. .

HOMO HUMANUS
uT I3
(nnnuecn acner)
ayunt pearp
rp ]nc]cnx nay,
np]eccp, uen-ppecnnenr P
. B. mnrpne
uexnnc
1995
Penensenr . . ,
rp ]nc]cnx nay, np]eccp
Pearp . .
. .
nuncrt n ymannsm. (nnnuecn acner).
1995. 226 c.
ISBN 571350087X
B mnpa]nn ncceyercx cxnax n nennpxax cxst c-
mnuec, nnuec n cnnatn ueeuecm nnnne, e-
aercx nntra npanansnpart sanmcxst enesnca nuncrn n -
atn ymannsma, sarpanarcx rane npemt, a nenx n
uee, ymanncrnuece yymee Pccnn, cnnatnt mexannsm ]p-
mnpannx nuncrn.
pecana cryenram n npenaarexm, cyapcrenntm exre-
xm n nnrnam, nccearexm, cem, r nnrepecyercx ntmn n-
xamn paccmrpennn cpemenntx npem nuncrn.
ISBN 571350087X B R. I.,
1995

paramn Rpnx Ba x nepte nsnamncx

cent 1994 a. B nxpe 1994 a m pccncn
py n ennnep mnx par ecanp Bapnn npn-
es t-Hp mne nap nect nn Rpnx B-
a. nauaa et npcmrp, a sarem ee ye
snamcr c rpyamn pycc np]eccpa ]nc]nn
ynnepcnrera . Pcra-na-ny Rpnx Ba npna
mne yepenncrt n xnenne, ur xnax ]nc]cax
mtct Pccnn spxaercx nce 70 er nepna mpa-
ecnx, sacrx n cnxun.
ne ectma nsnmn n pntmn n yxy asanct
nen: Fes retn nuncrn mnp nennt, es Pccnn
mnp nennt..., tcasannte Rpnem Btm.
nna ynna ]nc]c ncceannx cxsn
cmnuec, nnuec n cnnatn ueeue-
cm nnnne, sanmcxsn enesnca nuncrn n -
atn ymannsma. Bectma nnpancx npcr xst
nsxennx cxneme ]nc]c n cnnnuec
marepnaa, ann nne, crynn a x nayun
+nrt, ra n x mnp aynrpnn unraree n
Pccnn, n sa ee npeeamn.
Bce tmecasanne tsa y menx xeanne cryn-
ntmn mne xyxecrenntmn cncamn n cpecramn t-
pasnrt re mtcn n uycra, rpte npna mne nna
Rpnx Ba nuncrt n ymannsm.
memy enmy cxaenn, ncrxnnt necrar
pemenn ne nsn mne cpasy nparart na ncr-
panne nnn nuncrt n ymannsm, a raxe rpea-
ct cacne arpa nnn.
nune snamcr c Rpnem Btm nne
1995 a ypenn mne mtcn nexnmcrn n-
crpannn nnn n ee nepensannn, ur n t npexen
mn arpy ann nnn.
ectma pa, ur yaxaemt unraret cmxer renept
snamnrtcx c name cmecrn par n nennrt, a
nam yacx cnmns nayn n ncyccra.
pmny aapncrt n camte nanyumne nxea-
nnx x tcasta raxe apec ecanpa Bapnna,
rpt sx na cex ptny xsanncrt n n-
re nnn nepensann ncrpnpannm apn-
anre, a raxe cex, r npnnx came arnne yuacrne
pare na nsannem ann nnn.
,
nt 1995 . aepa

