxo onn ouent mxrxne n
xpynxne. V mnaennen mnoro xpxme, xoropte onee rnxne, uem xocrt, no npn
+rom menee npounte. Ho mepe pocra peenxa xocrn yxpennxmrcx, nexoropte ns
nnx cpacramrcx, n n pesyntrare y nspocnoro uenonexa ocraercx 206 xocre.
Houeuy ne nce xoc1n 1nepem1 ononpeuenno?
(Cnpauueaem Humep Mapmuu, Aecmpa.u)

Hponecc samemennx xpxmeno rxann xocrno nastnaercx occn]nxanne.
Vnnnrentno, no no mepe pocra nnoa nepno nonepraercx ocn]nxannn
xnmunna. Ho cnonam oxropa nant Kennn
1
, nocne poxennx peenxa xnmunnt
pasnnnamrcx rax xe, xax n pyrne xocrn, no xpxm y nnx na xonnax ne opasyercx,
noxa xocrt ne npexpamaer pacrn. 3ro nponcxonr n nospacre 1920 ner.
Hexoropte xocrn ]opmnpymrcx nosxe, uem xnmunnt. Hanpnmep, uacrn rasa
oxonuarentno occn]nnnpymrcx rontxo n nospacre 2225 ner.
Peenox poxaercx npnmepno c 300 xocrxmn. Ho mepe pocra peenxa xocrn
yxpennxmrcx, nexoropte ns nnx cpacramrcx, n n pesyntrare y nspocnoro uenonexa
ocraercx 206 xocre.
Kaxne cymec1nym1 onesnn xoc1en?
V nspocntx nme nepexo ncrpeuamrcx saonenannx xocre. Hasonem nexoropte
ns nnx.
Ocreomnennr nn]exnnx xocrn nnn xocrnoro mosra.
Penmaronnt aprpnr nenn]exnnonnoe nocnanenne cycranon.
Ocreoaprpnr erenepannx, cnxsannax co crapo rpanmo nnn npocro crapennem.
Hoarpa napymenne meraonnsma moueno xncnort. Btstnaer cxonnenne
xpncrannon moueno xncnort n cycranax.
Hexemnx onyxonenoe saonenanne xponernopno rxann c nopaxennem
xocrnoro mosra.
Ocreocapxoma pax xocrn.
Axonponnasnx nosecrnymmee na xocrn nacnecrnennoe saonenanne,
xoropoe neer x xapnnxonocrn. Tpanmt, ntstnammne rpemnnt nnn nepenomt.
Eme ono onesntm xocre xnnxercx ocreonopos. On cnxsan c rem, uro xocrn co
npemenem repxmr maccy, cnaemr, a snaunr, nospacraer nepoxrnocrt nepenoma.
Ocoenno pacnpocrpanena +ra onesnt y xenmnn n nocrxnnmaxrepnuecxn
nepno.
Hs-sa orpannuennoro no cpannennm c pyrnmn opranamn xponocnaxennx xocrn
rpyno neunrt.
H1o 1axoe saxpm1mn n o1xpm1mn nepenou?
(Cnpauueaem Mapr To+ncou, Ha-Hepvs, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hepenom +ro nmoe napymenne nenocrnocrn xocrn nnn xpxma. Hpn saxptrom
nepenome ner orxptrtx pan, nosnnxmnx ns-sa nonpexennx mtmn n pyrnx
rxane onomxamn xocrn, a npn orxptrom mxrxne rxann nonpexamrcx.
Cymecrnyer ncero 7 nnon nepenomon. Vcranocrnt nepenom +ro neontmax
rpemnna nnn pasptn n xocrn, xoropt otuno ne onpeenxercx axe penrrenom.
Henonntm nastnaercx nepenom, npn xoropom xocrt ne nonnocrtm nepenomnnact,
a nonntm, coornercrnenno, xora xocrt nepenomnnact nonnocrtm. Ocxontuart
nepenom cnyuaercx rora, xora xocrt xpomnrcx na mnoxecrno ocxonxon. Hpn
nxonouennom nepenome ocxonxn ono xocrn nnnnamrcx n ocxonxn pyro.
Hoarpa napymenne meraonnsma moueno xncnort. Btstnaer cxonnenne
xpncrannon moueno xncnort n cycranax.
Houeuy ec1t xonennme uameuxn, no ne1 nox1enmx?
(Cnpauueaem Hamau re+c, Cavm-Kveu, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Konennte uameuxn neoxonmt nx samnrt xonenntx cycranon or nonpexenn
npn xote n nnxennxx. Konennte cycrant ncntrtnamr snaunrentno ontmym
narpysxy no cpannennm c noxrentmn cycranamn, no+romy nm nyxna
ononnnrentnax noepxxa.
Kax o1nnun1t uyacxon cxene1 o1 aencxoro?
Cymecrnymr nexoropte pasnnunx n crpoennn cxenera myxunnt n xenmnnt. V
myxunn cxener rxxenee, uepen mepoxonaree n npnmepno na 10 % ontme
xencxoro. Ho y myxunn cnntnee cxomen, yrnynennx n ntnyxnocrn xpynnee.
Hnxnxx uenmcrt maccnnnee n npounee.
Tas y xenmnn onee mnpoxn, nerxn n rnaxn. V myxunn nepxnn ntxo rasa
nmeer ]opmy cepeuxa, a y xenmnn on onantnt. V myxunn rnyoxax
nonsomnax xmxa, y xenmnn menxax. Kpecren myxunnt nnnnt, c cnntntmn
nsrnamn, xonunx xonunxa nanpannen nnepe, a y xenmnn nasa.

V myxunn cxener rxxenee, uepen mepoxonaree n npnmepno na 10 % ontme
xencxoro.
Moano nn sacymn1t cxene1 1ax, u1om on ne yuentmnncn?
(Cnpauueaem Hamau re+c, Cavm-Kveu, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Ho mnennm oxropa Hona Orpena
2
, urot coxpannrt pasmept cxenera,
npnmnoct t ntmtnart mnnepantnte cocrannxmmne xocre c nomomtm yxcyca
nnn xnmnuecxoro nemecrna no nasnannem +rnnennamnnrerpayxcycnax xncnora.
Kocrn cranyr mxrxnmn, onaxo coxpanxr cno pasmep.
H1o 1axoe nnocxoc1onne?
Crona ntnonnxer ]ynxnnm amoprnsaropa. Horn nopo ncntrtnamr raxym
narpysxy, xoropax n nxrt pas npentmaer annenne macct rena, n ecnn t crona ne
cmxruana +ro annenne, ro xaxt mar npnnonn t x nepenomy nnn cmemennm
xocre cront, nor n nnxne uacrn nosnonounnxa.
V sopontx cron ntcoxn cno, nosnonxmmn noram nepenocnrt rxxente
narpysxn. Hpn nnocxocronnn cno ymentmaercx, nepexo nosnnxaer ont n crone,
ronenn, xonene, epe nnn n nnxne uacrn nosnonounnxa. Hnocxocronne moxer
trt pesyntrarom renernuecxoro saonenannx, rpanmt, nepnno-mtmeunoro
saonenannx nnn ocnanennx mtmn, cnxsox n cyxoxnnn ns-sa crapennx.
Mnaennt poxamrcx c nnocxo crono, nocxontxy cnot cron y nnx eme ne
c]opmnponant. Otuno cnot ]opmnpymrcx, xora ern naunnamr xonrt.

Cno cront moxer trt cnnmxom ntcoxnm, n rora nosnnxamr npnmepno raxne
xe onn, xax npn nnocxocronnn.

Hanonee pacnpocrpanenno n nenpnxrno nponemo npn nnocxocronnn
xnnxercx nponannx. Hpn nponannn uenonex nepememaer nec na nnyrpennn xpa
cront.

Hnocxocronne moxer npnnonrt x nosnnxnonennm ypcnra ontmoro nantna
cront (ntnxunnanne cycrana y ocnonannx nantna), pasnnrnm monorxoopasntx
nantnen, noxnnennm mosone n axe nenpom (yronmenn n onacrn nepnon
cront).

Hs-sa nnocxocronnx noxnnxmrcx nxrounte mnopt n noomnennt ]acnnr. Oa
saonenannx conponoxamrcx ontm n nxrxax.

B pesyntrare nccneonann, nponeenntx n apmnn CBA, ntxnnnn, uro no npemx
rpennponox nonopannt c nnocxocronnem nonyuann ropaso mentme rpanm, uem
re, y xoro tnn nopmantnte nnn ntcoxne cnot cron.
B ueu cexpe1 nenepon1non rnxoc1n nexo1opmx nnpxauen?
(Cnpauueaem rou Xa.euo, Xaoepu, Hoea 3e.auou)

Cexper saxnmuaercx n +nacrnunocrn cnxsox n rxane. V nexoroptx +ro xnnxercx
pesyntrarom renernuecxnx saonenann, nosecrnymmnx rnanntm opasom na
xoxy n cycrant, a raxxe na pyrne oprant. B xauecrne npnmepa moxno npnnecrn
cnnpom 3nepca anno, npn xoropom nanmaercx upesmepnax pacrxxnmocrt
coennnrentntx rxane. Or +roro neyra crpaaer npnmepno onn ns 20 rtc.
uenonex.
Henepoxrnax rnxocrt xnnxercx pesyntrarom renernuecxnx saonenann,
nosecrnymmnx rnanntm opasom na xoxy n cycrant, a raxxe na pyrne oprant.
Houeuy xpyc1n1 xoc1nmxn nantnen?

Kocrxmxn nsamr xpycr, xora cnnonnantnax (cycrannax) xnxocrt tcrpo
nepexonr no annennem c ono cropont cycrana na pyrym. Ecnn norxnyrt
nantnt, npocrpancrno mexy cycranamn pacmnpnrcx, n n cnnonnantno
xnxocrn opasymrcx nystptxn. Kora onn nonamrcx, cntmnrcx xpycr
3
.
Moano nn saone1t ap1pn1ou, ecnn xpyc1e1t xoc1nmxaun nantnen?

Cycran +ro counenenne xocre. Cnnonnantnax xnxocrt omtnaer cycrant n
cosaer y]epnym sony mexy xocrxmn, urot onn ne repnnct pyr o pyra.
Hcrnpanne xocre moxer ntstnart px saonenann, n rom uncne n aprpnr.
Hsnecrno, uro nx penmaronnoro aprpnra xapaxrepna yrpara n cycranax
cnnonnantno xnxocrn. Hpnunno raxo yrpart xnnxercx nonpexenne
ntcrnnox cycranon.
oxrop Hnrep Fona]e ronopnr: Hpnpoa ne paccunrtnana, uro mt cnennantno
nocroxnno yem pacrxrnnart cnxsxn cycranon nantnen. onapyxnn ne
mennnncxne crartn, n xoroptx paccxastnaercx o nannenrax c rpanmamn xncre,
nosnnxmnmn ns-sa npnntuxn xpycrert xocrxmxamn nantnen pyx. Onn ns
nannenron upesmepno pacrxnyn cnxsxn, n pesyntrare uero nponsomno cmemenne
cycranon, pyro uacrnuno pasopnan cnxsxn ontmoro nantna
4
. B 1990 r.
npononnnct nccneonannx cocroxnnx xncre pyx y 200 nspocntx uenonex. Ftn
ntxnnen neontmo nponenr aprpnron n ropaso ontmn nponenr cnyuaen
pacnyxannx nantnen y rex, xro nmen npnntuxy xpycrert xocrxmxamn.
B crarte, onynnxonanno n 1999 r., oxrop H. uan
5
n noe ero xonner nncann:
Bpauam onontno uacro saamr nonpoc, cnxsannt c nosmoxntmn npentmn
nocnecrnnxmn npnntuxn xpycrert xocrxmxamn nantnen. Moxem cxasart, uro
noonax npnntuxa ne ntstnaer ceptesntx nerarnnntx nocnecrnn
5
-
7
.
3aueu nyanm nantnm na norax?
Ecnn ornernrt xoporxo, ro nantnt na norax nyxnt nx roro, urot nyume
xonrt. Xorx y nepntx cyxonyrntx xnnorntx nmenoct pasnnunoe xonnuecrno
nantnen na nanax, opty sa cymecrnonanne ntnrpann re, y xoro tno nxrt
nantnen. Hannune nxrn nantnen nomorano npexam uenonexa nasart no epentxm.
Homxne norrn xnnxmrcx npnsnaxom nexnarxn xenesa n nponem co mnronnno
xeneso. Cnnmxom rnxne norrn tnamr npn penmaronnom aprpnre.
Houeuy, ecnn c cnnon ynepe1tcn no u1o-nnyt, pyxn no1ou caun nonnuam1cn?
(Cnpauueaem 4pauucr Ca.+epu, Iucoopu, Hoea 3e.auou)

3ro nastnaercx ]enomenom Koncramma. Ho mnennm oxropa xona Mopencxn
8
,
pyxa moxer nonnmartcx cama no cee nocne narpysxn na ornoxmne mtmnt
(nonnmammne pyxn n cropont). Ecnn npn ronuxe ycnnnnaercx nx ecrnne, ro
ocnaenamr npornnoecrnymmne mtmnt. Kora cnaaer annenne or
orneennx, nt yrpaunnaere xonrpont na pyxamn, nocxontxy
npornnoecrnymmnm mtmnam ne xnaraer npemenn, urot nepecrponrtcx, n
pyxn nonnmamrcx camn coo.
Ec1t nn npana n nerenax o cnpenax?
Bosmoxno, ecrt. Ceronx cnnpom cnpent pexoe, no npnsnannoe saonenanne.
V nero mnoxecrno pyrnx nasnann: e]exr cnpent, cnpenomennx, cnmnyc,
cpamenne nnxnnx xoneunocre, ypomennx, monononx.
Cnnpom cnpent +ro npoxennt e]exr, npn xoropom peenox poxaercx c
ono nnxne xoneunocrtm nnn co cpocmnmncx noramn. unsnuecxne npnsnaxn
+roro saonenannx ouent pasnxrcx. Horn moryr cpacrnct no nce nnne nnn
rontxo uacrtm crynne.
Hmn, crpaammne cnnpomom cnpent, ne moryr xonrt, no uacro n cocroxnnn
nnanart. Hexoropte ns nnx nnanamr axe ouent xopomo, onn noonry ocramrcx n
noe, nocxontxy ram nm xom]oprno n nnananne npnnocnr npemennoe oneruenne
nx nx xoxn, xoropax uacro tnaer neotuano cyxo.
Cnnpom cnpent +ro npoxennt e]exr, npn xoropom peenox poxaercx c
ono nnxne xoneunocrtm nnn co cpocmnmncx noramn.
Ho pasntm onenxam, +ro saonenanne ncrpeuaercx y onoro ns 70 rtc. nnn 15 mnn
uenonex. oxrop C. Manaronn n rpoe ero xonner
9
yrnepxamr, uro n mennnncxo
nnreparype coomanoct o 300 cnyuaxx saonenannx
10,11
. B rpn pasa uame ono
ncrpeuaercx y xenmnn, uem y myxunn. B renenepeaue Cn-+n-+n or 2 nmnx 2005
r. ronopnnoct, uro ceronx o]nnnantno saperncrpnponano rontxo rpoe ontntx c
cnnpomom cnpent. Hepeaua tna nocnxmena ycnemno xnpyprnuecxo
onepannn, nponeenno n Hepy rpnnanarnmecxuno Mnnarpoc Keppon. 3ra
onepannx axe rpancnnponanact no nannonantnomy renennennm. Bpaun
oxnnnn, uro norpeyercx eme necxontxo ner n necxontxo xnpyprnuecxnx
onepann, urot ycrpannrt ocnonnte anomannn nnyrpennnx opranon peenxa.
Xonrt ona cmoxer rontxo n nospacre nyx ner.
Tax uro nnonne pesonno npenonoxnrt, uro pennne mopennanarenn mornn
nnert raxnx nonyxenmnn-nonypt n mope nnn na epery n +ro crano ocnono
pennnx neren.
Paxnr saonenanne ere, npn xoropom napymaercx opasonanne xocre ns-sa
e]nnnra nnramnna D.
H1o 1axoe paxn1?
Paxnr saonenanne ere, npn xoropom napymaercx opasonanne xocre ns-sa
e]nnnra nnramnna D. Ho cnonam oxropa Kpncrnnt Poa
12
, n nauane XX n. n
nnycrpnantntx ropoax Cenepnoro nonymapnx 85 % ere onenn paxnrom
13
.
C rex nop saonenaemocrt paxnrom snaunrentno cnnsnnact. Cnmnromt paxnra
naptnpymrcx or +nnnenrnuecxnx npnnaxon n samenennoro pocra o pacnyxannx
sanxcrn, notxex n pasmxruennx xocre uepena (xpannoraec). B 1990-x rr.
nnont ormeuannct ncntmxn paxnra y ere, ne nonyuanmnx ocrarouno
conneunoro cnera. Hanepnoe, onn cnnmxom mnoro npemenn npononnn nepe
renennsopom nnn sa xomntmrepom.
Camtm ntcoxnm uenonexom tn Poepr Vonoy (Anron, Hnnnnoc, CBA). On
ymep n 1940 r. n nospacre 22 ner. Ha ror momenr ero pocr cocrannxn 2,71 m.

Camtm nnsxopocntm uenonexom tn Ian Moxamme (Htm-enn, Hnnx). Kora n
1990 r. ero ocneonann oxropa n ontnnne Pam-Manoxap, ero pocr cocrannxn 57
cm.

3xrpoaxrnnnx +ro saonenanne, npn xoropom naont nnn crynnx uenonexa
noxoxa na xnemnm paxa. Camtm snamennrtm uenonexom, crpaanmnm +rnm
saonenannem, tn xose] K+ppn Meppnx (raxxe nsnecrnt xax xon Meppnx)
no nposnnmy uenonex-cnon
13
.

Ecnn nt, xax n ontmnncrno nme, npanma, ro npn neuarannn na mamnnxe
ontmym uacrt paort (56 %) ntnonnxer nama nenax pyxa.
H1o 1axoe onn poc1a?
(Cnpauueaem Humep Mapmuu, Aecmpa.u)

Fonn pocra nosnnxamr y monotx nme, xora onn pacryr ocoenno tcrpo. Ho
mnennm oxropa Hona Orpena
14
, raxne onn otuno nosnnxamr noxpyr
cycranon, ocoenno xonenntx. Hpn +rom omymennx pannocnntnt onxm npn
pacrxxennn cpene crenenn. Ecnn onn pocra onontno cnntnte, npau moxer
noconeronart nontsonartcx npornnonocnannrentntmn cpecrnamn,
]nxcnpymmnmn nonxsxamn nnn axe nponncart nocrentnt pexnm. Otuno
nenpnxrnte omymennx npoxoxr camn no cee co npemenem, xora mxrxne rxann
aanrnpymrcx x nennunne ntpocmnx xocrntx rxane.
Cymec1nye1 nn npeen uenoneuecxoro poc1a?
Mexannsm, xonrponnpymmn pocr uenonexa, nxnmuaer n cex nsanmoecrnne
renon n rnno]nsa, xpome roro, cnom pont nrpaer xauecrno nnrannx n omee
cocroxnne sopontx uenonexa. Hepenxx onx rnno]nsa pacnonoxena y ocnonannx
mosra, ona ntpaartnaer nemecrno, xoropoe nastnaercx comarorponnn, nnn
ropmon pocra uenonexa. 3ror ropmon crnmynnpyer neuent na ntpaorxy
necxontxnx nenrnon, xoropte nastnamrcx comaromennt, nnn
nncynnnonoonte ]axropt pocra. Koopnnnponannoe ecrnne ropmona pocra
n nncynnnonoontx ]axropon pocra oxastnaer nnnxnne na pasnnrne xocre n
mtmn, ycxopxer opasonanne xpxme. Hexnarxa nncynnnonoonoro ]axropa
pocra, xoropt nastnaercx comaromenn C, moxer npnnonrt x ocranonxe pocra.
Eme naxnoe snauenne nmeer npemx nononoro cospenannx. Tecrocrepon n +crporen
ycxopxmr occn]nxannm +nn]nsapntx nnacrnnox na xonnax nnnntx xocre pyx
n nor.
Bepoxrno, uro n nexnarxa nnrarentntx nemecrn, n omee cocroxnne sopontx
recno cnxsant c remnamn pasnnrnx uenonexa. Cunraercx, uro nnnxnne
nerenernuecxnx ]axropon na pocr cocrannxer 10 %. Hanpnmep, n pannone
ornocnrentno ntcoxoro napoa macan ns Bocrouno A]pnxn mnoro enxa, n rom
uncne mxca, monoxa n xponn. Ho mnennm oxropa +nna Mynn, anrpononora ns
Mnunrancxoro ynnnepcnrera n Ann-Apop, raxo pannon naronpnxrno
nosecrnyer na pocr.
H1o 1axoe qan1ounan ont?
B 70 % cnyuaen nocne amnyrannn xoneunocre y nannenron ocraercx omymenne
roro, uro yrpauennax pyxa nnn nora nce eme na mecre. 3ro nastnaercx ]anromno
ontm.
uanromnax ont npnnnexna nnnmanne npaue, xora nocne Hepno mnpono
nont oxono 60 rtc. conar nepnynnct omo c amnyrnponanntmn
xoneunocrxmn. Onncanne +roro ]enomena ecrt n crarte oxropa C. uentmana,
noxnnnmecx n 1940 r. n xypnane Amepnxan xopnan o] caxonoxn
15
.
uentman nouepxnnaer, uro uame ncero ]anromnax ont nosnnxaer npn
amnyrannn nyx xoneunocre
16
.
B 70 % cnyuaen nocne amnyrannn xoneunocre y nannenron ocraercx omymenne,
uro yrpauennax pyxa nnn nora na mecre. 3ro nastnaercx ]anromno ontm.
B 1992 r. oxrop Ponant Mentsax saxnnn, uro ]anromnax ont nanmaercx y 70
% nannenron c amnyrnponanntmn xoneunocrxmn. Onn onnctnamr onente
omymennx xax cyoporn nnn npocrpent. Kpome roro, nepexo ontnte
xanymrcx, uro onn uyncrnymr annenne, xap, xono, nomnntnanne n ntcrynanne
nora. Otuno nce +ro nanmaercx cpasy nocne amnyrannn, no nnora n uepes
necxontxo neent, mecxnen nnn axe ner
17
.
uanromnte xoneunocrn xaxyrcx nacrontxo peantntmn, uro nannenrt ntramrcx
nontsonartcx nmn.
V nme, crpaammnx napannuom nepxnnx nnn nnxnnx xoneunocre, xora
nonpexen cnnnno mosr, raxxe nosnnxamr ]anromnte onn. Hexoropte ns
raxnx ontntx noome ne npnsnamr cex napannrnxamn.
Ceuac cymecrnyer necxontxo oxcnenn nosnnxnonennx ]anromno onn.
Hanpnmep, oxrop Mentsax nnmer: Ocranmnecx n xyntre nepnt, xoropte n
mecre amnyrannn opasymr ysenxn, nastnammnecx nenpomamn, npoonxamr
ntpaartnart nmnyntct
17
.
pyroe oxcnenne cocronr n rom, uro ncrounnx onentx omymenn naxonrcx
re-ro n camom cnnnnom mosre. Taxnm opasom cnnnno mosr noctnaer
rononnomy mosry nesnaxomte cnrnant. Onaxo cnnerentcrn nannunx noonoro
mexannsma onapyxeno ne tno.
H naxonen, camoe nocnenee n, nepoxrno, nannyumee oxcnenne saxnmuaercx n
rom, uro ncrounnxom onentx omymenn xnnxercx cam rononno mosr. 3ry rouxy
spennx ntcxasan oxrop B. C. Pamauanpan, xoropt yrnepxaer: Kora
yuacrox rononnoro mosra, orneuammn sa yrpauennym xoneunocrt, ne nonyuaer
ontme cencopntx cnrnanon, on naunnaer pearnponart na cnrnant, nocrynammne
n cocenne yuacrxn mosra
18
.
Kaxne ntnot moxno cenart ns ncero +roro? Iononno mosr opercx sa
noccranonnenne nopmantnoro ]ynxnnonnponannx rena axe nocne roro, xax ono
yxe nencnpannmo rpanmnponano
19,20
.
Houeuy, ecnn uenonex sanyn1cn, on naunnae1 xon1t xpyraun?
Ha nporxxennn nexon cunranoct, uro npnunna raxoro xpyxennx xpoercx n
ocoennocrxx namero rena, a nmenno n rom, uro ona nora y nac otuno uyrt
xopoue pyro. Onaxo na camom ene +ro ne rax. 3xcnepnmenrt noxasann, uro
cnnpantnoe nnxenne ynnnepcantnoe xauecrno xnno npnpot. Hpn xote
nmn c sanxsanntmn rnasamn nensmenno conepmamr cnnpantnte nnxennx, xax,
nnpouem, n no npemx nnanannx nnn nonera. Xnnornte emoncrpnpymr
ananornunoe noneenne, n rom uncne n raxne mnxpocxonnuecxne cymecrna, xax
amet. Hpnunna +roro nensnecrna. Cymecrnyer npenonoxenne, uro cnnpantnoe
nnxenne cnxsano c npamennem 3emnn, +nexrpomarnnrntm nonem nnn c
mexannsmom mosra, onpeenxmmnm nanpannenne
21
.
Cymecrnyer npenonoxenne, uro cnnpantnoe nnxenne cnxsano c npamennem
3emnn, +nexrpomarnnrntm nonem nnn c mexannsmom mosra, onpeenxmmnm
nanpannenne.
Kaxan uac1t 1ena cauan 1nepan?
(Cnpauueaem J+u 4poucuc, Hourecmou-Cavm, Tac+auu, Aecmpa.u)

3yt. A ecnn rounee synax +mant. 3yt cocroxr ns rpex pasnnuntx rneptx
rxane enrnna, nemenra n +mann. Henocpecrnenno no +mantm naxonrcx
enrnn. Fnaroapx ntcoxomy coepxannm mnnepanon on uyrt rnepxe, uem xocrt.
Ha 70 % +ro neoprannuecxoe nemecrno. Kopent sya noxptnaer nemenr, ero
ronmnna oxono 1 mm. Ho cocrany on ouent nnsox x xocrn. 3mant noxptnaer
rontxo nepxnmm uacrt sya, ee ronmnna cocrannxer 1,52 mm. 3yt nacrontxo
rnepte, uro nocne cmeprn uenonexa onn paspymamrcx n nocnenmm ouepet.

Camax rnepax uacrt sya synax +mant. 3mant noxptnaer rontxo nepxnmm
uacrt sya, ee ronmnna cocrannxer 1,52 mm.
Kaxan nnma paspymae1 sym?

Ho mnennm oxropa Poepra Xoycxn
22
, rasnponannte esanxorontnte nannrxn
paspymamr syt. Xoycxn ronopnr: B cocran rasnponanntx nannrxon nxonr
nno acxopnnonax, nno yxcycnax xncnora, a +rn nemecrna paspymamr syt.
Kpome roro, n pesyntrare rasnponannx opasyercx yrnexncnora, xoropax roxe
nonpexaer +mant. Bo mnornx esanxorontntx nannrxax npncyrcrnyer caxap. Ero
nerxo nepepaartnamr axrepnn no pry, n n pesyntrare opasyercx xncnora,
paseammax +mant
23
.
oxrop V. Hnrep Pox ns Fepmnnremcxoro ynnnepcnrera saxnnn, uro
esanxorontnte nannrxn uame ncero xnnxmrcx npnunno paspymennx syon y
nopocrxon. uro xacaercx nnmn, ro npoyxrt, n xoroptx ntcox nponenr
coepxannx xncnor, raxxe npent nx +mann. Hanpnmep, nnrpyconte. Bor
nouemy nonesno uncrnrt syt, nocne roro xax nt cenn anentcnn
24
.
Bpeen nn nn syon moxona?
Cornacno nocnene rouxe spennx nccneonarene, moxona ne cnococrnyer
nosnnxnonennm xapneca, on moxer axe npeornpamart paspymenne syon. B
2000 r. xnoncxne yuente ns ynnnepcnrera n Ocaxe coomnnn o cnoem orxptrnn,
saxnmuanmemcx n rom, uro anrnaxrepnantnte nemecrna, onapyxennte n oax
xaxao (ocnonno xomnonenr xaxao), nerpannsymr ntcoxoe coepxanne caxapa.
Taxnm opasom, moxona cxopee cnnxaer pncx nosnnxnonennx xapneca. Onaxo
yuente nouepxnynn, uro anrnaxrepnantnte nemecrna coepxarcx rnanntm
opasom n menyxe oon xaxao, a ona npx nn ncnontsyercx n nponecce
nsroronnennx moxonaa. Fonee roro, nccneonannx npononnnct na xptcax, a ne
na nmxx. Ho, rem ne menee, nosnnxno npenoxenne nxnmuart +xcrpaxr menyxn
oon xaxao n synte +nnxcnpt n synte nacrt
25
.
Ho mnennm unenon Amepnxancxo acconnannn anrncron, xantnn, ]oc]ar,
nnnnt n enox, coepxamnecx n monounom moxonae, moryr xoppexrnponart
ntpaorxy no pry xncnort, cnococrnymme opasonannm xapneca. Kpome roro,
npocro caxap n monounom moxonae menee npeen nx syon, uem cnoxnte
caxapa n pyro nnme. oxrop Anxena ayen, nononcxn cnennanncr n
onacrn cromaronornn, oannxer, uro remnt moxona eme ontme cnnxaer
pncx nosnnxnonennx xapneca. Onaxo nccneonannx n +ro onacrn
npoonxamrcx, n, nosmoxno, n sanrpamnnx raserax noxnxrcx npornnononoxnte
yrnepxennx.
Kantnn, ]oc]ar, nnnnt n enox, coepxamnecx n monounom moxonae, moryr
xoppexrnponart ntpaorxy no pry xncnort, cnococrnymme opasonannm
xapneca.
Moano nn nmpac1n1t sy n nponpxe?

a, +ro nosmoxno. Pesyntrart nccneonann, nponeenntx oxropom Honom
Bapnom, tnn npecrannent n 2004 r. na saceannn Amepnxancxo acconnannn
coecrnnx pasnnrnm nayxn. Ha +rom saceannn tno noxasano, uro crnononte
xnerxn moryr noccosanart synte sauarxn, xoropte ecrecrnenntm opasom
]opmnpymrcx n +mpnone. Vuente nmnnanrnponann +rn xnerxn n uenmcrt n
nosnonnnn nm pasnnnartcx ram. Hpn +rom ncnontsonanne cocrnenntx crnonontx
xnerox uenonexa ncxnmuaer nponemy orropxennx rxane. oxrop Bapn ormernn
cneymmee: Ecnn nt moxere nauart nponecc ntpamnnannx, ro npnpoa cama
nxnmunrcx n +ror nponecc n opran yer pasnnnartcx xax n +mpnone
26
.
urot ntpacrnrt sy n nponpxe, nao nsxrt +mpnonantnte rxann or pacrymero
nocroxnnoro sya.
urot ntpacrnrt sy n nponpxe, nao nsxrt +mpnonantnte rxann or pacrymero
nocroxnnoro sya. Knerxn, ornercrnennte sa opasonanne +mann, ymnpamr no
npemx npopestnannx sya. B xoe nepnoro +xcnepnmenra accncrenrt Bapna
nmnnanrnponann pacrymne syt +mpnona n por nspocno mtmn n nxnmunnn
ren, axrnnnsnpymmn pocr ontmnx xopenntx syon. B nrore syt ntpocnn.
B nocnenne na ecxrnnernx tnn paspaorant npenocxonte rexnonornn,
nosnonxmmne anrncram nmnnanrnponart ncxyccrnennte syt, xoropte
ntrnxxr nacrontxo narypantno, uro axe npaun npn nepnom nsrnxe ne moryr
ornnunrt nx or nacroxmnx.

K nxrnecxrn roam cpenn uenonex repxer 12 xopenntx syon. B CBA
nacunrtnaercx onee 100 mnn nme, repxmmnx x +romy nospacry or 11 o 15
syon. K cemnecxrn roam nononnna ns nac ocraercx concem es syon
24, 27
.

pennne pnmnxne nmecro norepxnntx syon ncrannxnn n uenmcrn merannnuecxne
mrn]rt. Ceronx synte nmnnanrart nsrorannnnamrcx ns ]ap]opa n rnrana
24, 27
.
Byy1 nn cosanm ncxycc1nennme xoc1n?
(Cnpauueaem oeuo Kpvr, Prui Me.iovpu, Burmopu, Aecmpa.u)
a, no nx +roro norpeyercx eme necxontxo ner. 3a perenepannm xocrntx
rxane uenonexa orneuamr rax nastnaemte xocrnte mop]orenernuecxne enxn.
3xcnepnmenrt c xocrntmn mop]orenernuecxnmn enxamn ceuac nponoxrcx no
ncem mnpe. B antnemem, nmecro roro urot cpamnnart cnomannym xocrt
rpannnonntm cnocoom, yer ncnontsonartcx penonmnnonnax rexnonornx, npn
xoropo nonpexennax rxant yer cama perenepnponartcx. Kocrnym nacry,
noxoxym no cocrany na nacroxmym xocrt, yxe nnoxr n mecro nepenoma. 3ro
ncxnmuaer neoxonmocrt ncnontsonannx crxxex, n pesyntrart n annom cnyuae
nyume, uem npn ncnontsonannn xocrnoro rpancnnanrara. Hacra sacrtnaer n
reuenne 10 mnn., a uepes 12 u. ona yxe raxax xe rnepax, xax nacroxmax
xocrt
28
~
30
.
Byy1 nn cosanm ncxycc1nennme cyc1anm?
H re xe nt tnn? Hcxyccrnennte cycrant npaxrnuecxn nx ncex uacre rena
yxe cymecrnymr. Mnorne ns nnx nsrorannnnamrcx ns nepxanemme crann n
cocroxr n ocnonnom ns nyx uacre. Merannnuecxn crepxent c mapnxom na
xonne ncrannxercx n ony xocrt, a merannnuecxoe rneso c nnacrnxono
ntcrnnxo n pyrym, cocenmm. Bapnx nxonr n rneso n npamaercx ram, uro
oecneunnaer cnoonoe, esonesnennoe nnxenne. Cymecrnymr ncxyccrnennte
cycrant nx nneua, noxrx, sanxcrtx, nantnen pyx, epa, xonena, notxxn n
nantnen nor
29,30
.
Ha xaxom xnaparnom mme naonn 1300 nepnntx oxonuann.
Bye1 nn cosan ncxycc1nennmn xpnm?
To, uro nastnaercx ycnnennt xpxm, sameuarentnoe nsoperenne. B
Kempnxcxom norexnonornuecxom nenrpe Iensnm (Maccauycerc, CBA)
paspaorana rexnonornx, xoropax nosnonxer npauam ycnnnnart xpxmente xnerxn.
Ona oopena Amnnncrpanne CBA no xonrponm sa npoyxramn nnrannx n
nexapcrnamn. Texnonornx no mnornx cnyuaxx nosnonxer nsexart sament cycrana
nporesom.
Hponecc nonno perenepannn xpxma xonennoro cycrana sannmaer or 12 o 18
mecxnen.
3oponte xpxmente xnerxn cnauana nsnnexamrcx ns cycrana nannenra (ecnn
nosmoxno, nx epyr ns nonpexennoro cycrana). 3arem onn xnmnuecxnm nyrem
ycnnnnamrcx n pacryr n naoparopntx ycnonnxx 23 neenn. 3arem xnerxn
nxnnnxmr no mxrxne rxann, n onn pasnnnamrcx n nopmantnt xpxm. Hponecc
nonno perenepannn xpxma xonennoro cycrana sannmaer or 12 o 18 mecxnen.
Ananornunym rexnonornm yuente ncnontsymr n nx perenepannn mtmn, cnxsox
n cyxoxnnn. Ho cnonam oxropa Poepra Hanrepa, xpxm moxno ntpacrnrt n
]opme yxa, noca n pyrnx uacre rena
30,31
.
3anxcrte cocronr ns 8 xocre.

Ha xaxom xnaparnom mme naonn 1300 nepnntx oxonuann.

Ha coxpannnmnxcx nsopaxennxx pennnx ernnrxn nmn nnxora ne yntamrcx.
Hpnunno +roro apxeonorn cunramr ro, uro y nnx tnn rnnnte syt ns-sa nnmn,
ouent npeno nx syno +mann.

Cxanynnmanrnx +ro mero npecxasannx yymero no rpemnnam nneuentx
xocre.

Camo nnsxopocno cynpyxecxo napo tnn pasnntnt yrnac Maope Fparep
e Cnntna n Knaynx Hepepa Poxa, xoropte noxennnnct 26 oxrxpx 1998 r. Hx
pocr, coornercrnenno, cocrannxn 89 n 91 cm.

Cunraercx, uro camte nnnnte norn y C+m Crecn monoo xenmnnt ns
Cren]opra (Bennxopnrannx). B xnnape 2001 r. nnna ee nor or epa o nxrxn
cocrannxna 1,26 m. 3ro cpenn pocr ecxrnnernero anrnncxoro peenxa.

Koneno nerue ncero rpanmnpyemt cycran. Exerono n ontnnnt CBA
nonaamr 1,4 mnn nannenron c pasnnuntmn rpanmamn xonen
32
.
Inana 10
Cepne, xpont n nerxne

xon Hnnn nncan: Ecnn t ncx semnx crana eno ymaro, a nce mopx
uepnnnamn, ro n +roro t mne ne xnarnno, urot onncart uyncrna moero enoro
cepna. A nor uro ronopnn xnn uaynep: Hncart nerxo. Hyxno nnmt
ycrannrtcx n nycro nncr ymarn, noxa xannn xponn ne ntcrynxr na ny. Vonrep
uapns ntpasnncx rax: Hanonnxre cno mosr nexmn rouno rax xe, xax
nanonnxere nosyxom nerxne.
Kax uenoneuecxoe cepne naunnae1 n1tcn?
(Cnpauueaem reu Cmmapo, Cuue.mou, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Bo npemx +mpnonantnoro pasnnrnx cepne xnnxercx onnm ns nemnornx opranon,
xoropte onxnt ]ynxnnonnponart nourn cpasy xe nocne ]opmnponannx. Tor
]axr, uro cepne pasnnnaercx onnm ns nepntx, cnnerentcrnyer o naxnocrn
+roro oprana.
Cepne naunnaer nrtcx ouent pano, npnmepno na 22- ent nocne sauarnx, eme
o roro xax ]opmnpymrcx ero xnanant n xamept. Mnoxap (mtmeunt cno
cepna) noyxamr coxpamartcx +nexrpnuecxne crnmynt. 3rn crnmynt
mnorennte, n +ro osnauaer, uro coxpamennx nosnnxamr camonponsnontno n
camom mnoxape. Cnrnan or nenrpantno nepnno cncremt moxer nsmenxrt
uacrory cepeuntx coxpamenn, no ne axrnnnpyer nenne. Cnoconocrt
cepeuntx mnonnron (xnerox, cocrannxmmnx mnoxap) nrtcx xnnxercx
npoxenntm cnocrnom +rnx xnerox. Mnonnrt, yanennte ns monooro cepna n
ntpamennte n naoparopnn, yyr nrtcx ecnopxouno, no ecnn nx coennnrt,
ro onn naunyr nrtcx pnrmnuno n n ynncon. Hpocro ynnnrentno!

