Гоголева А.В. - Аддиктивное Поведение и Его Профилактика (2-е Изд.) (Библиотека Психолога) - 2003

P0CC||CKAF AKAEV|F 06PA808Al|F V0CK08CK||
C|X00l0-C0|Ablb| |lCT|T/T
A. 8. loronesa

Aqqksuoe noseqeue
ero npoqnakka
Pe|ove+doea+o Peda|(uo++o-usdamenec|uv 0oeemov
Poccuuc|ou a|adevuu opasoea+u+ | ucnonesoea+us
e |avecmee ,ve+o-vemoduvec|oco nocou+
2-e usqauue, ctepeoturuoe
Vocrsa8opoue
2003
Ofpepakfupoean u onynukoean ua cafe : PRESSI ( HERSON )
YK 159.943
55K66.3(2P06)3
|58
lnae+eu peda|mop
. h. 4ensqmeu
3avecmumene cnae+oco peda|mopa 6.
K. 5ouqspesa
ne+e peda|(uo++ou |onnecuu:
A. |. Acnonos |. 8. yposuua l.. lurauqpos
B. A. 6onotos . . Kesuua 8. A. onros
l. A. 6opqoscruu V. |. Kouqaros 8. 8. Pyos
8. . 6opuceuros 8. l. Koctonapos 3. 8. Cauro
A. A. epra+ 0. E. Kytauu 8. A. Cnacteuuu
A. |. ouos l. l. Vanoees |. |. Xaneesa
|oronesa A. .
|58 Aqqurtusuoe roseqeuue u ero rpounartura. 2-e
usq., ctep. V.: Vocroscruu rcuxonoro-couaneuMu uuctu-
tyt; 8opoue: |sqatenectso l0 V03K, 2003. 240 c.
(Cepu 6unuotera rcuxonora.)
ISBN 5-89502-443-2 (VC|)
ISBN 5-89395-497-1 (l0 V03K)
8 qauuon y+euon rocouu c rpusne+euuen pesynetatos uccneqosauuu
qpyrux astopos paccnatpusaktc pasnu+uMe acrertM rponenM opeM c
uapronauueu, anroronusnon, torcuronauueu. 6oneaoe suunauue yqenetc
rpartu+ecrun peroneuqaun ro peanusauu rporpannM couaneuo-
rcuxonoru+ecrou, tpyqosou u croptusuou peaunutauu roqpoctros u nono-
qeu rpyrrM couaneuoro pucra.
ocoue yqet ronesuo ctyqeutan reqaroru+ecrux u rcuxonoru+ecrux
arynetetos, rcuxonoran, y+utenn u couaneuMn reqaroran.
/K 159.943
66K66.3(2P0C)3
ISBN 5-89502-443-2 (H6h)
ISBN 5-89395-497-1 (h0 H03K)
|8ATEbCK|| 0V
Poccuucrou araqenuu opasosauu (PA0), 2002, 2003 Vo-
croscruu rcuxonoro-couaneuMu
uuctutyt, 2002, 2003 0opnneuue. l0
V03K, 2002, 2003
88EEl|E
VacataM u tenrM pacrpoctpaueuu anroronusna, uapro-
nauuu u torcuronauuu s ctpaue tarosM, +to ctast roq sorpoc
usu+ecroe u nopaneuoe sqoposee nonoqeu u yqyaee sua+u-
teneuou ee +actu. A ato s nuauaeu repcrertuse noet rpu-
sectu r couaneuou uectauneuoctu poccuucroro oaectsa.
8o nuorux ctpauax ceroqu cyaectsyet uanaeuua cuctena
nequuucroro, couaneuoro u rpasosoro oecre+euu peaunu-
tauu uapronauos. 0quospeneuuo yuruouupyet u cuctena
noauou rporarauquctcrou qeteneuoctu rpotus pacrpoctpaue-
uu u yrotpeneuu uaproturos, srnk+akaa artusuyk aruta-
uk u qenouctpauk rpeunyaects sqoposoro opasa usuu.
8 Poccuu pauee cnousaa cuctena rpounarturu u pea-
unutauu uapronauos, anroronuros ycreauo passaneua. lo-
sa e cuctena uaxoqutc rora +to s sa+ato+uon coctouuu unu
otcytctsyet sooae. Taroe ronoeuue ua oue pocta +ucna
uapronauos, ronu+ectsa rpectyrneuuu, cosepaaenMx roq sos-
qeuctsuen uaproturos, anroron, sMsMsaet oneayk tpesory u
tpeyet, s repsyk o+epeqe ot oprauos rocyqapctseuuou snactu,
rpuutu esotnarateneuMx nep.
Pacrpoctpaueuue uapronauuu ua tepputopuu Poccuu u ctpau
Cll rpoucxoqut yrpoakaunu tenranu. 8a rocnequue rte net
ronu+ectso uapronauos s ctpaue sospocno rpunepuo s tpu c
ronosuuou pasa u, ro nueuuk creuanuctos, rpu coxpaukaeuc
teuqeuuu s Poccuu ye s cneqykaen roqy ouo rpesMcut yposeue
s tpu nunnuoua. 8ospact oneauuctsa uapronauos ronenetc s
panrax 1325 net, +to ctasut roq yrposy artu+ecru tpete no-
noqoro roroneuu ctpauM. pu aton cneqyet unete s suqy, +to
qauuMe upM rosopt nuae o nuax, perynpuo yrotpenk-
aux uaproturu u otuocunMx r rpyrre rnaccu+ecroro tura.
Ecnu e y+utMsate u tex, rto ukxaet rneu, rpacry u t. r., to ua-
ssauuMu routuureut ro ctpaue coctasut ue neuee qectu nunnuo-
uos. 0cooe ecrorouctso qonuo sMsMsate sua+uteneuoe
ysenu+euue +ucna uapronauos euauu. 8 ro-
cnequee qectunetue ronu+ectso euauu, yrotpenkaux uaproturu,
ysenu+unoce s 6,5 pasa.
Cpequ nuorux rponen, ctoaux repeq poccuucrun oaectson, oquo
us sauMx nect sauunakt rponenM opeM c uapronauueu, anroro-
nusnon, torcuronauueu. 3tu otpuateneuMe sneuu yrpoakt sqo-
posek uaceneuu ctpauM, a, cneqosateneuo, snukt u ua uauouane-
uyk esoracuocte. lassauuMe rponenM nouo peaute tonero cosne-
ctuMnu ycununu rocyqapctseuuMx oprauos snactu, opasosateneuMx u
nequuucrux y+peqeuuu, oaectseuuMx oprauusauu u ceneu.
8 |escre ua ase nyuuuraneuoro suearoneuoro y+peqeuu qet-
cro-roqpoctrosoro peaunutauouuoro eutpa laqeqa paspaatM-
saetc u peanusyetc ronrnercua rporpanna couaneuo-
rcuxonoru+ecrou, tpyqosou u croptusuou peaunutauu roqpoctros u
nonoqeu rpyrrM couaneuoro pucra. eteneuocte qetcro-
roqpoctrosoro peaunutauouuoro eutpa laqeqa uarpasneua ua
peanusauuk cneqykaux saqa+:
orasauue couaneuou, reqaroru+ecrou, rcuxonoru
+ecrou u kpuqu+ecrou ronoau nonoqeu ropoqa u pauoua;
couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecra peaunutau roqpoct
ros qesuautuoro roseqeuu, qeteu-uusanuqos;
rpoeccuouaneua u tpyqosa peaunutau nonoqeu, passu-
tue tsop+ecrux crocouocteu;
opnuposauue ronouteneuou uarpasneuuoctu u
ctauosneuue nu+uoctuMx ra+ects qeteu u roqpoctros.
lactoaee netoqu+ecroe rocoue snetc coctasuou +actek
rpoerta ro peanusauu uassauuou rporpannM rpounarturu u peau-
nutauu aqqurtusuMx roqpoctros u nonoqeu r. |escra.
|nasa 1 0lFT|E
A|KT|8l0E 08EEl|E.
KACC|1|KA|F
A|KT|8l0l0 08EEl|F
/ddu|mue+oe noeede+ue (ot aurn. addiction raryua rpusM+-
ra, ropo+ua crnouuocte) oqua us opn otrnoukaeroc, qe-
suautuoro, roseqeuu c opnuposauuen ctpenneuu r yxoqy ot
peaneuoctu. Tarou yxoq rpoucxoqut (ocyaectsnetc) ryten uc-
rycctseuuoro usneueuu csoero rcuxu+ecroro coctouu rocpeq-
ctson rpuena uerotopMx rcuxoartusuMx seaects. puopete-
uue u yrotpeneuue atux seaects rpusoqut r roctouuou ur-
cauu suunauu ua orpeqeneuuMx suqax qeteneuoctu.
lanu+ue aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu yrasMsaet ua uapyaeuuyk
aqartauk r usneuusaunc ycnosun nurpo- u narpocpeqM.
Peeuor csoun roseqeuuen rpu+ut o ueoxoqunoctu orasauu
eny arctpeuuou ronoau, u nepM s atux cny+ax tpeyktc rpo-
unartu+ecrue, rcuxonoro-reqaroru+ecrue, socrutateneuMe s
oneaeu ctereuu, +en nequuucrue.
Aqqurtusuoe roseqeuue snetc repexoquou ctaqueu u xa-
partepusyetc snoyrotpeneuuen oquun unu uecronerunu rcuxo-
artusuMnu seaectsanu s co+etauuu c qpyrunu uapyaeuunu ro-
seqeuu, ropou rpunuuaneuoro xapartepa. Cpequ uux creuanu-
ctM sMqenkt cny+auuMe, repuoqu+ecrue u roctouuMe yrot-
peneuu rcuxoartusuMx seaects (A8).
Tpaquuouuo s aqqurtusuoe roseqeuue srnk+akt: an-
roronusn, uapronauuk, torcuronauuk, taarorypeuue, to ecte
xunu+ecra aqquru, u uexunu+ecra aqquru ronrektepua
aqquru, asaptuMe urpM, nkosuMe aqquruu, cercyaneuMe
aqquruu, paotoronusn, aqquruu reqe (repeeqauue, ronoqa-
uue).
/n|oconusv xpouu+ecra rcuxu+ecra onesue, pas-
susakaac scneqctsue qnuteneuoro snoyrotpeneuu crupt-
uMnu uarutranu. Tara onesue cana ro cee pacctpouctso ue
rcuxu+ecroe, uo rpu ueu noryt sosuuruyte


rcuxosM. Anroroneuoe oreueuue noet ctate rposoratopon au-
qoreuuMx rcuxosos. la rocnequeu ctaquu atou onesuu passu-
saetc qeneuu (cnaoynue).
lap|ova+u+ onesueuuoe coctouue, xapartepusykaeec
sneuunu rcuxu+ecrou u usu+ecrou sasucunoctu, uacto-
teneuou rotpeuoctek s rostopuon nuororpatuon yrotpene-
uuu rcuxoartusuMx cpeqcts, rpuuunakaeu opny uerpeoqonu-
noro sne+euu. 8 neqyuapoquou rnaccuurauu onesueu
(VK6-10) uapronauu ato rcuxu+ecrue u roseqeu+ecrue
pacctpouctsa scneqctsue yrotpeneuu rcuxoartusuMx se-
aects. Cuneuyk rcuxu+ecryk sasucunocte crocouM sMsMsate
sce uaproturu, uo usu+ecra sasucunocte r oquun Msaet sM-
paeua (rperapatM oru), r qpyrun octaetc uecuou, conuu-
teneuou (napuxyaua), s otuoaeuuu tpeteux sooae otcytctsyet
(rorauu).
To|cu|ova+u+ saonesauue, rposnkaeec rcuxu-
+ecrou, a uuorqa usu+ecrou sasucunoctek ot seaectsa, ue
srnk+euuoro s ouuaneuMu crucor uaproturos. cuxoartusuMe
torcu+ecrue seaectsa onaqakt tenu e csouctsanu, +to u uap-
rotur (sMsMsakt rpusnerateneuoe rcuxu+ecroe coctouue u sa-
sucunocte) {. . |opone+|o, 2000, V. 3. |op|u+a, a|ocu+a, /. E.
uv|o, 1995).
Anroronusn, uapronauu u torcuronauu sMsMsakt sasu-
cunocte. 3aeucuvocme, ro orpeqeneuuk 808 (1965), ecte co-
ctouue repuoqu+ecrou unu xpouu+ecrou uutorcurauu, sMsM-
saenoe rostopuMn yrotpeneuuen ectectseuuoro unu cuutetu-
+ecroro seaectsa. 8asucunocte pasqenetc ua rcuxu+ecryk u
usu+ecryk.
cuxuvec|a+ saeucuvocme xapartepusyetc osnaqesakaun
enauuen unu ueoqonunMn sne+euuen r yrotpeneuuk rcuxoar-
tusuoro seaectsa, teuqeuueu r ysenu+euuk ero qosM qn qoc-
tueuu enaenoro aerta, uerpuutue seaectsa sMsMsaet
rcuxu+ecruu qucronopt u tpesory.
1usuvec|a+ saeucuvocme coctouue, rorqa yrotpenenoe
seaectso ctauosutc roctouuo ueoxoqunMn qn roqqepa-
uu uopnaneuoro yuruouuposauu oprauusna u srnk+aetc s
cxeny ero usueoecre+euu. uaeuue atoro seaectsa ropo-
qaet cuuqpon otutu (actuueutuMu cuuqpon), sasnkauu o
cee conatu+ecrunu, uesponoru+ecrunu u rcuxu+ecrunu pac-
ctpouctsanu.
0cuosuMnu rpu+uuanu pacrpoctpaueuu u yrotpeneuu an-
roroneuMx, uaprotu+ecrux u qpyrux rcuxoartusuMx torcu+ecrux
seaects snktc cnousauec couaneuo-arouonu+ecrue
ycnosu, qoseqeuue qo rpauue uusroro coctouu usueuuoro
yposu roqasnkaeu +actu uaceneuu. 8ce ato ropoqaet ue-
ysepeuuocte s sastpaauen que, sua+uteneuMu poct rpectyruo-
ctu, oeceuusauue +enose+ecrou usuu u qp.
K +ucny neuee oracuMx, uo secena pacrpoctpaueuuMx rary-
uMx rpusM+er otuoctc taarorypeuue, nkose r asaptuMn
urpan, paccnotpeuue rotopMx rpeqnaraetc s 6 rnase uacto-
aero usqauu.
4AKT0Pb, P00hPYKhE
AhKThh0E 0EEhhE
1.1. E3AAThP0AhhAP 6EHbP
6oneauuctso otrnoueuuu s roseqeuuu uecosepaeuuonetuux:
esuaqsopuocte, rpasouapyaeuu, yrotpeneuue rcuxoartusuMx
seaects, unekt s csoeu ocuose oquu ucto+uur couaneuyk
qesaqartauk, ropuu rotopou neat s qesaqartuposauuou ce-
nee. Couaneuo qesaqartuposauuMu peeuor, roqpoctor, uaxo-
qce s tpyquou usueuuou cutyauu, snetc eptsou, +eu
rpasa ua ronuoeuuoe passutue rpyo uapyaunu. Cornacuo rpu-
utony orpeqeneuuk, couaneua qesaqartau osua+aet uapy-
aeuue ssaunoqeuctsu uuqusuqyyna co cpeqou, xapartepusyk-
aeec uesosnouoctek ocyaectsneuu un s rourpetuMx nurpo-
couaneuMx ycnosux csoeu rosutusuou couaneuou ponu, coot-
setctsykaeu ero sosnouoctn.
losop o couaneuou qesaqartauu uecosepaeuuonetuux,
nM qonuM y+utMsate, +to qetctso ato repuoq uuteucusuoro
usu+ecroro, rcuxu+ecroro u couaneuoro passutu. lesos-
nouocte ocyaectsneuu rosutusuou couaneuou ponu sMuy-
qaet roqpoctra ucrate oxoquMe rytu qn peanusauu csoeu
rotpeuoctu s passutuu. 8 pesynetate yxoq us ceneu unu us
aronM, rqe uesosnouM peanusau suytpeuuux pecypcos, yqos-
netsopeuue rotpeuocteu passutu. pyrou croco yxoqa arc-
repuneutM c uaproturanu u qpyrunu rcuxoartusuMnu seaect-
sanu (A8). |, uaroue, cosepaeuue rpasouapyaeuu.
Tarun opason, couaneua qesaqartau, sMssauua co-
soryruoctek artopos couaneuoro, arouonu+ecroro, rcuxono-
ru+ecroro u rcuxoconatu+ecroro xapartepa, rpusoqut r uson-
uu, nuaeuuk unu ytpate roqpoctron ocuosuou rotpeuoctu
rotpeuoctu s ronuoeuuon passutuu u canopeanusauu.
8Mqenktc cneqykaue ocuosuMe rpu+uuM couaneuou qe-
saqartauu uecosepaeuuonetuux, neaaue s ocuose aqqurtus-
uoro roseqeuu:
qucyuruouaneuocte ceneu;
nu+uoctuMe ocoeuuoctu (sospactuMe, xapartepono-
ru+ecrue, rcuxu+ecrue u t. q.);
aroneua qesaqartau;
sosqeuctsue acouaneuou ueopnaneuou cpeqM;
rpu+uuM couaneuo-arouonu+ecroro u qenorpau+ecroro
xapartepa.
Paccnotpun ocuosuMe artopM, rposoupykaue aqqurtus-
uoe roseqeuue.
0eve+ ocuosoronarakaa +eura, rqe ocyaectsnetc co-
uanusau peeura. |s scex qeertos couanusauu nu+uoctu
uauonee oracuMnu snktc ceneuuMe qeertM. poecc co-
uanusauu s cenee rpeqronaraet ycsoeuue peeuron opasos
uopnatusuoro, couaneuo oqopenoro roseqeuu poquteneu.
|x roseqeuue qo orpeqeneuuoro sospacta ctauosutc atanouon
qn roqpaauu. 8uauue poqutenecrux uopn-opasos u noqe-
neu roseqeuu rossonet roqpoctry ue ucrate sauoso peaeuuu s
ctauqaptuMx cutyaux, a sectu ce rar M astonatu+ecru, s co-
otsetctsuu c rpuutMnu s qauuou cpeqe u ycsoeuuMnu nu+uoctek
aanouanu. CeneuuMe putyanM (csaqea, roxopouM, rpu-
8
en rocteu u rp.) s uauoneaeu ctereuu cssauM c uopnanu-
opasanu, rocronery ctereue ctauqaptusuposauuoctu, rosto-
penoctu cutyauu roscequesuou ceneuuou usuu +pessM+au-
uo sMcora. lectauqaptuMe cutyauu perynupyktc c ronoaek
uopn-rpuuuros, orpeqenkaux euuoctuyk uarpasneuuocte
qeuctsuu peeura u scex +neuos ceneu. lopnatusuoe sosqeuct-
sue s cenee rpuuunaetc roqpoctron so un coxpaueuu ne-
nu+uoctuoro ctatyca u rony+euu oqopeuu qpyrux +neuos ceneu.
0quaro ato ue osua+aet, +to roqpoctor so scex cny+ax osa-
teneuo pasqenet rpuuunaenMe un nueuu. 8 cenee sarnaqM-
saktc ocuosM yneuu Mctpo repernk+atec co csoero ua +y-
oe u opatuo.
6yqy+u repsu+uou rpyrrou, cene otnu+aetc cneqykaunu
rpusuaranu:
1. Cene rpeqctasnet coou otuocuteneuo tecuyk,
orpauu+usakayk ce orpeqeneuuMnu rpeqenanu
equuuy.
2. Cene rpeqctasnet coou accouauk, rotopa
cana ce socrpoussoqut.
3. 0ua yqosnetsopet saueuaue usueuuMe ro-
tpeuoctu nkqeu (uo ue sce), s ton +ucne te, rotopMe ue
noet yqosnetsopute stopu+ua rpyrra.
4. 0ua opnupyet nu+uocte s enon, a stopu+uMe
rpyrrM (arona, rpoussoqctso, rocyqapctso) sosqeuctsykt
ua uee nuae s orpeqeneuuMx acrertax, orocpeqosauuo +epes
cenek.
5. Ee snuuue ua uuqusuqa repsu+uo rar ro speneuu, tar
u ro coqepauuk.
6. +neuM ceneu uaxoqtc s roctouuou ssaunosa-
sucunoctu, roatony nkoe usneueuue roseqeuu oquoro
us uux sne+et sa coou usneueuu s roseqeuuu octaneuMx.
Cneqyet otnetute tare yuruu, ctpyrtypy u quuanury ce-
neu. 1yuruu roqpasqenkt ua: a) socrutateneuyk; ) xosuct-
seuuo-Mtosyk; s) anououaneuyk; r) qyxosuoro (rynetypuoro)
oaeuu; q) repsu+uoro couaneuoro routpon; e) cercyaneuo-
apotu+ecryk. Co speneuen rpoucxoqt usneueuu s yurux
ceneu: oquu ytpa+usaktc, qpyrue rosnktc s cootsetctsuu c
uosMnu couaneuMnu ycnosunu. Ka+ectseuuo usneuktc
yuruu repsu+uoro couaneuoro routpon u rosMaaetc ypo-
seue teprunoctu r uapyaeuun uopn roseqeuu s cepe pa+uo-
ceneuuMx otuoaeuuu.
lapyaeuu tex unu uuMx yuruu sne+et sa coou qe-
opnauk ceneuuMx otuoaeuuu. Crococtsosate uapyaeuun
noet secena auporuu rpyr artopos: ocoeuuoctu nu+uocteu ee
+neuos u ssaunootuoaeuuu neqy uunu, orpeqeneuuMe ycnosu
usuu ceneu. larpunep, rpu+uuou uapyaeuuu socrutateneuou
yuruu ceneu noet ctate otcytctsue y poquteneu cootsetct-
sykaux suauuu u uasMros, (rounurtM ro sorpocan socrutauu,
sneaatenectso qpyrux +neuos ceneu) u xosuctseuuo-MtosMe
u arouonu+ecrue otuoaeuu neqy +neuanu ceneu {3. l. 3ude-
vunnep, 3. |cmu(|uc, 1999). Tarun opason, uapyaeuue yuruu
ceneu qenaet e qucyuruouaneuou, cosqakaeu ycnosu qe-
couanusauu peeura.
poecc couanusauu s roqpoctroson sospacte rpu-
opetaet ocoo octpMe opnM. Poqutenecrue tpeosauu u quc-
urnuuapuoe sosqeuctsue cuneuo crasMsaktc ua co-
uanusauu peeura. | s repsyk o+epeqe ato rposnetc s
ctpenneuuu peeura ocsooqutec ot poqutenecrou oreru s roq-
poctroson sospacte. |sasneuue ot poqutenecrou oreru snet-
c yuusepcaneuou enek otpo+ectsa. 8 saraquou rcuxonoruu (V.
Kne.991) otne+akt, +to anaucurau ocyaectsnetc +epes
rocneqosateneuoe saneaeuue ponu poquteneu s rpoecce co-
uanusauu rpyrrou csepctuuros. Cene roctereuuo tepet
csok rpusnerateneuocte u rputrateneuocte ro cpasueuuk c
rpyrrou csepctuuros, rotopa otuMue snetc uocutenen cuc-
tenM euuocteu, uopn roseqeuu u ucto+uuron orpeqeneuuoro
ctatyca.
Ceneu, qn rotopMx xapartepuM uauonee rnyorue qeertM
couanusauu, soneuo unu uesoneuo rposoupykt qeteu ua
pauuee yrotpeneuue rcuxoartusuMx seaects u cosepaeuue
rpasouapyaeuuu. Kpunuuonoru sMqenkt cneqykaue turM
qucyuruouaneuMx, uenarorony+uMx ceneu:
1. cesqonarorony+ua cene, rpuneukaa
uerpasuneuMe netoqM socrutauu.
2. leronua cene, otnu+akaac qeertanu s
ctpyrtype.
3. ponenua cene, xapartepusykaac rocto
uuou rounurtuou atnocepou.
4. Anopaneua cene, xapartepusykaac anro
roneuou, anopaneuou u cercyaneuou qenopanu
saueu.
5. Kpunuuoreuua cene {l. l. uuxa+(ee, 1998).
10
cesqo6narononyuua ceus. cesqonarorony+ua cene otnu-
+aetc pro sMpaeuuMn qecrotu+ecrun xapartepon, esorosopo+uMn
qonuuuposauuen oquoro us poquteneu, ronuMn roq+uueuuen eny oc-
taneuMx +neuos ceneu, uanu+uen ectorux ssaunootuoaeuuu (qepate
scex s eosMx pyrasuax), rpuneueuuen usu+ecroro uarasauu rar
ocuosuoro cpeqctsa socrutauu.
0coMu speq passutuk nu+uoctu peeura u ocoeuuo roqpoctra
uauoct +actMe usu+ecrue uarasauu. cuxonoru+ecru atot speq sa-
rnk+aetc s cneqykaen:
1. Poqutenu (ote, nate, oreryu, rore+utene), cuctenatu+ecru
uarasMsakaue peeura, roqpoctra usu+ecru, sMctyrakt qn uero s
ra+ectse autuuqeana. 0u uurorqa ue yqet ysaate taroro poquten,
pate c uero rpunep,
scneqctsue atoro y peeura, roqpoctra saqepusaetc opnuposauue
uqeaneuoro F.
2. +actMe usu+ecrue uarasauu sMsMsakt y peeura, roq-
poctra coctouue pyctpauu. lararnusakaac y uero ouqa, pas-
qpauteneuocte, snouocte sMneaaktc ua qoctyruMx eny nkqx,
rpeqe scero ua csepctuurax. 8 pesynetate atoro y uero passusaetc
arpeccusuoe roseqeuue so scex pyctpupykaux cutyaux.
3. +actoe usu+ecroe uarasauue uauocut yaep canooeure
nu+uoctu peeura, roqpoctra, scneqctsue +ero y
uero passusaetc onesueuuo +ysctsuteneuoe canocosuauue, nerro
pauunoe canonkue.
Cuctenatu+ecroe usu+ecroe uarasauue s pauuen qetctse no-
et rpusectu r ytpate otsMs+usoctu, crocouoctu co+ysctsosate u
corepeusate qpyrun nkqn. o otuoaeuuk r poqutenn +acto sM-
paatMsaetc ueratususn, rotopMu repepactaet so spaqeuocte
(uuxa+(oe l. l., 1998).
Tarun opason, otuoaeuu uenarorony+uou, qucyuruo-
uaneuou ceneu otpaaktc ua scex cepax usueqeteneuoctu pe-
eura: cuuaetc aroneua ycresaenocte, ynu+ua ronrauu sane-
uet poqutenecruu astoputet, s ueu peeuor rony+aet rpusuauue. 8ce
ato rpusoqut r couaneuou u reqaroru+ecrou saryaeuuoctu pe-
eura, uuorqa r saqepran rcuxu+ecroro passutu u rcuxu+ecrun
otrnoueuun, cneqctsuen atoro ctauostc yrotpeneuue rcuxoar-
tusuMx seaects, rpasouapyaeuu.
11
henonua ceus. eertM s ctpyrtype poqutenecrou ceneu s co-
speneuuMx ycnosux noryt otpuateneuMn opason crasatec ua op-
nuposauuu nu+uoctu peeura, roqpoctra u tare crococtsykt ero qe-
couanusauu. 0quu us ueratusuMx artopos ueronuou ceneu ano-
uouaneuMu qucronopt, rotopMu ucrMtMsaet peeuor, roqpoctor s
tarou cenee. 0u xapartepusyetc ronrnercon rcuxonoru+ecrux pearuu u
repeusauuu: +ysctson coctseuuou ueronuoeuuoctu, yaepuoctu,
sasuctu, anououaneuoro ronoqa u rp. Tara cutyau sMsMsaet y qe-
teu, roqpoctros rosMaeuuMu uutepec r csoun repeusauun c rpe-
uepeeuuen r repeusauun sspocnMx, ueqopoenateneuoe, ropou
arpeccusuoe otuoaeuue r oty unu natepu, pocusaun cenek.
lauoneauu anououaneuMu qucronopt ucrMtMsakt nane+uru,
socrutMsakauec es otos. 0te uyeu nane+ury, u rpeqe scero
roqpoctry, rar opase qn roqpaauu, qn opnuposauu nycrou
ponu roseqeuu. |neuuo y ota nane+ur y+utc tarun ra+ectsan, rar
nyectso, cnenocte, peauteneuocte, naropoqctso, ysauteneuoe ot-
uoaeuue r euauue. 8 cenex es ota sospactaet oracuocte enuuu-
sauu nane+uros, rotopMe eccosuateneuo otc atoro u ua+uuakt
qenouctpatusuo rposnte nacrynuuuocte s roseqeuuu: ouu crnouuM r
arpeccusuoctu, qpa+nusoctu, rpyoctu.
0+eue onesueuuo otpaaetc ua socrutauuu peeura passoq po-
quteneu. la roqpoctra passoq poquteneu qeuctsyet cuneuee, +en ua
qeteu scex qpyrux sospactos. 0quaro cneqyet sanetute, +to art pac-
topeuu ceneuuMx ys can ro cee ue scerqa osua+aet speq. Peeury
ue uyuM ectorue, rpyMe poqutenu, poqutenu-anroronuru, otM-
qecrotM. oatony uepeqro ocsooqeuue ot ectorou, anopaneuou nu+-
uoctu rpuuocut peeury oner+euue, a octasaenyc c uun sspocnony
oty unu natepu rorou u uopnaneuMe ycnosu qn socrutauu.
Passoqy rpeqaectsyet oaee yxyqaeuue ceneuuMx otuoaeuuu.
Peeuor ctauosutc csuqetenen crauqanos neqy poqutennu, su-
qut ceuM rpyoctu, yuueuu, uacunu. 8 atux ycnosux ou +ysctsyet
ce ot+yqeuuMn s cenee u ctapaetc rar nouo oneae speneuu
rposoqute sue qona. 8osuuraet ecroutponeua, rpunuuoreuuo
oracua cutyau, tar rar pone socrutaten epet ua ce ynua.
12
po6neuua ceus. ponenua cene snetc pasuo-
suquoctek uenarorony+uou ceneu. 0ua xapartepusyetc corep-
uu+ectson neqy poqutennu sa rnaseuctsykaee ronoeuue s
cenee, otcytctsuen scroro cotpyquu+ectsa neqy +neuanu ce-
neu, pasoaeuuoctek, usonueu neqy poqutennu u qetenu.
locroqctsykaa s cenee rounurtua cutyau cosqaet roctou-
uyk atnocepy uarpeuuoctu, rotopa snetc uerepeuocu-
nou qn qeteu, roqpoctros, u ouu ctpentc rar nouo neueae
uaxoqutec qona, ynusuyte roq nkMn rpeqnoron ua ynuy, rqe
u rposoqt oneayk +acte speneuu. ponenuMe ceneu so nuo-
rux cny+ax cosqakt ycnosu qn rpunuuoreuuoro opnuposauu
uecosepaeuuonetuux, rocronery s uux uapyaaetc rpoecc
couaneuoro routpon, otcytctsykt anououaneuMe cssu neqy
poqutennu u qetenu.
Auopansua ceus. ueu uankqaktc tarue otpuateneuMe
artopM, rar rpasouapyaeuu, cosepaaenMe poqutennu u
uuMnu +neuanu ceneu, reuctso u anroronusn, cuctenatu+e-
crue rounurtM, sMnusakauec s crauqanM u qparu, passpat-
uoe roseqeuue poquteneu. Anroronusn poquteneu sMsMsaet o-
uuaauue ceneu, yxyqaeuue Mta u ronuoe ucraeuue uopn ro-
seqeuu. etu orasMsaktc sapoaeuuMnu, y uux rporaqaet
rpussauuocte u ysaeuue r poqutenn, passusaetc npa+uMu,
osnoneuuMu xapartep. KaqMu us repe+ucneuuMx artopos s
otqeneuoctu crocoeu ucrasute rpoecc couanusauu peeura,
uo sce snecte ouu rpartu+ecru ucrnk+akt ronuoeuuoe passu-
tue nu+uoctu. Tar, uccneqosauu, rposeqeuuMe cpequ ocy-
qeuuMx uecosepaeuuonetuux, rorasanu, +to y atux pet reu-
ctsykaux poquteneu s 67 pas oneae, +en y sarouorocnya-
uMx.
Tarue ceneu rane+at qeteu ue tonero upasctseuuo, u-
su+ecru, uo u uutennertyaneuo. etu ue oecre+euM ortu-
naneuMnu ycnosunu qn usu+ecroro, uutennertyaneuoro u
anououaneuoro passutu. |ccneqosatenu otne+akt, +to s atux
cenex opnupyktc rcuxoratu+ecrue +eptM xapartepa, csoe-
speneuuo ue sMsnktc pasnu+uoro poqa saonesauu, poqute-
nu rpu+uukt qetn tpasnM s pesynetate rooes, sMroukt ux us
qona. oqpoctru sMuyqeuM crutatec ro ynuan, ro roqes-
qan u sorsanan. 8 arony ouu rpuxoqt rnoxo unu coscen ue
roqrotosneuuMnu. / uux +acto otcytctsykt uopnaneuMe ycnosu
qn rpurotosneuu qonaauux saqauuu us-sa crauqanos, yctpau-
saenMx
13
reuMnu poqutennu. 8cneqctsue atoro ouu pesro otctakt s y+e-
e. lepeqro s rnacce ux uasMsakt tyruanu, +to ropoqaet y
uux ouqy, rosMaeuuyk +ysctsuteneuocte u qyaesuyk pauu-
nocte, rpusoqut r oecto+euuk u arpeccuu, tarue peta scty-
rakt s rounurtM co csepctuuranu u y+utennu. 0rasasauce s
rosuuu usonuposauuMx unu rpeueperaenMx, ouu ue uaxoqt
roqqepru cpequ oquornaccuuros u reqaroros, s cenee u arone,
ouu ua+uuakt ucrate tosapuaeu ua ctopoue, s ynu+uMx ronra-
uux, rqe coupaktc to+uo tarue e csepctuuru.
Kpuuoreuua ceus tara cene, +neuM rotopou co-
sepaakt rpectyrneuu. |uorqa rpuxoqutc rouctatuposate,
+to rpunuuaneua qeteneuocte snetc ocuosuMn suqon qe-
teneuoctu rourpetuoro nua unu ceneu s enon. Cornacuo rpunu-
uonoru+ecrun uccneqosauun, cyqunocte oquoro us +neuos ceneu
(+aae scero ato otM unu ctapaue pate) ysenu+usaet sepot-
uocte cosepaeuu rpectyrneuu qpyrunu +neuanu ceneu, rpeqe
scero uecosepaeuuonetuunu, s 45 pas. KaqMu +etseptMu us
ocyqeuuMx uecosepaeuuonetuux rpousan c cyqunMnu pate-
nu u cectpanu.
pectyruoe roseqeuue sspocnMx +neuos ceneu qenou-
ctpupyet qetn, roqpoctran uopnM-opasM, uopnM-
rpuuurM autuoaectseuuoro roseqeuu, ropoqaet unu yr-
nynet suytpuceneuuMe rounurtM, ycunusaet ee rpunuuo-
reuuMu roteuuan.
8 rpunuuoreuuMx u anopaneuMx cenex qeertM cou-
anusauu uauonee peneeuo sMctyrakt s ctpyrtype oaeuu.
Veqy poqutennu u qetenu otcytctsykt unu ucraeuM anouo-
uaneuMe cssu, rpartu+ecru otcytctsyet couaneuMu routpone,
ucraaetc rpoecc ycsoeuu couaneuMx poneu, uopn-
opasos u uopn-rpuuuros roseqeuu, +to s utore rpusoqut r
opnuposauuk y qeteu u roqpoctros qeopnuposauuou ctpyr-
typM rotpeuocteu, ee rpunutususauu, tarun opason, uqet
opnuposauue qenuurseutuou, acouaneuou nu+uoctu.
1opnuposauue tarou nu+uoctu rpoucxoqut, rar rpasuno, s
suqe pearuu rpotecta rpotus poquteneu, y+uteneu, aronM u
qae rpotus oaectsa s enon. 3to rpusoqut r sMopy pee-
peutuou rpyrrM (atanouua rpyrra) unu nua c acouaneuou
uarpasneuuoctek, s otuoaeuux c rotopMnu roqpoctor sMuy-
qeu ycsausate ux euuoctu, roseqeuue, ponu, aprou u rp.
14
1.2. h+h06ThbE h 03PA6ThbE 0605Ehh06Th
AhKThh0|0 0P06TKA
posoupykaunu artopanu otrnoukaeroc, aq-
qurtusuoro roseqeuu c+utaktc uepsuo-rcuxu+ecra ue-
yctou+usocte, areutyauu xapartepa (rureptunuMu, uey-
ctou+usMu, rouopnuMu, uctepouquMu, arunertouquMu turM),
roseqeu+ecrue pearuu rpyrruposauu, pearuu anaucurauu u
qpyrue ocoeuuoctu roqpoctrosoro sospacta (uv|o /. E., 1986,
Yv,poe 3. /., 1994, uaa+oe . ., uma|ensepc D. |., 2000,
Devapoea P. 3., 2000 u qp.). K atun artopan ueoxoquno otue-
ctu ocoeuuoctu, oycnosneuuMe xapartepuMnu qn atoro re-
puoqa pearunu: anaucurauu, rpyrruposauu, ysne+euu
(xou), u opnupykaunuc cercyaneuMn sne+euun {uv|o
/. E., 1986). Cyaectsyet pq roseqeu+ecrux ctepeoturos, xapar-
tepuMx qn atoro sospactuoro repuoqa. K uun otuoctc pear-
u orrosuuu, pearu unutauu, pearu otpuateneuou unu-
tauu, pearu ronreucauu, pearu rurepronreucauu, pear-
u anaucurauu, pearu rpyrruposauu u pearu ysne+euu.
Paccnotpun roqpouee raqyk us uux.
Pea|(u+ onnosu(uu sMsMsaetc sasMaeuuMnu rpeteusunu
r qeteneuoctu u roseqeuuk roqpoctra, usnuauunu orpauu+e-
uunu, uesuunauuen r ero uutepecan orpyakaux sspocnMx.