nen XX naua XXI crernx na ns rex pe-

nx +nx, a npnecce nennx ncrpnn npncx-
nr nnnnsannnnt cn, r. e. nepex r n rnna
nnnnsannn ( annm cyuae r ypxyasn, rexnen-
n nnnnsannn) cepmenn nn, nmeme nanerap-
nt xaparep. mena rnn nnnnsannn cnpxaer-
cx uepe pnsnc, a nenrpe nsmenenn, naxnrcx
nepemennax cnx np npema nuncrn, ute cymecr-
anne nemtcnm ne cnnatn cpet, ne mecra.
Bet nuncrt cea ecrt cynncrt nmt npee-
enntx rnmenn, rpte mxn npecranrt a nn-
nnyatne trne rnmenn mecra, rpte nu-
ncrt ce xnsneexretncrn ceaa crxnnem
ce nyrpenne
1
. Hnxrne nuncrt ]ncnpyer
mepy cnnatn ueee, a snaunr, pemenne npe-
mt nuncrn n paspemenne pnsnca nnnnsannn sanm-
cxsant. H+rmy nexnm repernuecn anans cne-
nn]nuncrn enesnca (nn ]pmnpannx) nuncrn yc-
nxx nsecrn ynaa yxncrn ueeuecra,
ycnenn cpemenntm cnnatn-nnrnuecnm pnsn-
cm, snaunme naua n tm npra
xe cemnpn ncrpnn
2
.
pemennmy pccncmy mecry, e nce na-
ennx mapcncrc nenn n rranrapn nnrn-
uec pexnma napnr yna npa n xac cnnat-
ntx c]epax, npecrnr npnmartcx pasnrn mnp-
nnnnsannn. B cxsn c +rnm snnaer npc: a
a xe cam xaparep +r pasnrnx mnp nnn-
nsannnn npnecca? rer rnt ne npcr n nmen
nsnauncrn. nne, nanpnmep, npnepxnarcx ru-
n spennx u. uyyxmt, nsxenn crarte nen
ncrpnn. B ne yrepxaercx, ur ncrpnx, a, cea-
retn, n ueeuecax nnnnsannx crnn ce ep-
mnnt, cnx npee
3
. H nx mnenn, n name mecr
xnaer raax xe nepcnerna, rpax ne emaer nn-
ue payxn.
pyne nccearen nastar nnte nepcnernt
ncrpnn n mnp nnnnsannn. secrnt pccncn
]nc] I. I. nnencn ce pare nen ncr-
pnn nn cmena nnnnsann? cea t ]pmnp-
annn atn nnnnsannn, rpax nmeer ne rt
necrn-cncremnt, n n nyrpenne npancrnuecn
xaparep, npnuem rnune r cymecryme rexnen-
n nnnnsannn na n ce cyrn xxercx anrpnen-
n
4
. ecrnretn, mnne ]art cneretcryr
nauaax ]pmnpannx enn nanerapn nnnnsa-
nnn.
Tenennnx ansannn ycnxx cment rnn nn-
nnsann eer nxenn mnpa n nnnnya-
nsma, e nuncrt cmxer macnmatn npxnrt cn
rpuecne cncncrn
5
. cnmnct r pysa ce-
prnuecnx, mepremnx crpyryp, pasnun pa
npepaccy, nax nnnnsannx nntraercx, nnm,
narn ny cncremy panecnx mexy nuncrt n -
mecrm, npenaaercx n npemenne ]pmnpanne
n, atn ymannsma. cnx np ncrpnn nn-
nnsannn sa]ncnpant pasnunte epcnn ymannsma,
a nmenn: +nnncrnuecn, xpncrnancn, spxenue-
cn, +sncrennnancrcn e pennsnm n cercm
apnanrax, nracn n p
6
. npasne nnennn y-
mannsma nne XX- crernx cnpxaercx renen-
nne cnnresnpannx ymanncrnuecnx nsnnn, cx-
ennx nx r pacnsma, +rnnenrpnsma n np. ranenne
atn ymannsma cxsan c ce ee mnpnm
pacnpcrpanennem ynnepcatntx, meueeuecnx
nenncre, es rptx ueeuecr npcr ne txner.
a cranenne atn ymannsma astaer
nxnne n nexnmcrt csannx ncraccnuec
nar]pmt ecrecrsnannx, rpax nsnr ycrannrt
ncrnnne snauenne +nuecnx cxse x ncrnxennx
ynnn cymncrn ueeuec +nnn. B mempan-
yme nexnmcrn pannsannn exynapn
enrpa n nppamme ax cmnnx, nren-
ntx aaemnm B. asnaueetm, saxen: a nar-
]pme cmnnn npecrnr nsyunrt sanmep-
ncrn +rn-, anrpn- n nrenesa, nennrt pesept s-
ptx nnyxnnn n retn ueea c nsnnn
anrpn+nn
7
. cceanne npnpt ueea ntne
rpeyer ntx nx, e runte nayunte snannx
nnxnct t rene, rec]ne, ncyccrsnannem,
+rn n np.
B +r nne arp ncceyer cxny n nennpx-
y cxst cmnuec, nnuec n cnnatn
ueeuecm nnnne, eaer nntry npanansnp-
art sanmcxst enesnca nuncrn n atn yma-
nnsma. B npeaaemm ncceannn a arpcm pac-
cmrpennn npemt ueea pasnarcx nen, r-
pte ce pemx tn nsxent mnx annarc n
rpc ncceprannxx, marepnaax n]epennn n
cnmnsnym, uacrncrn, cemnpntx cnnnuecnx
npecc: exn (1982), apn (1990) n Fne]et
(1994). annax nnennnx anpnpaact ypcax e-
nn, npunranntx Pcrcm cyapcrennm ynnep-
cnrere, ncrnryre n nepenre n ntmenn a-
n]nannn npenaaree cnnatntx n ymannrapntx
nay npn PI, ee tpare cnccra rpuece
cpyxecr c np]eccpm B. . Hnapntm n -
nenrm B. . annnm, marepnat rptx ncntsa-
nt ann pare. Hpemne nsxenne marepnaa
n ncrana crptx, aryatntx npc apecana
nccearexm, cyapcrenntm exrexm n nnrn-
am, npenaarexm n cryenram, cem, r nnrepecyercx
ntmn nxamn paccmrpennn cpemenntx npem
nuncrn.-
I a a 1
TP nnxrnx
nuncrn
, . !"
##$ %$ & !"
' !. ( !
)* +!,. ( ##$
%$ & ' !. ! %$
* %"*. !+""
+ ! '! !+$ .
B 1994 . na XVIII Bcemnpnm cnnnuecm n-
pecce (Fne]et, Iepmannx) paccmarpnanct pasnu-
nte acnert ueeuec trnx n mecr ueea c-
pemennm mnpe
1
. B nenrpe nnmannx yuentx asanct
rane ]ynamenratnte npeeennx npnpt ueea
(n e cymncrn), a uee, nnnn, nuncrt,
mecr, ca, rercrenncrt, x,
crpax cecrt n p. ecmrpx na mnpasne n-
x +rnm nnxrnxm, yuacrnnn cnnnuec n-
pecca npnmn mnenn, ur ueeuecry nyxnt ceuac
ncceannx, rpte tn t cnant na enncre nc-
rnnt n npacrenncrn, nsnannx n rercrenncrn, -
meueeuecnx nrpencre n nnnnyatn ct.
npecc rmern raxe, ur nacrxmee pemx aryan-
snpan net cnerp apnnatntx npc: ur rae
uee?, aa npnpa ueea?, B uem cymncrt
ueea?, ur snaunr ueeuecax nnnnyat-
ncrt?, ur ceyer nnnmart n nuncrt?, r ue
sancnr cmtc n nenncrt ueeuec xnsnn?.
a nprxxennn rtcxueern ncrpnn pennsn n
]nc]c mtcn nanen mnxecr pasnuntx
ne, nnennn n nnres rncnretn nseuntx np-
c ueeuec cymecrannx. B npencnn anr-
nn uee: tcnren npm n nacrxme e
xnsnn, cmeprn n eccmeprnn. penn mnp +nxa Hp-
cemennx H. . Iypenu n . T. up nnmyr: ue-
e ynnatne rpenne Bceenn. n nensxcnnm,
saauen. n cpemennax naya, nn ]nc]nx, nn pe-
nnx ne myr nn mepe txnrt rany ueea.
a ]nc]t pxr npnpe nn cymncrn ue-
ea, r peut ner ne crt nuaretnm pacpt-
rnn +rnx nnxrn, nx cepxannn, ct crpemennn
yrunnrt pt nasanntx acrpann ]nc]cm pas-
mtmennn ueee
2
11
xrx nnxrnx npnpa ueea n cymncrt ue-
ea sauacry ncntsyrcx a cnnnnmt, mexy nn-
mn nmeercx crarun rne pasnune. Hnxrne npn-
pa ueea ]ncnpyer mne, nnapnanrnte ueprt,
npncymne Homo sapiens a py n nesancnmte r n-
nuec +nnn n ncrpnuec npnecca. B pxe
par nasan, ur npnpa ueea ecrt enncr n
sanmecrne npxa n xaca
3
. Bmecre c rem y ue-
ea nmeercx cnne auecr (pasymncrt, cncncrt
mecrennmy rpyy, yuacrn cxntx ]pmax c-
nnatn xnsnn, csann mnpa ytrypt), txenne
rp nsxer pnrt ncrnxennn e cymncrn.
Btuenenne xpa ueea, teenne r nn nn a-
uecra a cnn, npnnnnnnatn, r. e. nperne
nnnmanne cymncrn name , sancnr r mnps-
spenuec n mernuec ycran. eynnret-
n, ur ncrpnn ueeuec mtcn mt crpeuaemcx n
c renenrpnsmm (ytr a), n anrpnnenrpnsmm
(ytr ueea), n npnpnenrpnsmm, n cnnnenrpns-
mm nx pasnuntx epcnxx.
Hpecraxer nnrepec txcnenne cmtca nnxrn ue-
e, nnnn n nuncrt. Bet mnne mtcnren
n yuente ne cea npxr mexy nnmn pasnunx, ur
nne npaan npn anx-n uacrntx pemennxx, n
nenycrnm npn paccmrpennn ]ynamenratntx np-
em ueeuec +sncrennnn. Ta, nn n menn
ne cea pamar nnmanne na cnnatnte xaparepn-
crnn. Iymannrapnn xe ynycar ns ny, ur ytryp-
nte cenncrn ueea cnant na nepnnue-
cnx mexannsmax ueeuec rea. nncr yxn
n ]nsnuec crpn ueea mxer cnpnnnmartcx a
rpnnatncrt ce uenncrn, na n, nmenn
cny ce uenncrn, nepe nenennaercx pxe
cpemenntx nnennn xnsnenn cpet ueea. B r-
nmennn pasnrnx rexnnuec nnnnsannn ne eaercx
nexnmtx t ns r crxretcra, ur ue-
e, pasnax c ytrypy, ne nepecraer trt npecra-
nreem na Homo sapiens, rpt cxsan c ce cpe-
npnpntmn n mecrenntmn cxsxmn a +rnn-
uecnmn, +nmnuecnmn, ra n nnuecnmn,
]nsnuecnmn, cmnuecnmn.
B +r cxsn ymecrna yer ccta na pary B. .
Hnapna Bpemx n ytrypa, sauennn rp
pnrcx: uee a npyr nretn nnue-
c +nnn, cnpnsxme nn]pmannnnm ac-
12
nere +nn name Bceenn nce Ftm spt-
a, rpaxaer cee sanpannm ne ncea-
retncrt ncrpnn name cmca... rmy xe nex-
nm yunrtart, ur uee xxercx npemenn n
npyrm cnnatn +nnn
4
. secrnte nccea-
ren B. H. asnauee n . . nnpnn pemenyr m-
necne nsyuenne Homo sapiens
5
, nnpaxct na npecra-
enne ueee a necrnm cmnanerapnm xe-
nnn. Hpn ram nxe crannrcx xcn, ur reuenne
nretn pemenn +nnn ]pmnpanne nnue-
cnx uepr ueea npncxn sanmecrnn c
ytryp, a +rnnuecnx, pennsntx n nntx tuae
c npnpn cpe.
nnatne ne nprncrnr ]nsnuecmy, cmnue-
cmy n nnuecmy, n r pxennx uee nmeer
reecny pannsann, rpax cepxnr cee smx-
ncrn ee ynnepcatn cnnatn-exretn pasn-
rnx. Hcty npnpa ueea nnapnanrna, r me-
cr ne mxer ]pmnpart axm nennn n ax-
m ueee san ueeuecy npnpy. n
tmnaer n ane (uee a cxarax Bceennax) c-
nnatnt ysp (nuncrt, rpax npecraxer c
mnpcm cnnyma) sancnmcrn r napa nenncre.
uee, npexe ce, nacrnune cymecr, necy-
mee cee cet cm]nsnuec, nenernuec n
cnnytrypn +nnn.
a npan, nnxrne nnnn snauaer uee-
a ennnun npecranrex na Homo sapiens.
Hnxrn, ur cenncrn peatn xnsnn n exretncrn
r nn nn npern ueea ne uarcx c-
epxanne +r nnxrnx
6
. eyer rmernrt, ur nrepa-
rype ner nsnaun crnmennx mexy nnxrnxmn
nuncrt n nnnnyatncrt. 3r ycen cnenn-
]nuncrt r saaun, rpy pemaer axt ncce-
aret. x nnx (R. aepmac) nnxrnx nuncrt n
nnnnyatncrt rxecrennt, x pynx (H. Pnep)
nuncrt nnnnyatncrt c pa
7
, x rpertnx
(. Farnn) nnnnyatncrt ecrt npeeennax crenent
pasnrnx nuncrn. am nxe pnepcax rpara, npn
rp nnnnyatncrt tcrynaer npeapnretntm
ycnem pasannx nuncrn. Ta nx, crarn
samernrt, nsxer npeert epnnenrpncrce
npecraenne nepcnancrc rpannnn n naart,
ur npecraenne nuncrn, a arnmnm pa-
sannn, cymecra pencrn raxe n na Bcre.
13
nuncrt +r cnnatnax cncrema, cepxanne na-
me npecraxer c: cycrannn name ,
rpax cyrt ne rt name re n e nrpencrn, n
n mnp ncrxnn pacmnpxmnxcx xe xnsnn cnnat-
ntx rnmenn
8
. nuncrt ecrt cncrema cnnatn n-
eennx n exretncrn, pnenrnpann na cymecry-
mn annm mecre nap marepnatntx n yxntx
nenncre. B ncrpnn ]nc]nn n ncnxnn nanen
ccatnt marepna cncremn pannsannn nun
. B mennm ne nuncrt tcrynaer a sa-
nmecrne pxa ceymnx axntx ]enmen: 1) re-
ecne ; 2) camnenrnuncrt; 3) nnrennnnatncrt
(nanpaenncrt); 4) nuncrnax nnrepnpnsannx nemnnx
rnmenn; 5) pas ; 6) uycr nennnenncrn;
7) cecrt; 8) epa; 9) crpax
9
. 3a nnmn naxnrcx cx c-
mnncnxcnnytrypnax +nnx.
axnemnm crpyrypam nuncrn rncxrcx namxrt,
ytrypa n exretncrt, aapx rptm npncxnr
]pmnpanne (enesnc) nuncrn r nn nn cnn-
ytrypn cncreme.
crpnx ueeuec mtcn cneretcryer rm,
ur npema ueea, e nuncrn cymecrannx,
e nenncrntx pnenrannn, npm neennx, e rnme-
nnx cemte, py, cyapcry yxe pencrn sannmaa
ymt e. Bcnmnnm, ur +nxy ytrypn nepema,
npnsmeme cepennt nep rtcxueernx
n. +. epasncnx nnnnsannxx, nxxercx nnxrne
nuncrn. acn npecraennxm, tparanntm -
n ns crapemnx nnnnsann mnpa nrac, cam
uee nxxercx nce eennx nsnauatn +]npa
(nn) na nt n n, cer n rtmy. menn uee xen
npeert +ry pacrcrt mnpa na remne n cere,
xence n myxce, naccnne n arnne, mxe n rep-
e, n n nxenne, n nnrepnpyer nx cee. e,
3emx n ueeuecr (ne ceyer satart, ur acne-
ramn ueea xxrcx ueeuecr n nnnn) mecre
pasyr eny Tpnay, nx retnte mnpt ccrax-
r c rtmy eme. am uee sannmaer cpennne
nxenne mnpe, tcrynaer ncpennm mexy em
n 3eme. acn penenracnm npecraennxm,
mex em n 3eme uee panennee ce
10
, n
n xxercx npencennm senm campasnrnn mnpa.
uee rnt ne cnnn Bceenn, n ne mxer
nrart e c , n xen ceart ee +-
nnn; rca snamennrt npnnnnn neexnnx n uycr
14
rercrenncrn sa cn ecrnx na tcmem, cmnue-
cm ypne.
B cere +r ne ccem epnt yrepxennx, ur
nem uee crun ytrype +r nmt marepna,
rpt cecryer npnmenn tcmnm, nenu-
ncrntm nenncrxm, ur acrt nnnmaercx a es-
punax nenncrt, a nanee nne tpaxenne ra-
nt trnx, ur cruntx ecnrnxx nnnn me
ne paccmarpnaercx a nenncrt
11
. Bepn, ur rm xe
nrae nsana cxnact na ns camtx pasnrtx cy-
apcrenntx mamnn ncrpnn ueeuecra. na
nmenn nra aer nam npnmep nanee nretn
ccymecrannx ueea n cyapcrenn mamnnt
pamax nenpeptn ytrypn rpannnn
12
. Hepe namn
npecraer tn anyunt apnanr ccyme-
crannx nuncrn n cyapcrenn mamnnt, ur m-
xer trt crpeanntm nacrxmee pemx, a mtc-
nren npeynpexar nacncrn pacueeunannx
mecra, smxncrn cymecrannx esn-
crn
13
n ntr neepnec uacrn ueeuecra yuecrt
sect t t nenmnnm.
cceannx reuecrenntx cnn nastar,
ur uee a nuncrt, a cymecr ne rt n-
nuece, n n cnnatne nnrepeca nracnx mtc-
nree na nprxxennn mnnx e, naunnax c n]y-
nnx
14
. B n]ynnancre n nuncrt nnnmaact
nnnnyatncrt, pnenrnpannax na nnrnuecy e-
xretncrt, r. e. cncnax cyapcrennmy ynpae-
nn, mymax tnrt mnp ns xaca, ncrxnn ynpx-
unart Hneecny. menn n]ynnancn pas-
annax nnreeryatnax +nra cymea snaunretn
crenenn nepcnn]nnnpart cyapcrenny mamnny.
Hcenxx.]ynnnnnpaa- crercrnn c acnm,
ur acrt na cex ee ypnxx ecrt ne ur nne, a pac-
npcrpanenne ne nepcnatntx crnncr nun-
crn
15
. 3r cnccra pannuec cxsn mexy
acrt n +rn n ne aa smxncrn cyapcren-
n cncreme naxrt nuncrt n]ynnanna. cn xe
+r nuncrn t neyrn na cyapcrenn cyxe,
r na ma cranrt ee, npetax nnreeryatn
arnncrn pamax acnsma nn ynsma, rpte
a ]enmen nenuec npansma cepmenn
nensecrnt epnec ytrype.
B nrac ytrype acnsm sannmaer snaunretne
mecr. B nem Fa-rpna samenxer nse my a
15
(nyrt, san), uepne etrne, rpxmee mnp, Hycrra.
a npecraxer c neur eune, nensmenne n ne-
cnpnnnmaeme panamn uycr naua ce rtmt e-
me. a ce npxamee etrne, n ce spa-
maercx cnm ncram (xertm ncrunnam); ana-
nun n uee spamaercx etrne, npnuem xnsnt
rparyercx a cn. menn acnsm crnmynpa n-
ncn nnnnyatn eccmeprnx, cuerax nx atne-
mem c nee pa nn nenpnunnennx sa nnuemy xnmy.
B pennx recrax a-+-nsnn (nna Hyrn n p-
eren) pnrcx npncymem nrany uycre csna-
nnx cex nuncrt: nn ne nxx na pynx n nnra-
ct r arepn
16
. Bce +r nsxer saunrt, ur yt-
rypnte rpannnn atne Bcra, n npexe ce
nracne, cepxar cee nnennnn nuncrn. xrx
cnx np nnncrt ne myr run yasart na nep-
n], aearn nepeamn nnxrne nuncrn, cam n
cymecra c penemnx pemen.
epasnax nnennnx ueea tparana nn-
nc ytrype, ne uent menxmecx na nprxxennn
rtcxueern. e cyrt ccrnr ceymem: uee x-
xercx yxntm cymecrm, rpe npecraxer c
pesytrar +manannn Fa
17
. 3ra nnennnx ueea uer
c]pmynpana nsecrnm nnncm pennsn-
]nc]cm reuennn eanre. acn eanre, ce -
xn paccmarpnartcx a npxenne cymncrn Fa, a
uee tcrynaer tcmnm tpaxennem xecrenn
cyrn, r. e. a acr.
Tt net nsnannx, Tt euncrt eccmeprtx,
Tt tcuamax mnpa nret!
Tt eun xapmt xpannret nerennt!
Tt euncymn nypyma! ra rparyer +r n-
nxrne Fxaaanra, xxmaxcx cn nnynsma
(11.18).
nnce mtmenne, nenrn]nnnpyx ueea c F-
m, eaer e pantm Fy. B ne pannuecn nncana
nex nepeceennn ym. ecrnretn, nnncy ep-
cn ueea npeexr uertpe cnntx arepnn:
xapma a nap npm n npan; apma a npenpe-
eenne, cyta; max nsnx peatn trnx n npn-
unnncrn; arman nuncrt, n ne a nnnnyatne
n retne , a a uacrt cmnuec pasyma nn
yxn acra. pxennt maenen, paccmar-
pnaemt a pesytrar npetymnx xnsne (yma ne-
pecexercx ns n rea pye), yxe nmeer npee-
16
enne n ueprt xaparepa, rpte nce e cmeprn
rpanc]pmnpyrcx yymne xnsnn. B +rm cyrt mt
mnxecrenncrn xnsne ueea, sauenntx -
nm cmnuecm
18
. Bcx exretncrt ueea npe-
npeeena npacrenntm sanm xapmt, rpt
npennctaer crpe cenne +rnuecnx npan n-
eennx, ycranenntx crercrnn c acrtm ee-
nnem e mecre.
ex ueeuec nuncrn nnnc nnnnsannn
snnaer ynsme, nepn ueea, a nnn-
manne nyrpenne apmnnn n npeeenn ncnxnuec-
ccrxnnx ueea crannrcx um paccmrpe-
nn ueeuec ct
19
. e ccem run yrepxe-
nne, ur ynsme, cyx n cemy, ner ccrenn
anrpnnuec remt. B nem aencryer esnunt
mnp npnecc xnsnn, rpt nprncrnr crpacrxm
n crnxnntm nptam e, naatax na nnx cn
epxante t. nuncrt c ee cnnranntm nyrpennnm
cam, camnpnstntmn ycrpemennxmn a t t-
naaer ns ne
20
. Bmecre c rem, ynsm npnnstaer
t xm, n necer ne +rnuec apcra
n yxn pacpenmenncrn.
anee yenretn uenne Fyt nsxen
]ynamenratnm rpye amt Innt Hcnxnx
panne ynsma, cacn rpmy uee ncce-
annn mnpa crnaer npee n rptaer cam ce-
x, csnaax ccrenny nnnnyatncrt. yrt-y-
nc sspennx ]pmynpyercx ra: e cymecryer
nnue ncrxnn; n mecr mnpa, sannenn mepr-
tmn emamn, cymecryer xn cmc, rpt nax-
nr ce nne csnannn ax nnnnyyma n c
]yc axm arme... mt napyxnaem npncyrcr-
ne nyrpn.nac camnx euncrn n nnrt, rpte ne-
crynnt nam rex np, na nmem nx ]anracmapnn
nemne mnpa nn retn maent +. Tr, r
crynaer na Hyrt Fyt, xen rpcnrt te mtcn
n me. +r rpactanne ne enxer nac, a
nanprn, amaer, n rpactaem n paspymaem mt
crent name saruennx, perax samen tcmy c-
y, rpy ne ceyer nnnmart npcr a pacrpenne
nem nn a uycr nenrnuncrn c pynmn, n a
cnpnxrne ecuncenntx n ecneuntx sanmrnme-
nn, crercrnn c rptmn axt nnnnyym, n
cyrn, cxsan c cem, ur ecrt, memax, ranm pasm,
cem csnannn cex xntx cymecr, npnnnmax yuacrne
17
nx cpennm nepexnannn, pasexx nx crpaanne n
pacrt
21
. xn casart, ur ynsm npecraxer c-
ncnxcmnuece yuenne, e ueeuecax nuncrt
ecrt ne npcr nensmennax camcrt, a nnamnunax cym-
ncrt, cxsannax ecneuntmn sanmrnmennxmn c
cem mnpe.
cn sspennxx pennx nrane n nnnne -
mnnnpa cmnenrpnuecn nx npeme ue-
euec nuncrn, r ]nc]cnx n cnnatn-nnrn-
uecnx yuennxx pennx pe n pnmxn cean nept
ma reennx ueea r cmca. nrepecn, ur e-
cnne pennx pe ne t ca, crercryme
nnxrn nuncrt, n y nnx nmenct nasannx x r,
ur mt mxem snaunrt a pasnunte mnnenrt
nuncrn nn . Hpexe ce, nepe namn c
ncnx+ txanne xnsnn, nnamee ueea m-
menr cmeprn (r +r ca npnsme repmnn ncnx-
nx). 3r ncnx+ mxn nnrepnpernpart a xnsnen-
nt npnnnnn, rexmn xne r nexn. pynm
mnnenrm nuncrn tcrynaer rnmc mrna-
nnnnt npnnnnn, examn cne a ecrnx, ra
n uycrannx; name c +mnnx raxe ]ncnpyer
rr mmenr, a neenne ecrt pesytrar mrnannn.
nanen, cymecra c nyc, snauamee ncn-
xnuecn pan x xcn cnpnxrnx ncrnnt. Tanm -
pasm, nmenct snauennx x mnnenr , n ne
t nexnm repmnna.
Hnxrne nun rercrenncrn n xcnenne nee-
nnx ueea nmenn nyrpennnmn npnunnamn, csnanne
ce , ce mecra mnpe nxnct npnmepn
V . n. +. rpyax peuecnx pamaryp. Ta, rpa-
enn 3cxna Hpnannt Hpmere pase Hpme-
rex cneact pe crnncr ueea. py
snamennrt pamaryp anrnun mnpa, ], nnn-
ma na nteecra trnx ueea a npepasarex
npnpt. B npnecce peatn sanmecrnx nnnn-
npn cennn npnpt snnaer rnmenne cam-
my cee, ar csnannx cam cex, ar camcsnannx
, rpt ncecrnn eapr n unxre cunran ca-
m xaparepn uepr nuncrn.
ex nuncrn cxnact rt +nxy +nnnsma
pesytrare cment cmnuecnx rem anrpnnue-
cnmn cxeramn. Pemamy pt sect ctpa par.
n tnny npnnnnn: camnsnanne xxercx ane-
me n enncrenn net ]nc]nn. Br nuemy c-
18
pemenn sanan nreparype e nastar pna-
uatnnm ]nc]nn ueea (ee nepnauatn ep-
cnn). par cunra pasym ynnatntm ccrm ue-
ea, rpm n ceyer ncart mepy ce ueeuec.
emncrpnpyx ee mnpn nx, Hprap
texer ne rt cncncrt mtmenn, n n c
ueeuecy cyernncrt. Ta a uee +r
npernt nnnn, r te snannx, te nenncrn,
te sant n tuan ncxr rncnretnt xaparep.
B ]nc]nn pncrrex ennent e renennnn
anrpnnn: pennsn-+rnuecax (uee n npnpa
pasennent) n cmnuecn-narypancrnuecax (ue-
e nepasptn cxsan c cem mnpm). menn pn-
crret nuepny mecrenn-nnrnuecy cymncrt
ueea; npn +rm n ncxn ns r, ur smxn n
nexnm cepmencranne ueea, n ne penne
nsmenenne e npnpt n nasnauennx. B nem ceyer
nmert ny, ur nenrpe ce peuec ytrypt na-
xncx uee a reecn-yxne cymecr, ur np-
ema ueea paccmarpnaact pamax pannnans-
ma, nnnuec nnennnn npnpntx n cnnatntx np-
necc.
B atnemem peuecax pannnancrnuecax rpan-
nnx npnma crnenne c xpncrnanc nppannnat-
n-pennsn ep
22
. Hnxrn, nuemy na nprxxennn
nurn ce +nxn epnec cpeneetx rcyrcr-
aa nnennnx nnnnyatncrn a axn ema
ncceannx nn paccmrpennx. exnm rmernrt,
ur cpenne ea nxnnct npecraennx pmanrn-
uec n, nnnnyatn n n (xrx n-
cenee pemx napyxen, ur ]enmen pmanrnuec
n nsecren cem mecram n +nxam, xrx n ne
cea t ]ncnpan nnxrnn ]pme). ee cua-
crt, sect ne ctpaa c pt pnparnnax npnpa
cpenee epnec mecra x ee cymecr-
annx crarun t rnmenn uycrymnx nnn-
n, a ne ycranenn craryca nuncrn. B Tpncra-
ne n ste, n ns camtx pmanrnuecnx ntx
ncrpn, paccasanntx Ir]pnm ]n rpacypm,
pacun nncan yxne n reecne ennenne myxunnt
n xenmnnt.
nnennnx nnnnyatncrn snna ce-ran
cpenne ea, n na ne ta y ypenena mtm-
ennn r pemenn, ur ceyer ns nenarnc,
nmeme e c ynnepcanxmn, pasa mtmennx. x
19
cpenee pannnansma ne nmea nna snaue-
nnx ynnatncrt ax nnnna, n craryc nuncrn
a nmneparpa, nant, px nn cmepa t pas
axnee, uem craryc nnnnyatn cymecrannx ue-
ea. peneeax -./-/012 ncnxnx t-
paxaer nmenn ra nx: ]nc]-ncnx nnrepe-
cacx uycrnretncrt ymn, e, paxennem,
nnreerm, n npn +rm ce ne sannmacx nnnny-
atntmn pasnunxmn e ncnxnuecm nane.
Tanm pasm, mt ne mxem ycmrpert, nuepn-
aer amepnancn ncnx T. n+, pxenne n-
nennnn nnnnyatncrn aaemnuec ]nc]nn
nn renn, a ceyer nert ee snnnenne cpee
napn ytrype n pennn, a nastaer ...ncce-
anne n
23
. ecrnretn, nnxrne nnnnyat-
ncrn nyuaer mnpe pacnpcrpanenne mnnx c]e-
pax pas nsxe, +nxy ra nastaemtx Btcmnx
cpennx e, a nnmyrcx npa]nn n arnpa-
]nn, nprpert tpaxar nnnnyatncrt, yexercx
nnmanne pyxe. crecrenn, n nreparypa craa t-
me sannmartcx nnnnyatncrt mtce n uycr ue-
ea, nexen nemnnm nsxennem ecrnx.
Tt yx c]epax tcme, aaemnuec ytry-
pt nnennnx nnnnyatncrn sannmaer n-nacrxmemy
crne mecr +rne n mncrnnnsme, xrx n sect
naua pennrcx rme napn ytrypt. XII .
pexne neenne ueea ne cnpnnnmaercx a ne-
ur nune, na, naunnax c XII crernx, ytrype
yxe npnnnmaercx nnmanne nuncrne namepenne
cyxennn pexn naennx. 3rr nx t uer
c]pmynpan H. expm (10791142 .) nra-
pncrc +rne c ee cnntm ensm sna cex. B r-
nune r pynx cpeneetx mtcnree H. exp
cunra, ur pex n cymecry xxercx npemerm nnren-
nnn (namepennx), a ne ecrnx. am ecrne netsx pac-
cmarpnart a pexne nn peretne, mnune
nn npantne, ratm tcrynaer nnrennnx, rpax
crnr sa ecrnem. Hnxrn, ur namepennx ncxr cyy
nuncrnt xaparep, n+rmy aexpcax +rna cn-
ccraa csnann nnnnyatncrn ueea. ur
acaercx mncrnnnsma, r nem nuepnaercx nnnny-
atne, nuncrne rnmenne aenra Fy, a cyme-
crxercx npxme, nencpecrenne menne ueea c
Fm. +r snaunr, ur nyrt Fy exnr mncrnuecm
csepnannn Fa, a ne cepmennn pnryatntx ecrn.
20
a cmeny +nxe cpeneetx npnme Peneccanc, -
rpt nnra cex ymanncrnuece cepxanne npe-
mecryme nepna n nxn naua camcsnann
cpemenn nnnnsannn. Peneccanc, Bspxenne,
npecraxer c nepex r rpannnnn, apapn
mecra pcmy mecry c e nnamnun yt-
ryp. uynamenratntm sect xxercx anrpnnenr-
pnsm a crpyryppasymn npnnnnn n mat
nenncre. n n ecrt rr manuecn pncra, rpt
rptaer ynnny cyrt ce cynncrn ]enmen,
cxstaemtx c peneccancn ytryp. menn pamax
+r ytrypt npnsm rptrne mnpa n ueea, n-
nnmaemtx npnnnnnnatn n-nmy cpanennn c +n-
x cpeneetx. Hepemena asaact nncrnne npa-
snretn mecr crt xaparepn x prcnn
xpncrnancra ncrxnn sart epyme mnpe eu-
nm, n nrycrpnnem mnpsspennn ymanncr na
nepm nane asact crpemenne ueea semn,
npnxnsnenn n ncmeprn cae. Hpn ]pmatnm c-
xpanennn rpannnnn xpncrnanc nnrepnperannn mn-
pa nenrpe mnpsannx ncrnnn rpuecnm nauam t-
rnx astaercx uee, a ne F. B +r samene rpa-
nnnnn renenrpnsma anrpnnenrpnsmm cmnct n
nepecenct ce nnnn ymanncrnuec yuennx ue-
ee.
rmernm nprnpeuncrt peneccancn ymannsma.
n crpnt, nnnnyansm recn cxsan c +nsmm
n +rn +nnypensma (sect samernm cax, ur n
mnenn pxa nccearee, nmenn annt nnnny-
ansm nre ncyxn cn yyme ]amnsma).
py, ymanncrnuec ]nc]nn +nxn Bspxe-
nnx nnnnyansm n npnet nacaxennx xnsnt c-
ueranct c npecraennem ueee a cymecre, r
npnpt naeennm cnncrt py n n,
ycranenn tcnpacrenntx rnmenn mexy
tmn
24
. B +r cxsn ceyer yasart na rpn cnenn-
]nuecne ueprt peneccancn ymannsma: 1) peann-
rannx npnpt, a mecre c ne n uepes nee npnpt
cam ueea, ur nre npne xecrenn
npnpt n npnsnann ueea apmnnuecnm enncr-
m reecn n yxn naua; 2) tnxenne na nep-
t nan nun n exretn cnannx arepn
crnncr n peret; 3) nrnmncrnune mnp-
cnpnxrne, rpeanne nnrt xnsnn, apmnnn pasyma
n crpacre cemn uycramn cemn cncncrxmn.
21
a t nprnec crernxmn +r syuame-
my mrny xanx ycnxx ueeuec cymecr-
annx, npespennn mnpy ymanncrt nacrun n-
uepnan npxm nprnnxny ne pacre n
apmnnn mnpa, crnncre ueea, ne pm n c-
cnm, a cyy nunm, pan axncrn ax
nnnnyatn cymecrannx. B pasepnyrm ne na
yxe npecraena rparare ]penrnc ymanncra
xannn anern crnncre n npecxcre ue-
ea (cepenna XV .) n c +rnx np crannrcx ns-
enn rem ymanncrnuec nreparypt. ymecrenn
n r, ur nmenn +nxy Peneccanca ta tparana
nex espannunm mymecre ueea, e nepa-
nnuenntx smxncrxx. Iymannsm xxercx nnm ns
uetx nxenn epnec ytrypt; n cneret-
cryer smxncrxx pasnrnx rpuecnx cn ueea
npn cxpanennn e nuncrn, nnnmaem a camcrx-
retnt ancamt mecrenntx rnmenn, nmen-
nt nnuecm marepnae.
3a +nx Peneccanca nacrynn e enne, xapa-
repnsymncx netnenntm serm ]nc]c
mtcn (eapr, Hacat, nnnsa, ennn n p.), pac-
nerm nreparypt crne ap n accnnnsma
(atep, pnet, Pacnn, tep n p.), ecrxme
xnnnct (Tten, Pyenc, . an e n p.), ta-,
mecx myst (nreepn, n, Hepce, pen
n p.). Hepe namn e pasyma, naceamn r Pe-
neccanca yx tnymcra n +nnypecy +rny. 3ra
cnnatnax +nxa ectma neycruna, ce ne mar n
rpanun. Hpema ueeuec trnx nyuna n-
y anenrnpy, n nsmennact aprnna mnpa, -
rp uee nrepx craryc enna rpennx n napx
npnpt. e pemx nnun c npexnnm npecra-
ennem pannuennm, crarnunm n apmnnunm c-
mce, apanrnpamem +sncrennn ueea. Bsnn
pas ecneun, nprnpeun n nnamnun Bce-
enn, e nnnn sarepxn, cn arm, a e xnsnt
nna renn, npmetnyme na mnenne n ncuesny-
me nacea (Hacat). e cyuan Hacat yn-
xer ueea mtcxmemy rpcrnny n ca npe
pma mnpa, n cnm pasymm npecxnr e.
B rnune r +nxn Peneccanca, a pas nnnna
pncacx certm n pacrntm, uee cnpnnnmaer-
cx napacatn n cueraer ec enunx n cepcrt
nnurxecra. Bepn rmeuaercx, ur npecranren t-
22
c ap tparan cncremy cnennatntx, n-
p +srnuecnx, cpecr (+]]ernte nnept, p-
rec, nexnannte mera]pt n np.) x nspaxennx an-
rnnmnun ueea, rpansma xnsnn, ncnxnn crpa-
ann
25
. B nem astaercx, ur ]nc]nx cepna,
nsxennax Hacaem e tcxx, nnxercx ]n-
c]ne pasyma eapra, a t saepmax ]nc]-
cn anma]r ueeuec cymecrannx.
atnemee cmtcenne npema ueea nyuna
rpyax anncnx n ]pannyscnx marepnancr n yue-
nnxx npecranree XVIXVII ., nepy uepet
u. F+n, T. Ic n x. , tcrynnn nprn xpn-
crnanc sspennx na ueea n tnnyn crarun
cnannt na ypne ramnnx snann resnc ma-
repnatn, reecn npnpe ueeuec cymecra-
nnx. H nx mnenn, nsnanne pnenrnpan na
ycepmencranne ueeuec xnsnn, npnuem uee
npecraer yxe ne npcr a retnax nuncrt, n n
a exretnt uen mecra. na ceyer yunrt-
art, ur rr xe Ic rpara mecr mexannuecn
(mecr +r nanrcn mexannsm), uee paccmar-
pnacx nm ne +emenrapn uacrnnt cnnatn cn-
cremt. nne ]nc]t ra nacranan na nxe-
nnn, cacn rpmy uee mxer pecrn acrt
na npnp rt aapx pasnrn nayun sna-
nnx. B xp rueanenn ]pme n nmeercx y u. F+na:
uee +r npexe ce cya n ncraret npn-
pt
26
, cncnt crart xsxnnm ce xnsnn.
t +ran pasnrnn ]nc]c mtcn ]pan-
nyscn marepnansm XVIII . npecranren (Iet-
ennn, Itax, np, amerpn n p.) ncxnn ns sna-
unmcrn cnnatntx ycn ]pmnpannn nuncrn,
pacmnpxx rem camtm pamn ncceannx npemt ue-
ea. ecmrpx na px cpaxenn rncnretn xa-
parepa sanmcxse mexy nuncrt n mecrm, nn-
nnm n ytryp, rpte aryatnt cnx np, x
nnx xaparepen mexanncrnuecn nx npeme ue-
ea. crarun rnnnuna +rm cmtce nsnnnx a-
merpn, yrepxame ce pare uee-mamnna
ceymee: uee nacrt cxnax mamnna, ur
cepmenn nesmxn ccranrt cee ne xpe npe-
craenne, a sarem art rune npeeenne
27
. nue
ne menxer npnnnnne n yrepxenne, ur uee xx-
ercx uacrt npnpt, n n ncenxx nnnmaact mexa-
nncrnuecn (Ietennn, Itax, Pycc).
23
3naunretnt a paspary npemt ueea
necn eymne npecranren accnuec nemen
]nc]nn, npexe ce anr, Ieet n ueepax. x
pnauatnna accnuec nemen ]nc]nn an-
ra uee +r uacrt npnpt, nmemax marepnatnte
n yxnte auecra. B e yuennn ueee mxn t-
enrt ceymne mmenrt. B-neptx, uee np-
necce nnnnyatn pasnrnx crannrcx nuncrt,
a n naunnaer texrt cex a ( cam ce-
a). B-rptx, nuncrt n uee crncxrcx ra:
1. 3aarn xnrncrn ueea a xn cymecra.
2. 3aarn ueeuncrn e a cymecra xn n me-
cre c rem pasymn. 3. 3aarn e nuncrn a cyme-
cra pasymn n mecre c rem crynn mene-
nn
28
. B-rpertnx, uee nn ns nanee axntx
er nsnannx: net n camnet, r. e. nuncrt nmeer
craryc camnenncrn. B-uereprtx, nnnn aaer
pxenn cnncrt sy, n smxen nppecc
ycranennn pnpxuntx rnmenn mexy t-
mn (snamennrt anrcn arepnuecn nmneparn).
Bnnmanne sect ccperunaercx na npacrenn e-
repmnnannn ueeuec neennx.
Hpem ueea ceptesn sannmacx n Ieet, -
rpt cunra nnnna camruyxennem mnp yxa.
rca trear ceymne nxennx: 1) npacren-
ncrt cnaaer c ceme pasymn e n ccra-
xer pasnunte nt ueeuecnx rnmenn; 2) pasn-
rne nnnnyatn csnannx n camcsnannx npecra-
xer c camyyenne yxa camm cee, ra a
n xen nprn nyrt cnmnnannx yxax, a nn
cymecryr nem camm n a nn cymecrxr pa-
nnsann ce napcra
29
; 3) cemnpnax ncrpnx ecrt
crnxenne nppecca acrn csnannx n perenne
ct nuncrt c]epe camnsnannx. B pesytrare
npema ueea npecraxer c npemy ]en-
mennn camcsnannx, r. e. uee n camcsnanne
cranxrcx pansnauntmn.
Bspaxax Iee, ueepax paccmarpnaer ueea
a ncnx]nsnnuece cymecr. m pasparan an-
rpnnuecn npnnnnn ]nc]nn uee xxer-
cx uacrt npnpt, naeenn marepnatntmn n yx-
ntmn auecramn. Huepnax cnenn]nuecne ccra
ueea, n yrepxa: B e, mtmennn n uycre
sauaercx tcmax, acrnax cymncrt ueea a
ra n net e cymecrannx
30
. B ]eepaxc
24
]nc]nn nnmanne anenrnpyercx na rm, ur ne F
crpn ueea, a uee csa Fa; et xecr-
ennt pas ecrt npennx ueeuec yxa, ruyx-
enne ueeuec npnpt. cn Ieet paccmarpn-
a npenmymecrenn ueeuecn yx, r ueepax y-
euen uycrenn crpn +sncrennnn ueea. Hepe
namn ce pa nax pennx, e uee ueey
F,
B pasnrnn n cranennn npecraenn cecrpn-
nem n apmnnunm pasnrnn nuncrn nemae mecr
npnnaexnr cunnennxm yrnncr-cnnancr: 3-
r nne T. pa, Ipy nna T. amnanet.
Tmac p nnm ns neptx yne npepamenne +cny-
arnpyem uacrn, nennnenn ueea. H+-
rmy n n csa yrnnuecy met smxncrn cy-
mecrannx mecra es +cnyarannn, cna
npenctn, rpte mn t ceart ueea cuacr-
ntm n cecrpnne pasnrtm.
H mnenn T. pa, cn neueeuec cymecr-
annx, rpmsm nuncrn xxercx uacrnax ccren-
ncrt. Hept yrnncr yrepxa, ur ...nn-enncren-
nt nyrt anyun mecra sauaercx -
xennn nmymecrenn paencra, a smxncrt
cnpaen, panmepn pacnpeeennx cpecr n
anyune eax ueea nacrynxr rt c cep-
menntm ynnurxennem uacrn ccrenncrn
31
. annax
met neatn mecrenn ycrpcra uaer
cex ceymne +emenrt: rpy xsareen x cex,
aa pacnpeexrcx n nrpencrxm, rcyrcryer np-
rnnxncrt mexy pm n epene, ner acc,
y paxan mn cn pemenn. menn ncenee
ectma cymecrenn x pacptrnx ueee pasncr-
pnnnx cncncre, x apmnnuec pasnrnx cex
xnree neatn mecra.
Fee mnp tnncan nnxrne cecrpnne pasnr
nuncrn y T. amnanet. cny cecrpnne pasnr
nuncrn n ne pacmnpennn snann mnpe, +rmy
xna trt nanpaena cx ymcrennax exretncrt
ueea. Bcecrpnncrt sauaercx ne rt pac-
mnpennn n pasnrnn snann pyxamem mnpe, n n
ycepmencrannn n nennn nay, a raxe rp-
uecm nxe snannxm, nnnmann nee n saau
snann, ymenn npnmenxrt nx ce nparnuec e-
xretncrn.
B Ipe nna, nnca T. amnanea, r
25
nunrar sa crneme, r nsyun tme ncyccr
n pemece n r ymeer npnmenxrt nx c tmnm snannem
ea. H+rmy nn nsearcx na namn sa r, ur mt
nastaem macrep neapntmn, a apntmn
cunraem rex, r ne snam nn c anm macrepcrm, xn-
er npasn n epxnr mnxecr cy x ce npas-