Cepne naunnaer nrtcx ouent pano, npnmepno na 22- ent nocne sauarnx, eme
o roro xax ]opmnpymrcx ero xnanant n xamept.
Hepnte coxpamennx pacnpocrpanxmrcx nonnamn no ncemy cepny.
nx nennx cepna rpeymrcx onpeenennte ycnonnx. Knerxn onxnt nmert
cnennantnte crpyxrypt (menennnte coennennx) +ro nosnonxer nm
nsanmoecrnonart raxnm opasom, urot nrtcx cnnxponno
13
.
Hpana nn, u1o ueu uenonex uonoae, 1eu mc1pee y nero te1cn cepne?
(Cnpauueaem Huro.i Tpmoo, Hopm-J.oruu, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

V noxnntx nme uacrora cepnenenn ymentmaercx. Bepoxrno, +ro cnxsano c
nsmenennxmn n yuacrxax rononnoro mosra, xonrponnpymmnx cepne, a ne c
nsmenennxmn n camom cepne. Iononno mosr xonrponnpyer uacrory
cepnenenn uepes nepnt, xoropte nnnepnnpymr cepne n ycranannnnamr
neoxonmt pnrm. Onnm ns raxnx nepnon xnnxercx nyxammn nepn. Ero
nepnnte naxoxrcx rnyoxo n rononnom mosre, nx cxonnenne nastnaercx
nnrarentntm xpom nyxammero nepna. Ha +rn nepnnte xnerxn oxastnamr
nosecrnne cocenne nepont onnounoro nyrn rononnoro mosra n
rnnoranamyca. Ho npnunnam, xoropte o xonna nensnecrnt, y noxnntx nme
nanmamrcx nonpexennx n nsmenennx ]ynxnn oonx +rnx yuacrxon
rononnoro mosra.
Ha uacrory cepeunoro pnrma raxxe oxastnamr nnnxnne ropmont, nanpnmep
rnpeorponnt ropmon. Ho mepe crapennx oprannsma xonnuecrno +roro ropmona
ymentmaercx. Bepoxrno, ro xe nponcxonr n pesyntrare nsmenenn n
rnnoranamyce. Kpome roro, moryr cymecrnonart n pyrne ]axropt,
oxcnxmmne, nouemy uacrora cepnenenn samenxercx no mepe roro, xax
npnnnxaercx nama nocnenxx ara
4
.
O1uero cepne noc1onnno te1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Iapu Pooouuc, Cavm-Bour, Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

Fnrtcx name cepne sacrannxer +nexrpnuecrno. Cepne +ro nenepoxrno cnntnax
mtmna n camt naexnt nacoc, xora-nno cosannt npnpoo. Fyyun
pasmepom c xpynnt xynax, cepne nocroxnno nepexaunnaer xpont uepes
cepeuno-cocyncrym cncremy. Exenenno ono conepmaer n cpenem 100 rtc.
yapon n nepexaunnaer oxono 7500 n xponn uepes xponenocnte cocyt na
paccroxnne 120 rtc. xm. K 80 roam cepne conepmaer n cpenem 3 mnp yapon.
Ono nnxora ne npexpamaer nrtcx, noxa ne cnomaercx, xax n nmo
mexannuecxn nacoc.
Exenenno cepne conepmaer n cpenem 100 rtc. yapon n nepexaunnaer oxono
7500 n xponn uepes xponenocnte cocyt na paccroxnne 120 rtc. xm.
Fnenne cepna xonrponnpyercx renepanne nonropxmmnxcx +nexrpnuecxnx
cnrnanon n nyx ocotx yuacrxax cepna. Onn ns nnx nastnaercx nasymno-
npecepnt ysen, a nropo npecepno-xenyouxont ysen. Cnrnant
npoxoxr uepes cepne cnnxponno. Ho mnennm oxropa Teppn Ieepra
5
, ecnn
+nexrpnuecrno xonrponnpyer nenpeptnnoe ]ynxnnonnponanne cepna cxopee n
rexnnuecxom nnane, ro ncrounnxom +neprnn cepna xnnxercx aenosnnrpn]oc]ar
(ATu). ATu nyxneorn nrpaer ncxnmunrentno naxnym pont n omene +neprnn
n nemecrn n oprannsmax, on xnnxercx ocnonntm nepenocunxom +neprnn n xnerxe
6
.
enc1nn1entno nn npocnymnnanne uysmxn ycnoxannae1 cepne?
H a, n ner. Bce sanncnr or camo mystxn. Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro
npocnymnnanne paccnanxmmnx menon nonnxaer uacrory cepnenenn, a
+neprnunax mystxa, naoopor, yuamaer nyntc. 3ro ycranonnn oxrop Hnrep
Cxo]ent
7
, xoropt nanncan o +rom n Xypnane noneenuecxo mennnnt
8
.
Onaxo cymecrnymr snaunrentnte nnnnnyantnte pasnnunx n nnane
nosecrnnx mystxn na nme. Ho mnennm oxropa 3pnxa Tapn]a
9
, ro, uro
onn cunramr paccnanxmme mystxo, moxer oxastnart oparnoe ecrnne na
pyrnx. Knaccnuecxax mystxa, nanpnmep nponsneennx Monapra, ne ncex
paccnanxer. A xenn-meran, rexno, nnacrpnan n pyrne conpemennte crnnn pox-
mystxn neoxsarentno nosyxamr nnn paspaxamr cnymarene
10
.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro npocnymnnanne paccnanxmmnx menon
nonnxaer uacrory cepnenenn, a +neprnunax mystxa, naoopor, yuamaer nyntc.
Moae1 nn uenonex npoonaa1t an1t, xora cepne nepec1ae1 n1tcn?
Kax nn crpanno, no orner a. Heanno poccncxne npaun coomnnn o cnyuae c
uenonexom, xoropt npoonxan xnrt, nocne roro xax y nero nepecrano nrtcx
cepne. V Hnxonax Mnxantnnuyxa cnyunncx cepeunt npncryn n pesyntrare
+monnonantnoro moxa or roro, uro xena saxnnna o xenannn pasnecrnct c nnm. B
mecrno ontnnne, n Caparone, npaun ycranonnnn, uro, xorx ero cepne nepecrano
nrtcx, cocyt, xax nn crpanno, npoonxamr nepexaunnart xpont. uepes
nexoropoe npemx ero ntnncann ns ontnnnt, n ceuac nannenr nepnyncx x
nopmantno xnsnn, on moxer ntnonnxrt axe nerxne ]nsnuecxne ynpaxnennx. B
1950-x rr. mnenapcxne npaun, ncnontsyx nont mero nonyuennx
xapnorpammt, onapyxnnn, uro y nexoroptx nme nmemrcx pemnmmne
yuacrxn cepeuno rxann. Btxnneno +ro tno y cemn uenonex, nepexnnmnx
cnntnt crpecc. Onaxo cnyua c Mnxantnnuyxom necxontxo nno. Ero cepne
nonnocrtm cnnr. Ho cnonam npo]eccopa Bnrannx Hennnxoro ns Mocxoncxoro
nncrnryra xapnonornn, nsnecrnt eme nnmt na noontx cnyuax. Onn tn
saperncrpnponan n Fpasnnnn, pyro n nonnn
11
.
H1o 1axoe xonec1epnn?
Xonecrepnn +ro oxsarentnt xomnonenr ncex xnerox, xoropt xnsnenno
naxen nx nx pocra n ntxnnannx. Xonecrepnn nyxen nx cosannx xnerountx
mempan n ntpaorxn nexoroptx ropmonon. Kpome roro, on ntnonnxer n pyrne
]ynxnnn nanpnmep, acopnpyer xnpt ns nnmn. Oxono
1
/
7
uacrn rononnoro
mosra cocronr ns xonecrepnna. On npnnnmaer yuacrne n ntpaorxe ncex
creponntx ropmonon, raxnx xax ropmon crpecca, xoprnson, recrocrepon n
+crpanon.
Xonecrepnn +ro nocxoopasnoe, xnpnoe enoe nemecrno es sanaxa n nxyca,
npncyrcrnymmee n xponn n no ncex rxanxx rena. uenoneuecxn oprannsm cam
nponsnonr xonecrepnn, urot ntxnnart n npncnocannnartcx x oxpyxamme
cpee. H eme xonecrepnn mt nonyuaem npn ynorpenennn raxnx npoyxron, xax
mxco, omamnxx nrnna, pta, xna, macno, ctp n nentnoe monoxo. B nnme
nexnnornoro nponcxoxennx moryr coepxartcx rpancxnpt. Onn noyxamr
reno ntpaartnart ontme xonecrepnna. Cunraercx, uro nontmennt yponent
xonecrepnna cnxsan c saonenannxmn cepeuno-cocyncro cncremt. Btcoxn
yponent xonecrepnna n xponn nastnaercx rnnepxonecrepnnemne. Ecrecrnennt
xonrpont yponnx xonecrepnna otuno ocymecrnnxmr penenropt neuenn. Ho
xora ero cnnmxom mnoro, on noannxer +rn penenropt n cxannnnaercx na
crenxax aprepn, uro moxer npnnecrn x saxynopxe cocyon.
Xonecrepnn nyxen nx cosannx xnerountx mempan n ntpaorxn nexoroptx
ropmonon. Oxono
1
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7
uacrn rononnoro mosra cocronr ns xonecrepnna.
Kaxan pasnnna ueay xopomnu xonec1epnnou n nnoxnu?
Xonecrepnn ne pacrnopxercx n xponn. Ero nepenocxr cnennantnte nemecrna
nnnonporent. Hx cymecrnyer na nna. Hnnonporent nnsxo nnornocrn +ro
xonecrepnn, cnocont noxnponart aprepnn, nnn nnoxo xonecrepnn.
Hnnonporent ntcoxo nnornocrn +ro xonecrepnn, xoropt ntpaartnaer
nam oprannsm, on ne noxnpyer aprepnn, no+romy ero n nastnamr xopomnm.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ntcoxn yponent nnnonporenon nnsxo
nnornocrn ynennunnaer pncx cepeuno-cocyncrtx saonenann, a nnnonporent
ntcoxo nnornocrn cnnxamr +ror pncx.
Heu o1nnuae1cn nac1onnuecxoe ap1epnantnoe annenne o1 cnc1onnuecxoro?
Cncronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe annenne +ro maxcnmantnoe annenne n cepeuno-
cocyncro cncreme n nponecce nepexauxn xponn cepnem n aprepnn.
nacronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe annenne +ro mnnnmantnoe annenne n re
momenrt, xora cepne naxonrcx n cocroxnnn noxox n sanonnxercx xpontm
nepe cneymmnm coxpamennem. Ham oprannsm nmeer mnoxecrno mexannsmon
xonrponx aprepnantnoro annennx. Ha camom ene cepne nrpaer nnmt
mnnnmantnym pont n nponecce perynnponannx annennx xponn. Ocnonnym paory
ntnonnxmr nouxn n aprepnn cpenero pasmepa, xoropte nastnamrcx
aprepnonamn. Cepne pearnpyer na nontmennym norpenocrt n xponoroxe nymx
nyrxmn. Bo-nepntx, ono ynennunnaer xonnuecrno cepeuntx coxpamenn. Bo-
nroptx, ycnnnnaer nnrencnnnocrt xaxoro coxpamennx, a snaunr, n oem xponn,
nepexaunnaemt c xaxtm coxpamennem. Onaxo cneyer nomnnrt, uro
noonte nepecrpoxn nponcxoxr rontxo n orner na xnmnuecxne n
]nsnonornuecxne nsmenennx n rene. Hpn nnrencnnno ]nsnuecxo narpysxe
cncronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe annenne otuno nontmaercx na 1020 mm pr. cr.
3ro oxcnxercx rem, uro no npemx raxo narpysxn cepne uame coxpamaercx n
nepexaunnaer ontmne oemt xponn. nacronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe annenne
ne nonnmaercx ontme, uem na 510 mm pr. cr. Pesxn cxauox nacronnuecxoro
aprepnantnoro annennx no npemx nnrencnnno ]nsnuecxo narpysxn moxer
yxastnart na ceptesnoe napymenne ]ynxnn cepeuno-cocyncro cncremt.
Hopmantntm aprepnantntm annennem cunraercx 120/80 mm pr. cr., a y noxnntx
nme n nnxe. Hepnax nn]pa (120) +ro cncronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe annenne
(no npemx cepnenenn). Bropax nn]pa (80) nacronnuecxoe aprepnantnoe
annenne (n momenrt ortxa cepna).
Btcoxn yponent nnnonporenon nnsxo nnornocrn ynennunnaer pncx cepeuno-
cocyncrtx saonenann, a nnnonporent ntcoxo nnornocrn cnnxamr +ror
pncx.
Moano nn oc1anonn1t cnon nyntc?
3ro crapt rpmx nexoroptx maron. Hyxno nnmt nepexart aprepnm, nymym x
pyxe, n cosacrcx nneuarnenne, uro nyntc na sanxcrte nponaaer. Otuno +ror
rpmx ntnonnxmr, npxua no mtmxo neontmo mapnx nnn xomox rxann. Ho ne
ntrarect nonropnrt raxo ]oxyc! Fnoxnponanne aprepnn na npoonxnrentnt
nepno npemenn onacno.
H1o 1axoe cepeunmn npnc1yn?
Cepne +ro ontmax mtmna, nepexaunnammax xpont n ocrantnte oprant rena.
Camo cepeuno mtmne roxe rpeyercx onpeenennoe xonnuecrno +ro xponn,
no+romy n cepne nmemrcx aprepnn n nent. Hnora aprepnn, npnnocxmne xpont n
cepeunym mtmny, moryr cyxartcx, xora nnnxne uacrnnt
arepocxnepornuecxne nxmxn naunnamr noxptnart crenxn cocyon. Fnxmxn
cocroxr ns xonecrepnna, xantnnx, xoarynnpymmnx enxon n pyrnx nemecrn.
Ceronx nsnecrno, uro nponecc opasonannx arepocxnepornuecxnx nxmex moxer
naunnartcx n ercxom nospacre. Onaxo axe yxe y nspocntx nsmenenne opasa
xnsnn (ynyumenne nert, ]nsnuecxne ynpaxnennx n r. n.) cnococrnyer
cnnxennm pncxa nosnnxnonennx nnn rxxecrn saonenann xoponapno aprepnn.
Hopmantntm aprepnantntm annennem cunraercx 120/80 mm pr. cr., a y noxnntx
nme n nnxe.
Cyxenne aprepn otuno ne cnnmxom ceptesnax nponema, no nnora
opasyercx neontmo crycrox xponn (nnrpoxoponapnt rpom) nnn orptnaercx
nxmxa. Hexoropoe npemx +rn opasonannx moryr nponnrartcx no ysxnm
aprepnxm, no nepexo onn noxnpymr cocyt. Kora +ro nponcxonr, n
cepeunym mtmny naunnaer nocrynart mentme xponn. Ecnn ee concem mano,
cepne naunnaer satxartcx or neocrarxa xncnopoa n nepecraer nepexaunnart
xpont. Ho mnennm oxropa x. Monpnna
12
, xora nacrynaer raxax cnryannx, mosr
noctnaer cnrnant cepny n sacrannxer ero nrtcx tcrpee, urot nepexaunnart
ontme xponn. Knerxn cepna ntenxmr xnmnuecxne nemecrna, cnococrnymmne
ycnnennm cepnenennx. B pesyntrare opasyercx monounax xncnora, xoropax
cxannnnaercx n mtmnax n ntstnaer ro omymenne xxennx n noxantnannx,
xoropoe uenonex moxer ncntrtnart nocne upesmepno ]nsnuecxo narpysxn.
Kora y uenonexa cnyuaercx cepeunt npncryn, on uyncrnyer ont n rpyno
xnerxe, mee, n nneuax n pyxax. Cunraercx, uro +rn onn oycnonnent cxonnennem
monouno xncnort n cepeuno mtmne. Font cnonno pacxonrcx no nce cropont,
nocxontxy monounax xncnora moxer nosecrnonart n na pyrne nepnnte
oxonuannx n +ro onacrn. Cepne tercx nnoxo, no xpont npoonxaer
nosnpamartcx n nero ns nen. B nexoroptx cnyuaxx ona sarexaer n nerxne, n
txanne y uenonexa cranonnrcx yuamenntm, orptnncrtm. Mosr n pyrne oprant
nepecramr nonyuart xncnopo, n uenonex moxer ymepert.
Cymec1nye1 nn nnun1 cepnenennn na npo1naennn ansnn?
(Cnpauueaem . 4opmie, Keeoer, Kauaoa)

B nonornn cymecrnyer raxo nnrepecnt saxon: n ocnonnom y ncex
mnexonnrammnx, oxnnammnx o crapocrn, cepne conepmaer oxono 800 mnn
yapon, nesanncnmo or pasmepa xnnornoro. Hanpnmep, semnepoxa, y xoropo
uacrora cepeuntx coxpamenn n mnnyry nourn 1 rtc., ymnpaer n nospacre 1,5
roa. Cnon, y xoroporo uacrora cepeuntx coxpamenn 30 yapon n mnnyry,
oxnnaer o 50 ner. A uro xe nmn? Cornacno +romy saxony nonornn nmn
onxnt xnrt ncero oxono 25 ner. Ho y nac npeentnax nopma cepnenenn n
rpn-uertpe pasa ontme. To ecrt nmn enncrnennte mnexonnrammne, na
xoroptx ne pacnpocrpanxercx +ror saxon. annt ]axr crannn n rynnx axe
noxonoro Crnnena x. Ioyna nsnecrnoro naneonronora ns Iapnapa, xoropt
ne mor oxcnnrt, nouemy nmn ynnxantnt n +rom nnane. On nncan: Homo
sapiens conepmenno ncxnmunrentnoe mnexonnrammee no mnornx cmtcnax, ne
rontxo n nnane mtmnennx. Mt xnnem n rpn pasa ontme, uem onxnt xnrt
mnexonnrammne namnx pasmepon, a n tmnm mt npnmepno n rpn pasa uame,
uem cpenee mnexonnrammee namnx pasmepon
13
.
V mnaenna cepne conepmaer 120 yapon n mnnyry, y peenxa 90 yapon, a y
monooro uenonexa n nospacre crapme 18 ner oxono 70 yapon.
uacrora cepeuntx coxpamenn naptnpyercx y nme n sanncnmocrn or
pasnnuntx ]axropon. V monotx nme cepne mentmero pasmepa, n emy
neoxonmo nrtcx tcrpee, urot cnaxart ocrarountm xonnuecrnom xponn
pacrymn oprannsm. V mnaenna cepne conepmaer 120 yapon n mnnyry, y
peenxa 90 yapon, a y monooro uenonexa n nospacre crapme 18 ner oxono 70
yapon. V ]nsnuecxn pasnnroro uenonexa uacrora cepeuntx coxpamenn nnxe,
uem y manononnxnoro. Taxne crnmynt, xax rpenora, crpax, crpecc nnn
nosyxenne, sacrannxmr cepne nrtcx tcrpee. Hepnt, coennennte c
cepnem, perynnpymr uacrory coxpamenn cepeuno mtmnt. B reuenne
cpenero cpoxa xnsnn uenoneuecxoe cepne conepmaer onee 2,5 mnp yapon
14
.
H1o 1axoe nsaora?
Hsxora +ro omymenne xxennx sa rpynno, nnora axe pacnpocrpanxmmeecx
na mem nnn cnnny. Hsxory uame ncero ntstnaer xncnora, nonaammax ns
xenyxa n menounym cpey nnmenoa. Hnora xncnora axe nonnmaercx o
porono nonocrn, n no pry noxnnxercx roptxn nnn xncnt nxyc. Pe]nmxc
(oparnt rox xnxocrn no cpannennm c nopmantntm ee nnxennem) rnanntm
opasom conxno xncnort ntstnaer ont n paspaxaer crenxn nnmenoa. Xorx
necnoconocrt mtmn nepxne uacrn xenyxa yepxnnart pe]nmxc cunraercx
nesnaunrentntm nnmenapnrentntm paccrpocrnom, nsxora moxer yxastnart na
nannune onee ceptesntx paccrpocrn nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra. Hanonee
pacnpocrpanenno npnunno nsxorn xnnxercx upesmepnoe pasyrne xenyxa or
nepeeannx.
nx neuennx xponnuecxo nsxorn yxe na nporxxennn ecxrn ner ncnontsyercx
xnpyprnuecxax onepannx no nasnannem nanapocxonnuecxax ]ynonnnxannx.
Ona nponsnonrcx c nomomtm nanapocxona (mennnncxn xecrxn +nocxon)
uepes neontmne paspest n xnnore. Xnpypr nomnnaer nepxymxy xenyxa
noxpyr nnxnero xonna nnmenoa. 3ro enaercx nx ycnnennx mtmnt
xenyounoro c]nnxrepa n nepxne uacrn xenyxa, urot on orxptnancx rontxo
rora, xora nyxno.
nx neuennx xponnuecxo nsxorn yxe na nporxxennn ecxrn ner ncnontsyercx
xnpyprnuecxax onepannx no nasnannem nanapocxonnuecxax ]ynonnnxannx.
H1o 1axoe onepannn myn1nponannn?
Kora y uenonexa nosnnxamr nponemt c xoponapno aprepne, ro
pacnpocrpanenntm xnpyprnuecxnm neuennem xnnxercx xoponapnoe
mynrnponanne. Hpn saonenannn xoponapno aprepnn, cnaxamme cepne
nactmenno xncnopoom xpontm, nponcxonr ee sarnepenne, cyxenne n
saxynopxa. Ecnn +ro ne neunrt, moxer cnyunrtcx cepeunt npncryn. Bo npemx
onepannn xoponapnoro mynrnponannx xnpypr ntpesaer cermenr soponoro
xponenocnoro cocya (aprepnn nnn nent), urot ncnontsonart ero nx cosannx
oxonoro yuacrxa noxpyr noxnponanno uacrn xoponapno aprepnn. Moxer
norpeonartcx necxontxo oxontx yuacrxon, n sanncnmocrn or roro, n cxontxnx
mecrax noxnponana aprepnx.
V cpenecrarncrnuecxoro nspocnoro uenonexa n rene or 4,7 o 5,7 n xponn.
Cymecrnymr nexapcrnennte cpecrna, n onpeenenno crenenn ymentmammne
noxnponanne xoponapno aprepnn. Tontxo 10 % nannenron rpeyercx
xoponapnoe mynrnponanne. Ecrt raxxe nexapcrna, oneruammne paory cepna.
Antrepnarnnntm meroom neuennx xnnxmrcx nnacrnuecxne onepannn na cocyax
cnoero poa pemonr xponenocntx cocyon. Fannonnax anrnonnacrnxa +ro
nponeypa, npn xoropo xarerep c annonom cnepxy nnonrcx n nonpexennt
xponenocnt cocy. Ho mepe roro xax annon cynaercx, cocy pacmnpxercx, n
noccranannnnaercx nopmantnt xponorox. Hpn nasepno anrnonnacrnxe nx
pacxptrnx cocyon ncnontsyercx nasepnt nyu. Ecrt necxontxo ]axropon,
onpeenxmmnx, xaxax ns +rnx nponeyp nanonee noxonr nannenry. Cpen nnx
uncno noxnponanntx cocyon, ]opma, nnna n mecrononoxenne noxnponanntx
yuacrxon xaxoro cocya, nospacr n cocroxnne sopontx nannenra, a raxxe ontr
xnpypron.
Hocne anrnonnacrnxn nnora moryr cnona nosnnxart saxynopxn. uame ncero +ro
nponcxonr n reuenne nepntx rpex mecxnen nocne onepannn. Ecnn no
npomecrnnn roa co npemenn onepannn cocy ne saxptnaercx, ro cunraercx, uro
on npx nn saxpoercx n reuenne cneymmnx 5 10 ner. uro xacaercx
mynrnponannx, ro nononnna ns ncex oxontx yuacrxon saxptnaercx n reuenne
1012 ner. Taxnm opasom, ecnn y nannenra uertpe oxontx yuacrxa, ro moxno
oxnart, uro na ns nnx saxpomrcx n reuenne 12 ner. Kax onro oxonte
yuacrxn yyr ocranartcx orxptrtmn, no mnorom sanncnr or roro, xax nannenr
cnenr sa cnonm sopontem.
Moae1 nn cepne naxon1tcn cnpana?
(Cnpauueaem K. Xa+nmou, Crapcoe., Him-Hopr, CLA)

Acnmmerpnx rena raxona, uro ecnn cepne nomecrnrt c npano cropont, ro ono
cnnmxom cnao yer annrt na nenoe nerxoe n cnnmxom cnntno na npanoe. 3ro
npnneer x upesmepnomy pasynannm nenoro nerxoro n x neocrarounomy
pasynannm npanoro. B xoneunom cuere moxer norpeonartcx xnpyprnuecxoe
nmemarentcrno
15
.
Ec1t nn y cepna coc1nennan cnc1eua xponocnaaennn?
(Cnpauueaem Iapu Pooouuc, Cavm-Bour, Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

Cepeuno mtmne, xax n nmo pyro mtmne namero rena, rpeymrcx
xncnopo n nnrarentnte nemecrna, xoropte npnnocnr xpont. Crenxn
xponenocntx cocyon cepna onxnt trt ocrarouno roncrtmn, urot
ntepxnnart xponorox. B rom mecre, re aopra ntxonr ns cepna, xoponapnte
aprepnn pacxoxrcx mentmnmn no pasmepy aprepnonamn n mtmnt no
+nnxapom (napyxnt cno crenox cepna).
Houeuy xpont ne sauepsae1 n ouent xononme nn?
Kpont cocronr rnanntm opasom ns not. Temneparypa samepsannx xponn ouent
nnsxa x remneparype samepsannx not (0 C). Hannune n xponn enxon, conn n
pyrnx xomnonenron cnerxa nsmenxer +ry remneparypy. uenoneuecxn oprannsm
coxpanxer renno axe rora, xora remneparypa nosyxa nnxe nynx.
B oprannsme nexoroptx pt npncyrcrnyer rnnxonporenn, xoropt nrpaer pont
anrn]pnsa, nosnonxx ptam nnanart axe n ouent xonontx noax. Hmxm xe
rnnxonporenn ne rpeyercx
16
.
Cxontxo xponn n uoeu 1ene?
V cpenecrarncrnuecxoro nspocnoro uenonexa n rene or 4,7 o 5,7 n xponn
17
.
Fente xponxnte rentna (nexonnrt) nnpxynnpymr n xponn, nnm]arnuecxo
cncreme n cenesenxe.
Onn xnnxmrcx uacrtm nmmynno cncremt n opmrcx c npeonocntmn
axrepnxmn.
H1o 1axoe nnasua?
Kpont npnmepno na 55 % cocronr ns nnasmt. Hnasma +ro xenronarax xnxocrt,
90 % xoropo cocrannxer noa. B ne raxxe coepxarcx enxn, xantnn, xann,
marnn n narpn. Hnasma nepenocnr rpomonnrt, ocranannnnammne
xponoreuenne, n nexonnrt, npeornpamammne pacnpocrpanenne nn]exnn
17
.
H1o 1axoe 1pouonn1m?
Tpomonnrt +ro menxne ecnnernte rentna nenpannntno ]opmt,
npncyrcrnymmne n xponn. Inannax nx ]ynxnnx yuacrne n cneprtnannn xponn,
xoropoe npeornpamaer ontmym xpononorepm npn nonpexennn cocyon
17
.
Kaxoe snauenne nuem1 xpacnme n enme xponnnme 1entna?
Kpont xnnax cycrannnx. Kpacnte xponxnte rentna (+pnrponnrt) nepenocxr
xncnopo or nerxnx x rxanxm rena; n nnx coepxnrcx remornonn cnoxnt
enox, cnocont cnxstnartcx c xncnopoom.
Fente xponxnte rentna (nexonnrt) nnpxynnpymr n xponn, nnm]arnuecxo
cncreme n cenesenxe. Onn xnnxmrcx uacrtm nmmynno cncremt n opmrcx c
npeonocntmn axrepnxmn. H ente, n xpacnte xponxnte rentna naxnt nx
ounmennx oprannsma n cnaxennx ero nnrarentntmn nemecrnamn.
90 % nnasmt cocrannxer noa. B ne raxxe coepxarcx enxn, xantnn, xann,
marnn n narpn.
Ecnn xpont xpacnoro nne1a, 1o noueuy nenm ronyme?

Kax ronopnnoct ntme, xpacnte xponxnte rentna, sannmammne oxono 40 %
cocrana xponn, coepxar remornonn. Kora +pnrponnrt npoxoxr uepes nerxne,
remornonn saxnartnaer xncnopo, cnxstnaercx c nnm, n pesyntrare uero
cranonnrcx xpxo-xpacntm. Tepmnn oxcnremornonn ncnontsyercx nx
oosnauennx remornonna, coennennoro c xncnopoom. Oxcnremornonn
nepexaunnaercx ns cepna uepes aprepnn. 3pnrponnrt, coepxamne
oxcnremornonn, nonaamr sarem n xannnnxpt, re onn oramr xncnopo pyrnm
rxanxm. Hocne roro xax remornonn repxer xncnopo, on cranonnrcx arpxno-
cnnero nnera, n rora ero nastnamr eoxcnremornonnom. Ha oparnom nyrn x
cepny eoxcnremornonn npoxonr uepes nent, xoropte cxnost xoxy ntrnxxr
cnnnmn. Onaxo, ecnn nsnneut xpont ns nent, ona ncrynnr no nsanmoecrnne c
xncnopoom, coepxamemcx n nosyxe, n nemenenno npnoperer xpacnt nner.
Moxno cxasart, uro nce mt n onpeenenno crenenn nocnrenn ronyo xponn
17,18
.
H1o 1axoe aneunn?
(Cnpauueaem ou Xe+qu.., Crapoopo, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)
Ecnn xoporxo, ro anemnx +ro saonenanne, npn xoropom n xponn cnnmxom mano
coepxanne +pnrponnron. Pesyntrarom +roro xnnxercx neocrarounoe cnaxenne
xncnopoom rxane n opranon, a snaunr, n napymenne ]ynxnnonnponannx ncero
oprannsma. Anemnx moxer nporpeccnponart, ecnn ee ne neunrt, n ntstnart
onacnte nx xnsnn ocnoxnennx. Kora xonnuecrno +pnrponnron ymentmaercx,
cepny npnxonrcx paorart nnrencnnnee, nepexaunnart ontme xponn, urot
noctnart oprannsmy ocrarouno xncnopoa. Ecnn cepne paoraer cnnmxom
nnrencnnno, ro ronopxr o raxnxapnn. Hsnecrno raxxe n pyroe ceptesnoe
saonenanne rnneprpo]nx nenoro xenyouxa, xoropoe moxer npnnecrn x
cepeuno neocrarounocrn. Ho mnennm npaue uona mennnncxoro
opasonannx Mao n Pouecrepe (mrar Htm-Hopx, CBA), npn rnneprpo]nn
nenoro xenyouxa npoxnnxmrcx raxne cnmnromt, xax cnaocrt, nenocrt xoxn,
raxnxapnx, otmxa, onn n rpyno xnerxe, rononoxpyxenne, xornnrnnnte
paccrpocrna, onemenne n xono n xoneunocrxx, rononnax ont. Onaxo +rn
cnmnromt moryr trt ntsnant n pyrnmn saonenannxmn.
Anemnx +ro saonenanne, npn xoropom n xponn cnnmxom mano coepxanne
+pnrponnron.
Cymecrnyer oxono 100 nnon anemnn. Hpnunn ee nosnnxnonennx mnoro, n rom
uncne neocrarox nnramnnon nnn xenesa, upesmepnax norepx xponn, renernuecxne
nponemt n noounte ecrnnx nexapcrnenntx npenaparon. Amepnxancxn
nenrp xonrponx n npo]nnaxrnxn onesne nocunran, uro n CBA ontnt
anemne oxono 3,4 mnn uenonex. B Ancrpannn +ra nn]pa xonenercx n
npomexyrxe or 100 o 200 rtc. uenonex.
Hpn onapyxennn cnmnromon anemnn cneyer nemenenno oparnrtcx x npauy.

Cenesenxa ntpaartnaer nnm]onnrt, ]nntrpyer xpont, onapyxnnaer
uyxeponte rena, xpannr xnerxn xponn, ynnuroxaer n yanxer re xnerxn xponn,
xoropte ontme ne ]ynxnnonnpymr.
Ie naxon1cn cenesenxa n xaxona ee qynxnnn?
(Cnpauueaem Heouua Ua+oepc, Xaruu, Prua Aecmpa.u)

Cenesenxa ouent naxnt xomnonenr nmmynno cncremt. Ona ntpaartnaer
nnm]onnrt (pasnonnnocrt nexonnron), ]nntrpyer xpont, onapyxnnaer
uyxeponte rena, xpannr xnerxn xponn, ynnuroxaer n yanxer re xnerxn xponn,
xoropte ontme ne ]ynxnnonnpymr. Cenesenxa naxonrcx cnena no
na]parmo, pxom c xenyxom. Ho ]opme ona noxoxa na oxcepcxym nepuarxy.
Kpont ns aoprt nocrynaer n cenesenxy, re npoxonr uepes omnpnym cert
xpoxorntx xponenocntx cocyon, xoropte oxpyxent ontmnmn rpynnamn
nnm]onnron. Ecnn xnerxn nmmynno cncremt onapyxnnamr uyxeponoe
nropxenne, nnm]onnrt nemenenno pearnpymr na +ro ntpaorxo anrnren.
Kponenocnte cocyt cenesenxn ntcrnant maxpo]aramn, xoropte ynannnnamr n
nepenapnnamr nce orxot n xponn, n rom uncne n ocrarxn nmtx nnopontx ren.
Moano nn an1t es cenesenxn?
Ceptesno nonpexennax cenesenxa ne moxer ntnonnxrt cnon ]ynxnnn. Ecnn
cnryannm nentsx ncnpannrt xnpyprnuecxnm nyrem (cnnenoppa]nx), ro cenesenxy
yanxmr (cnnen+xromnx). Xorx es nee moxno xnrt, no c ne nce xe ropaso
nyume. V nme c yanenno cenesenxo nepexo tnaer nn]exnnonnoe
saonenanne xponn (cencnc). Moxno cxasart, uro cenesenxa xnnxercx oxcepcxo
nepuarxo n opte c nn]exnnxmn.
H1o 1axoe xnuepa?
(Cnpauueaem K. Cmouxovn, Haqaem, Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

B rpeuecxo mn]onornn xnmepa +ro ornetmamn moncrp c ronono ntna,
rynonnmem xosna n xnocrom smen. Ouent pasnoponoe cymecrno! B nonornn
xnmepa +ro oprannsm, cocroxmn ns nyx nnn onee rnnon renernuecxn
pasnnuntx xnerox, xoropte nponcxoxr or pasntx snror. 3nrora xnerxa,
opasymmaxcx n pesyntrare onnoornopennx n coepxamax nonnt nono
naop xpomocom.
O nmxx-xnmepax xoxr ynnnrentnte ncropnn. Heanno n pnrancxo
mennnncxo nnreparype coomanoct o mantunxe, y xoroporo ananns HK xnerox
xoxn yxastnan na myxcxo non, a ananns HK xnerox xponn na xencxn non.
Bnemne mantunx ntrnxnr conepmenno nopmantno. Ono ns nosmoxntx
oxcnenn ]enomena cocronr n rom, uro xnexnerxa ero marepn xaxnm-ro
opasom nenponsnontno pasennnact nepe onnoornopennem n onnoornopnnact
nnmt uacrnuno.
B rpeuecxo mn]onornn xnmepa +ro ornetmamn moncrp c ronono ntna,
rynonnmem xosna n xnocrom smen.
B amepnxancxo mennnncxo nnreparype raxxe neanno coomanoct o cnyuae
xnmepnsma. V xenmnnt, xoropax ponna mantunxa, uepes 27 ner nocne poon
onapyxnnn n xponn myxcxo naop HK. Vuente npenonaramr, uro xaxnm-ro
opasom xnerxam nnoa yanoct ycxontsnyrt no npemx epemennocrn n
nponnxnyrt n oprannsm marepn. Taxnm opasom, mart crana nonornuecxo
cmectm camo cex n cnoero peenxa
19,20
.
H1o 1axoe npeunan nena?
(Cnpauueaem B. Vu.i+c, Bpourc, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Ha camom ene n rene uenonexa ne ona, a nxrt xpemntx nen, n nce onn nepenocxr
xpont or pasnnuntx onacre ronont, mosra, nnna n men n cepne. ne camte
xpynnte ns nnx npanax n nenax nnyrpennne xpemnte nent. Tpn pyrne
napyxnax, sanxx n nepenxx xpemnte nent.
Kora y uenonexa cnyuaercx cepeunt npncryn, npaun nponepxmr nyntc na
xpemntx nenax, urot onpeennrt, npoonxaer nnn ner paorart cepne. Ecnn
xpemnte nent nonpexent, ocoenno ona ns nyx nnyrpennnx xpemntx nen,
uenonex moxer tcrpo ymepert or norepn xponn
21
.
H1o sa onesnt cnnsana c nonmmennon cnep1mnaeuoc1tm xponn?
3ro cnnpom nccemnnnponannoro nnyrpncocyncroro cneprtnannx (BC).
Mexannsm cneprtnannx xponn ouent naxen nx namero sopontx, on, nanpnmep,
samnmaer nac or xpononorepn npn nopesax. Onaxo y nexoroptx nme crycrxn
xponn moryr opasontnartcx nnyrpn cocyon, n +ro npnnonr x +monnn
(saxynopxe) nerouno aprepnn, xoponapnomy rpomosy (rpom opasyercx n
xoponapno aprepnn, uro moxer npnnecrn x cepeunomy npncryny) nnn rpomosy
nepepantntx nen. Crycrxn xponn moryr ntsnart cnntnte onn n xoneunocrxx n
sarpynxrt xoty. Hnora xoneunocrn axe npnxonrcx amnyrnponart.
Onacnte xponxnte crycrxn otuno opasymrcx n nenax, a ne aprepnxx. Onaxo
cnnpom BC ynennunnaer pncx opasonannx crycrxon xponn n n aprepnxx.
oxrop F. I. Ioyen nnmer: Ocrpax ]opma cnnpoma BC moxer trt onacno
nx xnsnn
22
. Onaxo xopomo, uro +ra onesnt nsneunma.
Mexannsm cneprtnannx xponn ouent naxen nx namero sopontx, on, nanpnmep,
samnmaer nac or xpononorepn npn nopesax.
Bce nn uac1n namero 1ena sanncn1 o1 cnc1eum xponoopamennn?
Cncrema xponoopamennx sarparnnaer nce uacrn rena, cnaxax nx xncnopoom n
nnrarentntmn nemecrnamn n yanxx npoyxrt omena nemecrn. Cncrema
xponoopamennx pacnpeenxer renno, nomoraer oportcx c nn]exnnxmn,
cnococrnyer nponeccam ntsoponnennx n ntnonnxer eme mnoxecrno pyrnx
naxntx saau. Kponenocnax cncrema cocronr ns mnornx xnnomerpon
xponenocntx cocyon n xannnnxpon.
Kax nuenno uosr xon1ponnpye1 mxanne?
Mt ne snaem ncero o xaxom acnexre txannx. Vxe onee cra ner mnornx yuentx
nnrepecyer ro, xax +ro nponcxonr. Ho mnennm oxropa Harpnc Iyen
23
, nx
noepxannx txarentnoro pnrma rpeymrcx cnennantnte nepnnte xnerxn
(nenrpantnte xemopenenropt). Ho nx rounoe mecronaxoxenne n rnn o cnx nop
nensnecrnt. oxrop Iyen npenonaraer, uro xemopenenropt pacnonoxent n
crnone rononnoro mosra n sanonnent nonornuecxn axrnnntm nemecrnom,
xoropoe nastnaercx rnmramar. Haxoxct n crnone rononnoro mosra, onn moryr
uyncrnonart n pearnponart na nsmenennx yponnx pH n nepepocnnnantno
xnxocrn, uro cnyxnr cnrnanom neoxonmocrn nsmenennx txannx. Onaxo, no
mnennm oxropa xopxa Pnuepcona
24
, nenrpantnte xemopenenropt
pacnonaramrcx pxom c menantntmn xponenocntmn cocyamn crnona rononnoro
mosra, uro nosnonxer nm npoonart pH xponn. Pnuepcon raxxe cunraer, uro +rn
xnerxn coepxar ne rnmramar, a ceporonnn.
Cncrema xponoopamennx sarparnnaer nce uacrn rena, cnaxax nx xncnopoom n
nnrarentntmn nemecrnamn n yanxx npoyxrt omena nemecrn.
Hoxoan nn nerxne na nosymnme mapm?
(Cnpauueaem K Xa+nmou, Crapcoe., Him-Hopr, CLA)

Herxne mxrxne n ouent +nacrnunte. Bnyrpn y nnx ner nycroro nosymnoro
npocrpancrna. Ho ontme uacrn nerxne cocroxr ns nopncro rxann, ouent
noxoxe na ryxy. Ee nystptxn nastnamrcx antneonamn, n uepes nx crenxn
nponcxonr rasoomen. Ono nerxoe uenonexa coepxnr cntme 300 mnn
antneon
15
.
Kaxoro nne1a nerxne?