Pearu orrosuuu noet Mte sMssaua u +pessM+auuMnu tpe-
osauunu r peeury, uerocuneuou qn uero y+euou unu rarou-
nuo qpyrou uarpysrou, rounurtanu s cenee, aroneuou ueycre-
saenoctek, uecrpaseqnusoctek. 8 sasucunoctu ot xapartepono-
ru+ecrux u anououaneuMx ocoeuuocteu roqpoctra rpotect uuo-
rqa rposnetc artusuo s suqe rpyoctu, arpeccusuoctu, ecto-
roctu, qenouctpatusuMx rorMtor canoyuuctsa u t. r., unu s
raccusuou opne s suqe otrasa ot eqM, rporynos sautuu u
roeros us qona.
Pea|(u+ uvuma(uu rposnetc s roqpaauuu orpeqe-
neuuony nuy, opasy. 8 qetctse unutupyetc roseqeuue poqu-
teneu, nusrux poqctseuuuros, socrutateneu u t.r. |uorqa o-
pason noet ctate u autucouaneuMu repou. |ssectuo, raroe
snuuue orasMsaet ua roqpoctrosyk rpectyruocte sossenu+usa-
uue rpectyruura-cyrepneua. porarauqa yronosuoro ponautus-
na, pacrpoctpauusaac s
15
rocnequee spen, noet orasate otpuateneuoe rocseuuoe
snuuue ua canocosuauue roqpoctra.
Pea|(u+ ompu(amene+ou uvuma(uu roseqeuue, uapo+uto
rpotusoroctasneuuoe uassMsaenou noqenu. Ecnu noqene ot-
puateneua, to ata pearu snetc ronouteneuou.
Pea|(u+ |ovne+ca(uu socronueuue ueyqa+ s oquou onac-
tu roq+epruytMn ycrexon s qpyrou onactu. leyqa+u s y+ee no-
ryt ronreucuposatec cnenMn roseqeuuen.
Pea|(u+ cunep|ovne+ca(uu ueyctou+usoe ctpenneuue r yc-
rexy s uauonee tpyquou qn ce onactu qeteneuoctu. pu-
cyaa roqpoctry poocte noet royqute ero r ot+auuony ro-
seqeuuk, r sMsMsakaeny roctyrry. Kpauue +ysctsuteneuMu u
sacteu+usMu roqpoctor sMupaet nyectseuuMu suq cropta:
orc, rapate u t. r.
Pea|(u+ ava+cuna(uu ctpenneuue ocsooqutec ot uass-
+usou oreru ctapaux, canoytsepqutec. Kpauuee rposneuue
otpuauue ctauqaptos, oaerpuutMx euuocteu, uopn saro-
ua, poquu+ectso.
Pea|(u+ cp,nnupoea+u+ oequueuue s rpyrrM csep-
ctuuros. oqpoctrosMe rpyrrM otnu+aktc oquornauoso-ctek,
oquopoquou uarpasneuuoctek, tepputopuaneuou oauoctek,
opeou sa rocroqctso ua csoeu tepputopuu (so qsope, ua csoeu
ynue), rpunutusuou cunsonurou. Pearu rpyrruposauu s sua-
+uteneuou ctereuu ocuet to, +to roqasnkaee oneauuct-
so roqpoctros rpuoaaktc r rcuxoartusuMn seaectsan s
rpyrre csepctuuros.
|neuuo pearu rpyrruposauu co csepctuuranu, y+utM-
sa teuqeuuk pacxoqeuu ctatycos {|o+ n. 0, 1989) +en
sMae ctatyc roqpoctra ctuxuuuou rpyrrM, ten uue ou s ouu-
aneuon ronnertuse, qaet sosnouocte roqpoctry qn qoctu-
euu u sMpaeuu csoero astoputeta.
Pea|(uu, o,cnoene++ee opvupoea+uev ce|c,ane+ex ene-
ve+uu, ypuo rpeqctasneuM kuoaecrou rurepcercyaneuoctek s
ctapaen roqpoctroson sospacte: ouauusn, pauu ronosa
usue, rettuur (corpurocuoseuue reuutanuu srnote qo opras-
na).
Pea|(u+ ,eneve+u+ rposnetc s canMx pasuoopasuMx roq-
poctrosMx ysne+euux: ror-nysMra, ctune oqeqM, ctpenneuue
r rony+euuk nerrou uuopnauu, ue tpeykaeu oneaux pas-
nManeuuu u ucronesyenou qn canoro rpoecca oaeuu
(ryctMe nuoro+acosMe pasrosopM y
16
roqesqa), ysne+euu, cssauuMe c +ysctson asapta; ysne+euu,
oecre+usakaue sceoauu ycrex, suunauue (aptuct, rutapuct,
+enruou, noquua u t. r.); ysne+euu, cssauuMe c usu+ecrun
canoytsepqeuuen, osnaqeuuen rpectuuMnu uasMranu (so-
qute naauuy, notourn).
epe+ucneuuMe pearuu neat s ocuose u opnupykt sa-
rou roqpoctrosou noqM scex speneu: osateneuMnu aneneu-
tanu rotopou snktc: a) yuuopna (oquuarosMe quucM,
rpu+ecra, ronea, pacnetM, rpusM+ru u t. q.); ) sMr (sep-
aneuMu u uesepaneuMu); s) necta qucnorauu; r) putyanM
(rpuena s rpyrry, ocoeuuoctu rposeqeuu qocyra, routpone sa
+neuanu rpyrrM u t. q.); q) roseqeuue (aneneutM aratauoctu,
sMsMsakaue ueqosonectso ctapaero roroneuu).
Xapa|meponocuvec|ue u eospacm+ee ocoe++ocmu. peq-
aectsykaa couaneua qesaqartau cosqaet narorputuMe
ycnosu qn opnuposauu oneauuctsa turos areutyauu xa-
partepa. 8 roqpoctroson sospacte uneuuo s cuny areutyauu
xapartepa roqpoctor ue yqepusaetc uu s arone, uu s uutepua-
te, Mctpo pocaet ty paoty, ryqa eae ueqasuo yctpounc.
Ctone e uarpeuuMnu, ronuMnu rounurtos unu ratonoru+e-
crux sasucunocteu, orasMsaktc ceneuuMe otuoaeuu. lapy-
aaetc aqartau r cpeqe csepctuuros, rotopa orpauu+usaet-
c ueoneaou rpyrrou roqpoctros, seqyaux auanoru+uMu,
oneaeu +actek acouaneuMu opas usuu. Paccnotpun tonero
uerotopMe turM, uauonee crnouuMe r rposneuuk qesuautuo-ro
roseqeuu, orucauuMe A. E. u+ro (1977).
lunepmuv+eu mun. lureptunuMe roqpoctru c qetctsa otnu-
+aktc oneaou roqsuuoctek, oauteneuoctek, +pesnepuou
canoctoteneuoctek, crnouuoctek r osopctsy, ueqoctatron +ys-
ctsa quctauuu s otuoaeuuu co sspocnMnu. epsMe tpyquoctu
noryt sMsutec rpu roctyrneuuu s arony. pu xopoaux croco-
uoctx, uson yne, yneuuu sce cxsatMsate ua nety ouapyusa-
ktc ueycuq+usocte, otsneraenocte, uequcurnuuuposauuocte.
Pearu anaucurauu Msaet ocoeuuo ot+etnusou. 8 cuny
atoro c poqutennu, reqaroranu, socrutatennu nerro sosuura-
kt rounurtM. lactasneuu u upasoy+euu sMsMsakt tonero
ycuneuue opeM sa canoctoteneuocte, uapo+utoe uapyae-
uue rpasun u ropqros.
Pearu qatuposauurpoxoqut ue-tonero<roq suaron rocto-
uuoro troteuu r ronrauun csepctuuros, uo
u ctpenneuu r nuqepctsy s atux ronrauux. 8 otuoaeuuu nuqep-
ctsa s ueopnaneuMx rpyrrax csepctuuros rureptunM oM+uo
qocturakt ycrexa. lureptunuMe roqpoctru crnouuM r rpyrro-
sMn opnan qenuurseutuoro roseqeuu u uepeqro canu ctauo-
stc sqoxuosutennu rpasouapyaeuuu, ua rotopMe ux tonraet
ue tonero aqa passne+euuu unu enauue sarony+ute cpeqctsa
qn yqosonectsuu. 3neneut pucra tare rpusnerateneu qn uux.
Anroronusau rpeqctasnet qn rureptuna cepeesuyk oracuocte
c roqpoctrosoro sospacta. 8Mrusakt ouu s ronrauuu c rputen-
nu, rpeqro+utakt uernyorue auopusupykaue ctaquu oreue-
uu, uo nerro ctauostc ua ryte +actMx u perynpuMx sMrusor.
Voryt rposnte uutepec r uaproturan, ocoeuuo r noquMn
cypporatan, ycrorausa ce nMcnek, +to uapronauon ot
atoro ue ctaueae. kt aurosate, nerro rycraktc s co-
nuuteneuMe asautkpM. lesarouua cqenra, nenra rpaa s ux
rnasax ue sMrnqut cepeesuMn roctyrron.
CercyaneuMe pearuu rposnktc qoctato+uo pro, ouu
pauo rpoyqaktc u Msakt cuneuMnu, ato tonraet ua pauuue
cercyaneuMe cssu. Ponautu+ecrue ysne+euu sctpe+aktc, uo
ouu uerpoqonuteneuM. 6Mctpo sosuuraet ctpenneuue sctyrute
c oerton snkneuuoctu s ronosyk csse. K tpausutopuony
roqpoctrosony ronocercyanusny u uuMn auonanun sne+euu
ocoou crnouuoctu ue ouapyusaetc.
3nunenmoud+eu mun. Vuorue ocoeuuoctu arunertouquoro
xapartepa snktc ronreucatopuMnu rpu neqneuuo passu-
sakaenc unu uernyoron ropaeuuu nosra. lnasuou +eptou
arunertouquoro tura snetc crnouuocte r qucopun u tec-
uo cssauua c ueu aertusua sspMs+atocte, uarpeuuoe
coctouue uuctuurtusuou cepM, uuorqa qocturakaee auona-
nuu sne+euuu, a tare ssrocte, tyroroqsuuocte, tenosec-
uocte, uueptuocte, otrnaqMsakaue otre+ator ua sceu rcuxure
ot notopuru u anououaneuoctu qo nManeuu u nu+uoctuMx
euuocteu. ucopuu, qnauec +acanu u qunu, otnu+aet
snouo-tocrnusa orpacra uactpoeuu, uarurakaee pas-
qpaeuue, roucr oerta, ua rotopon nouo copsate sno. A-
ertusuMe paspqru arunertouqa nuae rpu repson sre+atne-
uuu raytc suesaruMnu. |x nouo cpasuute c paspMson rapo-
soro rotna, rotopMu rpeqe qonro u roctereuuo saruraet. osoq
cMrpate pone rocnequeu rarnu no-
18
et Mte cny+auuMn. AertM ue tonero o+eue cuneuM, uo u
rpoqonuteneuM arunertouq qonro ue noet octMte.
C repsMx net tarue qetu noryt roqonry, nuorunu +acanu rna-
rate, u ux uesosnouo Msaet uu yteaute, uu otsne+e, uu rpu-
ctpyuute. 8 qetctse qucopuu rposnktc rarpusanu, ctpen-
neuuen uapo+uto ussoqute orpyakaux, xnypou osnoneuuo-
ctek. Pauo noryt ouapyutec caquctcrue crnouuoctu tarue
qetu nkt ny+ute usotuMx, ucroqtuara ususate u qpasuute
nnaqaux u cnaMx, usqesatec uaq ecronoauMnu u uecroco-
uMnu qate otrop. 8 qetcrou ronrauuu ouu rpeteuqykt ue rpocto
ua nuqepctso, a ua pone snactenuua, yctauasnusakaero csou
rpasuna urp u ssaunootuoaeuuu, qurtykaero scen u sce, uo sce-
rqa s csok ronesy. Vouo suqete tare ueqetcroe epenusoe
otuoaeuue r oqeqe, urpyaran, sceny csoeny. kMe rorMtru
rorycutec ua ux pe+ek coctseuuocte sMsMsakt rpauue sno-
uyk pearuk.
8 repsMe aroneuMe roqM sMctyraet neno+ua crpyry-
nesuocte s seqeuuu tetpaqeu, scero y+euu+ecroro xosuctsa, uo
ata rosMaeuua arrypatuocte rpespaaaetc s canoene u noet
ronuoctek sacnouute cyte qena, cany y+ey.
8 roqasnkaen oneauuctse cny+aes raptuua aruner-
touquou rcuxoratuu passeptMsaetc nuae s repuoq ronosoro
cospesauu ot 12 qo 19 net. 8 atot repuoq qucopuu oM+uo
sMctyrakt ua repsMu rnau. oqpoctru canu ua+uuakt otne+ate
ux croutauuocte (ua neu uaxoqut), rposnktc ouu u aratu-
eu, esqeneen, eceneuMn cuqeuuen c yrpkno-xnypMn suqon.
Tarue coctouu roctereuuo passusaktc u roctereuuo ocnae-
sakt. AertusuMe paspqM noryt Mte cneqctsuen qucopuu
roqpoctru canu uayt rosoq qn crauqana. osoq qn ruesa
noet Mte nan u uu+toeu, uo ou scerqa corpeu xot M c
uesua+uteneuMn yaenneuuen uutepecos. 8 aerte sMctyraet
esyqepua pocte uuu+ua paue, ectorue roou, es-
pasnu+ue r cnaoctu u ecronoauoctu rpotusuura u ue-
crocouocte y+ecte ero rpesocxoqayk cuny. 8 qpare o-
uapyusaetc teuqeuu ute ro reuutanun. 8eretatusuMu ar-
ronraueneut aerta tare pro sMpaeu s ruese nuo uanu-
saetc rposek, sMctyraet rot u t. q.
|uctuurtusua usue s roqpoctroson sospacte ora-
sMsaetc ocoeuuo uarpeuuou. Cercyaneuoe sne+euue rpo-
yqaetc c cunou. 0quaro csouctseuuMe arunertou-
19
qan rosMaeuua saota o csoen sqoposee, ctpax sapasM qo ropM qo
speneuu cqepusakt cny+auuMe cssu, sactasnkt otqasate rpeqro+te-
uue onee unu neuee roctouuMn raptuepan. kose orpaaeua npa+-
uMnu touanu pesuoctu. |sneu, rar qeuctsuteneuMx, tar u nuunMx, ue
rpoaaet. lesuuuMu nupt tpartyetc rar rpeqatenectso. 3runerto-
uquMe roqpoctru crnouuM r cercyaneuMn arceccan, a ux ronosoe
sne+euue corpeuo c caquctcrunu, a uuorqa nasoxuctcrunu ctpen-
neuunu. 8 cutyaux, rqe uopnaneua ronosa artusuocte ueocyae-
ctsuna (uarpunep, s sarpMton y+peqeuuu c oquoronMn coctason), ro-
qpoctru atoro tura uepeqro sctyrakt ua ryte repsepsuu. 8 ronocercy-
aneuMx cssx ouu oM+uo sMctyrakt s artusuMx ponx u ue qosonect-
syktc ssaunuMn ouauusnon, a rpuuyqakt raptuepa r reqepactuu
unu qpyrun opnan rpyMx usspaaeuuu. 0oratusauce repsMn orM-
ton, uerotopMe us uux s qaneueuaen crocouM cosneaate uopnaneuMe
cuoaeuu c ronocercyaneuMnu. / uerotopMx roqpoctros ua repsMu
rnau sMctyrakt nasoxuctcrue enauu ouu rpu+uukt cee one
uapo+utMnu ooranu, yronanu, yrycanu.
/ arunertouquMx roqpoctros anroronusau rposnetc s ocoou
nauepe roseqeuu. ocne repsMx oreueuuu noet sosuuruyte rotpe-
uocte rute qo otrnk+euu. 8 otnu+ue ot oneauuctsa cospeneuuMx
roqpoctros arunertouqM rpeqro+utakt rute ue suuo, a soqry u qpyrue
rperrue uarutru. / uux +acto uankqaktc anuectu+ecrue opnM
oreueuu, rorqa cosepaaktc roctyrru, o rotopMx ue coxpauetc
socronuuauuu. |uorqa tarue roctyrru cosepaaktc rar M astonatu+e-
cru, rarun-to ueroutuMn qn canoro roqpoctra opason, u roton yqus-
nkt ux u cnyaakt ue neuee, +en orpyakaux. 3runertouquMe roqpoct-
ru neuee crnouuM r yrotpeneuuk ueanroroneuMx uaproturos. Tarue
opnM pacctpouctsa, rar qpo-nonauu u ruponauu, sctpe+aktc
otuocuteneuo peqro.
CepeesuMe tpyquoctu qn auanusa rpeqctasnet crnouuocte r cyu-
uqaneuony roseqeuuk. 8 otnu+ue ot cxoquMx roctyrros uctepouqos,
qousakauxc suunauu r csoeu ocoe, sqece cyuuqaneuMe qenouct-
pauu scerqa Mnu crposouposauM uarasauunu, rotopMe roqpoct-
ranu tpartosanuce rar uecrpaseqnusMe u scerqa Mnu orpaaeuM +ys-
ctson nectu s otuoaeuuu ouq+ura u rpussauM qoctasute eny cepees-
uMe uerputuoctu.
Pearu anaucurauu y arunertouquMx roqpoctros uepeq-
ro rpoteraet o+eue teno. eno noet qoxoqute qo ronuoro
paspMsa c poquMnu, s otuoaeuuu rotopMx sMctyrakt rpauu
osnoneuuocte, nctuteneuocte. 3runertouquMe roqpoctru ue
tonero tpeykt csooqM, canoctoteneuoctu, usasneuu ot
snactu, uo u rpas: csoeu qonu unyaectsa, unuaa, natepu-
aneuMx nar. 8 otnu+ue ot rpeqctasuteneu qpyrux turos aru-
nertouquMe roqpoctru ue crnouuM reuepuposate pearuk anau-
curauu c poquteneu ua sce ctapaee roroneuue, ua cyaectsyk-
aue oM+au u ropqru. laoopot, repeq ua+anectson ouu Msa-
kt rotosM ua yroquu+ectso, ecnu qyt roqqepru unu rarux-nuo
sMroq qn ce.
Pearu rpyrruposauu co csepctuuranu tecuo corpeua co
ctpenneuuen r snactsosauuk, roatony oxotuo sMucrusaetc
ronrauu nnaqaux, cnaMx, oesqoneuuMx, uecrocouMx qate
otrop. 8 rpyrre tarue roqpoctru xott yctauasnusate csou ro-
pqru, sMroquMe qn uux canux. Cunratunu ouu ue ronesykt-
c, u ux snacte qeputc ua ctpaxe repeq uunu. 0uu +ysctsykt
ce uepeqro ua sMcote s ycnosux ectroro qucurnuuapuoro
peuna, rqe ynekt yroqute ua+anectsy, qoutec orpeqeneuuMx
rpeunyaects, sasnaqete opnaneuMnu roctanu, qakaunu s ux
pyru orpeqeneuuyk snacte, yctauosute qurtat uaq qpyrunu u
ucronesosate csoe ronoeuue s coctseuuou sMroqe. |x ot-
c, uo roctereuuo rpotus uux speet yut, s rarou-to noneut ux
roqsoqt u ouu orasMsaktc uussepruytMnu co csoero ua+ane-
ctseuuoro reeqectana.
Pearu ysne+euu oM+uo Msaet sMpaeua qoctato+uo p-
ro. o+tu sce arunertouqM otqakt qaue asaptuMn urpan. 8 uux
rpoyqaetc ro+tu uuctuurtusua tra r ooraaeuuk. Konner-
uouuposauue ux rpusneraet natepuaneuou euuoctek copauuo-
ro. 8 cropte sanau+usMn raetc to, +to rossonet passute u-
su+ecryk cuny.
Auanus ronytopa tMc+ anepuraucrux roqpoctros rossonun
sMqenute ocuosuMe rpusuaru arunertouquou rcuxoratuu. 3tunu
rpusuaranu orasanuce: uerosuuoseuue c ueuasuctek, ruesnu-
socte, qpa+nusocte u c snactonkuen, crnouuocte r paspyau-
teneuMn qeuctsun, roqoru u nusocte. Cpequ ceneuuMx
artopos c yrasauuMnu rpusuaranu qoctosepuo roppenuposanu
uanu+ue ot+una unu na+exu unu otseprakaeu peeura nate-
pu, a s socrutauuu co+etauue ropru u roqryra.
21
3runertouquMu tur xapartepa snetc oquun us secena
tpyquMx qn couaneuou aqartauu. 8 cny+ae suMx areutya-
uu rpu sueaue yqosnetsoputeneuou aqartauu usueuuMu
ryte noet Mte reperonueu rounurtanu u roseqeu+ecrunu
uapyaeuunu, u qae rpu crpMtou areutyauu sosnouM ue-
ouqauuMe true rounurtM.
ncmepoud+eu mun. Ero rnasua +epta ecrpeqeneuMu aro-
eutpusn, ueuacMtua aqa roctouuoro suunauu r csoeu
ocoe, socxuaeuu, yqusneuu, ro+utauu, co+ysctsu. la xyqou
roue, rpeqro+utaktc qae ueroqosauue unu ueuasucte, ua-
rpasneuuMe s csou aqpec, uo tonero ue espasnu+ue u pasuoqy-
aue, tonero ue repcrertusa octatec uesane+euuMn. 8uyaae-
nocte, rotopyk uepeqro sMqsurakt ua repsMu rnau, otnu+aetc
usupateneuoctek: ot uee uu+ero ue octaetc, ecnu octauosra
suyaeuu ue neet soqy ua neneuuy aroeutpusna. usocte u
autasuposauue enuron uarpasneuM ua rpuyrpaaeuue csoeu
repcouM. Kayaac anououaneuocte s qeuctsuteneuoctu
oopa+usaetc otcytctsuen rnyorux ucrpeuuux +yscts rpu
oneaou arcrpeccuu, teatpaneuoctu, crnouuoctu r pucosre u
rosepctsy.
Cpequ roseqeu+ecrux rposneuuu uctepouquoctu y ro-
qpoctros ua repsoe necto cneqyet roctasute cyuuqaneuocte.
Pe+e uqet o uecepeesuMx rorMtrax, qenouctpaux, rcesqocyu-
uqax, cyuuqaneuon aautae. CrocoM rpu aton usupaktc
nuo esoracuMe (ropesM seu, nerapctsa us qonaaueu arte+ru),
nuo pacc+utauuMe ua to, +to cepeesua rorMtra yqet rpeqy-
rpeqeua orpyakaunu (rpurotosneuue r roseaeuuk, usopa-
euue rorMtru sMrpMruyte us orua unu pocutec roq tpaucropt
ua rnasax y rpucytctsykaux u t. r.). 0uneua cyuuqaneua
curuanusau uepeqro rpeqaectsyet qenouctpauu unu co-
rposoqaet ee: ruaytc sarucru, qenaktc tauuMe rpusuauu
rputenn, sarucMsaktc rocnequue cnosa ua naruutoou u
t. r., uepeqro rpu+uuou, tonruysaeu uctepouquoro roqpoctra ua
cyuuq, uasMsaetc ueyqa+ua nkose. +acto ato rpocto sM-
qynra. euctsuteneuou rpu+uuou oM+uo cnyut yssneuuoe ca-
nonkue, ytpata euuoro qn qauuoro roqpoctra suunauu, ctpax
yracte s rnasax orpyakaux, ocoeuuo csepctuuros, nuautec
opeona uspauuura.
Anroronusn unu yrotpeneuue uaproturos y uctepouq-uMx
roqpoctros tare uuorqa uocut qenouctpatusuMu xa-
22
partep. 8Mrusakt uctepouquMe roqpoctru uenuoro, rpeq-
ro+utakt nerrue ctereuu oreueuu, oquaro ue rpo+e rpuxsa-
ctuyte orponuMn ronu+ectson sMrutoro, crocouoctek rute ue
reue unu usMcrauuMn sMopon anroroneuMx uarutros. 0qua-
ro ouu ue crnouuM usopaate anroronuros, tar rar ata pone ue
cynut un uu opeona ueoM+uoctu, uu nkorMtuMx ssopos. 8ato
uepeqro ouu rotosM rpeqctasute ce uactoaunu uapronaua-
nu. lacnMaasauce o uaproturax unu ucrpoosas pas-qpyrou
tot unu uuou cypporat, uctepouquMu roqpoctor ua+uuaet pacru-
cMsate csou uaprotu+ecrue arceccM, ueoM+uMu rau.
enuurseutuocte uctepouquMx roqpoctros oM+uo uocut
uecepeesuMu xapartep. Pe+e uqet o rporynax, ueenauuu y+utec
u paotate, tar rar cepa usue ux ue yqosnetsopet, a sa-
ute suquoe necto s y+ee unu tpyqe ue xsataet uu crocouo-
cteu, uu uactou+usoctu. Ctonruoseuu Msakt tare ro rosoqy
sMsMsakaero roseqeuu s oaectseuuMx nectax, aynuMx crau-
qanos. 8 onee cepeesuMx cny+ax rpuxoqutc ctanrusatec c
noaeuuu+ectson, roqqenrou +eros unu qoryneutos, onauon u
osoposMsauuen nu, r rotopMn stepnuce s qosepue. |ctepouqM
userakt trux rpectyrneuuu, cssauuMx c uacunuen, rpae-
on, ssnonon, pucron.
oeru us qona noryt ua+uuatec c repsMx rnaccos aronM
unu qae s qoaroneuon sospacte. 0M+uo ouu cssauM c uarasa-
uunu, unesaunu necto, unu ouqauunu, unu oycnosneuM
oquou us qetcrux roseqeu+ecrux pearuu pearueu orrosu-
uu. 3ta pearu cssaua y qeteu u roqpoctros +aae scero c yt-
patou rpeuero suunauu co ctopouM nusrux. / uctepouquMx
roqpoctros coxpauktc +eptM qetcrux pearuu orrosuuu u
unutauu u qp. +aae scero rpuxoqutc suqete pearuk orro-
suuu ua ytpaty unu yneueaeuue rpusM+uoro suunauu co cto-
pouM poquMx, ua rotepk ponu ceneuuoro rynupa.
posneuu pearuu orrosuuu noryt Mte tenu e, +to u
s qetctse: yxoq s onesue, rorMtru usasutec ot toro, ua roro
suunauue repernk+unoce (ot+un, na+exa), uo +aae scero ata
qetcra pearu orrosuuu rposnetc roqpoctrosMnu uapyae-
uunu roseqeuu sMrusra, uaproturu, rporynM, soposctso,
acouaneuMe ronrauuu, rotopMe rpequasua+aktc qn toro,
+toM rpocuruanusuposate: 8epuute nue rpeuee suunauue,
uua+e coekce c rytu. Pearu unutauu noet rposntec s
roseqeuuu
23
uctepouquoro roqpoctra, uo uspauua noqene qn roqpaauu
ue qonua sacnoute cany roqpaakayk repcouy. n unuta-
uu usupaetc opas actpartuMu unu nuo, ronesykaeec
rorynpuoctek cpequ roqpoctros, uo ue unekaee uerocpeqct-
seuuoro routarta c qauuou rpyrrou.
Pearu anaucurauu noet unete ypuMe sueauue rpo-
sneuu roeru us qona, rounurtM c poquMnu u ctapaunu,
rponornacuMe tpeosauu csooqM u canoctoteneuoctu u t. r.
0quaro uactoaa rotpeuocte s csooqe u canoctoteneuoctu
ue xapartepua qn roqpoctros qauuoro tura.
Pearu rpyrruposauu co csepctuuranu scerqa corpeua
c rpeteusunu ua nuqepctso unu ua ucrnk+uteneuoe ronoeuue s
rpyrre. lo ouu scerqa orasMsaktc nuqepanu ua +ac repeq ue-
ouqauuMnu tpyquoctnu racykt, qpyseu nerro rpeqakt, nu-
aeuuMe socxuaeuuMx ssopos cpasy tepkt sece saqop. lpyrra
nerro pacrosuaet sa sueauunu aertanu ux suytpeuukk rycto-
ty. 8 ycnosux sanruytMx roqpoctrosMx rpyrr, uarpunep s sarpM-
tMx y+peqeuux, c pernaneutuposauuMnu peunanu, rqe rpous-
soneua cneua ronrauuu satpyqueua, qn toro +toM saute
ucrnk+uteneuoe ronoeuue, uepeqro usupaetc uuou ryte.
|ctepouquMe roqpoctru oxotuo rpuuunakt us pyr sspocnMx
opnaneuMe nuqepcrue yuruu qonuoctu ctapoct, oprauu-
satopos scroro poqa neporputuu u t. r.
/sne+euu ro+tu enuron cocpeqoto+usaktc s onactu aro-
eutpu+ecroro tura xou. /sne+e noet nuae to, +to qaet sos-
nouocte rorpacosatec repeq qpyrunu.
CercyaneuMe sne+euu uctepouqos ue otnu+aktc uu cu-
nou, uu uarpeuuoctek. 8 ux cercyaneuon roseqeuuu nuoro
teatpaneuou urpM. oqpoctru nane+uru rpeqro+utakt ytau-
sate csou cercyaneuMe repeusauu, yxoqute ot eceq ua aty
teny. eso+ru, uaoopot, crnouuM auauposate csou qeuctsu-
teneuMe cssu u rpuqynMsate uecyaectsykaue, crocouM ua
orosopM u canoorosopM, noryt usopaate pacrytuu, uacna-
qace rpousseqeuuMn oaenonnkaun sre+atneuuen ua coe-
cequura.
le,cmouvueeu mun. 8 qetctse ouu otnu+aktc uerocny-
aauuen, ueroceqnusoctek, sckqy u so sce nesyt, uo rpu aton
tpycnusM, otc uarasauuu, nerro roq+uuktc qpyrun qetn.
3neneutapuMe rpasuna roseqeuu ycsausaktc c tpyqon. 8a
uunu sce spen rpuxoqutc cnequte. /
24
uerotopMx us uux sctpe+aktc cunrtonM uesporatuu (saurauue,
uo+uou auypes u t. q.).
C repsMx rnaccos aronM uet enauu y+utec. Tonero
rpuuerpectauuon u ctporon routpone, uexot roq+uuce, ouu
sMronukt saqauu, scerqa uayt cny+au otnMuusate ot sautuu.
8necte c ten, pauo ouapyusaetc rosMaeuua tra r passne-
+euun, yqosonectsun, rpasquoctu, esqenek. 0uu yerakt c
yporos s ruuo unu rpocto rorynte ro ynue. Voryt paqu ronra-
uuu rpocto ceate us qona. 8ce qypuoe cnosuo nuruet r uun.
Crnouuocte r unutauu y ueyctou+usMx roqpoctros otnu+aetc
usupateneuoctek: opasanu qn roqpaauu cnyat te noqenu
roseqeuu, rotopMe cynt ueneqneuuMe uacnaqeuu, cneuy
nerrux sre+atneuuu, passne+euu. Eae qetenu ouu ua+uuakt
rypute. erro uqyt ua nenrue rpau, rotosM sce quu uarponet
rposoqute s ynu+uMx ronrauux. 8 roqpoctroson sospacte tro-
tekt r onee octpMn oayaeuun s xoq uqyt xynuraucrue ro-
ctyrru, anrorone, uaproturu. enuu-rseutuocte atux roqpoctros
ato rpeqe scero enauue ropassne+ec. 8Mrusru ua+uuakt-
c pauo u scerqa s ronrauux acouaneuMx roqpoctros. oucr
ueoM+uMx sre+atneuuu nerro tonraet ua suaronctso c uaprotu-
ranu, pasuoro poqa ux cypporatanu. 0 sosuurakaux rpu ux qeu-
ctsuu ueoM+uMx oayaeuux u unnksopuMx repeusauux qe-
ntc c rputennu.
C uactyrneuuen ryeptatuoro repuoqa tarue roqpoctru
ctpentc sMcsooqutec us-roq poqutenecrou oreru. Pearu
anaucurauu y ueyctou+usMx roqpoctros tecuo corpeua sce c
tenu e enauunu yqosonectsu u passne+euu. |ctuuuou
nksu r poqutenn ouu uurorqa ue rutakt. PoquMe qn uux
nuae ucto+uur cpeqcts qn uacnaqeuuu.
le crocouMe canu saute ce, ouu o+eue rnoxo repeuoct
oquuo+ectso u pauo tuytc r ynu+uMn roqpoctrosMn rpyrran.
Tpycocte u ueqoctato+ua uuuuatusuocte ue rossonkt un
saute s uux necto nuqepa. 0M+uo ouu ctauostc opyqunu
tarux rpyrr. /rou astonaauu u notournos c enek roratatec
coctasnet cyaectseuuyk +acte ux qenuurseutuoctu.
CercyaneuMe sne+euu ue otnu+aktc cunou. lo rpe-
Msauue s acouaneuMx rpyrrax seqet r pauueny cercyaneuony
orMty, srnk+a suaronctso c passpaton u usspaaeuunu. Cer-
cyaneua usue ctauosutc qn tarux roqpoct-
25
ros tarun e ucto+uuron passne+euuu, rar roctouuMe sMrus-
ru u roxoqeuu.
/+ea sapacMsaetc. lurarou tpyq ue ctauosutc rpusne-
rateneuMn. Paotakt ouu tonero s cuny rpauueu ueoxoquno-
ctu. opaaet ux pasuoqyaue r csoeny yqyaeny, ouu ue ctpot
rnauos, ue ne+taet o rarou-nuo rpoeccuu unu o raron-nuo
ronoeuuu qn ce. 0uu enuron usyt uactoaun, ena
ussne+e us uero narcunyn passne+euuu u yqosonectsuu. Tpyq-
uoctu, ucrMtauu, uerputuoctu, yrposa uarasauuu sce ato sM-
sMsaet oquuarosyk pearuk yeate roqaneae.
oeru us qona u uutepuatos uepeqruu roctyror ue-
yctou+usMx roqpoctros. 8 roerax ouu uayt acouaneuMe ronra-
uuu, roqxoqaero roryt+ura, roq snuuue rotoporo nerro rora-
qakt. epsMe roeru cnyat rpunutusuMn crocoon useate
uerputuocteu unu, ro rpauueu nepe, otcpo+ute uarasauue. o-
stopuMe roeru uepeqro oycnosneuM ye roucron passne+euuu,
trou r csooquou usuu.
Cnaosonue snetc oquou us ocuosuMx +ept ueyctou+usMx.
|neuuo cnaosonue rossonet yqepate ux s octauosre cyposo-
ro u ectro pernaneutuposauuoro peuna. lo rar tonero orera
ocnaesaet, ouu ueneqneuuo yctpennktc s nuauayk roq-
xoqayk ronrauuk. Cnaoe necto ueyctou+usMx roqpoctros
esuaqsopuocte, roryctutenectso sspocnMx, otrpMsakaee rpo-
ctopM qn rpasquoctu u esqene. usocte coctseuuo ueyc-
tou+usMx roqpoctros scerqa oycnosneua cutyaueu. 0ua onee
scero cnyut enu useate uarasauu, sMrytatec us tpyquo-
cteu, sarony+ute rarue-nuo nara.
|o+opv+eu mun. . 6. lauuyaruu netro opucosan uero-
topMe +eptM atoro tura roctouua rotosuocte roq+uutec
ronocy oneauuctsa, aanouuocte, auaneuocte, crnouuocte r
xoq+eu nopanu, naroupasuk, roucepsatusny. lnasua +epta
atoro tura - roctouua u +pesnepua rouopnuocte r csoeny
uerocpeqctseuuony, rpusM+uony orpyeuuk. 3tun nu+uoctn
csouctseuuM ueqosepue u uactopoeuuoe otuoaeuue r uesua-
ronan.
peqctasutenu rouopnuoro tura ato nkqu csoeu cpeqM.
|x rnasuoe ra+ectso, rnasuoe usueuuoe rpeqo qynate rar
sce, ctapatec, +toM sce y uux Mno rar y scex ot oqeqM
u qonaaueu octauosru qo nupososspeuu u cyqeuuu ro uso-
tpereayaun sorpocan. oq sce-
26
nu oM+uo roqpasynesaetc uerocpeqctseuuoe orpyeuue.
Kouopnua nu+uocte - ronuoctek rpoqyrt csoeu cpeqM. 8
xopoaen orpyeuuu ato uernoxue nkqu u uernoxue paotuuru.
lo, roras s qypuyk cpeqy, ouu co speneuen ycsausakt sce e
oM+au u rpusM+ru, nauepM u rpasuna roseqeuu, rar M ouu
uu rpotusope+unu ye unekaunc u rarun M raryuMn ouo
uu Mno. Xot aqartau y uux s repsoe spen rpoteraet te-
no, rose uosa cpeqa ctauosutc tarun e qurtaton roseqeuu,
rar paueae Mna rpeu. KouopnuMe roqpoctru, nuaeuuMe
coctseuuou rputu+uoctu u uuuuatusM, sa ronrauuk nerro
crusaktc, noryt Mte roqutM ua yrotpeneuue uaproturos u
qpyrux rcuxoartusuMx seaects, noryt Mte stuytM s rpyrro-
sMe rpasouapyaeuu, ua roer us qona unu ua pacrpasy c +y-
aron.
VM octauosunuce tonero ua uerotopMx xaparteponoru+ecrux
turax roqpoctrosoro sospacta, rotopMe s oneauuctse csoen co-
ctasnkt rpyrry pucra u tpeykt rosMaeuuoro suunauu rar co
ctopouM reqaroros, tar u co ctopouM rcuxonoros s oprauusauu
rpounartu+ecrux neporputuu.
0cuosuMn vomueov noeede+u+ nodpocm|oe, c|no++ex | ad-
du|mue+ev opvav noeede+u+, snetc erctso ot uesMuocunou
peaneuoctu. lo +aae sctpe+aktc suytpeuuue rpu+uuM, tarue
rar repeusauue ctourux ueyqa+ s arone u rounurtM c poqu-
tennu, y+utennu, csepctuuranu, +ysctso oquuo+ectsa, ytpata
cnMcna usuu, ronua uesoctpeosauuocte s yqyaen u nu+ua
uecoctoteneuocte so scex suqax qeteneuoctu u nuoroe qpyroe.