ncrn n pacnyrcra, rue, a ns mt np, n t-
xnr na nnet cyapcra crt esetnn n
see
32
. ymecrenne npenxrcrne na nyrn nnmy
pacnery ueea, yyumenn mecrenn ycrp-
cra T. amnanea ne uacrn ccrenncrn, -
rpy, a n T. p, cunra camtm tmnm sm ce
pemenn. m nepte tcasana mtct rm, ur a-
nax nrpencrt ueea +r rpy, n+rmy n nspa-
xenne Ipe nna mecr c e ycranenn-
xmn nanee ns ecrecrenn npnpe ueea.
Hnxrne cecrpnne pasnrax nuncrt nyun
ny apymenrann n atnemee pasnrne rpyax c-
nnancr-yrnncr XVIIXVIII . X. ete, -
pen, an, . Inna n p. Pasnrne sx na
cecrpnne pasnry nuncrt cnnancrnuecn-yrnn-
uecnx repnxx nepasptn cxsan c ycnnamnmcx
pnsncm ]eatn-acrncrcnx npx.
X. ete nnm ns neptx samern, ur npn ce crn-
xnncrn yuacrnx e napnm nxennn nerem-
emtm auecrm pasnr ueea xxercx e pe-
nnnncrt. Hpnstax pyxennmy ccrann, n
meura nxennn e, cncntx nnnnyatnmy
repppy, ranx, anmn tn ce pemx Fpyr, accn.
X. ete cunra, ur nmenn c nmmt ranx nuncre
mxn ncrpnrt mecr es uacrn ccrenncrn,
rpm npecraxrcx pante smxncrn x pas-
nrnx cem .xm.
na nea pasnr nuncrn y ete tn
ys n npnmnrnen. crpnuecax pannuenncrt, a ra-
xe crxretcra e xnsnn, rpy n npe y-
nne cetc mecrncrn, ne nsnn emy napncart
yymee mecr, cncne csart smxncrn x
cecrpnne pacptrnx auecr cex nnnnyym.
Pncyx cnnte ueprt mmynncrnuec mecra,
X. ete peamenrnpyer trne e. Hpecraxx y-
ymee mecr ne mnuncenntx npnscrenn-
nrpenretcnx pynn, n cunra, ur ce n xnt
nna eartcx, xnrt nnatx ycnxx n r. .
axt uee xen sannmartcx rem nm rpya,
26
rpt xxercx nexnmtm n xearetntm x -
mecra: xnt ce nna sannmartcx em, r. e.
rpym nn anm-nnyt pynm uacrntm n nesntm
sanxrnem, axt n ce np]eccnn nn cpasn r-
my, ur xxercx ee nexnmtm nn xearetntm,
cpasn crxretcram nn pemenn a n crer-
crenn nrpencrn rex nn nntx npemerax
33
.
X. ete cunra axntm cranennn ueea npa-
ntne cnnranne n yuenne npacrame ne-
nnx. nnae x cex ere pasanne n cepxa-
nne na mecrennt cuer r ur xxercx sam
apmnnuec pasnrnx ueea.
Hnxrne cecrpnne n apmnnuecn pasnrax nu-
ncrt nyun ce atnemee pasnrne rpyax mtc-
nree nna XVIII n nauaa XIX . . en-nmna,
B. uypte n P. y+na. xnsnt, cnt n cpecra r-
an nn ey cxennx ueea r xs ramne
ypxyasn mecra, ce ce exretncrt cnc-
cran cnmy cepmencrann nuncrn. nn-
ancrt-yrnncrt epn nmernn, ur npn cymecry-
mnx npxax y ueea ner smxncrn cn
pasnart cn cncncrn. H+rmy nn nepn
ynnurxame pnrne cpemennte nx pemenn me-
crennte rnmennx.
P. y+n, nanpnmep, nnca, ur cn yxn n ]n-
snuec npamennx nnnnyyma xxercx cymecry-
max npn annransme rpnaa sa: uacrnax ccren-
ncrt, pennx n cymecrymax ]pma paa. n rme-
ua, ur cecrpnne pasnrte nuncrn myr nxnrtcx
nmt yymem mecre cnnatn apmnnn: Hp-
mn pemena, a rpeanct xaparept, nmennte
necrncrn, ane ]pmnpyrcx ntne nn ]pmnpa-
nct npexe n cemn mnpramn n ramn. acrynn
nepn, a ycnexn rpeyr csannx c run spennx
]nsnuec, ymcrenn n npacrenn cecrpnne pas-
nrtx pasymntx myxunn n xenmnn
34
. Hnxrne cecr-
pnne pasnrax nuncrt ranm pasm ne reen r
mecrenn ycrpcra, rpm ]pmnpyercx ap-
mnnuecn uee.
pynm ]arpm, npeexmnm n P. y+ny, ce-
crpnncrt pasnrnx nnnna, xxercx ypent np-
pecca cncreme cnnrannx. Hcenxx npenaaer
cnnranne ce napa. Icyapcr npnsan sxrt
cnnranne cn pyn n nanpaxrt e x pacnera
nnnn nmx nnrepec ce mecra nem. B
27
yuennxx cnnancr-yrnncr cnnranne xxercx
axn mecrenn npem npem cnnat-
n ycrpcra n ]pmnpannx ueea yyme. -
mnnanr yuenn t yrepxenne, ur npn npantnm
apmnnuecm ycrpcre mecra, e nayun pann-
sannn, pasymnm ynpaennn n xpm naaxennm c-
nnrannn mxn csaart ncrnnn ynnepcatntx e.
menn r cepmencra n pasnrnx retn nuncrn
sancnr cepmencr n pasnrne ce mecrenn yc-
rpcra. exx nnmanne pasnrn cnennatntx n np-
]eccnnatntx nat n ymenn, en-nmn nen-
parn rmeua nexnmcrt apmnnn mexy ue-
em n mecrm, cnaennx nnrepec ax
nnnnyyma c mecrenntmn a cnt cecrpnne
pasnrnx nuncrn. urt pasnunte auecra e
pasnanct apmnnun, ce nn xnt nyunrt npa-
crenne cnnranne
35
. anee y nnxrne ce-
crpnne n apmnnuecn pasnrax nuncrt t pac-
ptr rpyax P. y+na n B. uypte, cymemnx nasart
nepasptny cxst mexy cnnrannem n cranennem
ueea yyme. P. y+n rmy xe nnm ns neptx
npnmenn cn nen csannn ntx, pannnatn mtc-
xmnx e na nparne.
3acyxnar nnmannx npecraennx necrn
nuncrn, pasparannte yuennxx pyccnx cnnancr-
yrnncr, nn pennnep-empar. 3ect nea-
m nuncrn tcrynaer uee-pen, rpt c
c +nepn, ect pasym, ce cnt raer na a na-
pa. ex ynnepcatn pasnrm ueee-pne
npxnr uepes ce npnseennx pennnep-em-
par. B. I. Fenncn nreparypntx meurannxx pn-
cyer c nea mnpann ueea, utx cymncrt
npxxercx arnn mecrenn exretncrn,
tcm nnnmannn nasnauennx nnnna: Ipnct, p-
nct, uee, cnm tcnm nasnauennem... rpenct r
cex, nan c +nsm, nnpn namn re ceptcr-
ne x, tmn x cuacrtx pynx, xepry cem x aa
nxne, pnnt, x ntst ueeuecra, n ncrnny
n a ne x napat, n x ncrnnt n aa...
36
.
B. I. Fenncn cunra, ur crart ranm ueem
mxer nmt nnnn, aamn nppeccnntm mnp-
sspennem, aemn mnpntmn snannxmn n ncrxn-
n cepmencrymncx. rnmym camcepmencr-
ann xxercx t ueey. n nuepnaer, ur
cepmenntm nnnnm mxn nasart nmt ra ue-
28
ea, rpt ce exretncrt n ycrpemennxmn
tpaxaer enne saaun ce pemenn.
. . p n . I. uepntmecn raxe npe-
craxn nea ynnepcatn nuncrn a penn-
nn pna. . I. uepntmecn cunra, ur cymncrt
ueea nennaercx e mecrenn snaunmcrt, n
rt ra nnnna mxn cunrart necrn pasn-
rtm, a n nanpaxer c exretncrt na my
ntsy. yume ne pasnartcx ueey, nexen pasn-
artcx es nxnnx mtcn mecrenntx eax, es
nxnnx uycr, nyxaemtx yuacrnem nnx
37
.
. . Iepnen n . I. uepntmecn ncxnn ns n-
nnmannx r, ur pyxamax cpea n ctrnx nem-
ne xnsnn astar pemamee nxnne na crane-
nne nuncrn. earetn, nexnm csart rae
mecr, rpe m t npecranrt nexnmte
ycnx x cecrpnne pasnrnx nnnnyym. -
crnut xe ra mecrenn ycrpcra mxn rt-
pennnntm nyrem, npn nmmn arnntx pe-
nnnep, emnx sa mecrennte nnrepect. H-
+rmy x nnnna rart cn cnt, snannx x
aa runsnt: ...crpnuece snauenne ax pyc-
c en ueea nsmepxercx e sacyamn p-
nne, e ueeuece crnncr cn e nar-
pnrnsma
38
.
. I. uepntmecn n pyne pennnept-em-
part ycrananan yymem mecre nepasptny
cxst mexy nnxrnem cecrpnne pasnrax nuncrt
n mecrenntm rpym a cn cymecrannx ue-
ea. x r, urt ueeuecr cra cntm,
nyxn npexe ce pacpencrnrt rpy. Pyccne yrnn-
crt cxstan nnxrne cecrpnne pasnrax nuncrt
c npacrenntm cepmencrannem ueea. Ta,
. . Iepnen cunra, ur x ueea ner axencra
esnpacrenncrn: npacrenncrn n peren
rt n crnaer n tcme axencra
39
. Hpnmeua-
retn, ur pyccne mtcnren-yrnncrt ne tn npn-
ennamn acernsma nprnec yuennxm, nanpnmep,
pen, an, Fae]a. Fenncn t nprnnnm
sspenn, cacn rptm uee npnsan repart
semnte aa. 3rn nen paxent nnnny, nn rpt-
ar npcr r ecrnretntx nnrepec xnsnn.
Bet cmtc cymecra ueea cecrpnnem ex-
retnm trnn. nuncrt ne mxer trt necrn pasn-
r, ecn yxnte n ]nsnuecne ee nrpencrn pann-
29
unaer acernsm. mecrennax xnsnt cama n cee mn-
panna, rmeuaer . I. uepntmecn, axt uee
cea naer ne ce, uem n ncntrtaer nrpe-
ncrt.
Hpecraennx ueeuec nuncrn, pasparan-
nte yuennxx npecranree accnuec nemen
]nc]nn n yrnnuec cnnansma, nyunn ce
atnemee pasnrne rpyax cnnxnn map-
cnsma-ennnnsma. Hpn xaparepncrne nuncrn ueea
mmynncrnuec mecra . apc, u. 3netc n
B. . ennn uacr ncntsan rane nnxrnx, a ynn-
epcatnax, nnrepatnax, mncrpnnxx, pasn-
crpnnxx nuncrt. 3rn arepnn nnnretn pac-
ptan nnxrne cecrpnne n apmnnuecn pasn-
r nuncrn. na nyxn samernrt, ur npn +rm nn
ne yexn c snauennx cypnnannn nnxrn ne-
crncrt, cecrpnncrt n apmnnuncrt. Tem ne
menee npema necrn nuncrn ta ncraena
mapcnsme c ce npeeenncrt. H mtcn apca:
...uee npncanaer cee c cecrpnn cym-
ncrt cecrpnnnm pasm, cearetn, a necr-
nt uee
40
.
apcncrce yuenne nuncrn nencpecrenn t-
reaer ns marepnancrnuec nnnmannx ncrpnn, ns
npeexme pn mecrenntx rnmenn ]pmn-
pannn ueea. . apc c]pmynpa ernnt
san mecrenn npnscra, rpeymn cecr-
pnne n apmnnuecn pasnrnx ueea. Ta a
pasnrne npnscra ecrt, n ty . apca, me-
crenn-nnnnyatne pasnrne, r mecrennax ncr-
pnx npecraxer c pasnrne cymncrntx cn ue-
ea: ...mecrennax ncrpnx e ecrt cea
nmt ncrpnx nx nnnnyatn pasnrnx
41
.
B atnemem nent paccyxenn npecraer cey-
mnm pasm. nuncrt ncrxnn menxercx, pasnaercx
sancnmcrn r nsmenennx n pasnrnx mecrenn-+-
nmnuec ]pmannn, cnnatn cpet. nn auecra
npnecce xnsneexretncrn nnnna na repxer, py-
ne cepmencryer, rpertn npnperaer. B cny ncrpn-
uec nppecca ueeuecra nuncrt repxer ueprt,
npxennte cnnatntmn ycnxmn, ymemnmn np-
me, n cepmencryrcx n ]pmnpyrcx nte crp-
nt, crercrymne npnmememy nmy mecrennmy
ycrpcry, ntm npnsnretntm cnam, n c-
nnatn cpee.
30
B anranncrnuecm mecre nparnuecm peme-
nnn npemt ]pmnpannx cecrpnne n apmnnue-
cn pasnr nuncrn ne mxer trt n peun. Hpn crpe,
e uee +cnyarnpyercx ueem, e uee r-
uyxen r cam cex, nnnn cymecryer a nrepx-
mn cex, a nmennt ueeuec cymncrn, nnnn-
yatncrn.
annrancrnuecn cnc npnscra c e ]pma-
mn mecrenn paseennx rpya xen trt same-
nen cnnancrnuecnm. x necrn pasnrnx nun-
crn nyxen ra mecrennt crp, rpm cn-
cryer mecrennax ccrenncrt na cpecra
npnscra, e ner +cnyararp n +cnyarnpye-
mtx, rcyrcryr esparnna n nnmera, rpm na-
cea nnuen c ynnsnretn ncpnmnnanne -
m ne (n npnsnaam na, npncxxennx, nann-
natncrn, pact). Tt mecre ra rnna axt
uee, n cam apca, mxer cepmencrartcx
c]epe exretncrn.
mnnanr npxnr nxenne rm, ur npee-
ax mmynncrnuec mecra enncrenn me-
cra, e camtrne n cne pasnrne nnnn ne-
pecraer trt ]pas, +r pasnrne ycnaercx
nmenn cxst nnnn, cxst, sauamecx rua-
crn +nmnuecnx npenctax, ruacrn nexn-
mcrn cnapncrn cn pasnrnx cex n, nanen,
ynnepcatnm xaparepe exretncrn nnnn na
cne nmemnxcx npnsnretntx cn. Peut ner
sect, cearetn, nnnnax na npeeenn nc-
rpnuec crynenn pasnrnx, a rnt ne tx cy-
uantx nnnnax, ne px yxe nensexn mmy-
nncrnuec pennn, rpax cama ecrt mee ycne
nx cn pasnrnx
42
.
atnemax npernsannx n pasnrne nuncrn
npemarnn npnmennretn ntm ncrpnuecnm yc-
nxm, paspara npc sanmrnmennx nuncrn
n mecra, ycn cxennx ueea n e cecr-
pnne pasnrnx pyce mapcncrc ]nc]nn npn-
naexnr B. . ennny. B e rpyax paccmarpnanct
rane npemt, a +nmnuecne n nnrnuecne c-
nt ct nnnna, ncrpnuecax nexnmcrt
]pmnpannx ueea n rnna (npn cnnansme),
ycnx n nyrn e pasnrnx, nxenne n yrepxenne
ntx auecr, npncymnx nuncrn cnnancrnuec -
mecra.
31
x B. . ennna xaparepn npeeenne ueeue-
c nuncrn sancnmcrn r ccrxnnx mecrenntx
rnmenn. H ennny cxe nsmenenne cymncrn nnn-
na nesmxn es nsmenennx mecrenntx rnme-
nn, npeeax rptx ]ynnnnnpyer uee. n n-
uepnaer, ur cymncrt nuncrn ne ecrt ur-r nacea
anne, na ncrxnn pasnaercx nepasptn cxsn
c pasnrnem mecrenn-+nmnuec ]pmannn, ns-
menxercx sancnmcrn r sannmaem nnnnm n-
xennx mecre. ueeuecax cymncrt ne menxer-
cx n manenn pyn cnennancr acrn nayn
ueee. ecrnretn, mecrennte rnmennx -
pasyrcx pesytrare exretncrn xntx nuncre n
x r, urt npepasart mecr, nexnma pe-
nnx. rca, cymncrt ueea cranrcx sancn-
mcrt r r, rxecrxer n cex nuncrt c cn-
crymnmn mecrenntmn rnmennxmn nn na nx npe-
eaer n nsmenxer.
B ennncm npecraennn ynnepcatne pasnrne
cex rpyxmnxcx tcrynaer a neunax net ptt.
B 1920 . n nnca, ur mmynnsm xsaretn 'npner
... cnnrann, yuenn n nre cecrpnne
pasnrtx n cecrpnne nrenntx e, e,
rpte ymer ce eart. n cpasy xe npeynpex-
aer, ur +r uent cxnt n rpynt npnecc, rpey-
mn sarpar tmnx cn n pemenn: +rmy mmy-
nnsm ner, xen nrn n npner, n rt uepes -
n px er
43
.
B. . ennna, a n y . apca, npeexmee mecr
sannmaer nxenne spacrame pn cyernn
]arpa mecrennm pasnrnn. m pasparana re-
pnx exretncrn crpne mtmennx nnnna, yasa-
n na axncrt pennnn exretncrn. Tpna n-
xnsnn B. . ennn ne pauem acce. syuax s-
mxncrt nnannn annrancrnuecnx mecrenntx
rnmenn, n npnaa nepcrenenne snauenne ]pmn-
pann arnn pennnepa-pna, cunrax +r a-
uecr ueea camtm antm x cecrpnne n ap-
mnnuec pasnrnx nuncrn.
apcncrc-ennnce nnnmanne necrn nnn-
na cnrcx nxennxm, e ynnepcatnt uee
cepxnr cee auecra, tparannte ce ueeue-
c ncrpne, ]pmnpyercx cymecrymnmn npern-
ncrpnuecnmn mecrenntmn rnmennxmn. npe-
menn cecrpnncrt ueea sancnr r e nnnn-
32
yatntx cenncre, r e ccrenn rpuec
exretncrn nmx mecra. Bcecrpnne n apmnn-
uecn pasnrax nuncrt crannrcx ra pesytrare
neenanpaenn exretncrn n npepamenn ce
arcra mecrenntx rnmenn crxnne ccr-
enn , ce nnnnyatncrn. 3arem ynnepcat-
nt uee ce crapaercx ceart crxnnem -
mecra, crpemxct npxnrt mecrenn-nesn ex-
retncrn c nnnnyatncrt.
I a a 2
BP HP
uT
(!3 ! !$ ##.
(!3 !*$ !'+$ ##
!* +. /% * . 4+"
% !3 ## *5"
. ( ! . -"
# !'. *$ "
*. 6!!"!# %% .
. ! 35.
Hpecraennx nuncrn pamax mapcncrc ]n-
c]nn xaparepnsyrcx npeeenntm npansmm,
cxsanntm c pasnuntmn nnrepnperannxmn ]nc]c-
nacenx . apca. ccearen ncntsyr nn
n re xe nxennx mapcncrc naern-marepnan-
crnuec nnennnn, n n pasntmn yamn paccmarpn-
ar npemy ueea. Ta, nsecrnt ]nc]
3. B. ten cem nnnmannn nuncrn ncxnr ns
ceymnx mernuecnx nxenn. B-neptx,
nuncrt npecraxer c ynnatne, necnpns-
nm-nnnnyatne pasanne, r. e. ennnune; nn-
canne nuncrn nnm eme pannenn cxarta-
nn ce ecneun cynncrn ennnuntx re n
cmce, n+rmy naya ennnunm a ram
npnnnnnnatn nesmxna. B-rptx, cymncrt ax-
nnnna, rncxmecx py ueeuecmy, sa-
uaercx ncrpnuecn snnme n pasnamecx
cnnatn cncreme; mxn casart, ur nuncrt cy-
mecryer nyrpn ancamx cnnatntx rnmenn. B-
rpertnx, re ueea a nuncrn ecrt e pa-
nnuece re mecre c npemerntm rem nnnnsa-
nnn. B-uereprtx, nuncrt +r yse rnmenn,
snnamnx mexy nnnnamn npnecce rpy
exretncrn. B-nxrtx, nyrpn rea retn nnnna
peatn cymecryer ne cama nuncrt, a rt ee n-
crpnnxx, nn acrparnax, npennx na +pan n-
nn
1
.
3. B. ten pemnretn tcrynaer nprn nc-
nnatn yansma xcnennn nuncrn n ncnxnn -
me; n cunraer, ur annt yansm ncxnr ns ycra-
peme nn, nnpamecx na rpannnnne, apxanue-
ce rnmenne cymncrn ee nnnnyatnmy
cymecrann. exnm ncntsart ny mtm-
ennx npxm nprnnxny r, rp npnepxn-
2 3a. 1664 ,
acx . apc: acn mapc ne, cymncrt
ax retn nnnna ycmarpnaercx ne acr-
parn nnacrn nx, a napr, nx npern
cynncrn, ree peatn ancamx nx sanmntx
rnmenn, mnpasn ncpeanntx emamn. y-
mecranne xe ax retn nnnna nnnma-
ercx ne a nperne ncaxenne +r acrparn
cymncrn, a, nanprn, a acrparn-uacrnune cy-
mecrenne +r npern cymncrn, a ee ]pamenr,
a ee xenne, a ee nenne n nrmy neaearne
nmenne pannuecm ree ax nnnna. nu-
ncrt sect nnnmaercx nne marepnancrnuecn, n-
ne emecrenn-reecn: a peatnax reecn-emecr-
ennax cynncrt emecrenn-reecntx rnmenn,
cxsymnx ann nnnna c tm pynm ranm xe
nnnnm ytrypn-ncrpnuecnmn, a ne ecrecrenn-
npnpntmn ysamn
2
. Btxnr, ur nuncrt +r uac-
rnna nyrpenne n]]epennnpann cnnatn necr-
ncrn, ur na n ra xe nnuecax ennnna mxer
trt ncnreem r nn nn nuncrn.
n nx y B. u. epxanra, rpt ueea
paccmarpnaer nrecre aryatntx ]nc]cnx n na-
yuntx npem nrnuecnx, ncenuecnx, a-
cnnuecnx n p. rca t, ur nnnnyatncrt
ecrt cnnres nnuec npnpt ueea n e cnn-
atntx ccr, ur nnxrne nuncrn ne ncuepntaercx
e necrncrn, rmeuar . caen n B. epxan-
r, mtcnrcx a cnnres ncnxnuec n cnn-
nuec nncannx nuncrn nx enncre. apcncrc-
ennncax repnx nuncrn nprncrnr ranm cnn-
nuecnm yuennxm, rpte pacrpxr nuncrt
cncreme cnnatntx rnmenn, pan a n ]nc]-
cnm, ncnxnuecnm repnxm, rpnnamnm nn nnpn-
pymnm ncrpnuecy +nn nuncrn, paccmarpna-
mnm ee a neur nencrpnuece, acnnatne
3
.
cxx ns cxncrn n nennpxcrn cxsn n-
nuec n cnnatn ueeuecm nnnne, ns
snaunmcrn cpemenntx nayuntx anntx nnue-
c npnpe ueea, . caen n B. epxanr
npeaar c apnanr nratn-acnnuec n-
nennnn nuncrn. acn e, +r cxne pa-
sanne, ccrxmee ns ceymnx ncncrem: acnn-
uece (cncrema: nenncrntx pnenrannn nuncrn);
nratne (cncrema cnntx xnsnenntx ]ynnn nn-
nna); pe]ecnn (cncrema cxse cnntx nen-
38
ncrntx ycran nuncrn n antx nratntx ]yn-
nn nnnna)
4
. Hpecraennax nnresa nsxer n-
nmy nnrepnpernpart ce nnxrnx, nnctamne nu-
ncrt, rane, a cmtc xnsnn, ca, , nea,
aanrannx, spte n p., crnecennn c nnue-
cnmn acneramn pannsannn n xnsneexretncrn ue-
euec nnnna. ex ppexrnncrn ueea c
mecrm n npnp npcrynaer sect crarun t-
ny.
B pycc pennsn ]nc]nn n pyccm cmns-
me, rpte ectma recn nepenerarcx mexy c,
npema ueea paccmarpnaercx uepes npnsmy sa-
xenn . . mxtm n B. . tetm mera]nsnn
ceenncra. 3r pnnnatne pycce ]nc]ce reue-
nne ncramn yxnr mtct cparn n mncrepn-
atny ytrypy pene Ipennn, nnncncne ytrt
n p]nuecne mncrepnn, rpte n camn nnran cex
penecruny nnrepnperann nen ceenncra. Ft-
mnncr cncrem pycc mera]nsnn ceenncra ncxnr
ns mn]emt ]nn Hpemypcrn Fxne, tcryna-
me ne Xn Fxecrenn cymecra. crpnue-
cn mn]ema ]nn (na nsecrna yxe pencrn ns
nn Berx 3aera, cnpanuecn snnaer y ncrn,
y sanantx mncrn ys, Feme, Hpex), mnp
npecraennax npacan nne, ta eena
B. tetm n ncntsana ]nc]cnx ncrpy-
nnxx . Tpyen, H. . upenc n . . Fyaa.
unc]t pennsn pnenrannn cunran nesmxntm
camm ueee napyxnrt nen acr, n ra-
tm xxercx nea, crxmn tme ueea n npecra-
xmn c Fa nn tcme npepaxenn uee-
a ccrae ueeuec enncra (cm. B. . t-
e, . . Fya, . . Fepxe n p.).
crannmcx ee npn na nnennnxx B. . -
tea, . H. apcanna n . 3. nc.
Bepmnn ]nc]c rpuecra B. . tea
xxercx e npacrennax ]nc]nx, nyunmax nan-
ee nne cnanne e rpye npaanne -
pa. menn sect npema nuncrn sannmaer nenr-
patne mecr.
B. . te paccmarpnaer nuncrt nepasptn
cxsn c mecrm, n nn naxxrcx n nuecn n nc-
rpnuecn a npenaamne py pya nnxrnx.
menn ns +r nepasptncrn ceyer ecneuncrt ue-
euec nuncrn. anne nxenne tcrynaer acn-
2*
39
m npacrenn ]nc]nn. ueeuecax nuncrt
n, cearetn, axt ennnunt uee, ecrt, n
B. . tey, smxncrt x cymecrennx ne-
pannuenn ecrnretncrn, nn cax ]pma ec-
neun cepxannx
5
. Ta nx nnnmann nu-
ncrn nanpaen n nprn nnnrn nnnnyansma,
nacranamnx na camcraruncrn retn nuncrn
(xnmepa cee-eme nuncrn), n nprn nnnrn-
ernnsma, ycmarpnamnx xnsnn ueeue-
cra rt cnnatnte macct (xnmepa esnun -
mecra).
naernuece paccmrpenne ecneuncrn nun-
crn, tpacrame ns ee sanmcxsn c mecrm, ns-
xer B. . tey c]pmynpart mtct rm, ur
mecr ecrt nnennax nn pacmnpennax nuncrt,
a nuncrt cxare, nn ccperuenne, mecr
6
.
Tt nnnmanne ax nuncrt r mmenra, ur
ncnnenne me ea a ce ccrenn (y-
xrpenne, nn mpansannx cnapncrn), aer s-
mxncrt axmy nnnny cepmencrartcx n -
crnut npacrenn ct. nuncrt xna nun-
nxrtcx mecry nacrt, nact n nunnxercx
npacrennmy py. ntmn camn, uee xxercx
nun-mecrenntm cymecrm, a ncrpnx yye-
nnem n pacmnpennem ycrpnne nun-mecrenn
xnsnn, npnuem nuncrt tcrynaer nnamnuecnm +e-
menrm, a mecr crarncrnuecnm +emenrm ncr-
pnuec npnecca.
anee nne nmenne mera]nsna ceenncra
nyuna ## .. (. 0!. B
e yuennn cnm]nnuec nuncrn, npnnnnn
ceenncra nnxercx npnnnnnm rpnenncra, nn
ynnepcatntm npnnnnnm cranennx, nsmenennx
peatncrn. 3r nnxrne, nepte eenne pmpe
ept, nuncrt n cyapcr, snauaer nee
nnamnuece, nnxne enncr, npecraxmee
c sanmecrne ueeuec nnnnyatncrn c
pyxamnm mnpm. Tae na-nnnnyatne
nuncrne pasanne n ecrt cnm]nnuecax
nuncrt. na ncy mnpe, naunnax c cmca
nem: ra a n eaercx ect sanmecrne c
ueem, r rapne trne nem cnm]nnuecax
nuncrt. Hcty xe cnm]nnuecax nuncrt xxercx
necepmenntm ceenncrm, ncrty snnaer
nnxrne cnm]nnuecnx nuncre nnsmnx n tcmnx
npx, rpte tcrynar m-
40
menramn pynx nn, napr, nmemnx nx cnmn mmen-
ramn. Tapne trne pasyer ce pa cxny
nepapxn sanmuamnxcx nuncre nn nepapxn-
uece enncr mnxecra cnm]nnuecnx nuncre pas-
nuntx npx
8
.
B uacrncrn, cnm]nnuec nuncrt npecraer n
cnnym. ueeuecne cmecra (cynne ueeue-
cr, nannn, cnnatnte pynnt n r. .) tcrynar ne
cnm]nnuecnx nuncre, npnuem axax raax nu-
ncrt nnrepnpana npeeenny nepapxn, aryan-
snpyer cee ane-r tcmne nuncrn n npxxercx
mecre c rem anx-r nnsmnx. eyer nuepnyrt,
ur ]nc]nx nuncrn y . H. apcanna ecrt ]nc-
]nx atn nuncrn ama amna (nnxrne sanm-
cran ns aat), r. e. neynn rapn, nnxr
a ennax nuncrt, ccrxmax ns nnsmnx nuncre.
B +rm cmtce yuenne cnm]nnuec nuncrn npxm
nprncrnr nepcnansmy. e cyuan . . Fepxe
annuecn samern: uenne cnm]nnuec nuncrn
snauaer mera]nsnuece cnanne pacra uee-
a
9
. B cxm cyuae, yuenne cnm]nnuec nuncrn
sacraxer cmtcnrt ect rpanuecn ntr XX cre-
rnx n saymartcx mecre yyme, rpm nme-
ercx manc cymecrnrt yuenne cnm]nnuec nuncrn,
r. e. mxer peansartcx esne mecr.
ct nnrepec npecraxr mnpsspenuecne,
+rnuecne sxt 0. 4. 7', namemne tpa-
xenne e ]nc]c-+rnuec nppamme. B nee x-
xr pasmtmennx ]ynamenratntx npemax uee-
uec cymecrannx, nepasptn cxsanntx c cm-
cm: snauennn cmca a ra, a c]ept
cymecrannx cmnuecnx nnnnsann, a npemera
nx nsnaaretn exretncrn, a raxe nx npemern-
npepasyme secrnx na ne. aee mecre
ueea cmce, cmtce n nexx ncrpnn n xnsnn
ueea, nyrxx csannx cuacrn yyme,
cmtce n cnax ueeuec mpan. acn c-
mnuec ]nc]nn . 3. nc, Bceennax
pasnaercx nnnuecn, npnuem ce pemx ner nepen-
menne ueea n ueea, xm cmnyc,
rpt neunm nre craner ynpaxrt Bceenn.
t cea xnn, nnmer . 3. ncn, n ce-
a yem xnrt, n axt pas n ]pme, n, pasy-
meercx, es namxrn npmemem
10
. aryp]nc]ce
nenne . 3. nc an]npyercx cnennat-
41
n nreparype a ct nanrencrnuecn nanncn-
xnsm. exnm npn +rm yuecrt, ur cyerm npe-
pasannx cmca xxercx ne retnt uee, a
cpnax neynncrt nnnn, ce ueeuecr
enncre cnx nenn.
Px cpemenntx nnennn, acamnxcx ueea n
e yyme cxsn c nayun-rexnnuecnm nppeccm,
ncxnr ns acrnsannn nayn, ernn snannx,
r. e. xxrcx cnnenrncrcnmn. n ns camtx snaun-
retntx nnennn cnnenrnsma xxercx nepannnatn-
nxenpncrcax met ueea, npecraennax
parax amepnanc ncnxa F. u. nnnepa. B e
snamennr nne H ry crpny ct n crnncra
nsaaercx cncrema neenuec nnxenepnn, npn-
sannax cymecrxrt nrpt sa neennem ax
ueea n cyuae nexnmcrn xencrymax m-
n]nnnpart e neenne, urt ynnurxnrt nt,
nacnne, npepaccyn n npune cnnatnte npn.
8. -. /! cnr exretncrt ueea (n xn-
rn) mexannuecnm reram na napay n naasanne;
n cunraer, ur cxe neenne ycen nemne
cpe, napaxame nn apame neenuecne pe-
annn nnnna. n yrepxaer, ur: ayunt anans
(neennx) nepencnr rercrenncrt, a n nny, na
nemn cpey...
11
. Hepe namn rexnnx nee-
nnx, rpax mxer nppammnpart xnsnt ax
nnnna, ]pmnpyx rr nn nn penepryap neennx
n aax smxncrt csart npepacnt nt mnp.
x F. u. nnnepa cymecryer rt neenne; c-
npnxrne, +mnnn, namxrt, nuncrt, x, csnanne, ncn-
xna, mtmenne, paccyxenne ne npar ct-nnyt
snaunretn pn exretncrn ueea. n cranr
n cmnenne cymecranne nuncrn auecre nnre-
pnpyme nauaa nnnna, ne npnaer snauennx nnn-
nyatn-nuncrnmy xpy ueea, rexme e
r cen crnxnn crxretcr, rpnnaer necrncrt
nuncrn. B ynmxnyr tme pare nuepnaercx:
aprnna, csaaemax na ase nayun anansa, na-
staer ne re c nuncrt nyrpn, a re, rpe ecrt
nuncrt rm cmtce, ur n pacnaaer cxntm
penepryapm neennx
12
. ntmn camn, uee x-
xercx nmt mamnn, uacrt npnpt. rca ceyr
nne npeeennte nparnuecne pemenannn n
mn]nannn neennx e. B amepnancnx rpt-
max +r snauaer npnmenenne +erprepannn, ncnxxn-
42
pypnn, aepcnnn repannn, xnmnrepannn, cncremt n-
mpennx-naasannx n pynx ]pm n cpecr nsmenennx
nacrpennx, neennx nuncrn nn ncnxnuec ccr-
xnnx nnnna nn pynnt
13
.
B nnennnn F. u. nnnepa ynpasnxercx uee;
ne yrepxaercx, ur nnxrnx ct n crnncra ue-
ea npecraxr c npyrt nayun crann
pasnrnx ncnxnn, epnme arnmn uee-
a, rpt, xt, cncen mtcnrt, tncnrt cyxe-
nnx, rercrenen sa ce neenne, cen tnpart
n cxpanxrt crnncr aapx cemy tpy
14
. H-
nxrn, ur ra nx ueey tsa mnpy pn-
rny c crpnt ymanncrnuec nanpaennx ncnx-
nn n ]nc]nn, utn npecranren ne es cnannx
pacnennn e a aray na trne ueea. eptesnte
t nprn nxenpnsma tn tnnyrt rpyax
mtcnree, ncceymnx +sncrennnatny npema-
rny nuncrn.
Fnxenpncrcmy nnnmann ueea nprncrnr
+sncrennnansm, rpt tcrynaer nprn mexanncrn-
uec npecraennx mamnnpasnn xn panns-
ma n armncrnuecm crpennn ncnxnn. H mnenn
+sncrennnancr (tepep, cnepc, aeep, am,
aprp n p.), erm nayn (]nc]nn n ncnxnn)
xxercx cyer, npnuem n nnnmaercx rnt ne a
npyr cnnatntx rnmenn nn nnuec pas-
nrnx n ecrt nenrpnmax nuncrt, ute nsnanne
smxn rt aapx nnrynrnnmy nepexnann.
ente ncrn +sncrennnansma naxxrcx ]enme-
nnn Iyccepx: pasnrne nuncrn ycen n-
rpencrt camcymecrennn n csannn ce ]e-
nmenatn mnpa. Hpemerm ]nc]nn tcrynaer
trne; e mxn ncrnut rt nencpecrenn, a ne
paccyuntm mtmennem.
B rnune r nxenpnsma, rparyme ueea n-
a tmy ptcy, n a maentn mnt-
rep, +sncrennnansm nuepnaer npnnnnnnatny ne-
smxncrt nayn nsnart ueea, n na cxsana
nmt c uacrntmn acneramn ueeuec cymecra-
nnx. astaercx, uee nsnannn cex a cymecr-
ymee, rpe nesancnm r cnnatntx nn ecrecr-
enntx ycn, mxer pecrn cy. cnnte n-
xennx +sncrennnatn repnn mennm ne
txxr ceymnm pasm: 1. ueeuecax ncnxna,
csnanne ne myr trt ceent ]nsnuecnm mexanns-
43
mam. 2. ueeuece ecrne cea aaer snaunm-
crt, rp naxnr ce tpaxenne rnmenne ue-
ea pyxamemy. 3. nenn]nuecn ueeuecnm x-
xercx pe]ernpymee csnanne npn e nmmn ue-
e tcxaercx ns cnryannn n nprncrnr e.
4. uee ne mxer paccmarpnartcx nsnpann r -
pyxame mnpa, c rptm n naxnrcx ncrxnnm
sanmecrnn. 5. Hnnnax nenncrt ueea ccrnr
e ncrpnuec ncunretncrn n nesancnmcrn.
nans nsxenntx nxenn +sncrennnancrc
nxa nuncrn nastaer, ur, -neptx, nne
cnpaen yrepxenne, ur mtcnr uee, a ne
ms
15
. Te, r cxr ueeuece mtmenne ]nsn-
nuecnm mexannsmam, npnepxnarcx mexanncrnuec
cxemt paspaxenne peannx, ntraxct yxnrt nee
c ueeuecy exretncrt. 3sncrennnansm, pasy-
meercx, ne rpnnaer snaunmcrn msa, n ne rxecrxer
ncnxnuece n npnpne. B-rptx, snaunmcrt ue-
euec ecrnx ]ncnpyercx mmenrm, ur nsnaa-
retn ]ynnne aaer ne mymenne, a cnpnxrne
ueea. 3ect nmeuen nne peatnt ]ar, cacn
rpmy nnnn npnecce cennx npemern rea
ytrypt naunnaer anpnpn cnpnnnmart pyxamn
mnp, r. e. pnrt mymennn yxe ne npnxnrcx. B-
rpertnx, nxenne csnannn ncxnr ns nanunx y ue-
ea pcryme n pe]ernpyme csnannx. n
rpaxaer xennx cymecryme peatncrn, pye
rpaxaer cnpnxrne +r mnpa ueem. aee, x
+sncrennnansma cymecrenna nepcrenenncrt nyr-
penne mnpa nnnna, npnuem e cxst c nemnnm mn-
pm cymecrxercx rt uepes nepexnannx, ueeue-
ce csnanne npsamaercx nnerepmnnnpanntm.
anen, yastaercx na +sncrennnatnt xaparep ue-
ea, rpt npxxercx npannuntx cnryannxx.
. cnepc xcnxer nx a cnryannn, rpesxmne nac
n npyxamne nac nnnmann ce +sncrennnn,
ce nnnn npnsannx; nn nsxr nam xrx t
na pemx cnrtcx r reame nac r nac camnx
mymn n tcrpreun cyert yne
16
. uee ne mxer
npetart acrnm nnuecre, n naxnrcx +-
sncrennnatn cxsn c pynmn nnnnamn, r. e. nnte
cnpnnnmarcx auecre +sncrennnatn camcrn.
xe r pxennx axt ns nac xxercx uacrt a-
n mncrn cemtn, pa, nepn, cyapcra. B
+rm cmtce uee ecrt nne samennmt arm me-
44
cra. B ram trnn, pnr cnepc, x ea r, ur e-
ar ce, ep r, ur epxr ce, yma ra, a y-
mar ce. Hnnnax camcrt ueea craercx e-r
cptr n npm +rnx uacr nemnnx cxse trnx.
B rnune r mecrenntx mmynnann +sncrennn-
atnte mmynnannn snauar nyrpenn, cn
nspanny cxst e, rp nn rptarcx py
pyy a camnennte n nenrpnmte nuncrn,
maer F. T. Ipnpxn
17
.
ncrema sx +sncrennnansma na npemy nu-
ncrn cama n cee npecraxer ma nepe acrn
nsyuennx cnenn]nuecn ueeuec, ra a na ]n-
cnpyer crnxennx acrn npnpt ueea.
Hepecmrp panee ycrxmnxcx sanan ]nc]nn
ne n nnennn ueee t cepmen ncnxana-
nse, utn cnt saxent 9. -!$ na pyexe XIX
XX . n naxnr nepncr cex npxenn ueeue-
c ncnxnn (nn a pnn crapnny ymn; ceuac
+rr repmnn nxrt xnr nayunt pr) euennxx,
penxmnxcx eccsnaretnm. rca n nasanne
ynnnax ncnxnx, rpe sapennct sa ncnx-
anansm. x ncnxananrna cne pennsntx e-
pann nn xyxecrenn rpuecra exnr nn-
ncnxnuecax (nax) +nepnx, cet euenn.
upecn uee +r uee xeamn, n y
ne xeannx n euennx npemecryr csnaretnmy
neenn n mtmenn
18
. ueem ynpaxr eccs-
naretnte remnte cn ncnxnn, rpte na ypne c-
snannx npnnnmar xcnte n ruernte nen n past.
B nem ectma cntn npxxrcx a nncrnnra 3pc
(t) n Tanarc (cmeprt), nn-r n npeexr ue-
euece neenne.
B rnune r yuenn, ycmarpnamnx npnunny nee-
nnx ueea nemne cpee, 3. upe anenrnpyer nn-
manne na nyrpennnx crnmyax. mennn nn npnxr
nxenne ce ncnxnuecne crpyrypt, erepmnnnpymne
ueeuecne mrnannn. 3. upe nuepnaer, ur ue-
e cymecr c catm nnreerm, nm aer e
euennx
19
. pen +rnx euenn apnnatne snauenne
npnnaexnr cecyatntm nepexnannxm, rpte, a-
staercx, exar cne csannx tcmnx ytrypntx,
xyxecrenntx, +rnuecnx, +crernuecnx n cnnatntx
nenncre ueeuec yxa. Bet cecyatne nee-
nne ueea xxercx uent uacr nprrnnm e me
peanpannx n neennx xnsnn
20
45
npeeenne ueea uepes e cecyatncrt rnt
ne xxercx nmecrm, eenntm 3. upem. B sa-
nan ]nc]nn yxe tnaact nex, ur ue-
e +r nmennt n nncrnnr (. Bnen-
ayep). 3. upe acrnsnpa cecyatncrt: uepes
ee npnsmy nm paccmarpnanct n nnnnyatn-nun-
crnte n ytrypn-cnnatnte npnecct, ur nenpa-
mepn. ]pmya uee +prnuece cymecr
epna nmt uacrnun, na cxartaer npnpy ueea
ee nnre.
Hcnxananrnuecax rpara ueea ta n-
nena n cppernpana . Rnm, nasamnm necra-
runcrt ]pec npeeennx ueeuec cyme-
cra. B e cncreme, nasann nm ananrnuec ncnx-
ne, texercx rpn ypnx ueeuec ncnxnn:
csnanne, nune eccsnaretne, ernne eccs-
naretne. ymecrenn r, ur ]ynamenratny pt
crpyrype nuncrn npaer ernne eccsnaret-
ne, rpe pasyercx ns ce namxrn, nanenntx
ueeuecrm npmm. ernne eccsnaretne
ncnr cemn xaparep, npnuem n nyrpn rxe n]-
]epennnpan na nannnatnt, pact n meuee-
uecn ypnn naceannx. amt yn ypent
pasyercx ns ce ueeuec npm ns
ntra xnrntx npe-ueea. Tanm pasm, n
cam . Rna, ernne eccsnaretne +r
pasym namnx pennx npe, cnc, rptm nn y-
man n uycran, cnc, rptm nn ncrnan
xnsnt n mnp, n ueeuecne cymecra...
21
.
ernne eccsnaretne npxxercx y uee-
a ne apxernn (mnnanr, neppntx pas nn
cxemt ncnxnn); ncenne npxxrcx n cnnennxx,
n peatnm rpuecre. pxernnt mne ]pmt mtc-
enntx npecranree, rpte uar cex snaun-
retnt +emenr +mnnnatncrn n past cnpnxrnx.
menn nn ccraxr nyrpenn cymncrt ueea,
eax e apxernnntm cymecrm. nrepecn rmernrt,
ur axax ns cnntx crpyryp nuncrn rxe npe-
craxer c apxernn, r. e. mxn tenrt aepe
ueeuecnx nepcnaxe 3, Hepcna, Tent,
nnma (y myxunn) n nnmyc (y xenmnn), nanen,
amcrt, nnrepnpyemtx apxernnm , tpaxenntm
name rpannnn a apxernn-pncrc. 3ect Hepc-
na +r maca ernn ncnxnn, cnmnsnpy-
max cxst nnnna n mecra; Tent nnenrpnpyer
46
cee ce nearnne (nnsmenne, npnmnrnne, xnrne)
na ypne eccsnaretn, nnma n nnmyc tpa-
xar myxce n xence nauaa, cepxamnecx crer-
crenn myxunne n xenmnne, n amcrt a netnax
nuncrt.
B nenrpe nc ynnn ncnxnn naxnrcx
uee (anrpnc yxn cmca, ra nastaemt
ncnxn), rpt yme aryansnpyer ce nrennn-
atne enncr ne cnnresa csnaretn n eccs-
naretn. 3ra aryansannx npncxnr npnecce
nnnnyannn (ueeuec pasnrnx), cepmaem
cmnuecnm (ncnxnm) npn nmmn n npn yua-
crnn ncrpnuec ueea, nsecrn pennxm n
ytrypam cex pemen. B xpncrnancre npranncramn
+r cmnuec npnecca xxrcx ceymne ap-
xernnt: F enncre rpex nn, c (pncrc) a
cnm ymn, xe a met ueeuec (3),
ncyc a axt aryatnt uee
22
. Tanm pasm,
ncax mtct renenrpnuna, na nastaer nyrt
pasnrnx ueea e xecrennmy nppasy, r-