Herxne nspocnoro uenonexa ornmt ne posonoro nnn xpacnoro nnera, xax otuno
cunramr. Onn ente nnn posonaro-cepte. K momenry nononoro cospenannx nerxne
noxptnamrcx remno-ceptmn nnn ronyonartmn nxrntmxamn +ro nensexnoe
nocnecrnne ntxannx yrnepoa, uacrnn ntnn, rpxsn n ncero roro, uro
npncyrcrnyer n sarpxsnennom nosyxe. Hmn ne crann t naunnart xypnrt, ecnn
t mornn ynnert, uro raaunt tm ocrannxer nocne cex n nerxnx
15
.
Onoro nn pasuepa nerxne?

Herxne pasnoro pasmepa. Henoe nerxoe mentme npanoro, urot ocrananoct mecro
nx cepna. Teno pasymno pacnpeenxer mexy opranamn nnyrpennee
npocrpancrno
15
.

Ono nerxoe uenonexa coepxnr cntme 300 mnn antneon.
Mory1 nn nmn an1t c onnu nerxnu?
a, moryr, n raxoe tnaer nepexo. V roro, xro crpaaer paxom nerxoro,
nopaxennt opran yanxmr, n uenonex npoonxaer nopmantno xnrt.
Ynennunnam1cn nn nerxne c nospac1ou?
a. urot yenrtcx n +rom, ocrarouno rpynym xnerxy peenxa cpannnrt c
rpyno xnerxo nspocnoro uenonexa. A ontmym uacrt rpyno xnerxn
sannmamr nmenno nerxne. Pasmep nerxnx naptnpyercx n y nspocntx nme
cpannnre, nanpnmep, mynnoro uenonexa c xpynntm ]yronncrom.
Ecnn annenne nosyxa 1axoe cnntnoe, noueuy ono ne 1panunpye1 nac?
(Cnpauueaem ru..uau Hecu, Himrac., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
annenne nosyxa ne oxastnaer na nac nerarnnnoro nnnxnnx naroapx
xponxnomy annennm. annenne nnyrpn namero oprannsma ntme, uem n
oxpyxamme nac armoc]epe, n +ro nosnonxer nam ntxnnart. Koporxo ronopx,
xponxnoe annenne +ro npentmenne annennx xnxocrn n xponenocno cncreme
na armoc]epntm annennem.
Kax n noueuy nmn xamnnm1?
Kament naxnt mexannsm samnrt nerxnx. 3ro cnntnt, pesxn ntox nosyxa
n pesyntrare coxpamennx mtmn txarentntx nyre. Bosyx ntranxnnaercx c
ontmo cxopocrtm, uro nosnonxer ouncrnrt txarentnte nyrn or nnopontx
nemecrn.
Kament moryr crnmynnponart nnyrpennne (nanpnmep, nocnanenne txarentntx
nyre) nnn nnemnne (tm, ntnt nnn xnmnuecxne nemecrna) paspaxnrenn.
Kament cunraercx xponnuecxnm, ecnn on npoonxaercx onee rpex neent.
B nponecce xamnx saecrnonant xamnente penenropt, uyncrnnrentnte nepnt,
nyxammn nepn, xamneno nenrp n crnone rononnoro mosra, a]]epenrnte
nepnt n +]]exropt. A]]epenrnt nepn nepeaer nmnyntct or rxane n
rononno mosr n cnnnno. 3]]exropt perynnpymr nepnnte nyrn, ynennunnax
nnn ymentmax cxopocrt peaxnnn nepnntx nyre
25
.
Kponxnoe annenne +ro npentmenne annennx xnxocrn n xponenocno
cncreme na armoc]epntm annennem.
Houeuy n naunnam samxa1tcn, oxasanmnct na ontmon nmco1e?
Bce eno n annennn nosyxa. Ho mepe roro xax nt nonnmaerect, annenne
nosyxa ymentmaercx, xax n xonnuecrno n nem xncnopoa. Ha txanne uenonexa
nnnxmr n xncnopo, n yrnexncnt ras. Vrnexncnt ras nosecrnyer na
txarentnte nenrpt n rononnom mosre, a xncnopo na xnmnuecxne penenropt,
naxoxmnecx n xapornntx n aoprantntx onacrxx nerxnx n cepna. 3rn
xnmnuecxne penenropt nepeamr n mosr cnrnant nx crnmynxnnn txannx. B
nopmantntx ycnonnxx, xax +ro nn crpanno, nnnxnne xncnopoa na txanne
mentme, uem yrnexncnoro rasa. txarentnax cncrema cnocona cnaxart xpont
ocrarountm xonnuecrnom xncnopoa axe rora, xora txanne snaunrentno
samenxercx. C pyro cropont, axe neontmne nsmenennx txannx oxastnamr
orpomnoe nosecrnne na xonnuecrno yrnexncnoro rasa n rxanxx.
Ha txanne uenonexa nnnxmr n xncnopo, n yrnexncnt ras. Vrnexncnt ras
nosecrnyer na txarentnte nenrpt n rononnom mosre, a xncnopo na
xnmnuecxne penenropt, naxoxmnecx n nerxnx n cepne.
Kax 1ne1cxne xpec1tnne uory1 an1t 1ax nmcoxo na yponneu uopn?
B nocnenne rot yuente ntxcnnnn, uro rnercxne xpecrtxne, xnnymne na
ntcore ontme 4 rtc. m na yponnem mopx, renernuecxn npncnoconent x +romy.
B reuenne onee uem 10 rtc. ner ntcoxoropnte xnrenn Tnera
+nonmnnonnponann renernuecxn, uro nosnonxno nm xnrt n raxo cpee. Ho
cpannennm c pyrnmn nmtmn, y xnrene Tnera nmeercx no xpane mepe onn
ononnnrentnt ren, nomorammn nx xponxntm rentnam yepxnnart ontme
xncnopoa. Hoxoxe, +ro raxxe ycnnnnaer nx penpoyxrnnnte cnoconocrn. Onn
moryr nyume tmart n pasmnoxartcx, uem pyrne nmn n ananornuntx ropntx
ycnonnxx. Tnernt +nonmnnonnponann n reuenne rtcxuenern, n mnorne ns nnx,
ne nmenmne nyxnoro rena, npocro ntmepnn.
B raxo +nonmnnn ner nnuero ynnnrentnoro. B reuenne nocnennx 30 ner nourn
1,5 rtc. uenonex conepmnnn ycnemnoe nocxoxenne na ropy 3nepecr. Hexoropte
ncnontsonann xncnoponte annont, pyrne paccunrtnann rontxo na xncnopo,
coepxamncx n nosyxe. Mnorne ymepnn no npemx nocxoxennx nnn cnycxa. Ho
nao samernrt, uro y rex, xro nontsonancx xncnopontmn annonamn, manc
ntxnrt tn nourn n rpn pasa ntme.
B 2004 r. oxrop Ianc Xonnenep, npau ns Fepncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Bnenapnn,
ycranonnn, uro y cxanonason na ontmnx ntcorax mtmeunte xnerxn moryr
nonpexartcx n pesyntrare xncnopono neocrarounocrn. Tax uro nerxo nonxrt,
nouemy rnernam nyxna tna +nonmnnx
26
.

V cpenero nspocnoro uenonexa nerxne moryr nmemart oxono 5 n nosyxa.
Houeuy ronopn1: nmmnn1t yx?
(Cnpauueaem rou Mu..ep, Cauuuee., Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

V cpenero nspocnoro uenonexa nerxne moryr nmemart oxono 5 n nosyxa. Bo
npemx nopmantnoro txannx oem nosyxa, nxoxmero n nerxne n ntxoxmero
ns nnx, cocrannxer oxono
1
/
10
or omero oema nosyxa n nerxnx, ro ecrt 500 mn.
Ecnn uenonex namepenno tmnr rnyoxo, on moxer ntxart 3 n nosyxa (+ro
nastnaercx pesepnntm oemom noxa) n nttxart ononnnrentno 1 n
(pesepnnt oem ntoxa). To, uro ocraercx n nerxnx nocne maxcnmantnoro
ntoxa, nastnaercx ocrarountm oemom nosyxa n cocrannxer npnmepno 1 n.
txanne xonrponnpyercx xax cosnarentno, rax n eccosnarentno. nnrarentnte
nepnt nyr x na]parme n x mexpeepntm mtmnam, uro oecneunnaer
pacmnpenne n coxpamenne rpyno xnerxn no npemx txannx. uyncrnnrentnte
nepnt npoxoxr x pasnnuntm penenropam, xoropte coomamr mosry, cxontxo n
xponn xncnopoa n yrnexncnoro rasa, xaxoe annenne nosyxa n nerxnx n xaxono
nanpxxenne mtmn rpyno xnerxn no npemx txannx. Hocnenne na noxasarenx
xnnxmrcx naxno nn]opmanne, nosnonxmme mosry xoopnnnponart nnxennx
mtmn raxnm opasom, urot txanne tno ponntm.
Ecnn uenonexa cnntno yapnrt n rpyt, nosyx, ntrecnxemt npn +rom ns nerxnx,
moxer npentcnrt otunt pesepn ntoxa. B raxom cnyuae mosr yer
esnn]opmnponan n nepecraner uyncrnonart txanne, noxa npnponax
+nacrnunocrt ne nomoxer nerxnm noccranonnrtcx nocne yapa. Taxoe
noccranonnenne sannmaer napy cexyn, no n +ro npemx uenonex ne moxer tmart,
n +ro otuno ouent nyraer. Tax uro, xax nnnre, ntpaxenne ntmnnrt yx
xnnxercx onontno rountm.
Bye1 nn cosano ncxycc1nennoe cepne?
Hsyunn nocnenne nccneonannx no nponeme cosannx ncxyccrnennoro cepna,
oxrop T. C. Ia nnmer: Hocne mnornx ner naex n pasouaponann cosanne
ncxyccrnennoro cepna cranonnrcx peantntm
27
. B nexoropom cmtcne
ncxyccrnennoe cepne yxe cymecrnyer. Ono nastnaercx nenoxenyouxont
annapar ncnomorarentnoro xponoopamennx (HABK). HABK npemenno
ntnonnxer snaunrentnym uacrt paort cepna no nepexauxe xponn y nannenron,
oxnammnx nepecaxn cepna. Annapar moxer nourn nonnocrtm
rpancnnanrnponartcx n oprannsm, sa ncxnmuennem arape, perynxropa n
coennnrentnoro mnypa. Ceuac HABK moxno nmnnanrnponart na onrn cpox
rem nannenram, xoroptm n nmom cnyuae rpeyercx rpancnnanrannx cepna.
Onaxo annapar ocrynen rontxo onomy ns 15 nannenron, xoroptm rpeyercx
nmnnanrannx cepna.
uenoneuecxoe cepne conepmaer n mnnyry 70 yapon, cepne xonnpn 1,3 rtc., a
ronyoro xnra 10 yapon.
Oxono 40 rtc. ancrpannnam tn nmnnanrnponan ncxyccrnennt nonrent pnrma
cepna. 3ro ycrpocrno pasmepom co cnnueunt xopoox cocronr ns reneparopa c
arapee n +nexrpnuecxo nentm n onoro nnn nyx nsonnponanntx nponoon.
Ono noctnaer perynxpnte +nexrpnuecxne nmnyntct, crnmynnpymmne cepeunym
mtmny n perynnpymmne cepnenenne. Ceuac nmemrcx n ncxyccrnennte
cepeunte xnanant, xonrponnpymmne xponorox mexy xamepamn cepna. Onn
nsrorannnnamrcx ns meranna n cnnrernuecxnx marepnanon n moryr ntnonnxrtcx
no opasny rxane xnnorntx (otuno no opasny cepeunoro xnanana cnnntn)
28
30
.
Honnn1cn nn xora-nnyt ncxycc1nennme xponenocnme cocym?
Anrnorenes +ro nponecc opasonannx nontx xponenocntx cocyon. Ho mnennm
oxropa xya uonxmena, paorammero na xa]epe xapnonornn Iapnapcxo
mennnncxo mxont, ocote monexynt moryr cepxnnart pocr xponenocntx
cocyon. 3rn monexynt amr yuentm nosmoxnocrt cosart ymnte
xponenocnte cocyt, xoropte moxno nayunrt ne cnaxart xpontm
snoxauecrnennte onyxonn n raxnm opasom ynnart nx. Vmnte xponenocnte
cocyt moxno raxxe nayunrt ycxopxrt ntsoponnenne nmtx
rpanmnponanntx nnn nonpexenntx opranon.
axpononte cocyncrte rpancnnanrart ncnontsymrcx nx mynrnponannx
nonpexenntx yuacrxon aprepn (nanpnmep, n norax) nnn nx sament aprepn
nennxom
2830
.
Bame cepne conepmaer sa ro npnmepno 42 075 900 yapon nnmc-mnnyc
necxontxo rtcxu yapon.
Cosay1 nn xora-nnyt ncxycc1nennoe nerxoe?
3xcnepnmenrt c ncxyccrnenntm nerxnm nponoxrcx n pxe mennnncxnx
nenrpon no ncemy mnpy. Onn ns napnanron paspaartnaercx ceuac n
ynnnepcnrere Hnrcypra. Hcxyccrnennoe nerxoe pasmepom npnmepno c aron
xnea cocronr nourn ns 1 rtc. xpoxorntx nopncrtx, nontx mempanntx
nonoxon, oxpyxammnx ntrxnyrt nenrpantnt annon. Ecnn nomecrnrt nerxoe
n rpynym nonocrt nannenra, xncnopo, narneraemt n ero napyxnym rpyy,
yer nocrynart n nonoxna, a sarem pacnpocrpanxrtcx uepes xpoxornte nopt n
xpont. Vrnexncnt ras onxen npoentnart oparnt nyrt: ntxonrt ns xponn n
nonoxna, a sarem noxnart oprannsm uepes nropym rpyy
2830
.
uenoneuecxoe cepne conepmaer n mnnyry 70 yapon, cepne xonnpn 1,3 rtc., a
ronyoro xnra 10 yapon.

Ho nensnecrntm npnunnam y xenmnn npn rpancnnanrannn cepna orropxenne
nponcxonr ropaso uame, uem y myxunn.

Hnxnxn ntstnamr xponoreuenne, nocxontxy nx cnmna coepxnr nemecrno,
npeornpamammee cneprtnanne xponn.

Bame cepne conepmaer sa ro npnmepno 42 075 900 yapon nnmc-mnnyc
necxontxo rtcxu yapon.

3a 24 u cpenecrarncrnuecxn uenonex conepmaer 23 040 txarentntx
nnxenn, nanpxraer 7 mnn xnerox mosra n nponsnocnr 4,8 rtc. cnon.

Ecnn cncremy xponoopamennx cpenecrarncrnuecxoro nspocnoro uenonexa
ntrxnyrt n npxmym nnnnm, ee nnna cocrannr onee 100 rtc. xm ocrarouno,
urot onoxcart 3emnm 2,5 pasa.
Inana 11
Cnc1eua nnmenapennn

Hnma nocrynaer n xenyox nocne roro, xax ona pasponena, ymentmena n
pasmepe n pesyntrare nepexentnannx n cmouena cnmno. Xenyox ntnonnxer
ocnonnte ]ynxnnn nepenapnnannx n nororannnnaer nnmy x antneme
opaorxe n ronxo xnmxe. On nrpaer pont xparxonpemennoro xpannnnma-
pesepnyapa, uro nosnonxer uenonexy tcrpo nornomart onontno xpynnte
oemt nnmn. Xenyox ro mecro, re opasymrcx neoxonmte ]epmenrt nx
nepenapnnannx et, ocoenno +ro xacaercx enxontx npoyxron. Hnma
cmemnnaercx c xenyountm coxom, pasxnxaercx, a sarem nocrynaer n ronxym n
roncrym xnmxn, re nponecc nnmenapennx sanepmaercx.
Houeuy um ncnm1mnaeu rono?
(Cnpauueaem T. Bauqu.o, Kum:euep, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

Iono +ro ocrpoe omymenne norpenocrn n nnme. Ono sanncnr or
nenocpecrnenno crnmynxnnn uyncrnnrentntx nepnon n xenyxe n xnmeunnxe,
a raxxe xocnenntx omymenn n pyrnx opranax, xora onn ncntrtnamr
neocrarox n nemecrnax, neoxonmtx nx noepxannx nopmantno
xnsneexrentnocrn.
Bce naunnaercx c ymentmennx n xponn coepxannx nnrarentntx nemecrn.
Hocnanne o neocrarxe +rnx nemecrn nepeaercx n nenrp ronoa rononnoro mosra,
xoropt naxonrcx n rnnoranamyce. Mosr axrnnnsnpyer xenyox n xnmeunnx, n
n pesyntrare pnrmnuntx coxpamenn nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra nosnnxaer
ypuanne n xnnore.
Omymenne ronoa nponaaer, xora n xponn ocrarouno nnrarentntx nemecrn.
Tora mosr samenxer axrnnnocrt xenyxa n xnmeunnxa. Onaxo ocrarounoe
nactmenne ne ncera yepxnnaer nac or roro, urot noecrt. Annernr moxer
nosnnxart n npn nnonne ocrarountx nnrarentntx sanacax oprannsma. On
ornocnrcx x ncnxonornuecxnm ]axropam perynxnnn norpenennx nnmn
12
.
Houeuy o1 ronoa nnora nonnnne1cn rononnan ont?
(Cnpauueaem T. Bauqu.o, Kum:euep, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

B noxnnennn omymennx ronoa npnnnmaer yuacrne ceporonnn nemecrno,
ncnontsyemoe nx ornpanxn n nonyuennx cnrnanon or rononnoro mosra (nnn
nepomenarop). On raxxe yuacrnyer n nosnnxnonennn xaxt, cosannn
nacrpoennx, noxnnennn connnnocrn n pyrnx nponeccax, nponcxoxmnx n namem
oprannsme. Heocrarox ceporonnna xnnxercx ono ns npnunn nosnnxnonennx
mnrpene. Kora noxnnxercx omymenne ronoa, uenonex moxer ncntrtnart
rononnte onn
12
.

Omymenne ronoa nponaaer, xora n xponn ocrarouno nnrarentntx nemecrn.
Tora mosr samenxer axrnnnocrt xenyxa n xnmeunnxa.
Kax nponcxon1 nnmenapenne?
anare pasxyem +ror nonpoc. Bonpexn pacnpocrpanennomy mnennm nnma no
ontme uacrn nepenapnnaercx ne n xenyxe. Ocnonno ]ynxnne xenyxa
xnnxercx npocro xpanenne nnmn n nororonxa ee x nepenapnnannm. Hnmenapenne
nponcxonr cneymmnm opasom: nocne roro xax ea nepexenana n cmemana co
cnmno, ona nocrynaer n xenyox, re conxnax xncnora, nencnn n pyrne
]epmenrt nepememnnamrcx c ne n reuenne 34 u.
Hocne +roro n nnxne uacrn xenyxa orxptnaercx neontmo xnanan, n nnma
nocrynaer n ronxym xnmxy. Hpn yuacrnn xenun ns neuenn, coxon ns
noxenyouno xenest n pyrnx xnmeuntx xnxocre nponcxonr acopnnx
nnmn crenxamn xnmxn. Kora roncrax xnmxa yanxer noy ns nenepenapennoro
ocrarxa, nponecc nnmenapennx sanepmaercx. To, uro ocranoct, ntxonr ns rena.
Bect nponecc sannmaer oxono 20 u.
Houeuy aenyounan xncno1a ne passeae1 aenyox?
3amnrnnxom sect xnnxercx cnnst. He yt ee, xenyounax xncnora (xoropax
morna t pacrnopnrt axe merann) pasena t nam xenyox.
Crenxn xenyxa cocroxr ns mnornx cnoen. Hapyxnt cno (ceposnax oonouxa)
ronxn n nnornt, no nnm naxoxrcx rpn cnox mtmn, xoropte, coxpamaxct,
nepemantnamr n nepememnnamr nnmy. Bnyrpennn cno crenxn xenyxa
(+nnrenn) cocronr ns mnoxecrna cnennantntx xnerox. Onn ns nnx
(napnerantnte xnerxn) ntenxmr conxnym xncnory HCl. Hapnerantnte n
pyrne xnerxn ntenxmr raxxe ]epmenrt, pacrnopxmmne enxn. Kpome roro, n
xenyxe mnoro xnerox, ntpaartnammnx cnnst, xoropax opasyer samnrnym
oonouxy n nerpannsyer xenyounym xncnory, samnmax +nnrenn or ee
nosecrnnx.
Hopmantnax xncnornocrt xenyounoro coxa or 1,5 o 3,5 pH.
Moae1 nn aenyounan xncno1a oaeut xoay?
(Cnpauueaem Kpuc Bepuapo, Beumvopmeu., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hopmantnax xncnornocrt xenyounoro coxa or 1,5 o 3,5 pH. Xenyounax
xncnora ouent xonnenrpnponannax. Ecnn ee nanecrn na xoxy, ona ntsoner
ceptesnoe paspaxenne n oxor. Kcrarn, npn nsxore xncnora ns xenyxa nonaaer
n nnmeno n oxnraer ero crenxn.
O1uero nosnnxae1 nsna aenyxa?
H xenyounax xsna, n xsna nenanarnnepcrno xnmxn nmemr omee nasnanne
nenrnuecxax xsna. Ecnn ee ne neunrt, ona moxer npnnecrn x ceptesntm
ocnoxnennxm, raxnm xax cnntnoe xponoreuenne, nep]opannx (npooenne)
crenox xenyxa nnn nenanarnnepcrno xnmxn n nepnronnr. Henrnuecxne xsnt
otuno npecrannxmr coo nocnanennte nxmxn namerpom 12 cm. Ecnn
paccmarpnnart nx n racrpocxon, onn noxoxn na npocryy na ryax. Xenyounte
xsnt pexo nosnnxamr y nme o ocrnxennx nmn cpenero nospacra.
Henrnuecxne xsnt moryr trt ocrptmn (cnmnromt nosnnxamr n npoxoxr
onontno tcrpo) nnn xponnuecxnmn (cnmnromt coxpanxmrcx nnrentnoe
npemx). Ocrpte xsnt otuno nosnnxamr rpynnamn, onn moryr ne ntstnart
neomorannx n uacro saxnnamr es xaxnx-nno ceptesntx nocnecrnn.
Xponnuecxne nenrnuecxne xsnt rnyxe, uame tnamr no ono n ntstnamr
omymenne neomorannx, a nocne nx saxnnnennx ocramrcx mpamt.
H xenyounax xsna, n xsna nenanarnnepcrno xnmxn nmemr omee nasnanne
nenrnuecxax xsna.
Pantme cunrann, uro npnunno nosnnxnonennx nenrnuecxnx xsn xnnxmrcx
ncnxonornuecxne ]axropt, raxne xax crpecct n ncnxnuecxne paccrpocrna.
Onaxo renept nsnecrno, uro n +rom nepexo nnnonara axrepnx xennxoaxrep
nnnopn(Helicobacterpylori). Ona xnner n cnnsncro oonouxe xenyxa n
ntstnaer onronpemennoe paspaxenne crenox xenyxa n nenanarnnepcrno
xnmxn.
Henrnuecxne xsnt moryr trt npnunno paccrpocrna nnmenapennx n cnntntx
one. snt opasontnamrcx, ecnn xenyox ntpaartnaer nsnnmxn xncnort nnn
ecnn nx ero samnrt neocrarouno cnnsn.
Cymecrnyer necxontxo ]axropon, ynennunnammnx pncx nosnnxnonennx
nenrnuecxnx xsn: 1) sapaxenne xennxoaxrep nnnopn; 2) perynxpnt npnem
nexoroptx nexapcrnenntx npenaparon, ocoenno acnnpnna n pyrnx
necreponntx npornnonocnannrentntx cpecrn; 3) xypenne; 4) upesmepnoe
ynorpenenne anxoronx; 5) pax xenyxa.
Hpn onxx n xenyxe oxsarentno opamarect x npauy
3
.
Kaxona qynxnnn 1onxon xnmxn?
(Cnpauueaem Kpuc Bepuapo, Beumvopmeu., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)
Tonxax xnmxa +ro uacrt xnmeunnxa mexy xenyxom n roncro xnmxo.
Coxpamxct, ee mtmeunte crenxn nporanxnnamr nnmy antme no
nnmenapnrentnomy rpaxry. 3ro noxoxe na rnorarentnte nnxennx smen. Taxoe
nonnoopasnoe coxpamenne crenox nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra nastnaercx
nepncrantrnxo. Tonxax xnmxa ocymecrnnxer ocnonnym ]ynxnnm ncactnannx
nnrarentntx nemecrn, nonyuaemtx ns nnmn
4
.

Tonxax xnmxa ocymecrnnxer ocnonnym ]ynxnnm ncactnannx nnrarentntx
nemecrn, nonyuaemtx ns nnmn.
Kax nen1ounmn uepnt anne1 n uenoneuecxou 1ene?
Henrounte uepnn nponnxamr n uenoneuecxn oprannsm c nnme. Hx nnna moxer
naptnponartcx or 5 mm o 15 m.
V nenrountx uepne ner nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra, no+romy nm npnxonrcx
norpenxrt nnmy, yxe nepenapennym pyrnmn xnnorntmn. Hmenno +ro onn n
enamr, napasnrnpyx n namnx xnmxax. Onn acopnpymr nnrarentnte nemecrna
npxmo cnoe xoxe n pasmnoxamrcx nnyrpn nac.
Henrounte uepnn cocroxr ns nyx orenon. Hepenn cxonexc +ro rononxa,
xoropo napasnr c nomomtm npncocox n xpmuxon nennxercx sa crenxn
xnmeunnxa. Bropo oren npornorrnt unennxn, ns xoroptx opasyercx reno
uepnx.
Henrounte uepnn conpornnnxmrcx nmmynno cncreme, a raxxe nosecrnnm
nnmenapnrentntx coxon, onn nnmamr nac nnrarentntx nemecrn n memamr
opranam nopmantno ]ynxnnonnponart
5
.
Houeuy nnora c1pyn uoun pasenne1cn nanoe?
(Cnpauueaem K Bappu, Him-Hopr, CLA)

Cymecrnyer no xpane mepe uertpe oxcnennx +roro nnrepecnoro xnnennx y
myxunn. V xenmnn, noxoxe, noonoro ne nanmaercx.
Crpyx moun moxer pasennrtcx, ecnn myxunna onroe npemx nexan na oxy co
cxartmn noramn. B pesyntrare ornepcrne mouencnycxarentnoro xanana n cam
mouencnycxarentnt xanan cxnmamrcx, n xora myxunna naunnaer mounrtcx,
crpyx na necxontxo cexyn pasenxercx nanoe.
3ro cnyuaercx, ecnn ornepcrne mouencnycxarentnoro xanana uacrnuno
saxptnaercx or xonoa (nanpnmep, nocne nnanannx n xonono noe).
Hpnunno raxxe moxer crart nannune n ornepcrnn mouencnycxarentnoro xanana
sacoxme xnxocrn, ns-sa uero ero xpax uacrnuno cnnnamrcx.
Ftnamr n anaromnuecxne anomannn, npn xoroptx mouencnycxarentnt xanan
nmeer na ornepcrnx.
Hpnannsm moxer nosnnxart y myxunn n nmom nospacre, naunnax c
mnaenuecrna.
H1o 1axoe npnannsu?
Hpnannsm +ro anopmantnax +pexnnx *censored*a. Ona moxer nnrtcx uacamn, n
rora rpeyercx mennnncxoe nmemarentcrno, nocxontxy myxunna moxer axe
ymepert or +roro. Taxax +pexnnx ne cnxsana c nonontm nosyxennem n uacro
conponoxaercx cnntno ontm. Hpnannsm moxer trt npnunno saonenannx
nnn rpanmt *censored*a, a raxxe cnnnnoro mosra, mouenoro nystpx nnn nouex.
3ro nponema n nepnym ouepet nemepncroro rena *censored*a, xoropoe
npoxonr no nce ero nnne. Hpn npnannsme xpont no xaxo-ro npnunne
cnnmxom onroe npemx ocraercx n nemepncrom rene.
Hpnannsm moxer trt npnunno saonenannx nnn rpanmt *censored*a, a raxxe
cnnnnoro mosra, mouenoro nystpx nnn nouex.
Cymecrnyer na nna npnannsma: c cnntntm aprepnantntm xponocnaxennem n
co cnatm nenosntm xponocnaxennem. Hpnannsm c cnntntm aprepnantntm
xponocnaxennem nosnnxaer nocne pasptna nemepncro aprepnn *censored*a.
Tora nanmaercx npemennt cnntnt npnrox xponn n nemepncroe reno.
Otuno +ro pesyntrar ne ouent ceptesno rpanmt. B +rom cnyuae pncx
xponnuecxoro nonpexennx nemepncroro rena nenennx, n ont ne cnnmxom
cnntnax. Hnexnnx n *censored* nx neuennx nmnorennnn moxer nnora
ntstnart +ror nn npnannsma. Hpnannsm co cnatm nenosntm xponocnaxennem
otuno nosnnxaer nocne nonnoro noxnponannx rxann nemepncroro rena. 3ro
rnanntm opasom pesyntrar onee ceptesno rpanmt nnn onesnn, npn +rom
ntcox pncx xponnuecxoro nonpexennx nemepncroro rena, a n ont cnntnee.
Pesyntrarom raxoro nna npnannsma moxer trt ]npos (ynnornenne rxane) n n
xoneunom cuere ncuesnonenne +pexnnn.
Hpnannsm moxer nosnnxart y myxunn n nmom nospacre, naunnax c
mnaenuecrna.

Hccneonannx noxasann, uro y 40 % nannenron c cepnonnno-xnerouno anemne
(saonenanne xpacntx xponxntx renen) no xpane mepe onn pas nanmancx
npncryn npnannsma uame ncero n nospacre oxono 20 ner.

Xornre neptre, xornre ner, no npnannsm moxer nosnnxart n y xenmnn.
Onaxo, no mnennm oxropa Maprnna x. K+pn
6
, npnannsm +ro
npenmymecrnenno saonenanne myxunn. Ouent pexo ncrpeuamrcx cnyuan
npnannsma xnnropa.
Houeuy y uyaunn na nnuxa, a ne ono?
A nouemy ne rpn nnn uertpe? Hnn axe ontme? V ncex xnnorntx, nmemmnx
cnnnno mosr, ne nononte xenest. Ono ns npenonoxnrentntx oxcnenn
+roro saxnmuaercx n rom, uro ncera xopomo nmert ononnnrentnt opran na ror
cnyua, ecnn onn nter ns crpox. na nnn rpn sanacntx oprana +ro yxe
nsnnmnxx pocxomt, onn yyr sannmart cnnmxom mnoro mecra. Hpnpoa ouent
pasymno naennna nac nmenno raxnm xonnuecrnom opranon, xoropoe nam nyxno
nx ntxnnannx n pasmnoxennx. B xonne xonnon, xro nosnr n araxnnxe ontme
onoro sanacnoro xoneca?
7

V ncex xnnorntx, nmemmnx cnnnno mosr, ne nononte xenest. Hpnpoa ouent
pasymno naennna nac nmenno raxnm xonnuecrnom opranon, xoropoe nam nyxno
nx ntxnnannx n pasmnoxennx.
Hpana nn, u1o cnenne na xononou e1one rposn1 napeen nnn reuoppoeu?
Her, nenpana. napex +ro saonenanne, npn xoropom onee rpex pas n ent
tnaer xnxn cryn. Cymecrnyer cemt npnunn, ntstnammnx napem, n cnenne
na xonono nonepxnocrn ne nxonr n nx uncno: 1) axrepnantnax nn]exnnx; 2)
nnpycnax nn]exnnx; 3) nenepenocnmocrt xaxo-ro nnmn; 4) xnmeunte napasnrt;
5) peaxnnx na nexapcrnennte npenapart; 6) xnmeunte saonenannx, raxne xax
rnmrenonax onesnt nnn nocnanenne nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra; 7) xnmeunte
paccrpocrna, nanpnmep cnnpom paspaxenno roncro xnmxn. A remoppo
+ro napnxosnoe pacmnpenne nent n onacrn nepxnero nnn nnxnero
remopponantnoro cnnerennx anyca. On nosnnxaer or annennx na neny, a ne or
xonoa.
H1o 1axoe noaenyounan aenesa n nn uero ona nyana?
(Cnpauueaem Capa Bepeecc, Vau-Tpu-Xu.., Prua Aecmpa.u)

Hoxenyounax xenesa opran nnmenapnrentno cncremt, pacnonoxennt
nosan xenyxa. Ona nmeer ynnnennym ]opmy n yuacrnyer n nponecce
nepenapnnannx xnpon, yrnenoon, enxon n xncnor. Ocnonnax ]ynxnnx
noxenyouno xenest opasonanne noxnmnuecxo cmecn, neoxonmo nx
nopmantnoro nnmenapennx.
3ro ono ns uyec uenoneuecxoro rena. Paora noxenyouno xenest onontno
cnoxnax. Ona ntenxer nnmenapnrentnte ]epmenrt n nont nxaponara n
nanxpearnuecxn nporox, sarem nsanmoecrnyer c omnm xenuntm nporoxom n
ocrannxer ero coepxnmoe n nenanarnnepcrnym xnmxy. Hmenno n +ro
onacrn nnma, nororonnennax x nnmenapennm, pacmennxercx n nepenapnnaercx.
Ocnonnax ]ynxnnx noxenyouno xenest opasonanne noxnmnuecxo
cmecn, neoxonmo nx nopmantnoro nnmenapennx.
Hoxenyounax xenesa ntenxer raxne ]epmenrt, xax rpnncnn, xnmorpnncnn,
xapoxcnnenrnasy n +nacrasy. 3rn ]epmenrt pasptnamr nenrnnte cnxsn
enxon. Hoxenyounax xenesa raxxe ntpaartnaer nnnasy, pacmennxmmym
rpnrnnnepnt na orentnte xnpnte xncnort. Kpome roro, xenesa ntenxer
amnnasy, pasnarammym nonncaxapnt na rnmxosy n mantrosy. Hoxenyounax
xenesa nponsnonr ropmont, xoropte yuacrnymr n omene nemecrn n
xonrponnpymr yponent rnmxost n xponn. Cpen +rnx ropmonon nncynnn,
rnmxaron, comarocrarnn n nanxpearnuecxn nonnnenrn. Hpoyxrom xenest
xnnxercx pnonyxneasa n esoxcnpnonyxneasa, pacmennxmmne monexynt
nyxnennono xncnort. Hoxenyounax xenesa nocrannxer nont nxaponara,
nonnxammne xncnornocrt nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra, n nenanarnnepcrnym
xnmxy, rem camtm samnmax ee crenxn or paspymennx.
H1o 1axoe nropexcnn?
Fnropexcnx +ro onesnennoe crpemnenne napacrnrt orpomnym mycxynarypy.
uenonex, crpaammn nropexcne, enaer ]nsnuecxne ynpaxnennx, nonnmaer
rxxecrn, ynorpenxer orpomnoe xonnuecrno et n uacro npnnnmaer crepont.
Honeenne raxnx nme nocnr mannaxantnt, nanxsunnt, peont xapaxrep.
Ecnn axe uenonex ntcoxn n mycxynncrt, on nce panno cunraer cex
nnsxopocntm n cnatm. Hexoropte ontnte nacrontxo crtxrcx cnonx ren, uro
orxastnamrcx ntxonrt ns omy, onn pocamr mxony, ynontnxmrcx c paort,
nnaamr n enpeccnm, xoropax moxer npnnecrn x camoyncrny.
V 10 % myxunn, sannmammnxcx onnnnnrom, nanmamrcx npnsnaxn
nropexcnn.
Ho mnennm oxropa 3pnxa Xonnanepa
8
, no xpane mepe 20 rtc. myxunn n
CBA crpaamr nropexcne. 3ra onesnt nopaxaer n ocnonnom myxunn.
Pesyntrart nccneonannx, nponeennoro oxropom Iappnconom Hoynom,
npo]eccopom ncnxnarpnn Iapnapcxo mennnncxo mxont, noxasann, uro y 10
% myxunn, sannmammnxcx onnnnnrom, nanmamrcx npnsnaxn nropexcnn.
3ro saonenanne nastnamr eme mtmeuno ncmop]ne. Boome, +ro xnnenne
nacrontxo nonoe, uro o]nnnantno ono eme ne npnsnano ncnxnuecxnm
saonenannem
9
.
H1o 1axoe op1opexcnn?
Opropexcnx +ro eme ona nonax ]opma paccrpocrna nnrannx. Ona cnxsana c
mannaxantntm crpemnennem ynorpenxrt rontxo nonornuecxn uncrym n
soponym nnmy. Crpaammne +rnm saonenannem ncxnmuamr ns cnoero pannona
ncxxym ey, n xoropo moryr trt ncxyccrnennte oanxn, xoncepnanrt nnn
necrnnnt. Taxne nmn nocroxnno ymamr o pasnnuntx cnocoax
npnroronnennx nnmn, nm ouent rpyno noopart noxoxmym nery.
B mennnncxo nnreparype x ncrpernn rontxo mecrt nynnxann, xacammnxcx
opropexcnn. Kax n nropexcnx, +ro nonoe xnnenne, o]nnnantno ne npnsnannoe
ncnxnuecxnm saonenannem. B oruere o nocnennx nccneonannxx oxrop M. H.
Karannna 3amopa n rpn pyrnx ncnancxnx npaua ynomnnamr o nannenre,
npoxnnxnmem xapaxrepnte npnsnaxn opropexcnn
10
-
11
.
Bpeno nn nn xnmeunnxa cepanna1t nmxo rason?

nx oosnauennx ntpoca rason ns xnmeunnxa cymecrnyer mennnncxn repmnn
]naryc. Flare na nartnn osnauaer yrt, aflatus txanne, ynonenne
nnn nerep.