0t scero atoro xo+etc yeate, sarnyaute u usneuute csoe rcu-
xu+ecroe coctouue, rycte speneuuo, uo s ny+ayk ctopouy.
u+ua usue, y+eua qeteneuocte u orpyakaa ux cpeqa
paccnatpusaktc unu +aae scero rar cepMe, cry+uMe, no-
uotouuMe, aratu+uMe. 3tun qetn ue yqaetc uautu s peane-
uou qeuctsuteneuoctu rarue-nuo cepM qeteneuoctu, croco-
uMe rpusne+e ux suunauue, ysne+e, opaqosate, sMssate ano-
uouaneuyk pearuk. | tonero rocne yrotpeneuu pasnu+uMx
rcuxoartusuMx seaects ouu qocturakt +ysctsa rpuroqutoctu
es peaneuoro yny+aeuu cutyauu. 0uu s rpyrre, ouu rpuutM,
ux rounu. anee cutyau s nurpo- u narpocpeqe (cene, aro-
na, oquornaccuuru u rp.) ctauosutc ea onee uerepeuocunou,
rou-
27
nurtuou. Tar sosuurakt sce oneaa sasucunocte u ot-
topeuue ot peaneuou qeuctsuteneuoctu.
CuuqponM sasucunoctu coctasnkt qpo rnuuu+ecrux rpo-
sneuuu anroroneuou u ueanroroneuou opnM uapronauuu
(nopuuusn, aputyponauu, raauausn), torcuronauuu (eu-
suuosou, aetouosou u qp.), nerapctseuuou sasucunoctu (rpu-
ctpactu r rcuxotporuMn rperapatan), sMpaa pasnu+uMe
ctereuu rpuctpactu u rpusMrauu r auporony rpyry torcu+e-
crux seaects u nerapctseuuMx rperapatos, onaqakaux rcuxo-
qenu+ecrunu csouctsanu.
8a rocnequee spen ysenu+unoce +ucno cuuqponos, ot-
uocauxc r aqqurtusuony u ronrynecusuony roseqeuuk. oq
ronrynecusuMn roseqeuuen roqpasynesaetc roseqeuue unu
qeuctsue, rpeqrpuuunaenoe qn uuteucusuoro sosyqeuu unu
anououaneuou paspqru, tpyquo routponupyenoe nu+uoctek u s
qaneueuaen sMsMsakaee qucronopt. Tarue rattepuM roseqe-
uu noryt Mte suytpeuuunu (nMcnu, opasM, +ysctsa) unu suea-
uunu (paota, urpa). Konrynecusuoe roseqeuue qaet sosno-
uocte unutauu xopoaero cano+ysctsu ua ropotruu repuoq, ue
paspeaa suytpunu+uoctuMx rponen. K ronrynecusuony rose-
qeuuk otuoctc cneqykaue ero pasuosuquoctu:
repeeqauue;
ctpenneuue r cuueuuk seca;
ctpenneuue r pucry u ctpeccy;
rotpeuocte Mte sautMn (paotoronuru);
ctpenneuue r qoctueuun;
rotpeuocte s usu+ecrux yrpaueuux;
ctpenneuue r cneue cercyaneuoro raptuepa;
rotpeuocte s usonuu;
rotpeuocte roryrate unu rpuopetate seau.
Taroe roseqeuue nouo c+utate ratonoru+ecrun, ecnu
ouo otpaaet equuctseuuMu croco cosnaqeuu co ctpeccon
{|,na|oe 0. /., 2000).
Aqqurtusua artusuocte uocut usupateneuMu xapartep s
tex onactx usuu, rotopMe rycte speneuuo, uo rpuuoct +eno-
sery yqosnetsopeuue u sMpMsakt ero us nupa anououaneuou
ryctotM, ctaruauu (ec+ysctseuuoctu). 0uu noryt rposute
oneayk artusuocte qn qoctueuu enu, cssauuou c qoMsa-
uuen anroron, uaproturos u rp., srnote qo cosepaeuu ano-
paneuMx u rpunuuaneuMx rpoctyrros.
28
6. Ceran sMqenet cneqykaee rcuxonoru+ecrue ocoeuuoctu
nu c aqqurtusuMnu opnanu roseqeuu: 1) cuueuue repeuo-
cunoctu tpyquocteu roscequesuou usuu, uapqy c xopoaeu repe-
uocunoctek rpusucuMx cutyauu; 2) crpMtMu ronrnerc ueronuo-
euuoctu, co+etakauuc c sueaue rposnenMn rpesocxoqct-
son;
3) sueau couaeneuocte, co+etakaac co ctpaxon
repeq ctourunu anououaneuMnu routartanu;
4) ctpenneuue rosopute uerpasqy; 5) ctpenneuue osuute qpyrux,
sua, +to ouu uesuuosuM. 6) ctpenneuue
yxoqute ot otsetctseuuoctu s rpuutuu peaeuuu; 7) ctepeoturuocte,
rostopenocte roseqeuu; 8) sasucunocte;
9) tpesouocte.
PacrpMsa ocuosuMe ocoeuuoctu nu+uoctu co crnouuoctek r aq-
qurtusuony roseqeuuk, 8. . Veuqenesu+ (1998) opaaaet suunauue
ua paccornacosauue rcuxonoru+ecrou yctou+usoctu s cny+ax oMqeu-
uMx otuoaeuuu u rpusucos. 8 uopne, rar rpasuno, rcuxu+ecru sqopo-
sMe nkqu nerro (astonatu+ecru) rpucrocanusaktc r tpeosauun
oMqeuuou (Mtosou) usuu u tenee repeuoct rpusucuMe cutyauu.
0uu, s otnu+ue ot nu c pasuoopasuMnu aqqurunu, ctapaktc use-
rate rpusucos u sonuykaux uetpaquuouuMx coMtuu.
Knaccu+ecrun auturoqon aqqurtusuou nu+uoctu sMctyraet oMsa-
tene +enoser, usyauu, rar rpasuno, uutepecanu ceneu, poqctseuuu-
ros, nusrux nkqeu u xopoao rpucroconeuuMu r tarou usuu. |neuuo
oMsatene sMpaatMsaet yctou u tpaquuu, ctauosauec oaectseu-
uo rooapenMnu uopnanu. 0u roucepsatuseu ro csoeu cytu, ue crnoueu
+to-nuo neute s orpyakaen nupe, qosonectsyetc ten, +to uneet
(naneuerunu paqoctnu usuu), ctapaetc ucrnk+ute pucr qo nuuu-
nyna u ropqutc csoun rpasuneuMn opason usuu. 8 otnu+ue ot
uero aqqurtusuou nu+uoctu, uarpotus, rpetut tpaquuouua usue c ee
yctonu, pasnepeuuoctek u rporuosupyenoctek, rorqa eae rpu poqe-
uuu suaeae, +to u rar rpousouqet c qauuMn +enoseron. peqcrasye-
nocte, saqauuocte coctseuuou cyqeM snetc pasqpaakaun no-
neuton aqqurtusuou nu+uoctu. KpusucuMe e cutyauu c ux uerpeqcra-
syenoctek, pucron u sMpaeuuMnu aertanu snktc qn uux tou
ro+sou, ua rotopou ouu opetakt ysepeuuocte s cee, canoysaeuue u
+ysctso rpesocxoqctsa uaq qpyrunu. Auanusupy ocoeuuoctu aq-
qurtusuou nu+uoctu,
29
8. . Veuqenesu+ ccMnaetc ua E. 6epua u +epes rpusny ero
teopuu pacrpMsaet cyauocte aqurtusuou nu+uoctu. o nueuuk
E. 6epua, y +enosera cyaectsyet aecte suqos ronoqa:
1) ronoq ro ceucopuou ctunynuu;
2) ronoq ro rpusuauuk;
3) ronoq ro routarty u usu+ecrony rornausauuk;
4) cercyaneuMu ronoq;
5) ctpyrtypuMu ronoq, unu ronoq ro ctpyrtypuposauuk
speneuu;
6) ronoq ro uuuuatuse.
/ aqurtusuou nu+uoctu raqMu suq ronoqa ooctpetc.
0uu ue uaxoqt yqosnetsopeuu +ysctsy ronoqa s peaneuou usuu
u ctpentc cute qucronopt u ueyqosnetsopeuue peaneuo-
ctek ctunynueu tex unu uuMx suqos qeteneuoctu. 0uu rMta-
ktc qoctu+e rosMaeuuoro yposu ceucopuou ctunynuu (ot-
qakt rpeqro+teuue rponrun ssyran, prun rpacran, pesrun
saraxan). lonoq ro rpusuauuk yqosnetsopetc ueopquuapuo-
ctek roctyrros (s ton +ucne cercyaneuMx). CtpyrtypuMu ronoq
ato ctpenneuue saronuute spen coMtunu.
0ertusuo u cyertusuo nnoxa+ nepe+ocuvocme mp,d+ocmeu
noeced+ee+ou us+u, roctouuMe yrperu s uerpucroconeuuoctu
u otcytctsuu usuenku co ctopouM nusrux u orpyakaux
opnupyet y aqqurtusuMx nu+uocteu c|pemeu |ovnne|c +enon+o-
(e++ocmu. 0uu ctpaqakt ottoro, +to otnu+aktc ot qpyrux, +to ue
crocouM ute, rar nkqu. 0quaro tarou speneuuo sosuurak-
auu ronrnerc ueronuoeuuoctu oopa+usaetc rurepron-
reucatopuou pearueu. 0t sauueuuou canooeuru, uasesae-
nou orpyakaunu, uuqusuqM repexoqt cpasy r sasMaeuuou,
nuuy aqersatuyk. osneuue +ysctsa rpesocxoqctsa uaq orpy-
akaunu sMronuet saautuyk rcuxonoru+ecryk yuruk, cro-
coctsy roqqepauuk canoysaeuu s uenarorputuMx nurpo-
couaneuMx ycnosux ycnosux roupoutauu nu+uoctu c
ceneeu unu ronnertuson. +ysctso rpesocxoqctsa suqetc ua
cpasueuuu ceporo oMsatenecroro onota, s rotopon uaxoqtc
sce orpyakaue, u uactoaeu csooquou ot osatenects us-
uu aqqurtusuoro +enosera.
3+ea+++ co(uaens+ocme, nerrocte uanausauu routartos
corposoqaetc nauuryntusuMn roseqeuuen u
30
rosepxuoctuoctek anououaneuMx csseu. 0uu ctpaaatc ctou-
rux u anououaneuMx qnuteneuMx routartos scneqctsue rotepu
uutepeca r oquony u tony e +enosery unu suqy qeteneuoctu u
oraceuu otsetctseuuoctu sa sosnouoe cyrpyectso u qeteu u
sasucunoctu ot uux.
0mpevne+ue coeopume +enpaed,, onauMsate orpyakaux, a
tare osuute qpyrux s coctseuuMx rponaxax sMteraet us ctpyr-
typM aqqurtusuou nu+uoctu, rotopa rMtaetc crpMte ot orpy-
akaux coctseuuMu ronrnerc ueronuoeuuoctu, oycnos-
neuuMu ueyneuuen ute s cootsetctsuu c yctonu u oaerpu-
utMnu uopnanu.
/+utene, rcuxonor, couaneuMu reqaror ocooe suunauue
qoneu yqente roseqeuuk qeteu rpyrrM pucra s pasuMx
cepax ux usueqeteneuoctu. C. A. Kynaros (2000) sMqen-
et pq rattepuos roseqeuu, rotopMe rossonkt orpeqenute
otrnoukaeec roseqeuue u ucraeuue nu+uoctu aqqurtus-
uoro roqpoctra s pasnu+uMx cepax.
1. 8 roseqeu+ecrou cepe rpu oaeuuu: useauue
peaeuu rponen, uectauneuocte otuoaeuuu c orpyakaunu,
rpeunyaectseuuo oquoturuMu croco pearuposauu ua pyctpa-
uk u tpyquoctu, sMcoruu yposeue rpeteusuu rpu otcytctsuu rpu-
tu+ecrou oeuru csoux sosnouocteu, crnouuocte r osuueuun,
aroeutpusn, arpeccusuoe unu ueysepeuuoe roseqeuue, rosne-
uue couoouu, opueutau ua cnuaron ectrue uopnM u tpe-
osauu, reperuouusn, ueteprunocte u ueteprenusocte, ue
rossonkaue otuoaeuun nu+uoctu opectu yctou+usocte.
2. 8 aertusuou cepe: anououaneua naune-
uocte, uusra pyctpauouua tonepautuocte u Mctpoe
sosuuruoseuue tpesoru u qerpeccuu, cuueuua unu ue
ctauneua canooeura, rpeysenu+euue ueratusuMx coMtuu u
nuuunusau rosutusuMx, +to rpusoqut r eae oneaeny cuue-
uuk canooeuru, uerpuutuk opatuMx csseu u crococtsyet
sarpMtoctu nu+uoctu.
3. |craeuue notusauouuo-rotpeuoctuou cepM:
noruposra rotpeuoctu s saauaeuuoctu, canoytsepqeuuu,
csooqe, rpuuaqneuoctu r peepeutuou rpyrre,
speneuuou repcrertusM.
4. lanu+ue roruutusuMx ucraeuuu, ycunusak
aux qucrapnouuk nu+uoctu, aertusua norura (sM
sneuM u pauuposauM netoqon auanusa sMcrasMsauuu):
qoneuctsosauue; csepxouqauue ot qpyrux; anouo-
31
uaneuMe noru: (nane+uru ue rna+yt); acrarusn (userauue
rponen), cenertusua sMopra roctpoeuue sarnk+euu,
ocuosauuoro ua qetanx, sMpsauuMx us routercta (ecnu qpyrue
rputurykt neu, to rnoxou); csepxpacrpoctpaueuuocte
roctpoeuue rnoaneuoro sMsoqa, ocuosauuoro ua oquon usonu-
posauuon arte; aconktuoe nManeuue, rpousauue orMta s
qsyx rpotusoronouMx rateropux: sce unu uu+ero; rpoussone-
uoe otpaeuue opnuposauue sMsoqos rpu otcytctsuu apry-
neutos s ero roqqepry; reperuouusn; rpeysenu+euue ueratus-
uMx coMtuu u nuuunusau rosutusuMx, +to rpusoqut r eae
oneaeny cuueuuk canooeuru, uerpuutuk opatuMx cs-
seu u crococtsyet sarpMtoctu nu+uoctu. oqpoctra cneqyet
royqute r paccrasy o qpysex (sosnouo, s auouunuou opne),
srnk+a suaronMx, rpoykaux anrorone u uaproturu. Ecnu roq-
poctor yronuuaet o nuorux qpysex, yrotpenkaux uaproturu,
anrorone, roceaakaux se+epuuru u orpeqeneuuMe tycosru, rqe
ux rpuuto yrotpente, u sxoqut s rpyrry pucra, roqospeuu
rcuxonora, y+uten, couaneuoro reqarora qonuM sospactu.
Tarun opason, ocuosuMn s roseqeuuu aqqurtusuou nu+-
uoctu snetc ctpenneuue r yxoqy ot peaneuoctu, ctpax re-
peq oMqeuuou, uaronueuuou osatenectsanu u pernaneuta-
unu cry+uou usuek, crnouuocte r roucry anououaneuMx
sarpeqeneuMx repeusauuu qae euou cepeesuoro pucra qn
usuu u uecrocouocte Mte otsetctseuuMn sa csou roctyrru.
Lroneua uecoctoteneuocte, pesroe cuueuue ycre-
saenoctu, aroneua qesaqartau, crococtsykaue yro-
tpeneuuk rcuxoartusuMx seaects, u qonuM uactopoute u
uasectu ua nMcne o snoyrotpeneuuu roqpoctron rcuxoartus-
uMx seaects.
1.3. 3TAb 6TAh0EhhP
AhK|hh0|0 0EEhhP
Ctauosneuue aqurtusuoro roseqeuu otnu+aetc auporun
uuqusuqyaneuMn csoeopasuen, uo s enon sqece nouo sM-
qenute pq sarouonepuMx ataros. 8. Karau (1999) sMqenet
tpu atara uapronoru+ecrux (anroroneuMx u ueanroroneuMx) sa-
puautos Ctauosneuu aqurtusuoro roseqeuu:
32
1 aman. epeee npoe. Cosepaaktc oM+uo roq
+eun-nuo snuuuen unu s ronrauuu. lenanyk pone sqece
urpakt nkorMtctso, roqpaauue, rpyrrosou rouopnusn u
notusM rpyrrosoro canoytsepqeuu. lnyuuua
notusau socxoqut r rpucyaeu +enosery rotpeuoctu s
usneueuuu coctouuu cosuauu: sepotuocte toro, +to
repsMe rpoM repepactyt s passepuytMu rpoecc opnu-
posauu aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu u rocneqykaero repe-
pactauu s onesue ten oneae, +en neueae sospact rpu
repsMx rpoax u +en neueae rotpeuocte s usneueuuu co
suauu yqosnetsopetc couaneuo oqopenMnu crocoanu.
8Mop cpeqctsa ua aton atare uerpoussoneu u sasucut ot atuo-
rynetypaneuMx ocoeuuocteu, ocoeuuocteu
cyrynetypM, orMta rpyrrM u qoctyruoctu cpeqctsa. o
pasuMn rpu+uuan (yqosnetsopeuuoro nkorMtctsa, ctpaxa uara-
sauu, oraceuu u repeusauu, paspMsa c ronrauueu u t. q.)
repsMe rpoM +aae scero ue unekt rpoqoneuu, ucrnk+euue
coctasnkt taarorypeuue u rynetypaneuo cauruouuposauua
anroronusau.
2 aman. ouc|oeoe addu|mue+oe noeede+ue. Cneqykaun
sa repsMnu rpoanu uqet atar arcrepeneutuposauu c
pasnu+uMnu suqanu rcuxoartusuMx seaects anroronen,
nequraneutanu, uaproturanu, MtosMnu u rponManeuuMnu
xunuratanu. 0M+uo ouo rpucyae nnaqaeny roqpoctrosony
sospacty. n oquux roqpoctros sauo ux
yrotpeneuue rar suar rpuuaqneuoctu r rpyrre, qn qpyrux
can art usneueuu coctouu cosuauu (otpy,
otrnk+ra), qn tpeteux - ra+ectso sMsMsaenMx aertos u
ocoeuuoctu raua. Kar rpasuno, atot atar passopa+usaetc
s ronrauuu u oopnnetc ro anroroneuony
tury qn secene, pacrosauuoctu, ooctpeuu socrputu,
cutu cercyaneuMx apeepos, sMpaeuu otuoaeuu
(ue ukxaeae, sua+ut, ue ysaaeae). Xapartepuo artusuoe arc-
repuneutuposauue c roucron uosMx cpeqcts u crocoos ux yrot-
peneuu (uarpunep, sapqra nety+unu seaectsanu unetp-
roporu rpotusorasa). o nepe rpoxoqeuu atoro atara opnu-
pyetc uuqusuqyaneuoe rpeqro+teuue oquoro us cpeqcts unu
rpeqro+utaenMu ux crertp.
+aae scero ato rpoucxoqut ye s sospacte rocne 15 net.
|uqusuqyaneuou rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu eae uet, uo
noet opnuposatec rpyrrosa rcuxu+ecra sasucunocte,
astonatu+ecru sarycraena copon rpyrrM. 0t
taroro ronucyctautuoro aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu 8. Ka-
. 33
.
rau (1999) otnu+aet nouocyctautuoe, rorqa u repsMe rpoM, u
roucrosoe arcrepuneutuposauue orpeqenetc qonuuupykaeu
rynetypaneuou tpaquueu (canorou s cenecrux pauouax Poccuu,
raaua, oruatM, u t. q. s qpyrux atuocouaneuMx cpeqax).
Vequraneutosuoe ne+euue ucronesyetc rpu aqqurtusuon
roseqeuuu nuae qn cutu uutorcurauu. cu-
xoteparestu+ecrue texuuru u rpuenM opasykt netoqonoru+ecryk
asy rcuxorpounarturu; seqyayk pone ouu noryt urpate rpu pa-
ote c qetenu u roqpoctranu, y rotopMx aqqurtusuoe roseqeuue
snetc roseqeu+ecrun rposneuuen suytpunu+uoctuMx rpo-
nen. Peaakaa pone rpu paote c aqqurtusuMn roseqeuuen
roqpoctros rpuuaqneut reqaroran u couaneuMn reqaroran.
3 aman. epexod addamue+oco noeede+u+ e ones+e. pouc-
xoqut roq snuuuen nuoectsa pasuoopasuMx artopos, roto-
pMe nouo ycnosuo pasqenute ua couaneuMe, couaneuo-
rcuxonoru+ecrue, rcuxonoru+ecrue u uonoru+ecrue.
CouaneuMe - uectauneuocte oaectsa, qoctyruocte rcu-
xoartusuMx seaects, otcytctsue rosutusuMx couaneuMx u ryne-
typuMx tpaquuu, routpactuocte yposueu usuu, uuteucusuocte u
rnotuocte nurpauu u qp.
Couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrue sMcoruu yposeue ron-
nertusuou u naccosou tpesoru, paspMxneuuocte roqqep-
usakaux csseu c ceneeu u qpyrunu rosutusuo-sua+unMnu
rpyrranu, ponautusau u repousau qesuautuoro roseqeuu s
naccoson cosuauuu, otcytctsue rpusnerateneuMx qn qeteu u
roqpoctros qocyrosMx eutpos, ocnaneuue neroroneuuMx
csseu roroneuuu.
cuxonoru+ecra uespenocte nu+uoctuou uqeutuurauu,
cnaocte unu ueqoctato+uocte crocouoctu r suytpeuueny qua-
nory, uusra repeuocunocte rcuxonoru+ecrux ctpeccos u orpauu-
+euuocte cosnaqakaero roseqeuu, sMcora rotpeuocte s us-
neueuuu coctouuu cosuauu rar cpeqctse paspeaeuu suyt-
peuuux rounurtos, rouctutyuouaneuo areutyuposauuMe
ocoeuuoctu nu+uoctu.
6uonoru+ecrue rpupoqa u arpeccusuocte rcuxoartusuoro
seaectsa, uuqusuqyaneua tonepautuocte, uapyaeuue rpoec-
cos qetorcurauu s oprauusne, usneukaue cuctenM notusauu
u routpon sa te+euuen saonesauu.
8 rpoecce repexoqa aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu s onesue,
sMsMsaenyk yrotpeneuuen rcuxoartusuMx se- |
34
aects (anrorone, uaproturu u t. q.), sMqenkt cneqykaue cta-
quu passutu onesuu.
1 ctaqu. Xapartepusyetc opnuposauuen u rporpec-
cupykaun yrnyneuuen rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu, rpu
rotopou repepMs s yrotpeneuuu rpusoqut r rcuxu+ecrony quc-
ronopty, roqasneuuoctu, tpesore, qucopuu c pesrun ooctpe-
uuen sne+euu r yrotpenenony seaectsy.
8 atot repuoq uankqaktc ocnaneuue u yracauue saautuMx
penercos ua repeqosuposry, rosMaeuua tonepautuocte, co-
uaneua qesaqartau.
2 ctaqu. Xapartepusyetc opnuposauuen usu+ecrou
sasucunoctu rpu yrotpeneuuu oquux seaects (anrorone, orua-
tM, uerotopMe ctunyntopM) u yrnyneuuen
rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu rpu yrotpeneuuu qpyrux (ro
rauu, napuxyaua). 8 tex cny+ax, rorqa usu+ecra sasucunocte
ue opnupyetc, ocuosuMn rpusuaron atou ctaquu
ctauosutc xpouu+ecra uutorcurau c rcuxu+ecrunu u
usu+ecrunu uapyaeuunu. pusuaru xpouu+ecrou uu-
torcurauu sasuct ot tura yrotpenenMx seaects
Tar, xpouu+ecra uutorcurau napuxyauou seqet r usu-
+ecrony uctoaeuuk u aratuu sue roseqeu+ecroro ron uapro-
tusauu, y nane+uros uepeqro rpusoqut r tenecuou enuuusa-
uu; nety+unu seaectsanu r opnuposauuk rcuxooprauu+e-
croro cuuqpona u torcu+ecrou aueanoratuu c conatouespo-
noru+ecrunu uapyaeuunu u ocnaneuuen uutennertyaneuMx
yuruu (rantu, suunauu, coopasuteneuoctu). la aton ata-
re acecusuoe sne+euue r yrotpeneuuk cneuetc ronryne-
cusuMn, ytpa+usaetc rputu+uocte r yrotpeneuuk u passusaet-
c auosoruosu, pactet tonepautuocte (rpusMrauue) r seaectsy
u uepeqro usneuetc raptuua oreueuu, uapactaet couane-
ua qesaqartau c urcaueu roseqeuu ua yrotpeneuuu
rcuxoartusuMx seaects u ux rponMcne, sosne+euue s aqquruk
csepctuuros u nnaqaux ro sospacty qeteu c opnuposauuen roq-
+uueuuMx rpyrr rar cpeqctsa canoytsepqeuu u qoM+u qypna-
uaux seaects.
epexoq r 3 ctaquu (raqeuue tonepautuoctu, sMpaeuuMu op-
rauu+ecruu qeert nu+uoctu c +eptanu creuu+ecroro qn toro
unu uuoro suqa rcuxoartusuMx seaects cnaoynu, sarouonep-
uo sosuurakaue actuueutuMe rcuxosM, rnyora couaneua
qerpaqau) cosepaaetc, rar rpasuno, ye s kuoaecron sos-
pacte.
35
|nasa 2 AK0l0|8V
| AK0l0|K|
oq anroronusnon rouunakt xpouu+ecryk onesue, passu-
sakaykc scneqctsue qnuteneuoro snoyrotpeneuu cruptuMnu
uarutranu. euctso ato +pesnepuoe yrotpeneuue anroron,
ue osateneuo s panrax xpouu+ecroro anroronusna.
o orpeqeneuuk 808, anroronuru ato uuteucusuMe
reuuM, sasucunocte rotopMx ot anroron qocturaet tarou cte-
reuu, +to sosuurakt suMe rcuxu+ecrue uapyaeuu unu rounur-
tM s usu+ecron u rcuxu+ecron sqoposee, s ux nenu+uoctuMx
otuoaeuux u xosuctseuuMx yurux, unu ouu snktc
rpoqponon taroro passutu u roatony uyqaktc s ne+euuu.
Anroronusn can ro cee pacctpouctso ue rcuxu+ecroe, uo
rpu anroronusne noryt sosuuruyte rcuxosM, rpu+uuou rotopMx
cnyut rar xpouu+ecroe otpasneuue canun anroronen, tar u sM-
ssauuMe un uapyaeuu netaonusna, s ocoeuuoctu yuruu
re+euu. Anroroneuoe oreueuue noet ctate rposoratopon au-
qoreuuMx rcuxosos. la rocnequeu ctaquu passusaetc qeneuu
{|op|u+a V. 3., a-|ocu+al., uv|o/. E., 1995).
Anrorone sauunaet sronue orpeqeneuuoe necto s co-
speneuuon opase usuu, u, cneqosateneuo, qo cux rop octa-
ktc sepuMnu cnosa 8. optyranosa, crasauuMe eae s 1890 roqy,
o ton, +to cyaectsykaa rpusM+ra r anroronk ropoqaet u s
rocneqykaux roroneuux rpeenctseuuoe pacronoeuue u ryten
roqpaauu, repeun+usoctu repeqaetc... us roroneuu s roro-
neuue.
Pacrpoctpaueuue anroronusna ue uneet equuou rpu+uuM,
equuou raptuuM rposneuu, a orpeqenetc cosnectuMn qeuct-
suen pasnu+uMx ycnosuu sosuuruoseuu: couaneuo-
arouonu+ecrux, couaneuMx (rynetypaneuMx, ceneuuMx, rpo-
eccuouaneuou qeteneuoctu u rp.), uuqusuqyaneuMx ocoeu-
uocteu nu+uoctu, artyaneuMx rponen, tpaursunusupykaero
aerta canoro anroron u rp. poneny cosqaet ue cano ro
cee yrotpeneuue cruptuMx uarutros, a yrotpeneuue +acto u s
oneaux ronu+ectsax.
36
|ccneqosauu rocnequux net rorasMsakt, +to r yrotpeneuuk
anroron s uerotopMx peruouax ctpauM nonoqMe nkqu rpue-
rakt c 710 net. Anrorone snetc rnasuMn artopon, croco-
ctsykaun cosepaeuuk rpectyrneuuu. Anrorone rosuueu s rono-
suue scex cosepaeuuMx yuucts. 0u snetc rnasuMn arto-
pon ectororo opaaeuu c qetenu u uacunu s cenee. 6one-
auuctso roctpaqasaux s ynu+uMx asapux reaexoqos uaxoqu-
nuce s coctouuu anroroneuoro oreueuu.
cuxonoru+ecryk xapartepuctury anroronusna ueoxoquno
ua+ate c sapoqeuu canou rotpeuoctu s anrorone. otpe-
uocte s anrorone rpno ue sxoqut s +ucno ectectseuuMx, us-
ueuuMx rotpeuocteu +enosera. 3ta rotpeuocte, rar sepuo yra-
sMsaet 6. C. 6patyce, rosnetc rotony, +to oaectso, so-
repsMx, rpoussoqut qauuMu rpoqyrt u, so-stopMx, rpoussoqut
u socrpoussoqut oM+au, opnM, rpusM+ru u rpeqpaccyqru,
cssauuMe c ero rotpeneuuen. punepon tony noryt cnyute
nuM, rotopMe corposoqakt rpoecc yrotpeneuu anroro-
n. 0M+uo qeuctsuk anroron rpurucMsakt auopu+ecruu,
rcuxoteparestu+ecruu, ctunynupykauu u qpyrue aertM. Pq
uccneqosauuu, rposeqeuuMx roq pyrosoqctson 6. C. 6patyc,
u auanus uay+uMx ucto+uuros rossonunu eny rpuutu r sMsoqy,
+to anrorone rar tarosou, ue ero sstoe cano ro cee usuonoru-
+ecroe qeuctsue, a rpeqe scero npoe|(u+ ncuxonocuvec|oco ou-
da+u+, a|m,ane+ex nompe+ocmeu u vomueoe +a ncuxousuonocu-
vec|uu o+ one++e+u+ cosqaet ty suytpeuukk cyertusuyk rap-
tuuy, rotopyk +enoser ua+uuaet rpurucMsate qeuctsuk anrorone-
uoro uarutra. Passutue anroronusna, anroroneuou sasucunoctu
rpoxoqut uecronero ctaquu. 8 rcuxoratonoruu pasnu+akt cne-
qykaue suqM cuuqponos sasucunoctu: rcuxu+ecryk, usu+e-
cryk, cuuqpon usneueuuou pearuu {Yv,poe 3. /., 1994).
VotusM yrotpeneuu anroron, roanyu, onee pas-
uoopasuM u ny+ae usy+euM, ueenu notusau rpuena uapro-
turos, rqe, rar c+utaetc, c canoro ua+ana qonuuupyet ctpenne-
uue r auopuu.
8. k. 8asenos (1982) sMqenet cneqykaue suqM notusauu
yrotpeneuu anroron. 0ctauosunc ua cuctenatusauu,
rpuseqeuuou c uerotopMnu corpaaeuunu s ruure 8. A. Xny-
posa, rpu aton tonero ee rcuxonoru+ecryk
37
+acte, tar rar qpyrue ue sxoqt s rpoeccuouaneuyk ron-
reteuuk rcuxonora.
ledo+ucmuvec|a+ rpuen anroron cssau c aqou yqo-
sonectsu, ctpenneuuen r +ysctseuuMn uacnaqeuun, c aru-
rypeucrunu uarnouuoctnu. o-suqunony, so sce speneua
qauuMu suq notusauu Mn oquun us uauonee pacrpoctpaueu-
uMx, o +en csuqetenectsykt rantuuru nutepatypM. C rnuuu+e-
crou to+ru speuu, ocoeuuo sauo, +to s reqouuctu+ecrou opu-
eutauu ue +ysctsyetc rnyorou rpussauuoctu r usuu u, o-
nee toro, yraqMsaetc uactpoeuue ope+euuoctu u esMcxoquo-
ctu, crpMsaenoe s teuu rotpeuoctu +ysctseuuou ctunynuu.
Xaqy uacnaqeuuu . l. Tonctou c+utan oopotuou ctopouou
canoyuuctsa, t.e. sMpaeuuen suytpeuueu oryctoaeuuoctu u
qerpeccuu.
/mapa|muvec|a+ - anrorone yrotpenetc c enek cnr-
+ute coctouue anououaneuou uarpeuuoctu, tpesoru, ecro-
rouctsa, roqasneuuoctu, ctpaxos, ueysepeuuoctu. puen anro-
roneuMx uarutros notusupyetc ctpenneuuen otrnk+utec ot
roperux socronuuauuu, uass+usMx oraceuuu, tpesouMx rpeq-
+ysctsuu. 0cuktc ouu ueoxoqunoctek paspqutec,
paccnautec, ycroroutec, copatec c nMcnnu, repesectu
qyx. Tara notusuposra csuqetenectsyet o o+esuquMx aer-
tusuMx uapyaeuux.
0,vuccue+a+ - yrotpeneuue anroron cssauo c ro-
sMaeuuou roq+uuenoctek, uecrocouoctek uespenou nu+uo-
ctu rpotusoctote uatucry rekaux, orpaqute ce ot ueratus-
uMx snuuuu, c ueenauuen otse+ate sa csou qeuctsu. 0sna-
qesaet ctaquoe +ysctso Mte rar sce, ue sMqentec, ue Mte
enou sopouou. le corpotusnce sueaueny qasneuuk, nkqu
ue noryt routponuposate suytpeuuue unrynecM, to ecte snktc
suytpeuue sasucunMnu. Cynuccusua notusau, tarun opa-
son, tonero nacrupyet octakauec ueocosuauuMnu royqeuu
r oreueuuk.
Vomuea(u+ c cunepa|muea(ueu noeede+u+ anrorone yrot-
penetc s ra+ectse qoruura qn toro, +toM roqute touyc,
ctunynuposate soopaeuue u tsop+ecryk qeteneuocte, yny+-
aute paotocrocouocte.
ceedo|,nem,pans+a+ vomuea(u+ yrotpeneuue anroron
otpaaet enauue rpusne+e r cee suunauue orpyakaux ytou-
+euuMn suauuen peqrux uarutros, ocoMx pe-
38
ertos rorteuneu, usMcrauuoctek putyanos sMrusru, ctpen-
neuuen ro+ysctsosate rpuuaqneuocte r sMcaeny csety, r so-
notou nonoqeu. punepon taroro suauu putyanos noryt cny-
ute rpysuucrue toctM.
Tpadu(uo++a+ vomuea(u+ yrotpeneuue anroron ro caur-
uouuposauuMn s qauuou nurpocpeqe rosoqan (rpasquuru, au-
uMe quu, auretM, qenosMe sctpe+u u qp.) Anroronuru yneno
ucronesykt nkou yqouMu qn sMrusru cny+au, ucrycuo cos-
qakt ruteuuMe cutyauu, nosro strusa s uux orpyakaux, +to
qonro nacrupyet ratonoru+ecryk rotpeuocte s oreueuuu.
Auanus notusauu oreueuu snetc sauMn ro tou rpu+u-
ue, +to rossonet rony+ute euuyk uuopnauk o nu+uoctu ra-
ueuta u ero onesueuuMx otrnoueuux. Cneqyet sanetute, +to uc-
tuuuMe notusM ue csoqtc r nexauu+ecrou rouctatauu sMcrasM-
sauuu anroronuros. |sy+euue oM+uo rorasMsaet, +to uctuuuMe
notusM oreueuu ue scerqa cosraqakt c ten, +to raueutM roso-
pt ro atony rosoqy.
2.1. 0605Ehh06Th
AK0|0bh0|0 0bPhEhhP
/n|ocone+oe one++e+ue rposnetc rcuxu+ecrunu, uesponoru-
+ecrunu u conatu+ecrunu uapyaeuunu. / uerekaux rpoctoe ore-
ueuue sctpe+aetc uauonee +acto. 3ert qeuctsu anroron ue
scerqa oquosua+eu u neuetc s sasucunoctu ot sospacta u ctaa
rekaero, oaero coctouu oprauusna, ocoeuuocteu rouctutyuu
u uepsuou cuctenM, ot qosM anroron, ot cropoctu ero scacMsauu s
rpose u ot +ysctsuteneuoctu r ueny oprauusna. 0uneua, ocoo ora-
ta upon u rpaxnanon (raptoene) ruaa saneqnet rpoecc sca-
cMsauu. latoaar u s rpucytctsuu yrnerucnotM (aanraucroe, rasupo-
sauua soqa, uarutru) scacMsauue ycropetc. +ysctsuteneuocte
rosMaaetc rpu ytonneuuu, ronoqauuu, ueqocMrauuu, oxnaqeuuu u
reperpesauuu {|op|u+a V. 3., a|ocu+a l. , uv|o /. E., 1995).
cuxuvec|a+ saeucuvocme ratonoru+ecroe ctpenneuue r
oreueuuk, rpecneqykaee ene yctpauute +ysctso qucronopta
(qoctu+e pearuu, yctpauute tpesory, ueysepeuuocte, rosMcute
artusuocte, ooctpute soopaeuue, oaeuue).
39
+aae rcuxu+ecra sasucunocte rposnetc:
y uespenou nu+uoctu, crnouuou ucrate saauty, roqqepry,
ue crocouou rpuuunate canoctoteneuo oqynauuMe u pa-
uouaneuMe peaeuu, unekaeu rosMaeuuyk suyaaenocte u
rp.);
rpu uanu+uu rouctutyuouaneuMx, oprauu+ecrux
ocoeuuocteu nu+uoctu (+eperuo-poqosa tpasna, areutyauu
xapartepa u rp.);
rpu creuu+ecron xapartepe sMronuenou qete-
neuoctu (uepsuMe reperpysru, cnyeuMe u tsop+ecrue
ueyqa+u, ueyqosnetsopeuuocte nu+uou usuek, otcytctsue yc-
nosuu peanusauu usueuuo sauMx eneu, couaneuo-
arouonu+ecra uesoctpeosauuocte rpusoqt r nu+uou ueco-
ctoteneuoctu u qp.).
0aa cxena tarosa: sosuuraet sosyqeuue, roqen, sM-
ssauuMu s ocuosuon opeou oprauusna c roctyrusaun qon, sa-
ten sosnouo paccnaneuue, yrueteuue, cou. cuxu+ecrue rpo-
eccM tare usneukt csok rpoqyrtusuocte roq snuuuen anro-
ron. |ccneqosauu rorasanu: ysenu+euue qosM anroron cro-
coctsyet equuoopasuMn usneueuun uutennertyaneuo-
nuectu+ecrux rpoeccos, uankqaktc usneueuu notopuru,
paccornacyktc qsueuu, rosnetc pe+esa pactopnoeu-
uocte.