pt cptr ynnax ueeuec eccsnaretn.
Tenept paccmrpnm sxt 4. -! c e pnn-
natn ycran, cacn rp n Bceennax, n
cnnym nennarcx rt uepes ueea. crpnx, n
3. upmmy, xxercx npneccm pacueeunannx ue-
ea. uee sect npecraer nesaepmenntm cymecr-
m, crpemxmnmcx nrnmatnmy pasnrn, n e
cymncrt ccrnr peansannn npyrnn, xnsne-
rpuec nauaa. am nnnn n cemy nxenn
mnpe ynnaen ]nsnnuecne ]ynnnn cxstar
n apmnnsnpyr e c mnpm xnrntx, cnnatnte ]yn-
nnn yastar na e reenncrt r +r mnpa. -
n crpnt, nncrnnrt, c py camcsnanne, pa-
sym, paxenne n cncncrn rpuecry, r. e. nepe
namn cepasnax pasenncrt a cyrt ncnx-
nuecn pamenn +sncrennnatn nprnpeunx,
ns rp mxer trt a txa: mert a
saymaercx nsnx ueeuec trnx n cymecr-
anne npyxen ean nsn, n Ftrt a
npncxnr pasnrne rpuecnx nrennn nnnna. a-
nee xp renennnx mert npxxercx nuncrn
ptnun rnna, x rp xaparepn ce nnep-
rp]npanne, ncrxnn menxmeecx . rcyrcrne
uycra nenrnuncrn +r, n mtcn 3. upmma, pnsnc
cpemenn mecra. n tsan rem ]arm, ur ue-
47
nt +r mecra cran esnnmn nncrpymenramn, uy-
cr nenrnuncrn rptx snxercx na yuacrnn ex-
retncrn pnpann nn nntx nanrcnx pparn-
uecnx pannsann. n c ptnuntm xaparepm,
a naaer 3. upmm, ne ymer nn nrt, nn nenan-
ert. t, nenancrt +rn crapmnte +mnnn ne
crercryr crpyrype xaparepa, ]ynnnnnpyme
nurn nenm na paccyunm ypne n nseame -
tx uycr (nxnretntx n rpnnaretntx). nn ne
saarcx nnanmn npcamn, pme n nact
xpm nn ]ynnnnnpyr, a cynrt +rm nsxer
crenent nx npnxennx n pparnuec ecrnnne
23
.
B atnemem, n 3. upmmy, ptnunt rnn repxer c
cny c ncuesnennem nnycrpnatn nnnnsannn.
ra snnaer py rnn xaparepa yxnt,
npyrnnt rnn, cnn cenncrt rp
xxercx t pynm xm n cammy cee. Tt
ram cyuae mxer cymecrnrtcx npnnnnn Ftrt;
sect ncnxanans nepeneraercx c ]nc]c
anrpnne.
B nenrpe nnmannx cpemenn ]nc]c-anrpn-
nuec mtcn naxxrcx ceymne npct: ur ra-
e uee? B uem e npnpa, cymncrt, npenasnaue-
nne? r ue sancnr cmtc n nenncrt ueeuec xns-
nn? at apnnatnte npemt ueeuec
cymecrannx? a catarcx cytt ymannsma ce-
nx? B uem cnenn]na ]nc]c ncrnxennx ue-
ea? n r. . pemennax ]nc]cax anrpnnx e-
aer anans ueeuec cymecra, ennxx nayn
npnpe n nayn yxe (ecrecrsnannx n mecrsna-
nnx). 3a ncxnt nynr epercx naueprannax 30-x .
name crernx . Beepm (napxy c I. Hecnepm n
xxercx pnauatnnm ]nc]c anrpnnn)
nppamma ]nc]c nsnannx ueea ce e
nnre trnx.
B ce pare Hxenne ueea cmce
. Beep tnaer ceymne resnct: npnnnnnnat-
nax nesmxncrt art e]nnnnn ueea, n ra
pa npeeenne snauaer rpnnanne ct n mn-
pasnx ueea. Brp uee paccmarpnaercx
a mnpcm, ur nsxer ns nnx n rex xe are-
pn tcrpanart n cncremy mnpsannx, n yuennx ue-
ee. . Beep ncxnr ns rxecrennx ]ynamen-
ratn nnxrnx npt c xnsnt n me c npnp,
npnuem npt astaercx xnrnm n ueee nn-
48
sme crynent ncnxnuec (ernn +r xne
cymecr, cyernn yma). uee xxercx ra-
tm, aapx nprnnxnmy xnsnn npnnnnny
yxy, utnmn ccrantmn uacrxmn tcrynar pasym,
yspenne cymncrn (csepnanne) n rane +mnnnatnte
n ete art, a pra, t, pacaxnne, a-
enne. menn nuncrt xxercx ncnreem cex y-
xntx ar
24
.
eyer rmernrt, ur cnnax net tnnyr
. Beepm nppammt npeparnrt ]nc]cy an-
rpnn necrne* yuenne ueee cnx np
ne crnnyra. Ha nanuecryr retnte ]nc]-
cn cmtcennte ern anrpnnn nnuecax,
ncnxnuecax, pennsnax, ytrypnax n np.
unc]c-nnuecax anrpnnx nne, na-
npnmep, . Ieena sa cny eper nxenne npea-
amem snauennn eccsnaretn-nratn c]ept ue-
euec trnx n nnnmeanc resnca ueee a
eme ne npeenmemcx xnrnm. yrt eenc
nnennnn ccrnr rm, ur uee crannrcx exret-
ntm cymecrm cny e nnuec necnennansn-
panncrn, yxncrt nnnna treaer ns smxn-
crn nratn npnpt ueea a e necrarun-
crn auecre xnrn.
emaaxn n r, ur . Ieen pamaer nnmanne
na anrpnnuecy, neunm cuere, npnpy cnn-
atntx nncrnryr, rercrenntx sa mecrenn-ncr-
pnuece neenne ueea. Peut ner anrpnn-
uecm, nynncrnnrnnm npncxxennn nncrnryr,
es rptx nesmxn npmatne ]ynnnnnpanne
pasnuntx ueeuecnx cmecr.
cn n]nc]cax anrpnnx . Ieena -
xcnxer ueea, ncxx ns cnenn]nuncrn e nncn-
xnuec npnpt, r ytrypn-]nc]cax anrpn-
nx (3. Prxaep n . anman) cymncrt nnnna
ne mtcnr es nnnmannx e a rpna ytrypt n
a ee rpennx. cn xnrne nncan npnpny
cpey, n naxnrcx acrn cnx nncrnnr n e-
uenn, +r ne nsxer emy rexrtcx r pyxa-
me mnpa. anprn, uee ncrannnnn rncnrcx
mnpy, ecn n ncpean ytrypn ycenntm
crnem xnsnn. ntmn camn, mexy ueem n npn-
p naxnrcx mnp ytrypt, rpt nnnn mxer
paspymart, npepastart xe yerpennx c-
nx nrpencre n nnrepec. B ytrypn anrpn-
49
nn anenr eaercx na nynretnte mrnt ytryp-
n rpuecra npn cxpanennn nx nratn-nnue-
c cnt.
unc]c-anrpnnuecax nnennnx . Bee-
pa cyxnr nentm ncrunnm x ne pxa ]n-
c]c-pennsntx yuenn ueee. anee xapa-
repntm pasnm ]nc]c-pennsn anrpnnn
xxercx !' 3:;; .
<'3!"'. B ne uee paccmarpnaercx a
ernne cymecr, ur npenaaer apmnn
ueeuec xnsnn c pyxamnm mnpm n nanune
nrycrpnne, rpancnenenrn n rnmenn mnpy
neecpasncrn, ]pmnpyme ce nt xnsnn ueea.
Hpn ram nxe pennsncrt xxercx tcme
]pm ernncrn, n ra t
rpancnenenrnmy y ueea npnnnmaer ]pmy
nnennx. eernncrt xe npxxercx
nenancrn; tp ernncrn nn neernncrn
sancnr r nuncrn, ncntsyme cn nn-
reeryatnte, ete n +mnnnatnte cnt. Hpn
ram nxe sa nee nuncrn napyxnaercx pen-
nsnax nex rpennx n Fa a nauaa rpancnenenr-
n x mnpa, xrx n ecryme nem
25
B nxax cpemenn sanan ]nc]nn n ncnx-
nn npeme ueea texrcx ra nastaemte
'* !. B nnx rnnnuncrt +r nee
ncnxnuece pasanne, rpe snnaer npnec-
ce xnsneexretncrn nnnna r nn nn cnnyma n
npecraxer c pesytrnpymee cenne nanen-
n cnnatn ntra n mecrenntx ]pm neennx.
nuncrt xxercx sect nne npeeenn ncnxnue-
c crpyryp, csname ce nxenne mnpe n ns-
nauatn nmeme ymannnte, atrpyncrnuecne n-
rpencrn, erepmnnnpymne ueeuece neenne.
nnm ns nanee xpnx npecranree ymanncrn-
uec nxa ueey xxercx 1. *, rpyax
rp anenrnpannax pnrna ncnxanansa n n-
xenpnsma, repaercx mpaunt n neccnmncrnuecn
sx na ueeuecr, rpe, n 3. upey, esnaex-
n saaen asncntmn nncrnnramn. rcraxercx
crpny ]pece ncunretne nnmanne ncce-
ann neprn n ncnxrn. rpnnarcx raxe n
sxt nxenpnsma na ueea a cxne xn-
rne, cen peanpymee na nemnne paspaxnren. 3a
nxenpnsmm npnsnaercx smxncrt art e-ur
nnnmannn mnx xaparepncrn ueea n xnrn,
50
n rmeuaercx e necncncrt nepnyrt rmaretn-
my ncceann uncr ueeuecne auecra. nrmy-
r e nenpamepn tnart a cny ceem-
me ]nc]nn.
. acy npexn c met nuncrn, ]ycn-
pyx nnmanne na nrpencrxx, rpte nmercx y s-
ptx e, na pacryme epxyme nnyxnnn. B
ce panne pare rnannx n nuncrt n paccmar-
pnaer ueea a xrxmee xnrne, nna ne -
crnamee yerpennx
26
. m pasnra repnx uee-
uec mrnannn (nasannax xncrc-nnamnuec
repne) a nepapxnn nrpencre. Hcene tcme
ueeuec nrpencrt tcrynaer camaryansa-
nnx, nnrepnpymax cee ce nnsmne nrpencrn n sa-
ncxmax r nx npemecryme yerpennx. cce-
yx camcymecrenne +mnnpnuecn, . acy napy-
xn ra nastaemte nnte nepexnannx, ectma
nxxne na cnnrannte mncrnuecne ccrxnnx. a cn-
e nsyuennx nuncrntx xaparepncrn nnnn nm t-
nnyra nnennnx meranenncrxx n meramrnann-
xx. menn nrnmatn ncnxnuecn spte nnn-
nt npn campeansannn nntx nepexnannxx
nmer mrnannn ee tc npxa, nexen cpe-
nxx nuncrt (meramrnannn), n pnenrnpyrcx na
ee tc ypnx nenncrn, uem tunt uee
(meranenncrn).
Pes pacxxct c 3. upem nene meranenn-
cre n meramrnannn, . acy cunraer, ur n
aar pxenn nepapxne tcmnx nenncre n n-
rpencre n crercrymnm crpemennem nx cyme-
crenn. cnntm ncrunnm ueeuec exretn-
crn n naaer nenpeptne crpemenne ueea ca-
maryansannn, camtpaxenn. ama nrpencrt
camaryansannn tnnxer px cymecrenntx ]yn-
nn, cpen rptx: nrpencrt npnncnrt xm p
(ymanncrnuecax nrpencrt), xsanncrt trt rem,
uem uee mxer crart, xsanncrt ueea tn-
nxrt c mnccn, ncntsyx ce cn smxncrn n cn-
cncrn.
B nre nyuaercx, ur uee pxaercx c yman-
nntmn nrpencrxmn pe, npacrenncrn n p-
xearetncrn, pasymnmn xp nnnna. uee
xen ymert cymecrnrt +rn ymanncrnuecne nrpe-
ncrn ra, a +r nsxr ycnx. B camm n-
nxrnn camaryansannx yxe saxen neur cnnat-
51
ne. Bnpen ]pensmy, +r ne ypmenne nncrnnr,
ne ycmnpenne apeccnn ueea, a cama npnpa uee-
a, ymannnax n cemy xaparepy.
B repnn nrpencre . acy texercx uertpe
pynnt nrpencre: 1) ]nsnnuecne nrpencrn
npxennx pa n nyuennx nnmn (nnuecne n-
rpencrn); 2) nrpencrt esnacncrn; 3) nrpencrt
samnre; 4) ymannnte nrpencrn ncrnne, pe,
yaxennn, cnpaencrn. nn-r n xxrcx cep-
xannem mame nrpencrn camaryansannn.
en . acy ectma nxretnt cpen eymnx m
ymanncrnuec ncnxnn nn, a n cam pn,
rperte cnt ncnxnn, e snaunmtmn npnsnarcx
nunax ca n ymenne nnnna npnsnpart n n-
rpnpart c ccrenny xnsnt. +r, c ue-
pet, cneretcryer xncrnuncrn ymanncrnuec
nxa. nreeryatnax +nnx . acy npnea
uerepr cne ncnxnn rpancnenenrn n
rpancnepcnatn ncnxnn, e nnmanne nnenrpn-
pyercx na tcmnx cmnuecnx nrpencrxx, ncxmnx
rpancueeuecn xaparep.
B pyce +r nanpaennx ]nc]c anrpn-
nn cepasnt peneccanc cenx nepexnaer yuenne
nemen mncrna P. Brenepa. m nauae XX . t
cnan mncrnuece yuenne anrpnc]nx, cacn
rp uee xxercx ncnreem rantx yxntx
cn. Hpema crnmennx rea n yxa sect pemaercx
ceymnm pasm: Bce re ueea ncrpen ra,
ur pane yxa, msy, n naxnr c enen. nmt
ra mxn ncrnut crpenne ueeuec msa, ecn
paccmarpnart e rnmennn e saaue, ccrxme
rm, urt trt pynem mtcxme yxa ]nsnue-
ce re ueea paspymaercx, yx xe euen n, a yr-
epxaer P. Brenep, nunnxercx sany nepenme-
nnx, nn pennapnannn. 3rr yx npnnaexnr nnmy,
cepxuycrennmy mnpy n npxxercx ueee npn
nmmn ]nsnuecnx mexannsm msa
27
.
3rn nxennx P. Brenepa ncenee pemx cran
cna erm nnmannx nerptx sanantx yuentx,
ntramnxcx cnnresnpart nayy n mncrnnnsm. Fnn-
namna cncremt, pasnaemax P. Brenepm, npcmar-
pnaercx ananunm paccmrpennn H. n ( c. e-
ra]pt csnannx) nu xeest a nncn-
xnuec mera]pt. exannsmm, rpt eaer
exretncrt nratntx pne ueeuec c-
52
snannx, n xxercx nuax xeesa. B nre rnmyc y
H. n ecrt n nratnax peatncrt, n nncnxnuecax
mera]pa, rpax aer ne rt pnenrann xnsnn,
n n yastaer na cymecranne nn (cepx-
ecrecrenn) mnpa
28
. Pennsn-mncrnuece epyuenne
P. Brenepa n e cpemennt mepnnsnpannt
apnanr, cymecrennt H. n nnennnn rnmc a
nncnxnuecax mera]pa, astaercx crarun pac-
npcrpanenntm csnannn npeeenn pya e.
Tpancnepcnatnax nnennnx ueea nanee n-
n pasparana amepnancnm paum, uexm n npnc-
xxenn, . Ip]m e rpyax ]ept ueeuec
eccsnaretn (1976) n 3a npeeamn msa. Pxe-
nne, cmeprt n rpancnenennnx ncnxrepannn (1985).
B nnx aercx cnnres mnernnx ncceann arpa n
nnnuecmy npnmenenn ncnxrepanernuecnx
nexx. Hannenr, npnnnmamn cepn s , c axtm
pasm pacpta ce ee yne ypnn eccsna-
retn namxrn. B xe ecrnx n ncntrta a-
nnnannn, rptx ryr xe paccasta pauy.
nans mnernnx ncceann n nnnuecmy
npnmenenn xncx +mnnpnuecnm cnannem x
xncrc nxa ncnxne ueea, rpy yxe
netsx peynnpart +, pasymy n uycram. Hcnxna,
cra trt, nna nnpamne, npnuem crynna nc-
ceann rt epmnna, a cnanne repxercx
ynnax cmca. nnm ns axnemnx a nayn
csnannn catameecx ntne nayune mnpsspe-
nne, nnmer . Ip], cra cepmenn ne npe-
craenne ncnxne. cn rpannnnnax met ncn-
xnarpnn n ncnxanansa crp nepcnancrnuna n
npa]nuna, r cpemennte ncceannx csnannx r-
ptar nte ypnn, c]ept n nsmepennx, nastar,
ur ueeuecax ncnxna n cemy cymecry cpasmepna
ce Bceenn n cemy cymecrymemy
29
. ymecrymax
cnx np nnennnx pasyma ueea uncrax ca
rem camtm nuaretn pymnrcx.
et ncnxnn, npexennax . Ip]m, cepxnr
ceymne mnnenrt: 1. 13!")$
& snnar nrnuecne, cyxte n nxretnte
nsnn, a nsmenennx cnpnxrnn ecrnretncrn
npnpannarcx nannenramn cnpnxrn xnnncn
yncr n acrpannnncr. 2. ($
& nmeer c ncrunn nnnnyatnm eccs-
naretnm n rncnrcx uetm nepexnannxm np-
53
m, +mnnnatntm npemam n nepemenntm n-,
]nram ns pasntx nepn xnsnn nannenr. 3. (!"
&$ &, e nenrpatnax rema nencpe-
crenne nepexnanne ccrenn pxennx n cnp-
xamnx e mymenn n n nacaxennx. 3rr
ntr ar nennxmn mera]nsnuec xaparepa n un-
cr ]nc]c pe]ecnn nenpuncrn xnsnn.
4. 6!!&$ &, xartamn uycr t-
xa csnannx sa pamn tuntx npcrpancrenn-pe-
menntx pannuenn. n mxer rncnrtcx pannnm ]a-
sam xnsnn na, saptma n... nepny trnx sa
snnnennx saptma.
Tpancnepcnatnt ntr aer ueey smxncrt
nepexnrt mymenne txa sa npeet ce , sa
npeet npcrpancra n pemenn, mymenne spara
ytrypne n ncrpnuece npme ueeuecra n mnpa.
Tpancnepcnatnt ntr cneretcryer rm, ur ue-
e aaer cncncrt ecnpenxrcrenn nyreme-
crart m pemenn, m mnpe, mnp- n
mapcmce. Hcrynaer nn]pmannx, rpy nes-
mxn nyunrt axe npnecce cnennatn pas-
annx. x xcnennx ynnretntx uepr rpancnepc-
natn ntra . Ip] tnaer nnennn rm, ur
uee ecrt enncr marepnatn rea (nmamnnt)
n ecneun nx csnannx. Peut ner pnycyxp-n-
n npnpe ueea, npepacn nnctaem
pa]nuec met.
B auecre atrepnarnn crparenn rpancnepcnat-
nax ncnxnx mxer npeert pnsnc cpemenn
mecra n ytrypt. . Ip] ra c]pmynpa net
exynapn rpancnepcnatn accnnannn (ITA):
et ITA ccrnr rm, urt cnccrart pasnrn
nayun napanmt, npnsname pt csnannx n rp-
uec pasyma ceenn, anenrnpyme cs pasy-
ma n rea, nsyuame ueea e cxnm mexnu-
ncrnm, mexytrypnm, +nuecm n cmnuecm
nrecre. ccnnannx nepxnaer ce ceptesnte ycn-
nx, nanpaennte na r, urt c]pmynpart ce-
emmn nnrepnpannt sx na npnpy ueea
n cmca
30
. Tpancnepcnatnax ncnxnx n nnte na-
npaennx nna XX crernx naneent na pemenne np-
em mecra n nuncrn ncrmepna.
a nsecrn, enncr, netncrt snannx penxrcx
mera]nsne, ]nc]nn. H mnenn amepnanc ]n-
sna . Fma, sepae pasnuntx nayuntx nnrepnpera-
54
nn npncxnr penne necrn n neenm pe-
atncrn, utx npnpa nencrnxnma. Bnyrpennxx sanm-
cxst ce (axax uacrt, r. u. n +emenrapnax uacrnna,
cepxnr n tpaxaer ect necrnt ynnepcym) ]ncn-
pyercx nmnnarnnm npxe, rpt ]pmynpy-
ercx na xste maremarnn. Hpnpa cyme
holonomous n neenmt cmnuecn pasym rpaxent
+r necrncrn. Tepernuecax mtct enr nsna-
uatny necrncrt na pasnunte ert +cnna-
rnn npxa. urt npeert atnt pnsnc,
nyxn nyrem naa csart ny nayuny napanmy,
yunrtamy npnpy cyme.
Br a txnr nsnnnx . Fma: ...repnx rncn-
retncrn n anrax repnx tme crercryr ne-
mexannuecmy mnpsspenn. B uacrncrn, maremarna
anr repnn nastaer, ur cnne nxenne ma-
repnn ceyer nnnmart a npnecc paseprtannx n
ceprtannx. 3ra maremarna, nanpnmep, npenaaer
mnxecr n, rpte paseprtarcx na cem np-
crpancre ax acrn n ceprtarcx parn
nee. pynmn camn, ns neynm ceprtannx
nee snnaer nyrem npnecca paseprtannx ect np-
xennt ynnepcym c cem mnxecrm pasnuntx r-
etntx er
31
. n nastaer nxenne ra pa
nmnnarnntm (nyrpennnm) npxm, e cymecr-
anne ax uacrn mnpsannx nenpecrann nepxn-
aercx paseprtannem ns ne n ceprtannem ne-
e (+r xpm ncrpnpyercx pamm). rnu-
nt npnmep nyrpenne sanmcxsn napyxnaercx, n
mnenn . Fma, csnannn: B csnannn mt epxnm
ce, ur py nac, n cepxanne csnannx npeexer,
ur mt ecrt n a mt yem peanpart na mnp. netm
n cem cratntm mt, cearetn, cennent nyrpen-
ne, a ne nemne n ne mexanncrnun
32
. H+rmy nanee
+]]ernnt cnc secrnx na neenne pynx nn-
nn ccrnr nepeaue nm name xeannx, a ne
mexannuecm nnyxennn. B cyuae ycnexa ra pa
mmynnannn pyne naunnar epnrt nam n ncrynar
crercrymnm pasm.
s nsxenn treaer, ur nyrpennxx sanm-
cxst ce c cem npenaaer n npeeenne peme-
nne npemt crnmennx mecra n ueea, a nmen-
n: nn xnt pastart cacanny epenr-
ny (crercrymy) necrncrt.
B ]pmnpymecx ncrmepnncrc nnnnsannn
55
na aancneny tnaercx ]enmen nuncrn, ur cxsan
c m rpannn, rm unce n ]nc]cnx. secrn,
ur reymem crernn npnsme enn pnsnc ep-
nec nen ymannsma. cn cx nreparypa r pn-
crrex neane npm ncxna ns npnnnnna:
Tecr a mnp, r ncrmepnnsm yrepxaer parne:
np a recr. Hcenee naxnr nrepxenne n
naye, e ne recra paccmarpnarcx ert ]n-
snuec mnpa, ]pamenrt nnuecnx pasann.
x nac cymecrenn r, ur u. nnme c e patm
nepexnannem ptaer nnn epnec ]nc]-
crannx, rxnymycx r para Iee.
me ccem nean na cnannn ]nc]cnx npnn-
nnn Ieex mnuncenntx mnpa]nxx n crartxx
yrepxact, ur uee ecrt neur ennnune, r-
pm npxxercx cemee (mecrenne). Tenept c-
snannn mecra ce tme npnaercx nex rm, ur
nuncrt npecraxer c mnay, a ne neur ennnu-
ne nn axe cenne. Bet na penpesenrnpyer cxa-
ry pamax npern nnnnyyma Bceenny. nu-
ncrnax penpesenrannx cnnyma naunnaer recnnrt ar-
pnrapncrt ernn nauaa mecrenn xnsnn,
npnnnnn next (erna) astaercx nnenntm
npnnnnnm mnat. Ta nuncrt-mnaa, cepxamax
cee nnenrpnpann Bceenny n cnnym, xxercx
cmnuecnm n cnnatntm pesnarpm, peanpymnm
na pyxamn mnp, n ranm pasm, nuncrt n me-
cr sanmnepenerarcx n camcactarcx.
I a a 3
I uT
, . -
. -
. F .
u . R
su. R u -
. K usu.
a peut ner nenn, r sect cranarcx
pasnunte, uacr nprnnxnte run spennx. -
acn n nsnnnn, nenx npecraxer c
xne acce csnanne, npeeenn na cye-
epne. Ta cunraer, nanpnmep, nsecrnt menapcn
]nc] R. Fxentcn. n ns snauenn repmnna
nenx tenn (ra pxr nenn np-
cemennx, nrepc nn mmynncrnuec); n
Buaer ncrpnc]cy repn pn r nn nn
mncrn e ueeuec ncrpnn n cepxnr
nppammy cxennx ueeuecra. +rnm cxsan
a cyeepnx: nene cunraercx e mnpsspe-
nne, nene nastar raxe y ruy spennx,
nanpnmep, ny n maremarny. pye snauenne rpa-
ryercx mapcncrcn: nenx xartaer ce cep-
xanne yxn xnsnn ueeuec mecra, r. e. pe-
nn, ncyccr, nnrnuecne sxt
1
. R. Fxent-
cnm sect ycmarpnaercx ne sayxenne: -
neptx, nenx peynnpyercx ncunretn nn-
repecam acca; -rptx, nenx apca ast-
aercx pasnnncrt cenrnnnsma n, mecre c rem,
nperenyer na acrny ncrnnncrt.
3ect ceyer samernrt, ur nn . apc, nn u. 3n-
etc ne npnmenxn repmnn nenx cemy yuenn
n xaparepnsan e a nayuny repn cnnansma.
B. . ennn pacmnpn nnxrne nenn, ex are-
pn nayunax nenx, nuepny npn +rm, ur
npemecrymnx mapcnsmy cncremax nenn nmenct
nmt nayunte +emenrt, n rt mapcnsm nnm
cmtce +r ca xxercx nayun nene. nn-
paxct na +r npeeenne, arpt unc]c +nnn-
nenn npeexr nnxrne nenn ceymnm -
pasm: enx cynncrt ne n sx,
rpaxamnx repernuec, ee nn menee cncrema-
59
rnsnpann ]pme rnmenne e pyxame
ecrnretncrn n py pyy n cyxamnx sapene-
nn nn nsmenenn, pasnrn mecrenntx rnmenn.
cn nenuec rpaxennx ecrnretncrn
xxrcx npeeennte mecrennte nnrepect
2
. B
npnnnnne ne rnuaercx n npeeenne nenn rt-
ur tmemem +nnnnenuecm cape Hn-
rnx. 3ect nuepnaercx, ur nenx a xe-
nne nyuna npnsnanne, ur mecr n uee cyme-
cryr nenuecm npcrpancre
3
. Ta a mnp
mnpasen, r nmercx npecraennx pasntx n c-
epxann n nexm nenxx: nppeccnnax, nepat-
nax pennnnax, rranrapnax, nceparnnax, na-
nnnancrnuecax n np.
reuecrennte ]nc]t H. B. ecee n B. . Fa-
pynn cunrar, ur ]enmen nenn nprnpeun, ur
repernuncrt n cncremarnsnpanncrt rnt camn n
cee ne tpaxar cymncrt nenn; et npnpa
nenn a ]enmen mecrenn csnannx npee-
ena acrt mecrenn nnrepeca
4
. menn +rr
nnrepec tcrynaer pasem mexy nene n na-
y, x rp antm xxercx rpaxenne e-
rnntx san. rpt yrepxar, ur nenx npe-
craxer c yxne xenne; cearetn, ne-
nx yer cymecrart cea, ra a accax
nenx xxercx nmt nnm ns ncrpnuecnx apnan-
r nenn nem.
enx crannrcx camuenn nexnmcrt c-
xennx r mapcncrcnx m nnnmannn ne-
nn, saxartx rncn ncyccrenn cncrpynpann
ncrpnuec marepnansma. ecrnretn, ce pac-
cyxennx nenn, cnannte na crnmennn -
mecrenn trnx n mecrenn csnannx, neaear-
nt peatnmy nxenn eme. enpamepen nepenc
cnn npca ]nc]nn rnmennx csnannx
trn na mecr. mecrenn csnannx a ca-
mcrxretn mecrenn pasannx ne cymecryer;
peatncrn naaercx ]nc]ce, nayune,
npacrenne, xyxecrenne, npae, nnrnuece
csnanne nnnn, a ne mecra me, r. e. neat-
n t mecra ner. Bne nnnna ce nen, re-
pnn, nnennnn, yuennx ne xxrcx csnannem, +r n-
pemeuennte ]pmt csnannx, panee npnseennte nn-
nnamn. aya, ]nc]nx, mpat, ncyccr, npa,
nnrna cnenn]nuecne c]ept exretncrn ueea
60
(nn, px xstm ytrypnn, cnennansnpannte
c]ept ytrypt), rptx nnnnt np]eccnnatn
sanxrt nsnannem npnpt n mecra, a ne ]pmt -
mecrenn csnannx.
n]]epennnannx mecrenn csnannx na t-
enne (cnnatny ncnxn e) n repernuece
(nen) raxe xxercx nenpamepn. e-
nx +r npexe ce yuenne, rpe npeexer
pasnrne mecra na cne cncremt snann nn t-
mtc mnpe n pn ueea nem. enx npe-
craxer c yxny acrt ueeuec mncrn,
tpaxaer ee nnrepect n ncntsyer nanee nrnmat-
ny x ann mncrn cncrpynpanny n nee
met.
enx nmeer cn xaparepnte ueprt, rpte
mxn tcrpnrt ceymn px. enx npee-
xa npepasanne, pasnrne n ]ynnnnnpanne -
mecra ncrpnn ueeuecra. na cea aaa ap-
rnny mnpa, anenrnpaa nnmanne na mecr n pt ue-
ea +rm mnpe. enx nnrepnpaa snannx,
tparannte npemecrymnmn nennxmn, sanmcr-
yx panee nyuennte snannx n tmtct ns pynx ne-
n. enx xxercx pannsyme ]pm me-
crenn xnsnn, na nyxaer ecrart n, cea-
retn, xnrt. enx crnmynpyer n nanpaxer
ueeuece neenne, nnrepnpyx npn +rm ecrnx
e n mecra. enuecne cncremt npeexr
npernt ueeuec exretncrn n neenne nun-
crn cnnatnm mnpe.
x ee uer nnnmannx pn nenn xns-
neexretncrn ueea, ]ynnnnnpannn me-
crenn cncremt nexnm npeenrt ee ]ynnnn.
Hsnaaretnax ]ynnnx npeexer cncremy snann,
nyuenntx c]epe ytrypt n na cne ntra cnn-
atntx pynn (erepennax cnnytrypnax cncrema).
saercx ra nn nnax met cnnatn mnpa n mecr
ueea nem. nenunax (acnnuecax) ]yn-
nnx aer nne nperny neny na cne cnn-
atntx nnrepec pasnun pa nenncre n npm n-
eennx, npern: npacrenntx, +crernuecnx, npa-
tx, nnrnuecnx, +nmnuecnx, pennsntx n p.
Hppammn-neeax ]ynnnx nenn nastaer ne-
n, paspaartaer nppammt nx crnxennx n pea-
menrnpyer rem camtm neenne e mecre (na-
npnmep, mapnar a npma neennx mycytmannna).
61
-**!' #*% = menpyer yymee pas-
nrne ce pynnt n mecra nem. '!!*>"
5 ecneunaer ]pmnpanne npeeenn n-
xa xennxm cnnytrypn nparnn mecra.
?5 #*% ecneunaer nypenrne (n
pta, n ccymecranne) sanmecrne c pynmn
nenxmn. anen, %"!'+*>5 #*"
% npeexer npnnnnnt pannsannn n ynpaennx
xnsnt mecra. uarp nenn nncan mnp 6-
mecrenn xnsnn n ueeuec ytrypt, ur uent
xpm npcmarpnaercx pasnrtx n cxntx nnnn-
sannxx.
B nem ,
,
! ! . " #
$, %, $, %$, &' #
#, # &',
&', ' $, , # #,
# % !%
$ (!. nenuec crpyrype mecra rn-
cnrcx npeeennax cncrema nenuec secrnx
n nenuecne pant, rpte paspaartar ne-
nuecne yuennx n nepxr nx macce csnanne.
enuecax crpyrypa mecra a pasym cnn-
yma npeexer pasnrne cex cnnatntx c]ep n nepas-
ptn c nnmn cxsanntx acre ytrypt.
3naunmcrt ytrypt pasnrnn mecra ne cea
yunrtaact npn repernuecm menpannn pasnrnx
mecra. npnecca ennsannn, rmeuaer, nanpn-
mep, u. ap, nauamecx nce rp mnp nt,
repnn pasnrnx pe yunrtan cnnytrypnt n-
recr. B ay ya cranact +nmna, ra a yt-
rypa ta uem-r +]emepntm; n cama mtct rm, ur na
mxer necrn c a crparen pasnrnx, asaact
npcr neen. Pasnrne nnnmact a npnecc, npnc-
xxmn ytrypnm ayyme, nneprn ueeuec
cpee. na ne ra an napyxnact mnuncrt
ra nxa; npnmct npnsnart antm-an uen-
ne x cnennancr acrn ytrypnn, a nmenn:
ax rpnna, cnannax na nmepn acrpannn,
a xxercx m +nmnyc, ne rt nene-
nnaer ynnt ncrnnn npnpt ueea, n n cama
astaercx yxsnm, ncty +nmnuecn pcr
tme crenenn sancnr r ranx nepemenntx ]arp,
a rpuecr n cncncrt aanrannn
5
.
62
et ytrypa xartaer c, napxy c ncyc-
crm, penne, nay, ]nc]ne, npam, nnrn
n np., n nsperennx, rpuecr n cncncrt pnrn-
uecmy cmtcenn, ur cnccryer aanrannn nnn-
na pyxame cpee. Fes ytrypt nesmxna
cxst mexy npmtm, nacrxmnm n yymnm, nesmxn
pasnrne rpuec nuncrn. am mnp ytrypt (a
uee xner nmenn mnpasnm mnpe ytrypt)
npecraxer c acrt nyrpenne n]]epennn-
pann ecrnretncrn. cymncrt ccraxer, c
n crpnt, nenncrn, c py cxpanxmne nx
npmt, nn ernnpannte pasnt neennx. a
+rnmn +emenramn nacrpanarcx pyne cnmt,
nnxrnx, cncremt mtmennx. nn pasyr cxnte
]ynnnnatnte cncremt, aamne tm camcr-
xretncrt n cncncrt cxpanxrtcx.
Bce nenncrn ytrypt mxn pasenrt na nncrpy-
menratnte (rpnunte) n arnmnte. Hcenne c-
nant enernuecn nx npncxxenne cxstaercx c
cepxecrecrenntmn cnamn (annte Fm, npsa-
mennte nppamn n np.), rpannnxmn (nen pennx, na-
cene rn n r. .) nn xapnsmarnuecnmn ycranenn-
xmn (neat mypen, yuennx npcerenntx). Tnnnunte
arnmnte nenncrn ax ytrype pasyr c-
ynncrn xp ytrypt, ee acnnuecy cepne-
nny. Ta a cne nenrnuncrn r nn nn yt-
rypt exar nnate rannx nenncre, r +rn
npana uacr nycar nypnpymne cnct pea-
nsannn nenncre, nn, nnaue px, pasnunte cnct
nmennx xnsnt nnrepnpernpanntx nenncre. Ta-
nm pasm, acnnuecax ct ytrypt n acn-
nuecax ]ynnnx nenn cmemarcx. xn -
pnrt pannuec cxsn crercrenn nnrepnpern-
panntx cnntx nenncre ytrypt n neem,
tpaxamnx nnrepect rex nn nntx cnnatntx pynn.
3ect cymecrenn r, ur nenx tcrynaer napxy n
c nnrnuec, n +nmnuec, n c yxn acrt.
yxn cunrartcx c rem, ur nenuecax acrt +r
tcmax ]pma acrn npmatnm, nnnnsannm -
mecre. ne e, a npncxnr ee acrnsannx;
nanpnmep, rranrapnm mecre.
mensecren ntne ]ar pmn nnrepeca Bc-
ry, cy snaunmcrt npnperaer na 3anaa n
Bcra, rpm ne ncen pt npar cenn-
crn cruntx n sanantx nen. Hpecranren -
63
nx mnp, npnnnmamne yuacrne VI n]epennnn ]n-
c] Bcra n 3anaa (Inyy, 1989 .), npnsnan
nacncrt ceennx naa cnnresy ]pme a-n-
enn nenn. Bcrunn r +r npecrepe-
aa namxrt pemenax nnansma n xpncrnanc
mnccnnepcra, sanann ne menee crpamnte c-
nmnnannx ncecrnxx rranrapntx nen na-
nnsma, crannc nperapc nnrepnannnansma
n r. .
6
.
reuecrennt nsecrnt cnn . . Bacnte
cem rpye crpnx Bcra nastaer, ur nxr-
mnx Bcr3ana snna anrnuncrn, a pe-
ne Ipennn craa mnnnpart uacrnax ccrenncrt n
cxsanne c ne paxance mecr. aunnax c an-
rnun Ipennn, sameuaer n, nnnnsannm mnpe
snnn e pasnte cnnatnte crpyrypt epne-
cax n neepnecax, npnuem rpax ta npecraena
mnnmn apnanramn, pasnuamnmncx pasntx panax
mnpa, n npnnnnnnatn cxntmn, nrnnntmn a-
nm: nm ne tn snamt nn cncrymax pt
uacrn ccrenncrn, nn anrnune paxance me-
cr
7
. rex np cymecryr a nyrn pasnrnx nnnn-
sannn (ueeuecra) n crercrenn nmercx a rnna
nenn.
Hpn paccmrpennn nen Bcra n 3anaa ne-
xnm cunrartcx c rem, ur esnaexn ycrapea rpan-
nnnnax mapcncrcax rua spennx erepmnnannn +-
nmn (asncm) cyapcra (n nnrnuec ne-
nn). secrnt reuecrennt cnn B. . Pynn
nnmer cxsn c +rnm ceymee: Hpema cyapcra
cxsana recnee c npcamn nenn, uem c +nmn,
npn +rm nnnx npnunna cecrne eer tme
uacrt ne r +nmnn nnrne n nenn, a na-
pr
8
. enx, ranm pasm, ycna n ns
npnnnnnnatntx pasnun mexy Bcrm n 3anam,
n+rmy nyxn paccmrpert anne pasnune.
nenn]na cruntx nen nerptna r pxa
mmenr, xaparepntx x ytryp Bcra. ccea-
nnx . Inepanra, . Beepa n p. nasan nanune
cntntx pannnancrnuecnx +emenr mnpsspennn
peneennercnx xpen, nnrnuec penennnc
]nc]nn, pannuec nenn, pannnancrnue-
cnx yuennxx rnna ynsma, n]ynnancra n np. Bcx
crunax ytrypa pamena mncrnuec, manuec n
reparnuec nene. Pennsnax nenx Bc-
64
ra xxercx ne crt penne ccrennm cmtce
+r ca, ct mncrnuecn ]pmenn n manue-
cn pannsann rexnn, +nmn, +rn, nn-
rn n npam. crarun cnmnnrt +r cxsn pax-
mannsm, rpt yatn ra npnnsta xnsnt
mecra, ur nesmxn npecrn pasnune mexy pe-
nnsntm n cercnm, nay n penne, pxncrt
n trm. anen, rmernm, ur reparnuecax ne-
nx cnana na uye, me n repppe
9
.
Hepeuncennte ueprt nenn Bcra ycent
npexe ce cnnatn crpyryp crun me-
cra. ) ner rnnnun crun mnne, npeex-
me mapcrpyrypy cyapcra ecnrn. Bcrunax
cnnatnax crpyrypa xaparepnsyercx nntm nme-
nnem nuncrn ernm. 3r snauaer, ur ne cyme-
cryer nuncrn a camnenn nnnnyatn necr-
ncrn c cemn ee nyrpennnmn nrennnxmn n cen-
ncrxmn. mecr rratn nmaercx cyapcrm.
um nnnmann cnenn]nn nenn Bcra x-
xercx mnnnpanne xecr ecnrnuec cy-
apcra auecre atrepnarnt uacrnmy ccrennny,
cncrymemy mecrax 3anaa.
B anrnunm mnpe npnsma pennx-myrannx,
nxnmax naua nnamnunmy n +]]ernnmy pas-
nrn 3anaa n ]pmnpann e nenn. a cne
npeaannx pe-pnmc anrnuncrn uacrn c-
crenncrn, paxanc mecra ( pene Ipennn),
spxennx +nxy Peneccanca anrnuntx npm, npnnnn-
n n nncrnryr, ennx epa]nuecnx rptrn, nep-
nauatn nanennx annraa tn csant mare-
pnatnte npenctn x tspeannx pne a-
nnransma. eyer cacnrtcx c . . Bacntetm,
yrepxamnm, ur epnecn nyrt pasnrnx n ment-
me mepe c anrnuncrn nme nrennnn x annrancrn-
uec rnna xsxcra, cnann na cncre, a sa-
rem n na nneprp]nn uacrn ccrenncrn; nprec-
ranrcax xe +rna ma nmt nmut peansannn
ynmxnyrtx nrennn
10
.
x nenn 3anaa xaparepn anenrnpanne
nnmannx na npaax n cax nuncrn, npam cy-
apcre, emparnn. eratn paccmarpnaercx npe-
ma crnmennx cyapcra n mecra. menn ne
c]pmynpana n nmena xnsnt nex mecre
cyepenn napa, rpe cxen r nera cy-
apcra n tcrynaer n rnmenn nemy pantm nap-
65
rnepm. npncym npansm; crarun nanmnnrt,
ur ceuac nxnnct neaccnuecne ]pmt rpannnn-
ntx sanantx nen: nemapcnsm, nenepansm,
nenceparnsm, ne]amnsm n r. .
pemenne sanmecrne nen Bcra n 3a-
naa, cxnxercx csnannem r ]ara, ur 3ana m-
xer nrepxrt mnnnpymee nxenne mnpe. 3ana
yxe csna, ur xrx e ncrpnuecmy napcrann
eme ne npnme nen, n yxe ne xxercx acrntm.
rx n n nspe nnennn cpemenn ueea, emy
yxe ne npnnaexar ncunretnte npaa na +r ns-
perenne. Hepe ueeuecrm crar nte smxn-
crn, men pasnrnx. na 3ana na ne cmnpncx c
n paccran cn n ne cnpaercx narnrt sa nee.
naue emy npnercx rasartcx r n ncrpnuec
cnryannn, rp emy yaact taart pas-
nrne ce ytrypt sa ncrynaretne nxenne nnn-
nsannn, a rcrananne cnx ccrenntx nnrepec
sa sary cuacrte ueeuecra
11
, sameuaer . yc-
cen.
a 3anam nanca ypsa nrepx npnnenn
tcrynart r nmenn pynx n nmx cex. e cyuan
annuannn x. Pepre ce nne Tpnym] 3anaa
anenrnpyer nnmanne na crpemennn 3anaa npart nep-
y cpnny cranxmecx nanerapn nnnnsannn,
n ncrpnx ce mnp nnnnsannn (paccmarpnae-
m c 1700 .) nxercx nanpaennn, saannm ycne-
xamn 3anaa
12
. pnecne amnnncrparpt, mnccn-
nept n yunrex npnnecn neepnenam ee mxne
cranaprt neennx rnmennn catx, nea e-
rnn npacynx, nnreeryatny crpcrt nayn,
nt c]epe spaxpanennx n rexnnn, yaxenne
npaam nuncrn, emparn n np. 3rn apt nnrt-
arcx tcrp ]pmnpymnmncx mecramn neepne-
c mnpa, rpte ntrarcx npeenrt ce nn n
pecrn smxncrt nxrt na cytt ueeuecra. B
cxm cyuae necmnenn n ceuac npncxnr
]pmnpanne mnp nenn na cne cnnresa -
cruntx n sanantx nen; +ra nenx npecra-
xer c necrne yuenne ymannsma nerpannnnn-
, ncraccnuec rnna.
eyer cunrartcx c rem cymecrenntm ]arm, ur
Bcr xxercx pnn cyapcrenn nenn,
cny r, ur crunax ecnrnx mnnnpaa na -
mecrm, ]arnuecn nmax e. na cyapcr-
66
ennax (]nnnatnax) nenx cymecraa n cymecr-
yer renept, +nnnnpyx crercrnn c nnnns-
anntmn nsmenennxmn, a menxercx mecr pasnuntx
]pm ]nnnatn nenn pennn, ncyccra, ]n-
c]nn n p.
a nprxxennn cren n rtcxu er eymee mecr
cyapcrenn nenn sannmaa pennx, asta-
max cny pxa npnunn (na ns nnx +r cymecr-
anne msy ueea nppammt ept, nepeamecx
enernuecnm nyrem) mmne secrne na neenne
nnnna n cnnatntx pynn. ccearet B. . a-
ry ce nne 3nnx nrara (ntrt ncnx]n-
snnuec ncceannx) nnmer: mt nx se-
crnx na pasym naxemtx cmtce nnnnnnpannx
ncennx camnpnuncenn nrary nacrt ena,
ur +rn cncremt npepamanct npnecce +nnn
camsaepmennte cncremt nrara reparnuec xa-
parepa. B +rnx pennsntx yuennxx (peut ner a-
cnsme, xpncrnancre, nyansme n ncame. *.+ ce nx
acnert crt pannun cxsant, ur nyxam nnrpc-
nernn naennx cyxar n nrnx, n mncrnnnsm,