Bpemx npoxoxennx nnmn no nnmenapnrentnomy rpaxry, nepoxrno, naptnpyercx
n npeenax 2030 u.
Cymecrnymr pasnte mnennx no nonoy roro, npeno nnn ner cepxnnart ntxo
rason. Hao cxasart, uro repnert +ro moxno rontxo npemenno. Hanpnmep, xora
nt sacnere, mtmnt paccnanxmrcx, n rast nce panno ntyr.
Ha nporxxennn nexon nmn nepxr, uro rast npent nx sopontx. Pnmcxn
nmneparop Knann axe nsan saxon, xoropt cenan ]naryc montm no npemx
anxeron.
Ceronx mnorne npaun ronopxr, uro cepxnnanne ne npnnocnr uenonexy ocooro
npea, nocxontxy rast xnnxmrcx ecrecrnenntm xomnonenrom coepxnmoro
xnmeunnxa. B xymem cnyuae moxer nosnnxnyrt rontxo ont n xnnore.
Hexoropte npaun, onaxo, nonaramr, uro cnnmxom onroe cepxnnanne rason
moxer crart npnunno remoppox
11
.
O1xya nonnnnm1cn xnmeunme rasm?

Knmeunte rast cocroxr ns necxontxnx xomnonenron, n uacrnocrn ns nosyxa,
xoropt mt rnoraem no npemx txannx n et. Iast raxxe opasymrcx n
pesyntrare xnmnuecxnx peaxnn, nponcxoxmnx n xenyouno-xnmeunom rpaxre.
Kpome roro, ras npocaunnaercx n xnmeunnx n ns xponn, a raxxe ero
ntpaartnamr axrepnn, xnnymne n xenyouno-xnmeunom rpaxre
11
.

B necnenom xnoxe coepxnrcx ontme xncnort n ontme nexrnnon c ntcoxnm
monexynxpntm necom, uem n spenom xnoxe.
Houeuy y uenn onn1 anno1 o1 necnenmx nnox?
(Cnpauueaem Kvpauoa Ceum, Baouua, Him-repcu, CLA)

Ho mnennm Mnnncrepcrna centcxoro xosxcrna CBA n cnente, n necnente
xnoxn nopmantno nepenapnnamrcx n xenyxe, ecnn onn rmarentno nepexenant.
Onaxo nce xe cymecrnyer pasnnna mexy cnentmn n necnentmn ]pyxramn, n
rom uncne n xnoxamn. B necnenom xnoxe coepxnrcx ontme xncnort n ontme
nexrnnon c ntcoxnm monexynxpntm necom, uem n spenom xnoxe. Hexrnnt
npncyrcrnymr n crenxax xnerox ncex pacrenn n opasymr cnoero poa nemenr,
nomorammn yepxnnart nmecre crenxn xnerox. Hepenapnnanne cnnmxom
ontmoro xonnuecrna +rnx nexrnnon moxer npnnecrn x nontmennomy
rasoopasonannm. Ho+romy nexoropte nmn ncntrtnamr nenpnxrnte
omymennx, xora exr necnente xnoxn.
Cxontxo 1peye1cn npeuenn nn nonnoro nepenapnnannn nnmn?
(Cnpauueaem Cmou Kpov.u, Va.u-Hapr, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hnma npoxonr uepes pasnnunte yuacrxn nnmenapnrentnoro rpaxra npnmepno sa
cneymmee npemx.
Hnmeno: 57 c.
Xenyox: 26 u.
Tonxax xnmxa: 35 u.
Toncrax xnmxa: 310 u.
To ecrt n ome cnoxnocrn oxono 20 u. Pasymeercx, +ror nponecc moxer
npoxonrt tcrpee, ecnn nt crpaaere napee, nnn menennee npn sanopax.
Bce sanncnr n or camo nnmn. Ho mnennm oxropa +nna 3nra, npemx
npoxoxennx nnmn no nnmenapnrentnomy rpaxry, nepoxrno, naptnpyercx n
npeenax 2030 u.
12
. Koneuno, nmeer snauenne n xyntrypnax cocrannxmmax.
Hanpnmep, n Hrannn y nexoroptx nme cunraercx nopmantntm onopoxnxrt
xnmeunnx rontxo onn pas n neenm. Onaxo ontmnncrno xnrene Rxno
Enpont nonaramr, uro +ro onxno nponcxonrt xorx t onn pas n ent
13
.
V nme, npepacnonoxentx x sanopam, npxmax xnmxa otuno mnpe. oxrop
x. Knnn n uernepo ero xonner ns ercxo ontnnnt npn Vrpexrcxom
ynnnepcnrere n 2004 r. ocneonann 49 ere n onapyxnnn, uro namerp npxmo
xnmxn cocrannxer n cpenem 4,9 cm y rex, xro crpaaer sanopamn, n 2,1 cm y
ere c nopmantntm crynom
14,15
.
H1o 1axoe pno1a?
Pnora +ro ouent cnoxnt nponecc, xonrponnpyemt pnorntm nenrpom,
pacnonoxenntm y ocnonannx mosra. Pnornt nponecc nmeer necxontxo cran,
tcrpo cmenxmmnx pyr pyra. Cnauana nosnnxaer cepnx oparntx coxpamenn
nepxne uacrn ronxo xnmxn, sarem coxpamaercx nnxnxx uacrt xenyxa. Horom
uacrnuno nepenapennax nnma ns ronxo xnmxn n nnxne uacrn xenyxa
nonaaer n rnannym nonocrt xenyxa n anee ntxonr uepes por. Vnnnrentno,
no no npemx pnort xenyox ocraercx npenmymecrnenno paccnanenntm, rora
xax pmmnte mtmnt n na]parma conepmamr ronxarentnte nnxennx, cxnmax
xenyox n ntrecnxx ero coepxnmoe. Bor nouemy nocne pnort omymaercx ont n
pmmntx mtmnax. Kora nac romnnr, txanne nenponsnontno ocranannnnaercx,
uro npeornpamaer nponnxnonenne pnorno macct n nerxne.
namerp npxmo xnmxn cocrannxer n cpenem 4,9 cm y rex, xro crpaaer
sanopamn, n 2,1 cm y ere c nopmantntm crynom.
Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno npnunn nosnnxnonennx pnort: nnmenoe orpannenne,
necnapenne, ronsnnnnr, nn]exnnx, mopcxax onesnt, nenpnxrnt sanax, onyxont
mosra, mennnrnr n epemennocrt.
Rnnne1cn nn nounoe neepaanne uoun rene1nuecxnu saonenanneu?
(Cnpauueaem Juu Hepu, Kenmavu, Prua Aqpura)

3ro ouent nnrepecnt nonpoc. Vuente saxnnxmr, uro onn namnn e]exrnt ren,
ornercrnennt sa nounoe neepxanne moun. Hocunrano, uro, nanpnmep, n
Ancrpannn oxono 500 rtc. ere crapme 6 ner mouarcx n nocrent no xpane
mepe onn pas n neenm. Ceronx yuente cunramr, uro onee uem nononnna +rnx
cnyuaen nmeer renernuecxoe nponcxoxenne. B 1995 r. rpynna nccneonarene
oxnnna o cnonx naxoxax, cnxsanntx c 13- xpomocomo
16,17
. Hx ntnot tnn
nornepxent n pyrnm nccneonannem, pesyntrart xoroporo tnn
onynnxonant n 1998 r. Tora onee rouno nenrn]nnnponann e]exrnt ren,
onpeennn ero mecronaxoxenne n xpomocome 22. Ftna nsyuena nn]opmannx o
11 nmxx n 26 nx erxx, crpaanmnx +rnm saonenannem. Vuente cmornn
onpeennrt ren nepnnunoro nounoro +nypesa. Ho mnennm pyxononrenx
rpynnt nccneonarene, oxropa Ianca 3epra, na ycranonnennom cermenre
moxer naxonrtcx o 10 renon. Onn ns nnx, noxoxe, xnnxercx xopomnm
xannarom na pont npnunnt +nypesa. oxrop 3epr oannxer: Ha
ocnonannn npenapnrentntx anntx moxno cenart ntno, uro ern, y xoroptx
+nypes renernuecxoro nponcxoxennx, onee uyncrnnrentnt x nexapcrnenntm
npenaparam, npenasnauenntm nx neuennx +roro saonenannx. Hame orxptrne
onxno ycnoxonrt ponrene, xoroptx repsaer crpax no nonoy roro, uro +nypes
y nx ere moxer trt pesyntrarom nenpannntnoro nocnnrannx, +monnonantno
rpanmt nnn npocro ntpaxennem nporecra
18
. Onapyxenne rena +nypesa,
nepoxrno, nomoxer npoxcnnrt nonpoc n nenom, ntxnnrt ero ncrounnx nx pasntx
cnyuaen n nsannrt ere or nenpnxrno nponemt.
ern, y xoroptx +nypes renernuecxoro nponcxoxennx, onee uyncrnnrentnt x
nexapcrnenntm npenaparam, npenasnauenntm nx neuennx +roro saonenannx.
Hounoe neepxanne moun nanonee pacnpocrpaneno cpen ouent manentxnx
ere. 3nypes nanmaercx npnmepno y 20 % ere n nospacre 4 ner. V 10 %
ere n nospacre 6 ner +ro nponcxonr pas n neenm nnn uame. V ere o 7 ner
+nypes ne cunraercx ceptesno nponemo, c nospacrom on nourn ncera ncuesaer.
Onaxo npnnnsnrentno y 12 % mantunxon n 6 % enouex n 12 ner nounoe
neepxanne moun ne npoxonr. 3nypes nepexo oxastnaer ceptesnoe nosecrnne
na uyncrno cocrnennoro ocronncrna peenxa.
Cymecrnymr ne ]opmt +nypesa: nepnnunax n nropnunax. Oxono 75 % cnyuaen
+nypesa ornocxrcx x nepnnuno ]opme. Ona nanmaercx y ere, xoropte
nnxora nnrentnoe npemx ne tnann cyxnmn no nouam. Ocranmnecx 25 %
npnxoxrcx na nropnunym ]opmy +nypesa. Ona nanmaercx y ere, xoropte ne
mounnnct no cne n reuenne no xpane mepe mecrn mecxnen, a sarem crann
mounrtcx. Ceronx yuente cunramr, uro npnunno ontmnncrna cnyuaen
nropnunoro +nypesa xnnxercx +monnonantnax rpanma. K raxnm rpanmam ornocxrcx
nepnt ent npetnannx n mxone, nacmemxn onoxnaccnnxon, crpaxn, nponemt
n cemte, a raxxe poxenne parnxa nnn cecrpenxn. Kpome roro, npnunno moryr
trt n nponemt co sopontem, nanpnmep nn]exnnx mouenoro nystpx (otuno
nerxo noaercx neuennm).

3nypes nanmaercx npnmepno y 20 % ere n nospacre 4 ner. V 10 % ere n
nospacre 6 ner +ro nponcxonr pas n neenm nnn uame.

Cnennanncrt n onacrn ercxoro pasnnrnx anno ycranonnnn, uro ern ne
mouarcx n nocrent namepenno, onaxo nexoropte ponrenn nce eme npoonxamr
npnepxnnartcx oparnoro mnennx. Bcera nenpannntno onnnxrt ere n rom,
uro onn mouarcx n nocrent. Ha camom ene y 80 % ere, crpaammnx +nypesom,
onn ns ponrene cam xora-ro mounncx n nocrent ner o nxrn, a ro n ontme.
Onaxo, xaxo t nn tna npnunna +nypesa, cnryannx rontxo yxymnrcx, ecnn
ponrenn yyr crtnrt n pyrart peenxa. B nmom cnyuae nepntm enom
cneyer opamartcx x nenarpy. Fontmnncrno ere, crpaammnx +nypesom, n
nenom sopont, no+romy nm nasnauamr neuenne es macct naoparopntx
anannson. Hexoropte ponrenn nepe cnom amr erxm mnoro nnrt, n ryr yx
nnonne nonxrno, orxya noxnnxercx neepxanne. B onee cnoxntx cnyuaxx
oxropa moryr nopexomenonart rpennponart moueno nystpt, urot on
yepxnnan ontme moun n noanan cnrnant npn neoxonmocrn onopoxnennx.
Hepexo pexomenymr nonnmart peenxa noutm c nocrenn uepes onpeenennte
npomexyrxn npemenn. Mnorne oxropa cunramr, uro ouent nonesna cncrema
noompenn roro, uro peenox npocnrcx n ryaner. Moxer nosnnxnyrt n
neoxonmocrt npnema cnennantntx nexapcrnenntx npenaparon. Onaxo
ontmnncrno npaue ymamr, uro npn neuennn +nypesa ne cneyer nonarartcx
rontxo na nexapcrna. Henarpt ormeuamr, uro ponrenn uacro c neoxoro
ocyxamr c npauom nannune +ro nponemt y cnoero peenxa
19
.
nn uero nyaen annennxc?
(Cnpauueaem eoou B.op, apeuu, Ceeepua Teppumopu, Aecmpa.u)

pyroe nasnanne annennxca uepneopasnt orpocrox. 3ro noxoxn na
uepnxxa npnarox cneno xnmxn. Cnenax xnmxa memouex, coennennt c
nocxoxme ooouno xnmxo n cocrannxmmn nauano roncro xnmxn.
Mnorne cnennanncrt yrnepxamr, uro annennxc +ro pynmenrapnt opran,
ne ntnonnxmmn ontme nnxaxo ]nsnonornuecxo ]ynxnnn n coxpannnmncx
y nac or npexon. Onaxo pyrne ocnapnnamr +ro yrnepxenne. Annennxc n rom
nnn nnom nne moxno narn nourn y xaxoro mnexonnrammero, nsnecrnoro
nayxe, no+romy nexoropte npenonaramr, uro annennxc naxen nx ]nsnonornn.
ononnnrentntm aprymenrom n nontsy +roro mnennx xnnxercx ro, uro y
anennxca nmemrcx cocrnennoe xponocnaxenne n nesanncnmax ptxexa
(cxnaxa pmmnnt, noepxnnammax nnyrpennocrn n nonocrn rena).
V 80 % ere, crpaammnx +nypesom, onn ns ponrene cam xora-ro mounncx n
nocrent ner o nxrn, a ro n ontme.
Tem ne menee nasnauenne annennxca ocraercx saraxo. Ho mnennm oxropon
Ant]pea Pomepa n Tomaca Hapconca, ocnonnoe nasnauenne annennxca
oxasanne xnpypram ]nnancono noepxxn
20
. 3ro ocrpoymnoe sameuanne
ronopnr o rom, uro uenonex nnonne moxer oxonrtcx n es uepneopasnoro
orpocrxa.
Ceronx yuente ronopxr, uro annennxc coepxnr ontmoe xonnuecrno
nnm]arnuecxnx xananon. Hnm]a, xax nsnecrno, samnmaer oprannsm or nn]exnn
n onesnernopntx mnxpoon. Annennxc pacnonaraercx nocne roncro xnmxn, n
xoropo xnnyr mnorne nnt axrepn. Camt pacnpocrpanennt ns nnx
xnmeunax nanouxa, nnn E. coli. He nce axrepnn npente, mnorne ns nnx nrpamr
naxnym pont n nnmenapennn. Onaxo onn moryr ntxonrt ns-no xonrponx
oprannsma, n rora annennxc nomoraer perynnponart nx xonnuecrno.
Ho mnennm oxropa K+pon Bomxec Pec, annennxc ne nrpaer ontmo ponn n
nmmynno cncreme n neoxsarenen nx noepxannx sopontx
21
. Bmecre c
aenonamn, mnnannnamn n cenesenxo annennxc ornocxr x nropnunomy
naopy nmmynntx opranon. Ero oosnauamr xax nnm]onnym rxant,
acconnnponannym co cnnsncrtmn noxponamn
22
.
Xorx mt moxem xnrt n es annennxca, nexoropte cnennanncrt cunramr, uro
ero nyume coxpanxrt.
Xorx mt moxem xnrt n es annennxca, nexoropte cnennanncrt cunramr, uro
ero nyume coxpanxrt. oxropa P. A. Vnnnep n H. C. Manoyn npnepxnnamrcx
mnennx, uro sopont annennxc moxer oxasartcx nonesntm, nanpnmep, nx
nannenron c rpanmamn cnnnt n onyxonxmn, a raxxe nx rex, xro crpaaer
xponnuecxnmn nnonarnuecxnmn sanopamn
23
. Vuente oannxmr, uro yanenne
annennxca es ceptesntx npnunn cneyer sanpernrt, nocxontxy npn
neoxonmocrn ero moxno ncnontsonart n pexoncrpyxrnnno xnpyprnn
24,25
.
Hpana nn, u1o nponan *censored* Ty1anxauona?
uapaon Tyranxamon npannn Ernnrom npnmepno c 1336 no 1327 r. o n. +.
Onapyxenne ero rponnnt n noxpe 1922 r. crano ono ns nennuamnx
apxeonornuecxnx naxoox. Tontxo n 1925 r. mymn]nnnponannoe reno
Tyranxamona c]ororpa]nponann n ncxptnn. B ro npemx ero rennrannn
naxonnnct na mecre. *censored* ]apaona tn sanepnyr orentno, xax t n
cocroxnnn +pexnnn, nepoxrno, urot ]apaon tn nnoonnrtm n n sarpono
xnsnn. 3anepnyrax momonxa naxonnact pxom c renom. B 1968 r. tno pemeno
nponecrn nccneonanne mymnn c nomomtm penrrenoncxo rexnnxn, xoropo eme
ne cymecrnonano n 1925 r. Tora n onapyxnnn, uro *censored* ]apaona
orcyrcrnyer. Moxer, xro-ro npnxnarnn ero n xauecrne cynennpa? Hnn on npocro
re-nnyt sarepxncx? Hnn ero rano noxnrnnn, urot ncnontsonart n
xyntrontx opxax, cnxsanntx c Tyranxamonom? B 2005 r. tno nponeeno
nonoe ncxptrne mymnn, n nponanmn *censored*, xax nn ynnnrentno, cnona
oxasancx na mecre
26
.
Vxe ceronx npn napymennn ]ynxnnn mouenoro nystpx nosmoxna samena ero
cermenron.
Cymec1nym1 nn ncxycc1nennme nouxn?
Moxno cxasart, uro noone ncxyccrnenntx nouex cymecrnyer c 1944 r.
uynxnnn nouex ntnonnxer annapar nx nannsa, no ero pasmemamr nne rena.
nanns moxno npononrt, ncnontsyx crannonapnym ontnnunym ycranonxy
(otuno na pasa n neenm), nnn c nomomtm omamne ycranonxn (npnmepno pas
n ent). Ceronx antrepnarnno onronpemennomy nannsy xnnxercx
rpancnnanrannx nouex. Texnnuecxn onepannx onontno npocrax, no cymecrnymr
ne nponemt: 1) nexnarxa onopon c noxoxme rxaneno conmecrnmocrtm, 2)
orropxenne nepecaxenntx nouex nmmynno cncremo pennnnenra. Ho mnennm
oxropa B. Fonomnnn n ero xonner ns Fononcxoro ynnnepcnrera, noprarnnnte
ncxyccrnennte nouxn moryr trt cosant uepes necxontxo ner.
oxrop +nn Xtmmc ns Mnunrancxoro ynnnepcnrera n oxrop 3nronn Arana ns
Iapnapcxoro ynnnepcnrera ncnontsymr noueunte xnerxn nx cosannx
neoopranon, onaammnx ]nntrpymme cnoconocrtm nouex. B nontrxe
pemnrt nponemy nsana ncxyccrnenntx nouex oxrop Xtmmc n ero xonnern ns
Mnunrancxoro ynnnepcnrera +xcnepnmenrnpymr c oannennem nopeaxropa x
annapary nx nannsa, xoropt yer ycranonnen n rene. Hoxa nce +xcnepnmenrt
nponoxrcx na coaxax, no pesyntrart onaexnnamr
27
.
Bye1 nn cosan ncxycc1nennmn uouenon nysmpt?
Vxe ceronx npn napymennn ]ynxnnn mouenoro nystpx nosmoxna samena ero
cermenron. oxrop . Popmann n ero xonnern ns ynnnepcnrercxo ontnnnt
ropoa Axen (Iepmannx) cosann npores mouenoro nystpx ns cnnnxononoro
xayuyxa. Hcntrannx na xnnorntx sanepmnnnct n 1996 r. Bpaun nnmyr:
Honoxnrentnt pesyntrar ncntrann nosnonxer npenonoxnrt, uro +ra
cncrema nnonne nooer nx sament uenoneuecxoro mouenoro nystpx
27,28
.
Or 5 o 7 % myxunn monoxe 64 ner n 1020 % myxunn crapme 64 ner crpaamr
neepxannem moun.
Cymec1nye1 nn ncxycc1nennan noaenyounan aenesa?
Ceuac xax pas neyrcx paort n +ro onacrn. oxropa x. pemxo n O.
Popcra ns ynnnepcnrera n Kanrapn (Kanaa) nnmyr, uro cosanne ynyumenntx
mnnnarmpntx nacocon nx nepexauxn nncynnna yer snaunrentntm marom x
cosannm xnnnnuecxn npnrono ncxyccrnenno noxenyouno xenest.
Paort n +ro onacrn onxnt sanepmnrtcx uepes necxontxo ner
27,29
.
Or 5 o 7 % myxunn monoxe 64 ner n 1020 % myxunn crapme 64 ner crpaamr
neepxannem moun.

Cpenecrarncrnuecxn uenonex exerono norpenxer oxono ronnt npoyxron n
nannrxon
15
.
Inana 12
pyrne nny1pennne opranm

I.x. V+nnc xax-ro nanncan: npemennoe nmecrnnn-_ me npemennoro
nasnauennx; n x snam, uro xora-nnyt mo uepen, mon syt, ocoennocrn moero
xapaxrepa n xenannx pasnanxrcx, xax anaran nocne saxptrnx xpmapxn.
H1o 1naenee ummnm nnn anp?
Mtmnt rxxenee xnpa, nocxontxy xnerxn, cocrannxmmne mtmny, nnornee, uem
xnponte xnerxn. Hnronnasma (nnyrpennxx cpea) xnpono xnerxn coepxnr
rnanntm opasom xnpt (nnnnt), rora xax nnronnasma mtmeuno xnerxn
coepxnr n ocnonnom coxparnrentnte enxn (mnosnn n axrnn), nsnemennte n
nono cpee. A nnnnt menee nnornte, uem noa.
H1o 1axoe +noxpnnnan cnc1eua?
(Cnpauueaem Coqu Bpavu, Huuoqu.o, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

3noxpnnno nastnaercx cncrema perynxnnn exrentnocrn nnyrpennnx opranon
nocpecrnom ropmonon, ntenxemtx +noxpnnntmn xnerxamn nenocpecrnenno n
xpont. Pantme cnncox opranon +noxpnnno cncremt tn neontmnm. On
nxnmuan n cex rnno]ns, nanoueunnxn, mnronnnym, napamnronnnym,
noxenyounym xenest, a raxxe nononte xenest. Ho ceronx mt snaem, uro
mnorne pyrne oprant roxe ntpaartnamr ropmont. Hanpnmep, cepne n nouxn
nponsnoxr ropmont, nomorammne perynnponart aprepnantnoe annenne.
Xnponte xnerxn nponsnoxr ropmon, nnnxmmn na annernr. Tnmyc
ntpaartnaer ropmon, xonrponnpymmn ]ynxnnm nnm]onnron n pyrnx
nmmynntx xnerox.
H1o nponcxon1, xora nnoxo pao1ae1 +noxpnnnan cnc1eua?
Hapymenne paort +noxpnnno cncremt rposnr noxnnennem mnoxecrna
onesne. Hanpnmep, xapnnxonocrt xnnxercx pesyntrarom neocrarouno
ntpaorxn rnno]nsom ropmona pocra. Bor nexoropte ns cnmnromon
nenopmantno paort +noxpnnno cncremt: menennt pocr, nnsxopocnocrt,
nenponopnnonantnocrt rena, saepxxa cexcyantnoro pasnnrnx, rononnte onn,
upesmepnoe mouencnycxanne n xaxa.
Mtmnt rxxenee xnpa, nocxontxy xnerxn, cocrannxmmne mtmny, nnornee, uem
xnponte xnerxn.
H1o uoae1 napyma1t pao1y +noxpnnnon cnc1eum?
Paory +noxpnnno cncremt moryr napymnrt mnorne ]axropt, n rom uncne
renernuecxne nponemt, ceptesnte rpanmt, upesmepnte ]nsnuecxne narpysxn,
crpecc, ronoanne, nn]exnnonnte saonenannx, npnem ropmonantntx
npenaparon, napxornxn, npente xnmnuecxne nemecrna. Hopmantnax paora
+noxpnnno cncremt xnsnenno neoxonma nx omena nemecrn n nonyuennx
+neprnn.
H1o 1axoe rnnoqns n xaxona ero pont n oprannsue?

Inno]ns nnora nastnamr rnanno xeneso +noxpnnno cncremt, nocxontxy on
xonrponnpyer ]ynxnnn pyrnx +noxpnnntx xenes. Inno]ns no pasmepy ne
ontme ropomnnt, pacnonoxen y ocnonannx rononnoro mosra. On coennen
nepnntmn nonoxnamn c rnnoranamycom, xoropt nosecrnyer na nero.
Inno]ns cocronr ns nepene, cpene n sane one, xaxax ns xoroptx
ntpaartnaer ocote ropmont, ntnonnxmmne cnenn]nuecxne ]ynxnnn.
Hepenxx onx ntpaartnaer nponaxrnn, neoxonmt nx ocymecrnnennx
naxrannn; apenoxoprnxorponnt ropmon (AKTI), crnmynnpymmn
nanoueunnxn; rnpeorponnn, nosecrnymmn na mnronnnym xenesy;
]onnnxynocrnmynnpymmn (uCI) n nmrennsnpymmn (HI) ropmont,
crnmynnpymmne exrentnocrt nonontx xenes. Cpenxx onx rnno]nsa
nponsnonr menanonnrocrn-mynnpymmn ropmon (MCI), xonrponnpymmn
nnrmenrannm xoxn. 3anxx onx ntpaartnaer anrnnypernuecxn ropmon
(AI), ynennunnammn peacopnnm not nouxamn (raxnm opasom nontmaercx
xonnenrpannx moun n ymentmaercx ee oem), n oxcnronnn, nontmammn
coxparnrentnym axrnnnocrt marxn no npemx poon n ycnnnnammn ntpaorxy
rpynoro monoxa.
Mnorne yuente cunramr, uro napymenne ropmonantno cexpennn rnno]nsa
cnntno nnnxer na crapenne. Hanpnmep, no npemx menonayst (n nospacre oxono 55
ner) rnnoranamyc n rnno]ns npexpamamr crnmynnponart xencxne xnunnxn.
Pesyntrarom +roro xnnxmrcx ocnanenne xocre n mtmn, napymenne
aprepnantnoro annennx, yxymenne namxrn n r. .
Moano nn an1t es rnnoqnsa?

Ecnn rnno]ns yannrt n ercxom nospacre, ro nocnecrnnx yyr nxnmuart n cex
saepxxy pocra n nononoro cospenannx.
Inno]ns no pasmepy ne ontme ropomnnt, pacnonoxen y ocnonannx rononnoro
mosra.
Houeuy o1 anxoronn ntnnem1?
Kora nt ynorpenxere anxoront, on tcrpo acopnpyercx renom uepes crenxn
xenyxa n nonaaer n xpont. Kponenocnte cocyt pacmnpxmrcx, oruero
nosnnxaer omymenne renna. Onaxo na camom ene anxoront nonnxaer
remneparypy rena n noannxer nopmantnym paory nenrpantno nepnno
cncremt. axe n neontmnx xonnuecrnax on ropmosnr mexannsmt rononnoro
mosra, no+romy noxnnxercx omymenne paccnanennocrn. Ecnn npnnxrt mnoro
cnnprnoro, ro napymnrcx xoopnnannx nnxenn, peut n nponsoer samenenne
mtcnnrentntx nponeccon. Fontmne ost anxoronx napymamr paory xnsnenno
naxntx yuacrxon nenrpantno nepnno cncremt, npnnoxr x norepe cosnannx
nnn axe x cmeprn.

Her cnocoa orpesnnrt ntxnoro uenonexa. Bpemx n ortx +ro enncrnennte
cpecrna, ntnoxmne anxoront ns xponn.
Mory1 nn o1pesnnn1t xaxne-nnyt nann1xn nnn ea?
3ro onacnoe sanyxenne. Her cnocoa orpesnnrt ntxnoro uenonexa. Bpemx n
ortx +ro enncrnennte cpecrna, ntnoxmne anxoront ns xponn. Anxoront
uepes xpont nonaaer n neuent, re pacmennxercx na yxcycnt antern n pyrne
noounte npoyxrt, xoropte ntxoxr ns oprannsma c mouo. Cxopocrt raxoro
ntxoa cocrannxer oxono 15 mn anxoronx n uac. Vcxopnrt +ror nponecc
nenosmoxno, onaxo nannune nnmn n xenyxe moxer samenxrt nponecc
nnnrtnannx.
Moae1 nn xoqe cnn1t ontnnenne?
Ko]e concem ne nonnxaer yponent anxoronx n xponn. Vnorpenenne xo]e nnora
nomoraer ocnanrt cnmnromt noxmentx, rax xax xo]enn xnnxercx crnmynxropom,
a anxoront enpeccanrom (ro ecrt on ropmosnr nenrpantnym nepnnym cncremy).
Kpome roro, nmax xnxocrt oneruaer noxmente, nocxontxy nocne npnema
cnnprnoro nponcxonr oesnoxnnanne oprannsma. H anxoront, n xo]enn
oxastnamr moueronnoe ecrnne.
Cymec1nye1 nn cpec1no o1 noxuentn?
nx optt c noxmentem nmn npoymr yxnantno nce or anentcnnonoro coxa
o ctptx xnn, or acnnpnna o xnpnoro sanrpaxa, or xoxrenx Kponanax M+pn
o uncroro cnnpra. Vuente nourn nrnopnpymr nponemy noxmentx, onn
cocpeoraunnamrcx n ocnonnom na ecrnnn anxoronx, na npnpoe anxorontno
sanncnmocrn n cnocoax ee neuennx. Hpana, npenaramrcx pasnte cpecrna,
oneruammne noxmente. Ono ns nnx +xcrpaxr ns xoxnnt onynnnn (Opuntia
ficus) nontsyercx onpeenenntm ycnexom. B xoe nccneonann, nponeenntx n
2004 r., oxrop x. Bac npnmen x cneymmemy ntnoy: Cnmnromt
anxorontnoro noxmentx (romnora, rononnax ont, cyxocrt no pry, rynte onn n
rene n r. .) xnnxmrcx rnanntm opasom pesyntrarom axrnnnsannn nocnanennx.
3xcrpaxr onynnnn ocnanxer cnmnromt noxmentx sa cuer samenennx nponecca
ntpaorxn nocnannrentntx menaropon
1,2
.
Houeuy um poanu na xonoe?
Temneparypa rena perynnpyercx rnnoranamycom. 3ror yuacrox mosra pearnpyer
na nonnxenne remneparypt n ntstnaer poxt nenponsnontnoe coxpamenne
mtmn, ynennunnammee rennonpoyxnnm. Innoranamyc raxxe xonrponnpyer
noroorenenne. Ha xonoe cocyt n xoxe cyxamrcx, a re, uro ocrannxmr xpont x
cepny, pacmnpxmrcx, nocxontxy nx ntxnnannx oprannsmy n nepnym ouepet
neoxonmo noepxart nyxnym remneparypy nnyrpennnx opranon.
A eme poxt noxnnxercx npn nnxopaxe nnn ncnyre. B oonx cnyuaxx mosr
nocnpnnnmaer nocrynammne x nemy nmnyntct xax cnrnant oxnaxennx rena n
naunnaer ecrnonart coornercrnenno.
Hpn xaxon 1eunepa1ype 1ena uoano yuepe1t?
Hopmantno otuno cunraercx remneparypa rena ne ntme 37 C. Temneparypa
nnxe 28 C (npn pexrantnom nsmepennn) moxer trt onacno nx xnsnn
3
.
Vrposa nx xnsnn nacrynaer, xora remneparypa rena nonnmaercx o 43,3 C.
Kaxon uoae1 m1t uaxcnuantnan 1eunepa1ypa 1ena?
Vrposa nx xnsnn nacrynaer, xora remneparypa rena nonnmaercx o 43,3 C.

Ha xonoe cocyt n xoxe cyxamrcx, a re, uro ocrannxmr xpont x cepny,
pacmnpxmrcx, nocxontxy nx ntxnnannx oprannsmy n nepnym ouepet
neoxonmo noepxart nyxnym remneparypy nnyrpennnx opranon.
Kaxnu opasou nam oprannsu noepannae1 nopuantnym 1eunepa1ypy?
(Cnpauueaem Ka.u Kpa+ep, uuuupue, Tac+auu, Aecmpa.u)

Kora-ro cunranoct, uro narpenaer xpont n orneuaer sa remneparypy rena cepne
nnn mosr. Onaxo n xoe nccneonann n xnnnnuecxnx nanmenn tno
ycranonneno, uro ncrounnxom renna oprannsma xnnxercx ncx ero xnerounax
axrnnnocrt. Mosr xax t nrpaer pont renepana, a xaxax xnerxa pont conara.
B oprannsme nocroxnno nponcxoxr xnmnuecxne peaxnnn, n pesyntrare xoroptx
ntpaartnaercx renno. Mtmeunte coxpamennx raxxe nponsnoxr renno
naroapx rpennm
4
.
Houeuy nac corpenae1 noxoanmn anp?
3anact xnpa y nme n xnnorntx npeopasymrcx n +neprnm npn nexnarxe nnmn,
xpome roro, xnponax rxant npeoxpanxer oprannsm or norepn renna. B ornnune
or xocrno n mtmeuno rxann, xnp ne ntnonnxer ontme nnxaxnx pyrnx
naxntx ]ynxnn, no+romy n xnpontx ornoxennxx mano xponenocntx cocyon.
Enncrnennte uacrn rena, re npaxrnuecxn ner noxoxnoro xnpa, nexn n
momonxa
3
.
3anact xnpa y nme n xnnorntx npeopasymrcx n +neprnm npn nexnarxe nnmn,
xpome roro, xnponax rxant npeoxpanxer oprannsm or norepn renna.
Houeuy y nexo1opmx uyaunn nmpac1ae1 rpyt?
upesmepnoe ynennuenne rpyn y myxunn nastnaercx rnnexomacrne. V
nexoroptx myxunn rpyt moxer ntpacrart o pasmepa cpene rpyn xenmnnt.
Innexomacrnm moryr ntstnart oxnpenne, ynorpenenne +crporenon nnn
creponon, nannune onyxonn. Oxono nononnnt ontntx cnnpomom
Knan]enrepa (renernuecxoe saonenanne) crpaamr rnnexomacrne. Otuno y
raxnx nme ntcoxn pocr, nnnnte norn n manentxne xnuxn. Fontnte
cnnpomom Knan]enrepa crpaamr ecnnonem. Ho mnennm oxropa Anena
Posena
5
, rnnexomacrnx moxer nosnnxart n nmom nospacre, no nce xe uame
nanmaercx y crapemmnx myxunn. V myxunn cpennx ner ntpaorxa
recrocrepona cnnxaercx, rora xax +crporen ocraercx na npexnem yponne. B
pesyntrare moryr noxnnxrtcx npnsnaxn xencxoro nona, raxne xax ontmax rpyt.
Koppexnnonnoe neuenne rnnexomacrnn nxnmuaer n cex nnnocaxnnm nnn
xnpyprnuecxoe yanenne rxane. Bpemennoe ynennuenne rpyn nnonne
nopmantnoe xnnenne y mantunxon o nononoro cospenannx n no npemx nero.
oxrop P. 3nan-Faxap
6
n rpoe ero xonner n xoe nccneonannx, nponeennoro n
2004 r., ycranonnnn, uro cpen 581 mantunxa, ns rex uro xanonannct na npnsnaxn
rnnexomacrnn, 5 % tnn naxanyne nononoro cospenannx
7,8
.
Houeuy pac1e1 rpyt?
(Cnpauueaem J+u 4paucuc, Heuo.-Xu.., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

B nepno nononoro cospenannx na pocr rpyn y enouex nnnxer xencxn ropmon
+crpanon. On xe oycnannnnaer ynennuenne rpyntx xenes no npemx
epemennocrn. Kax cunraer oxrop upeepnx Cnnr
9
, +crpanon ntpaartnaercx n
xnunnxax n pasnocnrcx xponoroxom no ncemy reny. Onaxo +ror ropmon
crnmynnpyer pocr rontxo nexoroptx ocotx rxane. Knerxn rpyn,
uyncrnnrentnte x ecrnnm +crpanona, +ro npocremne nnn
nen]]epennnponannte xnerxn. Onaxo nocne n]]epennnannn nx n xnerxn,
ntpaartnammne monoxo, xnerxn rpyn yxe ne pacryr. Hcxnmuennem xnnxmrcx
paxonte xnerxn, xoropte moryr pasmnoxartcx na nporxxennn nce xnsnn
xenmnnt
10
.
Kax nasmnam1cn yropxn noxpyr cocxon n xaxono nx nasnauenne?

Manentxne yropxn noxpyr oxonococxonoro xpyxxa nastnamrcx xenesamn
Monrromepn. Koxa oxonococxonoro xpyxxa ouent ronxax, n ne ecrt noronte n
cantnte xenest, a raxxe nonocxnte ]onnnxynt. Fyropxn Monrromepn
cranonxrcx samernee no nropo nononnne mencrpyantnoro nnxna. Bo npemx
epemennocrn onn roxe cnerxa ynennunnamrcx.
Houeuy aencxan rpyt 1axon qopum?
Bt moxere ne nepnrt, no raxym ]opmy xencxo rpyn oycnonnna nennunna
uenoneuecxoro mosra. B cnny ontmnx pasmepon mosra nnno uenonexa crano
nnocxnm. Oxpyrnocrt rpyn n ropuamn cocox pasnnnnct nx roro, urot
peenox ne saoxnyncx no npemx xopmnennx rpytm. erentmn mnexonnrammnx,
y xoroptx ntcrynammne uenmcrn, moryr cocart cnonx nnocxorpytx marepe n
npn +rom ne satxartcx
11
.
uenonex, ntnonnxmmn nerxym paory n ycnonnxx ymepennoro xnnmara, repxer n
ent oxono 2,4 n not.
Houeuy y aenmnn ontmne rpyn, a y cauox pyrnx unexonn1ammnx uanentxne?