8Mqenkt munuv+,s (npocmoe one++e+ue) u amunuv+,s raptu-
uy oreueuu. pocmoe one++e+ue uneet tpu ctereuu.
ec|a+ cmene+e one++e+u+ uaronuuaet ruronauuaraneuoe
coctouue u rposnetc rosMaeuuMn uactpoeuuen, +ysctson
qosonectsa, ronopta, enauuen oaatec. kqu ctauostc
rosopnusMnu, pe+e rponra, Mctpa, nunura ytpuposauua,
ectM pasnaauctMe, qsueuu ropMsuctMe, uo to+uMe. 8uuna-
uue otsneraetc, rante yxyqaaetc. 0tne+aetc taxurapqu,
rosMaaetc arretut, pactopnoeuuocte cercyaneuoro sne+euu.
+epes 24 +aca uactyrakt snocte u counusocte. epuoq ore-
ueuu scronuuaetc xopoao.
0ped+++ cmene+e. 8qece uankqaktc sMpaeuuMe ue-
sponoru+ecrue uapyaeuu: pe+e qenaetc cnasauuou (qu-
saptpu), roxoqra - aatrou, c rora+usauunu, ro+epr pesro
neuetc. lepeqro sosuuraet toauota, psota (rpu passutuu an-
roronusna ato uc+esaet). lactpoeuue ueyctou+usoe: auopu
+epeqyetc c pasqpauteneuoctek, osnoneuuoctek, crnouuo-
ctek r crauqanan u arpeccuu. 8uunauue repernk+aetc c tpy-
qon, opueutuposra coxpaueua.
40
8osyqeuue cneuetc rnyorun cuon, sa rotopMn cneqykt pas-
utocte, snocte, ronosua one. lerotopMe coMtu s cocto-
uuu oreueuu ronutc cnytuo.
T+ena+ cmene+e xapartepusyetc yrueteuuen cosuauu
ot ornyaeuu qo ctoropa u ronM. Ctote +enoser ue noet, nuo
anunu+uo, sosnoua psota, uepeqro ueqepauue no+u, rana,
teno ctauosutc xonoquMn. Vanoroutuoe opnotauue c otqene-
uMnu anououaneuMnu sMrpuranu repexoqut s ecrpoyquMu
cou-ctorop, so spen rotoporo qae uaaatMpuMu crupt ue sMsM-
saet uurarux otsetuMx pearuu. 8 ronatosuon coctouuu uc+esa-
et spa+rosa pearu, qMxauue satpyquetc. 8ocronuuauu ue
coxpauktc.
/munuv+a+ |apmu+a passusaetc rpu uerotopMx suqax rcu-
xoratuu (pacctpouctso nu+uoctu), rocne repeueceuuMx +eper-
uo-nosrosMx tpasn, nosrosMx uueruu, ueupouutorcurauu,
rcuxu+ecrux saonesauuu, rpu uerotopMx xpouu+ecrux conatu-
+ecrux saonesauux. Aturu+uony oreueuuk crococtsykt:
eccouuua, anououaneuMu ctpecc, co+etauue anroron c qpy-
runu torcu+ecrunu unu nerapctseuuMnu cpeqctsanu. 8Mqenkt
qucopu+ecroe oreueuue, qerpeccusuoe, conuoneruoe, ucte-
pu+ecroe u reepeuu+ecroe.
ucopuvec|oe one++e+ue sctpe+aetc rpu arunertouquou
rcuxoratuu u areutyaux xapartepa arunertouquoro tura, ro-
cne +eperuo-nosrosou tpasnM, rpu arunercuu u usneueuux nu+-
uoctu. 8necto auopuu sosuuraet qucopu snouo-npa+uoe
uactpoeuue c enauuen paspqutec ua orpyakaux. 0uu rpu-
ctakt r qpyrun, saqupakt ux, uauoct roou, uuorqa ectorue, s
qpare ssepekt, nonakt, ekt. 8 oquuo+ectse noryt uauocute
canorospeqeuu, ropesM.
enpeccue+oe one++e+ue xapartepuo qn tex, rto sooae
crnoueu r qerpeccun (urnouquMe u ceucutusuMe nu+uoctu),
unu qn repeuecaux tenMe rcuxu+ecrue tpasnM, yrotpe-
nkaux anrorone, +toM saMtec. XanouMe rpu+utauu u
rna+ corposoqaktc sMcrasMsauunu o npa+uou esMcxoquo-
ctu, canoyrperanu, canou+esauuen unu osuueuunu qpyrux s
uecrpaseqnusoctu. / oneuMx s coctouuu nerroro oreueuu
uuorqa Msaet tonero npa+uMu suq, ouu non+anusM, repeusa-
uu tat s cee. 8 atu noneutM ouu noryt cosepaate ueouqau-
uMe qn orpyakaux cyuuqaneuMe qeuctsu.
41
0ov+onen+oe one++e+ue sctpe+aetc y acteuu+uMx ocna-
neuuMx cyertos rpu Mctpon scacMsauuu anroron, a tare
rpu ero co+etauuu c tpaursunusatopanu unu rnoenuuon. 3u-
opu nunonetua unu otcytctsyet, seretatusuMe uapyaeuu ue
sMpaeuM. ocne yrotpeneuu anroron Mctpo uactyraet cou.
Ero rnyuua u rpoqonuteneuocte sasuct ot ctereuu oreue-
uu.
ncmepuvec|oe one++e+ue sctpe+aetc rpu uctepu+ecrou rcu-
xoratonoruu u areutyauu xapartepa. posnetc ypuou
arcrpeccueu, ratetu+ecrunu uutouaunu, sMpasuteneuMnu
ectanu, rosanu, ytpuposauuou nunurou. euMu repeq orpy-
akaunu pasMrpMsaet crertarne, usopaa uec+actuoro u
ctpaqakaero unu sMqakaykc nu+uocte, uuren ue routyk, u t.
q. 0reueuue noet sasepautec uctepu+ecrun rpuraqron.
leepe+uvec|oe - c uenerMn xoxoton, rpusnuuen, unryne-
cusuMnu roctyrranu, sctpe+aetc qosoneuo peqro.
amonocuvec|oe one++e+ue.
0,vepev+oe namonocuvec|oe one++e+ue rposnetc ot-
peaeuuMn suqon oneuMx, rotopMe ryqa-to ctpentc, ot roro-to
yerakt, rposnkt arpeccuk - ectryk u eccnMcneuuyk.
sueuu xopoao roopquuuposauM, coxpauktc uasMru, ro-
atony orpyakaue oeuusakt ux rar oreuesaux, a ue reuMx.
Cosnectua qeteneuocte uesosnoua, sce roctyrru cosepaa-
ktc s oquuo+ry, qeuctsykt non+a u snouo. uo nequoe,
spa+ru pacaupeuM. 8ce sasepaaetc rperrun cuon, anuesu
ronua. Pee otpMso+uMe socronuuauu, rotopMe srocneq-
ctsuu saMsaktc. +aae scero sctpe+aetc rpu arunercuu u
+eperuo-nosrosMx tpasnax.
apa+oud+oe one++e+ue otnu+aetc suesaruMn, rar osape-
uue, peqosMn tonrosauuen rpoucxoqaero (unnksuu, rannk-
uuauu). Ctpaxu, peq usneukt cosuauue. 8Mraqakt us ra-
ntu enMe arusoqM, sputeneuMe opasM otnu+aktc ocoou
proctek.
Karun M ue Mno anroroneuoe oreueuue, ouo eae ue-
rocpeqctseuuo rpno ue rosoput o uanu+uu y sMrusaero xpouu-
+ecroro anroronusna. 8aueuaue rpusuaru atoro saonesauu
cneqyet ucrate s rponeytrax neqy rpuenanu cruptuoro. 0ce-
sMn rputepuen anroronusna (u ue tonero) snetc uanu+ue tar
uasMsaenou rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu.
42
Anroronusn oM+uo passusaetc rocne uecronerux net reu-
ctsa (snora+ectseuuMe opnM qae sa roq-qsa). 0quaro ueroto-
pMe nua noryt reuctsosate nuorue roqM es passutu anro-
ronusna. Paccnatpusate ctaquu passutu anroronusna nM ro-
c+utanu ueenecoopasuMn, tar rar ato ye sxoqut s ronreteu-
uk spa+a-uapronora.
2.2. AK0|0h3H Y ETEh h 0P06TK0
8 rocnequee qectunetue ocoyk tpesory sMsMsaet ono-
noeuue anroronusna, rotopoe oycnasnusaetc, s repsyk
o+epeqe, rpusucuMnu couaneuo-arouonu+ecrunu usneueuunu
s ctpaue. Paccnotpun rcuxonoru+ecryk creuury roqpoctro-
soro u kuoaecroro anroronusna. 6oneauuctso ceneu qeteu
anroronuros uaxoqutc sa +eptou equoctu. locyqapctso, ro cy-
aectsy, ronuoctek otrasanoce ot pauee cyaectsosasaeu cucte-
nM rpounarturu anroronusna u uapronauuu. Cpeqctsa nacco-
sou uuopnauu qo orpeqeneuuoro speneuu copesuosanuce s
pernane rperrux cruptuMx uarutros, s uactoaee spen rpo-
qonaetc pernana ua ruso. 8seqeua sceqossoneuua, ecrou-
tponeua rpoqaa anroroneuMx uarutros. 8 oneauuctse cny+a-
es ronnep+ecrue ruocru pacronaraktc pqon c qetcrunu caqanu
u y+euMnu saseqeuunu. uso otueceuo r rateropuu cnaoan-
roroneuMx uarutros u ctano oM+uMn, ronuoctek qoctyruMn qn
qeteu u roqpoctros. lankqaetc ysenu+euue rpunuuaneuMx,
anopaneuMx u ueronuMx ceneu c ucropeeuuou cuctenou socru-
tauu. Pactet ecrpusopuocte, esuaqsopuocte, poquu+ect-
so, rpectyruocte uecosepaeuuonetuux. Lrona (y+uten, rcuxo-
noru, couaneuMe reqaroru) quctauupyetc ot artusuoro u qeu-
ctseuuoro socrutauu qeteu rpyrrM pucra, sauunaet ropou ro-
suuk uesneaatenectsa s rpoecc anroronusauu u rpunuuanu-
sauu qeteu u roqpoctros, repernaqMsa atu yuruu ua rne+u
rpasooxpauuteneuMx oprauos.
8 cuny sMaecrasauuoro couaneuo-arouonu+ecruu acrert
cneqyet paccnatpusate rar seqyauu, uo ue peaakauu artop
ononoeuu anroronusna. pyrun artopon s aton rpoecce
snktc oprauu+ecrue ropaeuu ronosuoro nosra, nosrosMe
uueruu, tenMe otpasneuu, repeueceuuMe s repsMe roqM
usuu, uenarorputuMe sosqeuctsu orpyakaeu cpeqM, rpu-
nuuaneua, ano-
43
paneua, ueronua ceneu, areutyauu xapartepa, ynctseuua
otctanocte u rorpauu+uMe opnM ynctseuuou otctanoctu. Kar
rorasanu pesynetatM orpocos cpequ roqpoctros, snoyrotpe-
nkaux cruptuMn, taroe roseqeuue socrpuuunaetc unu rar
opna rpotecta. n tarux nonoqMx nkqeu xapartepuM spa-
qeuocte u ot+yqeuue ro otuoaeuuk r sspocnMn u uerpuutue
ux ssrnqos u rpuuuros. 0+eue +acto oaeuue c poqutennu
sMsMsaet y roqpoctros cuneuMe ctpeccM, ouu ue rony+akt roq-
qepru co ctopouM ceneu. |x anroroneuMu rpotect yrasMsaet
ua ot+yqeuuocte ot ceneu u oaectsa. o atou rpu+uue sno-
yrotpenkaue anroronen nonoqMe nkqu orasMsaktc onee
rpeqpacronoeuuMnu u r cosepaeuuk rpasouapyaeuuu.
Cneqykaun uenanosauMn artopon rpuoaeuu qeteu
u roqpoctros r anroronk snktc creuu+ecrue ocoeuuoctu
roseqeuu, xapartepuMe qn qauuoro sospacta, s +actuoctu ro-
tpeuocte r rpyrruposauuk co csepctuuranu us rotpeuoctu
uqeutuurauu c uunu. /rotpeneuue cruptuoro ctauosutc
xapartepuMn sautuen qn orpeqeneuuou rpyrrM, roatony roq-
poctor, rotopMu xo+et ctate +neuon tarou ronrauuu, tare ua+u-
uaet rute. /rotpeneuue anroron ato saua +acte ponu
sspocnMx, rotopyk un tar ue teprutc urpate. 3to csoeopasuMu
putyaneuMu opq repexoqa so sspocnMu nup. 0+eue +acto yro-
tpeneuue anroron roqpoctranu snetc pearueu ua oay-
aeuue tpesoru u oquuo+ectsa. Anrorone rossonet un ua orpe-
qeneuuoe spen ocsooqutec ot ueysepeuuoctu s cee, ctecuu-
teneuoctu, ecrorouctsa, rpeoqonete oaectseuuMe sarpetM.
Kar rorasanu uccneqosauu, snoyrotpenkaue anroronen uc-
rMtMsanu +ysctso ueyqosnetsopeuuoctu coou, otnu+anuce es-
otsetctseuuoctek, uespenoctek rpeqctasneuuu o usuu, sanruy-
toctek, ueuaqeuoctek, arouctu+uoctek, ueqosep+usoctek u
uerpuutuen oaerpuutMx uopn u rpasun (Paue 1., 2000).
le sce nonoqMe nkqu, uuorqa rossonkaue cee rperro sM-
rute, ctauostc roteuuaneuMnu anroronuranu. ponenua
cutyau sosuuraet torqa, rorqa nonoqou +enoser ua+uuaet sM-
rusate s ocuosuon ro rcuxonoru+ecrun rpu+uuan, a ue rpocto sa
ronrauuk unu ro rosoqy raroro-nuo coMtu. +actoe yrotpe-
neuue anroron c enek paccnautec u cute rcuxonoru+ecroe
uarpeuue rosoput o cyaectsosauuu cepeesuMx nu+uoctuMx
rponen. Ta-
44
rue roqpoctru rnoxo routartupykt c +neuanu ceneu u oq-
uornaccuuranu, xye y+atc, onee crnouuM r cosepaeuuk rpa-
souapyaeuuu, pee y+actsykt so suernaccuMx neporputux, +a-
ae ue uo+ykt qona. 0+eue uenuorue us uux rpuctpactunuce r
anroronk uactonero, +to rpunusunuce r oracuou +epte anroro-
nusna, uo ye ceu+ac s ux roseqeuuu suqua rcuxonoru+ecra
ueypasuoseaeuuocte, rotopa sactasnet sMpaate rpotect
unu ucrate yeuaa ot rponen c ronoaek cruptuoro.
3tu u qpyrue octotenectsa coctasnkt saueuaue rpeq-
rocMnru roqpoctrosoro u kuoaecroro anroronusna, crococt-
sykaue onee pauueny ycsoeuuk anroroneuMx tpaquuu, ycta-
uosor, ua oue rotopMx opnupyktc sce rcuxu+ecrue rpoec-
cM u nu+uocte s enon.
6. C. 6patyce, auanusupy quuanury rcuxu+ecroro passutu
qeteu, snoyrotpenkaux cruptuMn, opatun suunauue, +to
qoaroneuMu repuoq ue sMsMsaet ocoMx oraceuuu y socruta-
teneu: qetu roqsuuM, oxotuo oaaktc co csepctuuranu, ux
seqyaa qeteneuocte cootsetctsyet sospacty. 0quaro uuorqa
otne+aetc rosMaeuua sosyqunocte unu uctoaaenocte, ue-
cronero usneueu u xapartep ux urp: s uux oneae rpucytctsykt
notusM uarasauu, aneneutM ectoroctu, +to, rpeqe scero
nouo otuectu sa c+et snuuu nurpocpeqM. 8cneqctsue ceneu-
uoro uenarorony+u atu qetu roraqakt s rpyrry couaneuo u
reqaroru+ecru saryaeuuMx, u ux roqrotosra r arone orasMsaetc
ueqoctato+uou ro cpasueuuk c uopnou: ouu neuee rpu-
croconeuM r y+ee u aroneuMn tpeosauun roseqeuu. |x
ocuosuMe otnu+u ot uopnM oM+uo csoqtc r tony, +to ouu
onee ytonnenM, onee ueteprenusM, sosyqunM u pasqpau-
teneuM, ue crocouM r qnuteneuony cocpeqoto+euuk suunauu, r
qnuteneuMn rcuxu+ecrun uarpysran. 0rasMsaetc, un tpyquo
y+utec, ye r nnaqaeny roqpoctrosony sospacty y uux rosn-
ktc tpyquoctu s roseqeuuu, ouu ctauostc uapyautennu cro-
rouctsu s rnacce, oneae, +en qpyrue, tuytc r ynu+uMn ron-
rauun, unekt crnouuocte pauo rpuoaatec r anroronk.
o nepe ycnoueuu aroneuou rporpannM tarun qetn
ctauosutc sce tpyquee ycsausate aroneuyk rporpanny. |x yn-
ctseuua paotocrocouocte orpauu+usaetc 1525 nuuyta-
nu, stopa ronosuua ypora rpoxoqut nuno ux suunauu. 0uu
ctauostc uesuunateneuMnu, otsneraktc, otse+akt uesro-
raq. 8ce ato sMsMsaet ocyqeuue,
45
pasqpaeuue y+uteneu, uacnearu co ctopouM csepctuuros u
ctouroe ueratusuoe otuoaeuue r uun. Tarony peeury ue roq
cuny Msaet canoctoteneuo crpasutec c sMronueuuen qonaa-
uero saqauu es qoronuuteneuou ronor sspocnMx. 8 uenaro-
rony+uou cenee roqoua ronoae, rar rpasuno, otcytctsyet.
0tckqa pasqpaeuue, ueqosonectso poquteneu u osuueuu
peeura s neuu, tyroctu, rnyroctu, uepeqru pasnu+uMe uarasa-
uu ot nuaeuu rarux-nuo nar qo usu+ecroro uarasauu.
8 pesynetate saueuaue rotpeuoctu peeura atoro sos-
pacta, tecuo cssauuMe c ero y+euou qeteneuocte (rotpe-
uocte s oqopeuuu sspocnMx, orpyakaux, poquteneu, csepct-
uuros, rotpeuocte s canoysaeuuu u rp.), ua+uuakt yaen-
ntec, pyctpuposatec, roctereuuo cosqasa rnyoruu suyt-
peuuuu qucronopt.
8MxoqM us atoro ronoeuu noryt Mte pasnu+uMnu u,: coane-
uuk, qanero ue scerqa narorony+uMnu: uuorqa tarou peeuor cta-
uosutc ua spen sautMn, roqooctpactuMn, tuxun; uuorqa,
uarpotus, ctpenutc ronreucuposate ueqoctatru y+eM pasa-
qou, qepsoctek, sMxoqranu ua ypore uuorqa ponek roctouuoro
ayta s rnacce; uuorqa, ecnu rossonkt usu+ecrue cunM, qpara-
nu u t. r. 8 uccneqosauuu E. l. lonyesou, rposeqeuuou roq pyroso-
qctson 6. C. 6patyc, Mno rorasauo, +to ye s pauuen qetctse u
nnaqaen aroneuon sospacte ua orepauouaneuon yposue socrpu-
uunaktc u ycsausaktc yqyaunu tpyquMnu qetenu pasuoo-
pasuMe acouaneuMe opnM roseqeuu, uarpunep sMcuu ot-
uoaeuuu rar osateneua qpara u t. r.
lankqeuu rorasMsakt, +to uneuuo c roqpoctrosoro sos-
pacta atu qetu ua+uuakt snoyrotpente anroronen. 6Mno M
oaurou qynate, +to roqpoctor ssuqy csoero otroaeuuoro rcuxu-
+ecroro passutu sMupaet s ra+ectse rpeqneta uosMx rotpe-
uocteu coctseuuo anrorone. Kar rpasuno, un sMupaetc ue
anrorone, a ronrauu, rpyrra s rotopou osateneuMn aneneu-
ton oaeuu, spenrposoqeuu snetc sMrusra. 3to ron-
rauu, rpyrra, rotopyk s nutepatype uasMsakt ro-pasuony -
ynu+uou, qsope sou, acouaneuou u t. r. 3tu rpyrrM noryt Mte
oquopoquMnu ro sospacty unu pasuopoquMnu, c qsyn-tpen
ctapaunu sasoqunanu. +en e rpusnerakt atu rpyrrM, ro+eny us
aupororo crertpa rpeqnetos, otse+akaux rotpeuoctuony co-
ctouuk roqpoctra (+acto ueocosuauuMn enauu-
46
n nu+uoctuoro oaeuu, canoytsepqeuu, sspocnoctu u t. r.),
sMupakt uneuuo anrorone?
lnasuMn sqece snetc to, +to s ynu+uou nurpocpeqe
roqpoctru, ecnu uu s raron qpyron necte ue uaxoqt peaneuoro
ron qn canoytsepqeuu, noryt opectu uaroue sMcoruu
couaneuMu u nu+uoctuMu ctatyc, rpouuruytec canoysaeuu-
en, +ero ouu ue s coctouuu Mnu cqenate uu s arone, uu s csoeu
cenee, uu s rarou-nuo couaneuo rpuennenou suearoneuou
qeteneuoctu. 8 rpyrre roqpoctor yqosnetsopet rotpeuocte s
csooquon, uepernaneutuposauuon oaeuuu, tan ou ue rpocto
rposoqut qocyr, a uaxoqut cpeqctso qn canosMpaeuu {|o+ n.
C, 1989). lpyrra, ocoeuuo cua+ana, raetc uosu+ry ronuou qe-
norpatusna, ternotM, nuae rosquee ouapyusaktc ee ect-
rocte, uepapxu, osateneuoe roq+uueuue nuqepan, ropropa-
tusuocte u t. r. /rotpeneuue e anroron uneet sqece ocooe
sua+euue. |neuuo rpyrrosa sMrusra uepeqro urpaet pone rcuxo-
noru+ecroro pyea, csoeopasuoro rocsaeuu s +neuM rpyrrM.
otpeneuue cruptuMx uarutros, s csok o+epeqe, tpeyet qeuer,
rotopMx y roqpoctros, tonero ua+uuakaux canoctoteneuyk
usue, nuo uet, nuo o+eue nano, +to tonraet rpyrry ua repsMe
sMpaeuuMe acouaneuMe, rpunuuaneuMe roctyrru. AnroroneuMe
arceccM roqpoctros (uecosepaeuuonetuux) ato u crocoM
sspocnoro canoytsepqeuu, rposeqeuu qocyra, csooquoro
oaeuu. Anroronusn cpequ qeteu u roqpoctros usua+aneuo rpyr-
rosou ro csoeny xapartepy. Eqsa nu nouo sctpetute roqpoct-
ros, yrotpenkaux anrorone s oquuo+ry. |n osateneuo uyuM
sputenu qn passopa+usauu csoeopasuoro roqpoctrosoro anro-
roneuoro teatpa.
C ua+anon cuctenatu+ecroro yrotpeneuu anroron y roq-
poctros ueuseuo sosuurakt rounurtM s y+euon saseqeuuu,
ua paote, s cenee. 0quaro, rar rpasuno, s uctopux oneuMx
pauuun anroronusnon ato rpotusoqeuctsue nurpocpeqe orpauu-
+usanoce nuo nepanu perpeccusuoro xapartepa (sMrosopM, ro-
puauu, aqnuuuctpatusuoe sosqeuctsue), nuo ux ryrauuen
rocneqctsunu anroronusna, raryuMnu repcrertusanu cssu c
qypuou ronrauueu. oqouMe nepM, yqy+u ueratusuMnu, ue
nornu orpaqute roqpoctra ot ynu+uou ronrauuu. 3tu nepM ue
co+etanuce c rcuxonoru+ecru oocuosauuMnu sarpocanu roqpo-
ctra couaneuo rpuennenoro ctun usuu u tarux opn qe-
teneuoctu, s rotopMx ouu nornu M Mte ycrea-
47
uMnu u yqosnetsopnu ux anououaneuMe +ysctsa u couaneuMe
ouqauu. Ero rotpeuoctu s nu+uon anratuuuon oaeuuu,
oayaeuuu coctseuuou sua+unoctu, saauaeuuoctu, cunM yqos-
netsopnuce tonero s atou qesuautuou rpyrre. /nu+ua ron-
rauu, rycte s usspaaeuuou opne, uo qasana un sce ueoxo-
qunoe. 8 roqouou cutyauu corpotusneuue, a ten onee pe-
rpeccuu orpyakaux sspocnMx nuae ysenu+usanu suytpeuukk
crno+euuocte ronrauuu, otpesa roqpoctry, unu, so scron cny-
+ae, rpauue satpyqu, ryte sosspaaeuu r narorony+uony qet-
ctsy.
8ueauue +eptM nu+uoctu roqpoctra, qn rotoporo satpyqueu
sosspat s narorony+uyk cpeqy, qoctato+uo roqpouo orucauM
rnuuuuctanu. 0uu otne+akt, +to oneuMn pauuun anroronus-
non csouctseuuM sosyqunocte, arpeccusuocte, cercyaneuMe
usspaaeuu, saoctpeuuocte xaparteponoru+ecrux +ept, qerpec-
cusuMe pearuu, uapyaeuue couaneuou aqartauu, ysocte uu-
tepecos, acouaneuMe teuqeuuu, uuu+uocte, anououaneua
xonoquocte, ytpata rpussauuoctu r cenee u t. q. n eneu rpu-
nuuonoru+ecroro uccneqosauu cneqyet ocoo otnetute tarue
+eptM roqpoctros-anroronuros, rar roqosputeneuocte, ueqo-
sep+usocte, rosMaeuua nuuteneuocte, ueoocuosauua pes-
uocte, rotosuocte r onesueuuou urcauu oauo+uMx ytsep-
qeuuu. 8 notusauouuou cepe usneuetc coqepauue ro-
tpeuocteu u repectpausaetc uepapxu notusos. Anrorone
ctauosutc seqyaun notuson roseqeuu. 8ce repe+ucneuuMe
ra+ectsa qeuctsuteneuo rpusoqt r ycuneuuk perpeccusuMx nep
ro otuoaeuuk r roqpoctry unu ronuony quctauuposauuk u
usonuu ero ot oaectsa, ten canMn rposoupy poquu+e-
ctso unu pauukk rpunuuanusauk.
2.3. 0P06TK0bh AK0|0h3H h
PA0hAPYUEhhP
eqaroru, rcuxonoru oauo+uo c+utakt, +to ecte tonero
oquu nexauusn cssu rpectyruoctu uecosepaeuuonetuux c an-
roronusnon, a uneuuo - cosepaeuue rpectyrneuuu s coctouuu
anroroneuoro oreueuu ro opnyne: anroroneuoe oreueuue
rotep couaneuoro routpon rpectyrneuue. 8. 1. upo-
ros(1998) ytsepqaet, +to y uecosepaeuuonetuux rpectyruuros
+aae qeuctsyet qpyrou
48
nexauusn, a uneuuo: rotpeuocte s anrorone ropMctuoe rpe-
ctyrneuue - anroroneuoe oreueuue. CsMae 35 % ropMctuMx
rpectyrneuuu cosepaaetc uecosepaeuuonetuunu s tpesson
coctouuu, uo qn qoM+u cpeqcts ua rpuopeteuue anroron.
Anroronusau roqpoctros, rar rpasuno, uocut rpyrrosou xapar-
tep, otckqa u csse c rpyrrosMnu rpectyrneuunu. otpeuocte
so sspocnon canoytsepqeuuu passopa+usaet qpyrou nexauusn:
rotpeuocte s canoytsepqeuuu rpyrrosou anroroneuMu arcecc
rpyrrosoe rpectyrneuue. o atou opnyne cosepaaktc nuo-
rue tar uasMsaenMe csaqeuMe rpectyrneuu, rpectyrneuu s
repuoq rposoqos s apnuk, a tare s se+epuee u uo+uoe spen,
rorqa rpyrra paccnanetc rocne yqa+uoro qena. 8qece sos-
nouM artM rouoosauuM, ucronesosauue oruectpeneuoro opy-
u. CsMae 40 % scex uacunectseuuMx rpectyrneuuu, artos sau-
qanusna u xynurauctsa cosepaaetc ro atou opnyne.
CyaectseuuM rcuxonoru+ecrue pasnu+u neqy anro-
ronuranurpectyruuranu u ue rpectyruuranu. le rpectyruuros
otnu+aet, ro qauuMn k. V. Autouua, to, +to cpequ uux rpeo-
naqakt nua, xapartepusykauec anotuuoctek, anououaneuou
ueyctou+usoctek, ueysepeuuoctek s cee. Cpequ anroronuros
rpectyruuros rpeonaqakt te, rotopMe xapartepusyktc sMco-
rou artusuoctek, sMpaeuuoctek saautuMx nexauusnos s
opne otpuauu tpesoru, +to ue rossonet un aqersatuo or-
peqenute sosnouoctu uenarorputuMx rocneqctsuu coctseu-
uMx qeuctsuu. / uux otcytctsykt ssseausauue u auanus pas-
nu+uMx sapuautos csoero roseqeuu, a sosuuraue royqeuu
uerocpeqctseuuo peanusyktc s roctyrrax. n tarux rpasoua-
pyauteneu turu+uM sMpaeuuMe sne+euu r aertusuMn
repeusauun, ctpenneuue r pucry, octpMn oayaeuun u
t. q. n uux s to e spen xapartepua sMcora canooeura u
teuqeuu Mte s eutpe suunauu. eteneuocte, tpeykaa
roctouuMx ycunuu, ue rpusneraet ux, uo qn qoctueuu eneu,
rotopMe un raytc rpusnerateneuMnu, ouu noryt rposute
yropctso u yrpnctso. Vopaneuo-atu+ecrue uopnM oM+uo ue
orasMsakt cyaectseuuoro snuuu ua ux roseqeuue.
Cpequ uecosepaeuuonetuux rpectyruuros 8. 1. uporos
(1998) sMqenet cneqykayk turonoruk u notusauk rotpene-
uu anroroneuMx uarutros:
ua+uuakaue rute us nkorMtctsa;
49
yrotpeneuue anroron s enx canoytsepqeuu;
nkutenu raua;
anroroneuMe actetM;
pasupykaue;
ctpaqakaux anroroneuou onesuek.
Passutue anroronusna ua+uuaetc c esouquoro yro-
tpeneuu anroron us nsonemcmea. +acte roqpoctros, yqos-
netsopus csoe nkorMtctso, oneae uurorqa anrorone ue yrot-
penet. / qpyrux e coctouue anroroneuoro oreueuu rpuo-
petaet nu+uoctuMu cnMcn sMrusra ctauosutc cpeqctson
canoytsepqeuu. Tarue anroroneuMe arceccM uoct rpyrro-
sou xapartep, qonuM unete ayqutopuk, s rnasax rotopou ueo-
xoquno canoytsepqutec (csok rpyrry, qpyrux csepctuuros unu
sspocnMx). lpyrra anroronusupykaux roqpoctros nerro rpe-
spaaaetc s cror, uspas qn canoytsepqeuu reuMu rypa,
xynurauctso, qenouctpauk cunM, cosepaeuue artos sauqa-
nusna, qparu, rouoosauuy.
sumenu |aua, a tare an|ocone+ee acmeme. / qauuou
rpyrrM yrotpeneuue cruptuoro sxoqut s tpaquuouuMe putyanM
s ra+ectse qocyra, y rotopMx couaneua, rpyrrosa sasucu-
nocte qoronuetc rcuxonoru+ecrou sasucunoctek. epsMe
rekt, +toM ucrMtate anroroneuyk auopuk, a stopMe roqrpe-
rnkt yrotpeneuue anroron csounu teopunu: +to u rar rpeq-
ro+tuteneueu rute, +toM rony+ute yqosonectsue u uacnaqe-
uue. AnroroneuMn actetan csouctseuuo sosne+euue s reuctso
qesyaer, ux crausauue, oprauusau rputouos, cosepaeuue
artos usuacunosauuu. / rpyrr nkuteneu raua u anrorone-
uMx actetos rpunuuaneuoe roseqeuue ctauosutc qoronueuuen
r anroroneuMn arceccan, rocronery tonero yrotpeneuuen an-
roron ronuoctek saronuute qocyr uesosnouo.
lauoneaun rpunuuaneuMn pucron onaqakt rpyrrM roqpo-
ctros, paeup,s(ux ,nompene+uev an|ocon+. Cyte atou pasa-
qM s ctpenneuuu scex reperute. ocyr ux rpunutuseu. Taroe
cnMcnoopasykaee ctpenneuue r anroronk (sMrek ron-nutpa
u ue reuek, no uopna ronnutposra u qp.) crococtsyet
Mctpony repepactauuk couaneuou (rpyrrosou) u rcuxonoru+e-
crou sasucunoctu s usu+ecryk u seqet r qerpaqauu nu+uo-
ctu. la ctaquu anroroneuou onesuu roqpoctru nerro uqyt ua
nkoe rpectyrneuue qn qoM+u cpeqcts ua anrorone.
50
Poqutenn, y+utenn, rcuxonoran u couaneuMn reqaroran
ueoxoquno suate, +to uerotopMe roqpoctru u nonoqeuMe rpyr-
rM u ueopnaneuMe qsueuu qernapupykt ronuoe uerpuutue
anroron u uaproturos. K uun otuoctc ueouauctM, ronutu-
suposauuMe u penuruosuMe oequueuu. 0tras ot anroron y
uux noet uocute speneuuMu u roctouuMu xapartep, noet
Mte sueaueu qenouctpaueu esanroroneuoro roseqeuu, uo
ato ue snetc rapautueu otcytctsu qpyrux opn qesuautuoro
unu qenuurseutuoro roseqeuu. 8a rocnequee spen cpequ qe-
nuurseutuou, rpunuuaneuou nonoqeu sosuurno uosoe, rpno
rpotusoronouoe otuoaeuue r anroronk csoeopasuMu c,-
xou sa|o+. 0u sosuur roq snuuuen orpeqeneuuMx nauosuMx
ctpyrtyp, sepykaux usu+ecru uauonee passutMx roqpoctros s
csok cpeqy. |s uux ouu opnupykt cee tenoxpauuteneu, roq-
py+uMx qn pacrpasM c ueyroquMnu u ueroropuMnu, rpyrrM
copauros qauu u rp. 0quun us ycnosuu rpuutu roqpoctros s
tarue rpyrrM snetc ctporuu sarpet ua yrotpeneuue anroron.
lapyauteneu usroukt, otny+akt ot rpyrrM. 8qece ecte rpartu-
+ecra sauutepecosauuocte, tar rar tpessMe ucronuutenu rpe-
ctyruMx sanMcnos neueae qorycrakt oauor, rporonos u ra-
+ectseuuee peanusykt rpectyruMu sanMcen. Cyxou sarou ua-
nkqaetc tare s orpeqeneuuMx penuruosuMx certax,
8 otnu+ue ot nycroro anroronusna eucruu anroronusn
uneet csok creuury. 0u passusaetc ro rpeunyaectsy y nu
c ysrun rpyron uutepecos, orpauu+euuMnu ceneuuo-MtosMnu
cssnu. Anroronusn y qeso+er-roqpoctros u y euauu rpote-
raet onee snora+ectseuuo, c Mctpou qerpaqaueu nu+uoctu, c
orpyneuuen, yracauuen poqctseuuMx rpussauuocteu, uutenner-
tyaneuMn cuueuuen.
Anroronusn snetc oquun us ocuosuMx uuterpupykaux
artopos toro tura rpectyruuros, rotopMu noet Mte uassau
acouaneuMn u r rotopony otuoct tex, rto ueoquorpatuo Mn
ocyqeu sa rpau, xynurauctso, poquu+ectso, rorpoaauuu-
+ectso. |x rpectyrua qeteneuocte, cropee scero, oycnasnu-
saetc ue autucouaneuou, a, cropee, acouaneuou yctauosrou
nu+uoctu. pasouapyaeuu anroronuros oM+uo otnu+aktc
raccusuoctek u ue snktc pesynetaton rpoqynauuMx peae-
uuu, opnou ocnMcneuuMx, spenMx ssrnqos, cuMx rosuuu.
Vuorue
51
rpasouapyaeuu, cosepaaenMe anroronuranu, xaparte-
pusyktc esMuuuatusuoctek, uueptuoctek, espasnu+uen r
cee u r orpyakaun.
8asepaa auanus roqpoctrosoro u kuoaecroro anroronusna,
6.C. 6patyce pesknupyet, +to onesue ue yuu+toaet nu+uocte
rar tarosyk, uo rnyoro usspaaaet, qeopnupyet e. 8 pesyneta-
te opasyetc coctseuuo auonaneua nu+uocte, to ecte ue cro-
coua uu r tsop+ectsy, uu r rosutusuou csooqe, uu r sepe, uu
r otsetctseuuoctu, uu r nksu cnoson, ue crocoua opueu-
tuposate, uarpasnte u oprauusosMsate usueuuoe passutue rar
rpoecc rpuoaeuu r poqosou +enose+ecrou cyauoctu.
|nasa 3 lAPK0VAl|F |
lAPK0VAlb
3.1. 50Pb5A 6 hAPK0HAhhEh 3A PY5EA0H h P066hh
ponena opeM c uapronauueu u uaproqeneanu ctauo-
sutc saqa+eu sce oneaero +ucna rocyqapcts. 8 uactoaee
spen cyaectsykt pasnu+uMe uauouaneuMe noqenu opeM c
pacrpoctpaueuuen u rotpeneuuen uaproturos, rotopMe ycnos-
uo nouo roqpasqenute ua tpu rpyrrM.
epsa rpyrra cp,nna ecm|ou nonumu|u, s rotopou
opea seqetc canMnu ectrunu cpeqctsanu, srnote qo cnept-
uou rasuu, u sarouoqatenectso s otuoaeuuu pacrpoctpauuteneu
uaproturos narcunaneuo yecto+euo. K uun otuoctc, s rep-
syk o+epeqe, Vanausu, |pau u aructau. Ctatuctu+ecrue qau-
uMe csuqetenectsykt, +to ronu+ectso rpectyrneuuu, cssauuMx
c tpaucroptuposrou uaproturos, sce e sospactaet eeroquo ua
23 rpoeuta.