n +rna +rnx penn. enx +rnx penn nmmanen-
rn uaer cex mart ptn acernsma,
cennennte nen c nerptmn nxennxmn +anra-
pnsma. 3ra crpna nanee prcatn tpaxena
acnsme, n na xe ccraxer n uacrt +rn-mncrnue-
c cnannx n xpncrnancre, n cratntx yue-
nnxx
13
.
3nra, ynpaxmax cyapcrm, tc nenna +]-
]ernncrt nenuec cymncrn pennsn n-
aennx macct nnnn. Bet nnnnt npnmenxn
ce xnsneexretncrn acernsm xpncrnancra, ncama
n npunx penn n +anrapncrt a cpecr camc-
epmencrannx, rastaxct npemenn r enns-
ma ntsy npecranree npaxme cx. nnatnt
nrar npnperaer pe mncrnuecn pamenn cym-
ncrn, rpancnenenrn n ]aratn. Tem camtm npan-
rexm npnaacx xaparep npxennx tcme xecr-
enn cnt, nepencnmt n na peatny cny nae-
nnx. Bce +r xpm ncntsact na nparne n
nepapxamn yen, n xan]amn apa, n xpncrnancnmn
mnapxamn.
n ns nanee cntn ecrymnx cnnatntx
]pm cyapcrenn nenn (mt ne paccmarpnaem
]nc]n, pnenrnpanny na ysn c nnreery-
67
atn +nrt) xxercx pasearetne ncyccr: re-
arp, mysta, xpepa]nx n a. e ce nsyuar ncr-
pn nn yearcx xnnnct n cytnryp, n pas-
earcx nparnuecn ce. e ceyer satart, ur
spenme, mysta, nenne n rannt xe paseuennx s-
ecryr a na csnanne (rearp), ra n na ncsna-
retnte, +mnnnatnte crpyrypt ueeuec ncnxn-
n (mysta, aer).
B xe nepexa ncrnnycrpnatn nnnnsannn
(nerpte nccearen ncntsyr repmnn nn]pma-
nnnne mecr nn ncrnnnnsannx) cyapcr-
ennax nenx npnperaer nte anat secrnx
na macce csnanne. cn ncrnnnnsannn, nn-
mer B. . ary, yuenne, repnx ra nn nnaue
mnnnpan me crpyrype nenn (nanpnmep,
pennx cpenne ea), r renept, necmrpx na ypne
pasnrne nenuecnx yuenn, naaercx nrarnax
repanrncrt tm ]nc]cnm yuennxm, axe ne-
arnn-nrarn nn +crpemncrc nana. rx ]n-
c]nx rem nn nntm cncm nxer na pyne crp-
nt cnnatn rpuecra, rem ne menee nenx ce
tme pnenrnpyercx ne na nee, a na pyne nt rp-
uecra: nreparypy, ne- n ayn-, pan n reenepeaun
n r. n. H-nnmmy, xcnenne +rmy nanrcm
caue pasnrnx ]pm, mer, nncrpymenr, ema, a
cearetn, ypnx secrnx na naxemtx. y-
sta, neuarne c (ne ]nc]nx) myr secr-
art na ncsnanne pas tme unca nnnn,
uem ]nc]nx, cny nnreeryatn crynncrn
tmnncry n rcyrcrnx nexnmcrn ycnn x c-
npnxrnx, r. e. axe nnennn nenn +rm cyuae
cnpxxent c nrpcrm ennsmy
14
.
cnemcx eme n cyapcrenn nenn m-
en epasncra, e mnnnpyer neparnx. pasn-
nt netmax pynna pyccnx +mnpanr-nnree-
rya mnpe . . Tpyen, H. . ann,
. . eceea n p. c]pmynpaa ny nen
n nntraact tpasnrt penne n sauacry eccsnaret-
nte +rn-nannnatnte ycrpemennx nap Pccnn.
3rnmn ncceannxmn csana ennrnuecax rpn-
na, ue cnn resnc syunr ra: epasncr +r
cnenn]nuecax ]pma, rnn ytrypt, mtmennx n cy-
apcrenn nnrnn, nspene ypennmnxcx na np-
crpancre pmn cyapcra Pccnn. cxnax
nex: Pccnx pasnx npecraxer c ynnatnt
68
epa]nuecn n ytrypnt mnp, rpt aaer ca-
mcraruncrt.
x nac cymecrenn r, ur epasncax ytrypa,
urt nmert smxncrt camcsnart cex, xna
nmert c nen. crnnnax nex ecrt cmtc cam
ecrnretncrn, r. e. na crannrcx nee-npanret-
nnne, ra a cncrema acrn ]pmxercx ne-
parn
15
. ex-npanretnnna tcrynaer auecre
nsnauatn cnt nn apxernna epasnc ytrypt;
na raxe xxercx crpyryppasymnm ]arpm
cyapcra-nrnnenra.
pasncax nenx, utnm crepxnem astaercx
pycce npacane, npecraxer c nppammy
ecrn, npeexmy ny ycrany csnannx. -
cnreem xe ra csnannx npnsana trt naprnx c-
na a cyapcrenn-nenuecn cs, xpa-
nxmn nen. Hcenxx ne npcr nncrpymenr
acrn; na, ncrannn epasnne, cama acrt,
nmemax e nncracn: nex-npanretnnna n npax-
mn rp, r. e. npaxmn c mnpm cmtce ca.
Hpnmepm npaxme rpa mxer cyxnrt nerp-
cax yuenax pyxnna, cyxne pxncr. pasn-
cax met-neparnx aryansnpaact renept, a
crnr npc cytax Pccnn, txe ns rxxeeme
pnsnca na npe XXI crernx, n npenepeart e
nenpamepn.
e ceyer nenennart snaunmcrt nenn
]pmnpannn nuncrn; nanprn, ee pt +rm np-
necce tn snaunretna, uem cneretcryer ncr-
pnx ueeuecra. Peut ner mecre ne n nea, ne-
pasptn cxsanntx c nnrepecamn nnnna n pe]epenr-
n emy cnnatn pynnt. enx erepmnnnpyer
mnpsspenne, yexenne, ycrann n peyxrnt ne-
ennx nuncrn. Btamncx pyccn mtcnret n nn-
caret . . enrte ceymnm pasm xaparepnsyer
snauenne nenn xnsneexretncrn ueea:
nmn, a x cam, npurx cyuan (n y xe y
Iepnena!) rm, ur pemx ypn nepcncne etmxn
pcanct camn mpe, urt eunrt pat n cnacrn
cepca, a nn nuepen nxnn nap n c-
nxnct nepe nnm, npexe uem nnyrtcx sa pr... n-
mn, a, npurx +r, saymacx n casa cee nept
pas (a ct pas npnxnct c ercra spe s-
pacra cnmnnart accnuec pe-nepcnc pt-
e!): Iepnen cnpaen ser +r nepcncnmn uepm-
69
nnamn. 3r crpamnee n pas enuaee uepmnn!
3r astaer cny nen, cny yexennx, tmy, uem
y camnx cnnxnn enna; n pas eue n-
xnrt c y nty nrt, uem ymann n x-
n, es cx npnnyxennx, pemartcx na camyncr
ns-sa pennsn-cyapcrenn nen!
16
.
enx nmeer ynnepcatnt xaparep, r. . na
cncna xartart camte pasnunte acrn mtcn,
exretncrn, neennx nuncrn n npeexrt nx na-
npaenne (pas mtcn, cte nnrepect), nen n
cpecra. 3naunmcrt nenn ]pmnpannn nun-
crn npeexercx nnmannem nea na neenne ;
nmenn neat tpaxar nenncrn, na rpte pnenrn-
pyercx nnnn. nne n uacr pycryrcx
nenuecnmn npecraennxmn auecre mrn
ce neennx n nyr na xeprt n nmennx, nmt t
cymecrnrt na nparne saymanne; cymecrenn r,
ur +rn mrnt xe peansannn tun ncaxarcx.
enuecne npecraennx myr ncnrt yrnnue-
cn xaparep, nx cymecrenne n npnnr paspy-
menn npmatn ]ynnnnnpyme mecra, n
]pmnpyer e]pmnpanny nuncrt ( ncrpnn +r
nsecrn a cnnpm n ueea): crarun
cnmnnrt exretncrt snamennr ncnanc nnn-
snrpa Tpemat, Inrepa n ranna. upannyscn nn-
caret X. anyx ectma, pacun nnctaer ncecr-
nx cymecrennx yrnnuec nenn, npnnme
csnanne nnnna: Hxxe, saret, nsnxx ama
n y ns 3emc caa, npecrepea yrnncr: ne-
atne mecr na seme necrnxnm, n ye sa-
pn mnpa. neun, yrpara Pax, csna mt pemx
+rr ]ar, ma t yepeut nac r tmnx nenpnxrn-
cre. Ta nam ne npnmct t crpnrt yuesapnte -
mecra, rpte nensexn npxsn ecnrnsme, ncn-
xse, ntrax n ennne. nn csaanct nmx samnrt
ueeuecra r sa mnpa ce, n camn crannnct e
e
17
. cxaenn, n ne cnpnnxn necy
mypcrt n nmn na ny y yrnncr, pncymnx nap-
cra muntx pe c ncetntmn epeamn. en yr-
nnuec cnnansma, rane a T. p, T. amnanea,
X. ete, ncxnn ns nen acrn paencra, cy-
meme nrnrt euny cnpaencrt. en +r-
npnmnrnn, ypannretn mmynnsma ycmarpn-
an net mecrenn nppecca nemeennm ns-
xrnn arcra y artx n pasaue e cem uenam
70
mecra, urt nepxnart mexy nnmn ycrune
panecne. a nparne +r tpasnct yamecx r-
uacrn nntre c]pmnpart cepmenn nnatx, sa-
nppammnpanntx nuncre, rpte npeaan cmep-
rn n ncnxnuecn tntx e, n cepmenn sptx
nnenrpannnntx aepxx, paspyman cemtn n pe-
xnn cytt pynx nnnn.
B npeeennm acnere cymncrt ueea xxercx
cynncrt cenntx n trtx nm snann, npnuem
crpyrypa snann nuncrn na repernuecm n +mnnpn-
uecm ypnxx cataercx ns nenuecnx snann
n nenncre, np]eccnnatntx snann, nenenuecnx
snann n nenncre. B nyrpenne crpyrype nuncrn
nenuecne snannx n nenncrn pasyr cny np-
]eccnnatntx n nenenuecnx snann, nxr na nx
ncntsanne nuncrt ncenen exretncrn.
Ta, neam asapmenn mmynnsma tcrynaer +e-
menrapne yerpenne ]nsnuecnx nrpencre. r-
ca crpnnnn ra nenn npnsnar nexn-
mtm rt ]nsnuecn rpy semeetna n paue, e-
ax rpy ce mecra nnetntm. B nem
nenn yrnnuec mmynnsma paccmarpnan np-
nscr me a npnscr pan npnscra,
ne craxx smxncrn x pasnrnx nuncrn.
enx nencpecrenn cxsana c npneccm c-
ncraennx nea n ecrnretncrn. parnmcx
rpyam H. . pnea, paspaartame nnen-
nn mecrenn neaa. B e ]ynamenratnm
rpye mecrennm neae nsaarcx a mrna:
nex ecneun cepmencrannx, rpax nprn-
peunr mtcn cuacrnm saepmennn ncrpnn, n nex
nenpenm anrnnmnn nuncrn n mecra, ne n-
sxmax csart apmnn mecrenn xnsnn. r-
ca ceyer nea cn ynnepcansma.
3rn e nen ar smxncrt npecrn uere pas-
nune mexy mecrenntm neam H. . pnea
n ]nc]ne-nene semn pax. Tpeannx npa-
crenn csnannx: Ta mpatnax ]nc]nx nppec-
ca, rpy mt npnnnmaem, ne nmeer nnue me c
nsnrnntmn repnxmn nppecca, rpte ecneuncrt
npacrenntx rpeann nmenxr mtct ecneu-
ncrn ncrpnuec nppecca
18
. Hnnne nnxrne
esycnm neae snauaer, ur e nne cymecr-
enne naxnrcx sa npeeamn neuntx xenn. B -
acrn rncnretn ncrpnuec nppecca nesmx-
3 3a. 1664 71
n paspemnrt nprnpeune mexy neam n ecrn-
retncrt, ne nmeer cmtca ncart +r paspemenne
npecraennxx cuacrnm nne (semnm pae) nn eu-
nm npnecce ncrpnn.
B ncrpnn ]nc]nn, tcryname auecre ne-
nn, cymecryer a nprnnxntx nxa: ac-
rnt ernnsm, cacn rpmy ect cmtc
xnsnn nuncrn ncuepntaercx mecrm, n acrnt
nnnnyansm, yrepxamn nesancnmcrt cmtca
nun xnsnn r mecra. Hept cunraer, ur nuncrt
cx n nna, ce nnre cnx nrpencre n
saau pacrpxercx mecrenn crnxnn, mecre n
uepes mecr na cnacaercx r ce cacrn n pa-
nnuenncrn, nem na nmeer n ncxne naua, n saep-
mamn npee cnx crpemenn. Brp nx rme-
uaer, ur nuncrt xxercx cameme enunn,
ur mecr e nmexa n pannna, ur na mxer narn
cnacenne rt cam cee, napyxnrt tx ns c-
snannx ce necepmencra. ncrpnncrt +rnx sa-
nmncuamnx py pya sspenn n nenuecnx
ncrpenn rpeyer nx cnnresa.
B XX crernn nept nx name nne cymecr-
enne nenn rranrapnsma. ecrnretn, Ha-
rn, ycrnn n Ieet, axt n-cemy, meuran
acrntx mecrenntx csax, a n cent n-
cennx retnte nnnnt naxxr nyrt axencry,
cenemy yerpenn ce ymn. Harn axe
tpaxacx cepmennm mexnrnn ranm pasm,
ur nem npxnar n n ern ; ycrnn cun-
ra nept, eymy ueea cnacenn, apcrm
Fxtnm, a Ieet nasta cyapcr, cymecrxmee
npacrenny ne, semntm m. Bmecre c rem n Ha-
rn, n ycrnn, n Ieet, n ce nx ncearen npn-
snaan crxmee na mecrm tcmee mnpe naua,
rpmy nnnmaer ueea cepmenne menne.
crnt ernnsm tpaxen ]nc]cnx
ncrpennxx ueepaxa, apca n anra nnx me-
cr cam crannrcx m n cam n cee cnm nyr-
pennnm cepmencrm cnacaer ueea. Bne +r n t-
me +r ueey neue ncart; mecr x ueea
nt nyrt uemy-r tcmemy, n cam ecrt +r
tcmee, nem ect cmtc ueeuec xnsnn. 3r at]a
n mea cex nmtc, crpemenn n naex nuncrn.
ntmn camn, mecr ecrt x ueea (]e-
epaxcn mrn xecrennx mecra).
72
menn acrnt ernnsm, a nuncrt
rxecrxercx c mecrm, n ncyxn ]nc]cnm
cnannem x nenn rranrapnsma e pasnu-
ntx npxennxx: nanncrc-]amncrcm n mmynncrn-
uecm. B nne 50/50. ntr capx n mtmennx
rmeuaercx, ur nenn rranrapntx pexnm
+r c pa nenn, r. . nn nperenyr na
xar cex, es ncuennx, c]ep mecrenn n uacrn
xnsnn, a raxe na r, ur nn xxrcx nntm n-
mennem ncrnnt n n+rmy mexsaretnt
19
. ex-
nm yunrtart, ur rranrapnte pexnmt nxnnct
rt XX . n ur nx nenpamepn rxecrxrt c
panee cymecramnmn ecnrnuecnmn cyapcramn.
B ncennx aax-r pynna npamaer mecr;
neptx cymecrxercx camnpamenne mecra,
a ce nnnnt npnnnmar arnne yuacrne n-
aennn py pya.
pemennax nnrnx yastaer ceymne npn-
snan ]enmena rranrapnsma: crpemenne nacntn-
my npepasann mecra n ueea; nnaprnnax
nrarypa c xapnsmarnuecnm xem; cpamnanne c-
ncryme naprnn c cyapcrm; acrn nenrpa-
nsannax +nmna; repppncrnuecax ranax nn-
nnx; mnntnax nenx; ernnsm, cxmn
mnnnmymy cyepennrer retn nnnna
20
. Tra-
nrapnax nenx ]arnuecn crannrcx asnpen-
ne, n cny +r na ne naercx pnrne n pann-
natnmy anansy. Hxenne nuncrn, nanpnmep, rm
xe nanncrcm cyapcre xaparepnsyercx rratntm
nunnennem cyapcry n rueanen ]pmye: nn-
nnyym ne nmeer nn npaa, nn xsanncrn cymecr-
art. annt npnnnnn ecueeunannx nepte t
tnnyr yccnnn n cem nepnauatnm ne n
syua ra: x ]amncra ce cyapcre, nnur
ueeuece n yxne ne cyapcra ne nmeer nenn-
crn. 3ect ]amnsm rranrapen. er nnue ynnret-
n rm, ur ]amncrcax rranrapnax nenx c-
ntaact na ]pepnpnnnnne. me an amn]
Inrep rpea npeparnrt Iepmann arpnrapne
cyapcr ae c xem-nrarpm, nmemnm a-
crny, nnuem nn sanm, nn mpat ne pa-
nnuenny acrt
21
. anncrcax rpnna rranrapnsma
cxmaa nne nunnenne nuncrn cyapcry; cx-
e nnamtcne paccmarpnact a s (ymtmenne
nn neymtmenne) n nexa naenn n ycrpane-
* 73
nn npn nmmn nnaepe, astx amep n paccrpe-
. e cyuan na pnepcm npnecce yasta-
ct, ur rranrapnax rpnna ceaa smxntm
cymecranne nnnnyyma nmt nyrpn pact n x pa-
ct, ne nycax nspannx nm ce nyrn n ccrenn
nen
22
. enx ]amncrc rranrapnsma npnn-
staa c xnsnt nuncrn, epxaa e exretncrt
n neyctnntm nrpem, npnnstaa ce npt -
mecra.
B npnnnnne, sa nerptm ncuennem, cxna c ]a-
mncrc nene n mmynncrnuecax rranrapnax
nenx, ncaeunmax cytt a netx nap, ra
n mnxecra nnnnyym. Ta, na cne naprnn c-
rnna, csann ennntm, ercm se t
csan ranntm n e pyxennem nt acc nap-
rnmenarypa. secrnt cacn nnrnuecn
exret n yuent . xnac ce nne nn rra-
nrapnsma nnmer: B mmynnsme mecrenn-nnrn-
uecne rnmennx, n ccrenncrt (rranrapnsm acrn
n mnnnx na ccrenncrt) cnpxarcx n nnxr
py pya ya +]]ernnee, uem npn nn me-
crenn cncreme
23
. rnxrt y naprpparnn ccren-
ncrt snaunr ynpasnnrt ee a cnnatny pynny
(acc) n ynnurxnrt mmynncrnuecy rranrapny
nen.
Ta a mmynncrnuec cncreme acrt tcryna-
er npemenn auecre n ccrennna, n nea,
r rranrapn nrarype naprpparnn crercryer
mmynncrnuecax rranrapnax nenx. Icyapcr
n nenx sect crpemxrcx esnunrt nnnnyyma n
ccrennt nap. am cyapcr tnnxer
cnnm ]ynnn nacnnx, ur tpasnct ueann
]pmynpe ennna: Icyapcr-ynna. er nn-
ue ynnretn rm, ur mmynncrnuecn rran-
rapnsm paccmarpna nuncrt a acrparny ne-
ny ennnny. crarun cnmnnrt n+rnuecn
a]pnsm B. B. axc: nnnna nt, c en-
nnnt rntme nnca.
ecmrpx na mmne aenne rranrapn mmy-
nncrnuec nenn na nuncrt, a raxe na rane
cnnatnte nncrnryrt, a cemtx, nept n p., na, nu-
ncrt, rnt ne ncuesa, ne npeparnact ryn ec-
cecnt nnrn (xrx n cymecra c nuncre-
nnrn), ]ynnnnnpymn cncreme cexartame-
, esymn cyapcrenn mexannsma. Fyyun r
74
npnpt cnn n erny, n nnnnyans-
my, nnmer . xnac, nuncrt yepeaa cex a-
xe +r cncreme. na nmt saymena ee, uem e
t r nn t eme, n nnnnyatncrt c npxxer
nntmn cncamn
24
. B mem xe x nuncrn, paspt-
amecx mexy crpemennem cymecrnrt cn xea-
nnx n ectma pannuenntm nem smxncre, xapa-
repn npsxanne, npnuem pasy xnsnn nuncrn npncy-
ma nesamnmenncrt, ecnpane. ntmn camn, nunt
mnp nnnnyyma astaercx necntm r rran-
rapn acrn n nenn. mmynncrnuecax nenx
npnnsaa c ce mecr, yxnt mnp ax
nuncrn, ma rant ncceann yuentx, x-
nenne n+r, meurt enntx. rem ne menee,
xnsnt asaact cntnee nenn rranrapnsma. H-
cenxx, nanen, ta paspymena, n na ee max s-
nn ncrmmynncrnuecn mnp, rpt cenx crpe-
mnrcx rn py tcpasnrtx nnnnsann, e c-
ncryer nepatnax nenx.
Hpnnnnnt nepatn nenn tn saxent ra-
nmn pynntmn mtcnrexmn n exrexmn, a x.
, . mnr, T. xe]]epcn n p. x nac cymecren-
nt npnnnnnt paencra cex paxan nepe nnm sa-
na, repnnmcrn nnamtcn, samnrt npa mentmnn-
cra, npaa ax ueea ntsartcx cnntmn
camn (cecrn, ca, cpannx).
nepatn nenn npncyma raax cnnatnax,
nen-ncnxnuecax pnenrannx, rp anenrn-
pyercx nnmanne na camnenncrn nnnnyyma, e a-
rnmnn n ce, e npaax n smxncrn cammy t-
npart cn xnsnennte nen n npeexrt nanpaennx
exretncrn, nun rercrenncrn sa pesytrart e-
xretncrn, nanpaenn, neunm cuere, na nune
anyune n cnnatne nxenne, pasnrne cnx
rpuecnx cncncre. Hpnxnr ne nnnmanne sna-
unmcrn nuncrn, nnnnyansma. tne, a +n-
mnuecax n nnrnuecax acrt pacnpcrpanxr ce
cncr ne rt na emn n mamnnt, n n na xst,
nen n nn]pmann, nepcrenenne snauenne npnpe-
raer samnra cyera, e ecrecrenn npaa na cam-
tpaxenne ce nnnnyatncrn
25
.
cn nenn nepansma xxercx nnnnya-
nsm mnpsspenne, rpe npnsnaer ynnatncrt
ueeuec xnsnn n nnrepec retn nuncrn. n-
nnyansm a cnnax nenncrnax ycrana xnr
75
mnpn px ]nc]cnx, cnnatntx, +rnuecnx n
nnrnuecnx nnennn. B ]nc]nn nnnnyansm
tpaxaercx npnsnannn nnnna cnn ]pm ue-
euec trnx, nanee nn crenenn npeex-
me cymncrt ueea, n nprncrnr mnuncen-
ntm cnnatn-]nc]cnm n pennsntm yuennxm,
npnamnm cnne nenncrne snauenne nannnny-
atntm cnam, mecry nem nn npeeenntm ue-
euecnm mncrxm (nannn, accy n np.). B ncnx-
nn n cnnnn nnnnyansm npnsnaer nyrpenn
cxncrt n arnmn ueeuec nuncrn n nprn-
crnr ernnsmy, rpm anax pt rnrcx
nxnn na nuncrt rex nn nntx cnnatntx pynn. B
+rne nnnnyansma yrepxaercx camnenncrt n
panax snaunmcrt ax retn ueea, nprn-
ncraennax +nsmy a ]pme naxstannx nnnn-
m cnx nenncre pynm xm. B nnrne nnnn-
yansm, nuepnamn cyepenncrt paxancnx
npa ax ueea, nprncrnr +rarnsmy, yrepx-
amemy mnnnpanne nnrepec cyapcra n e nn-
crnryr na nnrnuec e paxannna
26
.
pnn nnnnyansma napyxnarcx +nxe Pe-
neccanca, a npnsma samena sana, cannnnnp-
ann Fm,sanm nnnnyatn csnannx, a
mnpnpx ycrynn ce mecr npaam ueea. na
nrm peneccancnt ymannsm npeparncx npce-
rnretcne npecraennx ueee me, ue-
ee a ram. menn nnreparyatnax mamnna Hp-
cemennx, ute nenrpatn ct xxercx nuncrt a
raax, nauaa paspymartcx n pmanrnuec rpa-
r nnnnyansma, rp mxrymncx n ynry-,
mn uee-ep nprnncraen ennnnyansn-
pann rne. crparnt xaparep nuncrn a
ra t nepenecen n na pmanrnuecy nuncrt, ur
ncecrnn tnct ytr nuncrn.
Bepmnn acrn nnnnyansma xxercx ]n-
c]nx u. nnme cepxueee. 3ect nea yyme-
rnt ne nea mecrenn ycrpcra, a nea
cuacrtx seen nacrnma; nauaam crancrn n paen-
cra nnme nprnncraxer nea cepxueea, xn-
yme n sany ce cymecra. 3r nea nuncrn,
ne nyxamecx nn anx cxsxx, nrmy ur na ce
mxer narn cee
27
. epxuee +r nuncrt, t-
crynamax cama x cex auecre Fa, nn m ne
nyxaercx n nn c em ne cxsana. yrt yuennx nnme
76
yrepxenne necnaennx n ncapmnnn nuncrn c -
mecrm. Hxnretnax crpna neaa cepxueea
ccrnr rm, ur nprnnxncrt ypannretnmy
mecrennmy n cyapcrennmy nauay tnaercx
mmenr ct, cepasnx n pnnnatncrn (tcmn
cmtc xnsnn rm, urt axt cymecrn c c-
crennt nea, ne pant nnamy pymy). 3r
nprecr nprn cenmame acrn mecra, np-
rn ncrpnne npeeennx nuncrn uepes me-
cr. ame napacatne ccrnr rm, ur nmenn
]amncrcax rranrapnax nenx ncntsaa nea
cepxueea u. nnme x cnx ueenenancrnn-
uecnx nee (pasymeercx, cam yuenne u. nnme +rmy
ne nmeer rnmennx).
ama nepatnax nenx nnnmannn nuncrn n
ee pn mecre nperepnea ney +nn. Hpexe
ce pemamee nxnne asaa nex npansma ]pm
ccrenncrn, a raxe nex cymecrenn nmmn -
cyapcra ecneuennn, napxy c nnrnuecnmn, c-
nnatntx n +nmnuecnx npa nuncrn. B nepa-
nsme npnpen tmy snaunmcrt nenncrn n c-
nnatnte nen, rmeuaer R. . 3ammnn, x
peansannn rptx rpeanct ne rt ecrnx c-
acn sanam ptna n nypennnn (mee npnsnanne
+rnx san cxpannct), n n rane ernn-pa-
nnsannte ecrnx, rpte nencpecrenn mrnn-
pyrcx ymanncrnuecnmn neaamn n txxr sa pamn
mrn, saaaemtx mexannsmamn ptna n nypen-
nnn
28
. Fee r, nnmanne pamact na ernne
ecrne pamax emparnn n pannuenn ptna n
nypennnn, urt ne ctart nnamnsm pasnrnx
mecra n cymecrnrt cnnatny samnry cex pax-
an. e npnxnrcx pnrt snaunmcrn +r x cnn-
xennx crprt +nuec npemt nn npem ]n-
snuec n npacrenn sptx e.
a npc rm, aax xe nenx yer mnnn-
part ncrnnycrpnatnm mecre, nreparype
nmeercx a nanpaennx rera: nn cunrar, ur np-
ncxnr nxenne r ernnsma nnnnyansmy
(. Pecn), pyne yrepxar, ur cepmaercx ne-
pex r nnnnyansma ernn nnnnyan-
sannn (X. n . py+ec). Ta, ntcn nccearet
. Pecn na cne anansa ernncrnuec
n nnnnyancrnuec pnenrannn eaer t, ur
mecr, cnanne na ernncrnuecnx npnnnn-
77
nax, ne nmeer manc na npneranne cpemennm mn-
pe29. Hpaa, n eaer ncuennx ns +r mennx
x atnecruntx crpan, cenncrn nnnn. a-
nprn, amepnancne yuente X. n . py+ec cunrar,
ur mecr nxercx 3rmy Bey, a -
ernnt n pact e, c tpaxenn nnnn-
yatncrt, snamenyer pasnrne ennenn yt-
rypt
30
.
a nam sx, ceuac npncxnr ]pmnpanne ne-
nn mnpa a yuennx mnpe nem necrn
nenn ymannsma. Hcenxx xna cntartcx
na necrnm snannn pyxame ecrnretncrn.
B cpemenntx ycnxx ]nsnuecne, xnmnuecne, n-
nuecne n cnnatnte nayn nsyuar retnte crpnt
n acnert Bceenn, csaax uacrnune snanne c-
mce n mecre. nnrernuecne, crtte nayn
]nsnuecax xnmnx, exnmnx, n]nsna, nexnmnx
B. . Bepnac ncceyr enncre nmt ret-
nte npnecct Bceenn. cmnx, nanpnmep, pac-
cmarpnaer rt ]nsnuecn n ]nsn-xnmnuecn ac-
nert mnpsannx. B ecrnretncrn xe Bceennax ne
pacuenena na retnte npnpnte n cnnatnte np-
necct, Bceenn nn tcrynar pannuecm enn-
cre, a enne nee.
3nnx Bceenn npmm, nacrxmem n yy-
mem nmeer nanpaenncrt na camnsnanne, nrmy ur
uee n mecr xxrcx neremem, pe]ern-
n uacrt mnpsannx. B nem Bceennax +r cy-
crannnx, nsnamax uepes e came cex. Bceennax
ncpecrm nsname ueea csnaer cex, a ue-
e xe nsnannx Bceenn csnaer cam cex. Bce-
ennax cnxra nsnamem ueee, n+rmy uee
ecrt mnpcm, rpaxamn cee mapcm. x r-
, urt paccmrpert Bceenny a enne nee, ne-
xnma cax necrnax ]pma nenn, rpax
yer npecraxrt c cnnres nayun, ]nc]c-
, xyxecrenn, mpatn, npa, nnrnuec-
, +nmnuec n +nuec snann, amnx ne-
crne snanne mnpe, mecre ueea nem.
ecrne snanne mnpe craner ]ynamenrm ]pmn-
pannx ecrnretn necrn nuncrn a an
nen ymanncrnuec mecra, cnann na nnn-
ntx meueeuecnx nenncrxx. Btcmee crpemenne ue-
ea +r crpemenne snannxm; ymanncr n ecrt
uee, crpemxmncx snannxm. xn casart, ur y-
78
ymee ymanncrnuece mecr yer mecrm sna-
nnx, pam snannx na 3eme n cmce. Ipa sna-
nn uee xen cnauaa snnyrt cee camm,
a sarem mnpe. 3nannx ueea, e yxne arcr
yyr pxymem mecre cn naennx +ncrn-
uec camnx n pynx anrnymanntx ycrpemenn
n ce pa npacrenntm unmennem ueea. am-
cepmencranne nuncrn smxn rt na cne
necrn snannx, xcn csnannx ce mecra n pn
mnpsannn, nsnannn apmnnn cmca n ueea
nem. Btcmax net ueea ccrnr nsnannn n npe-
pasannn crercrnn c sanmepncrxmn cam mnpa
Bceenn, mecra n cam cex. B cxm cyuae,
ceuac tpnctarcx nrypt nanerapn nenn
ymannsma, npecraxme c cncremne nsxenne
+nnn ueea a pe]ernpyme mnat Bce-
enn.
I a a 4
ROHRTE
I 3
uPPB uT
/*5 %' + #!! !+"
. ! %& + "
!*!. 1+ !%, >5 + #!"
! . +$ & !%
%' + #!! . &
#!& + #!! !+ . /"
%&$ + #!! !+
*' !+. /%&$ +
#!! !+ %"
' !+. /%&$ + "
!+ !'
!+.
B mnpasnn nreparypt, ncxmenn npcam
]pmnpannx nuncrn ueea n ee pasnrnx, mxn
crpernrt pasnunte nxt. na nmemnxcx pa-
rax ne aercx npern anansa cex npnecc ]p-
mnpannx necrn nuncrn, rpt cynncrn
n enncre ccraxer crercrymn mexannsm ]p-
mnpannx nnnnyyma. exnmcrt anansa ann
mexannsma ycnaercx ne npcr repernuecnmn
nstcannxmn, xrx n nn nyxnt, a xxercx nparnuec
saaue peatncrn name pemenn. arepnx mexa-
nnsm tn mnp ncntsyercx ]nc]nn n c-
nnatn-nnrnuec nreparype npnmennretn xa-
parepncrne cnnatntx npnecc, npncxxmnx
mecre, rm unce npn ananse npnecc ]pmnp-
annx necrn ueea.
Ta, I. . mnpn nnmer: ...nsyuenne npemt nu-
ncrn ne xn cnpxartcx caennem nnmannx
pasnrn macc csnannx, e crpyrypt, mexa-
nnsmy snnnennx n pasnrnx rex nn nntx xenn,
cne +rnx xenn, nx cnnatnmy cepxann,
cem ]arpam ernn n cyernn npxa,
rpte npeexr pasnrne csnannx y pasnuntx c-
e n pynn naceennx
1
. . H. Fyea npencnn
nne . na rpyrypt ueeuec exretn-
crn nuepnaer nexnmcrt nsyuennx mexannsma
mena exretncrn nnnn, a cxn me-
crenn pannsann n nanpaxem npnecca
2
.
Tpertn nccearen npnmenxr nnxrne mexannsm
xaparepncrne mennx nuncrn c pynmn nnnna-
mn, c mecrm npnecce n n ny ee exretncrn,
npn +rm nn ncxxr ns crenn cnnatn-nnnn-
yatn npnpt ueea n nprnpeun +r npnp-
t
3
. Ta, . Pecn cunraer cymncrt cnnatn me-
xannsma ]pmnpannx n pasnrnx nuncrn camnen-
83
rnuncrt e. B c uepet, cne ]pmnpannx
camnenrnuncrn naxxrcx a antx mexannsma: nn-
nnyansannn n nenrn]nannn. Pasnrne n-
nenra uaer nnrnne pasnune mexy n ne
(a ]ara reennx r pynx cnnatntx n ]nsn-
uecnx cymecr), a raxe nenrn]nann c pasnuntmn
eramn nemne, nn cnnatn mnpa, r. e. npnsna-
nne rxecrenncrn ccrenn cymncrn nn ns
cxcra c nnmn.
Hpn nnnnyansannn, nnmer . Pecn,
]pmnpyercx pas cnnatn mnpa, ccrxmn ns pxa
n]]epennnpanntx er (nnnnyym); +rr np-
necc cnccryer pasnrn y cyera n]]epennnannn
cncremt . enrn]nannx xe, nanprn, crn-
paer pannnt mexy eramn n cnccryer ]pmnp-
ann nnennnn nnnnyatn a cxxe nn
nenrnun c pynmn. cn nnxrne pynnt ]pmnpy-
ercx a arepnx, pannsymax nnrnne np-
crpancr, r cnnatnt mnp enrcx na pynn,
r. e. re, r nxx na menx nn nenrnuen mne, n nepyn-
n, csamn n]]epennnann
4
.
B ram nxe npenaaercx, ur nuncrt ]pmn-
pyercx na cne npnecc nnnnyansannn n nenrn-
]nannn, npnuem ne nmeer snauennx a nnnmaercx cama
nuncrt a neur camcrarune nn a uacrn
nee ne. eyer cunrartcx c rem, ur nn yt-
rypnte rpannnn, nanpnmep, cemente cnccryr nn-
nnyansannn, pyne nenrn]nannn. menn c
+rnmn npneccamn cnnatn ]pmnpannx nuncrn
cxsant nnnnyancrnuecax n ernncrnuecax
pnenrannn, rpte myr ccymecrart csnannn
n ueea. 3ect napyxnaercx na ntr-
nax sanmepncrt uem menee pasnra nnnnyan-
sannx, rem ee npeaaer cnnatnax nenrn]nannx
n napr.
B nayun nreparype nuepnaercx mmenr, cac-
n rpmy ytrypt pasnuarcx mexy c n rn-
nnunmy x cnx npecranree ypn nnnnyan-
sannn (3. upmm). na nexnm nmnnrt cy-
mecrannn ernncrnuec (rpannnnn)
ytrype napxy c ernnsmm n nnnnyansma.
H+rmy nerpte nccearen cxstar c mexanns-
mamn ]pmnpannx nuncrn n ypent ct, nnn-
maem n-pasnmy pasnuntx ytrypax. H mnenn
ntc ncnxa R. seen: ytrypa, c]epe
84
rp ]ynnnnnpyer uee, cnnatnte nncrnryrt,
rpte e cnnrtar, nxr na cymecrxemy nm
neny ct... x e, cnnranntx ne ep-
nec ytrypt,. pnrexmn rp xxrcx pe-
neccanc n ]pannyscax pennx, ca npeparnact
nepuepeny nenncrt... nrpnnenrpnuecax yt-
rypa ntmaer snauenne ct tpa... e cxax
ytrypa nna crenenn nxer na pasnrne
crpemennx nnnnyatn ce... B pamax xnn-
c ytrypt ne rt cnnxaercx snauenne nnnny-
atn ct, n nsmenxercx n cam ee nnnmanne. e
nasareem xxercx ne crt ca tpa, ct
cepasne rnmenne mexy nnnnm n pynn.
a +r ptnax nnrepannx c cemte, m-
, mecrenntmn yupexennxmn...
5
.
na axe nnnnt, tpcmne pamax n
ytrypt n xnymne ny +nxy, myr n-pasnmy ne-
nnart cy. Bet cmtc ct ueea erepmn-
nnpan raxe crpyryp e nuncrn, c]pmnpann
na cne ar campasnrnx n arnncrn, npecra-
xem npcrpancrm ytrypt. Fes +r npcrpancra
ct ne mxer, npnnnnne, npncxnrt pasnrne -
mecra n nnnna.
ce nnmanne nccearexmn yexercx sanm-
ecrn, sanmrnmenn +emenr, ccraxmnx
cnnatnt mexannsm. exannsm ]pmnpannx
necrn nuncrn raxe cntaercx na sanmecr-
nn, sanmnpepamennn npnecc pasnrnx mecra n
nuncrn. ymncrn cn nnnmannx +r sanm-
ecrnx n cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpannx nnn-
na a nuncrn nem xxercx sanmepncrt
sanmsancnmcrn rnmenn n mecra n nuncrn
ceyme na: uee mnpcm ncrpnn me-
cra. Hnxrn, ur camm mem cyuae uee xx-
ercx mnpcmm Bceenn, uacrt rp tcry-
naer mecr e nnamne. annax sanmepncrt
uer txxercx ra nastaemm ]paratnm cmtc-
ennn xenn pyxame nac mnpa.
st ]para ]ncnpyer rae ]ynamenratne
ccr peatntx xenn, a camnne: memac-
mrante crpyrypt nrpxr ]pmy pynnmacmra-
ntx. Ta, cyuae ]npa nn apnpammt camn-
ne ccrnr ecneun npnxrntx nsnax, a cyuae
pencntx ccy, mpsntx ysp nn ]ynnnnnp-
annx mapernna ecneun pasnpasntx er-
85
ennxx
6
. 3r ccr npecxnrn I. B. ennn, r-
pt ce nann nnca: ... name uacrn ma-
repnn cymecryer net mnp rpenn, xntx cymecr,
xnrntx, +nreexn, ym... Bcxy uacrt marepnn mxn
npecranrt nanne caa, nn pacrenn, n npya,
nn pt. axax ert pacrennx, axt uen
xnrn, axax anx e c ecrt nxrt ra xe
ca nn ra xe npy
7
. rca ncrpennax nm mera-
]nsna, rp mnaa xxercx mnpcmm, Bce-
enn mnnnarpe. xrx naya, yeuennax nnen-
nne armnsma, ne nma sa I. B. ennnem, ntne t-
nyxena parnrtcx e nexm. xn casart, ur
ecrnretncrn aearen cnnres mnann n ar-
mnsma.
upannyscn maremarn F. anetpr cyme ]p-
mansart camnne, ex nnxrne ]para (]pa-
rye n-artnn cmannt). upara npecraxer
c nenneny crpyrypy, rpax cxpanxer camn-
ne npn nepannuennm nsmenennn macmraa (nepe
namn npnmep maremarnuec neansannn). uetm
sect xxercx cxpanxmeecx ccr nennencrn.
ymecrenn npn +rm r, ur ]para nmeer pny,
npeee nppannnatny pasmepncrt, aapx uemy
n cnc pannsart sanmecrne npcrpancr
pasn npnpt n pasmepncrn (nepnnte cern, nnnn-
t nx sanmecrnn n np. rxe ]parat). upa-
rat ne npcr pase maremarnn, n n cnc n-
nnmy sxnyrt na nam crapt mnp
8
.
a cne ]paratn nxa, saetame ce
ee npunte nsnnnn cpemenn naye, mxn yr-
epxart, ur nnnnt a mnat sanmecryr
mexy c n rnny pesnanca, ur mecr pasyer
cynncrt +rnx mna, nn rmy, a ceennax
cepxnr cee mnxecr mna. earetn, ue-
e mnpcm mecra necer cee nrennn-
atne mnxecr (nuncre). 3ra nex nmeer n-
retny ncrpn, xrx uer na rnact ncm
yuennn apxernnax ernn eccsnaretn.
Hepte men eccsnaretn npcmarpnarcx
yxe rpyax . Bnenay+pa, u. nnme, 3. ]n Iapr-
mana, men-mennnanne n n-nrancr.
r xe nnme mnenay+pcax ennax mnpax x
paccnact na mnxecr retntx etx ycrpeme-
nn, mexy rptmn ner pta sa acrt. H . Rny,
na ne ncnxnn pastptaercx nra mexy sapxxen-
86
ntmn +nepne mnecamn, npnuem csnaretne
xxercx camtm cntntm cpen nnx. Bncecrnn m-
nect a nyun accnnann . Rn rnec nuncrn-
my, eccsnaretnmy, a xaparepncrnn ctx nun-
cre cranct sa apxernnamn ernn eccsna-
retn. B ynnny ncnxn . Rna mn raxe
epcnce nnnmanne nnreera n nncrnnra n npe-
craennx . en-Fpx neptrnm mtmennn a
mnpe ernntx npecraenn n mncrnuec c-
yuacrnx.
acn . Rny, eccsnaretne mncn: nep-
t c +r nuncrne eccsnaretne, n nnrcx
na rpm, pxennm n ee ym ce e-
rnnm eccsnaretnm. Hcenee nmeer cemy npn-
py, n uaer cex cepxannx n past ne-
ennx, rpte cum grano sails xxrcx ncy n y
cex nnnn nnmn n remn xe
9
. ecn nuncrn-
eccsnaretnm cepxarcx, cnnm, +mnnnatn
pamennte mnect, r ratmn ernnm
eccsnaretnm tcrynar apxernnt nn nxcnnretne
nncanne narnc +ca. Br nuemy, cacn
Rny, mne yxnm mnpe ueea (yme) myr
art mn]nx, pennx, axnmnx, acrpnx, a ne a-
parpnte ncceannx n ncnxrepanernuecax npa-
rna.
nnennnx apxernn ernn eccsnaretn
tpca na cne ntra ncrannx annnann n
petx cncrem ymentntx. me H. Xane yast-
a na ]enmen nccnnannn nuncrn (na e n ee),
npn +rm na ns nnx tcrynaer ncnreem csnannx
(), a yma xxercx tpaxennem eccsnaretntx
cn. uetm mmenrm nnancra xxercx nae-
nne napaee mexy pennmn pennsn-mn]n-
uecnmn pasamn n petmn npecraennxmn yme-
ntntx. Bet ncenne yatn cnpnsnn
nerpte mn]emt, rptx panee ne nmen nna-
nx npecraenn. nanunt npc snnaer n npn
naennn cnnpnrnuecnx ceanc: a mxer nypa-
mrnax eyma-menym cunnnrt mnpy cncremy,
ectma nanmnnamy ymspennx ncrn-aenrnnn-
an, rpte nsecrnt nmt ysmy pyy cnennancr?
nansnpyx +rn npct, . Rn npnxnr mtcn
nanunn eccsnaretnm cex e nenx euntx npa-
]pm, rpte txxr na nepxncrt csnannx ccr-
xnnxx menymnuec rpanca, +crasa, nennxx,
a-
87
nnnannxx, pee tntx n np.
10
. Bce +r nmeer npxme
rnmenne mnxecry nrennnatntx nuncre nn-
nnyatn mnae. . Rna mnect +r -
te necsnaaemte +]]ernnte ccrxnnx, sapxxen-
nte ncnxnuec +nepne n trecnennte eccsna-
retne. axt ns +rnx mnec crpemnrcx
]pmnpann maent ccrenn nuncrn, aa-
me ce pa 3 n cryname nprnpeune c
e n csnannem name . Tanm pasm, axt
uee, a ne rt mns]penn nn menym, cepxnr
cee mnxecr nuncre. ne e, ur y ueea
c pacmenenn ncnxn mnxecrenncrt npxxercx
ectma pete]n, n ennax nuncrt c mnnnpymnm
ycrynaer mecr mnxecry ne cxsanntx py c py-
m nuncre-mnec. rca nyr anann c
epxnmcrt ecamn.
3rn nen . Rna tpcn ne rt na cne ncn-
xnarpnn n ncnxnuecnx ntr, nn ncnnct s-
yxe. Tpuecr mnnx nncaree nastaer nnrepec
ennam ec, nacexmnm remnte ynnt ymn,
nnam, nyrpennemy ueey, rpt pes r-
nuaercx r nemne ueea, r rea ueea. yxn