Bcera nnrepecno ntxcnxrt, nouemy nmn ornnuamrcx or xnnorntx. Ho nayxa ne
snaer rounoro ornera na annt nonpoc. Onaxo nsnecrno, uro xenmnne ne
rpeyercx ontmax rpyt, urot nopmantno xopmnrt peenxa.

C xaxtm npnemom nnmn uenonex norpenxer V
3
n not, axe ecnn npn +rom on
nnuero ne nter. B cpenem nce npoyxrt nanononnny cocroxr ns not.
Houeuy x c1apoc1n rpyt onncae1?
3ro xax pas ror cnyua, xora y xenmnn c manentxo rpytm nmeercx
npenmymecrno: ne nao ecnoxonrtcx o rom, uro rpyt x crapocrn onncner.
Cocroxnne, npn xoropom rpyt onycxaercx, nastnamr nrosom rpyn. Ha camom
ene nros moxer trt n nmo uacrn rena. Hanpnmep, rax nastnaercx onymenne
nepxnero nexa.
Ipyt noepxnnamr mtmnt n xoxa. Hros rpyn nosnnxaer no uertpem
npnunnam: 1) cnna rxxecrn; 2) ocnanenne mtmn n yrpara +nacrnunocrn xoxn no
mepe crapennx; 3) nayxanne rpyn no npemx epemennocrn n rpynoro
ncxapmnnnannx; 4) arpo]nx rpyntx xenes n cnxsn c ropmonantntmn
nsmenennxmn no npemx menonayst.
Ecnn naena1t mc1rant1ep aae na nout, npeo1npa1n1 nn +1o onncanne rpyn?
Hsnecrnt nnacrnuecxn xnpypr, oxrop Maxn Fepmanr, ronopnr:
Hcnontsonanne mcrrantrepa no npemx cna nourn ne cnacaer rpyt or
onncannx, ecnn rontxo nt ne cnnre crox. Onaxo +ro yono nx xenmnn c
ouent ontmo rpytm Hocnre mcrrantrep nem, ymentmare ]nsnuecxym
axrnnnocrt, n nt o onpeenenno crenenn orpannunre +ry nponemy. Ocnonno
npnunno nrosa rpyn xnnxercx ocnanenne noepxnnamme cnxsouno rxann.
O nexnpyprnuecxom ycrpanennn +ro nponemt x unran rontxo n nayuno-
]anracrnuecxnx pomanax
12
.
Byy1 nn cosanm nonnoc1tm ncxycc1nennme rpyn?

nx ynennuennx nnn nonno pexoncrpyxnnn rpyn ncnontsymrcx nmnnanrart na
ocnone cnnnxona. oxropa Vonrep Xonep n Kper Xonepmrar ns
Kaponnncxoro mennnncxoro nenrpa n ropoe Bapnor (mrar Cenepnax Kaponnna,
CBA) cranxr +xcnepnmenrt no ntpamnnannm mxrxnx rxane ns cocrnenntx
xnerox rpyn xenmnn. Hoonte rexnonornn moryr crart antrepnarnno
nmnnanraram
13,14
.
pennerpeuecxn npau Innnoxpar, oren mennnnt, cunran, uro nnocxorpyte
xenmnnt moryr ynennunrt mcr, ecnn yyr rpomxo nert.

Vuente saxnnxmr, uro nnxro na camom ene rouno ne snaer, xax uacro
cpenecrarncrnuecxn uenonex npnnnmaer nanny nnn ym. Hanepnoe, +ror
noxasarent menxercx eme n n sanncnmocrn or npemenn roa
1517
.

uenonex, ntnonnxmmn nerxym paory n ycnonnxx ymepennoro xnnmara, repxer n
ent oxono 2,4 n not. 3ro xonnuecrno cneyer nosmemart, nnaue moxno
ymepert
1517
.

C xaxtm npnemom nnmn uenonex norpenxer
1
/
3
n not, axe ecnn npn +rom on
nnuero ne nter. B cpenem nce npoyxrt nanononnny cocroxr ns not.

uenonex n cocroxnnn noxox xaxt uac repxer uepes xoxy onee 15 mn not
1517
.

B xencxom rene mentme not, uem n myxcxom ro xe macct
1517
.

Maxcnmantno nosmoxnax exenennax norepx not oprannsmom uenonexa (a
raxxe ee nosmemenne) cocrannxer oxono 24 n
1517
.

B rene myxunnt necom 70 xr coepxnrcx or 33 o 37 n not. Oxono nononnnt
+roro xonnuecrna yrpaunnaercx n nosmemaercx xaxte 10 ne
1517
.

uenonex, ne npnnnmammn nnmy n noy, ymper, xora norepxer 15 % or macct
cnoero rena. 3ro nponsoer npnnnsnrentno n reuenne 10 ne. Ha ono noe
uenonex moxer nporxnyrt o nyx mecxnen
1517
.

Ecnn uenonex necom 76 xr yer ynorpenxrt rontxo noy, on noxyeer npnmepno
o 38 xr, no nce panno ntxnner. A es not on ymper eme o roro, xax noxyeer
o 63 xr
1517
.
H1o 1axoe nnuqa1nuecxan cnc1eua n xaxono ee nasnauenne?
(Cnpauueaem Keu Crau.ou, J+v-H.ous, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Hnm]arnuecxax cncrema ononnxer cepeuno-cocyncrym cncremy. Ona nrpaer
naxnym pont n omene nemecrn n ounmennn xnerox n rxane oprannsma. Hnm]a
+ro npospaunax ecnnernax xnxocrt, coepxamax nnm]onnrt n rpomonnrt. Hs
xannnnxpon ona nocrynaer n nnm]arnuecxne cocyt, a sarem nosnpamaercx n
xpont.
B nnm]arnuecxo cncreme ontmoe snauenne nmemr na yuacrxa: npant
nnm]arnuecxn nporox, nnpammn nnm]y ns nepxne npano uerneprn rena, n
rpyno nporox, no xoropomy npoxonr ncx npouax nnm]a. nnna rpynoro
nporoxa y nspocnoro uenonexa oxono 40 cm. Kpynnemnm n rene nnm]onntm
opranom xnnxercx cenesenxa.

nnna rpynoro nporoxa y nspocnoro uenonexa oxono 40 cm. Kpynnemnm n rene
nnm]onntm opranom xnnxercx cenesenxa.
Hnm]arnuecxax cncrema nosnonxer oprannsmy oportcx c nn]exnnxmn n
nnopontmn renamn. Ocoym pont n +rom nrpamr nnm]arnuecxne ysnt, xoropte
naxoxrcx na mee, n naxono onacrn n no mtmxamn, a raxxe nont ncex
nnm]arnuecxnx cocyon. Ho cnonam oxropa Fperr 3nnnc
18
, nnm]arnuecxne ysnt
nperpaa na nyrn nn]exnn n paxa. Onaxo, x coxanennm, onn moryr n
cnococrnonart pacnpocrpanennm paxontx xnerox nmecre c nnm]o, xoropax
nosnpamaercx n conpammne nporoxn.
O1uero mnam1 cyoporn?
(Cnpauueaem ru+ Kpocc+eu, Kap.mou, Burmopu, Aecmpa.u)

Cyopora +ro nenponsnontnoe coxpamenne mtmnt, xoropoe uacro tnaer
onontno onesnenntm. unsnonorn o cnx nop ne snamr ncex npnunn,
ntstnammnx cyoporn, no nexoropte ns nnx moxno nasnart: 1) cxonnenne n
mtmnax monouno xncnort nocne ]nsnuecxo narpysxn; 2) oesnoxnnanne
oprannsma nocne neperpena nnn rxxeno ]nsnuecxo narpysxn; 3) neocrarox
xncnopoa n mtmne; 4) ncananc nonon xantnnx, xannx nnn narpnx; 5) cnntnoe
mtmeunoe coxpamenne.
Kax ummnm coxpamam1cn n paccnannm1cn?
(Cnpauueaem Uap.s Bepuu, Honcmovu, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Mnorne nmn cunramr, uro mtmnt cnocont n coxpamartcx, n paccnanxrtcx,
no +ro ne concem rax. Mtmeunax rxant onaaer cnocrnom rontxo coxpamartcx,
xora ee crnmynnpyer nepnnax cncrema.
Mtmnt, xonrponnpymmne cycrant, paoramr npornnoecrnymmnmn napamn.
Kora ona mtmeunax rpynna coxpamaercx, npornnoecrnymmne mtmnt
paccnanxmrcx n nosnpamamrcx x ntrxnyromy cocroxnnm. Mtmnt pyx, nor n
nmtx pyrnx uacre rena, nnxennx xoroptx uenonex moxer cosnarentno
xonrponnponart, nastnamrcx nponsnontno coxpamammnmncx.
Kaxon nnnm yy1 ummnm, ecnn nx nm1nny1t n ony nenouxy?
(Cnpauueaem au Bo.ire, Bammepu-Houm, Tac+auu, Aecmpa.u)

3ro ouent cnoxnt nonpoc. B rene mnoxecrno pasnnuntx rnnon mtmn.
Hanpnmep, cepne xaxo ono nnnt? Onn mtmnt ouent manentxne, nourn
mnxpocxonnuecxne, xax, x npnmepy, crpemennax mtmna n yxe. pyrne mtmnt
c]nnxrept xpyronte, samxnyrte. Kax moxno nocunrart nx nnny?
Mtmnt cocroxr ns nonoxon, xoropte moryr ]ynxnnonnponart no orentnocrn
nnn nmecre. urot onpeennrt nnny mtmnt, npnercx pasennrt nce nonoxna n
cnoxnrt nx ono sa pyrnm, rax xax mtmeunte nonoxna xnnxmrcx orentntmn
crpyxrypamn co ncemn ]ynxnnxmn mtmnt.
uenonex, ne npnnnmammn nnmy n noy, ymper, xora norepxer 15 % or macct
cnoero rena.
3ro nponsoer npnnnsnrentno n reuenne 10 ne.
Kaxon nepn caumn nnnnmn?
(Cnpauueaem Cauopa Kap.cou, Peo-Xu.., Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

Hyumnm xannarom ryr xnnxercx ceannmnt nepn, xoropt naunnaercx
npnmepno n cepenne xronnt, npoxonr no sane uacrn epa n yxonr
rnyoxo n mtmny noxonennoro cyxoxnnnx. Cpasy na xonenom on pasenxercx
na rnnantnt nepn n na omn manoepnont nepn. Ho mnennm oxropa
Crnnena Mypmana
19
, rnnantnt nepn nnnnee omero manoepnonoro nepna.
Oxcnxercx +ro rem, uro ono ns ero ornernnenn, a nmenno menantnt
noomnennt nepn, npoxonr x noomne cront n o xonna ontmoro nantna
norn.
H nonnax nnutx mexy nymx pyrnmn xannaramn na snanne camoro nnnnoro
nepna cpennntm n noxrentm nepnamn. Onn npoxoxr or nneua o sanxcrtx.
Ecnn uenonex necom 76 xr yer ynorpenxrt rontxo noy, on noxyeer npnmepno
o 38 xr, no nce panno ntxnner.
Bye1 nn cosana ncxycc1nennan neuent?
Tpancnnanrannx ncero oprana nepexo cunraercx enncrnenntm ntxoom npn
xponnuecxnx saonenannxx neuenn. Ho onopon ne xnaraer, n rnnnunte
nponemt rpancnnanrannn (nanpnmep, orropxenne) npnnoxr x romy, uro nce
ocrpee cranonnrcx neoxonmocrt cosannx ncxyccrnenno neuenn.
oxrop . Kamoxapa n ero xonnern n mennnncxom nenrpe Cnap-Cnna n Hoc-
Anxenece paspaartnamr onn ns napnanron ncxyccrnenno neuenn. Vuente
coomamr, uro +ro crano nosmoxntm, n uacrnocrn, naroapx noxnnennm nontx
nomarepnanon
20
.
Bpaun ns Mnunrancxoro ynnnepcnrera roxe ncntrtnamr ncxyccrnennym neuent.
Ona npemenno moxer ntnonnxrt no xpane mepe nexoropte ]ynxnnn ontno
neuenn. Ho cnonam oxropa Poepra I. Faprnerra ns ercxo ontnnnt npn
unxarcxom ynnnepcnrere, ceuac nyr ncntrannx cncremt ncxyccrnenno
neuenn, npenasnauenno nx xnsneoecneuennx nannenron, oxnammnx
rpancnnanrannn. Kanacxax xomnannx HepaLife ns Banxynepa raxxe paoraer na
cosannem cncremt xnsneoecneuennx nannenron c ontno neuentm.
Tax nastnaemax rpancnnanrannx pasenenno neuenn ceuac npoxonr
ncntrannx n mennnncxom nenrpe Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera n Kann]opnnn, n
mennnncxom nenrpe Maynr-Cnna n Htm-Hopxe n n pyrnx mecrax. annax
rexnonornx saxnmuaercx n rom, uro soponax neuent pasenxercx mexy
necxontxnmn nannenramn. Onn ns nepntx orueron o noono ycnemno
rpancnnanrannn tn onynnxonan n 1996 r.
21

Kax nnnre, paora n anno onacrn nponnraercx. Ocraercx rontxo xart
sanepmennx nccneonann
22,23
.
Inana 13
Con

Bennxn Mnrent e Cepnanrec nncan: a yer narocnonen ror, xro nsopen
con, +ror noxpon, xoropt cxptnaer nce uenoneuecxne mtcnn, nnmy, xoropax
nactmaer ronontx, nnary, xoropax yronxer xaxy, oront, xoropt corpenaer
osxmnx, npoxnay, xoropax cnacaer or xryuero snox, cnonom, ncemnpnym
monery, na xoropym moxno xynnrt nce uro yrono, n nect, na xoroptx
ypannnnamrcx nmneparop n nacryx, mypen n nenexa.
Houeuy um cnnu?
Mt npononm no cne 1/3 xnsnn, no nenonxrno, nouemy +ro rax. Moxno noymart,
uro orner na nonpoc ouennen: mt cnnm, urot noccranonnrt cnon cnnt. Ho
nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro ne nce rax npocro. B mennnncxo nnreparype
npnnoxrcx ecxrxn cnyuaen nme, xoropte nourn ne cnxr, no onaamr
npexpacntm sopontem.
Hecxontxo ner nasa pnrancxne yuente coomnnn 0 cemnecxrnnerne
xenmnne, xoropax cnana n cpenem 1 u n ent. Onaxt ona nponena es cna 56
u., a sarem ycnyna ncero na 1,5 u. Hpn +rom ona xopomo cex uyncrnonana n nena
otunt opas xnsnn. Moxno ncnomnnrt snamennrtx nme, xoropte camn
orpannunnann cno con. Heonapo a Bnnun xaxt ent cnan ncero no 15 mnn.
uepes xaxte 4 u. Tax nouemy xe ocrantnte nmn cnxr no 8 u. n cyrxn? H nouemy
ecnn mt ne ntctnaemcx, ro uyncrnyem cex pasnrtmn? Bor necxontxo
npenonoxenn, oxcnxmmnx +ro.
Cnacenne or onacnocrn. Con nomoran nepnotrntm nmxm nepexnart nout,
xora onn npxrannct or xnmnnxon.
3xonomnx +neprnn. Con nosnonxn nepnotrntm nmxm norpenxrt mentme
nnmn.
Boccranonnenne nocne crpeccon. K xonny nx nam mosr nyxaercx n ortxe, ro
ecrt no cne.
Vcnannanne nn]opmannn. Con aer mosry npemx paccoprnponart nn]opmannm,
nonyuennym no npemx opcrnonannx, n saneuarnert ee n namxrn.
Hexoropte yuente cunramr, uro con nomoraer nam satnart onpeenennte nemn.
3ro neoxonmo nx roro, urot mosr ne neperpysnncx nenyxno nn]opmanne
1
.
Moano nn nmsna1t cnonnennn y pyroro uenonexa?
3xcnepnmenrt oxastnamr, uro +ro ecrnnrentno nosmoxno. Onn ns cnocoon
nonecrn x nocy cnxmero uenonexa orxptrt ]naxon yxon. pyro cnoco
rnxo nacnncrtnart n npncyrcrnnn cnxmero. Tpern cnoco omaxnnart
cnxmero neepom
2
.
Hexoropte yuente cunramr, uro con nomoraer nam satnart onpeenennte nemn.
3ro neoxonmo nx roro, urot mosr ne neperpysnncx nenyxno nn]opmanne.
H1o ye1, ecnn ne ana1t uenonexy cna1t?
B xoe nccneonann, nponeenntx oxropom Vnntxmom emenrom,
npo]eccopom ncnxnarpnn Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera, tno onapyxeno, uro
ecnn uenonexy ne anart cnart, ro +ro cenaer ero paspaxnrentntm,
necnocontm cxonnenrpnponartcx, ntsoner upesmepnt annernr, npnneer x
enpeccnn n axe x mtcnxm o camoyncrne. Hccneonannx npononnnct ouent
npocro: oponontnen yxnatnann cnart n naoparopnn, n n reuenne 5 noue
yuente ynnn nme, xax rontxo onn sactnann. Vxe uepes necxontxo ne y
yuacrnnxon +xcnepnmenra nauann npoxnnxrtcx ntmeyxasannte cnmnromt
2
.
Houeuy n ne nounm cnm nennxou?
Hacxontxo mt nomnnm cnonnennx, sanncnr or roro, xax tcrpo mt
npoyxaemcx nocne nx nosnnxnonennx. B xoe onoro nccneonannx nexoroptx
cnxmnx nme ynnn n ]ase tcrporo cna, a pyrnx uepes 15 mnn. nocne
oxonuannx +ro ]ast. B 152 ns 191 cnyuax nmn, pasyxennte no npemx cna, no
ontme uacrn nomnnnn coepxanne cnonnenn, a re, xoro pasynnn uepes 15
mnn., nourn nnuero ne nomnnnn
2
.
Kora nnepnme nosnnxam1 cnonnennn?
Cymecrnymr cnnerentcrna roro, uro axe nno n yrpoe marepn nnnr
cnonnennx. Vuente cunramr, uro cnt noxnnxmrcx npnmepno uepes 23 neenn
nocne sauarnx, nnn sa 15 neent o poxennx peenxa.

Fecconnnna ycnnnnaercx c nospacrom n nanmaercx y 40 % xenmnn n 30 %
myxunn.
C roaun um nnnu ontme cnon nnn uentme?
Vuente ycranonnnn, uro uem mt monoxe, rem ontme nnnm cnon. Fecconnnna
ycnnnnaercx c nospacrom n nanmaercx y 40 % xenmnn n 30 % myxunn. B
mennnncxo nnreparype ronopnrcx, uro nexoropte nannenrt, crpaammne
xponnuecxo ecconnnne, nponoxr npaxrnuecxn es cna no 5 ner n onee.
Hacxontxo naanm cnonnennn?
o upea cnam ne npnanann ontmoro snauennx. Ceronx yuente nccneymr
nce acnexrt cocroxnnx con npoyxenne. Onn ns nnx rnnnarornx. 3ro
nonycosnarentnoe cocroxnne, n xoropom mt naxonmcx nepe rem, xax sacnyrt
nnn npocnyrtcx. Ho mnennm oxropa Anpeaca Manpomarnca
3,4
, nsyuax +ro
cocroxnne, mt cmoxem nonxrt mnorne acnexrt cosnarentno n eccosnarentno
exrentnocrn. Mt nyume nomem raxne nemn, xax cnonnennx, rnnnos,
rannmnnnannn, xnnnnuecxym cmeprt, rnopuecrno, mnso]pennm, camonsneuenne
r. .
Cxontxo nn1cn cnonnennn?
(Cnpauueaem Huro.i Mepoor, Iopoou-Hapr, Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

oxrop Maxc Xnpmxonnn ns mennnncxoro xonnexa F+nopa n Xtmcrone
nonaraer, uro cnonnennx nxrcx or 10 o 40 mnn. Pantme cunranoct, uro onn
nosnnxamr xax t ncntmxamn
5
.
Bo npemx opcrnonannx ouent axrnnna npe]ponrantnax xopa mosra, a no cne
nnmnuecxax cncrema, xonrponnpymmax +monnn, uyncrna n onronpemennym
namxrt.
Kaxan uac1t uosra o1neuae1 sa cnonnennn?
Cnonnennx, nepoxrno, camoe nnrepecnoe, uro nponcxonr c nmtmn no cne.
Hentm nccneonann, nponeenntx oxropamn Tomacom Fanxnnom n Annenom
Fpaynom
6
, tno rouno ycranonnrt mecro (nnn mecra) n rononnom mosre, re no
npemx cnonnenn nanmaercx nanontmax axrnnnocrt. Vuente ncnontsonann
annte nosnrponno+mnccnonno romorpa]nn (H3T) nx onpeenennx
nnrencnnnocrn xponoroxa n mosre. Bo npemx opcrnonannx ouent axrnnna
npe]ponrantnax xopa mosra, a no cne nnmnuecxax cncrema, xonrponnpymmax
+monnn, uyncrna n onronpemennym namxrt
7
.
Hccneonannx Fanxnna n Fpayna raxxe emoncrpnpymr, uro no npemx cna
ocnonnax spnrentnax sona xopt rononnoro mosra neaxrnnna, no ]ynxnnonnpyer
+xcrpacrpnapnax xopa rononnoro mosra. 3ro nnsyantnt yuacrox mosra,
opaartnammn nn]opmannm o raxnx cnoxntx oexrax, xax nnna.
oxrop Mapx Conmc, nenponor ns nononcxo ontnnnt Cn. Bap]onomex,
ormeuaer: Mt na camom ene ne snaem, xaxont ]ynxnnn n mexannsmt
cnonnenn, onaxo x cunram, uro mt naxonmcx na nopore poxennx
neotuano nnrepecno nayxn o cnonnennxx
8
.
H1o 1axoe connan onesnt?
Connym onesnt ntstnamr nporosonte napasnrt, nponnxammne n oprannsm
npn yxyce myxn nene. Hapasnrt nocrenenno pasmnoxamrcx n rene, ntstnax
nnxopaxy n cnaocrt, a norom npnnoxr x xome n cmeprn.
Fonesnt nastnaercx conno noromy, uro nannenr ne moxer npocnyrtcx n ntrn
ns cocroxnnx rnyoxo xomt. Ee nauantnte cnmnromt rpyno pacnosnart.
3auacrym +ro nnmt neontmo rnonnx na mecre yxyca, xoropt nonaercx uepes
necxontxo ne. Fonesnt moxer npoonxartcx 23 mecxna. Ho mepe roro xax ona
nporpeccnpyer, uenonex omymaer xap, neotuanym ycranocrt, rononnym ont,
repxer annernr. Koxa noxptnaercx ctntm, orexamr cycrant, noxnnxmrcx
xonmnxrnnnr, mnoxapnr (nopaxenne cepeuno mtmnt), anenpnsma cepna,
sacronax cepeunax neocrarounocrt. 3arem ontno nnaaer n xomy n n
xoneunom cuere ymnpaer. V ere moxer eme pasnnrtcx mennnrnr.
Bo npemx cna ocnonnax spnrentnax sona xopt rononnoro mosra neaxrnnna, no
]ynxnnonnpyer +xcrpacrpnapnax xopa rononnoro mosra.
Hayunoe nasnanne conno onesnn rpnnanocomos. Cymecrnyer ne ]opmt +roro
saonenannx: Trypanosoma brucei gambiencenopaxaer xnrene 3anano n
Henrpantno A]pnxn, a Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense xnrene Bocrouno n
Rxno A]pnxn. B omem, +ra onesnt yrpoxaer onee uem 66 mnn uenonex n 36
a]pnxancxnx crpanax. Ha cnoem ne-care c npeynpexennxmn nx rypncron
Henrp xonrponx n npo]nnaxrnxn saonenann n Arnanre coomaer, uro
Bcemnpnax oprannsannx spanooxpanennx saperncrpnponana n 1999 r. 45 rtc.
cnyuaen rpnnanocomosa. Onaxo cunraercx, uro cnyuaen onesnn na camom ene
or 300 o 500 rtc. Henrp xonrponx n npo]nnaxrnxn saonenann oannxer, uro
naxnnnt npornn rpnnanocomosa ne cymecrnyer, no nmemrcx cpecrna neuennx,
ammne otuno xopomn pesyntrar npn npnmenennn nx na panne crann.
Houeuy nmn ne nnaam1 n snunmm cnnuxy?
3nmnxx cnxuxa +ro cocroxnne esexrentnocrn y xnnorntx, ntstnaemoe
coxpamennem npoonxnrentnocrn nx, nonnxennem remneparypt oxpyxamme
cpet n nexnarxo nnmn. Bo npemx cnxuxn remneparypa rena y xnnorntx moxer
nonnxartcx o 5 C.
V xnnorntx, nnaammnx n cnxuxy, ecrt ontmo sanac yporo xnpa, xoroporo
ner y uenonexa. Fypt xnp +ro nn xnpono rxann, ouent xopomo
coxpanxmme +neprnm. V nonopoxenntx oxono 5 % xnpontx ornoxenn +ro
ypt xnp. Ho mepe nspocnennx +ror xnp ncuesaer.
B ]enpane 2002 r. oxrop Herep Mopran n ero xonnern ns nncrnryra Poy+rra n
Aepnne (Bornannx) onapyxnnn ren, orneuammn sa cnxuxy.

Pantme cunranoct, uro npnmart, n rom uncne n nmn, ne nnaamr n cnxuxy. Ho n
nmne 2004 r. oxrop Iepxap Xentmaep n ero xonnern ns nncrnryra unnnnca n
Hnne (mrar Oxnaxoma) onapyxnnn onoro npnmara, xoropt nce xe nnaaer n
cnxuxy. 3ro xapnnxont maaracxapcxn nemyp. Vuentx ynnnno, sauem emy
nnaart n cnxuxy, net na Maaracxape rennte snmt n et nnonne xnaraer na
nect ro.
Houeuy uon aennx cnn1 c onnu o1xpm1mu rnasou?
(Cnpauueaem Huro.i Mepoor, Iopoou-Hapr, Keuuc.euo, Aecmpa.u)

Hmn uacro cnxr ne saxptnax rnas. B xoe +xcnepnmenron onapyxnnoct, uro
nmn moryr cnart n c orxptrtmn rnasamn. Koneuno, y namero xennxa moxer
trt n xaxoe-nnyt napymenne, rax uro noconeryre emy oparnrtcx x npauy.
Onaxo ecnn on nopmantno cnnr n ne nmeer nponem co sopontem, ro moxno
oornct n es +roro
9
.

Cexcyantnoe noneenne no cne moxer ncrpeuartcx xax y ncnxnarpnuecxnx
ontntx, rax n y nopmantntx nme.
oeuo Poseuqe.io, Jumouu J.ixasp
H1o 1axoe cexc no cne?
Cexc no cne, ro ecrt xora uenonex conepmaer nonono axr n cocroxnnn cna,
cnxsan c nynarnsmom. Cam repmnn cexc no cne nnenn n npaxrnxy oxropa +nn
Posen]ent n 3nronn 3ntxaap
10
. B cnoe crarte onn paccxasann o nyx cnyuaxx:
y onoro uenonexa tna npnntuxa sannmartcx cexcom n ecrt no cne, a pyro
conepman cexcyantnte ecrnnx, pacxaxnnax n comnamynnuecxom cocroxnnn.
Posen]ent n 3ntxaap npnmnn x ntnoy, uro cexcyantnoe noneenne no cne
moxer ncrpeuartcx xax y ncnxnarpnuecxnx ontntx, rax n y nopmantntx nme.
Hepnym xnnry o cexce no cne nanncan oxrop Maxn Manran
11
, ncnxonor ns Htm-
Iemnmnpcxoro ynnnepcnrera. B xnnre npecrannen ananns 60 pasnnuntx
ynnnrentntx cnyuaen. B 2002 r. nccneonarenn ns Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera
no pyxonocrnom oxropa Kpncrnana Innnemnno ns Henrpa napymenn cna
erantno npoanannsnponann ncropnn onesne 11 nannenron n ormernnn, uro
pasnoopasne cexcyantnoro noneennx cnxsano c cexcom no cne
12
. Cr+n]opcxax
rpynna nnmer: Cnmnromt nannenron nxnmuann n cex macrypannm,
cexcyantnoe nacnnne, npoonxnrentnte (n rpomxne) xpnxn cexcyantnoro
xapaxrepa no cne. Onn nannenr ntrancx saymnrt xeny, xora nacnnonan ee no
cne. pyro tn onnnen n rom, uro, naxoxct n cocroxnnn cna, nsnacnnonan
xenmnny, onaxo ero onpanann, nocxontxy on ne ocosnanan, uro enan.
Cr+n]opcxax rpynna oannxer, uro cexc no cne ntstnaer uyncrno nnnt, crta
n enpeccnm y rex, c xem +ro nponcxonr. pyrnm orxptrnem +ro rpynnt cran
ror ]axr, uro nannenrt, sannmammnecx cexcom no cne, n nx naprnept ouent
uacro repnnmo ornocxrcx x noonomy anopmantnomy noneennm n reuenne
nnrentntx nepnoon npemenn n ne opamamrcx x npauam. Camtm
ynnnrentntm orxptrnem crano ro, uro nmn, sannmammnecx cexcom no cne,
crpaamr yrpenne amnesne: onn nnuero ne nomnxr o rex cexcyantntx
ecrnnxx, xoropte conepmann noutm
13
.
Kaxne caume pacnpoc1panennme nnm pacc1ponc1n cna?
Vuente, sannmammnecx nsyuennem cna, ntenxmr n nacroxmee npemx 78 nnon
paccrpocrn cna, xoropte nanocxr npe sopontm. Bor re ns nnx, xoropte
npnsnamr Amepnxancxax acconnannx paccrpocrn cna n Amepnxancxax axaemnx
mennnnt cna.
Hnonarnuecxax ecconnnna. 3ro necnoconocrt na nporxxennn xnsnn
nopmantno cnart. Ona ne nmeer nnnmtx npnunn. Cnennanncrt n onacrn cna
npenonaramr, uro npnunno raxoro paccrpocrna xnnxercx nenopmantnoe
]ynxnnonnponanne cncremt rononnoro mosra, xonrponnpymme cocroxnne con
opcrnonanne. Hepnonuecxoe nnxenne xoneunocre. Hoonoe paccrpocrno
nosnnxaer, xora cnxmn nnraer xoneunocrtm (otuno noro) n onom n rom xe
nanpannennn na nporxxennn nce noun. 3rn nnxennx napymamr con n npnnoxr
x connnnocrn n nennoe npemx. Hocrrpanmarnuecxax rnnepcomnnx. 3ro
upesmepnax connnnocrt, pasnnnammaxcx n pesyntrare rpanmt nnn saonenannx
nenrpantno nepnno cncremt. Otuno rnnepcomnnx npoxonr uepes necxontxo
neent nnn mecxnen.
Vuente, sannmammnecx nsyuennem cna, ntenxmr n nacroxmee npemx 78 nnon
paccrpocrn cna, xoropte nanocxr npe sopontm.
Cnnpom ecnoxono norn. nx +roro cnnpoma xapaxrepnt nenpnxrnte
omymennx (nanpnmep, noxantnanne, sy, mypamxn, onn n r. n.) n norax nepe
cnom. ncxom]opr ocnaenaer, xora uenonex nnraer noro. Bce +ro,
esycnonno, memaer cny. Otuno nocne mnornx raxnx noue naxonnnmnecx
ycranocrt n xenanne ycnyrt nepecnnnnamr nenpnxrnte omymennx, n uenonex
sactnaer. Onaxo, nocne roro xax on ntcnnrcx, nce nonropxercx. Cyoporn norn.
3rn cyoporn nosnnxamr otuno n nxpax no npemx cna. Onn moryr nnrtcx or
necxontxnx cexyn o 30 mnn. Hpnunna cyopor rouno ne nsnecrna.
Connoe ontxnenne. 3ro eme nastnamr conno nneprnocrtm. annoe
paccrpocrno xnnxercx npnmepom saropmoxennocrn, xoropym ontmnncrno
nme ncntrtnamr no npemx npoyxennx. Hmn, crpaammne conntm
ontxnennem, nnoxo pearnpymr na opamenne x nnm, cmyrno nomnxr ro, uro
nponsomno rontxo uro nnn concem neanno. V nnx nanmamrcx crpannocrn n
noneennn. Onn moryr, nanpnmep, nsxrt namny n ronopnrt n nee, cunrax, uro +ro
rene]onnax rpyxa. uame ncero raxoe cnyuaercx, ecnn uenonexa pasynrt n
nepno nononnne noun.
Bsparnnanne no cne (nnn rnnnarornuecxne xonnyntcnn). 3ro nnesannte, pesxne
coxpamennx mtmn no npemx sactnannx. Taxoe tnaer y ontmnncrna nme.
Ecnn xonnyntcnn cnnmxom cnntnte n uacrte, +ro moxer npnnecrn x ecconnnne.
Pasronopt no cne. 3ro paccrpocrno moxer crart pesyntrarom crpecca, ntcoxo
remneparypt, nountx xommapon nnn yymtx. Kax npannno, raxne pasronopt
tnamr neonrnmn.
Hapymenne rnorannx. Hmn, crpaammne noontm paccrpocrnom, ne moryr
nopmantno npornartnart cnmny no cne. Cnmna cxannnnaercx no pry, nonaaer n
ropno, a sarem n nerxne. 3ro ntstnaer yymte n xament, n uenonex npoctnaercx.
Fpyxcnsm (nnn cxpexeranne syamn). Fpyxcnsm moxer memart romy, xro cnnr
pxom. V uenonexa, xoropt crpaaer +rnm paccrpocrnom, synax +mant tcrpo
ncrnpaercx. Cxpexeranne syamn moxer raxxe npnnecrn x onxm n uenmcrn n
rononntm onxm no npemx opcrnonannx. Fonesnennte +pexnnn. Hnora
+pexnnn no cne moryr trt nacrontxo momntmn, uro ntstnamr ont n
ecconnny. Cnnpom nnesanno neoxcnnmo nouno cmeprn. uame ncero
annt cnnpom nanmaercx y myxunn ns Rro-Bocrouno Asnn n nospacre 25
44 ner. Kax cneyer ns nasnannx, +ror cnnpom ntstnaer nnesannym cmeprt no
cne sopontx monotx nme. Bcxptrne ne aer oxcnenn noono cmeprn.
Hepntm npnsnaxom cnnpoma xnnxercx yymte. Hnora y ymepmero onpeenxmr
cnasm cepeuno mtmnt
1416
.
Hpana nn, u1o, xora c1apnx cnn1 pnou c uonoon enymxon, on ouonaannae1cn?
(Cnpauueaem I.eu Pu:+au, Himapr, Him-repcu, CLA)

Bonpoc onontno crpannt. Taxax npaxrnxa nastnaercx cynamnrnsm, n n pennne
npemena ona nonyunna mnpoxoe pacnpocrpanenne. Ona ocnontnanact na
neponannn n ro, uro nenopounoe omenne c enymxo n nocrenn omonaxnnaer
crapnxon. Cynarnmnsm npaxrnxonancx n xyntrypax, re cunranoct, uro xnsnt
uenonexa, ero yma n soponte naxoxrcx n ero txannn. Hepnt
saperncrpnponannt cnyua cynamnrnsma cnxsan c nnecxnm napem annom
(10901015 rr. o n. +.) n onncan n Berxom 3anere. Monoentxax enymxa
Anncara Cynamnrxnxa (orcma n nasnanne npaxrnxn) cnana pxom c pxxntm
napem, n npn +rom y nnx ne tno nnxaxnx cexcyantntx xonraxron.
Bt moxere npoxnrt es nnmn necxontxo neent, no nocne 10 ne es cna
concem es cna, axe yptnxamn, nt ympere.
Ho mnennm oxropa T. Baro, nmn nepnnn, uro txanne xoro-ro monooro ouent
rennoe, ono necer n cee xnsnt. Hocne XVIIXVIII nn. cynarnmnsm, xax
ronopnrcx, ntmen ns mot
17,18
.
H1o nyume ncero nouorae1 sacmna1t n cna1t cnoxonno?
3aytre o rom, xax cunrart apanon, o pomamxonom uae n o rennom monoxe c
macnom ecnn cnymart nepe cnom mystxy, ro moxno tcrpo sapemart n
esmxrexno npocnart ncm nout. Ho xpane mepe, rax yrnepxamr na
ranantcxnx nccneonarenx. Ho nx mnennm, nyume ncero nooer uro-ro rnxoe
n menennoe, nanpnmep nerxn xas, ]onx nnn opxecrponax mystxa c pnrmom 60
80 yapon n mnnyry. Hccneonarenn axe nasnann raxym mystxy cearnnno.
Xornre neptre, xornre ner, no mystxa na camom ene ntstnaer ]nsnuecxne
nsmenennx n rene. Onnm ns nnx xnnxercx samenenne pnrma cepna n txannx,
uro cnococrnyer xopomemy nounomy cny. Vuente nsyunnn 60 uenonex n
nospacre or 60 o 83 ner, y xoroptx nanmannct nponemt co cnom. Hononnna
ns nnx mystxantnax rpynna cnymann paccnanxmmym mystxy n reuenne 45
mnn. nepe cnom, a nropo nononnne xonrpontno rpynne ne nxnmuann
mystxy n ne anann nnxaxnx pyrnx cpecrn, nomorammnx sacnyrt. B pesyntrare
re, xro cnyman mxrxym, menennym mystxy, ncntrtnann ]nsnuecxne nsmenennx
n rene n esmxrexno cnann.
Hccneonannx noxastnamr: nt nyume nomnnre ro, uro ysnann nenocpecrnenno
nepe cnom, uem ro, uro ysnann n pyroe npemx.
Ho mnennm pyxononrenx +rnx nccneonann, oxropa Xy+ Hnnnax
19
, pasnnna
mexy mystxantno" n xonrpontno rpynnamn tna ouent ontmo. 26 %
yuacrnnxon mystxantno" rpynnt yxe n nepnym neenm coomnnn o
snaunrentnom ynyumennn cna, n +ra nn]pa npoonxana ynennunnartcx no mepe
roro, xax nannenrt yunnnct paccnanxrtcx no cearnnnym mystxy. Kpome roro,
onn n nem uyncrnonann cex nyume, nocxontxy xopomo cnann noutm. A uro
camoe sameuarentnoe, npn raxom neuennn ne nanmanoct nnxaxnx noountx
+]]exron n ne rpeonanoct nnxaxnx nexapcrnenntx cpecrn
20
. B xoe pyroro
nccneonannx, nponeennoro +rnmn xe yuentmn, tno ycranonneno, uro
neonomennte mnaennt raxxe cnxr ropaso nyume no cearnnnym mystxy.
Ho pesyntraram onpoca, nponeennoro n CBA, oxasanoct, uro 41 % nme cnxr
na nycnantntx xponarxx,

31 % na xponarxx pasmepom 1,5 x 2 m, 21 % na xponarxx pasmepom 1,9 x 2 m n 6
% na onocnantntx xponarxx. Onaxo n cymme +ro rontxo 99 %. H xax nacuer
rex, xro cnnr na nyxxpycntx xponarxx?

