12

2.
. ,
( ) .. , . .
.1 .
. , (), x,yX (,),
( )
1. (,)=0 , = ( );
2. (,)= (,) ,X ( );
3. (,)+ (,z) (,z) ,,zX ( );
(, ) .. .
(, )- , (, ), (,) , (, ),
(, ).
:
1.
:
0,
1,

(,) =

x = y;
x y.

.
2. - .

( x, y ) = x y .

. .
3. - n . x = ( x1 , x2 ,... x n ) y = ( y1 , y2 ,..., y n )

13

( x, y ) =

(x
i =1

yi ) ;
2

, n- , R n .
4. ,
( x, y ) = max xi yi .
1i n
0
n

R .
5. , [a;b].

( f , g )= sup f ( x ) g( x ) .
x [ a ;b ]

[a;b] ( C[ a;b] ).
y

x
0

6. , . 3, .. x = ( x1 , x 2 ,..., x n ,...) y = ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n ,...)

(,) =

(x
i =1

yi ) ;
2

, .
.2 .
(,) .
r x0
, r
B( x0 , r ) = x X ( x0 , x ) < r .

14

r
x0

r 0
, r
B[ x 0 , r ] = x X ( x 0 , x ) r .

r
x0

( ) .

x0

R1 B( x0 , r ) ( x0 r, x0 + r ) .
- (,).
,
, .
A0 ( intA). , .

15

b , .. \ (..
b, ).
X
b
A

, .
'

, .

16

: ,
.
, ( ,
, ).
.
(,)
, .

d (M ) = sup ( x, y )
x , yM

(a, M ) = inf (a, x ) .
xM

17
a

M N
(M , N ) = inf (x, y )
xM , y N

N
M

M I N (,N)=0. , .
:
1 1
2 3

1
n

1) R1 A = 1, , ,..., ,... :

( A0 = ).
0 A ;
;
d(A)=1;

1 1
;

n =1 n + 1 n

B= ( ;0) U(1;+) U U

2) =(a;b) R1 :

, .. ;

0=[a;b];
;
;
d(C)=b-a;
.3 .
x1 , x2 , x3 ,... (,) ,
lim ( x n , a ) = 0
n

18

.. > 0 n 0 , n > n 0 (x n , a ) < . lim x n = a .

n

1
.
> , { x n } :
lim ( x n , a1 ) = lim ( x n , a2 ) = 0 .
n

a1 a2 ( a1 a2 )
(a1 , a2 ) (a1 , x n ) + ( x n , a2 )
, . . <
2 (,) , , , .
> , ,

1
n

, B a, ,
x n A . , lim ( x n , a ) = 0 . x n a . <
n

3 (,)
, ,
, .
.
.
x1 , x2 , x3 ,... (,) >0 N, n,
m >N : ( x m , x n ) < .
.
.
.
R1.

19

Rn, R n0 , C[ a;b ] .
.4 . .
: .
M .
: (,)
.
:
1. A A ;
2. M N M N ;
3. A = A ;
4. M U N = M U N ;
( ).
.5 .
4
, .
> F . x 0 X \ F . F , x 0 ,
, F .. X \ F . , X \ F , - .
, X \ F - . ,
F . y 0 F (..
y 0 F) y0 F . y 0 X \ F , -

X \ F B( y 0 , ) X \ F . y 0 F.
y 0 F , F ..
. <
5 ( )
:
1. - ;
2. , .
3.
.
1 .
G - (,). x0 G = U G . x0

, , G , . G - , .

20

B( x0 , ) G . B( x 0 , ) U G .

x0 G , G - .

3. y 0 G = I Gn .
n =1

G1 , G2 ,..., Gn
B( y0 , 1 ) G1 , B( y 0 , 2 ) G2 ,..., B( y 0 , k ) Gk .

y0 .
= min{ i } . B( y 0 , ) 1 i k

G1 , G2 ,..., Gn , .
~
~
y0 G , G . <

21

1. - ;
2. - ;
3. - .
.
:
. , , R1

1 1

I n ; n = {0}. .

{0}

n =1

R1 .