8topa rpyrra cp,nna ecm|oco |o+mpon+. 8qece ro-
cyqapctson ocyaectsnetc ectruu routpone sa scenu suqa-
nu uaproturos, uqet artusuoe rpotusoctouue uapronauu, uo
rpauuue nepM ue rpeqrpuuunaktc. K uun otuoctc CLA, 8e-
nuroputauu, 1pauu. 8 CLA s oneauuctse atatos cyaect-
syet uarasauue ue tonero sa xpaueuue u yrotpeneuue, uo qae
sa rorMtry rpuopeteuu uaproturos. 8 Aurnuu u 1pauuu uap-
ronauos s cyqeuon ropqre otrpasnkt ua rpuuyquteneuoe
ne+euue (s roqM Cosetcrou snactu y uac tare cyaectsosana
tara opna nequuucrou u tpyqosou peaunutauu uapronauos
u anroronuros). leoxoquno otnetute, +to s rocnequue tpu
roqa s atux ctpauax otne+aetc qsueuue s ctopouy oneaero
yecto+euu, +ero uenes crasate o Poccuu. 0quospeneuuo s atux
ctpauax opea c uaproturanu s cepe saroua co+etaetc c
noaueuaeu autuuaprotu+ecrou rporarauqou, uarpasneuuou,
rpeqe scero, ua uauonee yssunMe rateropuu uaceneuu
espaotuMx, y+aauxc aron u ctyqeutos. 3to cssauo, rpeqe
scero, c ocosuauuen toro,
53
+to uapronauu uecet rurautcrue rotepu qn oaectsa ee-
roquMu yaep ot uee coctasnet rpunepuo 150 nunnuouos qon-
napos.
Tpete rpyrra nuepane+a+ cp,nna, rqe +actu+uo Mnu
paspeaeuM uerotopMe 8uqM nerrux uaproturos. lauonee
ussectuMnu ee rpeqctasutennu snktc lonnauqu, a tare
Lseuapu (r. kpux). Cneqyet otnetute, +to uesepeu yropeuus-
auuc, s ton +ucne u s Poccuu, nu o ton, +to s lonnauquu cyae-
ctsyet ronua neranusau uaproturos. eno octout ue tar.
la+asaac c cepequuM 1950 rr. neranusau nrrux uapro-
turos (rpeqe scero napuxyauM) ue rpusena, s roue+uon c+ete, r
pacaupeuuk crucra paspeaeuuMx r pacrpoctpaueuuk uaproc-
peqcts. euctsuteneuo, rpu aton +actu+uo ctaunusuposanoce
ronu+ectso rpotusorpasuMx qeuctsuu, cssauuMx c uapro-
turanu, oquaro rapquuaneuoro usneueuu ue rpousoano. 6onee
toro, lonnauqu, s repsyk o+epeqe Anctepqan, rpespatunace s
uaprotu+ecryk ny EsporM. Ecte rpunep |crauuu, rpasu-
tenectso rotopou s 1985 r. rocneqosano sa lonnauqueu. 8 pe-
synetate sa qectunetue +ucno tonero sapeructpuposauuMx
uapronauos sospocno c 200 tMc. qo 1,6 nnu. +enoser.
la rytu opeM c uaproturanu uauoneaero ycrexa qou-
nuce CLA - sa rocnequee qectunetue ronu+ectso nu, yrot-
penkaux uaproturu, corpatunoce sqsoe. pu+uua tony -
opea c uaproturanu ctana qeuctsuteneuo oaeuauouaneuou
u srnk+aet s ce rar ycunu rpasutenectsa, tar u uerpasutene-
ctseuuMx ctpyrtyp, tura qsueuu 8a Anepury, csooquyk ot
uaproturos.
8ot rnk+esMe aneneutM atou opeM:
rpusuauue rponenM uapronauuu oaeuauouaneuou u
sMpaotra qonrocpo+uou rporpannM-ctpateruu ua
qecte net;
sMqeneuue ueoxoqunMx uuaucosMx pecypcos rpa-
sooxpauuteneuMn ctpyrtypan qn seqeuu artusuou opeM rar
suytpu ctpauM, tar u sa e rpeqenanu;
auporoe neqyuapoquoe cotpyquu+ectso c enek
rpeqotspaaeuu roctyrneuu uaproturos ua tepputopuk
CLA;
+etro opueutuposauua rporarauquctcro-
uuopnauouua ranrauu uarpasneua rpeqe scero ua nono-
qee (ua+uua c qectu net) ro rpuuury ner+e rpeqotspatute
54
yrotpeneuue uaproturos, +en sauunatec ne+euuen oneuMx;
eneuarpasneuuoe u auporoe roqrnk+euue oae-
ctseuuMx qsueuuu u ctpyrtyp ua scex yposux - ot oae
uauouaneuoro qo ronnyu;
rpusne+euue r ranrauuu rpotus uaproturos uauonee
sua+unMx ronutu+ecrux (srnk+a pesuqeuta CLA)
u oaectseuuMx qeteneu (s +actuoctu ssesq ruuo- u aoy-
usueca, croptcneuos);
narcunaneuoe ucronesosauue ceneu rar ocuosM
rpotusoqeuctsu uaproturan;
ctunynuposauue ronnep+ecrux u uuaucosMx
ctpyrtyp, rpuuunakaux y+actue s opee rpotus uaproturos.
pu aton ueoxoquno otnetute, +to pacxoqM ua autuuapro-
tu+ecryk ranrauuk s CLA sa rocnequue roqM coctasnnu ro-
pqra oquoro nunnuapqa qonnapos eeroquo.
Ceroqu s Poccuu snoyrotpeneuue uaproturanu u ux uesa-
rouuMu oopot satparusakt uutepecM enMx peruouos, one-
aux couaneuMx rpyrr u oaectseuuMx uuctutytos, yrpoaet ro-
nutu+ecrou, arouonu+ecrou u oaectseuuou esoracuoctu
ctpauM.
|ssectuo, +to tonero 35 % uapronauos noryt ctate ronuo-
euuMnu +neuanu oaectsa rocne nequro-couaneuou peaunu-
tauu, t.e. oaectso, ue sauunakaeec usy+euuen u peaeuuen
rponen, cssauuMx c pacrpoctpaueuuen u yrotpeneuuen uap-
roturos, ctauosutc ua ryte canosMpoqeuu. lapronauu
oracueuaa couaneua onesue, rpusoqaa r pocty rpectyr-
neuuu (ro+tu 51 % scex rpectyrneuuu coctasnkt uacunectseu-
uMe rpectyrneuu).
laprooctauosry ua tepputopuu P1 s uactoaee spen
nouo oxapartepusosate cneqykaun opason:
cyaectsyet sua+uteneua cMpeesa asa qn sMpaotru
uaprotu+ecrux seaects ectectseuuoro rpoucxoqeuu;
cyaectsykt sosnouoctu (rpoussoqctseuuMe noauoctu,
naopatopuu, sMcororsanuuuposauuMe raqpM)
n rpoussoqctsa cuutetu+ecrux uaproturos;
rpousoano pesroe yxyqaeuue rpunuuoreuuou o-
ctauosru, ysenu+euue uouu neqy pactyaeu uaprorpectyr-
uoctek u otctakaun couaneuMn, rpasosMn u rpu-
nuuonoru+ecrun routponen. Tonero s te+euue rpoanoro
55
1999 r., ro arcreptuMn oeuran, rpunepuMu oen uesarouuoro
oopota uaproturos s P1 coctasnet 6000 touu;
yctou+usMu poct oenos uaproturos, repeneaakauxc
+epes rpauuM Poccuu. 0en usMnaenMx ua tepputopuu P1
uaprotu+ecrux seaects sMpoc sa rocnequue rte
net s tMc+y pas u qoctur 5060 touu s roq. KaqMu roq s
2 pasa ysenu+usaetc oen uaproturos, rouucryenMx ua
rpauue;
s reonetpu+ecrou rporpeccuu pactet +ucno rotpeuteneu
uaproturos. o qauuMn Konuteta 00l ro routponk sa uaprotu-
ranu, Poccu soana s rtepry ctpau ro uauoneaeny ronu+ectsy
uapronauos;
pactyaee snuuue uaprousueca ua tepputopuu Poc
cuu. 8 rocnequue uecronero net rpousoano pesroe ysenu+euue
nacataos qeteneuoctu neqyuapoquoro uaprousueca s P1.
o qauuMn crecny, cyaectsyet artu+ecra roqqepra
rpasutenectseuuMnu rpyranu u ronutu+ecrunu cunanu pqa
rocyqapcts, rotopMe opueutuposauM ua poccuucruu pMuor rpo-
ussoqctsa uaproturos.
0euusa sMaerepe+ucneuuMe teuqeuuu, nouo cqenate
sMsoq, +to Poccu ctauosutc oerton pacaupeuu cep
snuuu neqyuapoquoro uaprousueca, sosuurna onee +en
peaneua yrposa esoracuoctu rocyqapctsa.
Corpaaeuue +ucna pao+ux nect, poct espaotuM u uu-
nuu, yrnyneuue unyaectseuuoro natepuaneuoro paccnoe-
uu s pasnu+uMx couaneuMx rpyrrax satpyqukt pecouanusa-
uk nu, rpoaeqaux nequro-couaneuyk peaunutauk, a
tare snktc narorputuMn ouon qn sosne+euu uosMx
nu s cepy uaprousueca.
o qauuMn Vuusqpasa Poccuu, sa rocnequue 10 net
cneptuocte ot uaproturos ysenu+unace s Poccuu s 12 pas, a cpequ
qeteu - s 42 pasa. 0coeuuo uactopausakt tenrM pocta +ucna
uapronauos cpequ roqpoctros, qesyaer u nonoqMx euauu.
6oneauuctso kuoaeu ro speneuu ux opaaeuu sa ne+euou
ronoaek reperpoosano ye nuoro uaproturos. 8a nequuucrou
ronoaek qn usasneuu ot raryuoro rpuctpactu opatunoce
csMae 40 tMc. uecosepaeuuonetuux u onee 25 tMc. nonoqMx
euauu perpoqyrtusuoro sospacta.
Konu+ectso ecrpusopuMx qeteu u roqpoctros, ro qauuMn
V8 P1, coctasnet orono 4 nnu. +enoser. |ccneqosatenu
{Euv|u+a n. 3., 1999, u qp.) otne+akt, +to ecnu
56
15 net tony uasaq rpyr uapronauos cocton s ocuosuon us sspocnMx
nu, pauee otMsaux yronosuoe uarasauue, to ceu+ac uaproturu
s ocuosuon yrotpenet nonoqee, s ton +ucne u roqpoctru.
ponenM, cssauuMe c yrotpeneuuen nonoqeek uaprotu-
ros, nouo ocuute cnousaunuc couaneuo-
arouonu+ecrunu ycnosunu usuu oaectsa, pesrun raqeuuen
usueuuoro yposu uaceneuu, ueysepeuuoctek s sastpaauen
que, sua+uteneuMn pocton rpectyruoctu, oeceuusauuen +eno-
se+ecrou usuu. 0quun us ueratusuMx rocneqctsuu cuueuu
usueuuoro yposu uaceneuu snetc yneueaeuue u ucraeuue
ponu ceneu rar rnk+esoro couaneuoro uuctutyta, oecre-
+usakaero oaectseuuyk ctauneuocte. / oneauuctsa nono-
qMx nkqeu otne+aetc uespotu+ecroe passutue u uapyaeuue
usueuuMx ycnosuu. Cpequ poqctseuuuros uapronauos nuoro
oneuMx c rcuxu+ecrunu u uapronoru+ecrunu saonesauunu.
Anroronusn oquoro unu ooux poquteneu s cospeneuuMx ycnosu-
x snetc sua+unMn artopon pucra saonesaenoctu uapro-
u torcuronauunu qeteu u roqpoctros ssuqy onee Mctpou
qecouanusauu oneuMx xpouu+ecrun anroronusnon, rotepeu
unu ucto+uura cpeqcts cyaectsosauu, une, +to, s csok o+e-
peqe, oycnosneuo uusrun yposuen couaneuou ronoau atony
routuureuty. / oneauuctsa natepeu-uapronauor uankqaetc
ratonoru epeneuuoctu, poqos u pauuero passutu peeura. /
qeteu qoctato+uo +acto urcupyktc +eperuo-nosrosMe tpas-
nM (+VT), ueupouueruu u qpyrue xpouu+ecrue, teno rpo-
terakaue saonesauu. octato+uo pauo s cenee pacctpausa-
ktc nenu+uoctuMe otuoaeuu, +actM rounurtM, a rcuxonoru
u reqaroru rouctatupykt uerpasuneuMe turM socrutauu u areu-
tyauu xapartepa y aqqurtusuMx roqpoctros. Ckqa e otuoctc
uerepeuocunocte usueuuMx tpyquocteu u teuqeuu r us-
eauuk uarpysor u uerputuocteu, nana sautocte u suyt-
peuu oryctoaeuuocte. Cyaectseuuyk pone s rpuoaeuuu r
rotpeneuuk rcuxoartusuMx seaects (A8) uepeqro urpakt
qetcro-roqpoctrosMe roseqeu+ecrue pearuu rpotecta, roqpa-
auu u qp. 8 ocuose atux pearuu noryt unete necto pasnu+uMe
ocoeuuoctu nu+uoctu. 0quaro ocuosuMn notuson snetc sce-
taru sosnouocte ucrMtate uosMe, ueussectuMe oayaeuu,
ctunynuposate soopaeuue u tsop+ecrue crocouoctu.
57
cuxoartusuMnu seaectsanu uasMsakt tarue xunu+ecrue
coequueuu, rotopMe rpu roraqauuu s oprauusn noryt usneuute
coctouue +enosera ot cqsuros uactpoeuu qo rannkuuauu u
ocoMx coctouuu cosuauu. poucxoqeuue qauuMx seaects
pasnu+uoe. 3to noryt Mte pacteuu, nerapctsa, rperapatM
Mtosou u rponManeuuou xunuu, pasuocoptuMe cypporatM u
rp.
3.2. XAPAKTEPh6ThKA hAPK0HAhhh
Tpaquuouuo spa+u-rcuxuatpM u uapronoru orpeqenkt uap-
ronauuk cneqykaun opason. lapronauu ato onesueuuoe
coctouue, xapartepusykaeec sneuunu rcuxu+ecrou u u-
su+ecrou sasucunoctu, uactoteneuou rotpeuoctek s rostop-
uon nuororpatuon yrotpeneuuu rcuxoartusuMx cpeqcts, rpu-
uunakaee opny uerpeoqonunoro sne+euu.
8Mqenkt cneqykaue uarpasneuu s uccneqosauux u rpar-
tu+ecrou qeteneuoctu rponen uapronauuu: 1) kpuqu+ecruu; 2)
nequuucruu; 3) couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecruu.
Cyaectsyet qoctato+uo nuoro rpu+uu rpuoaeuu nono-
qeu r anroronk u qpyrun rcuxoartusuMn seaectsan. . . Ko-
poneuro (1995) sMqenet uerotopMe couaneuMe artopM, xa-
partepuMe qn cospeneuuoro oaectsa, crococtsykaue pac-
rpoctpaueuuk aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu.
1. 8 oaectse rpucytctsykt ycnosu qn ueneqneuuoro
yqosnetsopeuu enauuu, cssauuMx c rony+euuen yqoso-
nectsu, +to ctauosutc sauMn uurpequeuton ctun usuu. oq-
poctru oy+aktc sosnouoctu rony+ate yqosonectsu, ue srna-
qMsa qn atoro csoero tpyqa, +to uapyaaet
passutue rpoeccuouaneuMx uasMros, oequet anouu.
8eaectsa, usneukaue rcuxu+ecroe coctouue, qeuctsy
kt ueneqneuuo, usneueuue rcuxu+ecroro coctouu sosuuraet
cpasy, es rarux-nuo ycunuu.
2. nuteneuMu u roctouuMu rpocnotp tenesusuouuMx
passnerateneuMx rporpann rpertctsyet passutuk tsop+ecrux
sosnouocteu, socrutMsaet raccusuMu roqxoq r
usuu, +to, s csok o+epeqe, cosqaet narorputuyk ocuosy
qn passutu aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu.
3. 3rouonu+ecroe paccnoeuue oaectsa, espaotua.
58
4. /neueaeuue notusauu r oy+euuk, rpuopeteuuk
suauuu u uasMros, rotep rpectuuoctu nuorux rpoeccuu.
5. erra qoctyruocte anroron u seaects, usneukaux
rcuxu+ecroe coctouue.
6. Pernana taara u anroron s cpeqctsax naccosou uu
opnauu.
3.2.1. cxonoruecke eop uapkouau
la uactoauu noneut cyaectsykt tpu teopuu, rotopMe
ocukt rpu+uuM rpuoaeuu r uaproturan (Euv|u-
+an.3., 1996)
1. Teopu rponenuoro roseqeuu: otcytctsue ysaeuu
r snactu, r upasctseuuMn u oaectseuuMn uopnan
roseqeuu seqet r pocty rpectyruoctu, uaprotusauu u
cercyaneuou saryaeuuoctu.
2. Teopu ctaquu: yrotpeneuue uaproturos sneuue
rporpeccupykaee. 0uo ua+uuaetc c anroron u curapet c repe-
xoqon s qaneueuaen r yrotpeneuuk qn pas
sne+euu paspeaeuuMx u sarpeaeuuMx sarouon uaprotu+ecrux
seaects (auaaa) u sarau+usaetc s roue rouos
rpuenon cuneuoqeuctsykaux uaproturos. 0quaro ue scerqa ua
cneuy oquou ctaquu rpuxoqut qpyra.
3. Teopu rpyrrM csepctuuros: cene roqpoctra,
penuru, arona u qpyse orasMsakt snuuue ua rpuoaeuue r
uaproturan.
|ccneqosatennu (+m+u(|a+ n. l., laua+u /. /., F|ooe
/. C. u qp.) qorasauo, +to snuuue cpeqM rpousauu u uanu+ue
qoctyra r uaprotu+ecrun seaectsan rpeqpacronaraet nkqeu r
snoyrotpeneuuk uaproturanu. aryuoe snuuue rponenuou
ceneu s opnuposauuu aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu oaeussect-
ua. 0quaro uanu+ue +neua ceneu, snoyrotpenkaero uapro-
turanu, ctasut qn octaneuMx +neuos ceneu cepeesuMe rpone-
nM: uuaucosMe, anououaneuMe, nequuucrue; uapyaaktc
ceneuuMe tpaquuu, uneet necto usu+ecroe u cercyaneuoe ua-
cunue, usonu ot oaectsa, otpuauue, orpasqauue u rpe-
yneueaeuue sauoctu aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu u re-
pernaqMsauue otsetctseuuoctu ua qpyrux nkqeu.
PesynetatM uccneqosauu rorasanu, +to sua+uteneua +acte
orpoaeuuMx uneet nu+uoctuMe rponenM. 0uu c tpesorou u
ueysepeuuoctek cnotpt s yqyaee, ue unekt
59
usueuuMx rnauos, repuoqu+ecru orasMsaktc s usueuuMx cu-
tyaux, rotopMe raytc un essMxoquMnu, u s qauuMx cutya-
ux rpuerakt r anroronk (32% orpoaeuuMx) u yrotpeneuuk
uaproturos (10% orpoaeuuMx). partu+ecru sce orpoaeuuMe
c+utakt, +to poqutenu u y+uten (rocnequue s oneaeu ctereuu)
qakt sauueuuyk oeury ux nu+uoctuMn ra+ectsan, u nuae y
qpyseu ata oeura uneet ronouteneuMe sua+euu, rpesM-
aakaue yposeue canooeuru. PesynetatM uccneqosauu csuqe-
tenectsykt o uanu+uu y orpoaeuuMx sMcororo yposu ueyse-
peuuoctu u ueyqosnetsopeuuoctu coou, paccornacosauuoctu soc-
rputu coctseuuou nu+uoctu. u+uoctuMe rponenM noryt rpu-
sectu r rponenuMn opnan roseqeuu r rar sapuauty anouo-
uaneuo-roseqeu+ecrou saautuou pe- |aruu.
0peuyprcra onactua couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecra cnya
ronuteta ro qenan nonoqeu u aqnuuuctpauu onactu s 1997 r.
rposena couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecroe ocneqosauue, ene rotoporo
sarnk+anace s sMsneuuu otuoaeuu roqpoctros u nonoqeu r
uapronauuu, torcuronauuu u anroronusny. 8 pesynetate uccne-
qosauu Mnu cqenauM cneqykaue sMsoqM:
1. Vonoqee 0peuyprcrou onactu ue ysepeua s
ton, +to uapronauu, torcuronauu u anroronusn rnyoro es-
upasctseuuMe sneuu.
2. u+uoe nueuue coctono s ton, +to uapronauu,
torcuronauu u anroronusn ueratusuM, y oneauuctsa or-
poaeuuMx nueuue orasanoce ueyctou+uso.
3. PecrouqeutM c+utakt, +to uccneqyenMe rponenM s-
nktc ueartyaneuMnu u nanosua+aaunu qn oaectsa.
4. 8Mpaa csoe otuoaeuue r uapronauuu, torcuronauuu
u anroronusny, oquu ysepeuM, +to c uunu opotec ecronesuo, a
qpyrue rorpocty ue suqt crocoos rpotusoqeuctsu atou yrpo-
se. oatony, s enon, nonoqee
rposnet uusryk artusuocte s rpotusoqeuctsuu atun sneuun.
5. Xapartepuo, +to nueuue o anroronusne y roqpa-
ctakaero roroneuu onee yctou+uso. osMaeuua ar-
tusuocte, ocoeuuo s rnaue nu+uoctuou sua+unoctu, rosoput o
uutepece r qauuony sorpocy, a tare rorasMsaet,
+to ato sneuue onee routuo u suarono.
60
8 Caurt-etepypre, s eutpe rpounarturu uapronauuu
cpequ nonoqeu s 1998 r. Mnu rposeqeuM uccneqosauu s aro-
nax u ronneqax, rorasasaue, rar s pasuMx sospactuMx rpyrrax
rpoucxoqut uarorneuue suauuu o uaproturax u opnuposauue
otuoaeuu r uun.
3ospacm 1012 nem. Pet uutepecyet sce, +to cssauo c
uaproturanu: ux qeuctsue, croco yrotpeneuu. 0 ro-
cneqctsux snoyrotpeneuu ecnu u cnMaanu, to scepees ue
saqynMsanuce. Canu uaproturu ue yrotpenkt (sosnoua tor-
curonauu), c yrotpenkaunu suaronM equuuM. 8uauu ot-
pMso+uM, ueqoctosepuM, rony+euM c +yux cnos.
3ospacm 1214 nem. 0cuosuou uutepec sMsMsaet sos-
nouocte yrotpeneuu nerrux uaproturos napuxyaua uapro-
turon ue rpusuaetc. 0 cyaectsosauuu rnoaneuou rponenM
saqynMsaktc nuae uerotopMe, rpoosanu uaprotur uenuorue
us nkorMtctsa, c rotpeutennu suaronM nuorue. 0 uaproturax
suakt nuoro us orMta suaronMx unu ro paccrasan, nuorue
cseqeuu ueqoctosepuM. 0racuocte snoyrotpeneuu cuneuo
ueqooeuusaetc. losopt o rponene tonero neqy coou.
3ospacm 1416nem. o otuoaeuuk r uaproturan op-
nupyktc tpu rpyrrM:
1. /rotpenkaue u co+ysctsykaue uutepecy
kt sorpocM, cssauuMe co cuueuuen pucra rpu yrotpeneuuu
es uanu+u sasucunoctu. /rotpeneuue uaproturos c+utaetc
rpusuaron uesasucunoctu. Cpequ +neuos
atou rpyrrM nuoro nuqepos.
2. PaquraneuMe rpotusuuru can uurorqa ue
yqy u ue qan ruuyte qpyry. Vuorue us +neuos atou rpyrrM c+u-
takt yrotpeneuue uaproturos rpusuaron cnaoctu u ueronuo-
euuoctu.
3. le orpeqenusaue csoero otuoaeuu r uaproturan.
8ua+uteneua +acte noet ua+ate yrotpeneuue roq
snuuuen qpyseu.
3ospacm 1618nem. lpyrrM coxpauktc, uo +ucno ue orpe-
qenusauxc sua+uteneuo yneueaaetc. Ka+ectseuuo neuetc
coqepauue suauuu o uaproturax: ouu qetanusupyktc u ctauo-
stc onee oertusuMnu.
8 rpyrre yrotpenkaux u co+ysctsykaux rouuakt repsMe
rnoqM, s cssu c atun oneaou uutepec sMsMsakt rpunuuane-
uMe rocneqctsu yrotpeneuu u cropocte passutu rpoeccos,
snukaux ua sqoposee. lnoaneuou
61
rponenou uapronauuk c+utakt uenuorue roqpoctru. Cpequ paqu-
raneuMx rpotusuuros pactet +ucno nkqeu, ocosuakaux ueoxoqu-
nocte artusuMx qeuctsuu, uarpasneuuMx ua usneueuue cutyauu.
cuxonoru u spa+u-uapronoru otne+akt octotenectsa, rotopMe
crococtsykt rpuoaeuuk r uaproturan u rosMaakt pucr saonesa-
uu uapronauueu. Tarun opason, sosuuruoseuuk uapronauuu croco-
ctsykt cneqykaue artopM:
1. 0o(uane+ee:
ycnosu socrutauu s cenee (rpunuuaneua, anopaneua, ueron-
ua cene c rounurtuMn ssaunoqeuctsuen poquteneu, otcytct-
sue suunauu, routpon u astoputeta poquteneu);
uusruu yposeue opasosauu +neuos ceneu;
snuuue ueopnaneuou rpyrrM csepctuuros;
teprunocte oaectseuuoro nueuu r reuctsy, uapronauuu, tor-
curonauuu;
pauuee (1213 net) ua+ano canoctoteneuou usuu u
rpeqespeneuuoe ocsooqeuue ot oreru poquteneu;
rureporera co ctopouM poquteneu unu ucraeuuMe ceneuuMe ot-
uoaeuu, rpusoqaue r uerpasuneuony
ocsoeuuk couaneuMx poneu;
nerruu u ueroutponupyenMu qoctyr r qeueran u uerouunauue toro,
rar ouu qoctaktc.
2. cuxonocuvec|ue:
rcuxonoru+ecra u couaneua uespenocte roqpoctros;
poct +ucna qeteu, uecrocouMx aqartuposatec r ycnosun couyna;
ueyctou+usocte rcuxuru (raqMu +etseptMu roqpoctor coctasnet
rpyrry pucra).
3. 5uonocuvec|ue:
uacneqosauue qetenu us uenarorony+uMx ceneu rcuxu+ecrux u
uonoru+ecrux ocoeuuocteu, crococtsykaux passutuk spequMx
rpusM+er: yrotpeneuue
uaproturos, cruptuMx uarutros, taarorypeuue. K
uun e ueoxoquno otuectu ratonoruk epeneuuoctu, ocnoueu-
uMe poqM, tenMe u xpouu+ecrue saonesauu, cotpceuu (nuo-
rorpatuMe), tpasnM ronosuoro nosra;
62
rorpauu+uMe uepsuo-rcuxu+ecrue pacctpouctsa, yn-
ctseuua otctanocte, saqepru rcuxu+ecroro passutu;
rcuxu+ecrue saonesauu, tenMu xapartep unu +actMe
uapyaeuu oaerpuutMx rpasun roseqeuu y
roro-nuo us nusrux poqctseuuuros.
oq snuuuen couaneuMx artopos tar unu uua+e rpouc-
xoqut qeopnau nu+uoctu, opnupyetc ueaqersatua cuc-
tena euuocteu, cuuaetc yposeue rputsauuu, rosnetc
oryctoaeuuocte, rpusoqaa r otsepeuuoctu. oq snuuuen
uonoru+ecrux artopos ocnaneuuMu oprauusn +acto ue s co-
ctouuu rpotusoctote ueratusuMn sosqeuctsun cpeqM, uaxo-
qute cunM qn rpeoqoneuu tenMx usueuuMx cutyauu. oq
snuuuen couaneuMx u uonoru+ecrux artopos opnupyetc
rcuxonoru+ecruu, rotopMu orou+ateneuo sasepaaet aquruk xa-
partepa roqpoctra. 0u rMtaetc uautu csou croco yutu ot peae-
uu rponen, +to roua+any u rossonet cqenate uaprotur
/rotpeneuue uaproturos s ocuosuon rpoucxoqut tan, rqe
nonoqMe nkqu rposoqt csooquoe spen: qona, ua qucroterax, s
rnyax, s y+euMx saseqeuux. 6oneauuctso rpeqro+utaet rpu-
uunate uaproturu s ronrauux. orasauo, +to snuuue cpeqM
rpousauu u uanu+ue qoctyra r uaprotu+ecrun seaectsan
rpeqpacronarakt nkqeu r snoyrotpeneuuk uaproturanu.
lauonee rorynpuMnu uaproturanu snktc rperapatM
rouornu - 55,7 %, qanee cneqyet rannkuuoreuM 14,6 %, rcu-
xoctunyntopM anetonuuosoro pqa 10,8 %, rperapatM
oru 5,4 %, rorauu 2,4 %, ue yctauosneuuMe rperapatM
10,8 %. lo rocnequue uccneqosauu csuqetenectsykt, +to uap-
ropMuor roronuetc s ocuosuon repouuon, sMtecu onee
nerrue uaproturu.
|ccneqosatenu sMqenkt rte crocoos yrotpeneuu uap-
rotu+ecrux seaects: arcrepuneutaneuoe yrotpeneuue, yrot-
peneuue s ronrauuu so spen otqMxa, cutyauouuo-
octotenectseuuoe yrotpeneuue, uuteucusuoe yrotpene-
uue, sMuyqeuuoe yrotpeneuue.
0quaro, rar otne+aet C. . Kynaros (2000) s csoen uc-
cneqosauuu, uenes cpacMsate co c+etos u cany nu+uocte uap-
ronaua, orou+ateneuMu sMop sapuauta usuu octaetc sa uun.
C. . Kynaros otopan qse rpyrrM us narorputuou u uenaro-
rputuou cpeqM. 8 pesynetate atux uccne-
63
qosauuu Mno sMqeneuo tpu ooaeuuMx nu+uoctuo-
rcuxonoru+ecrux ucto+uura rpuoaeuu roqpoctros r uaprotu-
ran u anroronk: cmpecc, e+,aaevocme, nsonemcmeo. o pesyne-
tatan uccneqosauu, 32 % roqpoctros rpuerakt r uaproturan rar
r crocoy useauu ctpeccos, 28 % roqpoctros srepsMe rpoy-
kt uaproturu (es ocooro ua to enauu) nod enu++uev astopu-
tetuMx qn uux nu, to ecte s pesynetate ctopouuero e+,ae+u+,
39,5 % rpoykt uaproturu us nsonemcmea.
Cyaectsyet nequuucra rnaccuurau ctaquu passutu
uapronauuu. 0ua ocuosaua ua auanuse rposneuu pasnu+uMx
opn sasucunoctu - couaneuou, rcuxu+ecrou u usu+ecrou.
0 co(uane+ou saeucuvocmu rosopt torqa, rorqa +enoser eae
ue ua+an yrotpeneuue uaproturos, uo spaaaetc s cpeqe yrot-
penkaux, rpuuunaet ux ctune roseqeuu, otuoaeuue r uapro-
turan u sueauue atpuytM rpyrrM. 0u suytpeuue rotos can ua-
+ate yrotpeneuue. +acto r tarou rpyrre nouo rpuuaqneate,
tonero ucroseqy ee rpuuurM u roq+uuce ee rpasunan. Xena-
uue ue Mte ottopruytMn noet Mte ctone cuneuMn, +to sacno-
uet rpusM+uMe rpeqctasneuu, usneuet roseqeuue. leot-
ennenoe ycnosue atou ctaquu saonesauu uanu+ue rpyrrM (ro-
topa noet opnuposatec qae sorpyr oquoro yrotpenkaero
uaproturu). EquuctseuuMn crocoon rpeqotspaaeuu qaneueu-
aero passutu saonesauu snetc csoespeneuuoe sMsneuue
u paspyaeuue rpyrrM. leoxoquno, paotate c nuqepanu rpyrrM,
rpertctsosate sosne+euuk s uee uosMx +neuos, rycte qae ryten
usonuu nuqepos. la aton atare octauosute passutue saonesa-
uu rpoae scero. /ryctute atot noneut sua+ut, satpyquute rou-
tart c +neuanu rpyrrM, qn rotopMx passutue saonesauu no-
et repeutu s cneqykayk ctaquk.
ocne ua+ana yrotpeneuu uaproturos y roqpoctra Mct-
po opnupyetc ncuxuvec|a+ saeucuvocme. 0ua rposnetc s
ton, +to +enoser ctpenutc suose sepuyte coctouue, rotopoe
noet Mte o+eue cuneuMn, unu, uaxoqce roq sosqeuctsuen
uaproturos, otsne+ec ot uerputuMx repeusauuu u otpua-
teneuMx anouu. 8 repson cny+ae +enoser, yqy+u nuaeu sos-
nouoctu rpuuunate uaproturu, socrpuuunaet qeuctsuteneuocte
cepou, ueqoctato+uo quuanu+uou u usou, so stopon roqasneu
rponenanu, ot rotopMx ou u rMtaetc yutu, rpuera r yrotpe-
neuuk
64
uaproturos. 8 sasucunoctu ot suqa uaprotura ero sosqeuctsue
ua +enosera noet rposntec ro-pasuony. Ctpenneuue use-
ate rcuxonoru+ecroro u anououaneuoro qucronopta ctone
cuneuo, +to +enoser ue s cunax otrasatec ot qaneueuaero yrot-
peneuu. la atou ctaquu saonesauu eny ye ueoxoquna ro-
noae creuanuctos rcuxonoros u spa+eu u roqqepra nusrux
nkqeu, ocoeuuo poquteneu.
pu onee rpoqonuteneuon yrotpeneuuu uaproturos
opnupyetc usuvec|a+ saeucuvocme, scneqctsue +ero uaprotur
srnk+aetc s rpoecc oneua seaects. 8 aton cny+ae rpu rpe-
rpaaeuuu rpuena uankqaetc coctouue usu+ecroro quc-
ronopta pasnu+uou ctereuu tectu ot nerroro ueqonorauu
qo tenMx rposneuuu actuueutuoro cuuqpona. KourpetuMe
ero cunrtonM sasuct ot suqa uaprotura u ot ocoeuuocteu
oprauusna +enosera. Tarony oneuony ueoxoquna cepeesua
nequuucra ronoae qn toro, +toM sMqepate coctouue a-
ctuueuuu. 8 sasucunoctu ot ctaquu saonesauu usneuetc u
+actota yrotpeneuu uaproturos ot repuoqa rpo, arusoqu-
+ecroro yrotpeneuu r cuctenatu+ecrony.
3.3. hAPK0HAhhP KAK 60hAbh0-
6hX00|h+E6K0E PEhhE
/rotpeneuue uaproturos, rar u anroron, s roqpoctroson
sospacte uocut rpyrrosou xapartep. 8ua+ane yrotpeneuue
rcuxoartusuMx seaects cssauo c enauuen rpocto, us nko-
rMtctsa rorpoosate canony. 0M+uo yrotpeneuue uaprotu-
ros ua+uuaetc c equuu+uMx (arusoqu+ecrux) cny+aes, saten cta-
uosutc sce onee +actMn u, uaroue, cuctenatu+ecrun. epuoq
arusoqu+ecroro yrotpeneuu ato rpeqonesue, a repexoq r
perynpuMn rpuenan rperapata +aae scero yrasMsaet ua ros-
neuue uaprotu+ecrou sasucunoctu. lnasuMnu ee rpusuaranu s-
nktc sne+euue u actuueutuMu cuuqpon. 8ua+ane sne+euue
qaet o cee suate ua yposue rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu. oq
sne+euuen nM rouunaen rotpeuocte s uaproture, oosua+aet-
c rar tra, enauue, xoteuue, ronoq, aqa u t. r. lapronauan
uaprotur uyeu, +toM socctauosute rcuxu+ecruu ronopt,
uua+e yqet rnoxoe uactpoeuue, pasqpauteneuocte, uarp-
euuocte, rouu-
65

euua paotocrocouocte, qonuuupykaue socronuuauu,
uass+usMe enauu. o nepe qaneueuaero passutu uaprona-
uuu sne+euue rposnetc ua yposue usu+ecrou sasucunoctu:
es qosM rperapata pacctpausaktc yuruu uepsuou sereta-
tusuou cuctenM u suytpeuuux oprauos srnote qo tenMx co-
ctouuu (u cyertusuo, u oertusuo), qae qo cnepteneuMx uc-
xoqos. 3tu coctouu uasMsaktc acuuteutuMnu ot cnosa
acauc, +to osua+aet otcytctsue.
C rosneuuen ratonoru+ecroro sne+euu r rcuxoartusuony
seaectsy pesro neuetc nuv+ocme yrotpenkaero uaprotu-
ru. peuue euuoctu (uutepecM, sautu, cssu) otctyrakt u
noryt ronuoctek uc+esuyte. lnasua yctauosra tarux nu - yto-
nute sne+euue, +to orpeqenet cootsetctsykauu opas usuu.
| can atot opas snetc rnuuu+ecrun rpusuaron, tar e, rar
u ocoMu pe+esou aprou. apanneneuo c atun usneueuunu
passusaetc rcuxoratusau nu+uoctu. 3nououaneuMe pearuu
y uux ctauostc uecqepauuMnu, ueaqersatuMnu, uecopasnep-
uMnu, c rpeonaqauuen otpuateneuMx anouu (osno-
neuuocte, ruesnusocte, roqosputeneuocte, pesuocte, ouq+u-
socte, ot+auue, esMcxoquocte, tocra u t. r.). lapactaet qy-
aesua tyrocte, esy+actuocte r cyqee nusrux u pasuoqyaue r
coctseuuou cyqee s co+etauuu c xonoquou ectoroctek, rpau-
uun essonuen u raccusuou roq+uuenoctek uaprotu+ecrony
orpyeuuk. octereuuo oprauusn uapronaua cnaeet, qpxneet.