rmernrt, ur ra pa nnrepec t cnpxxen c
pennsntmn yeuennxmn. B pmanax, nanpnmep, I.
apnna n p., rec]nn, ytrnsme, crunm
mncrnnnsme rrenxercx nprnncraenne uyecn,
esymn peatncrn mnpy tenn cymecrannx.
3r nprnncraenne npncyme pemenam Becnnpa,
epanreca, atepna, cemy nemenmy pmanrnsmy,
npnseennxm . B. Ix n u. . crec n axe
npnseennxm ranx aenx, nna paxentx mnc-
rnnnsmy nncaree XX ., a . Fya, X. Fpxec,
F. By. B nre astaercx, ur x nnnmannx nun-
crn nexnm snart ne rt ]pmyt ecrecrsnannx,
n n c ncrpn ueeuec ytrypt. Bet nmenn
cnnytrypnt nrecr ]pmnpyer nenncrn, yct,
neat n ycrann nuncrn.
menn cnnatnt mexannsm xe ce ecrnx
]pmnpyer nuncrt nyrem aryansannn n ns
mnxecra nrennnatntx nuncre-mnec, cep-
xamnxcx nnnne-mnae a mnpcme ncrpnn
mecra. cxx ns nxennx, ur mecr ecrt pac-
mnpennt mnp nuncrn-mnat, a ncenxx npecra-
xer c cxart mnp cnnyma e ncrpnuecm ns-
mepennn, ur nuncrt n mecr sanmcxsant, pac-
88
cmrpnm npnecc pasannx necrn pasnr nun-
crn. nnn, yyun cymecrm mecrenntm, ]pmn-
pyercx a nuncrt na cne nmemnxcx cnnatntx
ycn, csanntx rexnnuecnm n npacrenntm
nppeccm, rpte c uepet npeexr crenent
pasncrpnncrn pasnrnx nuncrn.
nuncrt +r ancamt mecrenntx rnmenn,
rpt tuenen nnnne-mnae cymecrymnm
cnnymm. nuncrt naxnrcx nepasptn cxsn c cy-
mecrymnmn cnnatntmn ycnxmn, erepmnnnpy-
mnmn nnnnyatne trne n csnanne ueea (xrx
annax erepmnnanra rnt ne enncrennax), e cre-
nent ynnepcansannn. Hpn paccmrpennn ueeuec
npnpt ceyer ncxnrt ns r, ur nnnn xxercx
n cemy enesncy cmnncnxcnnytrypntm -
pasannem, ur nuncrt n cemy npncxxenn yc-
ena cnnymm. menn mecre uee cymecr-
xercx a uee, ncx a ncrpn mecra,
nsmenxx cncremy mecrenntx rnmenn.
a cnannn nasann sanmepncrn cnnat-
nm mexannsme ]pmnpannx necrn nuncrn mxn
tenrt a sanmcxsanntx npnecca: c n crp-
nt, npnecc pasannx mecrm ancamx nuncr-
ntx rnmenn, c py npnecc csannx nuncrt
rnmenn +r mecra. Hnnmax cymncrt nuncrn
ymanncrnuec rnna a cecrpnn n apmnnue-
cy cynncrt rnmenn, mxn nntrartcx art
ee pasepnyre npeeenne cnnatn mexannsma
]pmnpannx n nuncrn. n npecraxer c
sanmnpepamenne npnecc mecrm necrn an-
camx rnmenn cranxmecx ymanncrnuec -
mecra. H nuncrntmn rnmennxmn ceyer nnn-
mart +nmnuecne, cnnatn-nnrnuecne, yxnte n
npune rnmennx, rpte nuncrt canaer npnecce
ce xnsneexretncrn cex c]epax mecra n
ytrypt, +r rnmennx, rpte pasant spetm
ymanncrnuecnm cem cnnyma nuncrn n npxx-
mnecx crercrymnx nm ccrax n nrpencrxx
ne pasnr nnnna.
Paccmarpnax npnecc pasannx ancamx rnme-
nn nuncrn mecrm n npnecc csannx nuncrt
mecrenntx rnmenn, ceyer rmernrt, ur mecr
n rnmenn nuncrn tcrynaer n]]epennnpann
n c]epam ee exretncrn. B cny +r ect ancamt
rnmenn, canaemtx n csaaemtx nuncrt c]e-
89
pax ee exretncrn, ccraxer x nee rnmennx -
mecra nem. H+rmy, px mexannsme ]pmnp-
annx nuncrn, r. u. n nuncrn ymanncrnuec rnna,
ceyer paccmarpnart sanmnpepamennx npnecc
pasannx nuncrntx rnmenn mecrm n csa-
nnx nuncrt rnmenn +r mecra.
nnatnt mexannsm, xxxct cxntm pasann-
em, rpeyer npn ananse yuera cyernn ]arpa.
Hcenn npecraxer c ney cncremy xenn:
cenne, csnanne ancamx rnmenn, pasann
mecrm nyrpenne crpyrype nuncrn. 3arem,
crercrnn c npnnxrnem npeeenn pemennx nun-
crt, cymecrxercx parne secrne +r nun-
crn na mecr, cny ue npncxnr yxe csanne
rnmenn +r mecra. exannsm ]pmnpannx n-
, ymanncrnuec nuncrn npecraxer c n-
peeenn crenenn ynpaxeme sanmnpepamenne
npnecc pasannx nuncrntx rnmenn n csannx
rnmenn mecra +r nuncrt, npn +rm yunrta-
ercx cenne nepeparn rnmenn, pasymnxcx
ee nyrpenne crpyrype ]pmnpymnxcx rnmenn y-
manncrnuec mecra.
mecr mxer pastart nyrpenne crpy-
rype nuncrn rnmennx a ymanncrnuec xapare-
pa, ra n narnuec, nn ruyxenn rnna. Ta,
ntcn nccearet . Hcnnmnt ce pare
ycenncrt narnn rnmenn mexy tmn
nastaer, ur cpemennm amepnancm mecre
pnenrannx nnnna rt na cex (n repmnnnn
. Pncmena, pnenrnpann-na-cex ueea) yc-
nxx nypennnn n ytra ene n ycnexa peaer e
na nnuecr, ecuycrenncrt, +nsm n napnnccnsm
11
.
Pcr nnrepeca ncnxrepannn, pasnrn nuncrn, n-
snann py ueea, a raxe netat pcr sna-
nnx acrn ncnxnn y cpemenn ueea, axe
ecn +r ycen napnnccncrcnmn ycrpemennxmn,
neunm cuere, mxer ncranrt npepay me ncn-
xnarnsannn mnpa n cnccrart atnememy pas-
nrn nuncrn, rptrn ne ntx axntx rpue-
cnx nrennn. 3r mxer cnnsnrt ypent narnn
mexnuncrntx rnmenn n cnccrart nx ymann-
sannn. . Pncmen nastaer, ur ntne amepnancm
mecre snnaer rnn nuncrn nnnna pnenrnp-
ann-na-py
12
. Ta rnn nuncrn rnt ne ne
xenne ncrpnn mecra, n nxxercx ra,
90
a pacrymee naceenne r nn nn cnnyma crn-
aer nna. Ta, aycrcm Pnme x npaxmnx ac-
c xaparepen cn crpny pnenrannn-na-py.
+rm, crarn, cneretcryer eenne n n+rn-
uec xsta, ysanname snaunmcrt rnuamnx
rren ueeuecnx nepexnann n+snn arya n
Iaa. x pnenrnpann-na-py ueea cy-
mecrenn r, ur x ne ner nannnatntx npepac-
cy, rpte npncymn ueey, pnenrnpannmy-na-
rpannn, n peanpyer na cnnat ectma mnp
pya nnnn rnune r pnenrnpann-na-ce-
x n pnenrnpann-na-rpannn.
B pemx cyernn nepeparn rnmenn ]p-
mnpymecx ymanncrnuec mecra mxer eme
npncxnrt nx neaearne nepecmtcenne. 3r cxsa-
n c rem, ur cymecryer nprnpeune mexy crpeme-
nnem cecrpnnemy pasnrn nuncrn n remn crx-
retcramn, rpte ne nsxr nuncrn crnnyrt
campeansannn, txenn cex ee cncncre. e-
yer npnnxrt nnmanne n r, ur npernte nt n-
eennx nuncrn xecr ne sanppammnpant, nu-
ncrt npn cex ycnxx aaer npeeenn c
tpa, snaunr na mxer ncrynart a crercrnn
c nnrepecamn mecra, ra n npen nm. B ncenem
cyuae mt nmeem e c anmne neennx nnnn.
crn nnxrnx anmnn cnmn pnxmn yxxr
yy pencrt; penne pen n anmne nnnma-
n essannt, esnpmnt, neynpaxemt. n
crpeuaercx y pnnna n Harna, Berxm n m
3aerax, parax annc ncrpna XVI . . +mt-
epa, ]pannysc ]nc]a n cnna XIX .
X. I, amepnanc cnna XX . P. eprna n
p. nmnx paccmarpnaercx n na cnnatnm, n na nn-
nnyatn-ncnxnuecm ypnxx. nmnunt ue-
e npecraxer c cenrna, rpt pycry-
ercx ]nc]ne rpnnannx, pnenrnpan rt na
nacrxmee, ne npnsnaer npm n yyme. cce-
aren cunrar, ur npeeennax crenent anmnn ne-
xnma x macnmatn ct mecre: cyuae
upesmepn sarepeannx npm nnnnyatnax ca
pannuena
13
. ecrnretn, rcyrcrne enn np-
marnn cncremt cnccryer cnmy pasnrn
nuncrn, ee mtmenn, ur nre npnnr npe-
enn anmnn. 3mnnpnuecne ncceannx nastar,
ur ern, rpte nmpxnct camcrxretnmy ne-
91
enn, tn pas mentme cnnt anmnn, nexen
naxxmnecx n xecrnm nrpem. H+rmy nexn-
m yunrtart n nppammnpart cymecrennt x pas-
nrnx nuncrn cyernnt ]arp cncreme cnnat-
n mexannsma ]pmnpannx n, ymanncrnuec
rnna nuncrn.
yernnt ]arp mexannsma ]pmnpannx nu-
ncrn uaer cex e crpnt. n crpnt, +r
cyernne cmtcenne n nepecmtcenne canae-
mtx nuncrt ancamx rnmenn mecra ee nyr-
pennem . py cyernnt ]arp nccey-
em mexannsma uaer cnnranne, nnnmaeme
a csanne ycn x txennx rpuecnx nren-
nn nnnna, rpte cepxar ernnte npen-
ctn xnsneexretncrn nnnna. B nem cnnatnt
mexannsm ]pmnpannx nuncrn npecraxer c
nperny ]pmy naernn sanmrnmenn cnn-
yma n ]pmnpyem nm nuncrn.
Paccmarpnax npnecc pasannx mecrm cecr-
pnne n apmnnun pasnr nuncrn a cymecrenn
crpnt cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpannx ueeue-
c cyera, nexnm txcnnrt, ur npecraxr
c mecrennte rnmennx. cnnte mmenrt +rnx
rnmenn, ue ancamt n ccraxer nuncrt, cep-
xar: -neptx, r, ur pasanne mecrenntx rn-
menn cea cxsan c npemern exretncrt. 3a-
nmepnax cxst mexy nnmn nsxer mecrenntm
rnmennxm, c n crpnt, tcrynnrt ecrecrenntm
pesytrarm exretncrn, a c py nyrpenne ]p-
m, cncm ee cymecrannx. Tae nnnmanne cym-
ncrn mecrenntx rnmenn aer smxncrt pac-
cmarpnart crnmenne npemern exretncrn n -
mecrenntx rnmenn a sanmcxst cepxannx n
]pmt. earetn, ancamt mecrenntx rnme-
nn (nuncrt) xxercx ]pm ee npemern exret-
ncrn, r. e. ncenxx npecraxer c nyrpenn
pannsann, cnc cymecrannx, cnc npxennx
npemern exretncrn nuncrn. H+rmy mecren-
nte rnmennx cecrpne pasnr nuncrn nyxn n-
nnmart a ]pmy, nyrpen pannsann rpuec
npemern exretncrn.
eymnm mmenrm ]pmnpannx rnmenn nu-
ncrn mecrm xxercx nap nrpencre nuncrn.
ama cymncrt ueea npxxercx ne nnaue, a uepes
cynncrt e marepnatntx n yxntx nrpencre.
92
B mem npcexnaercx uerax nuecax cxst: me-
crennte rnmennx necrn pasnr nuncrn +r
cnc cymecrannx rpuec npemern exret-
ncrn. auecra nuncrn, tpaxamne cymncrt ue-
ea, c uepet, tcrynar a cnc cymecra-
nnx mecrenntx rnmenn, a nrpencrn nuncrn
cnc ee cymecrannx.
Bcecrpnncrt pasnrnx nuncrn npenaaer ee
pasnrcrt cex c]epax (cncax) xnsneexretncrn:
+nmnn, nnrnn, npaa, npacrenncrn, xyxecr-
enn rpuecra n pynx, rpte naxxrcx npe-
eenn sanmcxsn. B cnennatn nreparype te-
xrcx ceymne cnnte c]ept mecra, nexn-
mte x cecrpnne n apmnnuec pasnrnx
nuncrn: +nmnuecax, cnnatn-nnrnuecax, y-
xnax n cemen-trax. cn ]pmnpannx ce-
crpnne n apmnnuecn pasnr cynncrn rnme-
nn nuncrn necrn rnna xxrcx rnmennx c-
nn acrn ee exretncrn, rp nanee
nn pacptaercx nnnnyatncrt nuncrn, macn-
matn pasnarcx ee apannx n cncncrn.
]epa cnn exretncrn nnnna ycnxx
]pmnpannx ncrnnycrpnatn, ymanncrnuec
mecra +r nn ns n exretncrn, cnann
na rm nn na nnm ne mecrenn npnscra.
Bet cnntx c]epax mecra nmnm npeexmnx
nx npnscr axn tuennrt nenpnscrennte
acrn. x ncrnnycrpnatn mecra xaparepn,
nanpnmep, r, ur nenpnscrennte acrn mnnn-
pyr npnenrnm rnmennn na npnscrm, crnmy-
npyx ncenee. 3nmnuecax c]epa pacuenxercx na
marepnatne npnscr n nenpnscrenny +-
nmnuecy acrt. B ncene cymecrxercx men,
pacnpeeenne, nrpeenne npnseenntx marepnat-
nm npnscre npemer. exy marepnatntm np-
nscrm n +nmnuec nenpnscrenn c]ep
cymecryer recnax sanmycenncrt.
B cnnatn-nnrnuec c]epe cranxmecx ncr-
nnycrpnatn, ymanncrnuec mecra texercx
cnnatn-nnrnuece npnscr. na sect ce-
yer yunrtart cnenn]ny nnxrnx npnscr npn-
xennn exretncrn cyer cyapcrenn an-
napara, npnsxmnx rnmennx acrn n ynpaennx
cnnatntmn npneccamn, a raxe cnnatn-nnrnue-
cy nenpnscrenny c]epy. Hcenxx npecra-
93
xer c acrt cnnatn-nnrnuec arnncrn
nuncrn.
Tanm xe pasm yxn c]epe nexnm pac-
cmarpnart yxne npnscr n yxny nenp-
nscrenny acrt. B yxnm npnscre cyme-
crxercx npnecc csannx yxntx nenncre n r-
nmenn. B yxn nenpnscrenn acrn
cymecrxercx pacnpeeenne n cenne yxntx nen-
ncre. na npeexercx a ytrypn-npcernret-
nax nn ytrypn-maccax.
asannte nt mecrenn npnscra n ne-
npnscrennte acrn cranxmecx ymanncrnue-
c mecra nenpeptn nsmenxrcx n pasnarcx.
upmnpymaxcx necrn pasnrax nuncrt tnpaer
ny ns c]ep mecrenn npnscra nn canaer
rnmennx nenpnscrenntx acre n paspauna-
er c exretncrt a-n ns nnx, peansyx, ra-
nm pasm, ernny sanmepncrt ]pmnpa-
nnx nuncrn n, ymanncrnuec rnna.
Ftme snauenne pasannn cecrpnne n ap-
mnnuecn pasnr cynncrn rnmenn nuncrn
npar cemen-trax c]epa n cax acrt yue-
nnx n cnnrannx ( name nnrepnperannn) npacra-
mnx nenn. nenn]n ncene xxercx r, ur
yyun n ns rpace yxn npnscra, na
nmeer rncnretn camcrxretne snauenne. Ta a
c]epa pasannx n acrt cemen-trtx rnme-
nn npar tmy pt ]pmnpannn nuncrn, r
mecr xn c sarnrtcx nx pasnrnn. e-
xnm auecrenn nsmennrt +rn c]ept, cenn c]e-
py tra n cemtn, ncxx ns ]ynamenratn nenncrn n
crercrenn nn]pmannnn rexnnn. cntsa-
nne nepcnatntx mntrep cnr nuncrt r
mnnx n nenpyrnn rpya x sanxrn nnn-
n rpuec exretncrt (samernm npn +rm, ur nn-
]pmannnne mecr nmeer c nsnrnn-nearn-
nt nrnnyym snauenn). H nxnnem ntx nenncre
ncrnnycrpnatn nn nn]pmannnn mecra ns-
menxrcx n cemen-paunte rnmennx.
ecrne pasnrne nuncrn npenaaer ne rt
r, ur pasan ne mecrm, n n r, ur csan
e mecre. cn mecr pasyer nuncrn ce-
crpn n apmnnuecy cynncrt rnmenn, r
n nuncrt xna csaart, c uepet, ananu-
ny cynncrt rnmenn ymanncrnuec mecra.
94
saaemte nuncrt rnmennx pynx nuncre
npnxr nsmenenn nyrpenne, n npnnnnny pesnan-
ca, crpyrypt nnnn n pasyr nmmanenrny cym-
ncrt +rnx nuncre.
nperne sanmnpepamenne rnmenn mecra
n nuncre a cnt cnnatn mexannsma ]pmn-
pannx necrn pasnr nuncrn mxn npecranrt
ceymnm pasm. Hpn secrnn mecra na nu-
ncrt npncxnr npnnecenne cynncrn rnmenn
mecra nyrpenn crpyrypy nuncrn c crer-
crymnmn cyernntmn npepasannxmn, n n-
pemenn npncxnr parne secrne nuncrn na
mecr. Hpn secrnn nuncrn na mecr npnc-
xnr cenne cecrpnne n apmnnuec cynn-
crn ee rnmenn crpyrype c]ep mecra, n npe-
menn ner parnt npnecc pasanne nuncrt
rnmenn. 3r ennt npnecc csannx nx ntx rn-
menn, rpte cranxrcx cn atneme pasn-
rnx nuncrn n mecra. uynamenrm xe ]pmnpa-
nnx ntx rnmenn xxercx pasanne auecrenn
nn rpuec npemern exretncrn nuncrn n ee
npxenne mecrenntx rnmennxx.
Tanm pasm, npnecce pasannx nuncrntx
rnmenn mecrm npncxnr ne rt cnpns-
cr, n n pasanne ntx nuncrntx rnmenn. Pas-
namaxcx rpuecax npemernax exretncrt nun-
crn crynaer nprnpeune c ce npexne pannsa-
nne, snnaer nexnmcrt cnxrnx npexne ]pmt
rpuec npemern exretncrn n sament ee n,
auecrenn nsmenxmecx rpuec npemern ex-
retncrt. 3ra samena cymecrxercx uepes npxe-
nne n rpuec npemern exretncrn nuncrn
crercrymnx e mecrenntx rnmennxx pynx
nuncre mecra. Hpn +rm npncxnr nsmenenne
]pmt rpuec npemern exretncrn nuncre
na crercrymy auecrenn nsmennmemycx ee c-
epxann.
Hpnecc csannx nuncrt rnmenn ymanncrnue-
c mecra npncxnr uepes csanne ntx rnme-
nn cnnyma, ccrxme ns cynncrn cex rnmenn
e nuncre. sanne ntx rnmenn cymecrxer-
cx rm cyuae, a nuncrt npnaer npeeenny
]pmy, pannsann auecrenn nsmenxmecx rpue-
c npemern exretncrn nnnn uepes ee npx-
enne crercrymem rnmennn nuncrn. B nasan-
95
nm npxennn ]pma rpuec npemern exret-
ncrn nuncrn nepexnr crercrymy e nsme-
nnmycx rpuecy npemerny exretncrt, npna-
ax ncene ny pannsann.
nenn]na rnmenn nuncrn n rnna saua-
ercx rm, ur nn snnar sanmnpepamennn y-
manncrnuec mecra n nuncrn. menn sanm-
ecrnn, sanmnpepamennn mecra n nuncrn cy-
mecrxercx paspemenne naernuec nprnpeunx
mexy npneccamn pasannx rnmenn mecra
nuncrt. nuncrt ]pmnpyercx ne rt npnecce
pasannx ee rnmenn c mecrm n csannx e
rnmenn +r mecra, n n ra, n +r ane, a
npncxnr sanmnpepamenne npnecc mexy -
mecrm n nuncrt. B nnx-r n npxxercx ]ynnn-
nnpanne cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpannx nun-
crn n rnna.
nuncrt n rnna npeeenn mepe erepmn-
nnpana rem, ur mnp ueeuecra a ancamt yt-
ryp n nnnnsann xxercx n xen craartcx nn-
mp]ntm. B mem nane nrar mexy ytrypamn
npecraxer c nrar mexy npecranrexmn
pasnuntx ytryp, npnuem n ytrypamn mxn n-
nnmart pasnuamnecx mexy c past xns-
nn...
14
. nnnam x cymecrennx nrara mexy
pasnuntmn ytrypamn nexnm nmert ceymne
ueprt: sanmne epne, npnsnanne n yaxenne nntx
ytrypntx nenncre, manep n ]pm neennx, tuae
n rpannn, pperncrt n ymanncrt. B pesytrare
nrara nxxercx nuncrt, rpax nmeer ee -
mnpny nn]pmann n ee arte uycra, ee
ycrunte yexennx n ne mtmenne. na ny-
uaer nmnn en ynnepcatncrn n ymannsma
15
.
upmnpymaxcx mnpax ytrypa yer npecraxrt
ne ynncnny necrncrt, a cxne mnpasne
enncr, cnm]nnuecy necrncrt, cnny pt
rp yer npart npnnnnn nenncrn, ynnatncrn
rpuec nuncrn.
Hpn pacptrnn cepxannx cnnatn mexannsma
]pmnpannx necrn pasnr nuncrn ceyer rme-
rnrt ]arpt npemenn sanmecrnx n sanm-
npnnnennx npnecc pasannx nuncrntx rn-
menn mecrm n csannx nuncrt rnmenn me-
cra; ]pmnpanne ntx rnmenn nnnna n
mecra; n, nanen, rnmennx ]pmnpymecx necr-
96
n nuncrn npecraxr c rnmennx sanmnp-
nnnennx n sanmamennx mecra n nuncrn.
Bsanmcxst n sanmycenncrt cynncrn
rnmenn mecra n nuncrn csar cny sanm-
nepexa ccr n nrpencre mecra n nuncrn.
cra, a nsecrn, npecraxr ]pmy npxennx
rnmenn, a nrpencrn, c uepet, ]pmy np-
xennx nn cnc cymecrannx ccr nuncrn n
mecra. Hpn secrnn nuncrn na mecr npnc-
xnr nepex nuncrntx rnmenn rnmennx me-
cra. sannte nuncrt rnmennx mecra npx-
xrcx crercrymnx ccrax n nrpencrxx cra-
nxmecx ymanncrnuec mecra. Hpn secrnn
mecra na nuncrt npncxnr nepex rnmenn -
mecra nuncrnte rnmennx, rpte npxxrcx
npeeenntx ccrax n nrpencrxx nnnna n
rnna.
xcnn mexannsm sanmnpepamennx npnecc rn-
menn nuncrn mecrm n csannx nuncrt rn-
menn mecra nem, par nnmem e nperne
npxenne c]epax exretncrn nuncrn. nuncrt
npnecce ce xnsneexretncrn mxer ]pmnpart
cn rnmennx ne cex c]epax mecra, a nmt
rex, e cymecrxercx macnmatne pacptrne ee a-
pann n cncncre. Tanmn c]epamn npexe ce
xxrcx marepnatne, cnnatn-nnrnuece nn y-
xne npnscr. na x r, urt nuncrt
craa cecrpnne n apmnnun pasnr nn mepe,
nexnm yuacrne ee cex nenpnscrenntx c]e-
pax. Pasymeercx, rnmennx +rnx c]ep xnt npecra-
xrt c ]pmy rpuec npemern exretncrn.
nnatnt mexannsm ]pmnpannx necrn nu-
ncrn nmeer cn cenncrn c]epe yxn npns-
cra, nepasptn cxsann c nenpnscrenn y-
xn acrt. ncm cymecrannx yxn
arcra xxrcx yxnte nrpencrn nuncrn. B
nem yxne arcr snauaer mnpy pasan-
ncrt ueea, snanne nm crnxenn nayn n ytrypt.
eyer yunrtart rr cymecrennt mmenr, ur xpm
yxn arcra xxercx mnpsspenne. B ne x-
nr: nnnmanne mnpsannx, cnnyma n ueeuec
mtmennx; csnanne nnnnm ce mecra mecre
n cmtca ccrenn xnsnn; pnenrannx na npeeen-
nt nea; nnrepnperannx mpatntx npm n nenncre,
yrepnmnxcx n yrepxamnxcx mecre. B ymann-
97
crnuecm mecre, cepmencrymemcx na nyrxx pas-
nrnx emparnn, cncryer mnpsspenuecn n-
pansm, ur aer mnpn cnerp mnpsspenn n ns-
xer nuncrn tpart n cnrt nxxmee emy mnp-
sspenne.
Faapx mmnmy secrn cpecr macc
mmynnannn ntne ce tmy pt ]pmnpannn
necrn nuncrn npnperaer ncyccr. n nmaer
ueey npeert ncnne nnuecr (n Bnena-
y+py), ra a n xxercx ynnntm anam mnpa.
r rpennx tcrynaer cnnnnmm xyxecrenn
rpuecra, n+rmy ncyccr n ce nyrpenne npn-
pe nsxer ncrnnyrt mnp, saxnyrt n npta
an. B mnennn +crasa, cepxuycrenn nnrynnnn
uee npnnaer cepnenny xenn. cyccr a
]pmnret n nencarp pacrt ]ncnpyer cee
rtcxueernn cnnatnt ntr n snannx mnpe. ema-
axn n r, ur semne ncyccr xxercx ynnntm
anam cmnuec
16
.
3naunmcrt ncyccra sauaercx raxe n rm, ur
ent sa nem ueem csarcx nte ]pmt. yx-
nn npeaaer nte cnct nennx pyxame mn-
pa; canax mnp npnseenn ncyccra, uee na-
unnaer nert ecrnretncrt asamn xyxnna.
t snaem rt e ecrnretncrn, rmeuaer
P. I, +ry py nac n ry nac camnx. Hepax e-
crnretncrt ecrt Bceennax, pyax ncnxnuecax
xnsnt. Ta nemnxx cepmaercx npcrpancre, +ra nyr-
pennxx pemenn, ncyccr xe cnaxer nx mecre.
Hpnseenne ncyccra, n pane mepe, ne xxercx
pnamenrm... n cepxnr cepne rant Ftrnx
17
. B
cxm cyuae, ncyccr rnt ne rpaxaer, nn
sepay, peatnt mnp: n cennxer nyrpennn mnp
nuncrn c mnpasntm mnpm nencuepnaem Bceen-
n n crpemnrcx pacptrt rant +sncrennnn, cxsann
c nncamn cmtca n ueeuec xnsnn n cam Bce-
enn. B +rm cmtce ncyccr ectma ns pennn;
ecrnretn, a +rn ]enmena nparnuecn nenrnunt
n mnnm cnm ]ynnnxm n secrn na ncnxny
nnnna.
reuecrennt ]nc] R. Fpa epn rmeuaer,
ur net ncyccra rnt ne xxercx sepatne r-
paxenne ecrnretncrn: e ncyccra npcer-
enne, arapcnc, uepes n]nr n rpaen... cyc-
cr ]enmen ytrypt. cyrt ytrypt +r cxst
98
c rpancnenenrntmn nenncrxmn. Tpancnenenrnte nen-
ncrn mxn yrepxart npen ecrnretncrn, a-
xe, ecn yn, ncyccrenn tymtax n]nrt
18
.
Tpancnenenrnte nenncrn, nmennte npnseenn-
xx ncyccra, ncxr ectma samernt a ]pmnp-
anne nuncrn n astar nxnne na ee neenne.
ntmn camn, ncyccr xxercx cymecrenn uac-
rt cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpannx nuncrn, t-
paartax ne n necrncrt n crpemenne rp-
uecry, n tstax xeanne paspymnrt mnp n cam
cex.
3r pete]n npxxercx myste, sannmame ne-
mae mecr ytrype pasntx nnnnsann n ]pmn-
pannn nuncrn r nn nn rnna. ysta auecre
uncr aycrnuec ]enmena astaer ]nsnnue-
ce n ncnxnuece secrne, uem cneretcryer
px nayuntx ncceann. anpnmep, nerpte pnrmt
n npeeennte uacrrt myr ycpxrt nn samexrt
men emecr pannsme, tstart nnnrnuece c-
crxnne n np. nennancr acrn nxenpatn ]n-
snnn x. amn ycrann, ur sancnmcrn r
xaparepa mystn y cymarex nsmenxercx cna mycy-
. erpte nt accnuec n a]pnanc myst-
n, rpte cnaar c namnmn npnrmamn, yyumar
camuycrne n cnccryr tspenn.
ysta recn cxsana a c apmnnuecnm pasnrn-
em nuncrn, ra n c ee ecrpynne, npxxmecx
nacnnn. crt nt mystn, rpte xr e
+crasa, a nm xuercx ce pymnrt n mart. ua-
r na +rr cuer ee, uem crarun. B cxsn c +rnm
. emapn nnmer: Hpxaer n mysta nacnne nn
xe na xxercx e rpaxennem? n ecn na tpaxa-
er nacnne, r npaer n na uncrnretny pt, cyn-
mnpyx nnsmennte nptt n cnnmax nanpxxenncrt? py-
nmn camn, cncna n na ycmnpnrt sepx? H
cam rran, mysta +r euennte syn -
eannx n cnmt mecra. neun, na cnana na
ernn ncnxne: p, p+n, xas, pen tpaxar
r nacnne, rpe npncyme ytrype, nx npnme.
uee n cpea ccraxr nepasptne nee: sara-
ennax nenancrt ueea astaer nxnne na me-
cr n napr. ecn mysta rpaxaer menranrer
ann mecra, e ya, r na tpaxaer n uycra
mystanra
19
.
B nrae, nnre, nnn n pene Ipennn cunran,
99
ur mysta aaer npeeenn +rnuec nenncrt
n cn, rpax mxer stcnrt nn ynnsnrt ymy ue-
ea. ncrema cyapcrenn ynpaennx nrae
crercraa 12 neecntm rnam; pemena n]ynnx
npeeennte pxearetnte necnn n nerpte
mystatnte nncrpymenrt mn cmxunrt cypt npa
nenrex. accnuecax epnecax mysta rxe
npnnsana yxncrt n npacrenntmn auecramn. n
Xyan, ynmn pxnnna, naeaer na cex naasanne
ctme n nnaer ay.
ysta n ytrypn ycena. Ta, na 3anae ma-
xpnte rnatncrn accnnnpyrcx c xnsneyrepxa-
mnm nauam, a mnnpnte c pycrt, ra a na
Bcre c +rnmn +mnnnatntmn ccrxnnxmn ppen-
pyrcx ccem nnte rnatncrn (apacax maam nn
nnncax paa). T xe came mxn casart n myst-
atntx nncrpymenrax: apaant n rpyt cxstarcx
c enn myst, a ]ert c nacrpatn.
. emapn nnmer: ystatnt pnrm npenaaer
nemn n nyrpen apmnn, cacne c camnm c
n c cem mnpm. acnne, ce cptr ]pme, xx-
ercx ccran uacrt ueeuec npnpt n mnpa
nem. a nacnne tptaercx napyxy myste
nn nn acrn ncyccra, n crannrcx cnmnrmm
cnnatn esnn, rcyrcrnx nyrpenne panecnx,
ymentx my, +mnnnatn neccrxretncrn n npe-
pann pasnrnx
20
.
a mysta nsa cepmencry, ra na aer
smxncrt npncnyrtcx xecrennmy, crannrcx,
n yepenn yncr, camtm stmenntm ns ncyccr,
eymnm sapenn. H cam acc mypena uxy-
an-nst, mysta nsxer ueey crartcx npcrtm,
uncrtm n ncpennnm n epnyrtcx cemy nauatnmy
ccrxnn. Benn cpnnau . enyxnn samern, ur
mysta csaer npx ns xaca
21
. Fes mystn xnsnt
ta t mn, casa u. nnme.
B ]pmnpannn nuncrn snaunretny pt npaer
ytrypa, es rp me nesmxn ]ynnnnnp-
anne crercryme cnnatn mexannsma. B nacr-
xmee pemx naaercx nne npeeennax peannx
na sacnne macc ytrypt, npecraxme c
sapn ytrypt n ytrnnpyme nacnne, a nmenn:
crpemnretn spxaercx ]tpnax ytrypa. Ta
a cpemennax ytrypa ncnr npancrnuecn xa-
parep, r cxe nnnnyatne rpuecr nmeer -
100
meytrypny nenncrt. B cxsn c +rnm npat . . ap-
nn n . . pen, a nnmyr: H cyrn ea, cpe-
menne mecr nepeunct na auecrenn nn
ypent ce ytrypn ncrpnn. a +rm ypne tc-
n craryc nnnnyatncrn n ytrype xnr
nprnpeune c npnnnnnm ernncrn ]tpa.
Br nuemy cpemenn ytrype ]tp ne mxer
sanxrt mecra ceme xyxecrenn xennx (a
t +r eme crerne nasa), a mxer pasart nmt
nn ns ypne nn rnn ytrypt
22
. B cpemenn
cnryannn ]tp cncen trn sa pannnt ccren-
n xyxecrenn n +crernuec ]ynnnn, pacrpnrtcx
mexnuncrntx ]pmax mennx n peynpart ne-
enne nnnna. Tem camtm snauaercx rnune r mac-
c ytrypt, rpax, cymecrxx ]ynnn ncnx]n-
snuec arapcnca cnnatn pynnt n cxsann c
ne nuncrn, npnnr paspymnretntm ncecrnxm.
anprn, ]tp astaercx ncrpyrnntm cny
ccranennx apxanuecnx cnc mmynnannn. s-
ecrn, ur ]pmt mmynnannn tcrynan auecre
ectma +]]ernn cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpa-
nnx rpannnnn rnna nuncrn. ecn yuecrt, ur
cranxmemcx ymanncrnuecm mecre csnaercx
nuncrt, pnenrnpannax na pynx, nn ]pmnpyercx
ernnt nnnnyansm, r nnxrn, ur ]tp
xxercx n ns ]pm cnnatn mexannsma pasnrnx
nuncrn cncreme yxn npnscra.
e menee cymecrenn x ]pmnpannx nuncrn r,
na a cnnatnt nea na pnenrnpyercx ce
mecrenn-nnrnuec exretncrn. B ncrpnn ue-
euec mecra yxe an txen npeeennt
nrnnenr nnnn, rptm craxer nacaxenne
xecrcrt n nacnne. menn nn cyxar np ne me-
nee xecrmy npanre, utx ]nypa pete]n tpaxena
ecrpyrnntx ecrnxx epna, Inrepa n p. Ta,
cunnennxx Tannra n ernnx xp nasana sepnnax
xecrcrt pnmc nmneparpa epna, rpt can-
crcn pacnpaxcx c cnmn nxnnmn n uyxnmn, axe
nme na nx Pnma. aparepnsyx +r mmapne
pemx, Tannr nnmer: Pace repnenne n nrn
npnr pn nyrpn crpant ynerar ymy n ct-
ar ee cpt (Tan. nn. XVI, 16). Hce e rpycn-
cmeprn nap na, na namnct n rane, r
eme ypaman e pnnny ecennnmn n ernnmn
neramn... (er. Hep. 57). exnnx esymcryme nm-
101
neparpa epna enenn nncant nean tme-
me nne 3. Pasnnc Bacrnren ym. pnenrannx
pnmc neca na cnnatnt nea ea n 3pe-
nm! n npnea penn Pnm nen.
B XX . snn ]enmen macc (e, ne nmemnx
e-n n anx-n pne), y mnxecra nnnn
ncuesar tcmne ueeuecne nenncrn, nx samenxr
npnmnrnnte +mnnn n pnenrannx na esnacncrt n
ctrcrt. 3rnm n cntsacx Inrep, saymamn c-
sart npy n +nrt, cncryme na macc
pa. B eceax c I. Paymnnnm n tpasncx +rm
ra: Tpenne eme ne saepmen n pane mepe,
rm, ur acaercx xn cymecra n nmenn uee.
nnuec run spennx uee crnr na pacnyrte.
xe naunnaer pnctartcx nax ueeuecax pasn-
nncrt. Hamecr auecre ecrecrennnayun myra-
nnn. Tem camtm npexnxx pasnnncrt e npnxnr
nnuec crann xanx, tmpuenntx ]pmax.
cx rpuecax cna yxe nnenrpnpyercx y ntx
e. e pasnnncrn tcrp pasnarcx nprn-
nxntx nanpaennxx. Hepax nycaercx nnxe nt-
nemne cpene ueeuec ypnx, rpax n-
nnmaercx ce tme n tme na +rnm ypnem. Hepy
pasnnncrt x nasa t crmacc, rpy F-
ueem
23
. Ta ynnnt cmtc nannna-cnn-
ansma, cymecrenne rp mct ueeuecry
ecxrn mnnn xepr n nectxanntx paspymenn.
B ncenee pemx npnsnan, ur nuncrt astaer
nxnne na x ctrn. cenn +r rncnrcx ta-
mnmcx nnrnuecnm exrexm, nnpamnmcx na cr-
ercrymne rnnt nuncre macce naceennx. Bnnt
amepnancn ncrpn . Besnnep nnmer: menn
xn cncnt nepnyrt x ncrpnuecnx ctrn
yumemy nn xymemy. nn nnnnt camtx rxxnx
npecrynennxx n camtx esrercrenntx aanrpax,
nspnmnx ueeuecr. nn xe xnnn ue-
euecr nexmn ct nuncrn, cnnatn cnpae-
ncrn, pennsn n pac repnnmcrn
24
. B xe
cranennx ymanncrnuec mecra naunnar cy-
mecrxrtcx neat paencra, ct n crnncra;
ur npene a-r . e Tnt.
nanen, +nmnuecne rnmennx tcrynar a-
uecre ]ynamenra, na rpm npncxnr ]pmnpa-
nne nuncrn. Texnn-npnscrennte n npns-
crenn-+nmnuecne rnmennx ycnxx nayun-rex-
102
nnuec nppecca, mntrepnsannn n nn]pmarnsa-
nnn mecra npenaar nsmenenne pn n mecra nu-
ncrn rexnnuecm npnecce n npnscre ne-
m. x necrn pasnrnx nuncrn nexnm ns-
mennrt npnecc npnscra ra, urt nnnn tme
ns ne. urt parnn cra pxm c rexnnuecnm
npneccm, nexnm npexe ce nsmennrt e rpy.
Baxny pt nsmenennn xaparepa rpya nnnna n-
paer spacranne rpuecra xnsneexretncrn n nu-
ncrn, n mecra.
Pasnameecx marepnatne npnscr ncrnny-
crpnatn mecra yer npecraxrt c npe-
mern-rpuece npnscr, rpm yyr snn-
art nte rexnn-npnscrennte rnmennx nu-
ncrn ]pme rpuec npemern exretncrn
nnnna. Bce nerpuecne nt exretncrn yyr
nepeant samnyrtm rexnnuecnm nnam, nu-
ncrt xe axercx sanxr rpuec exretncrt. B
rnune r nnycrpnatn mecra c e ynn]nnnp-
anntm, cranaprnsnpanntm n neepnsnpanntm
rpym nnnn aapx nepcnatntm mntrepam
yer sannmartcx rpym mamnnx ycnxx.
Hcrnnycrpnatne mecr nanee tcrp pas-
naercx pasnrtx crpanax 3anaa, cenn B n
nnnn. Bnpen pacxxemy crepernny, ur B +r
accnuecax crpana cn ptna, ne mnp nc-
ntsyercx cyapcrenne peynpanne +nmnn.
pemennt nccearet . epnep nnmer cey-
mee: B mepne snnaer nax amatama craptx +e-
menr, nacrt cnaxnntx mexy c, ur nn ea
n pasnunmt neunm npyre. B +nmne n-
npexnemy cymecryr xcn pasnunmte uacrnte cerpt
n xcn pasnunmte cyapcrennte cerpt. na
pasnrne ner crpny r nx, nanpaennn n
amatamt...
25
.
103
I a a 5
HRP3 FP3B
HPP uB
TH 3B
uPPB uT
@ % . !! !*"
*! . 6 35 !! . A'
! #!! . $ *"
*!& . *$ !++!
. * !+ .
aparepn cenncrt ncraccnuec nayn
xxercx ruernax sanmsancnmcrt mexy smx-
ncrt atneme pasnrnx nayun, a raxe ]n-
c]c snannx n ee ye nnnmanne npnpt
ueea. pemennte ncceannx cneretcryr
pasnpasnn nepnuntx ccr ueea n npemen-
n cymecrannn npeeenntx rnn, rptm npncy-
mn ee nn menee necrnte mnect reecntx n
ncnxnuecnx ccr
1
. Hpenpnmem nntry npecranrt
met ueea a necrn cncremt, nsxme
nncart nnnnyatncrt n cncremarnsnpart mnxecra
pas npnpt ueea: raax cncrema csana
amepnancnmn ncnxamn x. P. Pecm n . Hay+-
m
2
. rannrcx ]arm nnnmanne r, ur epne-
cax nnnnsannx nperepneaer yy ytrypny
rpanc]pmann, cmeny napanm. cnny pt
]pmnpannn crap napanmt npaa ]nsna, r-
pax cyxna +ranm x cex pynx nay. a cne
eaprc ]nc]nn n ntrnc mexannn
accnuec ]nsne ta tparana mexannuecax
aprnna mnpa. np paccmarpnacx a mexannsm, n-
crpennt ns +emenrapntx marepnatntx . py-
ne nayn cnpnnxn +ry nnennn n nxnn ee
cny cnx repernuecnx ncrpenn. na naye
XX . npnsma nnenryatnax pennx, rpax xc-
n nasaa pannuenncrt mexannuec men mnpa
n npnea pannuec, +nuec rue spennx na
mnp, rpax n nasaa neccrxretncrt mexannuec
aprnnt mnpa, anann pannsma n mamnnt: ...mnne
pyne acnert ueeuec ncnxnn, rane, a +mnnn
n nuncrt nnnna, nacrxmee pemx ne narcx
menpann na mntrepe
1
. Paccmrpnm cnnte
nxennx yasann tme men ueea x. Pca
n . Hay+a.
4 3a. 1664 107
Hepe nxenne ]pmnpyercx ceymnm pasm:
uee ne ecrt mamnna. cnn apymenr: nx
ueey a mamnne ne xcnxer mnpasne nu-
ncrn, et cymncrt mamnnt ccrnr ennpasnn nn
camrxecrenncrn, anax xe cenncrt nuncrn
ueea xxercx ncrunnm npancrnuncrn (mn-
xecrenncrn) pas peatncrn, r. u. n npecrae-
nn ueeuec npnpe. nrepecna smxnax cxst
mexy nnnnyatntmn pasamn ce n ytryp-
ntmn pasamn npnpt ueea. Iane sect rm,
ur nnnn crpemnrcx narn nn cncrpynpart cmtc
ce , a ytrypa csart cmtcennt pas
mecrenn peatncrn. Hnc cmtca sacraxer
ax nnnna pasmtmxrt na npcm r x?,
ur npnnr ncrpynpann pas ce , -
rpte astar nnrepatne nxnne na ce mtcn n
ecrnx. nanuna cnryannx n cyuae ]pmnpannx
npecraenn ytrypt npnpe ueea, urt n-
crnut cnnatny ecrnretncrt c nceymnm n-
xnnem na mtcn ecrne pynn.
x. Pc n . Hay+ ncxxr ns r, ur past
ce n past ueea, csannte mecrm,
ce cne nmer npeeennte crnete n nenncrnte
ycrann. +rnm cxsan rpe nxenne, cacn
rpmy ueeuecax nuncrt ecrt cynncrt cnc-
rem. Tepernuecne ncceannx nnnnyatntx pas-
nun ]ynnnnnpannn ncnxnn nasan, ur nu-
ncrt ueea npecraxer c mnec mecrn
cxntx cncrem parn nn]pmannn. 3r: 1) cencp-
nax (mymamax), 2) mrpnax (naretnax), 3) nn-
rnnax (nsnaaretnax), 4) +]]ernnax (+mnnnat-
nax), 5) crneax, 6) nenncrnax. encpnax n mrpnax
naxxrcx na nepn]epnn n sanxrt cnnm npa-
nnem n enpannem nn]pmannn. nnrnnax n a]-
]ernnax cncremt pacnxent nenrpa n npar
pemamy pt npneccax yuennx n aanrannn. a-
npnmep, ]ynnnx nnrnn cncremt ccrnr nenrn-
]nannn nnapnanr, ra a a]]ernnax cncrema
saaer nrnmatnte ypnn nyrpenne syxennx.
rnt n nenncrt xxrcx nenrpatntmn ysamn, r-
pte npeexr nanpaenncrt ]ynnnnnpannx py-
nx cncrem. axax ns cncrem xxercx mnypne,
nepapxnuec crpyryp.
nypney, nepapxnuecy crpyrypy nuncrn
mxn npecranrt ne ceyme cxemt (pnc. 1).
108