Fecconnnna uame nanmaercx y noxnntx nme. Ho ecrt n xopomax nonocrt.
Ho mnennm oxropa M. Bynapa ns mennnncxoro nenrpa Ocrnn +n
Penarpn+mn n Mentypne, y ontmnncrna noxnntx nme, crpaammnx
ecconnnne, ynyumaercx con npn uyrxom n opom ornomennn x nnm
oxpyxammnx
21
.

Hccneonannx noxastnamr: nt nyume nomnnre ro, uro ysnann nenocpecrnenno
nepe cnom, uem ro, uro ysnann n pyroe npemx.

Hnmenne cna npnmenxnoct xax ocoo xecroxax ntrxa: nmn n xoneunom cuere
cxonnn or +roro c yma. Cnauana onn myunnnct, cranonnnnct paspaxenntmn,
rpytmn, repxnn namxrt, a sarem naunnann nnert rannmnnnannn.

Cymecrnyer raxoe yrnepxenne (xorx nexoropte yuente n ne cornacnt c nnm):
uem mentme nt cnnre, rem ontme enre. Kora nac nnmamr nonnonennoro
nounoro cna, na cneymmn ent nt rononee otunoro.

V nme, crpaammnx raxnm pexnm saonenannem, xax xonecrnra xponnuecxax,
nanmaercx nonnax ecconnnna. To ecrt onn noome ne cnxr. B mennnncxo
nnreparype onncant cnyuan, xora nannenrt ne cnann 5 ner n onee.

Bt moxere npoxnrt es nnmn necxontxo neent, no nocne 10 ne es cna
concem es cna, axe yptnxamn, nt ympere.

Mennnncxne nccneonannx noxasann, uro con na npanom oxy ynyumaer
nnmenapenne.

B xoe nepntx nccneonann, nponeenntx n unxarcxom ynnnepcnrere, tno
onapyxeno, uro nepnot cnonnenn nxrcx n cpenem 20 mnn., no moryr
nnrtcx n o onoro uaca. Vcranonnnn raxxe, uro y cpenecrarncrnuecxoro
nspocnoro uenonexa cnonnennx sannmamr 22 % or npemenn cna. Onaxo n xoe
antnemnx nccneonann +rn pesyntrart tnn cxoppexrnponant.
Inana 14
C1apenne n cuep1t

Bennxn up+ncnc F+xon nncan: 3amertre, uro ner n yme uenonexa axe camo
cnao crpacrn, xoropax ne noexana t crpaxa cmeprn; a snaunr, cmeprt ne
moxer trt cront yx crpamntm nparom, pas y uenonexa ecrt nenax part,
cnoconax ee oonert. Mecrt ropxecrnyer na cmeprtm, nmont npesnpaer
cmeprt, uecrt npnstnaer ee, rope nmer n ne npnexnme. Ouent emxo cxasano,
ne rax nn?
Mnqm o c1apoc1n
Yxymenne naun1n uac1t nopuantnoro nponecca c1apennn
Kora-ro yuente cunrann, uro yxymenne namxrn nensexno, no ceuac onn
npnepxnnamrcx pyroro mnennx. oxrop +nn Mnruenn, ncnxonor ns Rxnoro
ynnnepcnrera n Texace, saxnnxer: Hex o rom, uro namxrt nensexno
yxymaercx no mepe crapennx, ocnonana na pesyntrarax nccneonannx rontxo
onoro nna namxrn. Ceuac mt snaem o cymecrnonannn pasnnuntx cncrem
namxrn, n onn neyr cex no pasnomy no mepe crapennx
1
. Ha camom ene
nexoropte ee nnt ynyumamrcx c nospacrom. B xoe nccneonann, nponeenntx
oxropom Mnruennom, tno onapyxeno, uro nannenrt n nospacre or 57 o 83
ner noxastnann nyumne pesyntrart n recrax na cnonapnt sanac, uem nannenrt n
B xoe nccneonann tno onapyxeno, uro nannenrt n nospacre or 57 o 83 ner
noxastnann nyumne pesyntrart n recrax na cnonapnt sanac, uem nannenrt n
oxrop Hnnx Fponre, ncnxonor ns Htm-opxcxoro nncrnryra Croyxca
paccxastnaer cneymmee: B ocnonnom npnunno yxymennx namxrn n
ecrnnrentnocrn xnnxercx onesnt Antnremepa, n ona ne cnxsana co crapocrtm.
Vnnnrentno, no rontxo noe ns onpomenntx mnom nme noxanonannct, uro
namxrt y nnx ne raxax, xax pantme. Kpome roro, mnorne nponemt c namxrtm
ntstnaer nexnarxa nnramnnon ocoenno O-xomnnexca, npaxrnuecxn ne
nmemmax ornomennx x crapocrn. oxrop Fponre oannxer: Crapenne
npnnonr x ycnnennm rax nastnaemoro xpncrannnsonannoro nnrennexra
cnoconocrn ncnontsonart naxonnennte snannx n xnsnenntx cnryannxx. Kora-
ro +ro nastnann mypocrtm
2
.

Bm1t c1apmu snaun1 m1t ontnmu
Crapenne ne osnauaer, uro uenonex anromarnuecxn cranonnrcx ontntm. Ha
camom ene 85 % nme n nospacre cntme 65 ner ne nmemr peantntx nponem co
sopontem. Heocrarox ]nsnuecxo narpysxn, a ne cam nponecc crapennx nor
uro ntstnaer nponemt. B pesyntrare mnorne rpynocrn, cnxsannte c nospacrom,
nanpnmep cnaocrt mtmn, oycnonnent neocrarouno axrnnnocrtm uenonexa na
nporxxennn xnsnn. Ho nexoropte nccneonannx noxastnamr, uro noxnnte
nmn, xoropte sannmamrcx ]nsnuecxo sapxxo, cnocont yxpennrt mtmnt n
crart onee +neprnuntmn.

Bm1t c1apmu snaun1 m1t cnamu
Koneuno, moxno npoxnrt nonnym xnsnt n ymepert, ne yyun ]nsnuecxn
cnntntm. Ho nmn, coxpanxmmne axrnnnocrt, ocrnramr roro, uro reponronor ns
Hoc-Anxeneca, oxrop xemc Fnppen, nastnaer cranx soponoro
crapennx
3
. 3ro npemx nocne 60 ner n o cmeprn. Ho mnennm oxropa Fnppena,
mnorne crapnxn ne onemr noonry.

B 65 ne1 nm yae c1apmn
uenonex n nospacre 65 ner yxe ne cunraercx craptm. B 1900 r. cpenxx
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn cocrannxna oxono 45 ner. Pexo xro oxnnan o 65
ner. Ho, nanpnmep, n Ancrpannn ceuac cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn 78,8
roa y xenmnn n 72,3 roa y myxunn. oxrop Hnnx Fponre ormeuaer: Hs-sa
nospocme npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn nosnnxno ro, uro x nastnam nroptm
cpennm nospacrom, or 50 o 75 ner. Fontmnncrno ns onpomenntx mnom nme
(crapme 65 ner) ne cunramr cex crapnxamn. Ho nx cnonam, noxa onn moryr
enart ro, uro xorxr, n paonartcx +romy, onn ne nnxr npnunn npexpamart
raxym xnsnt. oxrop Fponre yrnepxaer, uro n 65 ner npaxrnuecxn ner
]nsnuecxn craptx nme
2
.
B 1900 r. cpenxx npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn cocrannxna oxono 45 ner.
Ho anntm Bcemnpno oprannsannn spanooxpanennx, cnncox nepntx ecxrn
crpan c nanontme npoonxnrentnocrtm xnsnn ntrnxnr cneymmnm opasom:
1) nonnx;
2) Ancrpannx;
3) upannnx;
4) Bnennx;
5) Hcnannx;
6) Hrannx;
7) Ipennx;
8) Bnenapnx;
9) Monaxo;
10) Anoppa.
A nor 10 crpan, re camax manentxax npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn:
182) 3]nonnx;
183) Mann;
184) 3nmane;
185) Pyana;
186) Vrana;
187) Forcnana;
188) 3amnx;
189) Manann;
190) Hnrep;
191) Cteppa-Heone.
Bcera nn noannme nmn c1peun1cn yn1n na nencnm?
oxrop Fponre nospaxaer: Fontmnncrno noxnntx nme paoramr noromy, uro
+ro ocrannxer nm yonontcrnne. H xorx cunraercx, uro yxo na nencnm +ro
cnoxonax crapocrt, nexoropte noxnnte nmn saxnnxmr, uro onn cuacrnnnt na
paore. K coxanennm, mnorne n Amepnxe, a n n Ancrpannn ntnyxent
npoxnnxrt nsoperarentnocrt, urot coxpannrt paory, nocxontxy xomnannn
ynontnxmr craptx paornnxon. Crapnxn xoonepnpymrcx, orxptnamr conmecrnt
nsnec nepexoxr n ]npmt, re ner oropa corpynnxon no nospacry.
npenpamamr xon n npo]eccnm
2
.

B rpoxy nnepon no nanontme npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn nxoxr: nonnx,
Ancrpannx n upannnx.
Moano nn oan1t o 400 ne1?
Hexoropte yuente npecxastnamr, uro, nosmoxno, ner uepes ecxrt nnn ontme
nmn yyr cnocont ocranannnnart n axe nonopaunnart ncnxrt nponecc
crapennx c nomomtm renernuecxnx npenaparon. Teopernuecxn, ecnn npeoonert
crapenne, moxno npeoonert n nce cnxsannte c nnm onesnn, n nrore ynnammne
nac, raxne xax cepeuno-cocyncrte n paxonte saonenannx. nx yuentx,
sannmammnxcx nponemamn onronernx, narn nexapcrna, oopaunnammne
ncnxrt nponecc crapennx, nce panno uro ortcxart Cnxro Ipaant.
Vuentm nsnecrno, uro nponecc crapennx nponcxonr n xnerxax na renernuecxom
yponne. Knerxn poxamrcx, xnnyr, ymnpamr n nocroxnno samenxmrcx nontmn na
nporxxennn nce xnsnn. Ho xnerxn, npoynnpyemte n nosnn nepno xnsnn,
ouent uacro no xauecrny xyxe rex, uro nosnnxamr n monoocrn. 3rn nnoxne
xnerxn cxannnnamrcx, n namn rena yxe ne ntrnxxr rax xopomo n xyxe
]ynxnnonnpymr. uepmenrt, ntpaartnaemte namnmn oprannsmamn n ontmnx
oemax n pannem nospacre, xoppexrnpymr xnerxn, urot onn ne cranonnnnct
nnoxnmn. Ho n nosnem nospacre nam oprannsm ntpaartnaer yxe ne rax
mnoro noontx ]epmenron. Hexapcrna npornn crapennx, cosannte na ocnone
renno nnxenepnn, yyr npocro noccranannnnart ]epmenrt. B pesyntrare
craner nosmoxntm ocranonnrt nnn nonepnyrt ncnxrt nponecc crapennx. Mt
cmoxem ocranartcx n rom nospacre, n xaxom noxenaem, n rax onro, xax
noxenaem. Teopernuecxn nosmoxno, uro yacrcx, nanpnmep, nauart npnnnmart
npenapart n nospacre 60 ner n npoonxart rax n reuenne 10 ner, rora n 70 ner
mt onxnt ntrnxert xax n 50. A ecnn npnnnmart npenapart eme 10 ner, ro n 80
ner mt onxnt yem ntrnxert n uyncrnonart cex xax n 40 ner. H rora
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn ynennunrcx npnmepno o 400 ner. Onaxo, no
pacueram, cmeprt nce xe nacrnrner nac n nospacre oxono 400 ner.
Vuentm nsnecrno, uro nponecc crapennx nponcxonr n xnerxax na renernuecxom
yponne.
Moae1 nn nonyun1t conneunmn oaor neanno yuepmnn uenonex?
(Cnpauueaem Ca+ou Cmueeuc, Kep.-Kep., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Meprnt uenonex ne moxer nonyunrt conneunt oxor. nx ocymecrnnennx
nocnannrentnoro nponecca xnerxn onxnt onaart +neprne, urot noanart
xnmnuecxne cnrnant n pearnponart na nnx. Meprnte xnerxn ne moryr +roro
enart.
Mory1 nn yuenme cnyuanno cosa1t nnpyc, xo1opmn ynnu1oan1 ncex nmen?
Btnyxen ornernrt: a. 3nyunr xax cnenapn nayuno-]anracrnuecxoro
yxacrnxa, no na nporxxennn mnornx ner yuente no ncemy mnpy cosamr n
naoparopnxx onn cmeprentnt nnpyc sa pyrnm. Ecnn nnpyc, ynnammn
uenonexa, ntpnercx na cnooy, ro +ro yer xaracrpo]o nx ncero
uenoneuecrna.
B xnnape 2001 r. ancrpanncxne yuente n Kaneppe +xcnepnmenrnponann c
nnpycamn n nontrxe narn cnoco xonrponnponart mtme, noxnpanmnx
centcxoxosxcrnennte xyntrypt. Onn cosann renernuecxn mon]nnnponannt
nnpyc mtmnno ocnt. Onaxo +ror cynepnnpyc oxasancx ropaso momnee, uem
xro-nno mor npenonoxnrt. Bnpyc ynn 100 % mtme, xoropte ne tnn
npnnnrt. A net ro, uro nponsomno c mtmamn, morno sanpocro nponsorn n c
nmtmn
4
.
B nauane XVI n. cxannnancxne yuente nenpannntno nepenenn narnncxoe
nasnanne uymt atra mors. Atra nmeer snauenne uepnax, no n annom cnyuae
+ro cnono osnauaer yxacnax.
B 2000 r. xnoncxne yuente ns Knoro, +xcnepnmenrnpyx c nnpycom CHHa n
xenax ntxcnnrt, xax xe on pacrer, namnn cnoco snaunrentno ycxopnrt ero
pocr
5,6
.
Houeuy uyuy nasnann uepnon cuep1tm?
Hasnanne uepnax cmeprt noxnnnoct rontxo n XIX n., o +roro y uymt nmennct
camte pasnte nasnannx, n rom uncne ontmax ea, ontmax cmeprt n
nnesannax cmeprt. B nexoroptx crpanax ee nastnann no romy mecry, re ona
npenonoxnrentno sapoxanact, nanpnmep, mapoxxancxo nnxopaxo nnn
nrantxncxo cmeprtm. B nauane XVI n. cxannnancxne yuente nenpannntno
nepenenn narnncxoe nasnanne uymt atra mors. Atra nmeer snauenne uepnax,
no n annom cnyuae +ro cnono osnauaer yxacnax. B reuenne nyx cneymmnx
nexon nasnanne uepnax cmeprt nocrenenno pacnpocrpannnoct. B Fpnrannn ono
ncnontsonanoct nx oosnauennx +nnemnn uymt 13481350 rr., xoropax ynecna
rpert nacenennx Enpont, n nennxo nononcxo uymt 1665 r., nopono
onncanno annenem e]o n nennnxe uymnoro roa, onynnxonannom n 1665
r.
Btenxmr necxontxo nnon uymt: yonnax, nerounax n nepnnuno cenrnuecxax.
Bce +rn pasnonnnocrn saonenannx ntstnamr axrepnn Yersinia
pestis. Fyonnax uyma tna camo pacnpocrpanenno ]opmo uepno cmeprn,
no npemx ee +nnemn cmeprnocrt cocrannxna 3075 %. Cnmnromamn xnnxnnct
ynennuennte n nocnanennte nnm]arnuecxne ysnt no mtmxamn, na mee n n
naxy. Hasnanne yonnax ornocnrcx x xapaxrepntm yonam ynennuenntx
nnm]arnuecxnx xenes. Xeprnt crpaann or rononno onn, pnort, one n
cycranax, ntcoxo remneparypt (38,340,5 C) n ome cnaocrn. Cnmnromt
noxnnxnnct n reuenne 17 ne nocne sapaxennx.

Fyonnax uyma tna camo pacnpocrpanenno ]opmo uepno cmeprn, no
npemx ee +nnemn cmeprnocrt cocrannxna 3075 %.
Herounax uyma tna nropo camo pacnpocrpanenno ]opmo uepno cmeprn.
Cmeprt otuno nacrynana onontno tcrpo. Vponent cmeprnocrn cocrannxn 90
95 %. Herounax uyma nopaxana nerxne, n camtm xnntm cnmnromom tna
xponanax moxpora. Cnmnromt noxnnxnnct n reuenne 17 ne nocne sapaxennx.
Hepnnuno cenrnuecxax uyma tna nanmenee pacnpocrpanenno ]opmo uepno
cmeprn. Cmeprt nacrynana ouent tcrpo, sauacrym axe n ent noxnnennx
cnmnromon. Vponent cmeprnocrn or nepnnuno cenrnuecxo uymt cocrannxn 100
%. V ontnoro nonnmanact remneparypa, a xoxa cranonnnact remno-nypnypnoro
nnera n pesyntrare nccemnnnponannoro nnyrpncocyncroro cneprtnannx xponn.
Kax onro yunpae1 ummna?
(Cnpauueaem Co+ Iapouep, Jo+oumou, A.ioepma, Kauaoa)

Pasnnuamr comarnuecxym n xnerounym cmeprt. Cnauana nacrynaer nepnax.
Comarnuecxax cmeprt +ro cmeprt ncero oprannsma. Hpn +rom xnsnt uenonexa
moxno noepxnnart rontxo c nomomtm mennnncxnx annaparon. Knerounax
cmeprt nacrynaer, xora xnerxn yxe ne moryr ocymecrnnxrt nponecc
meraonnsma.
Pasnnunte nnt xnerox ymnpamr c pasno cxopocrtm. Hocne comarnuecxo
cmeprn mtmeunte xnerxn nepecramr nonyuart xncnopo n ymnpamr n pesyntrare
neocrarounoro xponoopamennx. Tora mtmeunte xnerxn ncnontsymr
ana+ponoe txanne nx ntpaorxn +neprnn (aenosnnrpn]oc]ara, ATu) ns
sanacon rnnxorena. Onnm ns npoyxron ana+ponoro txannx xnnxercx
monounax xncnora. Monounym xncnory nenosmoxno yannrt ns xnerox, n
nx pH nonnxaercx, rax xax xpont ontme ne nnpxynnpyer. Taxo nnsxn
yponent pH samenxer axrnnnocrt ]epmenron, xonrponnpymmnx xnerount
meraonnsm. Taxnm opasom, nnsxn yponent pH npexpamaer meraonnsm xnerox
mtmn.
uame ncero monnnx nonaaer n ronony, nneun n cront.
Bpemx, rpeymmeecx nx npexpamennx xnerounoro meraonnsma, uacrnuno
sanncnr or remneparypt oxpyxamme cpet. uem ntme remneparypa, rem
tcrpee npoxoxr xnmnuecxne peaxnnn, noyxammne xnerxn ntpaartnart
monounym xncnory, uro, n cnom ouepet, ycxopxer cmeprt xnerox. Cxopocrt
npexpamennx meraonnsma raxxe sanncnr or nauantno xonnenrpannn monouno
xncnort n xnerxax n momenr cmeprn. Hanpnmep, ecnn ocroxrentcrna cmeprn
conponoxamrcx crpeccom, xonnuecrno monouno xncnort n xnerxax n momenr
cmeprn yer nontmenntm. A snaunr, norpeyercx mentme npemenn nx
npexpamennx meraonnuecxo axrnnnocrn nocne cmeprn
7
.
H1o 1axoe 1pynnoe oxouenenne?
(Cnpauueaem Beu Kuuo, Voeep.u, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Tpynnoe oxouenenne +ro sarnepenne mtmn nocne cmeprn. Ha cxopocrt +roro
nponecca nnnxmr remneparypa oxpyxame cpet n pyrne pasnnunte ]axropt.
nx xpnmnnanncron n naronoroanaromon rpynnoe oxouenenne xnnxercx ocnonntm
noxasarenem nx onpeenennx npemenn nacrynnennx cmeprn. Tpynnoe oxouenenne
uacrnuno ntstnaercx pasptnom capxonnasmarnuecxo cern mtmeunoro nonoxna.
Capxonnasmarnuecxax cert coepxnr ontmoe xonnuecrno xantnnx. Hocne
cmeprn xantnn ntenxercx ns xnerox, n +ro ntstnaer mtmeunoe coxpamenne. B
nponecce ntenennx xantnnx opasymrcx rax nastnaemte nonepeunte mocrnxn
mexy enxamn xnerox (mnosnn n axrnn). nx paccnanennx xnerox mtmn
rpeyercx +neprnx, nonyuaemax or txannx. Ho nocne comarnuecxo cmeprn
mtmeunte xnerxn yrpaunnamr meraonnuecxn norennnan nx ntpaorxn
+neprnn, n no+romy opasymrcx yxe nocroxnnte nonepeunte mocrnxn. 3rn
nocroxnnte nonepeunte mocrnxn n ntstnamr rpynnoe oxouenenne.
B CBA exerono or ya pon monnn nornaer ontme nme, uem or ropnao,
yparanon n pyrnx npnpontx ecrnn.
Tpynnoe oxouenenne moxer naunnartcx n pasnnunoe npemx. V omamne nrnnt
ono nponcxonr uepes 12 u. nocne cmeprn, a y xopon uepes 2024 u. V nme,
npoxnnammnx n ycnonnxx ymepennoro xnnmara, nx onpeenennx npemenn
nacrynnennx cmeprn otuno yunrtnamrcx cneymmne ]axropt
8
.
Ecnn remneparypa oxpyxamme cpet ntcoxax, a reno nernepoe, cunraercx, uro
cmeprt nacrynnna ne onee 3 u. nasa.
Ecnn remneparypa oxpyxamme cpet ntcoxax, a reno sarnepeno, ro cunraercx,
uro cmeprt nacrynnna 38 u. nasa.
Ecnn remneparypa oxpyxamme cpet nnsxax, a reno sarnepeno, cunraercx, uro
cmeprt nacrynnna 836 u. nasa.
Ecnn remneparypa oxpyxamme cpet nnsxax, a reno ne sarnepeno, cunraercx,
uro c momenra cmeprn npomno onee 36 u.
H1o 1axoe nocuep1nan cnnmmnoc1t xoan?
(Cnpauueaem Pa.iq Hapc.ov, Mom.euo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Bce cntmann o rpynnom oxouenennn, no mano xro snaer o nocmeprno
cnnmmnocrn xoxn. Hocne cmeprn uenonexa cnna rxxecrn sacrannxer xpont
onycxartcx n nnxnne rouxn rena. Hponecc nocmeprnoro nocnnennx xoxn
sannmaer oxono 12 u. Onaxo mnorne ]axropt moryr nsmenxrt +rn npemennte
noxasarenn
9
.

26 % cmepre or yapon monnnn cnyuamrcx na orxptrtx npocrpancrnax, 15 %
no epentxmn, 12 % na noxax n noome na noe, 6 % na rxxeno opoxno
rexnnxe.
Houeuy y1onnennnx cnauana 1one1, a no1ou ncnnmnae1?
(Cnpauueaem Pa.iq Hapc.ov, Mom.euo, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

V ronymero uenonexa noa nonaaer n nerxne, n +ro cnnxaer nnanyuecrt rena.
3arem naunnaercx nponecc pasnoxennx, npn xoropom ntenxmrcx rast, n reno
moxer ncnntrt. Tontxo 10 % yronnennnxon ymnpamr or nexnarxn nosyxa.
Ocrantnte 90 % n nannxe rnoramr noy, n +ro ynnaer nx tcrpee, uem saepxxa
txannx. Hmn ymnpamr uepes 410 mnn., ecnn ne tmar.
Houeuy 1ax npenm unxpom?
(Cnpauueaem Crommu Xapnep, Topoumo, Oumapuo, Kauaoa)

He nce mnxpot npent. Mnxpot +ro npocremne mnxpocxonnuecxne xnnte
cymecrna, cnoconte pasmnoxartcx. Mnxpoamn xnnxmrcx axrepnn, nnpyct,
rpnt n r. . Onn moryr nponnxart n pacrennx, n oprannsmt xnnorntx n nme.
Kora onesnernopnte mnxpot nponnxamr n reno uenonexa, onn nornomamr
nnrarentnte nemecrna n +neprnm, ntpaartnax roxcnnt. 3rn roxcnnt moryr
ntstnart xap, xament, nacmopx, nocnanenne, napem n pnory
10
.
Hpana nn, u1o unorne nmn yunpam1 o1 yapa uonnnn?
(Cnpauueaem reuuu ropoou, Kopa.-Ieo.c, 4.opuoa, CLA)

B npornnononoxnocrt trymmemy mnennm ontmnncrno nme ntxnnamr
nocne yapon monnnn. Ho crarncrnxe, or 70 o 80 % nme, nopaxenntx yapom
monnnn, ocramrcx n xnntx. Vnnnrentno, no nepexo ne tnaer axe ceptesntx
oxoron, nocxontxy cxopocrt yapa monnnn nacrontxo nennxa (oxono 100 rtc.
mnnt n uac), uro xoxa npocro ne ycnenaer oropert
11
.
Ho crarncrnxe, or 70 o 80 % nme, nopaxenntx yapom monnnn, ocramrcx n
xnntx.
B xaxne uec1a uame ncero yapne1 uonnnn?
(Cnpauueaem reuuu ropoou, Kopa.-Ieo.c, 4.opuoa, CLA)

Ho mnennm npo]eccopa Crnnena A. Hentcona
12
, 26 % cmepre or yapon monnnn
cnyuamrcx na orxptrtx npocrpancrnax, 15 % no epentxmn, 12 % na noxax
n noome na noe, 6 % na rxxeno opoxno rexnnxe, 1 % no npemx
pasronopon no rene]ony. Ocrantnte 35 % cmepre xnaccn]nnnpymrcx xax
neycranonnennte. Cmeprt or yapa monnnn oma moxer cnyunrtcx, ecnn
uenonex cronr pxom c tmoxoom, xamnnom, arapexmn oronnennx,
+nexrpnuecxnmn npnopamn, c renennsopom nnn xe pasronapnnaer no rene]ony.
uame ncero monnnx nonaaer n ronony, nneun n cront.

B ancrpanncxom mrare Knnncnen nanonee ntcoxa cmeprnocrt or yapon
monnn. B CBA +ror noxasarent camt ntcoxn n mrare unopna.

B CBA exerono or yapon monnn nornaer ontme nme, uem or ropnao,
yparanon n pyrnx npnpontx ecrnn.
Hpana nn, u1o ona aenmnna npenpa1nnact n umno?
(Cnpauueaem Vu.. Bappuor, Hueepnv., Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

A net ecrnnrentno npenparnnact. H nt moxere ynnert ee. To, uro nponsomno
c ne, nastnaercx canonn]nxannx, nnn omtnenne rpyna.
3namennrax mtntnax xenmnna ntcrannena n mysee Myrrep n unnaent]nn. Ee
ncropnx noncrnne ]anracrnuecxax. Kora-ro n XIX n. onontno nonnax xenmnna
ymepna or xenro nnxopaxn. Hocne noxopon na ]nnaent]ncxom xnanme
xnp ns ee rena npenparnncx n rpynnt nocx xnpnoe nocxoopasnoe nemecrno,
ouent noxoxee na menout. Omtnenne nponsomno, xora xnp ns rena ncrynnn n
peaxnnm c xnmnuecxnmn nemecrnamn, coepxanmnmncx n noune.
B 1874 r. oxrop xose] Hen, snamennrt anarom ynnnepcnrera
Hencnntnannn, noapnn reno +ro xenmnnt mysem. Ho cnonam oxropa,
mtntnym xenmnny snann 3nnen Foren, ona ymepna n 1792 r. nnnsn
nepeceuennx uernepro ynnnt n Pec-crpnr n unnaent]nn. Ee reno
onapyxnnn paoune, ynpanmne rpynt co craporo xnanma.
B 1942 r. cmorpnrent mysex, xose] Max]apnan, npnmen x ntnoy, uro na
camom ene mtntnax xenmnna ymepna ropaso nosxe. On ntxcnnn, uro n 1792
r. n unnaent]nn ne tno ncntmxn xenro nnxopaxn, n n cnncxax nepenncn
nacenennx na ror momenr 3nnen Foren ne snaunrcx. Bocemt ynanox n uertpe
nyronnnt na oexe, n xoropo ona tna naena, arnponannct nauanom XIX n.
3ro nomorno nepconany mysex ycranonnrt, uro xenmnna ymepna npnnnsnrentno
n 1830-x nnn 1840-x rr. B 1987 r. nccneonannx c nomomtm penrrena nosnonnnn
yuentm onpeennrt, uro na momenr cmeprn e tno oxono 40 ner.
80 % nenme n nospacre crapme 75 ner sacrannxnn n ercrne ncnontsonart
npanym pyxy.
Myse Myrrep unnaent]ncxoro mennnncxoro xonnexa tn ocnonan n 1849
r. Honauany on tn orxptr rontxo nx menxon n yuentx, no ceuac ocrynen n
mnpoxo nynnxe. B nnrpnne nomemen penrrenoncxn cnnmox paspesa rena
mtntno xenmnnt n onncana ee ncropnx
13
.
Kax onro pasnarae1cn 1eno?
(Cnpauueaem recou Houe, Vo..cmovurpaqm, Hoei Prui Vo.ic,
Aecmpa.u)

Cxopocrt pasnoxennx sanncnr or cocroxnnx rena n ocranonxn, n xoropo ono
naxonrcx. Hanpnmep, neantsamnponannoe reno, ocrannennoe na semne n
ycnonnxx ymepennoro xnnmara na orxptrom nosyxe, sa onn ent pasnoxnrcx
nacrontxo, nacxontxo reno no noo sa ony neenm. Teno, saptroe n semnm,
pasnoxnrcx sa onn mecxn. Temneparypa nosyxa, not nnn semnn nnnxer na
cxopocrt pasnoxennx. Tenno ycxopxer pasnoxenne, a xono samenxer ero. B
mopcxo noe reno pasnaraercx menennee, uem n npecno. H raxxe menennee n
nporouno, uem n croxue noe. Heantsamnponannoe reno, saxoponennoe na
rnynne 1,8 m es rpoa, pasnaraercx o cxenera n reuenne 1012 ner. A urot
npn raxnx ycnonnxx nonnocrtm pasnoxnnnct n xocrn, rpeyercx oxono 300 ner.
Teno, ocrannennoe na semne n ycnonnxx ymepennoro xnnmara, pasnaraercx or 4 o
6 neent. Vcxopxrt +ror nponecc moryr nacexomte n xnnornte, nnrammnecx
naantm. Fantsamnponanne ynennunnaer npoonxnrentnocrt pasnoxennx rena or
2 o 10 pas, no ne nsmenxer npoonxnrentnocrt pasnoxennx xocre
14,15
.
Houeuy nexo1opme nmn yunpam1 o1 yno1penennn apaxnca?
(Cnpauueaem B. Xovruuc, Hana, Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

V nme tnaer anneprnx na enxn, coepxamnecx n apaxnce. Kax ctpo, rax n
xapent apaxnc moxer ntstnart anneprnuecxne peaxnnn. Hononnna nspocntx
nme n onee nononnnt ere, y xoroptx anneprnx na apaxnc, crpaamr
anneprne n na pyrne opexn: rpenxne, xemtm nnn pasnntcxne.
Cnmnromt anneprnn na apaxnc tnamr pasnnunte. V ontmnncrna nme onn
noxnnxmrcx cpasy xe. Cpen nesnaunrentntx cnmnromon tnaer nerxax ctnt,
nomnntnanne no pry n na xstxe, ont n xenyxe. K ceptesntm cnmnromam
ornocnrcx onyxanne nnna, sarpynenne txannx, ocrpax cocyncrax
neocrarounocrt, xoma. 3ro moxer npnnecrn axe x cmeprn. Hnrencnnnocrt
anneprnuecxnx peaxnn y pasntx nme raxxe naptnpyercx. Hexoropte
nacrontxo uyncrnnrentnt, uro moryr ncntrtnart neomoranne npocro or
npnxocnonennx x uenonexy, xoropt ecr apaxnc, nnn axe or npncyrcrnnx ero n
xomnare. Corpynnxn Hncrnryra ercxoro sopontx npn nsnecrno nononcxo
ercxo ontnnne na Iper-Opmon-crpnr ormeuamr: V nmoro uenonexa moxer
trt anneprnx na apaxnc, no uame ncero ona ncrpeuaercx y rex, xro crpaaer
pyrnmn nacnecrnenntmn anneprnuecxnmn saonenannxmn, nnn y rex, utn
nnxamne pocrnennnxn crpaamr nmn. Hanpnmep, +xsemo, acrmo nnn cenno
nnxopaxo. Corpynnxn nncrnryra oannxmr: Ceuac neyrcx cnopt no
nonoy roro, nontmaer nn ynorpenenne apaxnca n coepxamnx ero npoyxron
no npemx epemennocrn pncx pasnnrnx y peenxa anneprnn na apaxnc.
Oxonuarentnte ntnot eme ne cenant, no Mnnncrepcrno spanooxpanennx
Bennxopnrannn pexomenyer marepxm, y xoroptx nnxamne pocrnennnxn
crpaamr aronnuecxnmn saonenannxmn, ne ynorpenxrt apaxnc n coepxamne
ero npoyxrt n nepnot epemennocrn n xopmnennx rpytm
16
.

V nme tnaer anneprnx na enxn, coepxamnecx n apaxnce. Kax ctpo, rax n
xapent apaxnc moxer ntstnart anneprnuecxne peaxnnn.
Houeuy npanmn anny1 ontme, ueu nenmn?
(Cnpauueaemr. Pop+auu, Ta+na-Bo, 4.opuoa, CLA)
Cpen yuentx ne cymecrnyer ennoro mnennx no nonpocy o rom, xro xnner
ontme npanmn nnn nenmn. Onaxo ecrt macca cnnerentcrn roro, uro npanmn
ecrnnrentno xnnyr ontme, uem nenmn. B 1988 r. oxropa aana Xannepn n
Cr+nnn Kopen onynnxonann cnon marepnant o rom, uro y nenme
npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn xopoue. Vuente npenonoxnnn, uro nenopyxocrt
moxer xnnxrtcx npnsnaxom nenponarnn, cnxsanno c poontm crpeccom,
saepxxn n pasnnrnn n axe moxer trt e]exrom nmmynno cncremt
17
.
B 1989 r. oxrop V. H. Honon saxnnn, uro n mentme npoonxnrentnocrn xnsnn
nenme ner nnuero ynnnrentnoro, rax xax cpen nnx ntme yponent
anxoronnsma, xypennx, nexoroptx nenponornuecxnx n nmmynntx paccrpocrn.
Onaxo n rom xe roy oxrop Maxc Anepcon cenan npornnononoxnoe
saxnnenne, uro y nenme npoonxnrentnocrt xnsnn ontme
19
.
V nmoro uenonexa moxer trt anneprnx na apaxnc, no uame ncero ona
ncrpeuaercx y rex, xro crpaaer pyrnmn nacnecrnenntmn anneprnuecxnmn
saonenannxmn, nnn yrex, utn nnxamne pocrnennnxn crpaamr nmn.
Eme n 1992 r. oxrop uapns Ip+m n ero xonnern ns Apxansaccxo ercxo
ontnnnt n Hnrn-Pox npnmnn x ntnoy, uro nenmn ecrnnrentno xnnyr
mentme. Onn oxcnnnn +ro rem, uro n mnpe, npncnoconennom nx npanme, c
nenmamn nponcxonr ontme necuacrntx cnyuaen. Oopyonanne n mennnncxne
npnopt ne npncnoconent nx 11 % nenme, uro uacro nmeer xaracrpo]nuecxne
nocnecrnnx. Onaxo, no mnennm oxropa Kn+p Hopax, nenopyxocrt
neoxsarentno xnnxercx neuartm cmeprn. Ona nnmer: Xorx nponenr nenme n
nospacre crapme 60 ner nnxe, uem cpen ocrantnoro nacenennx, ner nnxaxnx
npnsnaxon roro, uro nenopyxocrt npnnonr x panne cmeprn. Hpocro pasnnunte
xomnnexcnte ]axropt cxnatnamrcx rax, uro cpen noxnntx n ouent noxnntx
nme mentme nenme. oxrop Hopax oannxer, uro onn ns raxnx ]axropon
saxnmuaercx n rom, uro 80 % nenme n nospacre crapme 75 ner sacrannxnn n
ercrne ncnontsonart npanym pyxy. oxropa Hopax n Hnrpn upesen
onynnxonann cnon ntnot n 2000 r.
20

Hosxe n +rom xe roy n xoe nccneonann, nponeenntx arcxnmn yuentmn ns
Aapyccxoro ynnnepcnrera, ne tno onapyxeno nnxaxo nsanmocnxsn mexy
cmeprnocrtm n nenopyxocrtm nnn npanopyxocrtm
21
. Hocne 2000 r. mano xro
paoran na +rnm nonpocom
22
.
Cymec1nye1 nn n name npeun xannnannsu?
Kannnannsm, nepoxrno, cymecrnonan co npemenn noxnnennx nepntx nme. B
1999 r. ]pannyscxne n amepnxancxne apxeonorn onapyxnnn cnnerentcrna
xannnannsma cpen neaneprantnen n nemepe na mro-nocroxe upannnn. K
pernonam, re cymecrnonan xannnannsm, nepoxrno, moxno ornecrn Becr-Hnnm,
3ananym n Henrpantnym A]pnxy, Menanesnm, Honnnesnm, Ancrpannm, Honym
3enannm, Henrpantnym Amepnxy n Cenepnym Amepnxy. Ha ono ns
apxeonornuecxnx nnomaox na mro-sanae mrara Konopao namnn cnnerentcrna
roro, uro sect nmn ynnann n noeann pyr pyra eme 850 ner nasa. oxrop
Pnuap Mapnap n ero xonnern ns mennnncxo mxont npn Konopacxom
ynnnepcnrere onapyxnnn rtcxun uenoneuecxnx xocre na pxe nnomaox.
Vuente npenonoxnnn, uro +ro pesyntrar xannnannsma.
Kannnannsm mor nosnnxnyrt no mnornm npnunnam. Hnora npocro ne xnarano
et. Hosnee +ro tno cnxsano c pennrne, marne, noenntmn pnryanamn,
npecrynnennxmn n naxasannxmn. Ecnn nonn ynnan xpaporo npara, ro on,
cornacno pnryany, onxen tn cecrt ero, n rora n noenrenx ncenxnnct
xpapocrt n cnna noexennoro npara. Taxax npaxrnxa nastnanact
+noxannnannsm.
Ha ono ns apxeonornuecxnx nnomaox na mro-sanae mrara Konopao namnn
cnnerentcrna roro, uro sect nmn ynnann n noeann pyr pyra eme 850 ner
nasa.
Maccont xannnannsm nanmancx cpen noenntx ronono apmnn Hanoneona,
orcrynanme ns Mocxnt n 1812 r. B 1816 r. nmn, ntxnnmne nocne xpymennx
]perara Meysa n pe]onanmne n cnacarentntx mnmnxax, noeann rex, xro
yxe ocnaen. To xe camoe enann n unent +xcnennnn onnepa, xoropte
npetnann n cnexno nonymxe n ropax Cteppa-Henaa c snmt 1846 r. no 1847 r.
B 1972 r. ntxnnmne nocne annaxaracrpo]t n Anax enn meprntx naccaxnpon.
Onnm ns camtx nsnecrntx xannnanon xnnxercx upnn Xaapman, rannonepcxn
namnnp. B 1924 r. n Iepmannn on ynn 27 mantunxon, npnroronnn ns nx mxca
cocncxn n npoan nnuero ne noospenammnm nmxm. Hpocnannncx n xe]]pn
amep ns Mnunrana, a raxxe Apmnn Menec ns Iepmannn on ynn n cen
uenonexa, c xoroptm nosnaxomnncx no Hnrepnery. Hnora coomamr o cnyuaxx
xannnannsma n oranenntx paonax Hanya Honax Innnex n n Henrpantno
A]pnxe.
Amn no npnpoe npaaenm nnn unponmnnm?
Cyx no ncemy, nx uenoneuecrna xnnxercx nopmantntm cxopee cocroxnne nont,
uem mnpa. Hexoropte anrpononorn yrnepxamr, uro nourn xaxoe omecrno,
pennee nnn conpemennoe, onontno perynxpno npetnano n cocroxnnn nont.
Ecnn part n pacuer n manentxne nnemena, n orpomnte crpant, mt, nmn, nomem
pyr c pyrom nourn esocranonouno n reuenne 5 rtc. ner (no xpane mepe c
3200 r. o n. +. n no nacroxmee npemx). H npomnt nex ornmt ne ynyumnn +ry
neuantnym crarncrnxy. Hocne oxonuannx Bropo mnpono nont mnp cran
cnnerenem onee uem 150 non. A Bropax mnponax nona tna camo xponano n
ncropnn uenoneuecrna. Ona ynecna xnsnn 45 mnn uenonex[11]11
Tountx anntx na +ror cuer ner, uame ncero nastnamr nn]py cntme 50 mnn
uenonex.

|3axptrt].
Bropax mnponax nona tna camo xponano n ncropnn uenoneuecrna. Ona ynecna
xnsnn 45 mnn uenonex.
Anrpononor oxrop Ker Orrepen yxe onroe npemx nsyuaer npnpoy
nosnnxnonennx non. Cornacno ero reopnn, nx nosnnxnonennx noenntx
ecrnn neoxonmt rpn ycnonnx. Hepnoe oneenne o xpanocrn, nnn
nonpoc ntxnnannx n nenanncrn. 3ro momenrantno npnnonr x raxnm
xon]nnxram, xax opta sa nnmy nnn noy, a raxxe poxaer npornnocroxnne
mexy pocrnenntmn rpynnamn. Bropoe recnora nnn nenosmoxnocrt
cocecrnonannx. 3ro nropnunte npnunnt xon]nnxron, xora nmn xenamr
saxnarnrt cocenne semnn, xoropte n ecrnnrentnocrn ne rax yx nyxnt nm nx
ntxnnannx. Tperte nona nopoxaer nony. Hrorn npomntx non
noxastnamr nmxm, uro nona moxer trt npntntno, n onn naemrcx
npnopecrn nonte npnponte pecypct, ynennunrt cnoe nnnxnne, narococroxnne
n momt
23
.
Hpana nn, u1o nmn cenuac onee arpeccnnnm?
(Cnpauueaem 4. Bu..uuemou, Cmoppc, Kouuermurvm, CLA)

Ham mnp xaxercx raxnm npaxentm. Onaxo, xax nn crpanno, nonncrnennocrt
nme na camom ene cnnxaercx. 3a XX n. xonnuecrno xeprn oentx ecrnn
npentcnnn 100 mnn uenonex, onee 170 mnn uenonex ymepnn n pesyntrare rex nnn
nntx ecrnn npannrentcrn. Onaxo xonnuecrno nspocntx nme, nornmnx n
xoe noenntx ecrnn, cnnxaercx, ocoenno n emoxparnuecxnx crpanax.
Anrpononor Hoypenc I. Knnn nnmer: Apxeonornuecxne naxoxn
cnnerentcrnymr o rom, uro, sa ouent pexnm ncxnmuennem, ontmnncrno
pennnx nnnnnnsann nourn nocroxnno noenann. Bo ncxxom cnyuae, n
conpemennom mnpe +ro nponcxonr ropaso pexe. Ecnn n pennocrn n pesyntrare
non ymnpann n cpenem oxono 25 % nspocnoro nacenennx, ro npnmepno 200 ner
nasa +ra nn]pa yxe cocrannxna menee 10 %
24
.
Ho mnennm Hnoe e Mosa, n conpemenntx emoxparnuecxnx crpanax menee 1
% ymepmnx nspocntx xnnxmrcx xeprnamn noenntx ecrnn
25
.
Ecnn n pennocrn n pesyntrare non ymnpann n cpenem oxono 25 % nspocnoro
nacenennx, ro npnmepno 200 ner nasa +ra nn]pa yxe cocrannxna menee 10 %.
H1o nponcxon1 npn xasnn uepes nonemenne?
(Cnpauueaem P. C+um, Ia+u.imou, Bep+vocrue ocmpoea)

Mnorne ymamr, uro npn xasnn uepes nonemenne uenonex ymnpaer or yymennx,
no +ro ne rax. Cmeprt n annom cnyuae nacrynaer or rpanmt nepxne uacrn
cnnnnoro mosra, or nepenoma nnn ceptesnoro cmemennx mentx nosnonxon.
Hnaue ronopx, npocro nomaercx mex.
Ha nporxxennn mnornx nexon nonemenne xnnxnoct onnm ns camtx
pacnpocrpanenntx nnon xasnn. o xonna 1700-x rr., noxa nmn ne npnymann
onee rymannte cnocot xasnn, uenonexy npocro napactnann na mem nepenxy n
cranxnnann c neontmo ntcort.