Passusaetc rpeqespeneuuoe ctapeuue oprauusna, cyxocte,
entyauocte u qpnocte rou, paspyaaktc syM, sMraqakt
sonocM, otne+aetc pesroe roxyqauue, sMsnetc ropaeuue
re+euu, cepqa, ro+er, re+euu, roqenyqo+uou enesM u qpyrux
oprauos u cucten. aqakt sce saautuMe cunM oprauusna, scneqct-
sue +ero qoasnktc canMe pasnu+uMe uueruu, passusaktc
snora+ectseuuMe oryxonu, rosnetc rpeqpacronoeuuocte r
C|y. Pesro corpaaaetc (s cpequen qo 2030 net) rpoqon-
uteneuocte usuu.
n rpuopeteuu, yrotpeneuu, peanusauu u xpaueuu
uaproturos roqpoctru oequuktc s rpyrrM. Cssu xpouu+e-
croro uapronaua c oaectson oM+uo orpauu+usaktc routar-
tanu c +neuanu uapronaucrou rpyrrM, rqe ouu yrotpenkt rcu-
xoartusuMe seaectsa u rony+akt rocuneuyk roqqepry s rputu-
+ecrux cutyaux (s repuoq nonru). C to+ru speuu rcuxu+e-
crou ctpyrtypM, uapro-
66
nau rpuuaqneut r tury nu+uoctu cnaou repeuocunoctek
onu u anououaneuoro ctpecca. Ecnu y uero otcytctsykt nus-
rue routartM c cee roqouMnu, to ou ytpa+usaet +ysctso yse-
peuuoctu u ortunusna.
o rpu+uue yaepuoctu couaneuoro passutu nu+uoctu uap-
ronau ctapaetc userate nkou opnM otsetctseuuoctu, cta-
uosutc ueqpyenkuMn u ueqosep+usMn ro otuoaeuuk r ten,
roro ou c+utaet +actek yrpoakaero eny nupa. oatony oequ-
ueuue uapronauos s rpyrrM snetc oquou us ux couaneuo-
saautuMx rotpeuocteu. o atou rpu+uue s oneauuctse cny-
+aes cospeneuuMe uapronauM ue rotpenkt uaproturu s
oquuo+ry. 6oneauuctso us uux uset s ueopnaneuMx rpyrrax.
lapronaucra rpyrra snetc oquou us otnu+uteneuMx +ept co-
speneuuou uapronauuu. lapronaucra rpyrra qanero ue scerqa
uactpoeua nuponkuso ro otuoaeuuk r orpyakaun nkqn,
+aae qenouctpupyet pasqpauteneuocte, rues, ueuasucte qa-
e r canMn nusrun nkqn, arpeccuk. +neuM rpyrrM qoctato+uo
uepeuM s oqeqe, s rpu+ecre, s oaeuuu. Ecnu ouu uaxoqtc
s coctouuu uaprotu+ecroro oreueuu ux roseqeuue, anouu,
oaeuue suo ueaqersatuM u uactopausakt orpyakaux. 8ce
ato crococtsyet uerouunauuk u yrnynet paspMs neqy rpyr-
rou uapronauos u orpyakaunu nkqenu.
VotusM, ro rotopMn uapronauM oequuktc s rpyrrM,
pasnu+uM:
ctpax repeqosuposru uaprotura u uaqeqa, +to rpyrra
cracet (s peaneuou qeuctsuteneuoctu tarue artM
sctpe+aktc rpauue peqro);
nerrocte rony+euu uaprotu+ecrux cpeqcts unu ux sa-
neuuteneu (uaprorputouM creuaneuo cuaaktc
uaproqeneanu);
cosnectuMu roucr cpeqcts u qoM+a uaproturos (s
ocuosuon uocut rpunuuaneuMu xapartep);
uapronauM crna+usaktc s rpyrrM repeq nuon oracuoctu
ussue (cene, rpasooxpauuteneuMe oprauM,
rpeqctasutenu sqpasooxpaueuu, rpaqaue);
s rpyrre otcytctsyet uepapxu (+neuM rpyrrM unekt
oquuarosMe rpasa u uurarux osauuocteu);
rosuuk nuqepa sauunaet nuo cuneua nu+uocte,
nuo nuo, crocouoe yqosnetsopute ux rotpeuoctu s
uaproturax (s otuoaeuux c nuqepon uankqaetc
ronuoe, esorosopo+uoe roq+uueuue ero tpeosauun,
67
srnote qo cosepaeuu anopaneuMx unu yronosuo uarasyenMx
qeuuu);
s rpyrre uapronauM uayt prux, anououaneuo-
uacMaeuuMx repeusauuu, ysnerateneuMx qeuctsuu,
rotopMe snktc pesynetaton qeuctsu uaproturos;
qernapau rpyrrou uapronauos ronuou csooqM u
uesasucunoctu, +to xapartepuo qn roqpoctros qauuoro
sospacta u rputrusaet ux r uun.
8 oneauuctse cny+aes uapronauan eae s repuoq, rpeq-
aectsykauu sosuuruoseuuk sasucunoctu, ue xsatano +ysctsa
ysepeuuoctu s cee. lpyrra uapronauos s qauuon cny+ae sMron-
uet yuruu rcuxoteparestos, ueyqa+uo ocyaectsnkaux ne-
+euue couaneuo-ueysepeuuMx, anououaneuo-uespenMx nu+-
uocteu.
epsMu rpuen uaproturos ue ocosuaetc nonoqMnu
nkqenu s ronuou nepe, ouu ue rouunakt, +to uosMe oayaeuu,
sre+atneuu ue snktc uopnou, a sMssauM sseqeuuen uapro-
turos. 8 qaneueuaen rputepuen oeuru uopnaneuoro cocto-
uu ctauyt atu uosMe, sMssauuMe uaproturanu, sre+atneuu.
Coctouue usneueuuoro cosuauu unu socrpuuunaetc rar
uopna, u ouo ue ecrorout ux.
Cyaectsyet enMu pq ratonoru+ecrux sneuuu, ysuqeuuMx
u orucauuMx uapronauanu s coctouuu usneueuuoro cosuauu.
lauonee +acto sctpe+akauec sneuu ato rosMaeuua ro-
tpeuocte roqenutec csoun qyxosuMn coctouuen, ecrpu+uu-
uMu cnex, suesaruMe sMrpuru, uenoru+uMe u eccssuMe sM-
crasMsauu, rannkuuauu, ueysuasauue suaronMx nu u o-
ertos, coctouue, roxoee ua nyuatusn, oayaeuue ce sue
coctseuuoro tena, artM uacunu. 8ocronuuauu o repeutou
auopuu u cssauuMx c ueu sre+atneuux +epes uecronero queu
unu ueqene satpyqueuM u tynauuM. 0quaro octaetc enauue re-
peute u ro+ysctsosate ato eae pas.
Kynaros C. A. (2000) co ccMnrou ua qpyrux uccneqosateneu pas-
nu+aet qsa ocuosuMx tura uapronauos curepc (aurn. Seekers
ucratenu) u xaqc ( aurn. Heads ronosM). 3tu tepnuuM, saun-
ctsosauuMe us aurno-anepuraucroro aproua, s qpyrux sMrax ue
unekt cuuouunos u ux ue cneqyet repesoqute qocnosuo, uua+e
ouu ytpa+usakt csou ocuosuou cnMcn. oatony nM yqen uc-
ronesosate tpaucnutepauk.
68
0u|epc ato nkqu, rotopMe s roucrax uctuuM rposoqt
arcrepuneutM c uaproturanu u ux aertanu, cpasuusa ux.
laxoqt uosMu cnMcn +enose+ecroro Mtu. 0uu ue yrotpenkt
uaproturu roctouuo, a tonero arusoqu+ecru, a s repepMsax
auanusupykt repeutMe sre+atneuu. o uatype ouu rpeuny-
aectseuuo nkqu unrynecusuMe, crnouuMe r canoauanusy,
rMtnusMe. |x uutepec r uaproturan, rar rpasuno, ue ycunusa-
etc u rocne orou+auu aronM noet uc+esuyte ronuoctek.
Xadc rposnkt qo u so spen rpuena uaproturos cepeesuMe
otrnoueuu nu+uoctu. o rpu+uue uepaspeaeuuMx suytpeuuux
rounurtos, roctouuo rpucytctsykaeu ueysepeuuoctu u qe-
rpeccuu ouu ua+uuakt yrotpente uaproturu +aae, +to rpuso-
qut r pro sMpaeuuou rcuxu+ecrou sasucunoctu. Tar e, rar u
rpeqMqyaa rateropu, atu uapronauM rpuuunakt canMe pas-
uoopasuMe uaproturu, uo s oneaux ronu+ectsax u ropasqo +a-
ae. |x otnu+u ot uopnaneuMx posecuuros:
roctouuo rpucytctsykaa nerra qerpeccu;
ecrorouctso;
roqospeuue, +to uurto ux ue socrpuuunaet scepees;
uapuccusn unu aroeutpusn;
+actMe pasnManeuu uaq coctseuuou uuqusuqyane-
uoctek, uesasucunoctek u csooqou nMcneu u cnos;
roctouuoe sosspaaeuue r uaproturan;
tpyquoctu s oM+uon oaeuuu c orpyakaunu.
3tot tur uapronauos xapartepusyetc cepeesuMnu ua-
pyaeuunu roseqeu+ecrux pearuu, rar ato Msaet rpu auqo-
reuuMx rcuxosax u nosrosMx tpasnax. lo atu uapyaeuu uu s roen
cny+ae uenes uqeutuuuposate c ausopeuu+ecrun rcuxoson
unu c rocneqctsunu tpasnatu+ecroro rospeqeuu nosra. Cro-
pee ux nouo paceuute rar opny xaparteponoru+ecrux usneue-
uuu, sosuuraux s pesynetate ueaertusuoro rpoecca coua-
nusauu nu+uoctu, oauor s socrutauuu u eceneuoro cyaect-
sosauu s cenee.
3.3.1. 6eus uapkouaua
lerotopMe uccneqosatenu sMsunu orpeqeneuuyk csse
neqy pasnu+uMnu ceneuuMnu artopanu u yrotpeneuuen
uaproturos. 8 repsyk o+epeqe ato xapartep ssaunootuoaeuuu s
cenee. +acto roqpoctor rpartu+ecru
69
usonuposau ot ceneu, otuoaeuu c poqutennu ueqoctato+uo
nusrue. 0u roctouuo ucrMtMsaet qeuut nksu, qosepu u
rpusuauu co ctopouM poquteneu. Poqutenu ue ctpentc r o-
aeuuk us oraceuu ycnMaate +to-nuo ueenateneuoe qn ce-
. lurto s atux cenex ue cnMaut rpura o ronoau. leqopo-
enateneuocte, spaqeuocte, sneaatenectso poquteneu s
nu+uyk usue corposoqakt roqpoctra. 0te ue rpuuunaet qoc-
tato+uoro y+actu s qenax ceneu.
Cneqykaun artopon snktc rounurtM. +actMe rou-
nurtM neqy poqutennu qenakt qeteu sanouuranu atux ccop,
+to rpusoqut r ctpeccan, usu+ecrun u rcuxonoru+ecrun tpas-
nan. ucrapnouu+ua cene qenaet uec+actuMnu scex +neuos
ceneu, uo s oneaeu ctereuu ctpaqaet peeuor, tar rar sspocnMe
qenakt us uero rosna otryaeuu so scex rponenax u rounur-
tax. Poqutenu ue crocouM yrpasnte cutyaueu s cenee. uc-
urnuua nuo cnuaron ctpora, nuo nuepaneua. 0tcytctsue
rocneqosateneuoctu s qucurnuuapuMx tpeosauux eae s
oneaeu ctereuu otqanet qeteu ot poquteneu. 8 oneaeu +actu
s tarux cenex cyaectsykt qsouuMe ctauqaptM roseqeuu
oquu qn ce, qpyrue qn qeteu, u ronuoe ueenauue co ctopo-
uM poquteneu rpusuate csou oauru u uerpasoty. ponena
ssaunootuoaeuuu neqy roroneuunu ycyrynetc, ecnu po-
qutenu passeqeuM unu otcytctsykt qona oneayk +acte spene-
uu. pu aton otcytctsue ota repeuocutc qetenu ocoeuuo o-
nesueuuo. Poqutenu +ysctsykt ueysepeuuocte s opee c us-
ueuuMnu rponenanu, roatony yrotpenkt uaproturu unu anro-
rone s ra+ectse rcuxonoru+ecrux roctMneu. etu s tarux cutya-
ux ue y+atc y poquteneu rpotusoctote tpyquoctn, a epyt
rpunep c tex poquteneu, rto opetc c rponenanu c ronoaek
uaproturos u anroron.
8 qoronueuue r sMaecrasauuony octauosunc ua pesynetatax
anrupu+ecroro uccneqosauu P. aqesura ua teny lepouuosa
sasucunocte y roqpoctros u nonoqMx nkqeu o ceneuuMx ycno-
sux sosuuruoseuu uapronauuu. 8 aton uccneqosauuu cpasuu-
saetc rpyrra roqpoctros-uapronauos, yrotpenkaux repouu u
uaxoqauxc ua qonron ctauouapuon ne+euuu, co cny+auuou
saypquou rpyrrou roqpoctros-posecuuros. |ccneqosauue rpo-
soqunoce rocpeqctson orpoca. K ceneuuou uuteparuu (ssau-
noqeuct-
70
suk) s panrax rpoecca couanusauu nouo otuectu cneqykaee.
Poqutenu repouuosMx uapronauos unenu +ac
toe u uuteucusuoe opaaeuue c uurotuuon, anroronen u
nequraneutanu. Csoun qetn ouu ue rpeqnaranu noqene
cootsetctsykaero opaaeuu c uaproturanu s auporon
cnMcne.
8 csoeu coctseuuou usuu tarue poqutenu ora-
sMsanuce uecanoctoteneuMnu, roqsepeuuMnu +yony
snuuuk u sasucunMnu ot nueuu qpyrux nkqeu. Vatepu
r tony e +aae Mnu ueqosoneuM csoeu usueuuou cutyaueu.
Poqutenu repouuosMx uapronauos orasanuce ue
qoctato+uou noqenek, ot +ero sasuct sMctpausauue u
rpousauue s ra+ectse rpunepa euuocteu u nauepM ro
seqeuu, rotopMe racaktc nenu+uoctuMx otuoaeuuu.
8 csoen socrutateneuon roseqeuuu ouu uacaqanu
ueqoctato+uMe euuoctu u uopnM roseqeuu, s ua
rpasneuuu rotopMx roqpactakauu peeuor nor M sMrpasute
csoe roseqeuue. K tony e ouu orasMsanuce nanorocneqosatene-
uMnu s csoen roseqeuuu, +to sMpaanoce s ue
qoctato+uon uankqeuuu peeuron sa rpuqepusauuen
rpeqoctasneuuMx uopn u euuocteu.
Poqutenu sasucunMx ot repouua c+utanu csoux
qeteu uecanoctoteneuMnu u uecrocouMnu otse+ate sa
ce; ouu ue roqqepusanu csoux qeteu s sassMsauuu u
roqqepusauuu routartos c ux csepctuuranu.
Poqutenu ue y+unu csoux qeteu sMpaate u ua-
ctausate ua csoux rpasax u osauuoctx.
Poqutenu ue rpeqoctasnnu csoeny peeury ano-
uouaneuou nusoctu, t. r. ouu ue opaaanu suunauu ua
rotpeuoctu csoero peeura u eqsa nu sooae unenu spen
qn uero.
oqpoctru-uapronauM cooaakt, +to ouu s
rpyry csoeu ceneu ue +ysctsosanu ce saauaeuuMnu.
Atnocepa s cenex repouuosMx uapronauos
Mna otroaeua s oneaou nacce cropanu u rounurta
nu; rpone toro, neqy poqutennu cyaectsosano uarpeuue,
rotopoe +acto Mno uesMuocunMn.
PesynetatM uccneqosauu yrasMsakt ua to, +to s cyae-
ctseuuMx onactx qetcrou couanusauu poqutenu rar ro-
cpequuru rpuopeteuu repsu+uoro couaneuoro orMta sMraqa-
nu. Tare ctauosutc routuMn, +to rpyrra posec-
71
uuros rpuopetaet oneaoe sua+euue qn roqpoctra s roucrax
opueutauu, rouunauu, nksu u saauaeuuoctu, rotopMx eny
ue xsataet suytpu ceneu. To, +to ato noet rpusectu r ctpyr-
typuony uapyaeuuk nu+uoctu, rotopa rpososrnaaaetc s ue-
crocouoctu perynuposate +ysctso coctseuuoro qoctouuctsa u
s uecrocouoctu rpusuasate euuoctu, enu u uopnM nupa
sspocnMx ot+etnuso roq+eprusaetc uauqeuuMnu pesynetata-
nu... nu+uoctu:
repouuosMe uapronauM rorasMsakt s csoen ro
seqeuuu ueqoctato+uyk canoctoteneuocte, ouu ue nornu
ucronesosate csou sosnouoctu u ue nornu peaute cano-
ctoteneuo csou rponenM.
8asucunMe ot repouua roqpoctru tpeosanu ot
csoero orpyeuu ocoMx rpas u ocooro opaaeuu.
3tu roqpoctru socrpuuunanu csoe orpyeuue
rar cpeqctso qn yqosnetsopeuu csoux rotpeuocteu; s to
e spen un Mno teno qoposoneuo orasate qopoe qeno
qpyrony +enosery.
n roqpoctros-uapronauos rpaqaucrue eu-
uoctuMe rpeqctasneuu u usueuuMe enu rpeqctasnnuce
conuuteneuMnu; ouu xotenu sMtaaute ce us ycpequeuuMx pa-
nor u cqenate us csoeu usuu +to-to ocoeuuoe.
8asucunMe ot repouua roqpoctru +ysctsosanu
ce ro otuoaeuuk r posecuuran ueysepeuuo; ouu oeuu
sanu ce o+eue ueratusuo u +ysctsosanu ce usuytpu
oquuorunu u ue rouunaenMnu qpyrunu nkqenu.
0uu rorasanu uecrocouocte rpeqctasnte coctseuuoe
nueuue u uutepecM; oquospeneuuo ouu sMqennuce ueqocta-
to+uou crocouoctek r sooqyaesneuuk, ux Mno nerro cnytute
rputurou u sactasute otrasatec ot uane+euuoro.
pu +pesnepuon yrotpeneuuu uaproturos s cenee noryt
sosuuruyte cneqykaue rponenM:
uuaucosMe (cssauuMe c paotou u uusrou
s/rnatou);
anououaneuMe;
nequuucrue;
uapyaeuue ceneuuMx otuoaeuuu;
usu+ecroe u cercyaneuoe uacunue;
pasnaq s cenee;
usonu ot oaectsa;
otpuauue;
orpasqauue roseqeuu;
72
repernaqMsauue otsetctseuuoctu ua qpyrux nkqeu;
rpeyneueaeuue sauoctu rponenM.
8ce ato eae s oneaeu ctereuu otqanet roqpoctra-
uapronaua ot otuocuteneuo narorony+uoro oaectsa, sMuyqa
ero ucrate speneuuyk rcesqosaauty s rpyrrax.
Cpequ xaqos u nonoqMx uapronauos sooae uankqaetc
orpeqeneuuoe cxoqctso, racakaeec ux ceneu:
ote otcytctsyet unu otnu+aetc cnaMn xapartepon;
usnuaue saotnusa, yctyr+usa unu, uaoopot,
snactua nate;
uerocneqosateneuoe roseqeuue u otcytctsue
cqepusakaux artopos;
spaqeuocte unu rounurtM neqy poquten
nu.
lerotopMe uccneqosatenu, rosop o qouaprotu+ecrou
nu+uoctu uapronaua, sMqenkt cneqykaue +eptM nu+uoctu no-
noqMx nkqeu, rotopMe noryt, xot u ue osateneuo, ctate rpu-
+uuou uapronauuu: anououaneua uespenocte, ueronuoeuua
rcuxocouaneua oprauusau, caquctcrue u nasoxuctcrue rpo-
sneuu, arpeccusuocte u ueteprunocte, cnaMe aqartauou-
uMe crocouoctu, crnouuocte r perpeccusuony roseqeuuk, ue-
crocouocte r nenu+uoctuony oaeuuk c raptuepon u t. q.
8 onee rosquue repuoqM uaprotu+ecrou sasucunoctu,
scneqctsue upasos u rpusM+er uapronauos, repsu+ua nu+-
uocte ua+uuaet usneutec. 8uytpeuuue rounurtM ooctp-
ktc, a cnaa rcuxu+ecra aqartau ctauosutc sce onee
o+esuquou. ocneqctsu xpouu+ecroro yrotpeneuu uaproturos
rpusoqut r ycuneuuk raccusuoctu u neuu, espasnu+uk r cso-
eny sueaueny suqy, ecrnoquony autasuposauuk u uesosno-
uoctu rpuutu peaeuu, a tare aconktuou uecrocouoctu
onee qnuteneuoro ycunu.
Eae oquo ueratusuoe couaneuoe sneuue rotpeutene
uaproturos repectyraet rpaue couaneuo oqopenoro roseqe-
uu, cosepaaet anopaneuMe u yronosuo uarasyenMe rpoctyrru
(rpectyrneuu), onauMsaet +neuos ceneu, qpyseu, ronner,
spa+eu, suaronMx. 3tu+ecra qerpaqau snetc otnu+utene-
uou +eptou xpouu+ecroro uapronaua. poqaet euuMe nu+uMe
seau qn rpuopeteuu uaproturos, cosepaaet rpau y nusrux
u suaronMx, roq-
73
qenMsaet peertM, cosepaaet u qpyrue yronosuo-uarasyenMe
rpectyrneuu.
3.3.2. hapkonpecynuocs uecosepmeuuoneux
lapronauu cnouoe couaneuo-ueratusuoe sneuue, sa-
rnk+akaeec ue tonero s rotpeneuuu uaproturos, uo u s usro-
tosneuuu, xpaueuuu u cMte uaprotu+ecrux seaects. 3to cana
qoxoqua cepa rpectyruoro usueca, s rotopou sauoe necto
otsoqutc roqpoctran u nonoqeu rar rotpeutenn uaprotu-
ros u cyertan rpectyruoro usueca. 8 oquuo+ry sqece ue pa-
otakt. 0M+uo rpyrry uapronauos sosrnasnet sspocnMu +e-
noser, rotopMu otMn uarasauue unu sepuync us crearonM.
lpyrre uapronauos csouctseuuM pro sMpaeuua roucru-
patusuocte, ropropatusuocte, +etroe pacrpeqeneuue poneu s
rpyrre, ctpora cyopquuau. 8qece csou sarouM, rpasuna ro-
seqeuu u rp.
lepeqro rpyrry, sauunakaykc usrotosneuuen, xpaueuuen
u cMton uaproturos, otoqectsnkt c uapronauanu, to ecte c
nuanu, yrotpenkaunu uaproturu, +to qanero ue oquo u to
e. auua rpyrra, uspasaa pacrpoctpaueuue uaproturos rar
cpeqctso ooraaeuu, rar rpasuno, uaproturu ue yrotpenet.
0ua nuae usrotosnet, xpauut, cMsaet uaproturu, sosneraet
qpyrux nkqeu s uapronauuk, oprauusyet rputouM.
lapronauu osateneuo ropoqaet pq corytctsykaux
rpectyrneuuu:
uesarouuMu roces unu sMpaausauue oruuuoro
nara, uuquucrou, kuou, naue+ypcrou rouornu u qpyrux sa-
rpeaeuuMx rynetyp, coqepaaux uaprotu+ecrue seaectsa;
repepaotra repsu+uoro cMpe u usrotosneuue
stopu+uoro (pactsopos, cyctauuu, ropoara u rp.) qn
sasepaeuu ctaquu usrotosneuu uaprotura, rotosoro
yrotpeneuuk;
xpaueuue;
ux tpaucroptuposra us peruouos rpouspactauu
s qpyrue pauouM ctpauM ro roucrupatusuMn rauanan
roqqenra peertos c enek rpuopeteuu nerapcts uaprotu+ecro-
ro qeuctsu;
rpoqaa peertos unu uaprotu+ecrux seaects
rpequasua+euuMx qn ne+euMx eneu;
74
oprauusau unu coqepauue rputouos qn uap-
ronauos unu rpeqoctasneuue roneaeuuu qn uux e;
cosepaeuue s coctouuu uaprotu+ecroro oreueuu
rpyrrosMx rpectyrneuuu unu e cosepaeuue rpectyrneuuu qn
qoM+u cpeqcts ua rpuopeteuue uaproturos (rpau, rpaeu,
pasouuMe uaraqeuu u t. r.);
cosqauue roqroneuMx naopatopuu ro usrotosneuuk
cuutetu+ecrux uaproturos, uaprutos tura suut u
ucronesosauue sMqeneuuu usMx oprauusnos (otqeneuMx
suqos rayroopasuMx) qn qoctueuu uaprotu+ecroro
oreueuu.
+aae scero uecosepaeuuonetuue ucronesyktc s ra+ectse
copauros cMpe, ero repesos+uros, seposauros rnueutos u
cMt+uros uaprotu+ecrux seaects. lapronau qn usrotosne-
uu cuutetu+ecrux uaproturos ucronesyet ctyqeutos xunu+ecrux
arynetetos, y+aauxc cpequux aron, otnu+akauxc rnyoru-
nu suauunu s xunuu.
Dc+oe+ee ceoucmea +ap|omu|oe
p:uak uapkoueckoro onsueu
8 ycnosux aupororo pacrpoctpaueuu uapronauuu raqo-
ny cospeneuuony +enosery ue tonero ronesuo, uo u ueoxoquno
suate rpusuaru uaprotu+ecroro oreueuu, +toM sospen o-
uapyute ux y roro-nuo us orpyakaux. 3to rossonut onee
rpasuneuo oeuusate tarux nkqeu u onee pauouaneuo ctpo-
ute c uunu otuoaeuu (r rpunepy, peaa tarou sorpoc: nouo nu
qosepte qauuony +enosery?). 0coeuuo ueoxoquno ato suauue
y+utenn u poqutenn.
heoqauuse :ueueu uanpasneuuoc uepecos
roqpoctra u rpyra ero oaeuu, ue cssauuMe c o-
ertusuMnu rpu+uuanu (repexoqon s qpyryk arony,
repeesqon s qpyryk nectuocte) s co+etauuu c rosneuuen
qpyseu unu roqpyr, o rotopMx sM pauee ue suanu.
6pauuse oco6euuoc noseqeu: repuoqu+ecra u
es suqunMx rpu+uu +pesnepua sosyqeuuocte
unu satopnoeuuocte, arpeccusuocte unu raccusuocte,
roneauu uactpoeuu.
75

h:ueueu suemuero o6nka: sua uepanusocte,
ueroutuMu sarax oqeqM, sonoc, rou nua, pyr,
uso pta. 0coeuuo sMqakt +enosera, rotopMu yrotpenet
uaproturu, rnasa: ux necr unu satynaueuuocte, cyeuuMe
spa+ru, nano pearupykaue ua usneueuue ocseaeuuoctu.
osneue y noqpockos pa:nuusx npequeos, rotopMx sM
pauee ue suqenu: yrarosru ot tanetor, anrynM, ryco+ru
oneru, +auua noe+ra s ero seaax unu
+yue +auuMe noe+ru s qone, oM+uo c saror+eu
uou sueaueu ctopouou, a tare uocunMe c coou
rpeqnetM, rotopMe noryt Mte ucronesosauM s ra+ectse
ryta (pesuura, rposoq, roc, peneue u t. q.), ryco+ru rarux-
to pacteuuu.
p:uak nekapcseuuo :auepecosauuoc noqpockos:
uc+esuoseuue us qonaaueu arte+ru uerotopMx rperapatos (qu-
neqpon, taseran u t. q.), a tare rosMaeuuMu uutepec r cpeqct-
san Mtosou xunuu (pasuoro poqa rneu, eusuu, aetou u qp.);
rpusuaranu uaprotu+ecrou sauutepecosauuoctu roqpoctra sn-
ktc tare rosnkauec s ero pe+u creuu+ecrue cnosa, cru-
cor rotopMx rpusoqutc uue. osneuue tarux cnos s pe+u peeu-
ra, roqpoctra, s +actuoctu s ero pasrosopax c tosapuaanu, qonuo
uactopoute sspocnMx.
pu orucauuu ocuosuMx csoucts uaproturos nM ronesosanuce
netoqu+ecrunu peroneuqaunu 0prauusau neporputuu ro
rpounarture uapronauuu Caurt-etepyprcroro eutpa rpo-
unarturu uapronauuu.
0raamu
laproturu, onaqakaue ceqatusuMn, satopnausakaun
qeuctsuen. K atou rpyrre otuoctc rpupoquMe u cuutetu+ecrue
seaectsa, coqepaaue nopuuoroqouMe coequueuu. 8 one-
auuctse cny+aes ssoqt suytpuseuuo. 8ce rpupoquMe uaprotu-
+ecrue cpeqctsa oruuuou rpyrrM rony+akt us nara. 8 uaaen
peruoue +aae scero oruuuMe uaproturu sctpe+aktc s cneqyk-
aen suqe:
va|oea+ conov|a usnene+euuMe u sMcyaeuuMe
+actu cteneu u ropoo+er nara (sepua nara uaprotu+ecru artus-
uMx seaects ue coqepat). Cononra ucronesyetc qn rpurotos-
neuu pactsopa aetunuposauuoro oru;
a(emunupoea++eu onuu rotosMu r yrotpeneuuk
pactsop, rony+euuMu s pesynetate pqa xunu+ecrux
76
pearuu. |neet tenuo-ropu+uesMu set u xapartepuMu sarax
yrcyca;
onuu-cepe( creuaneuo opaotauuMu cor pacteuuu
nara, ucronesyetc rar cMpee qn rpurotosneuu
pactsopa aetunuposauuoro oru. Cyctauu, uaronuuakaa
rnactunuu, set ot enoro qo ropu+uesoro, rpoqaetc ueone-
aunu ryco+ranu-aapuranu;
vemodo+ cuneuMu cuutetu+ecruu uaprotur
oruuuou rpyrrM. poqaetc s suqe enoro ropoara unu
rotosoro pactsopa. 8 uerotopMx ctpauax paspeaeu rar
cpeqctso sanectuteneuou teparuu rpu ne+euuu oruuuou
uapronauuu. 8 Poccuu ronuoctek sarpeaeu.
D(ue ceoucmea onuamoe
8MsMsakt coctouue auopuu, crorouctsu, ynupot-
sopeuuoctu. Pearu ua repsMu rpuen noet Mte canou pas-
nu+uou ot octporo enauu rostopute rpuen, qo otpasneuu
u rpauue ueratusuMx oayaeuuu.
8rnk+ace s oneuuMe rpoeccM, rpusoqt r Mctpony
(uuorqa rocne oquoro-qsyx rpuenos) sosuuruoseuuk cuneueu-
aeu rcuxu+ecrou u usu+ecrou sasucunoctu. Kpauue paspyau-
teneuo qeuctsykt ua oprauusn.
pus+a|u one++e+u+ +ap|omu|avu onuu+ou cp,nne
leoM+ua counusocte s canoe pasuoe spen cytor, sa-
neqneuua, pactuyta pe+e, +acto otxoqut ot tenM u ua-
rpasneuu pasrosopa, qopoqyauoe, rornaquctoe, rpeqy-
rpequteneuoe roseqeuue, rpoussoqutc sre+atneuue ro-
ctouuou saqyn+usoctu, ctpenneuue r yequueuuk s tuauue u
tenuote, uecnotp ua spen cytor, o+eue ysruu spa+or, ue pea-
rupykauu ua usneueuue ocseaeuu, cuueuue octpotM speuu
rpu rnoxon ocseaeuuu, cuueuue onesou +ysctsuteneuoctu.
euctsue uaprotura rpoqonaetc 612 +acos. Ecnu yrot-
peneuue oruatos ye soano s cucteny (ctano repuoqu+ecrun c
orpeqeneuuMn uutepsanon neqy rpuenanu uaprotura), to
rocne rperpaaeuu qeuctsu uaprotura ua+uuaet passusatec
actuueutuMu cuuqpon osateneuMu ronroueut oruuuou uap-
ronauuu rposneuue usu+ecrou sasucunoctu. Actuueut-
uMu cuuqpon (nonra) ocuetc y+actuen uaprotura s rpo-
eccax oneua seaects.
lanu+ue actuueutuoro cuuqpona yrasMsaet ua yro-
tpeneuue uaproturos. posneuu: ecrorouctso, ua-
rpeuuocte, pasqpaeuuocte; actuueutuMu cuuqpon s
77
nerrou opne rpu uanu+uu cnaou usu+ecrou sasucunoctu
uaronuuaet 0P8, suesaruo ua+uuaetc u tar e suesaruo rpo-
xoqut; pesroe u cuneuoe pacaupeuue spa+ros, rorpacueuue
rnas, cnesote+euue; uacnopr, +uxauue; enyqo+uMe pacctpou-
ctsa; eccouuua; nonota u cuneuMe onu so scen tene (y uap-
ronauos co ctaen); pesrue +actMe cneuM uactpoeuu u artus-
uoctu sue sasucunoctu ot cutyauu; uapyaeuue peuna cua u
oqpctsosauu; ueocuunMe +actMe ueqonorauu; urnu+e-
cra cneua coctouuu, xapartepusykaux oreueuue u actu-
ueuuk;
laproturu oruuuou rpyrrM uauonee pacrpoctpaueuM, a
oruuua uapronauu oqua us canMx tenMx u oracuMx. 0+eue
tpyquo roqqaetc ne+euuk.
ocnedcmeu+ ,nompene+u+ onuamoe
0rponuMu pucr sapaeuu C|on u reratuton us-sa uc-
ronesosauu oaux arpues; ropaeuue re+euu us-sa uusroro
ra+ectsa uaproturos s uux octaetc yrcycuMu auruqpuq, roto-
pMu ucronesykt rpu rpurotosneuuu uaprotura; cuneuoe cuue-
uue unnyuuteta rar cneqctsue roqsepeuuocte uueruouuMn
saonesauun, saonesauuen seu, paspyaeuue syos us-sa ua-
pyaeuu raneuesoro oneua; unroteuu, cuueuue yposu
uutennerta.
0+eue senura oracuocte repeqosuposru c tenMnu ro-
cneqctsunu srnote qo cneptu.
CouaneuMe rocneqctsu: paspyaeuue couaneuMx csseu
rotep ceneu u qpyseu; rotep paotM; qerpaqau nu+uoctu:
ocnaneuue sonu u rotep csooqM.
Mapaxyana eamam rperapamu konorna
a kannaanoadu
Kouorn rpouspactaet s peruouax c ynepeuuo ternMn rnu-
naton. +en kuee sMpaaeuo pacteuue, ten oneauu uaprotu-
+ecruu aert sMsMsaet usrotosneuuMu us uee uaprotur. 8
uaau ropoqa rouorn s ocuosuon roraqaet us /rpauuM, Cpequeu
Asuu u kra Poccuu.
Mapaxyana
8Mcyaeuua unu ue sMcyaeuua seneua tpasuucta +acte
rouornu. CsetnMe seneuosato-ropu+uesMe pasnonotMe nucte u
setyaue sepxyaru rouornu. Voet Mte rnotuo crpeccosaua s
ronru. 3tot uaprotur rypt, cneausa c taaron. +aae scero
ucronesykt ryctMe runesM ot 6enonopa. Vapuxyaua rpoqaetc
+aae scero s sMcyaeuuon u s cuneuo usnene+euuon suqe. Pac-
acosaua, rar rpasuno, s cru+e+uMe roporu unu cxoquyk tapy.
78
laaua
Cnece cnonM, rMneM u usnene+euuMx sepxyaer rouornu
tenuo-ropu+uesa rnotua cyctauu, roqoua rnactunuuy.
laaua rypt c ronoaek creuaneuMx rpucroconeuuu. eu-
ctsue uaprotura uactyraet +epes 1030 nuuyt rocne rypeuu
u noet rpoqonatec uecronero +acos.
8ce rpoussoquMe rouornu otuoctc r rpyrre ueneraneuMx
uaproturos u s Poccuu ronuoctek sarpeaeuM.
pus+a|u ,nompene+u+ npenapamoe |o+onnu
le sce rony+akt ot yrotpeneuu rperapatos rouornu oqu-
uarosMe oayaeuu. lapqy c o+eue rputuMnu noryt sosuuruyte
u rpauue uerputuMe. 3to sasucut ot uactpoeuu, oaero co-
ctouu, uuqusuqyaneuMx ocoeuuocteu oprauusna +enosera.
Xapartepuo coctouue cuneuoro ronoqa u aqM, rorpacueuue
rnas.
puen ueoneaou qosM rpusoqut r sosuuruoseuuk rput-
uMx oayaeuuu, paccnaneuuoctu, yqosnetsopeuuoctu. 3to co-
ctouue noet corposoqatec ooctpeuuMn socrputuen se-
ta, ssyros, rosMaeuuou +ysctsuteneuoctek r csety us-sa cuneuo-
ro pacaupeuu spa+ros. 8 taron coctouuu ctopouueny uankqa-
tenk uuorqa rpartu+ecru uesosnouo pacrosuate uaprotu+ecroe
oreueuue ro roseqeuuk, ronorakt cqenate ato qpyrue sueauue
rpusuaru.
pu rpuene oneaou qosM uankqaetc satopnoeuuocte,
snocte, cus+usa pe+e y oquux noet co+etatec co scrMara-
nu anouu, arpeccusuoctek, uenotusuposauuMnu qeuctsunu y
qpyrux. oseqeuue ctauosutc ueaqersatuMn. |uorqa noryt sos-
uuruyte rannkuuauu. 8osnouM uapyaeuu oayaeuuu cso-
ero tena, ucraeuue rpoctpauctseuuMx oayaeuuu, +to rpuso-
qut r sosuuruoseuuk ctpaxos u rauuru. 8 roneaeuuu, rqe yrot-
pennu uaprotur, uaqonro octaetc xapartepuMu sarax, roto-
pMu noet ucxoqute u ot oqeqM.
ocnedcmeu+ ,nompene+u+
8 pesynetate qonroro yrotpeneuu osateneuo op-
nupyetc rcuxu+ecra sasucunocte. 0ua pasua y pasuMx nkqeu:
s sasucunoctu ot sospacta, +actotM yrotpeneuu u uuqusuqy-
aneuMx ocoeuuocteu oprauusna. la ctaquu sasucunoctu rype-
uue ue rpuuocut yqosnetsopeuu, uo ctauosutc ueoxoqunMn.
0tcytctsue ouqaenoro aerta rpusoqut r tony, +to qn ero
rony+euu ua+uuakt rpuneute anrorone unu onee tenMe
uaproturu.
79
Coctouue actuueuuu uaronuuaet roxnenee c uapy-
aeuunu peuna cua. Kypeuue rpusoqut r pouxuty, anusene,
pary nerrux. 0tne+aetc cuueuue unnyuuteta, uapyaeuue
roopquuauu qsueuuu. Co speneuen sosuurakt usneueuu
xapartepa, cuueuue rantu, suunauu, ynctseuuMx crocouo-
cteu.
