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- A?JH E? =@@HAII


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ACH

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@ @A P AI = F JA ?E= A EJE@= F H A ?KAH F ACH @=@= F H = A?K=?E + HHECEA @ IE JAH @E?D A ?  O r AI = = JA @EIJ= ?E= A JHA ?KAHF ACH O @E=BH=C = E@A = FE = @A

> AJEL @A AIJ= FH ?JE?= AI @AFA @A

IJH=H

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A ?JHE?= GKA

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@AFA @A = F JA ?E=

ACH F=H= GKA F H JE

IE> A A ? JH=H ANFAHE A J= IE GKA E@A = FE = @A

V = kp,

J= JA @A FH F H?E = E@=@ k A JHA = JA @A = H=@E=?E 2=H= GKA E ?E@A I >HA A = FHA @AH GKA IK?A

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kAAd T 4 V = , 4r2

IA ? LEAH ! I IA E A=
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O = F JA ?E= JA A

GKA =F E?= @ FH FEA@=@AI @A C=HEJ CH=H ? >JEA A = A JA = HA =?E

(

@A IA D=?A A?AI=HE A JA @AH A BK ?E = EA J @A @E=BH=C = GKA AI @A HA= E F HJ= ?E= IJA ? K = =>AHJKH=
ln V = ln

kAAd 4r2

"

= @A @ @A A IAH = A HA= @A HE ?E @A D H HA= Ad JEA A = BK ?E @A ? E =H = @= ? IE@AH=@ ? ?KAHF ACH A A @A H=@E=?E A EJE@= F H A ?KAHF ACH J= A ANFAHE A J= IJH=@ A = CKH=  AIJ AI @AIFK I @A F=I=H F H A @E=BH=C = = @A @= GKA AH= AIB HE?= F=I= = ? IE@A 2 H AIJ= H= O ? IE@AH= @ = H=HIA F = = O @AIFK I E ?E@A I >HA = FE = F JA ?E= F H K E@=@ @A HA= GKA AC= =
11 2)46- 24 +-,1 16)

= -NFHAII

5A D=?A KI @A I BJM=HA @A

=>81-9 5EC =JE = 1 IJHK A JI F=H=

A@E

@E=BH=C = = F JA ?E= p GKA E ?E@A I >HA GKA K = JAH

?KF = ? A?J=@= F H

kAAd y = ln 4

2 ln r

#

O A ? JH=H ANFAHE A J= JA @A L= H E A= O = ? IJ= JA k

.ECKH=  =@= @A H=@E=?E >E =   J= A ANFAHE A J= E =CA J =
111 4-57 6),

A JA = FA @EA

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5 ; )

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A ANFAHE A J & LA?AI L=HE= @ @A = @ ? IJ= JA Ad =

2 2

F=H= GKA IA ?K CH=H B ?E O GKA

r A JHA 5 O 15? 0, 554?

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IA FKA@A

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A = 3, 546?

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r IA= K

A JHA @E=BH=C = O FE = @A HAIK J=@ I @A ?=@= A = CKH= A@E?E

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@A K = J=H AJ= A A?JH E?= J JA FAH=JKH= JAH = AJH + K?D A

A @=J I @A

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 IA ? IJHKOA = CH ?= @A ln V

LI ln T

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@EBAHA JAI L= HAI @A r FAH @A = @ ? I J= JA Ad O = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA A @E=BH=C = O = FE = @A ? = = @ y = E JAH?AFJ " F @A I HA =?E A A A A LAHJE?= @A = A?K=?E I ? IJHKEH K = CH ?= GKA
y O ln r IAC
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HAI @A

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(

#
)

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@EA JA =

=@ I F=H= AI=

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AH= GKA J @=I =I HACHAIE AI E A= AI GKA !

IA

KAIJH= @EAH

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4 ?

E A= @A =FH NE =@= A JA 1 GKA BKA ?=IE IEA FHA @AI@A 200 = IACK @=

@A>E@ = = CH= ?= JE@=@ @A @=J I GKA IA E ?AHJE@K >HA ! @A 0, 04 ? E ?E@A AN=?J= =H = FA @EA JA @A 2 GKA IA >KI K J ? @A D=IJ= 380 C ? F=H= A =I GKA ?=>= -IJ= AN=?JEJK@ O FHA?EIE = HACHAIE

K = J @=I =I

A=I @=@ GKA J @=I K AN?A A JA ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E E A= FAH EJA A J ?AI A ? JAH  FA

FA @EA JA @A =FH NE =@= A JA

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H AIJ= LA

IJH= @ GKA AIJA ANF A JA ?E = E@=@ k A JHA = JA IE GKA = @EIJ= ACH O A @E=BH=C = r IA LAH ? I @AJ= A @A = = H=@E=?E ,A

@AFA @A @A r 2 H JE ?E= A JHA A ?KAHF FE = @A =? JE K=?E ?

GKA E ?E@A I >HA A = ?

b = 38, 2 0, 1 = E

I =BA?J= = = F JA ?E= GKA E ?E@A I >HA =

KAIJH= = ? JE K=?E EA @ ? JAH?AFJ ? A A A y @A = HACHAIE @A =

5A ? IJHKOA A J ?AI = HA =?E A?K=?E # O IA FHAIA J= A

CKH= !  JAIA GKA = E A= E =H = A?K= ?E ! y O F H A @A b JEA A K E@=@AI

k JEA A

= CH ?= !

EA JH=I GKA @=@= = A?K=?E J= A A?K=?E # IA @AIFA = k

k= 4 b e AAd

K E@=@AI @A 8 9=JJ O JA EA @ A ?KA

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k (kb) + A A
2

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k + Ad Ad

@A = A?K=?E ACH

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A JHA A A ? A E A=

5A >JEA A
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?KAHF

O A @E=BH=C

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R @A

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751

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JAH

A ?JHE?= GKA E

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O = F JA ?E= @A H= K = E ?AHJE@K >HA

GKA E IE@A I >HA A = -IJ= ? I

H F=H= JA FAH=JKH=I = J=I = F=HJEH @A AIJ FKA@A @A EI I = >AHIA = GKA F H FHAIA ?E= @A JH I ?KAHF I  I JH I A ?= H @A JAH AI I AGKEF I

@A =FA =I   FAH EJEH = = BKJKH I AI JK@E= JAI @A ?KHI @A

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A

=> H=J HE @A .E
JAI ANFAHE A

J I? * J

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A JHA A I
2 4

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A ?JHE?= GKA E?= A JA = @A

= 5, 67 108 9=JJ

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EA J I

FAH=JKH= IK>A = H=@E=?E F=HJEH @A AIJ A ABA?J F IA LKA LA = ?

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J=H =JA J O FA @EA JA @A ANFAHE A J I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I

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I >HA K = IKFAH ?EA AI E LAHI= A ACH O = IKFAH ?EA -I I =HH = K >KA HA

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