Ceronx rontxo onn uenonex ns 2 mnp crapme 116 ner.
Kasnt uepes nonemenne npnmenxnn noncemecrno. Hanpnmep, n Anrnnn no
npemena Amepnxancxo penonmnnn[12]12
Hmeercx n nny Bona sa nesanncnmocrt CBA (17751783).

|3axptrt] npecrynnennem, sacnyxnnammnm xasnn uepes nonemenne, cunrannct
xpaxa xnea nnn paxontepcrno n necax, npnnanexamnx nopam
26
.
Houeuy nce on1cn npoxasm?
(Cnpauueaem C. Bauc, Opuuoo, Ka.uqopuu, CLA)

Hpoxasy eme nastnamr onesntm Xancena nnn nenpo. 3ro ono ns
ceptesnemnx nn]exnnonntx saonenann. Cymecrnymr ne ]opmt npoxast:
ryepxynonnax n nenpomorosnax. Oa rnna cunramrcx nonnocrtm nsneunmtmn c
1950 r.
Hpoxasa crapemee n mnpe saonenanne, ee cnyuan saperncrpnponant eme n
1350 r. o n. +. Herarnnnoe ornomenne x ne nanmanoct na nporxxennn nce
ncropnn uenoneuecrna. Hmn mano uro snann o +rom saonenannn o cepennt
XIX n., xorx n ceronx mennnne ne nce nsnecrno o mexannsme nosnnxnonennx
nenpt.
B ocnonnom npoxasa pacnpocrpanena n rponnuecxnx crpanax. Ho anntm
Bcemnpno oprannsannn spanooxpanennx, n xonne 2003 r. no ncem mnpe
nacunrtnanoct 460 rtc. nannenron, neunnmnxcx or npoxast. A n mapre 2005 r.
Bcemnpnax oprannsannx spanooxpanennx oxnnna, uro sa nocnenne na roa
omee xonnuecrno ntxnnenntx cnyuaen npoxast npoonxaer snaunrentno
cnnxartcx (npnmepno na 20 % n ro)
27,28
.
Ceronx rontxo onn uenonex ns 2 mnp crapme 116 ner.

Hs xenmnn-nnsnenon ontme ncero npoxnnn Knm Hapnra n Inn Kanne. Onn
ponnnct n nonnn 1 anrycra 1892 r. Knm ymepna or cepeunoro npncryna n
xnnape 2000 r. n nospacre 107 ner.

Cpen rponxmex ontme ncero xnnn uer, Xyon n uapnrn, ponnmnecx n 3nm-
Morr (mrar Texac) 18 max 1899 r. Hepno ymepna uer. 3ro cnyunnoct n oxrxpe
1994 r., e tno 95 ner.

Cpen uernepnxmex ontme ncero xnnn Aont] n ero cecrpt Anna-Mapnx, 3mma
n 3nnsaer Orrman. Onn ponnnct 5 max 1912 r. Aont] ymep nepntm n mapre
1992 r., emy tno 79 ner.

Her onee pennero oxasannoro pocrna, uem y pnrancxoro npo]eccopa
Apnana Taprerra. Ananns ero HK connan c anannsom HK 9-rtcxuenernero
cxenera, onapyxennoro n anrnncxo epenne ueap.

Hopaxaer nn monnnx naxt onoro uenonexa? Pox Cannnnana, necnnxa ns
amepnxancxoro mrara Bnpxnnnx, monnnx nopaxana 7 pas.
H1o 1axoe onesnt nnra1entnoro nenpona?
3ro saraounax onesnt, mt ouent mano snaem o ne. Or +ro onesnn crpaamr
oxono 1,4 rtc. ancrpannnen, ona nensneunma. Exenenno ona ynnaer onoro
ancrpannna.
Fonesnt nnrarentnoro nepona (FH) +ro na camom ene rpynna saonenann,
nosecrnymmnx na nnrarentnte nepont rononnoro n cnnnnoro mosra.
nnrarentnte nepont +ro nepnnte xnerxn, uepes xoropte mosr noctnaer
cnrnant mtmnam n nne +nexrpnuecxnx nmnyntcon. Paspymenne nnrarentntx
neponon neer x ocnaenannm n ncromennm mtmn. Otuno +ror nponecc
naunnaercx n pyxax n norax n n onnx rpynnax mtmn npoxonr onee
nnrencnnno, uem n pyrnx. V nexoroptx nme nosnnxaer cnaocrt n ncromenne
mtmn nnna n ropna, uro ntstnaer nponemt c peutm, sarpynxer xenanne n
rnoranne. Vnnnrentno, no FH ne nopaxaer ocxsanne, nxyc, spenne, oonxnne
nnn cnyx, a raxxe ne nnnxer nenocpecrnenno na moueno nystpt, xnmeunnx nnn
cexcyantnym ]ynxnnm. B ontmnncrne cnyuaen nnrennexr raxxe ocraercx
nenopaxenntm.

Fonesnt nnrarentnoro nepona (FH) +ro na camom ene rpynna saonenann,
nosecrnymmnx na nnrarentnte nepont rononnoro n cnnnnoro mosra.
Pannne cnmnromt FH cnate. Bosnnxamr nponemt c xoto, cnaocrt n
pyxax, rpynocrn c yepxannem npemeron, rpynocrn c coxpanennem
pannonecnx, nepasopunnocrt peun n nponemt c rnorannem. Cnmnromt
ycnnnnamrcx no mepe roro, xax mtmnt nce ontme n ontme ocnaenamr n
pesyntrare paspymennx axrnnnsnpymmnx nx neponon. Otuno FH nnauane
nopaxaer ony xoneunocrt, a norom pacnpocrpanxercx no ncemy reny. Hnora
nanmaercx neotunoe cyopoxnoe coxpamenne mtmn. 3ro npnsnax roro, uro
nnxnne nnrarentnte nepont nonpexent.
Hpnunna FH nensnecrna. Pasnte reopnn n xauecrne npnunnt npenonaramr:
nnpyct, nosecrnne roxcnnon n xnmnuecxnx nemecrn, coepxamnxcx n
oxpyxamme cpee, napymenne ]ynxnn nmmynno cncremt, nexonrponnpyemoe
paspymenne enxa n npexenpemennoe crapenne nnrarentntx neponon. Onaxo
nce +rn reopnn cnopnte. Hacnecrnennocrt roxe moxer cunrartcx ]axropom
nosnnxnonennx FH, no, nepoxrno, rontxo nesnaunrentntm ]axropom.
Ienernuecxax cnxst cymecrnyer rontxo n 10 % cnyuaen FH. B 1993 r. tno
onapyxeno, uro cnenn]nuecxn ren na xpomocome 21 myrnponan rontxo y 1520
% nannenron, crpaammnx FH.
Fonesnxmn, cnxsanntmn c FH, xnnxmrcx nporpeccnpymmax mtmeunax arpo]nx,
nporpeccnpymmn yntapnt napannu n nauantnt narepantnt cxnepos. FH
nmeer n pyrne nasnannx, n CBA ee nastnamr amnorpo]nuecxn narepantnt
cxnepos, onesnt Hy Iepnra, a ceuac eme n onesnt Crnnena Xoxnnra. Hy Iepnr
tn snamennrtm amepnxancxnm econncrom n nauana npomnoro nexa. On nrpan
n econ n reuenne 17 ner, c 1923 no 1939 r. Hepnt ecmen[13]13
Fecmen nrpox samnmammecx xomant n econe.

|3axptrt] snamennro xomant Htm-Hopx nxns, Iepnr npocnannncx cnonmn
nnanntmn, no momntmn yapamn. Hecmorpx na rpanmt n onesnn, Iepnr ortrpan
es nepeptnon 2130 marue. 3ro ocrnxenne ocrananoct nenpensoenntm n
reuenne 56 ner. B nauane cesona 1939 r. Iepnr cran sameuart, uro y nero xpyxnrcx
ronona, xora on crapaercx croxrt npxmo, n uro on ne moxer yxe rax cnntno, xax
npexe, nrt n pocart mxu, uro peaxnnx y nero samennnact. Anannst
onapyxnnn y nero FH. Ero xaptepa nrpoxa saxonunnact, n nn xnsnn tnn
courent. 4 nmnx Iepnr nonpomancx c onentmnxamn na cranone nxns. 3ro
ona ns camtx rporarentntx cnen n ncropnn cnopra. Iepnr, snax, uro on opeuen,
co cnesamn na rnasax nonaroapnn onentmnxon, xoropte ypno noepxnnann
ero n reuenne 17 cesonon. On cxasan: oporne onentmnxn, nocnenne ne
neenn nt unraere o cmeprentno onesnn, nopasnnme menx. Ho ceronx x
uyncrnym cex camtm cuacrnnntm uenonexom na 3emne. Ouent neuantno, no
uepes na roa on ymep.
Her onee pennero oxasannoro pocrna, uem y pnrancxoro npo]eccopa
Apnana Taprerra. Ananns ero HK connan c anannsom HK 9-rtcxuenernero
cxenera.
FH ne nopaxaer pasym. Cnnerenem +roro xnnxercx Crnnen Xoxnnr. unsnx ns
Kempnxcxoro ynnnepcnrera, anrop Kparuame ncropnn npemenn
29
n pyrnx
xnnr, opercx c FH c 1963 r. 3ro npocro nenepoxrno. Ero axrnnnt mosr
nopoxaer reopernuecxne nen ropaso nyume, uem nmo nayx nnerer nayrnny.
Ceuac on npnxonan x nnnannnomy xpecny, onaxo Xoxnnr ne ncera tn raxnm
ecnomomntm. On ncnomnnaer, uro, xorx on nnxora n ne tn xopomnm
cnoprcmenom, on nce xe npnnnman yuacrne n cryenuecxnx copennonannxx n
Oxc]ope. Bo npemx rpertero roa yuet on samernn, uro uacro cran naart no
nenonxrntm npnunnam. uepes ro, ncxope nocne roro xax on ormernn cno 21-
ent poxennx, Xoxnnry nocrannnn narnos FH. On ncntran mox, ycntman,
uro y nero nensneunmax onesnt, no pemnn oportcx c ne. Xoxnnr samnrnn
oxropcxym ncceprannm n onacrn ]nsnxn n ceuac sannmaer ry xe onxnocrt,
xoropym xora-ro sannman n Kempnxe c+p Hcaax Htmron ntcmero
npo]eccopa maremarnxn. On npoxnn c FH onee
2
/
3
xnsnn. Tax uro FH +ro
ne cmeprnt npnronop. Onpeenenno ecrt naexa
30
.
H1o ynno ann Mypa?
ann Myp ponncx n 1935 r., a ymep n 2002 r. Bnepnte on nonyunn
mexynaponym nsnecrnocrt n 1960-x rr., ntcrynax n xomennom y+re c
Hnrepom Kyxom. Hosxe on npnopen eme ontmym cnany xax xopont +nnsoon n
raxnx ]nntmax, xax 10, Apryp, Hencxpenne nam, n no mnornx pyrnx. Myp
ymep or pexo, manonsnecrno n cronponenrno cmeprentno onesnn, xoropax
nastnaercx nporpeccnpymmn naxepnt napannu (HHH). B nocnenne rot
cnoe xaptept on npnopen penyrannm nenaexnoro uenonexa. Ero nmx
]nrypnponano n nenpnrnxntx ncropnxx, cnxsanntx c noxennem n nerpesnom
nne n pasnnuntmn cynpyxecxnmn nponemamn. Honauany cunranoct, uro nce +ro
cnxsano c anxoronem, no noonoe noneenne mor oxcnxrt n narnos HHH. 3ra
onesnt menenno nnmaer reno mtmeunoro xonrponx. H eme ona cnxsana c
pyrnmn, neroponnnno paspymammnmn mosr onesnxmn, raxnmn xax onesnt
Hapxnncona, onesnt Antnremepa n onesnt nnrarentnoro nepona. Fonesntm
Hapxnncona crpaann axrep Maxn x. uoxc, tnmn Ienepantnt npoxypop
CBA Xaner Pnno, a raxxe nana Hoann Hanen II. Ftnmn npesnenr CBA
Ponant Peran crpaan onesntm Antnremepa.
28 % nannenron, nmemmnx omamnnx xnnorntx, ntxnnamr nocne ceptesntx
cepeuntx npncrynon, a cpen rex, xro ne nmeer omamnnx xnnorntx, ntxnnamr
rontxo 6 %.
Mennnna oruaxnno ntraercx nonxrt xapaxrep HHH n narn cnocot neuennx,
no Mypa +rn nontrxn cnacrn yxe ne mornn. Hepntm cnmnromom, xoropt
samernn Myp, tna necnoconocrt epxart pannonecne. On raxxe sameuan, uro
nantnt c rpyom cnymamrcx ero npn nrpe na nnannno. B cenrxpe 1997 r. Mypy
cenann onepannm na cepne, onaxo cnmnromt rontxo ycnnnnnct. Crpaax or
nnx n reuenne nxrn ner, on pemnn, uro onn cnxsant c ynorpenennem anxoronx. B
xnnape 1998 r. Myp oparnncx sa nomomtm x npauam. On yxe ontme ne mor
nrpart na nmnmom nnannno, c rpyom pasronapnnan n mor npoxonrt rontxo
ouent neontmne paccroxnnx. Hyumnm n mnpe cnennanncram norpeonanoct 13
mecxnen, urot ycranonnrt oxonuarentnt narnos nporpeccnpymmn
naxepnt napannu.
Kpome menxon, mano xro xort uro-ro snaer o +ro onesnn. Ona eme nastnaercx
onesnt Crnna Pnuapcona Ontmencxoro, no ]amnnnxm rpex npaue,
onapyxnnmnx ee. HHH ecrnnrentno pexax onesnt: o 1999 r. cunranoct, uro
e oneer ncero onn uenonex ns 100 rtc. Onaxo n xoe nccneonannx,
nponeennoro n Bennxopnrannn, tno ycranonneno, uro +ro onesntm
crpaamr oxono 6,4 uenonexa na 100 rtc.
31
Ho cnonam oxropa Crnnena Peua,
npaua, neunnmero ann Mypa n mennnncxo mxone xonca Xonxnnca n
Fanrnmope, nocxontxy nepnte cnmnromt HHH onontno cnate n pasnnnamrcx
n reuenne necxontxnx ner, npaun otuno onastnamr c narnosom. A eme npn
noxnnennn cnmnromon nannenram uacro cranxr omnounte narnost, raxne xax
onesnt Hapxnncona, onesnt Antnremepa, anxorontnax nnroxcnxannx n axe
saonenannx nnyrpennero yxa
32
. Hepnte cnmnromt HHH nxnmuamr naennx,
rpynocrn npn xote, nnoxoe pannonecne n omym saropmoxennocrt nnxenn.
Crpaammne HHH moryr raxxe ncntrtnart rpynocrn c rnorannem; or +roro n
ymnpamr ontmnncrno xeprn HHH. Onn n xoneunom nrore repxmr cnoconocrt
rnorart (nc]arnx) n otuno satxamrcx (nsaprpnx). Ho mnennm oxropa X. P.
Moppnca n ero xonner, npn HHH paspymenne neponon cnxsano c naxonnennem
rnnep]oc]opnnnponanntx ray-enxon, raxnx xax nepo]npnnnxpnte
cnnerennx
33
. 3ro moxno cpannnrt c xoporxnm samtxannem, xoropoe
nponcxonr n +nexrpnuecxo nenn nepnon mosra ns-sa sacopon or
cxonnnmnxcx ocrarxon enxa. uem ontme sacopt, rem rpynee cranonnrcx
cnrnanam mosra ocrnrart mtmn rena, a snaunr, n ropaso cnoxnee
xonrponnponart nnxennx. Fontmo saraxo nx yuentx xnnxercx ro, uro
ntstnaer cxonnennx ocrarxon enxon n xax moxno ocranonnrt n nonepnyrt
ncnxrt +ror nponecc.

V nnaentnen omamnnx xnnorntx yponent xonecrepnna na 2 % nnxe, uem y rex,
y xoro ner omamnnx xnnorntx.
Onaxo npnunna HHH, nosmoxno, cxopo yer onpeenena. Hcnancxne yuente
no pyxonocrnom oxropa M. 3sxeppt coomnnn o ntenennn roro, uro, no nx
mnennm, xnnxercx e]exrntm renom, ntstnammnm HHH
34
. Vuente raxxe
ycranonnnn: ocrarxn enxa, sacopxmmne mosr npn HHH, nenrnunt ocrarxam,
memammem paore mosra npn onesnn Hapxnncona, onesnn Antnremepa n
onesnn nnrarentnoro nepona. Ecrt nepoxrnocrt, uro nsneuenne ono ns +rnx
onesne npnneer n x nsneuennm ocrantntx.
Hourn o camoro nx cmeprn ann Myp crapancx myrnrt no nonoy cnoe
rparnuecxo onesnn. B cenrxpe 1999 r., xora emy nocrannnn narnos HHH, on
cxasan: nonnmam, uro x onn, crpaammn +ro onesntm, na 100 rtc.
uenonex, no x raxxe n unen Inntnn xnnoaxrepon, n xoropym nxoxr 100 rtc.
uenonex, paorammnx xaxt ent. H ymam, n xaxom-ro cmtcne moxno cunrart,
uro x npnnxn na cex +ry onesnt, urot yepeut or raxo rparnuecxo cytt
ocrantntx 99 999 unenon Inntnn xnnoaxrepon. Tt ncera xnn cmexct, noxocx
c mnpom, ann Myp
35,36
.
Hepnte cnmnromt HHH nxnmuamr naennx, rpynocrn npn xote, nnoxoe
pannonecne n omym saropmoxennocrt nnxenn.
Hponenae1 nn ansnt coepaanne ouamnero anno1noro?
(Cnpauueaem re+c Parap, Jueaoau, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

Cymecrnyer mnoxecrno cnnerentcrn roro, uro coepxanne omamnero nnromna
nomoraer npoxnrt ontme. Ho pesyntraram nccneonannx, nponeennoro na
xonrpontno rpynno ns 75 uenonex, omamnne xnnornte cnnsnnn pncx
onesne n cmeprn npnmepno na 50 %.

omamnne xnnornte cnnxamr pncx onesne n cmeprn npnmepno na 50 %.
omamnne xnnornte nomoramr nsexart uyncrna onnouecrna, npenaramr nam
cnom esrpannunym nmont n nmecre c rem nocnpnnmunnt x name nmnn. Mt,
nmn, omnrentnte n +monnonantnte xnnornte, nam rpeyercx n apnrt
nmont, n nonyuart ee. H eme omamnne xnnornte nomoramr npexpacno
paccnanrtcx. B omecrne nme raxoe ne ncera nosmoxno. omamnne
xnnornte moryr crnmynnponart nac ]nsnuecxn. Hanpnmep, xora rpeyercx
ntrynxrt coaxy, nt ntxonre na nporynxy nmecre c ne. Ho pesyntraram
nccneonannx Mnnncrepcrna spanooxpanennx CBA, omamnne xnnornte
nomoramr ntxnnart nmxm, nepenecmnm cepeunte npncrynt: 28 % nannenron,
nmemmnx omamnnx xnnorntx, ntxnnamr nocne ceptesntx cepeuntx
npncrynon, a cpen rex, xro ne nmeer omamnnx xnnorntx, ntxnnamr rontxo 6
%. B xoe pyroro nccneonannx tno ycranonneno, uro y nnaentnen omamnnx
xnnorntx yponent xonecrepnna na 2 % nnxe, uem y rex, y xoro ner omamnnx
xnnorntx. Ha nepnt nsrnx +ro ne rax yx n mnoro, onaxo pncx cepeuntx
npncrynon cnnxaercx na 4 %. A eme ono nccneonanne noxasano, uro y
nnaentnen omamnnx xnnorntx aprepnantnoe annenne cnnxaercx rouno rax
xe, xax y rex, xro ecr manoconenym nnmy n ynorpenxer mano anxoronx. pyroe
nccneonanne ntxnnno: n omax npecrapentx, re ncnontsyercx repannx
omamnnmn xnnorntmn, snaunrentno coxpamaercx pacxo npenncanntx
menxamenron. Ho crarncrnxe Cnyxt crpaxonannx noxnntx nme, 40 %
noxnntx nme, nmemmnx omamnnx xnnorntx, opamamrcx x npauam ropaso
pexe, uem noxnnte nmn, ne nmemmne omamnnx xnnorntx
3740
.
40 % noxnntx nme, nmemmnx omamnnx xnnorntx, opamamrcx x npauam
ropaso pexe, uem noxnnte nmn, ne nmemmne omamnnx xnnorntx.
Hpana nn, u1o uep1nme nmn npoonaam1 nnra1tcn?
(Cnpauueaem re+c Mapp, Berc.u, Hoei Prui Vo.ic, Aecmpa.u)

ecrnnrentno, meprnte conepmamr xaxne-ro nnxennx n reuenne necxontxnx
uacon nocne cmeprn, noxa ne nacrynnr rpynnoe oxouenenne. Ho axe n nocne
+roro moxno sameuart xaxne-ro nnxennx.
Kaxoe conepmaemoe namn nnxenne +ro pesyntrar +nexrpoxnmnuecxnx
nponeccon. Xnmnuecxne nemecrna xpanxrcx n nepnntx oxonuannxx n ntenxmrcx
n reuenne neontmoro npemenn nocne cmeprn. Hnora +ro ntstnaer nnxenne
coxparnrentntx mtmn, n pesyntrare uero nanmaercx nerxoe noeprnnanne
xoneunocre. oxrop 3pnn Kpam npnnonr cnyua c nonnnecxnm, ynrtm n
nepecrpenxe
41
. B reuenne 3 u. ero xonnern ntrannct opartcx o nero,
nocxontxy nnenn, uro y nero epramrcx norn n menennrcx ona pyxa. Kora
naxonen nm yanoct opartcx o rena n nepenecrn ero n esonacnoe mecro,
oxasanoct, uro nonnnecxn nonyunn ne nynn n ronony n ymep mrnonenno.
Otuno n raxnx cnyuaxx nanmaercx noeprnnanne nor n cnennenne nantnen
pyx. Ho +ro npocro xnmnuecxax peaxnnx, npn xoropo mtmeunax rxant pearnpyer
na nonyuaemym crnmynxnnm, xorx ona ne ncxonr or ]ynxnnonnpymmero mosra.
Onponeprax mnorne ropocxne nerent, mory cxasart, uro rpynt ne caxrcx na
cronax n mopre n ne naunnamr ronopnrt. Onaxo, o roro xax crano
npaxrnxonartcx antsamnponanne, pasnoxenne rxane rpyna ntstnano cxonnenne
rason n morno npnnonrt x cnyuanomy nnxennm norn, pyxn nnn x nonopory
ronont. Hnora axe pasanancx cron, xora nosyx ntxonn ns rena uepes
ronoconte cnxsxn.
H1o 1axoe +qqex1 acxepnnnn?
3ror repmnn oosnauaer ]enomen cmeprentnoro ncnyra. B paccxase c+pa Aprypa
Konan ona Coaxa Facxepnnne o nerenapnom Bepnoxe Xonmce c+p uapns
Facxepnnnt ymnpaer or cepeunoro npncryna, ntsnannoro cnntntm
ncnxonornuecxnm crpeccom. Ho mnennm amepnxancxoro connonora, oxropa
+nna unnnnca, nmn ecrnnrentno moryr nyrartcx o cmeprn. oxrop
unnnnc cunraer, uro cymecrnyer ouennnax cnxst mexy momntm
ncnxonornuecxnm crpeccom n cmeprentntm cepeuntm npncrynom. On ronopnr:
nomnm, uro n Coaxe Facxepnnne" c+p uapns Facxepnnnt ymnpaer n
pesyntrare cmeprentnoro cepeunoro npncryna, xnno ntsnannoro crpaxom cmeprn
npn nne coaxn. Hocxontxy Apryp Konan on tn npauom, a ne rontxo
nncarenem, ro nnrepecno, ocnontnancx ero paccxas na mennnncxo nnrynnnn
nnn na nnreparypnom ntmtcne, ro ecrt ecrnnrentno cymecrnyer cnxst mexy
crpeccom n cepeuntm npncrynom nnn xe ner?
3]]exr Facxepnnnx oosnauaer ]enomen cmeprentnoro ncnyra.
Xorx mnorouncnennte naoparopnte nccneonannx noxasann, uro sa crpeccom
cneymr cepeuno-cocyncrte nsmenennx, no nonxrntm +rnuecxnm npnunnam
nannenron n xoe nccneonann nce xe ne nyrann o cmeprn. Ha ocnonannn
ymepenntx crpeccon nentsx onpeennrt, ecrnnrentno nn nocne momnoro
norpxcennx cneyer cmeprentnt cepeunt npncryn. Ho cnonam oxropa
unnnnca, rpyno tno narn cnoco nponepxn +rnx rnnores n cnny +rnuecxnx
nponem, cnxsanntx c naoparopntmn recramn. Hanepnoe, nyumnm pemennem
tno t nponeenne +xcnepnmenron n ecrecrnenntx ycnonnxx, ro ecrt n
peantno xnsnenno ocranonxe, coornercrnymme onpeenenntm xpnrepnxm.
Bo-nepntx, cotrnx peantno xnsnn na onnx nme oxastnamr
ncnxonornuecxoe nosecrnne, a na pyrnx ner. Kpome roro, +ro ne onxno trt
cmeprentno onacnoe cotrne, ono onxno nnmt nocnpnnnmartcx xax raxonoe.
oxrop unnnnc namen raxoe cotrne. 3ror crpeccont ]axrop tn cnxsan c
xnracxnm n xnoncxnm cyenepnem. Ha xanroncxom nanexre xnracxoro xstxa n
na xnoncxom xstxe cnona cmeprt n uertpe snyuar nourn onnaxono. B
pesyntrare uncno 4 ntstnaer nenpnxrnte omymennx n mpaunte npeuyncrnnx
y mnornx xnranen n xnonnen. Ho+romy nn]pa 4 orcyrcrnyer na rannuxax c
nasnannxmn nexoroptx xnracxnx n xnoncxnx ynnn, na +raxax n n rocrnnnuntx
nomepax, n menm pecropanon n n nomepax rene]onon. Kpome roro, n oosnauennxx
camoneron BBC Knrax raxxe orcyrcrnyer nn]pa 4 ns-sa acconnannn co
cmeprtm.
Exerono 58 ancrpannnen nonyuamr rpanmt, ncnontsyx nmecro orneprox ocrpte
noxn.
oxrop unnnnc onapyxnn, uro y amepnxannen xnracxoro n xnoncxoro
nponcxoxennx nnx cmepre or cepeuntx saonenann npnxonrcx na
uerneprt mecxn roa, uero ne nanmaercx cpen amepnxannen enponecxoro
nponcxoxennx. oxrop unnnnc nsyunn cnnerentcrna o cmeprn onee 200 rtc.
amepnxannen xnracxoro n xnoncxoro nponcxoxennx n 47 mnn entx
amepnxannen sa nepno c 1973 no 1998 r. On ronopnr cneymmee: Konan on
npenonaraer, uro c+p uapns Facxepnnnt tn ocoenno nonepxen cepeuntm
npncrynam, ntsnanntm crpeccamn, nocxontxy crpaan xponnuecxnm
saonenannem cepna. Ecnn ona ne nonena mennnncxax nnrynnnx, ro nnx
cmepre or xponnuecxnx cepeuntx saonenann cpen amepnxannen xnracxoro
n xnoncxoro nponcxoxennx onxen tn npnxonrtcx na uerneproe uncno.
Cyenepnt crpax c+pa uapnsa Facxepnnnx nepe mecrtm n opase xyrxo coaxn
pasenxnn n ycnnnnann ero cocen. Ananornuntm opasom xnracxne n xnoncxne
cyenepnte crpaxn, nepoxrno, eme cnntnee, xora onn ycnnent oxpyxammnm
nacenennem.
oxasarentcrna, npecrannennte oxropom unnnncom, nornepxamr oa +rnx
npenonoxennx. V amepnxannen xnracxoro n xnoncxoro nponcxoxennx na 13 %
ontme cmepre or cepeuntx saonenann npnxonrcx na uerneprt mecxn. A n
Kann]opnnn, re cocpeoroueno xnracxoe n xnoncxoe nacenenne, na 27 %
ontme cmepre or cepeuntx saonenann npnxonrcx na uerneproe uncno.
oxrop unnnnc nsyunn 9 antrepnarnnntx, ne ncnxocomarnuecxnx oxcnenn
onapyxenntx nm ]axron, nxnmuax nosmoxnocrt roro, uro uerneproro uncna
xnrant n xnonnt menxmr nery, ntmr ontme anxoronx, orxastnamrcx or
nexapcrn nnn camn nepenanpxramr cex. H on npnmen x ntnoy, uro annte
nccneonann npenonaramr nannune cnxsn mexy ncnxonornuecxnm crpeccom n
cepeuntmn npncrynamn
42
.
Exerono n Ancrpannn ymnpamr rpn uenonexa, xora nponepxmr
paorocnoconocrt 9-nontrono arapexn, orparnnaxct xstxom o ee
xonraxron
43
.

B 1998 r. 142 ancrpannna nopannnnct, noromy uro ne ntnynn nce ynanxn ns
nontx pyamex
43
.

Exerono 58 ancrpannnen nonyuamr rpanmt, ncnontsyx nmecro orneprox ocrpte
noxn
43
.

3a nepno n 1993 no 2000 r. 31 ancrpannen ymep orroro, uro nonnn noo
poxecrnencxym enxy, xora nnnmmnnannx na ne tna nxnmuena
43
.

3a rpn roa o 2000 r. 19 ancrpannnen ymepnn orroro, uro cenn enounte
yxpamennx, nocunran nx moxonantmn
43
.

Ancrpanncxne ontnnnt coomnnn n 1999 r. o uertpex cnyuaxx nepenomon pyx,
nponsomemnx no npemx sanycxa nerap
43
.

B nepno mexy 1997 n 2000 rr. 101 ancrpannny yannnn ns noomnt cront
xycxn cnomanntx nnacrmaccontx nrpymex
43
.

B 1998 r. 18 ancrpannnen nonyunnn ceptesnte oxorn, xora naenann nont
xemnep n epxann npn +rom no pry saxxennym cnrapery
43
.

B 1997 n 1998 rr. 543 ancrpannna nopannnnct, ntraxct orxptrt nnnnte
yrtnxn syamn nnn rnasnnnamn
43
.

B 1998 r. 5 ancrpannnen nonyunnn rpanmt n pesyntrare necuacrntx cnyuaen,
xora na copennonannxx cnorxapt[14]14
Cnorxapt neontmne moenn anromamnn nx copennonann na cnennantntx
saxptrtx rpaccax.

|3axptrt] ntmnn ns-no xonrponx
43
.

B 1997 r. y 8 ancrpannnen onapyxnnn rpemnnt uepena, nonyuennte n
pesyntrare norepn cosnannx no npemx pnort n ryanere
43
.

Fypt xnp xopomo ropnr. Hpenonoxnrentno, y nme, npneranmnx x
oponontnomy camocoxxennm, tn neotuano ntcoxn yponent yporo xnpa
n oprannsme. Ho+romy nmn yxnantno nocnnamenxnnct.

Bepoxrnocrt trt ynrtm onomxamn ns xocmoca cocrannxer 1:5 mnp.

Bepoxrnocrt trt ynrtm coaxo cocrannxer 1:700 rtc.

Bepoxrnocrt nornnyrt n pesyntrare naennx c xponarn cocrannxer 1:2 mnn.

Ecnn t ceronx y nac tn raxo xe yponent cmeprnocrn, xax n 1900 r., ro
nononnna nme, xnnymnx ceuac, tnn t meprnt.
Hocnecnonne
Hpncmnan1e cnon nonpocm

Ecnn y nac ecrt Crpannte Bonpoct o Tene (CBOT), na xoropte nt ne namnn
orneron n +ro xnnre, npnctnare nx nam, a mt nonpoyem c nnmn pasopartcx.
Ecnn xornre, npnctnare ne onn. Mt c yonontcrnnem ornernm na crontxo
nonpocon, na cxontxo cmoxem. Ecnn nam nonpoc nxnmuar n xnnry n nt yere
nepntm unrarenem, xoropt ero saan, name nmx yer nomemeno no
sarononxom crartn, xax n +rom nsannn. Mt axe ntmnem nam ecnnarnt
+xsemnnxp. Ecnn nt npncnann +ror nonpoc nroptm, rpertnm nnn eme nosxe, mt
ynomxnem nac n xnnre, no ecnnarnoro +xsemnnxpa nt ne nonyunre (yx
nsnnnnre).