/vemavu+e
laproturu, onaqakaue rcuxoctunynupykaun, sos-
yqakaun qeuctsuen. K atou rpyrre otuoctc cuutetu+ecrue
seaectsa, coqepaaue coequueuu anetanuua. 8 oneauuctse
cny+aes ssoqtc suytpuseuuo. 3tu uaproturu rony+aktc us ne-
rapctseuuMx rperapatos, coqepaaux aeqpuu (conytau, aeq-
puua ruqpoxnopuq). 8 rpupoqe aeqpuu coqeputc s pacteuuu
aeqpa. +aae scero sctpe+aktc s cneqykaen suqe:
3edpo+ rotosMu r yrotpeneuuk pactsop, rony+euuMu s
pesynetate xunu+ecrou pearuu, uneet pososMu, nuo rpo-
spa+uMu set, xapartepuMu sarax uanru.
epeemu+ rotosMu r yrotpeneuuk pactsop, rony+euuMu s
pesynetate cnouou xunu+ecruu pearuu. Vacnuucta uq-
rocte, unekaa entMu nuo rpospa+uMu set u xapartepuMu
sarax nor.
3edpu+ rpuctannM enoro seta, rony+euuMe us pacteuu
aeqpM. 0u rpuneuetc s ne+euMx enx, a tare ucronesy-
etc qn rpurotosneuu aeqpoua u repsetuua, +aae scero
ryten nauurynuu c nerapctseuuMnu rperapatanu.
Speed rotosMe r yrotpeneuuk rpuctannM entoro seta,
ux sqMxakt unu rypt. |x yrotpeneuue uauonee oracuo s roq-
poctroson sospacte us-sa toro, +to paspyauteneuMe rocneqct-
su qn rcuxuru uactyrakt o+eue Mctpo.
D(ue ceoucmea avemavu+oe 8MsMsakt coctouue auo-
puu, rosMaeuuou sosyqunoctu. Pearu ua repsMu rpuen no-
et Mte canou pasnu+uou ot octporo enauu rostopute rpu-
en qo otpasneuu u rpauue ueratusuMx oayaeuuu. Kpauue pas-
pyauteneuo qeuctsykt ua oprauusn.
pus+a|u ,nompene+u+
0uu rpusoqt r qsurateneuou artusuoctu, ontnusoctu,
qeteneuocte uocut uerpoqyrtusuMu u oquoopasuMu xapartep,
otcytctsyet +ysctso ronoqa, uapyaaetc peun
80
cua u oqpctsosauu, rosnetc cuneuoe cercyaneuoe pacrpe-
roaeuue.
euctsue uaprotura rpoqonaetc 212 +acos (s sasu-
cunoctu ot tura). 1opnupyetc rcuxu+ecra u usu+ecra sasu-
cunocte. poqonuteneuoe yrotpeneuue tpeyet roctouuoro
ysenu+euu qosM uaprotura. Anetonuuosa uapronauu une-
et ceccuouuMu xapartep repuoq yrotpeneuu uaprotura cne-
uetc xonoquMnu repuoqanu, rpoqonuteneuocte rotopMx co
speneuen corpaaaetc.
Actuueuu xapartepusyetc qerpeccusuMnu u quct-
pou+ecrunu pacctpouctsanu. 0octpeuua scrMne+usocte,
snouocte u roqosputeneuocte, unektc rorMtru cyuuqa.
ocnedcmeu+ ,nompene+u+ avemavu+oe
|ctoaeuue, ueopatunMe usneueuu ronosuoro nosra, usne-
ueuu cepqe+uo-cocyquctou cuctenM u qpyrux suytpeuuux opra-
uos, pucr sapaeuu C|on u reratuton rpu ucronesosauuu
oaux arpues saonesauue re+euu, cuuaetc unnyuutet,
oracuocte repeqosuposru, srnote qo cneptu.
3kcmaaa
3rctasu oaee uassauue rpyrrM cuutetu+ecrux uaproturos-
ctunyntopos (MDMA Aqan, MEDA Esa u qp.). / ueroto-
pMx us uux rpucytctsyet rannkuuoreuuMu aert. 6enMe, ropu+-
uesMe, pososMe unu entMe rarcynM coqepat orono 150 nr,
rperapatM +acto Msakt c pucyuron. Pacrpoctpauetc s uo+-
uMx rnyax, qucroterax, rorynpuM y aroneuuros-
ctapaernaccuuros. octato+uo qopor qn eequesuoro yrot-
peneuu.
0rMtM ua usotuMx rorasanu, +to qae rpu ueqonros-
peneuuon yrotpeneuuu arctasu yusaet rnetru nosra, sMpaa-
tMsakaue cepotouuu - seaectso, c ronoaek rotoporo nosr
routponupyet reperaqM uactpoeuu
0uvnmove one++e+u+
laprotu+ecroe qeuctsue rperapata rpoqonaetc ot 3 qo 6
+acos. 8osyqeuue lC, roquunaetc touyc oprauusna, yse-
nu+usaetc sMuocnusocte, usu+ecra cuna. /cropktc sce
pearuu oprauusna. oq qeuctsuen atoro uaprotura rpuusauu
ero noet sMqepate arctpenaneuMe usu+ecrue u anouo-
uaneuMe uarpysru, ue crate u ue +ysctsosate yctanoctu. 8a uc-
rycctseuuMu pasrou oprauusna rpuxoqutc pacrna+usatec:
rocne rperpaaeuu qeuctsu uaprotura uankqaetc cocto-
uue aratuu, ro-
81
qasneuuoctu, cuneuou yctanoctu u counusoctu. 3to coctouue
noet rpoqonatec uecronero queu, t. r. oprauusny tpeyetc
socctauosute uspacxoqosauuMe cunM.
ocnedcmeu+ npuve+e+u+
6Mctpo sosuuraet rcuxu+ecra sasucunocte es rperapata
+enoser ue crocoeu r rpoqyrtusuou qeteneuoctu. Co speneuen
roqra+ra tpeyetc qn sMronueuu sronue oM+uou paotM.
/rotpeneuue rperapata rpusoqut r usu+ecrony u uepsuony
uctoaeuuk. PecypcM oprauusna Mctpo uc+eprMsaktc, cuneuo
ctpaqakt uepsua cuctena, cepqe, re+eue. nuteneuoe yrot-
peneuue rpusoqut r quctpouu suytpeuuux oprauos. perapat
snuet ua reuetu+ecruu roq u yqyaee rotonctso. |ctoaeuue
rcuxuru rpusoqut r teneuaun qerpeccun, srnote qo cano-
yuuctsa.
8 uactoauu noneut cpequ aroneuuros cpequero sospacta
copnuposanace qoctato+uo oaupua rpyrra roteuuaneuMx
rotpeuteneu arctasu ouu ye uaxoqtc ua ctaquu couane-
uou sasucunoctu ot uaprotura u qyt sosnouoctu srnk+utec s
rpoecc ero yrotpeneuu. 3to snetc +actek nonoqeuou
cyrynetypM.
lanns(u+oce+e
0 cuutetu+ecruu uaprotur. 6ecsetuMu ropoaor es sa-
raxa unu rpospa+ua uqrocte es saraxa. 3tou uqroctek rpo-
rutMsakt paspucosauuyk prunu pucyuranu ynary, traue. 8a-
ten rporutauuyk ocuosy paspesakt ua ryco+ru-qosM.
cuno(u+ u ncuno(uu+ uaprotu+ecroe seaectso, o-
naqakaee rannkuuoreuuMn aerton. Coqeputc s rpuax-
roraurax. lauoneaeu rorynpuoctek rpuM ronesyktc y roq-
poctros cpequero sospacta. lnasua oracuocte atux uaproturos
ux qoctyruocte.
pus+a|u one++e+u+
osMaeuua +actota ryneca, rosMaeuuoe qasneuue, pac-
aupeuue spa+ros, qpoauue pyr, cyxocte rou. laprotu+ecroe
oreueuue corposoqaetc uapyaeuuen socrputu orpyakae-
ro, uapyaeuunu oayaeuu coctseuuoro tena, uapyaeuunu
roopquuauu qsueuuu, ronuoctek tepetc routpone uaq coou.
/rotpeneuue rperapata seqet sa coou ueopatunMe usneueuu
s ctpyrtype ronosuoro nosra, sosuurakt rcuxu+ecrue uapyaeuu
pasnu+uou ctereuu tectu, srnote qo ronuoro pacraqa nu+uo-
ctu. ae oquorpatuMu rpuen C noet rpusectu r usneue-
82
uuk reuetu+ecroro roqa u ueopatuno rospequte ronosuou nosr.
8 rcuxure noryt octatec cneqM, ueotnu+unMe ot saonesauu
ausopeuueu. laprotur uararnusaetc s rnetrax nosra. 0cta-
sace tan ua qnuteneuoe spen, ou noet sMsMsate te e oay-
aeuu, rar uerocpeqctseuuo rocne rpuena, qae cryct uecrone-
ro neces.
lnasa 4 T0KC|K0VAl|F |
T0KC|K0VAlb
8 XIX sere uankqanuce cny+au sqMxauu rapos aupa c enek
oreueuu. 8 rocneqykaen c atou e enek ucronesosanuce nuorue
cpeqctsa, rpuneuenMe qn uap- i rosa. 8 60-x roqax uaaero sera s
CLA u Espore rosunuce repsMe ukxatenu (cuuepM) rne u eusu-
ua. 8 uaaeu ctpaue srepsMe roqpoctru 1214 net c torcuronauueu,
ro ytsepqeuuk Kana+esou |. 0. u Vasyp A. l. (1997), ua+anu ro-
ctyrate s etcryk rcuxuatpu+ecryk oneuuy VocrsM s 90-e roqM, uo s
to spen qauua rpyrrM oneuMx Mna uenuoro+ucneuuou. la+uua c
199496 rr. otne+aetc sua+uteneuoe ysenu+euue u ononoeuue ra-
ueutos c atun quaruoson. Ecnu repsMe uccneqosauu couaneuMx ar-
topos ue sMsunu sarouonepuoctu neqy uenarorony+uMnu cenenu
u +actotou cny+aes torcuronauuu, to rocnequue uccneqosauu s aton
uarpasneuuu csuqetenectsykt, +to torcuronauu +aae scero sctpe+a-
etc s cenex c uusrun arouonu+ecrun u rynetypuMn yposuen.
o+tu so scex cny+ax torcuronauuu otne+anuce sneuu couaneuou
u reqaroru+ecrou saryaeuuoctu. pu otcytctsuu yctou+usMx, ronou-
teneuMx uutepecos qetu oxotuo rpyrrupyktc c acouaneuo opueutu-
posauuMnu, ctapaunu ro sospacty roqpoctranu u s ux ronrauuu
srepsMe rpuerakt r sqMxauuk rapos oqypnauusakaux seaects. 8 ua-
ctoaee spen snoyrotpenkt uuranutanu (rneu, aetou u rp.) qae
qetu 68 net, rocronery atu seaectsa nouo rpuopectu s nkon xo-
suctseuuon narasuue.
Tokckouau saonesauue, rposnkaeec rcuxu+ecrou, a uuo-
rqa usu+ecrou sasucunoctek ot seaectsa, ue srnk+euuoro s ouu-
aneuMu crucor uaproturos. 8 uankqeuux rocnequux net otne+aetc
Mctpoe opnuposauue usu+ecrou sasucunoctu u rcuxooprauu+ecroro
cuuqpona c uutennertyaneuo-nuectu+ecrunu pacctpouctsanu. +ucno
peuqusos ot oaero +ucna sMrucauuMx oneuMx qocturaet 20 %, us
uux orono 60 %rpartu+ecru suose ua+uuanu snoyrotpente s repsMe
e quu rocne sMrucru.
84
Knuuu+ecra raptuua peuqusos otnu+aetc MctpMn, qae ratact-
pou+ecrun opnuposauuen rcuxooprauu+ecroro cuuqpona c sMpa-
euuMnu uutennertyaneuo-nuectu+ecrunu pacctpouctsanu, aer-
tusuou ratonorueu qucopunu, rcuxoratoroqouMnu pacctpou-
ctsanu u qenuurseutuMn roseqeuuen.
Kar u anroronusn, scen torcuronauan csouctseuuo ctpenneuue
oequutec s rpyrrM qn rpuopeteuu, xpaueuu u yrotpeneuu
torcu+ecrux seaects. 8a ronrauuk ner+e rpeoqonesaetc ectectseuuMu
ctpax repeq torcu+ecrunu otpasneuunu, uutepecuee cosnectuo re-
peute coctouue torcu+ecroro raua. 8 aton coctouuu roqpoctran
csouctseuuM rosMaeuua suyaaenocte, sasucunoe ot rpyrrM roseqe-
uue. octato+uo Mctpoe rpusMrauue u ctpenneuue r perynpuony
yrotpeneuuk torcu+ecroro seaectsa rpusoqut r o+eue MctpMn u sua-
+uteneuMn usneueuun s uutennertyaneuo-nuectu+ecrou u nu+uoct-
uou cepax. oatony ouu ctauostc opyquen y onee cuneuMx nuqe-
pos (soaros) qn cosepaeuu rpectyrneuuu. KpunuuaneuMe rpyrrM
torcuronauos otuoct r rpunutusuMn rpectyruMn rpyrran.
Voqa ua pasnu+uMe torcu+ecrue seaectsa roctouuo neuetc, uo
neuktc u crocoM sqMxauu. TorcuronauM ucronesykt ronuatune-
uosMe unu rnacturosMe raretM, s rotopMe snusaetc unu rnaqetc sa-
ta, tprra, cno+euua nety+un seaectson. aretM uaqesakt ua ronosy,
rnaqyt sa rasyxy, rorpyakt nuo, a pyranu rnotuo rpuunakt rpa
rareta r nuy. |cronesykt tpyru, sMpusakt +acte sonocuoro rorposa
ua satMnre u rpurnaqMsakt cno+euuMe pactsopon saty (tprry) u rp.
uporos 8. 1. (1998) sMqenet cneqykaue notusM yrotpene-
uu torcu+ecrux seaects. 0uu ro+tu ronuoctek cosraqakt c turono-
rueu anroronusna y roqpoctros: us nkorMtctsa; pasaqa csoeu cne-
noctek; ctpenneuue canoytsepqutec s cpeqe cee roqouMx; rpyr-
rosa corpu+actuocte sa ronrauuk; rony+ute rau paccna-
utec; enauue passne+ec; enauue yutu ot tpyquMx usueuuMx
rponen; cute rcuxonoru+ecruu apeep repeq cosepaeuuen qpyrux
opn acouaneuoro u rpunuuaneuoro roseqeuu (rpyrrosou cerc,
rpectyrneuu u t. r.).
85
8 sasucunoctu ot suqa torcu+ecrux seaects u crocoos
yrotpeneuu pasnu+akt cneqykaue turM torcuronauos:
a) arrnuratopaur yrotpenet T8 (torcu+ecrue
seaectsa), uarnaqMsa cno+euuMu tanrou c T8 ua satMno+uyk
+acte ronosM (+aae aetou);
) ukxa+ - roqpoctor, anqekauu rpu ronoau
sqMxauu pasnu+uMx nety+ux seaects (rnees, naros, pac-
tsoputeneu u t. r.);
s) ronecuur (tanetra) rnotaet rcuxotporuMe ne-
rapctseuuMe seaectsa rar topnosaue rcuxu+ecryk qe-
teneuocte (tpaursunusatopM), tar artususupykaue ee
(aupocoqepaaue rperapatM);
r) aupesou - roqpoctor, cesauu ua urny, rotopMu
ssoqut s seuy torcu+ecrue seaectsa, ue otuocauec
r tury uaproturos (uarpunep, uactou taara).
/rotpeneuue torcu+ecrux seaects +acto rpoucxoqut s o-
aectseuuon necte. oqpoctru cuqt rpyrranu ua craneure so
qsope, aroneuon tyanete, uuorqa qae s rnacce ua ypore, non+a-
nusMe u sactMsaue. 0uu ua+uuakt rporynusate sautu, xye
y+utec, onee ytonnenM, pasqpauteneuM, rnarcusM.
/ctauosute, +to roqpoctor ua+an ucronesosate torcu+ecrue
seaectsa, uecnouo. 8ot ua rarue rpusuaru yrasMsakt Euureesa
. . (1999) u uporos 8. 1. (1998).
8o-repsMx, ouapyute nouo ro xapartepuony saraxy, uc-
xoqaeny ot ux oqeqM, ot uocunMx c coou pasnu+uMx enrocteu
(rysMperos), ennoauosMx raretos, uoaeuuk satM s uocy,
cno+euuou torcu+ecrou uqroctek. 3tot sarax qnuteneuoe
spen coxpauetc qae s sMqMxaenon roqpoctron sosqyxe.
lanu+ue sMputoro satMnra, uaronru ua pyre;
uanu+ue cMru sorpyr pta u uoca, pasqpaeuue ser u
rnas. 8 tex cny+ax, rorqa roqpoctor sMpusaet satMnor,
roa s necte rpurnaqMsauu satM (tprru) rorpacuesaa
u pasqpaeuua;
sueauuu suq ueorptuMu, suquM cneqM rne;
ctpenneuue r rpyrruposauuk u yequueuuk s repepMsax
neqy sautunu;
uapyaeuue cua, arretuta, rosMaeuua ytonnenocte;
roqpoctor rporycraet aroneuMe sautu, ue rotosut qo-
naauue saqauu, tepet uutepec r y+euuk, ro+tu ue
Msaet qona;
ctauosutc rpyMnu, pasqpauteneuMnu, ua sorpocM
y+uteneu u poquteneu orpMsaetc.
Copnuposauua sasucunocte, ronuno paspyauteneuoro
snuuu ua uutennert paspyaaet nu+uocte s enon. 8ce, +to
paueae uutepecosano roqpoctros, tepet sua+euue. 8ne+euue
rposnetc s ueyrpasnenon roseqeuuu. 0uu ye repectakt
crpMsate yrotpeneuue torcu+ecrux seaects u repexoqt ot
rpyrrosoro yrotpeneuu r uuqusuqyaneuony, s oquuo+ry. Ecnu
rMtatec otopate y uux uuranut unu rpepsate rpoecc sqM-
xauu, roqpoctru noryt qae roqpatec c poqutennu. 6Msakt
cny+au soposctsa: yuoct euuMe qonaauue seau, rpaqyt y oquo-
rnaccuuros, +toM pasqoMte qeueru.
8 cny+ae sMsneuu torcuronauos ueoxoquno yctauosute
rpyr ux oaeuu, cssu, ssaunuoe snuuue, nuqepctso, a tare
nu, roctasnkaux s arony, y+unuae torcu+ecrue seaectsa u
crnoukaux y+aauxc r ux yrotpeneuuk.
ocnedcmeu+vu mo|cu|ova+uu snktc cuueuue roueu-
tpauu suunauu, oena rantu, uutennerta, ronuoctek te-
petc uutepec r y+ee. Pe+e equa, c ucronesosauuen oquux u
tex e oopotos. +epes uecronero neces passusaktc torcu-
+ecra aueanoratu u cnaoynue. Tepetc crocouocte
opueutuposatec s uosou octauosre. XanoM ua ronosuyk one,
ronosorpyeuue, uerepeuocunocte tpaucropta, eccouuuy. o-
nuno tenMx rcuxu+ecrux uapyaeuuu uankqaktc ropae-
uu lC, suytpeuuux oprauos (re+euu, ro+er, qMxateneuMx ry-
teu) u nuoroe qpyroe. Cnepte uactyraet ot rapanu+a qMxateneuo-
ro eutpa, acurcuu unu us-sa uec+actuMx cny+aes.
o sarouy sce torcuronauM qonuM Mte roctasneuM ua
qucraucepuMu y+et u oprauusosauo ux ne+euue.
8 uaop nep rpounarturu sxoqut aututorcu+ecroe rpo-
cseaeuue, sosne+euue roqpoctros s couaneuo ronesuyk qe-
teneuocte u roqpoctrosMe oequueuu, uuqusuqyaneuoe ae-
ctso, ectruu totaneuMu routpone.
3ude mo|cuv+ex ee(ecme
|uranutuMe. 8noyrotpeneuue rannkuuoreuanu u xonu-
uonetu+ecra torcuronauu (quneqpon, urnoqon).
87
pyrue suqM snoyrotpeneuuu (tpaursunusatopM, roe-uusn,
uurotuuusn)
n+can++m+ee texuu+ecra u Mtosa xunu (eusuu, ae-
tou, rneu, rtuosMsoqutene, pactsoputenu uutporpacor). 0re-
ueuue rapanu eusuua, uactyraet s te+euue 510 nuuyt.
Kpacueet nuo, auopu pacrnMsaetc naeuuou ynMre.
Ecnu uuranu rperpaaaetc, to oreueuue rpoxoqut sa 1520
nuuyt u cneuetc snoctek ronosuou onek. Ecnu sqMxauue
rpoqonaetc, to passusaetc qenupuu. Fprue rannkuuauu
yctpaaakaero xapartepa. Pee cnyxosMe rannkuuauu (aroas-
nM aynM, ryqru, ssou, uepasop+usa pe+e).
TorcuronauM rar M otrnk+aktc ot orpyakaee qeuctsu-
teneuoctu, rannkuuauu rpuuunaktc sa qeuctsuteneuyk pe-
aneuocte. pu rperpaaeuuu uuranuu rannkuuauu uc+esakt,
u r uun rosnetc rputu+ecroe otuoaeuue. enupuu qnutc
orono rony+aca u cneuetc aratueu, acteuueu, ronosuou o-
nek.
Dne++e+ue napavu n+m+oeeeodumen+. |uranupykt rpyrrou.
6Mctpo uactyraet auopu, cnex oquoro sapaaet qpyrux. o-
snktc susyaneuMe rpeqctasneuu: 0 +en roqynak, to u
yqet. oqpoctru autasupykt ua rpurnk+eu+ecrue u cercyane-
uMe tenM. pu rpoqonuteneuoctu sqMxauu rpeqctasneuu
ye ue sosuurakt. Passusaetc oueupouq c rannkuuaunu
sosuurakt suqeuu, uaronuuakaue ysnerateneuMu unen. 0t
orpyakaux otrnk+euM, uo coxpaukt cosuauue toro, +to suqe-
uu sMssauM, a ue peaneuM.
/(emo+, pacmeopumenu. 0reueuue atunu seaectsanu
cxoquo c oueupouqon. 0ueupouq rpoteraet tenee, c ornyae-
uuen. /+actuuru cuqt oereuesaue, c oryaeuuou ronosou, ua
nue sactMsaa ynMra, rpu opaaeuuu r uun otnaxusaktc,
+to-to opno+yt. pu repeqosuposre uactyrakt corop u rona.
Dne++e+ue |neev. posnetc auopueu u oueupouqon.
8uqeuue s suqe nynetunenos, rannkuuauu pro orpaaeuM.
epeqosuposra corop, rona. ocnedcmeu+
cuxoopca+uvec|uu cu+dpov: ocnanet rante, tpyquo cocpe-
qoto+utec, rnoxo coopaakt. Pesro raqaet crocouocte ycsau-
sate y+euMu natepuan. accusuocte u crnouuocte r esqenek
noryt +epeqosatec co snouoctek u arpeccusuoctek.
|nasa 5 P/l|E
8|b 8A8|C|V0CTE|
5.1. TA5AK0KYPEhhE
8 Espory taar rpouur us Anepuru s XVI sere. lo ua+ano ero
yrotpeneuu yxoqut s qaneroe rpoanoe. la Anepuraucron rou-
tuueute taar ucronesosanc aopureuanu, ero creuaneuo sM-
paausanu qn penuruosuMx epenouuu, cyaectsosan qae or
taara. 0quaro roqnuuuoe sua+euue taa+uMx nuctees ytepuo u
ueussectuo esporeuan u ro ceu qeue.
Xau luro sauutepecosanc taa+uMn pacteuuen u s 1560 r.
rpuses ero so 1pauuk. 0u sMcrasan rpeqronoeuue o ton, +to
taar onaqaet ne+euMnu csouctsanu. 0quaro ye scrope sos-
uurnu cepeesuMe conueuu s otuoaeuuu ronesM taara qn
sqopose.
|ssectuM onee 70 suqos taara, rotopMe quro pactyt s tpo-
rurax, s Anepure u Asctpanuu. 8osqenMsakt qsa ryputeneuMx
suqa taara: naxopry u oM+uMu taar.
lapqy c anroronen taar - canoe pacrpoctpaueuuoe cpeq-
ctso rony+euu yqosonectsue. o rnaccuurau taa+uou sa-
sucunoctu ro VK6 (neqyuapoquou rnaccuurauu onesueu),
ukxauee, esauue u qpyrue opnM rotpeneuu taara sua+u-
teneuo yctyrakt rypeuuk. Kypeuue curapet ro pacrpoctpaueu-
uoctu u oracuoctu ctout ua repson necte ro cpasueuuk c rype-
uuen curap u tpyru. lurotuu orasMsaet nuoroctopouuee qeuct-
sue ua ueuposeretatusuMe yuruu u oneuuMe rpoeccM. eu-
tpaneuoe qeuctsue ua+uuaetc cryct uecronero ceryuq ot ua-
+ana rypeuu. lurotuu ato rcuxoapnaronoru+ecroe seaectso.
cuxotporuoe ero qeuctsue ro cpasueuuk c qpyrunu rcuxo-
apnaronoru+ecrunu seaectsanu neuee uuteucusuo, uo, es
conueuu, sanetuee. Pe+e uqet o anououaneuon sMpasuusa-
uuu u ycrorausakaun aerte. +acto rypeuue ucronesykt s
noneutM ctpaxa u uarpeuu.
lu|omu+ anranouq, rotopMu coqeputc, rnasuMn opa-
son, s nuctex u ceneuax pasnu+uMx suqos taara. lurotuu s-
netc uqroctek c uerputuMn saraxon u ry-
89
+un srycon. pu rypeuuu taara uurotuu rpouuraet c qMnon s
qMxateneuMe rytu, scacMsace cnusuctMnu oono+ranu, orasM-
saet cua+ana sosyqakaee (coctouue rputuoro paccnane-
uu, penarcauu), a saten, rpu rpuneueuuu oneaux qos, rapa-
nusykaee qeuctsue. lurotuu sMsMsaet aqqurtusuoe roseqeuue
c sneuunu usu+ecrou sasucunoctu, actuueutuMe cunrto-
nM rpu rperpaaeuuu yrotpeneuu, qoctato+uo tenMe. A-
ctuueuu rpu rypeuuu taara srnk+aet enyqo+uo-ruae+uMe
pacctpouctsa, uankqaetc pasqpauteneuocte, uapyaeuue
cepqeueuu, ecrorouctso. pu rypeuuu uankqaetc rosM-
aeuue tonepautuoctu (to ecte ocnaneuue pearuposauu s pe-
synetate cuueuu +ysctsuteneuoctu r ero sosqeuctsuk).
. . Koponeuro, T. A. oucrux (1990) otne+akt, +to 70 %
rypuneauros, cynesaux rperpatute rypeuue, sosouosnkt ero s
te+euue repsMx tpex neces u 75 % s te+euue repsoro roqa.
Taa|o|,pe+ue ato xpouu+ecra uutorcurau oprauusna.
lurotuu, coqepaauuc s taare, otuocutc r rnaccy uaprotu-
+ecrux coequueuuu. 0u ue sMsMsaet coctouu auopuu, csouct-
seuuoro qpyrun uaprotu+ecrun seaectsan, uo crocouocte ora-
sMsate usu+ecroe u rcuxu+ecroe rpusMrauue y uero tara e,
rar u y qpyrux uaproturos. oatony s Veqyuapoquou rnaccuu-
rauu onesueu taa+ua sasucunocte, uapqy c anroroneuou u
uaprotu+ecrou, srnk+eua s rateropuk /nctseuuMe u roseqeu-
+ecrue pacctpouctsa, oycnosneuuMe ucronesosauuen rcuxoar-
tusuMx coequueuuu. Passutue taa+uou sasucunoctu cssauo c
xapartepon rypeuu (sospact, s rotopon ua+uuakt rypute, cta,
+actota rypeuu), c ocoeuuoctnu oprauusna u xapartepa ry-
puneaura. +en paueae sM ua+anu rypute u +en rpoqonuteneuee
cta rypeuu, ten ner+e u rper+e passusaetc taa+ua sasucu-
nocte.
FqM taara roctyrakt s oprauusn rypuneaura, s rnetrax tra-
ueu rposnetc ux paspyauteneuoe qeuctsue, oquaro nuorue
rypuneauru ua rpoteuuu nuorux net ue] +ysctsykt ocoMx
usneueuuu s cano+ysctsuu. Kosapctso taarorypeuu sarnk+aet-
c s ton, +to true rocneqctsu passusaktc roctereuuo u ue-
sanetuo qn canoro rypuneaura. 8eqe qn toro +toM saonete
paron nerroro, uyuo rypute 1015 net, uaenu+ecrou ones-
uek cepqa ' 58 net u t. q. Paueae unu rose raqMu ry-
puneaur +ys-
90
ctsyet rocneqctsu taarorypeuu. 0quu croxsatMsaktc rpu
rosneuuu raan, oqMaru, cnaoctu s uorax, onx s cepqe,
qpyrue tonero torqa, rorqa spa+u ctast un quaruos.
3os+u|+oee+ue saeucuvocmu. 8auyk pone urpakt rcu-
xocouaneuMe ycnosu rypeuue poquteneu, y+uteneu u qpyrux
sspocnMx (teuqeuu r uqeutuurauu) u ocoeuuo snuuue ry-
paux qpyseu (conuqapuocte). poqoneuue oquaqM ua+atoro
rypeuu sasucut ot nuorux artopos. Kypuneaur uay+aetc
orpeqente qeuctsue curapet ua rcuxu+ecrue yuruu, ocoeu-
uo ua +ysctso ueyqosonectsu u uarpeuuoctu (orepautuoe
oycnasnusauue), atony crococtsykt +acto rostopenMe oquo-
turuMe nauurynuu rpurypusauu, sqMxauu u t. q. aneueu-
aee rypeuue r tony e oycnosneuo apnaronoru+ecru: conatu-
+ecroe rpusMrauue, ueoxoqunocte rosMaeuu qosM, rpeo-
qoneuue rposneuuu actuueuuu (s ocuosuon seretatusuoro
xapartepa) s pesynetate rostopuoro rypeuu (Tenne
P.,1999). pusuaru sasucunoctu, ro orpeqeneuuk 808, csouct-
seuuM rypuneauran. Ctpactuoe rypeuue nusro r anroroneuo-
ny u aputypatuony tury sasucunoctu. oatony ueyqusutene-
uo, +to rypeuue roppenupyet c anroronusaueu, a tare c uapro-
tu+ecrou sasucunoctek. | sce e ue raqMu rypuneaur ctpaqa-
et sasucunoctek. lapqy co ctpactuMn rypeuue Msaet u yne-
peuuMn, qn cutu rcuxu+ecroro uarpeuu. CtpactuMx ry-
puneauros ctonero e, cronero u anroronuros.
K oneaony coaneuuk, uuopnuposauuocte oneauuctsa
rypuneauros o rocneqctsux taarorypeuu orpauu+eua uaq-
rucek ua taa+uMx usqenux, rotopa rnacut: Vuuuctepctso
sqpasooxpaueuu rpeqyrpeqaet o speqe rypeuu. o qauuMn
8cenupuou oprauusauu sqpasooxpaueuu, us tex, rto ua+uuaet
rypute s kuoctu u rpoqonaet rypute s te+euue usuu, orono ro-
nosuuM ynpet ot onesueu, cssauuMx c rypeuuen; ronosuua us
uux roruuet s cpequen sospacte. Cpequ ny+uu rponManeuuo
passutMx ctpau s sospacte 3569 net c rypeuuen cssMsakt
4045 % scex cny+aes cneptu ot para nerrux, 75 % ot xpo-
uu+ecrux saonesauuu nerrux u 35 % cnepteu cepqe+uo-
cocyquctMx saonesauuu. 8 uactoaee spen s Poccuu 42 %
cny+aes rpeqespeneuuou cneptu ny+uu s sospacte 3569 net
cssauo c taarorypeuuen.
91
Tarun opason, ecte yequteneuMe ctatuctu+ecrue qau-
uMe, rorasMsakaue, +to rypeuue snetc oquun us rnasuMx
yuu +enosera. Vuorue rpoussoqutenu taara uarpasnkt
ycunu ua sMseqeuue coptos taara c neueaun coqepauuen
uurotuua, curapetM cuaaktc ycosepaeuctsosauuMnu unet-
panu, s rpoqay roctyrakt usqenu, roM unekaue neueaee
ronu+ectso torcu+ecrux seaects. 6equMe uurotuuon curapetM
rypute ecronesuo, rocronery octaneuMe spequMe seaectsa oc-
taktc. VM snenc csuqetennu toro, rar nouoronuctM ro
rpoussoqctsy taara uuteucusuo srnaqMsakt +acte csoux qoxoqos
s passutue cropta, sqpasooxpaueuu, ucronesy rpu aton noro-
turM csoux ronrauuu, ten canMn rocseuuo ocyaectsn ux per-
nany.
pounartura ucxoqut us qoctato+uoro suauu rcuxonoruu u
couonoruu rypuneauros. ka rpounartura qonua ua+u-
uatec c roqpoctros u kuoaectsa. /ctpaaeuue u sarpetM nano-
aertusuM, yqopoauue curapet toe. 8 passutMx saraquMx
ctpauax rpounartu+ecrue neporputu ocyaectsnktc rar ua
sarouoqateneuon, tar u ua oaectseuuon yposue. 8 rourpecce CLA
rpoxoqt eeroquMe cnyaauu ro ronoeuuk qen s onactu
opeM c taarorypeuuen. 8 cpeqctsax naccosou uuopnauu
roqqepusaktc te rpoertM, rotopMe rporarauqupykt sqoposMu
opas usuu. euctsykt oaectseuuMe oprauusauu, ene roto-
pMx qoutec rperpaaeuu rpoussoqctsa u rpoqau taa+uou
rpoqyruu, sMpaotate ueratusuoe otuoaeuue oaectsa r ryp-
aun taa+uMe usqenu. 3tun sauunaetc, r rpunepy, eqepa-
u rapquonoros 1pauuu, pauyscruu uauouaneuMu ronutet
rpotus taarorypeuu, lauouaneuoe areutctso rpotus rypeuu
s Aurnuu, oaectso rpotus rypeuu s CLA, qsueuue uerypaux
s lepnauuu. 8 1Pl eenec+uo sMxoqut uuopnauouuMu cop-
uur, rporarauqupykauu sqoposMu opas usuu qn nkqeu, ro-
topMe pocunu rypute. | ueyqusuteneuo, +to rpasutenectsa
atux ctpau rpuunu sarouM, pernaneutupykaue taarorypeuue. /
uac e tonero oqua locyqapctseuua yna rpuuna peaeuue ue
rypute s ee cteuax. Tarue e peaeuu rpuuunaktc y uac u s o-
pasosateneuMx, nequuucrux, rynetypuMx, qetcrux u uuMx y+pe-
qeuux. K coaneuuk, ot tarux peaeuuu ronu+ectso rypuneau-
ros ue ctauosutc neueae. / uac otcytctsykt sarouoqateneua
asa, oaectseuuMe oprauusauu, ocoeuuo oequueuu
92
spa+eu, +eu rpoeccuouaneuMu qonr rpeoqoneuue raryuou rpusM+ru.
Ctatuctu+ecrue qauuMe ro yrotpeneuuk taa+uMx usqenuu s-
nktc yctpaaakaunu. Vuoro+ucneuuMe orpocM csuqetenectsykt,
+to rypaue roqpoctru s oneauuctse csoen us ceneu rypaux poqute-
neu. K ocuosuMn notusan rypeuu roqpoctru otuoct enauue ycroro-
utec u rpocto rpusM+ry. 0cuosuMnu nectanu rpuoaeuu r rypeuuk,
rar uu rapaqorcaneuo, snetc arona, ocoeuuo so spen rposeqeuu
pasnu+uMx qocyrosMx neporputuu. 8 uerotopMx aronax y+uten ye
rperpatunu rposeqeuue rpounartu+ecrux neporputuu u opey c
taarorypeuuen. 8 pesynetate ronu+ectso rypaux s aronax yse-
nu+usaetc.
CreuaneuMe uccneqosauu rorasMsakt, +to sMpaeuua ta-
a+ua sasucunocte, tpeykaa nequuucrou ronoau u ne+euu, ot-
ne+aetc y 2025 % rypuneauros. 6oneauuctso rypuneauros-
roqpoctros noryt repectate rypute. n atoro ueoxoquna oprauusa-
u eneuarpasneuuou rpounartu+ecrou paotM, ua+uua c ceneu u
co aroneuou craneu.
5.2. hhTEPhET-3Ah6hH06Tb
KonrektepM auporo sueqpktc s roscequesuyk usue. 8ospac-
taet ronu+ectso nkqeu, ynekaux paotate c ronrektepuMnu rporpan-
nanu, urpate s ronrektepuMe urpM. oscenectuo pacrpoctpaueuM
canouM ronrektepuMx urp, urposMe astonatM. 0csoeuue rporpann ro
ronesosauuk ronrektepon corposoqaetc uuteucusuMn ocsoeuuen
urposMx rporpann. Vouo uankqate, rar ronesosatenu +acanu pacrna-
qMsakt ua arpaue nouutopa rapto+uMe raceucM, roukt aapuru, soqt
canonetM u naauuM, ropaa rarue-to enu u uaupa o+ru, uepsuu-
+akt, ecnu ue yqaetc qocturuyte enu, nurykt, rorqa yqaetc. Vuorue
us uux ctauostc ronneruouepanu urpyaer, roryra u reperucM-
sa ux, satpa+usa rpu aton qoctato+uo nuoro speneuu. la paoty, y+e-
y, ronuoeuuMu otqMx u oaeuue c nusrunu u qpysenu ue xsataet
speneuu. Cutyau ycyryunace c roqrnk+euuen repcouaneuMx roneso-
sateneu r |utepuety. poqonuteneuMe uccneqosauu s yuusepcutete
Kapueru-Vennoua (CLA) rorasanu,
93
+to uuteucusuoe ucronesosauue |utepueta seqet r cyeuuk
couaneuMx csseu, srnote qo oquuo+ectsa, r corpaaeuuk
suytpuceneuuoro oaeuu, passutuk qerpeccusuMx coctouuu.
lerotopMe anepuraucrue uccneqosatenu otne+akt, +to otcytct-
sue unu ueqoctato+uMu qoctyr r |utepuety ycyrynet uepaseuct-
so neqy nkqenu. 8a rocnequue qecte net |utepuet rpespa-
tunc s cyaectseuuMu artop uuqusuqyaneuoro passutu u
tpaucopnauu nu+uoctu. |ccneqosatenu qoctato+uo oertus-
uo paceuusakt rar ronouteneuMe, tar u ueratusuMe ctopouM
rpuneueuu |utepueta.
0cuosuMe pasuosuquoctu qeteneuoctu, ocyaectsnenou
rocpeqctson |utepueta, a uneuuo, oaeuue: rosuauue u urpa
(passne+euue) onaqakt csouctson saxsatMsate +enosera e-
nuron, ue octasn eny uuou pas uu speneuu, uu cun ua qpyrue
suqM qeteneuoctu. 8 cssu c atun s uactoaee spen uuteu-
cusuo ocyqaetc euoneu (unu saonesauue, unu cuuqpon)
(uapro)sasucunoctu ot |utepueta, unu |utepuet-aqquruu.
3to eqsa nu ue equuctseuua onacte so scen crertpe rynauu-
tapuMx uccneqosauuu s |utepuete, ua paspaotry rotopou ue
rpeteuqyet uurto, rpone rnuuu+ecrux rcuxonoros. |ccneqosate-
nu ucxoqt us sosnouoctu passutu sasucunoctu (aqquruu)
ue tonero ot ssoqunMx s oprauusn natepuaneuMx cyauocteu, uo
u ot rpoussoqunMx cyerton qeuctsuu u corposoqakaux ux
anouu (3ouc|,+c|uu /. E., 2000).
Kar otne+akt uccneqosatenu, |utepuet-aqquruu ue roq-
+uuktc sarouonepuoctn opnuposauu sasucunocteu, sM-
seqeuuMn ua ocuosauuu uankqeuuu sa rypuneauranu, uapro-
nauanu, anroronuranu unu ratonoru+ecrunu urporanu. Ecnu
qn opnuposauu tpaquuouuMx suqos sasucunocteu tpeyet-
c orpeqeneuuoe spen (ucrnk+euue coctasnkt cuutetu+e-
crue uaproturu), to qn |utepuet-sasucunoctu atot cpor pesro
corpaaaetc. 8 paote A. E. 8oucryucroro cuxonoru+ecrue
euoneuM |utepuet-aqquruu auanusupyktc qauuMe rony-
+euuMe K. Fur. o atun qauuMn, 25 % aqqurtos rpuopenu sasu-
cunocte s te+euue ronyroqa rocne ua+ana paotM s |utepuete, 58
% s te+euue stoporo ronyroqu, a 17 % ro rpoaectsuu roqa.
Kpone toro, ecnu qonrospeneuuMe rocneqctsu sasucunoctu ot
anroron nuo uaproturos xopoao usy+euM, to rpuneuuteneuo r
|utepuet-aqquruu otcytctsyet sosnouocte qonrospeneuuoro
uankqeuu.
94
+aae scero |utepuet-aquru rouunaetc pacauputeneuo,
rar:
sasucunocte ot ronrektepa, to ecte oceccusuoe
rpuctpactue r paote c ronrektepon (urpan, rporpannuposauuk
unu qpyrun suqan qeteneuoctu);
uuopnauouua reperpysra, to ecte ronrynecusua
uasurau ro WWW, roucr s yqaneuuMx asax qauuMx;
ronrynecusuoe rpuneueuue |utepueta, to ecte
ratonoru+ecra rpussauuocte r orocpeqosauuMn |utepueton
asaptuMn urpan, ounauuosMn ayruouan unu anertpouuMn ro-
ryrran;
sasucunocte ot ruepuet-otuoaeuuu, to ecte
ot couaneuMx rpuneueuuu |utepueta: ot oaeuu ua +atax,
rpyrrosMx urpax u tenerouepeuux, +to noet rpu
sectu r saneue unekauxc s peaneuMx cenex u qpyseu
suptyaneuMnu;
sasucunocte ot ruepcerca, to ecte ot ropuo-
rpau+ecrux cautos s |utepuete, ot ocyqeuu cercyaneuou te-
naturu s +atax unu creuaneuMx tenerouepeuux
qn sspocnMx.
8 qeteneuoctu aqqurta o+esuquM rnyora sauute-
pecosauuocte, ecropMctuoe nkorMtctso, rurepnotusuposau-
uocte. |utepuet-aquru rpauu+ut c orucauuen cyerta,
ysne+euuoro rpoeccon rosuauu, ucrMtauu ce unu tsop+e-
ctsa; uauonee aqersatuMn rcuxonoru+ecrun auanoron euone-
ua sasucunoctu ot |utepueta yqet orMt rotora, unu aytotenu-
+ecruu orMt. 8osuuraet oayaeuue repeuoca s uosyk peane-
uocte; orMt rotora seqet r uapyaeuuk +ysctsa speneuu, otsne-
+euuk ot orpyakaeu usu+ecrou u couaneuou cpeqM. Kpone
toro, orMt rotora rpauu+ut c sMsoson, unekaunc y cyerta
suauuen, yneuuen, uasMranu u crocouoctnu, s enon ero ron-
reteutuoctek s peaeuuu rponen. pu aton aytotenu+ecruu
orMt ue rpussau r rourpetuMn suqan qeteneuoctu.
8 uactoaee spen rony+euM orpeqeneuuMe pesynetatM,
roqtsepqakaue rpeqronoeuue, +to orMt rotora qe-
tepnuuuposau s qeteneuocte ronesosateneu |utepueton. |n
xapartepuM cneqykaue rapanetpM:
sMcoruu yposeue yneuuu (otuocauxc r paote s
|utepuete) u routpon;
sMcoruu yposeue nounusosauuoctu (paota s
|utepuete socrpuuunaetc rar sMsos crocouoctn u
yneuun) u sosyqeuu:
95
orycuposauuocte suunauu (sMcora roueutpau);
uutepartusuocte (cropocte paotM ronrektepa, M-
ctpota sarpysru se-ctpauu) u tenerpucytctsue
unu tenerorpyeuuocte s rueprpoctpauctso
leoxoquno ronuute, +to sasucunocte ot |utepueta uepeq-
ro crpMsaet qpyrue aqquruu unu rcuxu+ecrue otrnoueuu. 8asu-
cunMe ot |utepueta ronesosatenu uyqaktc s rsanuuupo-
sauuou rcuxoteparestu+ecrou ronoau.
5.3. A3APThbE h|Pb
/sne+euuocte asaptuMnu urpanu uasMsaetc rennuuron.
8Mqenktc cneqykaue rpusuaru, xapartepuMe qn rennuura
rar pasuosuquoctu aqqurtusuoro tura qesuaut-uoro roseqeuu:
1. octouua sosne+euuocte, ysenu+euue speneuu,
rposoqunoro s cutyauu urpM.
2. 8Mtecueuue rpeuux uutepecos, roctouuMnu nMcnnu o
urpe, rpeonaqauue s soopaeuuu cutyauu, cssauuMx c urpo-
sMnu ronuuaunu.
3. otep routpon (uecrocouocte sospen rperpatute
urpy rar rocne oneaoro sMurpMaa, tar u rocne roctouuMx
rpourpMaeu).
4. Coctouue qucronopta sue urposou cutyauu, pas-
qpauteneuocte, ecrorouctso.
5. /senu+euue +actotM y+actu s urpe u ctpenneuue ro
sce onee sMcorony pucry.
6. lapactauue cuueuu crocouoctu corpotusneuu
conasuy (cuueuue urposou tonepautuoctu) sosouosute
urpy. +enoser, crnouuMu yxoqute ot peaneuoctu s nup urp,
sMupaet qauuMu suq roseqeuu s cssu c uerpucroco-
neuuoctek r qeuctsuteneuoctu, oMqeuuoctu, rotopa repectaet
ero yqosnetsopte u paqosate. 0u uaet s urpe asapta u pucra,
ypuMx sarpeqeneuMx anouu, rotopMx ue uaxoqut s rosceques-
uou usuu. Crococtsosate pucry pas
sutu rpuctpactu r asaptuMn urpan noryt qeertM socrutauu
s cenee: ruroorera (ueqoctator suunauu poquteneu r peeury),
anououaneua uectauneuocte, usnuau tpeosateneuocte,
ctpenneuue r rpectuuoctu u repe
oeura sua+unoctu natepuaneuMx nar.
96
|nasa 6
P01|AKT|KA lAPK0VAl||
pounartura (ot rpe+ecroro prophulaktikos rpeqoxpauu-
teneuMu) ato cosoryruocte neporputuu, uarpasneuuMx ua
oxpauy sqopose, rpeqyrpeqeuue sosuuruoseuu u pacrpoctpa-
ueuu onesueu +enosera, ua yny+aeuue usu+ecroro passutu
uaceneuu, coxpaueuue tpyqocrocouoctu u oecre+euue qon-
ronetu. 8 sorpocax snoyrotpeneuu rcuxoartusuMnu seaect-
sanu rpounartura paccnatpusaetc rar ronrnerc couaneuMx,
opasosateneuMx u nequro-rcuxonoru+ecrux neporputuu, ua-
rpasneuuMx ua sMsneuue u yctpaueuue rpu+uu u ycnosuu, cro-
coctsykaux pacrpoctpaueuuk u yrotpeneuuk rcuxoartusuMx
seaects, rpeqyrpeqeuue passutu u nursuqauk ueratusuMx
nu+uoctuMx, couaneuMx u nequuucrux rocneqctsuu snoyrot-
peneuu rcuxoartusuMnu seaectsanu (esuaqsopuocte, ec-
rpusopuocte, rpectyruocte, poct 8|+-uueruu, reratuta, sa-
onesauuu, pacrpoctpauenMx ronosMn ryten u t. q.). lo es
peaeuu arouonu+ecrux u uuaucosMx sorpocos peaeuue ua-
ssauuMx uarpasneuuu rpounarturu oraetc esycreauMn.
Pasnu+akt repsu+uyk, stopu+uyk u tpetu+uyk rpo-
unartury snoyrotpeneuu rcuxoartusuMnu seaectsanu
(A8). epeuv+a+ npouna|mu|a snoyrotpeneuu A8 srnk-
+aet ronrnerc couaneuMx, opasosateneuMx u nequro-
rcuxonoru+ecrux neporputuu, rpeqyrpeqakaux rpuoaeuue
r yrotpeneuuk A8, sMsMsakaux onesueuuyk sasucunocte.
3mopuv+a+ npouna|mu|a snoyrotpeneuu A8 srnk+aet s
ronrnerce couaneuMx, opasosateneuMx u nequro-
rcuxonoru+ecrux neporputuu, rpeqyrpeqakaux opnuposa-
uue onesuu u ocnoueuuu uaprotusauu y nu, arusoqu+ecru
yrotpenkaux A8, uo ue ouapyusakaux rpusuaros onesuu.
od mpemuv+ou npouna|mu|ou snoyrotpeneuu A8, unu pea-
unutaueu, rouunakt ronrnerc couaneuMx, opasosateneuMx
u nequro-rcuxonoru+ecrux neporputuu, uarpasneuuMx ua rpe-
qotspaaeuue cpMsos u peuqusos saonesauuu, to ecte croco-
ctsykaux socctauosneuuk nu+uoctuoro u co-
97
4. 8aras N3708.
uaneuoro ctatyca oneuoro, u sosspaaeuue s cenek, s opasosa-
teneuoe y+peqeuue, s tpyqosou ronnertus, r oaectseuuo-
ronesuou qeteneuoctu.
Dpasoeamene+a+ vodene npouna|mu|u ocuosaua ua soc-
rutateneuo-reqaroru+ecrux netoqax qeteneuoctu creuanuctos
opasosateneuMx y+peqeuuu, uarpasneuuMx ua opnuposauue
y qeteu u nonoqeu suauuu o couaneuMx u rcuxonoru+ecrux ro-
cneqctsux uapronauuu c enek opnuposauu yctou+usoro ane-
tepuatusuoro sMopa s ronesy otrasa ot rpuena A8.
Vedu(u+c|a+ vodene npouna|mu|u ocuosaua ua uuop-
nauouuo-neruouuon netoqe. 3to cosnectua qeteneuocte
creuanuctos opasosateneuMx u ne+euo-rpounartu+ecrux
(uapronoru+ecrux) y+peqeuuu, uarpasneuua ua opnuposauue
y qeteu u nonoqeu suauuu o ueratusuon sosqeuctsuu uaprotu-
+ecrux u qpyrux rcuxoartusuMx seaects ua usu+ecroe u rcuxu-
+ecroe sqoposee +enosera, a tare rurueuu+ecrux uasMros, rpe-
qyrpeqakaux passutue uauonee tenMx nequuucrux ro-
cneqctsuu uapronauuu sapaeuue 8|+-uuerueu, reratu-
ton, seuepu+ecrunu onesunu.
cuxoco(uane+a+ vodene npouna|mu|u ocuosaua ua uo-
rcuxocouaneuon roqxoqe r rpeqyrpeqeuuk snoyrotpeneuu
rcuxoartusuMnu seaectsanu. 3to cosnectua qeteneuocte cre-
uanuctos opasosateneuMx y+peqeuuu, uarpasneuua ua op-
nuposauue y qeteu u nonoqeu nu+uoctuMx pecypcos, oecre-
+usakaux qonuuuposauue euuocteu sqoposoro opasa usuu,
qeuctseuuou yctauosru ua otras ot rpuena rcuxoartusuMx se-
aects, a tare passutue rcuxonoru+ecrux uasMros, ueoxoqunMx
s peaeuuu rounurtuMx cutyauu u s rpotusoqeuctsuu rpyrro-
sony qasneuuk, s ton +ucne cssauuony co snoyrotpeneuuen
A8.
PeaunutauouuMu roteuuan ato rporuoctu+ecra oeu-
ra roteuuaneuMx sosnouocteu uapronoru+ecroro oneuoro r
sMsqoposneuuk, sosspaaeuuk s cenek u r oaectseuuo-
ronesuou qeteneuoctu, ocuosauua ua oertusuMx qauuMx o
uacneqctseuuoctu, couaneuon ctatyce, ocoeuuoctx uorcuxo-
qyxosuoro passutu, a tare tectu uapronoru+ecroro saonesa-
uu. 8 rpartu+ecron otuoaeuuu ato teparestu+ecra u cou-
aneuo-peaunutauouua repcrertusa.
98
leoxoquno s kqete rpeqycnotpete creuaneuyk ctpory
ro sMqeneuuk cpeqcts ua rpounartury neporputuu u opey c
uapronauueu, ecrpusopuoctek u esuaqsopuoctek.
6.1. 05hE 0hPThP h Phhhb 0P|Ahh3Ahh
P04hAKTh+E6K0h PA50Tb
8 uactoaee spen creuanuctM ro paspaotre rporpann
ro rpounarture snoyrotpeneuu A8 y+utMsakt, +to rpo-
rpanna qonua otse+ate orpeqeneuuMn tpeosauun, a uneuuo,
oua scerqa qonua ocyaectsntec s opne roctauosru u pe-
aeuu rourpetuMx, rocneqosateneuMx arouonu+ecrux, uuau-
cosMx, nequuucrux, opasosateneuMx, rcuxonoru+ecrux u uuMx
enoctuMx ssaunocssauuMx saqa+, a ue tonero s suqe usonupo-
sauuMx uqeonoru+ecroro xapartepa qeuctsuu (otqeneuMx neruu,
rourypcos, aruu, orpocos, aoy-roueptos u t. r.). porpannM
rpounarturu ocoeuuo s opasosateneuMx u suearoneuMx y+-
peqeuux, rpequasua+euM qn ycuneuu saautuMx artopos
u ocnaneuu ussectuMx ro nouutopuury uaprotu+ecrou cutya-
uu s ropoqe, rocenre, cene artopos pucra. porpanna ro
rpounarture qonua Mte uarpasneua ua sce opnM snoyrot-
peneuu rcuxoartusuMnu seaectsanu (A8), srnk+a yrotpe-
neuue taara, anroron, uaproturos, u torcurautos. lo ocooe
suunauue ueoxoquno yqente rpounarture snoyrotpeneuuu s
raqon peruoue.
porpanna ro rpounarture snoyrotpeneuu A8 qon-
ua Mte uarpasneua ua opnuposauue y nu+uoctu uasMros co-
rpotusneuu uaproturan. 0ua rpeqronaraet ysenu+euue cou-
aneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrou ronreteutuoctu nu+uoctu s nenu+uo-
ctuMe otuoaeuu, opnuposauue canoqoctato+uoctu, canoar-
tyanusauu u tsepqoctu s corpotusneuuu qasneuuk orpyak-
aux ro yrotpeneuuk A8. apanneneuo c atun rporpanna
rpounarturu qonua pacaupte suauu o rocneqctsux yrot-
peneuu A8 c yrperneuuen s cosuauuu nu+uoctu ueratusuoro
otuoaeuu r uaproturan.
porpannM ro rpounarture qn roqpoctros qonuM Mte
pasuoopasuM u uutepecuM, ocuosauM ue ctonero ua
99
quqartu+ecrux netoqax, cronero ua uutepartusuMx rpuenax:
quanorax, rpyrrosMx qucryccux tpeuuurax u t. q.
porpanna rpounarturu qonua srnk+ate paoty c poqu-
tennu unu astoputetuMnu sspocnMnu, rotopMe noryt rono+e
qetn ysuate uosMe artM otuocuteneuo yrotpeneuu uapro-
turos, neraneuMx u ueneraneuMx seaects. 8 uerotopMx cny+ax s
rporpanne qonuM Mte y+teuM neporputu ro orasauuk rcu-
xonoru+ecrou ronoau canun poqutenn. VepM rpounarturu,
cocpeqoto+euuMe ua cenee s enon unekt oneauu aert
+en, aqpecosauuMe tonero qetn unu tonero poqutenn. po-
rpanna ro rpounarture qonua Mte qonrospeneuuou, c ane-
neutanu rostopeuu u rpeenctseuuoctu ot oquou sospactuou
rpyrrM r qpyrou.
porpannM ro rpounarture s opasosateneuMx y+-
peqeuux noryt Mte ycreauo peanusosauM rpu ycnosuu ux aro-
uonu+ecroro u uuaucosoro oecre+euu. n atoro raqMu ryurt
rporpannM qoneu unete sMxoq ua rocyqapctseuuMe oprauM sna-
ctu u oprauM nectuoro canoyrpasneuu, s osauuoctu rotopMx
sxoqut uuaucosoe u arouonu+ecroe oecre+euue roqouMx
rporpann.
porpannM oaectseuuMx oprauusauu, y+actsykaux s pea-
nusauu rpoerta, noryt srnk+ate ranrauuu u aruu, aqpecosau-
uMe oprauan rocyqapctseuuou snactu P1, oprauan nectuoro ca-
noyrpasneuu, ro orpeqeneuuk u peanusauu rourpetuou ronu-
turu, oecre+usakaeu oxpauy sqopose nkqeu u orpauu+usak-
aeu qoctyr r anroronk, taary, nerapctseuuMn u uaprotu+ecrun
cpeqctsan. 0cooe necto s arux qonua sauunate saota o
ecrpusopuMx, esuaqsopuMx uecosepaeuuonetuux c aqqurtus-
uMnu opnanu roseqeuu, uaxoqauxc s couaneuo oracuon
ronoeuuu.
n peaeuu uassauuMx sMae saqa+ ueoxoquno oequuute
ycunu oprauos u y+peqeuuu opasosauu u sqpasooxpaueuu,
oaectseuuMx oprauusauu. 3tu ycunu qonuM Mte uarpas-
neuM ua: orpeqeneuue rpyrrM pucra cpequ qeteu c rponenanu
roseqeuu, uusrou ycresaenoctek; peanusauk opasosatene-
uMx, nequuucrux, couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrux noqeneu rpo-
unarturu c uuaucoso-arouonu+ecrun oecre+euuen. +en
sMae yposeue pucra qn uecosepaeuuonetuux, ten onee uu-
teucusuou qonua Mte cosnectua qeteneuocte ro rpou-
narture.
100
porpanna ro rpounarture qonua y+utMsate: couaneuo-
rcuxonoru+ecrue sospactuMe, ronosMe, ocoeuuoctu. 8ueqpeuue ye
saperoneuqosasaux ce rporpann u rourpetuMx netoqur rpeqronaraet
ux aqartauk r orpeqeneuuMn ycnosun.
Peutaeneuocte rpounartu+ecrux rporpann noet pacc+utM-
satec ua ocuose satpat ua ne+euue uapronaua. 0eura aertusuo-
ctu rpounartu+ecrux rporpann noet Mte rar uerocpeqctseuuou,
rpatrospeneuuou, tar u qonrocpo+uou. Kputepunu oeuru snktc
+ucneuuocte y+actuuros rporpannM, otuoaeuue r rporpanne roqpoctros
u nonoqeu u usneueuue otuoaeuu r yrotpeneuuk A8, uuopnu-
posauuocte, usneueuu roseqeuu, otuoaeuu r cee, usneueuu s
oaeuuu u qp.
6.2. 3TAb PA3PA50TKh P0|PAHHb
P04hAKThKh
la repson atare tpeyetc cosqauue pao+eu rpyrrM, rotopa
srnk+ana M rpeqctasuteneu pasnu+uMx yposueu snactu, rpasooxpa-
uuteneuMx oprauos, oprauos sqpasooxpaueuu, opasosauu, oaect-
seuuMx oprauusauu. Pao+a rpyrra qonua paspaotate enoctuyk
rporpanny ro rpounarture aqqurtuuMx opn roseqeuu. 8 ueu ueo-
xoquno rpeqycnotpete rourpetuMe neporputu s atou cepe, srnk-
+a u uuaucoso-arouonu+ecroe oecre+euue, rpoeqypy roopquua-
uu qeteneuoctu y+actuuros rporpannM u routpon sa e peanusau-
eu. 8 rpoerte rporpannM ocooe suunauue ueoxoquno yqenute rpu-
sne+euuk rpeqrputuu, sMrycrakaux anroroneuyk u taa+uyk rpoqyr-
uk s ra+ectse ucto+uuros uuaucuposauu pasnu+uMx neporputuu
rporpannM.
la stopon atare enecoopasua oeura aertusuoctu rourpet-
uMx neporputuu rporpannM, cosqauue ycnosuu qn rosMaeuuk rsa-
nuurauu nu, rpu+actuMx r ucronueuuk atux neporputuu, a tare
rposeqeuue rpyrnMx ctonos, sctpe+, netoqu+ecrux cenuuapos, rpartu-
+ecrux rouepeuuu.
la tpeteen atare peanusauu rporpannM ro rpounarture eneco-
opasuMn Mno M cosqauue uuopnauouuo-oy+akaero netoqu-
+ecroro u usqatenecroro eutpa,
101
rqe norna M Mte cocpeqoto+eua uuopnau o pacrpo-
ctpaueuuoctu rcuxoartusuMx seaects rar s rourpetuon peruo-
ue, pauoue, ropoqe, rocenre u qp., tar u cpequ pasnu+uMx cno-
es uaceneuu. 0oaeuuMe u cuctenatusuposauuMe qauuMe
uuopnauouuoro eutpa rossont croppertuposate rocy-
qapctseuuyk ronutury s onactu rpounarturu aqqurtusuoro
roseqeuu, oequuute paoty ro repsu+uou, stopu+uou u
tpetu+uou rpounarture s enoctuyk cucteny. 8o rnase atoro
eutpa qonuo Mte ouuaneuoe rocyqapctseuuoe qonuoct-
uoe nuo, otsetctseuuoe sa coctouue sqpasooxpaueuu u o-
pasosauu s qauuon peruoue, pauoue. la ocuose uuterpauu
ote+ectseuuoro u sapyeuoro orMta pasnu+uMnu cre-
uanuctanu qonuM rposoqutec oy+akaue urnM eutp
qoneu ctate ocuosuMn usqatenen uay+uo-netoqu+ecrou u
y+euou nutepatypM ro rpounarture aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu.
6.3. P0|PAHHA 0 P04hAKThKE
hAPK0HAhhh HYhhhAbh0|0
hEUK0bh0|0 Y+PEAEhhP
ET6K0-0P06TK00|0
PEA5hhTAh0hh0|0 EhTPA
hAEAA r. hAE6KA
lasea+ue npoe|ma: eca+m.
ene npoe|ma: ronrnercua couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecra
tpyqosa u croptusua peaunutau roqpoctros u nonoqeu
rpyrrM couaneuoro pucra.
loeus+a npoe|ma: s otnu+ue ot pauee cyaectsykaux rpoer-
tos nM rpeqronaraen peanusosate uqeu ronrnercuoro u cucten-
uoro roqxoqa s rpounarture pasnu+uMx suqos rcuxonoru+ecrou
sasucunoctu (anroronusna, uapronauuu u qp.) u qesuautuoro
roseqeuu.
n+opva(u+ o opca+usa(uu sa+eumen+:
Vyuuuraneuoe suearoneuoe y+peqeuue qetcro-
roqpoctrosMu peaunutauouuMu eutp laqeqa, r.
|escr, yn. Kuposa, 119, t. 43-07-46.
locyuusepcutet, arynetet rcuxonoruu u reqaroruru, ra-
eqpa creuaneuou rcuxonoruu u ropperuou-uou reqaro-
ruru, r. |escr, yn. /uusepcutetcra, 1,
ropr. 6, ron. 0, t. 76-15-54.
102
0ncaue npoeka
ocma+oe|a nponeve. 8 rocnequee spen uanetunuce nanoyteau-
teneuMe teuqeuuu ysenu+euu +ucna roqpoctros u nonoqeu c aqqur-
tusuMnu opnanu roseqeuu. Ctatuctura s aton rnaue qoctato+uo
ueyteauteneua. 0aee +ucno uaprosasucunMx cpequ roqpoctros u no-
noqeu s Poccuu s uactoaee spen rpunuaetc r nunnuouy.
Couaneuo-arouonu+ecruu rpusuc ooctpun uapronoru+ecryk cu-
tyauk. VM ctonruynuce c uosMnu ycnosunu, rpu rotopMx roqpoctor
crocoeu ueneqneuuo yqosnetsopute enauue, cssauuoe c rony+e-
uuen yqosonectsu. Vonoqee oy+aetc sosnouoctu rony+ate yqo-
sonectsue, ue srnaqMsa qn atoro csoero tpyqa, +to otpuateneuo
crasMsaetc ua otuoaeuuu r oy+euuk s arone, uapyaaet passutue
rpoeccuouaneuMx uasMros, oequet anouu, uutepecM, couaneuo-
sua+unMe yctauosru, uapyaaet cucteny otuoaeuuu s nurpo- u narpo-
cpeqe u qp. Anrorone, uaproturu u qp., ucronesyenMe roqpoctranu, no-
neutaneuo usneukt ux rcuxu+ecroe coctouue, u es rarux-nuo ycu-
nuu qocturaetc oayaeuue ycreauoctu, coctseuuou coctoteneuoctu u
rp.
0quaro qo uactoaero speneuu ueorpeqeneuuMn snetc sorpoc o
ton, ycununu rarux creuanuctos reqaroros, spa+eu, rcuxonoros -
qonuM sectuce autuuaprotu+ecra rpounartura u peaunutauouua
paota c nonoqeek. 8 uactoaee spen qoctato+uo +etro rpopaota-
ua nequuucra +acte peaunutauu. /cunu y+uteneu, rcuxonoros,
couaneuMx reqaroros ueqoctato+uM s cuny ux uusrou ocseqonneuuo-
ctu s sorpocax uapronauuu, rpounarturu u peaunutauu, a ycunu
nequros orpauu+euM speneuuMnu panranu rpeMsauu aqurtusuoro
roqpoctra s oneuue u ueqoctato+uoctek uasMros paotM c qetenu
pasuoro sospacta. partu+ecru otcytctsykt uay+uo oocuosauuMe rpo-
rpannM repsu+uou rpounarturu u couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrou pea-
unutauu roqpoctros u nonoqeu, a tare otcytctsyet cuctenuMu u
ronrnercuMu roqxoq s oprauusauu u rposeqeuuu couaneuo-rcuxono-
ru+ecrou, tpyqosou u croptusuou peaunutauu aqqurtusuMx roqpoct-
ros u nonoqeu so suearoneuMx y+peqeuux.
m:
ens :aqau npoeka
0cuosuou enek rpoerta snetc paspaotra u sueqpeuue
ronrnercuou couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrou, tpyqosou u croptus-
uou rporpannM ro rpounarture u peaunutauu aqqurtusuMx
roqpoctros u nonoqeu, rossonkaeu rosMcute ux uapro-
yctou+usocte, copnuposate y uux nu+uoctuMe ra+ectsa,
oecre+usakaue qonuuuposauue euuocteu sqoposoro opasa
usuu, qeuctseuuyk yctauosry ua otras ot rpuena rcuxoartus-
uMx seaects.
3adava:
1. Paspaotra ssaunocssauuou cuctenM ronrnercuou
couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrou ronoau ecaut roqpoctran us
ceneu rpyrrM couaneuoro pucra, coctoaun
ua y+ete s ronuccuu ro qenan uecosepaeuuonetuux u ua-
rpasneuuMx s peaunutauouuMu eutp laqeqa.
2. oqrotosra netoqu+ecrux peroneuqauu ro
rcuxonoro-reqaroru+ecrony corposoqeuuk roqpoctros
c aqqurtusuMnu opnanu roseqeuu s peaunutauouuMu
eutp laqeqa.
3. Paspaotra netoqu+ecrux peroneuqauu ro tpyqosou
u croptusuou peaunutauu roqpoctros c aqqurtusuMnu opna-
nu roseqeuu.
4. Paspaotra, aqartau u sueqpeuue ye unekauxc
uay+uo-rpartu+ecrux u artusuMx netoqos paotM s
panrax rpounarturu u peaunutauu tpyquMx roqpoct
ros.
5. Paspaotra netoqu+ecrux peroneuqauu ro paote c
ceneeu aqqurtusuoro roqpoctra.
6. Paspaotra rporpannM roqrotosru uactasuuros,
sonoutepos.
7. Paspaotra u sueqpeuue rypca pounartura
aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu nonoqeu s y+euMu rnau
/ql/.
8. |ccneqosauue quuanuru usneueuu nu+uoctu
sasucunoro roqpoctra s ycnosux sueqpeuu rpounartu+ecrou
rporpannM.
9. Paspaotra uuaucoso-arouonu+ecroro rpoerta
oecre+euu sMronueuu neporputuu ro rpounarture uapro-
nauuu.
104
3mane peanusa(uu npoe|ma
1. 0prauusau roucunuyna, coctoaero us couaneuMx
reqaroros, rcuxonoros, nactepos rpoeccuouaneuoro oy+e-
uu, croptusuMx tpeuepos, paotuuros rpaso
oxpauuteneuMx oprauos, ctyqeutos, oprauusykaux couaneuo-
rcuxonoru+ecroe corposoqeuue qeteu u roqpoctros
s eutpe laqeqa.
2. Paspaotra u ytsepqeuue rnaua uay+uo-rpar-
tu+ecrou qeteneuoctu y+actuuros rpoerta.
3. 0prauusau ua ase peaunutauouuoro eutpa ro-
ctouuo qeuctsykaero netoqu+ecroro eutpa ro orasauuk rono-
au s oprauusauu rpounartu+ecrou u peaunutauouuou pao-
tM.
4. 0rpeqeneuue rputepues aertusuoctu raqoro y+a-
ctuura u atara peanusauu rpoerta.
5. 0prauusau u roqrotosra uactasuuros u sonoutepos
us +ucna ctyqeutos aryneteta rcuxonoruu u reqaroruru u qpyrux
reqaroru+ecrux creuaneuocteu /ql/.
6. 0prauusau paotM c poqutennu aqqurtus-uMx
roqpoctros.
D(e+|a ae|mue+ocmu npoe|ma:
1. |sqauue netoqu+ecrux peroneuqauu ro pas
nu+uMn uarpasneuun rpounarturu u peaunutauu aqqurtus-
uMx opn roseqeuu roqpoctros u nonoqeu.
2. |sqauue paspaotauuMx (aqartuposauuMx) uosMx
ronrnercuMx netoqos paotM ro couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecrony,
tpyqosony u croptusuony corposoqeuuk
y+actuuros rpoerta.
3. |sqauue paspaotauuMx u sueqpeuuMx rpo
rpann ro roqrotosre uactasuuros u sonoutepos.
4. |sqauue paspaotauuou u sueqpeuuou rporpannM ro
paote c poqutennu aqqurtusuoro roqpoctra.
5. 0oaeuue orMta paotM roctouuo qeuctsykaero
netoqu+ecroro eutpa ro orasauuk ronoau s oprauusauu rpo-
unartu+ecrou u peaunutauouuou paotM.
6. /cuneuue u pacaupeuue peaunutauouuoro ro-
teuuana eutpa laqeqa sa c+et pacaupeuu cepM
rpoeccuouaneuou qeteneuoctu, croptusuMx u qocyrosMx
ycnyr, rossonkaux ctpyrtypuposate csooquoe
spen uapronoru+ecroro oneuoro u opnuposate notusauu r
sMsqoposneuuk, sosspaaeuuk s cenek u r oaectseuuo-
ronesuou qeteneuoctu.
105
7. /senu+euue +ucna uaproyctou+usMx roqpoctros u
nonoqeu, opnuposauue y uux nu+uoctuMx pecypcos, oecre+u-
sakaux qonuuuposauue euuocteu sqoposoro opasa usuu, qeu-
ctseuuou yctauosru ua otras ot rpuena rcuxoartusuMx seaects, a
tare passutue rcuxonoru-+ecrux uasMros, ueoxoqunMx s pe-
aeuuu rounurtuMx cutyauu u s rpotusoqeuctsuu rpyrrosony
qasneuuk, s
ton +ucne cssauuony co snoyrotpeneuuen A8.
8. /neueaeuue +ucna cpMsos u peuqusos y y+actuuros
rporpannM, coxpaueuue uanu+uoro rcuxonoru+ecroro u cou-
aneuoro ctatyca.
9. Coctouue uuaucoso-arouonu+ecroro oecre+euu
rporpannM ro rpounarture.
|TEPAT/PlbE |CT0+l|K|
1. peqyrpeqeuue roqpoctrosou u kuoaecrou
uapronauuu / oq peq. 0. 3. 5epesu+a, |. 0. uce(|oco,
n. 5. Dpea+u|oeou. V.: |sq-so uuctutyta rcuxoteparuu,
2000. 256 c.
2. pounartura uapronauuu u sqoposMu opas
usuu. 8Mrycr 2. Copuur netoqu+ecrux paspaotor.
|escr, 1999. 54 c.
3. 5pam,cs 5. 0. cuxonoru+ecruu auanus usneueuuu
nu+uoctu rpu anroronusne. V.: |sq-so Vl/,
1974.-96 c.
4. 5pam,ce 5. 0. Auonaneua nu+uocte. V.:
VMcne, 1988. 301 c.
5. 5advaee 0. /. cuxonoru+ecra ropperu ot-
rnoukaeroc roseqeuu aroneuuros. |sq-so Vaructp,
1997. 96 c.
6. Devapoea P. 3. Texuonoruu rpartu+ecroro rcuxonora o-
pasosauu. V.: T Cepa, 2000. 448 c.
7. |op|u+a V. 3., a|ocu+a n. ., uv|o /. E. cuxuatpu.
V.: Vequuua, 1995. 608 c.
8. Yv,poe 3. /. cuxoratonoru. +actu 1 u 2. |prytcr:
|sq-so |pryt. yu-ta, 1994. 240 c.
9. Pau+ep Tenne. cuxuatpu. Vu.: 8Ma. ar.,
1999. - 496 c.
10. Vameeee 3. 1., lpoucva+ /. . pounartura
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1987. -96 c.
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Coqepauue
88EEl|E ......................................................................................... 3
l nas a 1. 0lFT|E A|KT|8l0E 08EEl|E.
KACC|1|KA|F A|KT|8l0l0 08EEl|F . . . 5
1AKT0Pb, P080|P/k|E A|KT|8l0E
08EEl|E ..............................................................................................7
1.1. esaqartuposauua cene ................................................... 7
1.2. u+uoctuMe u sospactuMe ocoeuuoctu
aqqurtusuoro roqpoctra ...................................................... 15
1.3. 3tarM ctauosneuu aqqurtusuoro roseqeuu . . 32
lnasa 2. AK0l0|8V | AK0l0|K| ........................................ 36
2.1. 0coeuuoctu anroroneuoro oreueuu............................ 39
2.2. Anroronusn y qeteu u roqpoctros .................................... 43
2.3. oqpoctrosMu anroronusn u rpasouapyaeuu . . . 48
lnasa 3. lAPK0VAl|F | lAPK0VAlb .................................... 53
3.1. 6opea c uapronauueu sa pyeon u s Poccuu . . 53
3.2. Xapartepuctura uapronauuu .............................................58
3.2.1. cuxonoru+ecrue teopuu uapronauuu. . . . 59
3.3. lapronauu rar couaneuo-rcuxonoru+ecroe
sneuue ................................................................................. 65
3.3.1. Cene uapronaua ..................................................... 69
3.3.2. laprorpectyruocte uecosepaeuuonetuux . 74

lnasa 4.T0KC|K0VAl|F | T0KC|K0VAlb. . . . 84
lnasa 5. P/l|E 8|b 8A8|C|V0CTE| ..................................89
5.1. Taarorypeuue ...................................................................... 89
5.2. |utepuet-sasucunocte ........................................................ 93
5.3. AsaptuMe urpM ...................................................................... 96
lnasa 6. P01|AKT|KA lAPK0VAl|| .................................. 97
6.1. 0aue routu u rpuuurM oprauusauu
rpounartu+ecrou paotM ................................................. 99
6.2. 3tarM paspaotru rporpannM rpounarturu. . 101
6.3. porpanna ro rpounarture uapronauuu
nyuuuraneuoro suearoneuoro y+peqeuu
qetcro-roqpoctrosoro peaunutauouuoro
eutpa lAEXA r.|escra ....................................... 102
|TEPAT/PlbE |CT0+l|K| ............................................... 107

Гоголева А.В. - Аддиктивное Поведение и Его Профилактика (2-е Изд.) (Библиотека Психолога) - 2003

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