Hpuci.ame eauu eonpoci no aopecv:

Dr Stephen J uan
Faculty of Education & Social Work
University of Sydney
NSW 2006 AUSTRALIA
Email: s.juan@edfac.usyd.edu.au
Hc1ounnxn I

Inana 1. Hauano
1. Kimbel, W., J ohanson, D. & Rak, Y, The First Skull and Other New Discoveries
of Australopithecus Afarensis at Hadar, Ethiopia,Nature, 1994, 368: 449451.
2. White, T., Suwa, G. & Asfaw, B., Australopithecus Ramidus: A New Species of
Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia, Nature, 1994, 371: 306312.
3. Chamberlain, D., The Sentient Prenate: What Every Parent Should Know, Pre
and Perinatal Psychology Journal, 1994, 9: 931, p. 1213.
4. Birnholz, J ., Stephens, J . & Faria, M., Fetal Movement Patterns: A Possible
Means of Defining Neurologic Development Milestones in Utero, American Journal
of Roentology, 1978, 130: 537540.
5. Liley, A., The Foetus as a Personality, Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry, 1972, 6: 99105.
6. Anand, K. & Hickey, P., Pain and its Effects in the Human Neonate and
Fetus, New England Journal of Medicine, 1987, 317: 13211329.
7. Hooker, D., The Prenatal Origins of Behaviour, New York, Haf-ner, 1969.
8. J uan, S., For Baby, A Touch of Love Will Do Nicely, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 14 December 1989, p. 17.
9. Morse, M., Life Inside the Womb, Parents, December 1994, pp. 7476, P76,
quoted in J uan, S., How Weve Been ThickSkinned About Touching, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 9 November 1989, p. 13.
10. Ibid.
11. Peleg, D. & Goldman, J ., Fetal Heart Rate Acceleration in Response to Light
Stimulation as a Clinical Measure of Foetal Wellbeing: A Preliminary
Report, Journal of Peri-Natal Medicine, 1980, 8: 3841.
12. J uan, S., Babys Eye-View Described, Eye Care Australia, October 1989, p. 8.
13. Shahidullah, S. & Hepper, P., Hearing in the Fetus: Prenatal Detection of
Deafness, International Journal of Prenatal & Perinatal Studies, 1992, 4: 34: 235
240.
14. Chamberlain, D., op. cit.
15. Wertheimer, M., Psychomotor Coordination of Auditory and Visual Space at
Birth, Science, 1961, 134: 16921693.
16. Morse, M., op. cit.
17. Disher, D., The Reactions of Newborn Infants to Chemical Stimuli Administered
Nasally, in Dockeray, E, ed., Studies in Infant Behavior Columbus, Ohio State
University Press, 1934, p. 152.
18. Steiner, J ., Human Facial Expression in Response to Taste and Smell
Stimulation, in Reese, H. & Lipsitt, L., eds., Advances in Child Development and
Behavior, New York, Academic Press, 1979, pp. 257295.
19. Maurer, D. & Maurer, C., The World of the Newborn, New York, Basic Books,
1988, pp. 8687, quoted in J uan, S., How Does a Baby Smell? Pretty Well, By All
Reports, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 November 1989, p. 16.
20. Tatzer, E., Schubert, M., Timischl, W & Simbruner, G., Discrimination of Taste
and Preference for Sweet in Premature Babies,Early Human Development, 1985, 12:
2330.
21. Morse, M., op. cit.
22. Freed, E., Report of a Case of Vagitus Uterinus, American Journal of Obstetrics
& Gynecology, 1927, 14: 8789.
23. J uan, S., About Face, 24Hours, J anuary 1991, p. 20.
24. Hepper, P., Shahidullah, S. & White, R., Origins of Fetal
Handedness, Nature, 1990, 347:431.
25. oxrop xape amon ]nsnonor Kann]opnncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Hoc-
Anxenece, nonyunnmn Hynnrneponcxym npemnm sa xnnry Guns, Germs and
Steel. The Fates of Human Societies, New York, W.W. Norton, 1997.
26. oxrop uapnts Cnnn nonor-renernx rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera Can-
upannncxo. oxrop xon Anxnncr nonor-renernx Hentcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
27. De Waal, E., Peacemaking among Primates, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard
University Press, 1989, pp. 1, 2, 4, 6. oxrop e Baan npnmaronor Pernonantnoro
nenrpa nsyuennx npnmaron n M+ncon, mrar Bncxoncnn.
28. oxrop Hnrep Bnann npnmaronor Kopny+ntcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
29. oxrop Pe]op Vnntxmc nonor n Hccneonarentcxom nenrpe
nxennopncrnuecxo mennnnt n ynnnepcnrere mxa.
30. oxrop Poepr Canontcxn npnmaronor Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
31. Harris, M., Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going,
New York, HarperCollins, 1989, pp. 180183. oxrop Mapnnn Xappnc
anrpononor unopncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Iencnnnne.
32. J uan, S., Humans Ape Chimps More Than We Realise, Sydney Morning
Herald, 30 April 1992, p. 12.
33. oxrop Hon 3pnnx nonor Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera. oxrop Poepr
Opnmren cnennanncr no spanooxpanennm Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
34. Corliss, W., Is Oliver a Humanzee?, Science Frontiers, March April 1997, p.
2.
35. Holden, C., Mutant Chimp Gets a Gene Check, Science, 1996, 274: 727.
36. Holden, C., Oliver No Humanzee, Science, 1998, 280: 207.
37. Corliss, W., Oliver Is All Chimp, Science Frontiers, J uly August 1998, pp. 2,
3.
38. J uan, S., Help for Tiny Babies Who Cant Breathe, Sydney Morning Herald, 23
August 1990, p. 1.
39. Feldman, D., Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables, New
York, HarperCollins, 1991, pp. 103, 104.
40. oxrop 3nap Iornn paoraer n orenennn nenarpnn mennnncxoro
]axyntrera Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cenr-Hynce.
41. Goleman, D., Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, London,
Bloomsbury Publishing, 1996, p. 38.
42. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998, Mahwah, New J ersey, K-III
Reference Corporation, 1998, p. 832.
43. Harris, S., This Is Your Life, Baby, Weekly World News, 23 J une 1998, p. 19.
44. Bradshaw, B., Alarming Results of Weightlessness, Washington Post, 25 J uly
1992, p. 1.
45. White, R., Weightlessness and the Human Body, Scientific American, September
1998, pp. 5863.
46. oxrop Tomac Ipenep paoraer n orenennn anaromnn n ]nsnuecxo
anrpononornn Htm-Hopxcxoro xonnexa xnponpaxrnxn.
47. oxrop Hnnn Fpn paoraer n orenennn anaromnn mennnncxoro ]axyntrera
Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cenr-Hynce.
Inana 2. Mosr
1. Sturge-Weber Foundation, Sturge-Weber Syndrome: An Overview for Physicians
and Families (video), Aurora, Colorado, Sturge-Weber Foundation, 1994.
2. McCutcheon, M., The Compass in Your Nose, Melbourne, Schwartz & Wilkinson,
1989, p. 6465.
3. United Press International, Study Finds More Southpaws among Gays and
Lesbians, The San Francisco Chronicle, 26 J uly 1990, p. B3.
4. Schmeck, H., Q & A, The New York Times, 23 February 1988, p. Y19.
5. Browne, M., Handedness Seen in Nature, Long Before Hands, The New York
Times, 15 J une 1993, pp. B5, B7.
6. Coffin, G., Asymmetry of the Human Head: Clinical Observation, Clinical
Pediatrics, 1987, 25: 230232.
7. J uan, S., Water on the Brain: Facts and Myths, The Sydney Morning Herald, 28
November 1991, p. 17.
8. Stock, G., Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global
Superorganism, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993.
9. Moravec, H., Mind Children, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,
1988, pp. 2223.
10. J uan, S., And You Thought Computer Crashes Were a Headache Now, The
Sydney Morning Herald, 23 March 1994, p. 13.
11. Morgan, A., Not Tonight Dear, I Have a Headache, Weekly World News, 7 April
1998, p. 37.
12. Turner, K., Incredible Photos of the Girl Who Cheated Death, Weekly World
News, 1 September 1998, p. 40, 41.
13. Alexander, J ., Math Whiz Shot in the Brain with a Nail Gun and Now He Cant
Do Simple Arithmetic!, Weekly World News, 8 September 1998, p. 7.
14. Beldotti, S., The Human Brain, Popular Science, J anuary, 1998, p. 89.
15. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Mental Health and Wellbeing Profile of
Adults, Canberra, Australian Government Printing Office, 1998.
16. J opson, D., Almost One in Five People Suffer Mental Disorder, Sydney Morning
Herald, 13 March 1998, p. 1.
17. oxrop upe Iex nonor Hncrnryra nonornuecxnx nccneonann Canxa
n Can-nero.
18. Hall, C., First Evidence of New Brain Cells in Human Adults, San Francisco
Chronicle, 30 October 1998, p. A5.
19. J ardin, W., In Experiments, Brain Cells Prove They Have Ability to Regenerate,
Washington Post, 31 October 1998, p. A11.
20. oxrop Mapraper Maxxaprn ]nsnonor mennnncxoro ]axyntrera
ynnnepcnrera M+pnnena n Fanrnmope.
21. Hall, C., Sex Hormones Help Shape Brain before Birth and Late in Life, San
Francisco Chronicle, 10 November 1998, p. A5.
22. oxrop Kpnc Knapx paoraer n orenennn ncnxonornn ynnnepcnrera Honoro
Rxnoro V+ntca n Cnnee.
23. oxropa xoan anxan n xemc H+p paoramr n orenennn ncnxonornn
Mnunrancxoro rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera n Bocrounom H+ncnnre.
24. Blakeslee, S., Placebos Prove So Powerful Even Experts Are Surprised, New
York Times, 13 October 1998, pp. D1, D4.
25. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 27
December 1997.
26. Brown, S., Ten Weird Things Your Body Does That Are OK, Sun-Herald, 1
March 1998, p. 19.
27. Stover, D., Quick Thinking, Popular Science, August, 1998, p. 28.
28. oxrop Tamapa Iypnnn paoraer n Mennnncxom nenrpe nerepanon n
Manuecrepe, Htm-Iemnmnp.
29. oxrop Mmppe Bran paoraer n Kann]opnncxom ynnnepcnrere n Can-
nero.
30. Bower, B., Exploring Traumas Cerebral Side, Science News, 18 May 1996, p.
315.
Inana 3. Ionona
1. Brennan, T., Funk, S. & Frothingham, T., Disproportionate Intra-Uterine Head
Growth and Developmental Outcome,Developmental Medicine and Child
Neurology, 1985, 27: 746750.
2. Elliman, A. M., Bryan, E., Elliman, A.D. & Starte, D., Narrow Heads of Preterm
Infants Do They Matter?, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1986, 28:
745748.
3. Fleming, C., If We Can Keep A Severed Head Alive, British Medical
Journal, 1988, 297: 1048.
4. Fleming, C., If We Can Keep A Severed Head Alive, St. Louis, Polinym Press,
1988.
5. White, R., Wolm, L., Massopust, L., Taslitz, N. &Verdura, J ., Cephalic Exchange
Transplantation in the Monkey, Surgery, 1971, 70: 135139.
6. Hamblin, T., Nipping in the Bud, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297: 629.
7. J uan, S., Theres Life in the Old Head, The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 April
1990, p. 15.
8. Gould, S., Ever Since Darwin, New York, W.W. Norton, 1977, p. 63.
9. J ohnson, I., Why Cant You Tickle Yourself? And Other Bodily Curiosities, New
York, Warner Books, 1993, pp. 5355.
10. oxrop Hnx Xo]]man paoraer n orenennn ]nsnxn Bamnnrroncxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Cenr-Hynce.
11. Xenakis, A., Why Doesnt My Funny Bone Make Me Laugh? New York, Villard
Books, 1993, pp. 7580.
12. oxrop xon Cenep npo]eccop xnnnnuecxo mennnnt Mnunrancxoro
rocyapcrnennoro ynnnepcnrera n npexrop Mnunrancxoro nncrnryra rononno
onn n nenponornn.
13. Ray, C., Aspirin and Oranges, New York Times, 6 J anuary 1998, p. B10.
14. oxrop unnnnn Knnr paoraer n nenponornuecxom orenennn ontnnnt
Becrmn n Cnnee. On npecrannn oxna o cnnpome nsptnammecx ronont
na ncrpeue Ancrpanncxo acconnannn cna, npoxonnme n Kepnce n 1992 roy.
15. J uan, S., Strange Happenings at Midnight, Sydney Morning Herald, 15
September 1993, p. 13.
16. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 16 J uly
1996.
17. Monkey Head Transplant, Daily Telegraph, 3 November 1997, p. 22.
18. Leary, W., New Muscle Found, Deep Inside Skull, New York Times, 13
February 1996, p. B9.
19. oxrop Vnntxm xonnn anarom n mennnncxom xonnexe Bnpxnnnn.
20. Feldman, D., When Do Fish Sleep? And Other Imponderables of Everyday
Life, New York, HarperCollins, 1990, p. 23.
21. oxrop xnm Fpnxep nonor n Omecrnennom xonnexe npnnna
xopxa.
Inana 4. Inasa
1. Ferrer, H., Voluntary Propulsion of Both Eyeballs, American J ournal of
Ophthalmology, 1928, 11: 883.
2. Smith, J ., Voluntary Propulsion of Both Eyeballs, Journal of the American
Medical Association, 1932, 98: 398.
3. Berman, B., Voluntary Propulsion of the Eyeballs: The Double Whammy
Syndrome, Archives of Internal Medicine, 1966, 117: 648651.
4. Borgquist, A., Crying, American Journal of Psychology, 1906, 27: 149205.
5. Levoy, G., Crying It Out, The San Jose Mercury News, 2 November 1988, pp. IF;
3F. 6. Ibid.
7. Carey, B., Vital Statistics, Hippocrates, September/October 1988, p. 16.
8. Rymer, R., Why Do Women Cry More Than Men?, Hippocrates,
J anuary/February 1989, p. 100.
9. Carey, B., op. cit.
10. J uan, S., Why a Good Cry Can Make You Feel Better, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 28 October 1988, p. 13.
11. Troiano, L., The Wink of an Eye, American Health, November 1989, p. 40.
12. Albert, B., What Causes Bags and Rings Under the Eyes?, University of
California, Berkeley Wellness Letter, J une 1989, p. 8.
13. Ibid.
14. Kiefer, J ., What Are Those Spots That Sometimes Float Before My
Eyes?, Hippocrates, November/December 1988, p. 116.
15. Wright, S., How Carrots Can Aid Eyesight, The San Jose Mercury News, 13
February 1990, p. C1.
16. Fackelmann, K., Nocturnal Risks For the Eyes, Science News, 8 May 1993, p.
302.
17. Ibid.
18. Franklin, D., Tuning the Kids In, In Health, December/J anuary 1992, p. 40.
19. J uan, S., How Soon Can You Tell Colour?, Eye Care Australia, September
1989, p. 12.
20. oxrop xopx Feneex c xonneramn paoramr n Maccauycercxom nncrnryre
rexnonorn n xopnopannn Oculon n Kempnxe, mrar Maccauycerc.
21. oxrop Fpmc Kpncrn rnana npomtmnenntx nccneonann n xopnopannn
Ioptex.
22. J uan, S., Light on the Horizon for Cataract Sufferers, Sydney Morning
Herald, 23 J uly 1992, p. 12.
23. Berger, J ., Bizarre Medical Facts, Weekly World News, 28 J une 1998, p. 16.
24. Boyd, L., Heterochromia One Blue One Brown, San Francisco Chronicle, 17
December 1995, p. 7.
25. Robbins, T., Another Roadside Attraction, Ringwood, Victoria, Penguin Books,
1971, p. 246.
26. Hubel, D., Eye, Brain, and Vision, New York, Scientific American Library, 1988,
pp. 3339.
27. Corliss, W., Biological Anomalies: Humans II, Glen Arm, Maryland, The
Sourcebook Project, 1993, pp. 233, 234.
28. Curtis, H., Biology, New York, Worth, 1968, pp. 598, 599.
29. Ray, C., Cold Eyes, New York Times, 9 April 1996, p. B7.
30. oxrop Poepr Xacxa npo]eccop ecrecrnenntx nayx n xonnexe uynnepron.
31. Maye, C., Your Heart Beats 36 Million Times a Year, Weekly World News, 27
February 1996, p. 42.
Inana 5. Hoc
1. Ray, C., Odor Flashbacks, New York Times, 7 August 1990, p. B7.
2. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 11 March
1996.
Life, New York, HarperCollins, 1989, pp. 20, 21.
5. Health, Why Cant I Keep My Eyes Open When I Sneeze?, Health, May J une
1996, p. 148.
6. oxrop Mopnn Kep paoraer n nncrnryre Monenna n Hencnntnancxom
ynnnepcnrere unnaent]nn.
7. Feldman, D., Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? And Other Imponderables, New
York, Harper & Row, 1987, p. 92.
8. oxrop 3nxn Pnxoncxn nonor Hncrnryra ropocxo +ronornn n Bene.
9. Smell Is the Sexiest Sense of All, Associated Press, 9 August 1997.
10. oxrop uapnts Vonxorr nonor Kopny+ntcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
11. Chui, G., Magnets Found in the Brain, San Jose Mercury, 5 December 1992, pp.
1E2E.
12. McCutcheon, M., The Compass in Your Nose and Other Astonishing Facts About
Humans, Melbourne, Schwartz & Wilkinson, 1989, p. 95
13. Walmsley, D., & Epps, W., Direction Finding in Humans: Ability of Individuals
to Orient Towards Their Place of Residence,Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64: 744
746.
15. Is It Harmful to Suppress a Sneeze?, Health, October 1996, p. 116.
16. Smell of Musk Only Real Turn-On, Associated Press, 16 September 1996.
Inana 6. Ymn
1. Blakeslee, S., Q. & A, The New York Times, 12 J anuary 1988, p. Y19.
2. oxrop Maxn Hopman ncnxonor n cnennanncr no xstxy rena, xnner n
Ionnnnye, unopna.
3. Cussack, J ., Ears Reveal the Real You!, Weekly World News, 1 December 1998,
p. 30.
Life, New York, HarperCollins, 1989, pp. 231233.
6. Feldman, D., Do Penguins Have Knees.? New York, HarperCollins, 1991, pp. 227,
228.
7. oxrop Iorrpn Bnayr paoraer n ontnnne Fer Hspannt n Focrone.
8. Blakeslee, S., Perfect Pitch: The Key May Lie in the Genes, New York Times, 20
November 1990, p. B5.
9. Recer, P., Brains Left Side Has Perfect Pitch, San Francisco Chronicle, 3
10. Azad, J ., Perfect Pitch, New Scientist, 27 September 1997, p. 65.
11. Finn, B., Perfect Pitch, New Scientist, 27 September 1997, p. 65.
12. J effrey, P., Perfect Pitch, New Scientist, 27 September 1997, p. 65.
13. Moore, T., Perfect Pitch, New Scientist, 27 September 1997, p. 65.
14. Starer, D., Perfect Pitch, New Scientist, 27 September 1997, p. 65.
15. Doctor Asks Why We Hit Sour Notes, Associated Press, 6 September 1990.
16. oxrop Hync Pycco ncnxonor n xexconnnnne no unopne, a raxxe
mystxanr Hepnoro eperonoro non-opxecrpa xexconnnnnx.
17. Goldwyn, M., How a Fly Walks UpsideDownAnd Other Curious Facts, New
York, Wing Books, 1995, p. 64.
18. oxrop xon Kemnnx paoraer na mennnncxom ]axyntrere Mnunrancxoro
ynnnepcnrera n 3nn Apope.
19. Corliss, W., Science Frontiers: Some Anomalies and Curiosities of Nature, Glen
Arm, Maryland, The Sourcebook Project, 1994, p. 125.
20. Gonzalez-Fernandez, P., Back and Forth, New Scientist, 14 March 1998, p. 65.
21. Whittaker, G., Back and Forth, New Scientist, 14 March 1998, p. 65.
22. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 27 February
1996.
23. Sheaver, P., The Deafness of Beethoven: An Audiologic and Medical
Overview, American Journal of Otology, vol. 11, 1990, pp. 370374.
24. J uan, S., When Its All in the Ear of the Beholder, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 9 August 1988, p. 17.
25. Blakeslee, S.,Q & A, The New York Times, 3 October 1987, p. Yl6
Inana 7. Po1
1. Provine, R., Hamernik, H. & Curchack, B., Yawning: Relation to Sleeping and
Stretching in Humans, Ethology, 1987, 76: 152160.
2. Rensberger, B., This Story Is Bound to Make You Yawn, The Washington
Post, 12 November 1992, pp. Dl, D6.
3. McCarthy, P., Yawning To Breathe Free?, Psychology Today, February 1987, p.
9.
4. J uan, S., Why One Yawn Can Lead To Another, The Sydney Morning Herald, 14
J uly 1988, p. 16.
5. Cooper, M., Winning With Your Voice, Hollywood, Florida, Fell Publishers, 1989.
6. Moody, L., What Your Voice Says About You, The Los Angeles Daily News, 13
May 1992, pp. D2, D3.
7. Zamichow, N., The Urge To Um, The Los Angeles Times, 29 April 1992, p. B4,
and J uan, S., Sick of the Sound of Your Own Voice, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 12 November 1992, p. 12.
8. Xenakis, A., Why Doesnt My Funny Bone Make Me Laugh?? New York, Villard
Books, 1993, pp. 8586.
9. J uan, S., A Hard-to-Swallow Ailment, The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 November
1993, p. 13.
10. Ray, C., Q & A, The New York Times, 23 J une 1992, p. B8.
11. oxrop Hecnn Iaprnep paoraer na ]axyntrere anaromnn cromaronornuecxoro
orenennx ynnnepcnrera M+pnnena n Fanrnmope.
12. Ray, C., Adams Apple,New York Times, 23 March 1993, p. B9.
14. Quinn, C., Ouch!, New Scientist, 28 October 1995, p. 73.
15. Ray, C., Biting Aluminium, New York Times, 6 October 1996, p. B11.
1996.
17. Wallechinsky, D. & Wallace, A., The Book of Lists: The 90s Edition, Boston,
Little, Brown & Company, 1997, p. 457.
18. oxrop Fenxamnn Vonxep paoraer n ]apmaxonornuecxom orenennn
Mennnncxoro nenrpa ynnnepcnrera n xopxrayne.
19. oxrop Vnntxm xonnn paoraer n mennnncxom xonnexe Bnpxnnnn.
20. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 5 May
1994.
23. Feldman, D., Imponderables: The Solution to the Mysteries of Everyday Life, New
York, Quill, 1986, pp. 257260.
Inana 8. Koaa
1. Syme, S., The Itch That Dares Not Speak Its Name, University of California,
Berkeley Wellness Letter, March 1988, pp. 67.
2. J uan, S., Irritating Mystery of Itching, The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 September
1988, p. 17.
3. Schmeck, H., Q & A, The New York Times, 17 February 1987, p. Y19.
4. J uan, S., Thin-Skinned, Lots of Exposure and Likely to Wrinkle, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 14 November 1988, p. 21.
5. J uan, S., Wrinkles? Thats Stretching It a Bit, The Sydney Morning Herald, 8
J une 1994, p. 13, n Blakeslee, S., Q & A, The New York Times, 23 February 1988, p.
Y19.
Books, 1993, pp. 140142.
7. J uan, S., When Your Hair Stands On End, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25
J anuary 1989, p. 13.
8. oxrop Fpmc Honn paoraer n orenennn cxopo nomomn n Pernonantnom
mennnncxom nenrpe 3xena.
York, Harper & Row, 1987, pp. 8, 9.
10. Staff of the Royal Childrens Hospital Melbourne, Australia, Paediatric
Handbook, Fourth Edition, Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992, p.
159.
11. Blakeslee, S., Q &A, The New York Times, 31 March 1987, p. Y21, quoted in
J uan, S., Its J ust a Question of Degrees, The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 March
1989, p. 10.
12. Wilford, J ., Q & A, The New York Times, 23 August 1988, p. B8.
13. J uan, S., Why Men Have Nipples, The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 December
1990, p. 11.
14. Curtis, J . & Lawrence, K., Comes in Handy, New Scientist, 6 J uly 1994, p. 65.
15. Nordlund, J ., Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients With Vitiligo, Tylei, Texas,
National Vitiligo Foundation, Inc., 1992, p. 2.
16. J uan, S., A Black and White Issue, The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 February
1993, p. 10.
17. Rosebury, T., Life on Man, London, Seeker & Warburg, 1969.
18. Ray, C., Q & A, New York Times, 3 November 1992, p. B11.
19. Goldwyn, M., How a Fly Walks Upside Down And Other Curious Facts, New
York, Wing Books, 1995, p. 107.
20. Ray, C., Q & A,New York Times, 10 February 1987, p. Y23.
21. Albinism, Philadelphia, National Organisation for Albinism and
Hypopigmentation, 1989.
22. Ray, C., Q & A,New York Times, 22 March 1988, p. Y19.
23. Ray, C., Q & A,New York Times, 3 March 1987, p. Y19.
24. Ray, C., Q & A,New York Times, 5 August 1988, p. Y20.
September 1988.
26. oxrop Fpmc Honn paoraer n orenennn cxopo nomomn n Pernonantnom
mennnncxom nenrpe 3xena.
28. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio, San Francisco, 26 March
1996.
1996.
30. oxrop +nn Bnncemnyc anarom mennnncxoro orenennx
Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cenr-Hynce.
31. Birkett, D., Same Difference, New Scientist, 14 March 1998, p. 64.
32. Brown, M., Same Difference, New Scientist, 14 March 1998, p. 64.
33. Richfield, J ., Same Difference, New Scientist, 14 March 1998, p. 64.
34. Quantrill, A., Same Difference, New Scientist, 18 April 1998, p. 65.
35. oxrop upeepnx Cnnr paoraer na ]axyntrere axymepcrna n rnnexonornn
mennnncxoro orenennx Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cenr-Hynce.
Inana 9. Bonocm n nor1n
1. Barnhurst, B., Grey Matters, New Scientist, 4 February 1995, p. 57.
2. Parachini, A., Root of Graying Remains a Mystery for Scientists, The Los Angeles
Times, 13 October 1987, pp. IE, 3E.
3. J uan, S., Grey Hair: J ust an Optical Illusion, The Sydney Morning Herald, 4
4. J uan, S., Fact That Will Make Most of Your Hair Curl, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 22 February 1989, p. 19.
5. Repinski, K., Thicker, Youthful Hair Another Drug to Save It?, Longevity,
J anuary 1992, p. 20, quoted in J uan, S., This Can Make You Tear Your Hair
Out, The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 1992, p. 12.
6. Senator, G., Hirsutism, Australian DR Weekly, 29 March 1991, pp. i vi.
7. Mauvais-J arvis, P., Kuttenn, F. & Mowszowicz, I., Hirsutism, New York, Springer-
Verlag, 1981.
8. J udd, S. & Carter, J ., The Changing Face of Hirsutism, Medical Journal of
Australia, 1992, 156: 148149.
9. Zwicker, H. & Rittmaster, R., Androsterone Sulfate: Physiology and Clinical
Significance in Hirsute Women, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and
Metabolism, 1993, 76: 112116.
10. J uan, S., The Hirsute of Excellence: A Hair Question of Whats
Fashionable, The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 October 1993, p. 15.
11. Brooks, A., Shiny, Happy Hair, New Scientist, 6 August 1994, p. 65.
12. oxrop ecmon Moppnc nonor, anrpononor n soonor n Hononcxom
ynnnepcnrere.
York, Harper & Row, 1987, pp. 68.
14. J uan, S., Homo Hairless, Australasian Science, Summer 1996, pp. 20, 21.
15. Harris, M., OurKind, New York, HarperCollins, 1989, pp. 5256.
16. Morris, D., The Naked Ape, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967.
22. oxrop Hnn Fpa paoraer na ]axyntrere anaromnn Bamnnrroncxoro
York, Warner Books, 1993, pp. 37, 38.
25. Dhallu, T., Talon Teaser, New Scientist, 2027 December 1997, p. 89.
26. Feldman, D., How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? New York, HarperCollins,
1996, p. 130.
27. oxrop +nn Heneprpacc paoraer na ]axyntrere ecrecrnenntx nayx n
ynnnepcnrere Mnccypn n Kansac-Cnrn.
Inana 10. Cxene1, xoc1n n sym
1. Angert, E., Clements, K. & Pace, N., The Largest Bacterium, Nature, 1993, 362:
239241.
2. J uan, S., When Big J ust Keeps Getting Bigger, The Sydney Morning Herald, 22
3. Samaras, T., Trends Toward Tallness, The Futurist, J anuary/Feb-ruary 1995, p.
29.
4. J uan, S., Brains But No Brawn, The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 1993, p.
17.
5. Goleman, D., Q & A, The New York Times, 7 J uly 1987, p. Y15.
6. Carey, B., How Are People Able to Predict Bad Weather by Pain in Their
J oints?, Hippocrates, J anuary/February 1989, p. 100.
7. J uan, S., Weather Puts Arthritics Out ofJ oint, The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 J uly
1989, p. 14.
8. J oyce, C. & Stover, E., Witnesses From the Grave. The Stories Bones Tell, Boston,
Little, Brown And Company, 1991.
9. Chui, G., Bones Yield Clues to Solve Mysteries of the Ages, The SanJose
Mercury News, 5 August 1991, pp. 1A1B.
10. J uan, S., Secrets of Identity Easily Unlocked, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10
October 1991, p. 16.
11. Warne, G., Contemporary Issues in the Use of Growth Hormone, Journal of
Paediatrics and Child Health, 1990, 26: 122123.
12. Fackelmann, K., Pygmy Paradox Prompts a Short Answer, Science News, 8 J uly
1989, p. 22.
13. Hallett, J ., Pygmy Kitahu, New York, Random House, 1973.
14. Reuters, Last Pygmies in Danger, Australian DR Weekly, 15 May 1992, p. 48,
quoted in J uan, S., The Long and Short of Life As a Pygmy, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 2 J uly 1992, p. 16.
15. Edell, D., Q & A With Dr. Edell, The Edell Health Letter, March 1993, p. 8.
16. J uan, S., Do We Really Have a Funny Bone?, The Sydney Morning Herald, 14
April 1993, p. 12.
17. Edell, D., Q & A With Dr. Edell, The Edell Health Letter, March 1991, p. 8.
18. Ezzell, C., Writers Cramp: Literally in Your Head, Science News, 23 November
1991, p. 333, quoted in J uan, S., Do We Really Have a Funny Bone?, op. cit.
19. Rosenthal, E., Q. & A, The New York Times, 29 December 1987, p. Y17.
20. Melzack, R., Phantom Limbs, Scientific American, April 1992, pp. 120126,
Feldman, S., Phantom Limbs, American Journal of Psychology, 1940, 53:590598,
and Corliss, W., Biological Anomalies: Humans II, Glen Arm, Maryland: The
Sourcebook Project, 1993, pp. 205207.
21. Riggs, L., Men Shrink an Average of 11/4 Inches, Bottom Line, 1 February
1995, p. 6.
22. Wales, J . & Dangerfield, P, Night Growth, New Scientist, 18 February 1995, p.
65.
23. oxrop xanenn ecmon xnnxercx npecrannrenem Fpnrancxo
cromaronornuecxo acconnannn n Honone.
25. Desmond, J ., Late Arrivals, New Scientist, 28 September 1996, p. 73.
26. Ray, C., Gnashing the Teeth, New York Times, 28 March 1993, p. B6.
2 7. Xenakis, A., Why Doesnt My Funny Bone Make Me Laugh? New York, Villard,
1993, pp. 166168.
28. oxrop P+nann Cacman anarom ns rocyapcrnennoro Htm-Hopxcxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Cronn Fpyx.
29. Ray, C., Finger Length,New York Times, 29 April 1997, p. B8.
31. oxrop Mapx Xanner xnnxercx xnnnnuecxnm npexropom Hannonantnoro
nncrnryra nenponornuecxnx paccrpocrn n nncyntra CBA.
32. Kahn, H., Faint Fingers, New Scientist, 24 J anuary 1998, p. 57.
33. Harris, N., Faint Fingers, New Scientist, 21 March, 1998, p. 64.
34. Buchan, N., Faint Fingers, New Scientist, 28 February 1998, p. 64.
35. Gardner-Thorpe, C., Faint Fingers, New Scientist, 28 February 1998, p. 64.
36. Ray, C., Clumsy Hands, New York Times, 26 J anuary 1993, p. B7.
37. oxrop Hon Hennnuun paoraer xnpyprom-oproneom n Htm-Hopxe.
Books, 1993, pp. 105, 106.
39. Ray, C., Crossed Legs,New York Times, 24 March 1992, p. B7.
40. Boyd, L., Marriage All Depends on Your Bedfellow, San Francisco
Chronicle, 1 J une 1998, p. 10.
41. Brown, S., Ten Weird Things Your Body Does That Are OK, Sun-
Herald (Sydney), 1 March 1998, p. 19.
42. Why do Limbs Fall Asleep? Should I Worry if My Legs Fall Asleep
Often?, University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter,University of California,
School of Public Health, October 1997, p. 7.
September 1997.
44. Goodman, A., A Crack In Your Armour, Mens Health, J anuary February
1996, p. 104.
45. Smith, S., Is Cracking my Knuckles Harmful?, Health,J anuary February 1998,
p. 128.
46. Podmore, W., Whats the Crack?, New Scientist, 6 J une 1998, p. 73.
47. Lamont, T., Whats the Crack?, New Scientist, 6 J une 1998, p. 73.
49. oxrop Tom Vnncon paoraer na ]axyntrere monexynxpno onxonornn
mennnncxoro orenennx Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cn+rne.
50. oxrop +nn Bnaep paoraer na ]axyntrere anaromnn mennnncxoro
orenennx Bamnnrroncxoro ynnnepcnrera n Cn+rne.
Inana 11. Bny1pennne opranm
1. Schweiger, A. & Parducci, A., Nocebo: The Psychologic Induction of
Pain, Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 1981, 16: 140143.
2. Morse, J . & Morse, R., Cultural Variation in the Inference of Pain, J ournal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1988, 19: 232242.
3. J uan, S., How We Can Feel Pain From Experience, The Sydney Morning
Herald, 1 December 1988, p. 16.
4. Cousins, N., Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient, Toronto, Bantam
Books, 1979.
5. Lang, S., Laughter Is the Best Defense, American Health, December 1988, p. 42.
6. Ibid., quoted in J uan, S., Heard the One About the Immune System?, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 18 May 1989, p. 15.
7. Weiss, R., Travel Can Be Sickening; Now Scientists Know Why, The New York
Times, 28 April 1992, p. B5.
8. Schmeck, H., Q & A, The New York Times, 11 August 1987, p. Y23.
9. J uan, S., Avoiding Motion Sickness, Australian DR Weekly, 30 October 1987, p.
28.
10. Weiss, R., op. cit.
11. Associated Press, Motion Sickness, The San Jose Mercury News, 14 September
1988, p. B3.
12. Livingston, K., Trying to Stop Motion Sickness, The San Francisco Chronicle, 7
December 1992, p. C13, quoted in J uan, S., Stop the Car, Now!, The Sydney
Morning Herald, 3 August 1989, p. 10.
13. Angier, N, Q & A, The New York Times, 5 J uly 1988, p. B11.
14. oxrop Poxep Manxent paoraer n orenennn ]apmaxonornn n ynnnepcnrere
Haptm.
15. Ray, C., Alcohol and Cold, New York Times, 20 J anuary 1987, p. Y17.
17. oxrop xo+nt Hennn paoraer n HACA n Xtmcrone.
18. Ray, C., Burden of Breathing, New York Times, 14 August 1990, p. B6.
Life, New York, HarperCollins, pp. 104, 105, 134, 135, 145, 146, 163.
20. oxrop Maxn Onxen paoraer n orenennn anaromnn Bamnnrroncxoro
21. oxrop Hpyenc Pacnn paoraer n orenennn ncnxonornn Bamnnrroncxoro
March, 1998, p. 19.
23. Feldman, D., Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? And Other Imponderables, New
York, HarperCollins, 1991, pp. 120, 121.
York, Warner Books, 1993, p. 91.
25. Hollingshad, N., Tummy Shake, New Scientist, 16 August 1997, p. 57.
26. Why Does My Stomach Growl?, University of California Wellness
Letter, University of California at Berkeley, School of Public Health, March 1990, p.
8.
27. oxrop xo xopx paoraer n orenennn ecrecrnenntx nayx Htm-
Hopxcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
Books, 1993, p. 19.
29. Edell, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio San Francisco, 30 March
1996.
30. Edell, D., The Dr Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio San Francisco, 1 March
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31. Edell, D., The Dr Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio San Francisco, 30 J anuary
1996.
32. EdeU, D., The Dr. Dean Edell Program, KGO Radio San Francisco, 27 February
1996.
33. oxrop xe Henn ntammncx nccneonarent saonenannx CHHom n
rnana mennnncxo nccneonarentcxo xomant n Kann]opnncxom
ynnnepcnrere n Can-upannncxo.
34. Herscher, E., UCSF Scientists Find Clues to Fatigue Syndrome, San Francisco
Chronicle, 17 November 1990, p. A13.
35. Altman, L., Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Finally Gets Some Respect, New York
Times, 4 December 1990, pp. B5, B9.
36. Alvarado, D., Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research Gets Boost, San Jose
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37. oxrop Anpeac Haxnc paoraer na mennnncxom ]axyntrere
Hnrrcyprcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
38. Ray, C., Hot and Cold, New York Times, 3 November 1998, p. D2.
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10. Davis, L., Vital Statistics, Health, May-J une 1998, p. 20.
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1. Bodanis, D., The Body Book: A Fantastic Voyage to the World Within,New
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March, 1998, p. 19.
3. Feldman, D., Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? And Other Imponderables., New
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10. Gackenbach, J . & Bosveld, J ., Control Your Dreams, New York, Harper & Row,
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16. Ovuga, E., Murder During Sleepwalking, East African Medical Journal, 1992,
69: 9: 533, 534.
17. J uan, S., Why Sleepwalking Can Be Sheer Murder, Sydney Morning Herald, 16
J une 1993, p. 16.
18. oxrop Mapx Maxonon c xonneramn paoramr n Mnnnecorcxom
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19. Bizarre Sleep-Eating Disorder is Reported, Associated Press, 15 March 1993.
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23. Douglas, N., The Sleep Apnea/Hypopnoea Syndrome and Snoring, British
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24. oxrop uapnts Honnax paoraer n Henrpe paccrpocrn cna,
]ynxnnonnpymmem n mennnncxom nenrpe Kopny+ntcxoro ynnnepcnrera n Htm-
Hopxe.
25. oxrop Tom Maxo paoraer n naoparopnn cna Koponencxoro nasapera n
3nnypre.
26. oxrop Mapx Fn+rpon paoraer na ]axyntrere ncnxonornn V+ntcxoro
ynnnepcnrera n Cyoncn.
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32. oxrop ann+nt Barnep xnnnnuecxn nenponor mennnncxoro nenrpa Htm-
Hopxcxoro rocnnranx Kopny+ntcxoro ynnnepcnrera n Htm-Hopxe.
33. oxrop P. uepep paoraer n nenarpnuecxom nenrpe paccrpocrn cna
ercxo ontnnnt n Focrone n n Iapnapcxo mxone mennnnt.
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mennnncxom nenrpe Cr+n]opcxoro ynnnepcnrera.
37. Anders, T., Night-Waking in Infants during the First Year of
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41. oxrop 3pnn Kpam paoraer na xa]epe monexynxpno n xnerouno nonornn
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Bnaroapnoc1n

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no xaxt pas narononyuno o xom-ro satnaer.
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xnnrn. Hasnannx nynnxann n nmena yuentx npnneent n pasene
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nomoraer mne.
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nnx nenccxxaemt ncrounnx nn]opmannn no pasnnuntm pasenam nayxn mo
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no mnornx onacrxx nayxn, o xoroptx x nmen cnaoe npecrannenne.
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xoropte nocroxnno npnrnamamr menx n cnon nporpammt.
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n xen Poeprc.
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xnnram. Inanno cpen nnx xnnxercx 3nncon Vpxxapr, nsarent necxontxnx xnnr
nourn c camoro nauana ntnycxa cepnn Crpannocrn. Ona ncera ntrnxnr xax
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xemc, xecon nyc, Anna xe]]c, Hnxont xe]]c, Pnuap xenxnnc, T.
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n CBA, ero rpy ormeuen Amepnxancxo mennnncxo acconnanne n
Amepnxancxo nannonantno acconnanne npaue-reneneymnx.


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