B
y

By

H-
B-

x
-
UTU
U

H-
B-

x-
x

___________

Pnc. 1. pent necrn cncremt (cynpacncremt) nuncrn
(nunt cmtc)

U

L
x
-
encmrpnt ypent nuncrn nepearunt
c nn c ynpaxemtx npnecc: nsnanne n a]-
]er pasyr npepasaretnt c; crnt n nen-
ncrt c campannsannn nn nnrepannn. Hcn-
cremt crnx n nenncrn erepmnnnpyr nnnnyatnte
pasnunx ax ns acre. B pesytrare sanme-
crnx +rnx mecrn cncrem snnar mxpnte (tmne)
ncnxnuecne pasannx. Ta, +mnnn pesytrar
sanmecrnx, npexe ce, nsnannx n a]]era, n-
sanne n crnt npar any pt ]pmnpannn mn-
psspennx, a sanmecrne a]]era n nenncrn n-
pxaer crnn xnsnn. pas ce (ncnxnue-
cn nryp) cataercx ns sanmecrnx cnauaa
crnx n nenncre, a sarem nnrnn n a]]ernn
cncrem.
Tperte nxenne syunr ra: nunt cmtc nn-
reparnnax net.
nuncrt +r neenanpaennax cynepcncrema,
axneme nnreparnn net rp xxercx nu-
nt cmtc. Ftrt ueem snaunr npexe ce nc-
art cmtc xnsnn... Hncy cmtca xnsnn cnccryr
cnnatnte ycnx xnsneexretncrn ueea (pa-
st xnsnn, cnct sanmecrnx mexy tmn n np.).
nunt cmtc nmeer rpn ccraxmne, npnuem n p-
annuecn cxsan c ranmn mxpntmn ncrpynnxmn,
a mnpsspenne, crnt xnsnn n pas ce
(pnc. 2).
Hcenne peansyrcx npn nmmn ra nastaemtx
pnrepne anncrn (npepn cnanncrn), pa-
symnx epxnn px cxemt. 3nncrernuecax anncrt
npecraxer c cnpaencrt npnrxsann na sna-
nne, +sncrennnatnax anncrt rncnrcx npmam,
examnm cne pasnuntx crne xnsnn, rpertx xe
npma (nenrpatnax) cxsana c yrepxennem pasa c-
e (nepax n rpax rncxrcx crercrenn -
crepncrn pasa peatncrn n yrepxenn pasa
xnsnn). uee rpeanne sect penne. 3rn rpn
pnrepnx mxn cymmnpart (pnc. 3).
3ect pasnunte cxsn crnt nenncrt penpesen-
rnpant rpemx yuamn, eymnmn pnrepnxm pe-
nnx. ueranne pannnatn crnx n nyrpennnx nenn-
cre (cpenn nyrt) npxaer pas ce ne
nnenryatn-crnxnm, ns rp, c uepet,
treaer saepmennt-nesaepmennt pnrepn cam-
pennx. nanuna cnryannx n c pynmn yuamn.

z
L ----

z-

Bz


-

z-

(
z

(


(
---
> -
< ^
H
]]er
P n c. 2. emnsnnnx nun cmtca
y+

H
yyxm

y
y
z
-
.z

"H"

By

-
-
-

I
-

m-
y-
m z
(yx-yz)
Tz -
xz
B-

Pnc. 3. cnnte nyrn camnsnann

uerepre nxenne acnr: past ce n-
pxarcx cxsxmn. B ra. 1 pacptaercx pesytrar
sanmecrnx crne n nenncre a pas ce .
Hapt cnnatne-+mnnpnuece, nyrpennee-pann-
natne n -mera]nsnuece xxrcx nepnuntmn
nnreparnntmn cxsxmn mexy +rnmn ymx cncremamn.
T a n n a 1
! $, %$ !+*!*>5 3!+& ' 2

rnt (xaparepnte
cnct mann]ecra-
nnn nnrnntx nn
a]]ernntx ]enme-
n)
enncrn (pnenra-
nnx na ecrnx, r-
pte myr trt yn-
pxuent n cam-
crarunt)
Pesytrnpymax xapa-
repncrna ce
(nepcnn]nannx ccr-
enntx ecrn, nyr-
pennnx npnecc n rn-
menn c mnpm)

3mnnpnuecn: pa-
st peatncrn nenn-
arcx c run spennx
naexncrn n an-
ncrn naenn;
cxsan c nnrnnt-
mn npneccamn c-
npnxrnx
nnatnte: cnnat-
nt nrar, san-
mnmmt, nxat,
nepxa c crp-
nt pynx e,
pte ea nan-
ee xeaemax net;
tme ce mncep-
ne
uenmenatn-nnrepa-
rnnax: nepcnn]nannx
cnx ecrn n mrn
n rnmenn cnnat-
nmy pyxenn n cnn-
atnmy neay; pn-
enrnpan na sect
renept n py

Pannnatnt: pa-
st peatncrn nenn-
arcx c run spennx
nx nuec nenp-
rnpeuncrn; cxsan
c nnrnntmn np-
neccamn nnenryan-
sannn
Bnyrpennne: crnxe
nne tcnx pesytra
r tnnennn n
perntx saau n
crnxennx nee,
cenn cxsanntx c
ncnxnuecnmn n
(nn) ]nsnuecnmn
ycnnxmn; macrepcr
a neunax net
nnenryatn-crn-
xnmax: nepcnn]nannx
ce rncnretn
nnnmannx cnx crn-
xenn, ynpaenne cnm
, nunnenne e ne-
xm n aennx macrep-
crm

era]pnuecn: -
past peatncrn ne-
nnarcx c run spe-
nnx ynnepcatncrn
sauenntx nnx
npspenn; cxsan c
nnrnntmn np-
neccamn cnmnsa-
nnn
: xaparepnsyercx
anenrm na ce
ynnatncrn n nen-
rpnmcrn, cxpane-
nnem nesancnmcrn n
neennem nesancn-
mcrn n neennem
crercrnn c nun-
crntmn cranapramn
neennx; camary-
ansannx a neu-
nax net
Tpancnenenratn-c-
xxmax: nepcnn]na-
nnx ]nsnuec n me-
crenn c]ep repmn-
nax cnx cnenn]nuecnx
nrpencre, nnrepec,
ecrn n xaparepntx
cnc peanpannx.
Hepexnanne ce
a nncnn-pnrnuec
mann]ecrannn ncyccra
xnsnn
a pnc. 3 n ra. 1 ana nmt uacrt aprnnt. a
camm ee nmeercx exrt smxntx cuerann n e-
113
xrt pesytrnpymnx pas cam cex. Bce nn xa-
parepnsant ra. 2.
T a n n a 2
& 3!+& ' B2B, !,& !+& +
= %
enncrn

nnatnte Bnyrpennne

cnpnnnmaer-
cx a nereme-
max uacrt me-
cra n ytrypt.
nnnyatncrt
snnaer ns ntra
mecre
nennaercx n ne-
ncpecrenntm pesyt-
raram nn cnm crn-
xennxm cnnatnm
nrecre. x nnnn-
yatncrn nanee
axnt nencpecren-
nte crnxennx, nexen
cpunte
nennrcx sa nencpe-
crenn nepexnaeme c
nmmt cex nanuntx
y ne pan uycr.
nnnyatncrt s-
nnaer ns uycrenntx
cnpnxrn sect re-
nept

nunnxercx
cnnatnmy n-
pxy n cnnat-
n me. nnn-
yatncrt cx
nn pynx ne-
nnrcx rt r
mepe, a na
nnnmaercx n ny-
caercx c cnnat-
n run spennx
nennaercx n nnn-
maercx c run spennx
cpuntx crnxe-
nn nnnna secr-
nn na pyxamn e
mnp. crnxennx re-
xr nnnn py r
pya. nnnyat-
ncrt nennrcx sa ee mare-
pnatnte nn repernue-
cne crnxennx
nnn nnnmaer cex c
nmmt y n
cnnrann mtmennx.
Btcmax net xnsnn
ceart cparc
macnme nsna cam
cex. nnnyat-
ncrt nnnmaercx pan
nee cam

paccmarpna-
ercx a cnenn]n-
uecax npernax
mann]ecrannx c-
nnatn mn]a.
nnatnte n pe-
nnsnte nncrn-
ryrt ecneunar
pamn x nepexn-
annx n nsnannx
ce nnnny-
atncrn
nennaercx n nnn-
maercx c run spennx
e +rnuecnx n yxntx
crnxenn. amycmr-
penne ecrt crnxenne,
rpmy crpemnrcx nn-
nn, a nnnnyat-
ncrt ecrt npyr (rua-
crn) +r crpemennx
nnn ecrt npe-
menn uacrt mnpa n ne
mnpa, n nnnnyat-
ncrt snnaer pe-
sytrare txa sa npe-
et marepnatn mn-
pa c net perennx
ee y rpanc-
nenenrn cmtca
Ianax nex: n csan mnxecr pas
n axt ns +rnx pas npeexercx npnepxenn-
crt npeeennmy crn n nenncrxm
5
.
B nxrm nxennn peut ner ue pn pa-
s, n pas ce npaer uey pt mtcxx
n ecrnxx nnnna. Ta, nnenryatn-crnxnmt
pas ce n campenne na pnrepnn saep-
114
menne-nesaepmenne cxsant c neennem n samtc-
amn nnnna, nanpaenntmn na crnxenne ce t-
mnx pesytrar. cn campenne npeexercx c-
nnm pnrepnem snaunmcrt ne snaunmcrt, r nn-
nn cnen pasnpasn xyxecrenn-rpuec
exretncrn n recnmy nrary c cnmnuecnm sna-
uennem e . a ce +r mxn ncmrpert c run
spennx nnc nun cmtca. exnm +rm cy-
uae rernrt na rpn npca: a mnp, rpm x
xny?, a x xen xnrt, urt mx xnsnt crer-
craa mnm nrpencrxm n nenncrxm? n r x?.
rert na nept npc npeexer mnpsspenne, na
rp crnn xnsnn, na rpern past ce .
Hcenn n xxercx nenrpatntm n nnrepatntm, r. .
uaer cex n mnpsspenne, n crnt xnsnn.
B mecrm nxennn pnrcx sanmcxsn mexy
nnnnm n mecrm. a pnc. 4 nasan nnrepatnt
cnnres nnnnyatntx n cnnatntx acner uee-
uecra:

nunax acrt:
nnnnyatnt uee
nnatnax acrt:
ernnt uee

Hnc n cxpanenne nun
cmtca uepes necrne
]ynnnnnpanne nnnn-
yatntx crne n nenn-
cre
Hnc n cxpanenne mex-
nuncrn cmtca uepes
necrne ]ynnnnnpa-
nne cnnatntx nncrnryr
n npm
Pnc. 4. nreparnnt cnnres nnnnyatntx n
cnnatntx acner ueeuecra
a nnm, sect an ncpecrm cxntx cncrem
rpanc]pmannn crnmenne cnnatntx nncrnryr n
cnnatntx npm ernn ueea c crnxmn n
nenncrxmn nnnnyatn ueea. 3rn cncremt sa-
nmecrnx, mmynnannn n nxnnx npepasyr c-
nnatnte npmt n nncrnryrt ncnxnuecne ctrnx,
a nnnnyatnte crnn n nenncrn cnnatnte c-
trnx. Tane acnert nuncrn, a nsnanne, a]]er n
np., naxxrcx n cntntm nxnnem nacecrenncrn,
ra a crnn nenncrn ]pmnpyrcx cnnm n
nxnnem ytrypt, n +r astaer pemamee se-
crne na csanne y nnnna pasa ce .
pemenne rexnnuece mecr tme nennr
r, ur csan nnnnm, mnne xe crunte me-
115
cra tme snauenne npnar nyrpennemy, ncnxnue-
cmy pasnrn nuncrn. nnene eepn mepnn,
xnree Hnnesnn n pynx nap, eymnx mnnnt
pas xnsnn, tme ce nennrcx cnnatnax cxst
mexy nnnnamn nyrpn mecra. mecr rexn-
nuec rnna anenrnpyer nnmanne na cncncrn nn-
nna ncnxnuecn n cenn ]nsnuecn mannnynpart
mnpm. meercx crarun mn mecr n ytryp,
rptx uee txxer cn ncnxnuecne smxncrn
x crnxennx nenncrn nyrem txa sa npeet ]n-
snuec mnpa. anpnmep, mnne nprecranrcne cy-
ytrypt B ytrnnpyr yxnte crnxennx ue-
ea; cpemennte ncamcne ytrypt tpaartar
y nnnna nrpencrt cpastart c xnsnt c
(uacr pennsn pnenrnpanntm) cnnatntm mn]m
cyapcra.
B ra. 3 npneen mnxecr npecraenn npn-
pe ueea: r +nnypec men nnnn, pn-
enrnpanntx na nepexnanne nun ntra (sect
renept) n ruyxenntx r cnnatn peatncrn (n-
n ytrtm pynnam xnnnn n napman) pasa
nnnna, xnyme cyapcre c xecrnmn penns-
ntmn maramn.
T a n n a 3
& ! !+& **! !!
Ftme ce retnm ueee nenxrcx
rnmennx c pynmn
tmn mnpe
crnxennx
nyrpennee pasnrne n
cncncrt secr-
art na mnp
nnnt ccrax-
r nerememy
uacrt mecra (m-
mynatne mecr)
nnnt crpemxrcx
crnxennxm pam-
ax cnnatn n-
recra (mecr sam-
nyrtx nceenn)
nnnt ruyxent r
mecra, n anenr ea-
ercx na aryansannn
sect renept (+nny-
pece mecr)
nnnt samenn-
mte uacrn mecra
(]amncrcne me-
cra)
nnnt crpemxrcx
crnxennxm n re-
xrcx py r pya
(rexnnuecne -
mecra)
nnnt csepnare-
n ce nnnnyatn
npnpt (aemnx
pene Ipennn)
nnnt xnt
cea xnrt ca-
cnn c cnnatntm mn-
]m cyapcra (-
mecra pennsn
marnsma)
nnnt crpemxrcx
npacrenntm n y-
xntm crnxennxm,
n nnx cyxr n +rnm
crnxennxm (mnne
nprecranrcne cy-
ytrypt)
nnnt nnrepnpa-
nt mecr, n tx-
xr sa e npeet n-
ncax rpancnenenrn
cmtca (yrnnuece -
mecr)
116
Tanm pasm, ann men ueea nenrpat-
ntmn mnnenramn xxrcx crnt n nenncrn, rpte
saar nanpaenncrt exretncrn ueea a ne-
crn cncremt, erepmnnnpyr cmtc xnsnn, pacptax
]ynamenratnte acnert npnpt ueea. Hepe nnm
accn]nannx pasnuntx pas ueeuec npnp-
t, n]]epennnpanntx nunm n ytrypnm acne-
rax n crercrymee nnnmanne cmtca ueeuec
trnx.
B reuecrenn mtcn nmeercx nnennnx cmtca
ueeuec xnsnn, rpax anenrnpyer nnmanne na
ee camnenncrn n camnetncrn. Bet ]ynamenrat-
n nrpencrt ueea xxercx crpemenne ca-
mpeansannn. nee, n cymecry, naunnaercx nnnn
ueeuece, ymanncrnuecn-camcrarune pasnrne
ueea
6
. meercx ny camyrepxenne ueea
uepes cymecrenne cex e cncncre n raanr.
uee na +rm ypne ce +sncrennnn crpemnrcx
crart cem rem, em n mxer n n ce nyrpenne
cn mrnannn xen crart. Tpuecax para
ueea na camnm c ant mexannsm y-
erpennx ann nrpencrn. na rnune r
pynx cymecr uee ce nnnnyatn xnsnn
nna ne crnaer nee p, ncrpnuec
xnsnn, r. e. n ne peansyer cex nn mepe. 3r
npnnr neyerpenncrn xnsnt, rpax t-
crynaer nynretn npnunn rpuec exretn-
crn. Br nuemy cnpaen yrepxenne, cacn -
rpmy nasnauenne ueea cecrpnne pas-
nart cn cncncrn n apannx. B +rm cmtc
xnsnn retn ueea, +rm xe n cmtc, npnn-
nnne, mecra n ueeuecra nem. pye e,
anx ncrpnuecnx ]pmax, sauacry nensnauntx n
ypntx, nn peansyrcx. Bce mnpasne +rnx nc-
rpnuecnx ]pm mxn n]]epennnpart npnnnn-
nam trnx n aannx.
Pasnunx mexy trnem n aannem rncxrcx
npexe ce ]ynamenratnmy pasnun mexy rn-
namn mecr n pnenrnpan na ueea, py-
e na emn
7
. 3anane rexnnuece mecr
pnenrnpan na aanne, nem ant cmtc xnsnn
sauaercx nne sa entamn, ca, acrt. -
pemennt sanant uee ne mxer nnxrt yx me-
cra, ne pnenrnpann na ccrenncrt n ty.
Bnne cnpaen yrepxenne 3. upmma, ur ...uep-
117
rt xaparepa, npxennte name cnn+nmnuec
cncrem, r. e. pasm xnsnn, narennt n neunm
cuere ]pmnpyr tny nuncrt, a, cearetn, n
tne mecr
8
.
Bmecre c rem nexnm rmernrt, ur x cpemen-
n sanan (amepnanc) mecra xaparepna
renennnx nxennx nuncrn, nn xaparepa, n rep-
mnnnn . Pncmena, rpax xxercx pnenrnpan-
n-na-py. Ta rnn nuncrn yxe nxxercx
cpee tcme cpene acca, utn npecranren np-
xnar pynntx pax t-Hpe, c-nxeece,
nnnnnarn n p. pnenrnpannt-na-py naunnaer
npnxnrt na cmeny nuncrn ptnun xaparepa
upmma, ncpenna nca nn nrx cpene ac-
ca Ipnna. . Pncmen nnmer: Bcex pnenrnpanntx-na-
pynx e ennxer r, ur ncrunnm pnenrannn
nnnna astarcx e cpemennnn n re, -
rptx n snaer, n re, c rptmn n snam cenn
uepes pyse nn cpecra macc nn]pmannn... Hpn
ram cnce nepxnannx nrar c pynmn t-
mn crannrcx smxn nencpecrennax neenue-
cax n]pmncrt, snnamax ne pesytrare yue-
nnx rmy, a cex ecrn, a cyuae pnenrnpan-n-
na-rpannn xaparepa, a cpee cecrne
ncunretn cnpnnmuncrn ecrnxm n xeann-
xm pynx
9
. nuncrt, pnenrnpanny-na-py,
mxn ynnrt paapy, n na cncna yanart n
peanpart na cnnat ectma mnp pya nnnn-
. 3r npnnr rmy, ur raax nuncrt uycryer
cex a ma ytrype, na aaer napm
uepr, npncymnx cmnnry. na cncna cnpnnnmart
nsne n aene ncrunnn, cnnresnpart nn]pmann
mnpasntx ytrypax n aearn peanpart na
tcrpte nsmenennx mnpe.
Hxenne yasann rnna nuncrn xxercx cnmn-
rmm npnxa n nnnnsannn, ncxme nanerapnt
xaparep. B cxsn c +rnm aryansnpyercx snaunmcrt
pasnuntx ]enmen ytrypt (pennx, ncyccr n
np.) ]pmnpannn n pasnrnn nuncrn, r. e. peut ner
rnnax cnnatntx mexannsm ]pmnpannx n pasn-
rnx nuncrn ( ee cranennn). cy pt ]pmn-
pannn nuncrn npaer pennx: n mnenn . 3nae,
pennsnt ntr tpacraer n cepxnrcx mn]e, npa-
rnax a nn mamana, cxpanxercx uacr e]pmnp-
ann eccsnaretn ]pme, a cnpnnnmaercx
118
nreparypa, ncyccr, npacrenncrt. . 3nae ncce-
yer n nastaer nx capatne npncxxenne, pac-
ptax rem camtm cmtc pennn n ee snaunmcrt x
pasnrnx nuncrn
10
.
xn tenrt ceymne ]ynnnn pennn cra-
nennn n ]ynnnnnpannn nuncrn: nnrepannx nu-
ncrn, cxpanenne (capansannx) npnsnaaem cncremt
nenncre, yerpenne uycra esnacncrn np-
necce camnenrn]nannn n nenrn]nannn n arncnx-
repannx.
Pennx npxxercx rpnne, ytre, pannsannn
n nepexnannn, npnuem +rn +emenrt nepenerarcx
mexy c, pasyx enny necrncrt
11
. Pennsnax
rpnna ccrnr ns repnn a (renx), repnn mnpa
(cmnx) n repnn ueea (pennsnax anrpn-
nx). 3r xaparepn x penn, cnanntx na nnxrnn
xecra, arencrnuecne pennn pannunarcx np-
emamn mnpa n ueea. Pennsnax rpnna crpe-
mnrcx txcnnrt ]ynamenratny npemy xnsnn n
cmeprn ueea; na tpaxaer epannx, cannnnnpy-
er mpatnte npnnnnnt n tuan neennx, cnt-
aer n xcnxer ytrypny exretncrt. B ytre np-
ncxnr npnecc nnrepannn nuncrn c Fm; et c-
nn npc pennsn csnannx nuncrn: 3auem
F csa ueea? B epecm yuennn aae -
pnrcx: Fxecrenn net rpennx xxercx csa-
nne n, panee rcyrcrame cycrannnn, nastae-
m atnemem Tpenne nn sanne, n nan-
nenne ee pmntm, acrntm nacaxennem. H+rmy
npnpy ce csannx Tpen saxn pmne, ce-
nmamee xeanne nyuart +r nacaxenne
12
. F
csa mnpt, npecran nx pacnpxxenne ueea,
urt rr nyrem ncrenenn yxn pasnrnx crn
cnxnnx c Tpnm.
3apyexnt nccearet F. ncn nuepnaer:
pncrnancr pnr, ur F csa e x nun
mennx c c. axe arencrt snar, ur nunte
rnmennx mexy tmn +r camte nnte nepexn-
annx, rpte mxer npenxnrt tennax xnsnt.
xpncrnancr pnr, ur +ra nnra ecrt ne ur
nne a rpaxenne rnmennx c camnm m
13
.
+rm xe ner peut n nne . ynna Hyrn cra,
e nasan, ur antcmn Hpnnnnn epeatnt
cr uepes Bee-ueea a enn napanmt,
npeexmn ce acnert reecn cmca, cnpx-
119
xen c ueem
14
. 3ect npema ueeuec trnx
n e nnrt paccmarpnaercx nrecre capatn
mnpsspennx, nmenn rpannnxx nnynsma, a-
cnsma, xpncrnancra n ncama.
3naunretny pt xnsneexretncrn nuncrn
nmeer capatnt acner, es rp nesmxn n-
nxrt neenne ueea, a t ytrype n nn ]yn-
nnnnpa. crpnuecn anans pasnuntx penn
nastaer nanune nmmanenrn n me cem pen-
nxm +emenra rnmennx capatnmy, r. e. cxmen-
nmy, cxrmy nn cxrcrn. xmenne snauaer rnnnun
pennsny nenncrt, rpy netsx npeenrt n -
rpax astaer nxnne na cyty ueea. B pasnu-
ntx pennxx +ra nantcmax nenncrt nnnmaercx n-
pasnmy: mnrencrnuecnx pennxx na rxecrx-
ercx c m, nnrnuecnx pennxx c nanrenm
, rpertnx c mnpm yx, uereprtx c m-
patntmn nenncrxmn n r. . Bet pennx cea tpa-
xaer rnmenne uemy-r nnmy; n axax pennx n-
cemy nnrepnpernpyer +r nne.
uee cxsan c +rnm nntm cny ce npnpt.
ecrnretn, na uacrt nsname cyera nna
sepay nn reecny, rpaxamemy pas pmn
Bceenn, naxxmecx ne nac. 3ra uacrt csnanne
(xnrnte rxe aar e). pyax uacrt stma-
ercx na +rnm rpaxennem, nennaer, ntraercx nnxrt
n paspartcx nem. na naxnrcx ne npcrpancra n
pemenn, na n ecrt camcsnanne, nn rpancnenenrne
. Hcenee npecraxer ce pa tpy nn-
pn emy marepnatn Bceenn. Tpancnenenrat-
ne recn cxsan c npnp (cenn acrn
nnn), n ce xcnnrt +rnm netsx: npyrm c-
nnatntx crxretcr xxercx spa cmtca,
a rpancnenenratne +r ncrunn rpuecra n
ct. n stmaercx n na mnpm npnpt, n na
mnpm ueeuec mecra n ytrypt. Tpancnenen-
ratne ne emt, ne cycrannnx, a nuncrt, +r
nycrra, cmc: nnur n neur npemenn,
cmtc n +rnuecn ayym. rax ]pmya ra-
a: Ftrt ueem trt rpancnenenrntm
tnpart cmtc n nenncrn xnsnn aart pen-
ne
15
.
]ynnnnatn run spennx pennx cnaxaer
nuncrt cmtcm xnsnn n mpatntmn nenncrxmn.
B npeeax, ycranenntx npnp n cnnatntm nt-
120
rm, nnnn xen tnpart mexy pasnuntmn apn-
anramn r, x ue xnrt n ncpecrm ue xnrt,
r. e. sannnrt rpancnenenratne . 3ra nexn-
mcrt tpa pennrcx namem nepexnannn camnx ce-
x a rpancnenenrntx cymecr. crpnuecne pennn
aan ueey pycr, nexnme x cymecr-
annx +r tpa. B ntsy +r cneretcryr n
annte ncnxnn, cacn rptm epa Fa n epa
me xxercx n ns nenrpatntx nppamm ex-
retncrn msa ueea; nx uenne tstaer y nn-
nna axencr
16
.
Pennsnt ytr .a cnnatne ecrne nepas-
ptn cxsan c ]nsnnuecnmn n nxnmnuecnmn np-
neccamn, npreamnmn msy ueea. anpnmep, m-
nra, ennpenenne epyme xpame npnnr
rmy, ur rptarcx anat, n rptm pannsme
nnnna pacnpcrpanxrcx nepmenarpt (cte xn-
mnuecne emecra); nn-r n tstar axenne ccr-
xnne. Pennsnt ytr tpaxaercx xepre, mnre,
pasnuntx pxax, namnnuecrax n pnryaax. Penn-
snax pannsannx +r nemnxx ]pma, rpax cx-
staer enn epannx n pxt, ennxer epy-
mnx n pnnnpyer nx neenne. Hepexnanne tpa-
xaer ncnxnuecy crpny pennn, r. e. mtcn n
uycra, snnamne npn cepmennn mnrt n tn-
nennn ytrtx ecrn. rannrcx nnxrn pt pe-
nnn a n ns rnn cnnatn mexannsma ]p-
mnpannx n cranennx nuncrn.
a nprxxennn rtcxueern pennx cncraa
ncrpnn mecra, astax cnne nxnne na ]p-
mnpanne nnnna n e xnsneexretncrt. na
cea nmenct n +emenrt cmtcnx pasnuntx
ytrypax; nanen, ]pmnact cercax ytrypa,
aearnax epnec rexnenn nnnnsannn. e
cyuan, nnme npsacn resnc rm, ur F
ymep!; +r cneretcryer snaunmcrn peynpannx
mexnuncrntx rnmenn cerc mrnanne. Bmecre
c rem, nne XX crernx mxn cunrart ectma ynp-
menntm npecraenne rm, ur cercax ytrypa np-
rncrnr pennsn rnmennx mexy nnmn nenp-
crt n cxnt.
pannretnt anans cerc n pennsn yt-
ryp' (sect nmer ny ceymne mnnenrt ytry-
pt: cynncrt npemer n cyer ytrypt, rn-
menne ueea emam, mexnuncrnte rnmennx n
121
cncrema nenncre) nastaer, ur cercax ytrypa,
-neptx, pacmnpxer npcrpancr ct, rpe aer
smxncrt apmnnuec sanmecrnx nnnn c
pasnuntmn mnpsspennxmn; -rptx, cxpanxer
nenncrn, pne cepny aenr r nn nn pennn
17
.
ymecrenne pasnune mexy pennsntm n cercnm
mtmennem naxnrcx c]epe mernn, r. e.
c]epe nnreeryatn pnrnnnsma, c]epe r-
ptrcrn mtmennx, a nmeercx rncrt npnnx-
rn nntx sx n npecraenn.
B acnere npeeenn rnna rnmenn mexy nu-
ncrxmn cercax ytrypa xaparepnsyercx ceymnmn
uepramn: 1) +r ytrypa, rp yaxaercx ca
mtmennx, ca, neuarn, ca ]pmnpannx y nnn-
na ccrenn mnpsspennx n camcrxretn n-
peeennx ce rnmennx pennn; 2) xxercx yt-
ryp paencra cex e nepe sanm, e ner nn-
a ncpnmnnannn nuncrn; 3) ne cymecryer
sanper na pacnpcrpanenne pennsn nerepnnmcrn n
pannuenne ute-n ct cecrn", 4) xxercx yt-
ryp, rp cnannem x nenn nuncrn cyxar
ee neenne, csannte e emn, ee snannx n cncn-
crn, ueprt xaparepa, a ne rnmenne pennn; 5) +r
ytrype npay ncneart y penn n ncn-
nxrt crercrymne pnryat cnyrcryer npa trt
arencrm n nynun tpaxart arencrnuecne yexe-
nnx; 6) ytrypa, e ma reena r nepn n n-
pemenn na aer snannx pennxx mnpa; 7) xxercx
ytryp ncrxnn pacmnpennx npcrpancra naa
mexy nuncrxmn pasnuntx mnpsspenn, ytryp
xnsnn npancrnuecm mnpe.
Paccmarpnaemax a cncrema nenncre, cercax
ytrypa xxercx ymannsmm, x rp xaparepn,
napxy c yaxennem crnncra nuncrn, epexne r-
nmenne mnpy npemer, csannmy npemecrymn-
mn nennxmn, a npemert pennsn ytra cunra-
rcx xyxecrenntmn n ncrpnuecnmn nenncrxmn, +r
ymannsm, rpmy npncym nnrepec nntm ytrypam n
ce rnmenne narpcry. ercax ytrypa
nepax ncrpnn ueeuecra ytrypa, npnamax n-
arpcry pmny nenncrt. ercax ytrypa npnsna-
er ytrypny pasnpncrt n nnpaercx na pannna-
nsm. cnne xe cerc ytrype r, ur nuncrt
cymecryer csanntx e npemerax, r. e. npemernt
mnp ytrypt npecraxer c npemeuenn ue-
122
ea (. nnn)
18
. B nane ann ncceannx cy-
mecrenn nmenn r, ur uee +r rptrax mnaa
(mnpcm), rpax ne samnyra, a sanmecryer (n
npnnnnny pesnanca) c pynmn mnaamn. B nre ann-
sanmecrnx snnaer npemernt mnp ytrypt,
na cne rp npncxnr cranenne nuncrn n
smxncrt crynart mmynnann c nntmn nuncrx-
mn. ercax ytrypa tcrynaer rem cnnatntm me-
xannsmm, rpt ]pmnpyer nuncrt, pnenrnpan-
ny na cncremy ymanncrnuecnx nenncre, na sanm-
ecrne c npecranrexmn pynx ytryp, na
enepnpanne nnnann, nsmenxmnx a cam cnnat-
nt mnp, ra n camy nuncrt.
Hcty uee xxercx mna-mnpcmm,
cepxamnm cee cepnyrm ne c ncrpn Bce-
enn n mecra, ncty cea yyr ccymecr-
art n sanmecrart cercax n pennsnax yt-
rypt, ncrty nx sanmecrne npnnr nxe-
nn ra nastaem ]enmena cerc capatncrn
(mnpc cxrcrn). nem peut ner y . 3nae, r-
pt nsnaun cxstaer cnmnuecne ]pmt mn]a,
pennn n ncyccra c arepne capatn, pacmnpxx
rem camtm panyc e ecrnx. B annm cyuae cx-
rcrt accnnnpyercx ne rt c ]nypamn n pnry-
am, n raxe n c ncrpynnxmn ncnxnuec nenrpa.
na ennxer ]ynamenratnte x ueeuec n-
nnnn, x ueeuecra +nxy pnsnca +sncrennnn
nen trnx, ncrnnt n snauennx. nrmy acnnue-
cax ]nc]nx cymecrannx y . 3nae astaercx
xauenn c]ep cxmenn
19
.
uenmen mnpc cxrcrn yastaer na r, ur mn-
psspenne nuncrn ncnr mncnt xaparep,
uacrncrn, n mxer trt yxcntm, r. e. ccrxrt ns
nayun n pennsn mnpsspennx. Paccmrpnm
annt npc npnee, yunrtax rr nemaaxnt
mmenr, ur Bceennax n mecra aar mnc-
n crpyryp, cearetn, n mnaa-mnpcm n
anann rxe nmeer mncnt xaparep. secrn,
ur rnmennn mnp, n mnpcm map-
cm, mnpsspenne npaer pemamy pt. uee
ne mxer aert ncyccrm xnsnn es r, urt ne
nanrt crpyrypy ccrenn nuncrn ancamx
cyxenn, yexenn, nen r, ur py ne np-
ncxnr. npsspenne nnnna xxercx cecrnem
sanmecrnx +emenr nyrpenne mnpa n crpeme-
C ?. DEEF
nnx nsnart trne. 3r npnnr rmy, ur mnpss-
penne ne rt nenpn, n n mncn, r. e. c-
epxnr cee px pasnuntx, nna nprnnxntx
yexenn.
ncncrt mnpsspennx npecraxer c
]ar, npepennt +mnnpnuecn. Ta a +sncrennnx ue-
ea nesmxna es nxnnx pasnuntx mnpsspe-
nn, r +ra npema ce uame npneaer cee nnma-
nne ncnx, ]nc], cnn, penne n
npecranree pcrenntx ncnnnnn. Ta a cym-
ncrt yxcn mnpsspennx ectma rpyn cxa-
rnrt, r ceyer npnecrn pesytrart +cnepnmenratntx
ncceann, npeenntx ntcnmn ncnxamn pen-
nn . eep-Ipnncep n B. Bnrnnnm. Peannn
ncceyemtx tn cepmenn pasnuntmn rnmennn
maremarnuecnm nprnpeunxm n pennsntm re-
cram
20
. astaercx, ur crpyrype n nuncrn (pe-
yxrnn-nnreparnn cncremt) myr cymecrart
a cx mnpsspennx, ne ncuamnx py pya. -
epenrne cymecranne yx npecraenntx mnps-
spenn, nastaemtx yxcntm mnpsspennem, s-
mxn cyuae, a nnnn npnnnnnnatn paspann-
unaer npemt, cxsannte c nayuntm snannem, r
npem pennsn ept. annte a cx mnps-
spennx nuncrn nnxr py pya, n nn rncxrcx
cepmenn pasntm eram ueeuec exret-
ncrn. ne e, ur rnmennx mexy nnmn xnt
cxpanxrt rncnretne panecne, n nprnnm
cyuae nuncrt craner ynun nn npnser pac-
crpcr yxcn mnpsspennx.
yxcnt xaparep mnpsspennx nuncrn n ]e-
nmen mnpc cxrcrn nsxr ecrn peut nnre-
patnm ueee. menn e mxn pencrpyn-
part na cne nxenn ]nc]c anrpnnn
. 3nae. Pe]ecnx ueee ccraxer ]ynamenr
e repnn pennn, nrmy ur cnx nrpencrxx
uee ycmarpnaer ncr n cepxanne pennn. ue-
e sect nnrepnpernpyercx x: 1) a apxanue-
cn rnn, npecranret ytryp Bcra n ra nast-
aem neptrn mecra, nmyme nee rn-
mennx rpancnenenrnmy; 2) a cpemennt rnn,
cercn cnpnnnmamn past amepnanc rex-
nparnn, rpactamn capatne, cepxecrecren-
ne na nyrn ce; yer cnt, a yter
Fa.
124
Hept npecraxer mnpsspenne (pennsne),
cxsanne c nnennne npcrpancrenn-pemenn pnr-
ma mnpa, rpt ppenpyer c nnm ueeuec
xnsnn. cny +r nnennnn ccraxer apxanuecax
met Ia cmca, cxstame ueeuece t-
rne c nepnnuecnm spxennem mnpa, ur npnaa
cmnuece nsmepenne nrpxmemycx cnpnsee-
nn exretncrn npe. anen, pemennte nnt.
nnennnx nnnuec pemenn tnnxer y cpemen-
n ueea axny ]ynnn, n rt c]epe, na-
xxmecx ne nrpx nnreera. pemennt ue-
e ncrpynpyer nayune mnpsspenne, pannsanne
na cne nnennnn nnen pemenn n mnp nnx-
r ncrpnsma.
n]nr mexy apxanuecnm n cpemenntm rnnamn
ueea +r n]nr mexy cmnsmm n ncrpns-
mm a rnnamn mnprnmennx. n]nr mexy rpan-
nnnansmm n mepnnsmm
21
. et ncceann,
npeenntx . 3nae, xxercx ceymee: c rpa-
nnn ytrypt Bcra, npnmnrna n npetcrpnn ce-
art crynn cpemennmy ueey. menn +rm
ccrnr cymncrt repnn nnrepatn ueea, r. e. c-
pemenn ueea, nncrt csname snaunmcrt
ytrypn nacenx ueeuecra.
e menee cymecrenna pt ncyccra pasnrnn ue-
euec nuncrn (et npnnnnne ncyccr n pen-
nx xxrcx ynnepcatntmn n axntmn uepramn xns-
nn ueea): n pennx, n ncyccr npecraxr c
cnnatnte mexannsmt, nmemne nnuecy cny,
utn ]ynnnn mem nexnmt x mecrasa ue-
ea. yxecrenne rpuecr n +crernuecax pa-
crt ]ynamenratnte ueprt xnsneexretncrn ue-
ea. x. Rn nnmer ceymee snaunmcrn ncyc-
cra ]ynnnnnpannn nuncrn: a mt
nment +r pa arnncrt, nam ms ]ynnn-
nnpyer run ra xe, a n pemx tnnennx cnx
tuntx xsanncre, n rt nnrencnnee. ax ue-
euecax nepnennnx xxercx ]pm rpuec a-
rnncrn. Hpecraenne rm, ur nenne nn ct-
manne cnant rt na rpe npnxxme nsne nn-
]pmannn, xxercx mnuntm... Bcx nepnenrnnax
arnncrt ccrnr ncrpynpannn pas na cne
nemnnx npnsna, cnpnnnmaemtx panamn uycr.
Hpnseennx ncyccra n xxrcx cnmamn +r na-
me nenpeptn rpuec arnncrn. e nennm cr-
5
* 125
ercrenn nrmy, ur na tpaxaer n pasnaer ncr-
pynnn, rpte ce rpxr exenen
22
.
rnncrt, cepxamaxcx npnecce rpennx n ne-
pexnannx npnseenn ncyccra, ccraxer nnr+c-
cennn rex camtx ]ynnn, npn nmmn rptx ms
ueea rpuecn cnnresnpyer nceneny nn]pma-
nn, npnxxmy ns pyxennx n npeexmy reuenne
name xnsnn. H+rmy, nuepnaer x. Rn,
mxn yrepxart, ur xyxecrenne rpuecr n +c-
rernuecne nepexnannx nexnmt x ]ynnnnnp-
annx ueeuecnx mecr n tcrynar n ns nan-
axnemnx ]pm name arnncrn
23
. uenn, ur es
npcremnx nnuecnx ]ynnn (nnmee neenne
n pasmnxenne), nepxnamnx mecras, xnsnt np-
cr ne ta t smxna. 3r cnpaen x mnxe-
cra nntx n, ne nmemnx ncyccra, n y ueea
+rn npnxrnte ]ynnnn sancxr r cnenn]nuecnx ccr
msa, rpte ear smxntm mecrenny xnsnt
n mexueeuecy mmynnann.
ecmnenn, nmeercx ynnnax cxst mexy xyxe-
crenntm rpuecrm n tenntmn nppammamn name-
msa, npnuem +ra cxst cymecryer na cex ypnxx
r nanee acrparntx uncr nparnuecnx. er-
pte anrpnn cunrar, ur npeeennte crpyrypnte
ueprt nppamm ueeuec msa mxn napyxnrt
cex acrxx name xnsnn. 3rn crpyrypt cenn
xp npxxrcx npnseennxx ncyccra, n nn
cnmnsnpyr npnecc xnsnn. B cxm cyuae, npns-
eennx ncyccra npecraxr c cnmt, tpa-
xennte camn, pasamn nn syamn, rpte ppec-
nnnpyrcx nenm cncm n m cnmnn name
msa (+rr uacrnun pxen, uacrnun npnperaer-
cx). B xe ra pa ppecnnennnn npncxnr nn-
rencn]nannx exretncrn nuncrn n ncrpynpanne
pas mnpa, urt pnenrnpartcx nem.
cyccr ne rt nepxnaer penpynnpanne
ueea, n n pasnaer nuncrt nyrem amennx pe-
nepryapa ee arnncrn, npnnax e men n n-
eennx. menn nnnmanne nuncrn a mnat ns-
xer ypasymert snaunmcrt ncyccra paspaunannn
ee rpuecnx nrennn. xe nuepnact, ur san-
mecrne mna-nnnn cymecrxercx n rnny pe-
snanca; astaercx, ur n xyxecrenne npcrpan-
cr rxe nmeer pesnancny npnpy, n +r cenn
pete]n npxxercx, nanpnmep, nracm ncyccre.
126
secrn, ur cnennancrt pamar nnmanne na
npemy xyxecrenn npcrpancra nreparype.
eyer yunrtart, ur xyxecrenne npcrpancr
pennx n cpeneetx nreparyp rnuaercx r np-
crpancra cpemenn nreparypt. cn, ur nn
pencrn, nn cpeneete ne cymecra nee
ennnun n ynnepcatn nnxrnx npcrpancra.
Pasnun npcrpancr apacnx casax, rnuecm
pmane, pycc tnne, cannnac cae,
xnnc rane. Pasnun n npecraennn
Fauu n uen +nyna, anre n nsamn. B axm
cyuae npcrpancr n-cemy pannsyer
xyxecrenne nee, npnuem n peansyer n
npacrennte npnnnnnt, secryx na pasnrne
nuncrn.
B nrac n+snn nsana epa]nuecne
pnenrnpt npnsant crncnrt emecrennt,
marepnatnt mnp c e nennm yxn-
cycrannnatn u: ceep, , sana n cr
nmen nrac rpannnn cnx xecrenntx n
mn]nuecnx yx-npnree. rca ceyer
nxenne rm, ur npcrpancr nrac npnn
+r +rnuece npcrpancr, sauenne ne
rt mexy npeeamn peatn cymecryme mnpa,
ct mexy ruamn ]nc]cnx cncrem
24
. Ta,
nert, amnn, ccnt n np. nmt cnmnsn-pyr
npnpy, nanne rearpatntx epann, ra a
cnne ecrne paseprtaercx c]epe npacr-
enn ]nc]c nnca.
aee n nse nrac n+snn cxsant
py c pym n sany pesnanca. 3ra cxst
npcmarpnaercx yxe nprnncraennn y e
nn-Rnx: Bnsn crpyn pyutx npar na ycr
pacctnann ate, an pt nnercx cpet
penx epete. Bsx n+ra sect a t ctsnr
r cam nxne run cam atne. 3r, cunraer
. . Fatnn, cneretcryer pesnnpymem
eme
25
; n mymaercx ceymnx crpax e-nn-
Rnx: H rmy, a ctnarcx ncrtx, ysna, ur e-
r snn erep. atnn n nxnn nant sect
raxe pasnuarcx, n cxsant nn ctm pasm:
eannx, snnmne na atnem nane, a n
pesnnpyme crpyne, nepearcx nxnemy. H+r
eme ne nnr erpa, nnnmamecx raennn,
n ysnaer nem n reramnm nsn ncrtxm.
Hepe namn met a-nst, casame, ur ne
txx c pa, mxn nsnart mnp. Hepe namn
accnnarnnt xaparep nrac mtmennx,
rpt napyxnaer nrpncrt
127
cpemenn naye, n et accnnarnncrt npncyma
n+snn me. ra, nrace n+rnuece npcrpancr
xxercx +rnuecnm n pesnnpymnm npcrpancrm (a
nnm ncyccre, r. e. ncyccre pynx ytryp).
yxecrenne rpuecr, npemeuenne npnse-
ennxx ncyccra, pacmnpxer penepryap neennx nu-
ncrn. menn ncyccr nmaer ueey rpennpart
cn rpuecne smxncrn. B mem xe axmy crn-
xnsnn crercryer npeeennt cnc ame-
nnx e, r. e. cx nnennnx ncyccra. Ta mxn t-
enrt rpn rnna xyxecrenn exretncrn: pacpt-
rne ntx c]ep ecrnretncrn, ycnenne nsmenenn
xnsnn n csnaretnt rpennn cnx rpuecnx smx-
ncre. ecmrpx na pasnune nnennn ncyccra, y nnx
nmeercx neur mee axt n xyxecrenn e-
xretncrn amaer xnsnt ueea, pacmnpxer pn-
snr e smxncre. tne uee tme na nt
ypent arnncrn, a n csa ypent mtmennx,
nastaemt epmenernuecnm, nnaue, ypent meracs-
nannx. Faapx +rmy nuncrt ncntsyer ncyccr
x csannx ntx ccrxnn peatncrn. Bsanmecr-
ne c +rnmn ccrxnnxmn amaer ueea, a nx pac-
mnpenne pasnaer e csnanne. Tanm pasm, ncyc-
cr pasnaer nnnna, yenunaer e nrart c mn-
pm, nsxer ncceart ccrenne csnanne.
I a a 6
PBR B
uBuH H
'!+ = ' !>%. 0%"
% !' +. (!& !!! !"
!'$ ?. +&
' +. (!! '
+. '*3 3+'. - 5*5"
!& +,$ .
B cemnpn-ncrpnuecm nane ueeuecr crynn-
ny +nxy pxaercx nax nnnnsannx. nn
cunrar, ur rexnennax nnnnsannx cmenxercx anr-
pnenn (I. I. nnencn), pyne yrepxar, ur
nacrynn nen ncrpnn, nauacx ncrncrpnuecn ne-
pn (u. uyyxma). B cxm cyuae necmenn r, ur na
cmeny nnycrpnatn nnnnsannn npnxnr ncrnn-
ycrpnatnax, a +r snauaer pxenne mnmepn ue-
ea rnune r r, rp I. apyse xapa-
repnsa a nmepn ueea +nxn nnycrpn-
atn mecra. xn pnrt, cearetn,
pennn ueeuec ncnxne na npe XXI .,
+rm, ceyer rmernrt, nnca eme nauae XX .
P. Fe.
n nuepna, ur ueeuecr xnar rpn pe-
nnn: 1) nayun-rexnnuecax (marepnatnax, +nmn-
uecax, n e cam), 2) cnnatnax n 3) ncnxnuecax
2
.
B pesytrare ncnxnuec pennn ueeuec y-
me npnser nepepr, n pennx nyunr acrne
cncr na ueeuecrm
3
.
Hpenenne P. Fea ctaercx; n ner nnue ynn-
retn rm, ur cpemennax sananax mernx
nayun ncceannx, nnpaxct na pennsnt n mnc-
rnuecn ntr cruntx ytryp, crpemnrcx nnrepnp-
art nayy mncrnnnsm. 3r tsan nrpencrt c-
ntart cymecranne rpancnepcnatn (neue-
euec) yxn peatncrn, ur ycnxx ncrnn-
ycrpnatn nnnnsannn cneretcryer crane-
nnn mnmepn mnpa ueea.
Ta a axax repnx csnannx ns mnxecra nme-
mnxcx repn sanan ncnxnn (n +rm npxx-
ercx ee nnnapanmarnuncrt) nmeer c cnn na-
p nnxrn n ee cymecranne erepmnnnpan ranmn
cnnatntmn nncrnryramn, a mt mtmennx, r
131
repernsnpanne npnpe ueeuec peatncrn ne
mxer trt cnan uncr nuecnmn cpecramn.
amn cnct cnannx nnennnn cnnresa nayn n
mncrnnnsma ycent neunm cuere cnnatntmn
n ytrypntmn ]arpamn. et +r nnennnn
ccrnr cnnrese nemnx anntx nayn n rpannn
mncrnnnsma n nppannnansma. a naart, ur +r
nsnr arnrt nyrpennn mnp ueea.
nnm ns apnanr ann nnennnn xxercx t-
nnyrax H. Paccem nnennnx nanerapn csnannx,
rpax cpnn yrnnuecn-npncrnuecnm nnennnxm
sanan ]nc]nn 70-x ., npnxmnx nre pe-
nnn n mncrnnnsmy. Pacce cem rpye Iatnt
ms: pasmtmennx +nnnnm caue nanerap-
nmy csnann nsaaer nnresy Ien-3emn -
y xemuyxnnt: ce xne na 3eme +r uacrt
nanrc cncremt, cncn peynpart cn napa-
merpt n ecneunart ccrenny xnsneexretncrt,
nepxnart tcy crenent nyrpenne ynpxuen-
ncrn n campannsannn. 3emx npecraer a necr-
ne xne cymecr
4
.
B npecraennn H. Paccea cmena nx n nun +r
nytc nanert, pen n mpx ee pencnax cncre-
ma, cam ueeuecr nepnax cncrema, at-
nt ms +r ms, rpm ns nac xxercx
retn nepn er. Hura pmnatnax cnc-
rema Ien, +erpnuecax nanerapnax cert nepnte
na, nnren ernnax namxrt. aya yn-
paxer neennem nanert nn rmy, a ms
rem. 3ananax n crunax ytrypt nnnn
msa Ien, crercrymne pannnatn-nnreery-
atnmy emy n nnrynrnnmy npamy nymapnxm ue-
euec msa. Hpnecc ueeuec nsnannx
+r cnc nsnannx Iee cam cex n pyxame mn-
pa, tcmax pax ]ynnnx Ien. 3naunr, uee-
uecr +r pa nanert
5
.
3arem peut ner -men n ee snaunmcrn pas-
nrnn mecra. euac -met ypxaer cymecr-
ann ueea na nanere. Tpeyercx nepex xncr-
cmy, ymannmy mnpsspenn, nepex ee tc-
my ypn cnnepnn, a axmy +emenry
enncre nnnn mecr nanera yer ran
xne. 3r ne snauaer nsaenne r nnnnyatn-
crn. Bet nmeer e crpnt: 1) nnuecy, re-
ecny n 2) yxny, cxstamy e c ce Bceen-
132
n. yrt +r rp nenpnsn saua-
ercx rm, ur n cn r cepxannx, ne
sancnr r nemne mnpa, r namnx uycr, xeann n
crpacre. Bectma rpyn crnut ra
ynnepcatn ypnx , eme rpyne nncart e
cax, na, n smxn, uem pxr pennsn-
mncrnuecne yuennx, ynnnax cyrt rptx na
ce n ennt, a n ane cepxnrcx ect
ean, ra mem ce n, cx Bceennax. B
+rm, nuepnaer H. Pacce, n ccrnr eunax
]nc]nx, npnsnamax xecrenny peatncrt
cymncre x ce mnpa eme, xnsne, csnannx
6
.
aya rptaer x cex euny ]nc]n, nt
nrepxax, ur na yuamnx ypnxx mt ce
ecrt n
7.
nxenne cnnatnmy cyneppannsmy (nepex
na nt +nnnnt ypent, urt npeert
cymecrymn pnsnc) n mncrnuece crpemenne
nsnann nyrpenne enncra +r e crpnt
enn npnecca nxennx tcmnm crynenxm
necrncrn
8
. Hpanansnpa +rr npnecc, H.
Pacce, nuepnaer, ur nuaretnt tp sa
ueeuecrm, rpe mxer npenert ce
yymee, npnnnmart csnaretnte pemennx, repnen
nsmenxrt c cyty. Bnepte sa c ncrpn
+nnn rercrenncrt sa ee npxenne
sxena na cam +nnnnt marepna. t
yxe ne naccnnte cneren +r npnecca, a e
yuacrnnn, arnn ]pmnpymne yymee. panrcx
nam +r nn ner, mt renept crpaxn +nnnn
npnecca na 3eme. 3nnnne yymee +r
nanert naxnrcx namnx ccrenntx pyax nn,
runee, namnx ccrenntx msax
9
. ueeuecr
cea tp ntsy +nnn.
3arem eaercx nntra saxnyrt yymee. cn
ueeuecr npepamaercx cnnatnt
cyneppannsm, nanerapny nepny cncremy, r
snnaer nxrt ypent +nnn Iex-c]epa,
rpax csnaer ce nencpecrenne pyxenne,
neuny cncremy n naunnaer nnc ananuntx
c]ep Iaarnax, ncntsyx x smxntx nrar
+crpacencpne cnpnxrne. B reuenne yymnx
mnnn er 1010 ne Ien nnrepnpyrcx enny
cncremy aarnuec cyneppannsma. Bsnnaer
mecr ypent +nnn, xe pasnrnx rp
1010 ranx aarnuecnx cyneppannsm e-
nnxrcx enne ynnepcatne cymecr,
ynnepcatnt cyneppannsm ncene, cetm
ypnx +-
133
nnn Fpaxman, cepmennt cmc, crnt yx,
uamn cex axe cymecr, a-n tmee
nn rt mymee eme snnnyrt. run spennx
+r nepcnernt +nnx xnsnn mxer xnrtcx nnm
ns ar pannsn cmnuec ncrann
10
, naua
rp snamenan Ftmnm sptm. e npxe-
nne nenpeptn pasnamemcx ueeuecm mse.
Bsnnnenne campe]ernpyme csnannx crt
xe snaunretnt +nnnnt cau, a n cam s-
nnnenne xnsnn. Baxneme xaparepncrn csna-
retntx cymecr xxercx cncncrt csaart nyr-
pennne men mnpa, npnuem rem cxnee, uem cxnee
cam csnanne. Baxnemnm acnerm +nnn crannr-
cx mmynnannx (mea Texpa e Bapena n cepx-
pasym Bpn ypnn). Hpnecc nepexa nmy +-
nnnnmy ypn (Iex-c]epa) npnser sa ne-
ct ecxr er. euac +nnx naxnrcx
npmexyrun sne mexy c]ep csnannx n Iex-
c]ep.
acn H. Paccey, XXI . yer em snannx.
Bet eme . xemc, . Rn, . acy n p. yrepxan,
ur mexnuncrne menne, pennsnt ntr, npnx-
mn ccrxnn sapennx, cneretcr ncnxnue-
c sptx. nct nx crnxennx ncnxrexn-
nx"
11
. na yer an acrt nayuntx ncce-
ann nxamne ecxrnernx. 3r nyxn x
yenuennx ntra sapennx, x ycpennx campean-
sannn n yxn pcra nnnn. neunax net ncn-
xrexnnn ecneunrt smxncrt +nnnn
nsmenennx. Peut ner nexnmcrn yxn n-
ennx, ncemecrn nsmenennx csnannn cncm, r-
ptrtm x nac ennmn mncrnamn n npnennamn
eeun ]nc]nn
12
. raxe remn, utx net ca-
mpeansannx, camtpaxenne nuncrn, yt r
Inmaaxx nn ep nncm ]nce. menn nn
nmar nsmenxrt mnp na nanee ynx naua-
ax
13
, ncty yuacryr atnemem pasnrnn t-
cuamnx ccrxnn csnannx cymecrenn ccran
uacrn ce +nnnn npnecca. B neunm cuere
cmnuecax +nnx npecraxer paseprtanne y-
xn acra.
Hepe namn rnnnunt pasen mepnnsnpanntx
cmnuecnx penn, rptx pennsnte rpe-
nnx npnuyn nepenerarcx c nayuntmn nnennnx-
mn
14
. x nnx xaparepn xecrenne nesemntx nn-
134
nnsann: pennx pnryatntx mer paueannx,
pennsntx nnrepnperann ccrxnn nnnuec
cmeprn, yrnuennax naynnax ]pmynpa
mncrnuecnx nnennn. Tpannnnnt mncrnnnsm
nmeer ceymne ueprt: 1) +srepnuecn xaparep; 2)
ycxnenny mncrnuecy nparny, nmemy net
ennenne ueea c xecrm; 3)
ncunretnt xaparep rt ennnnt cunrar
cex crntmn mncrnuec sapennx.
emncrnnnsm pesytrare ynpmennx n
ytapnsannn xaparepnsyercx nntmn uepramn. nnm
mxn rnecrn: 1) reecnte ytcrnx a
camnet, a ne a cpecr ennennx c tcme
cn. x +r ntx, nerpannnnntx pennxx
nycaercx yceuennax nparna ncntsannx n,
uacr paspemaercx ncntsanne naprnuecnx
cpecr n axe rexnnuecnx cpecr (csanne
mystatn ]na); 2) amnnnsnte nperensnn na
aanne mncrnuecnmn snannxmn, ur tpaxaercx
nspeuennn epnre mery n nyremecryre yt
yxa, 3) nnrepnannnansannx mncrnnnsma:
mexynapne mecr csnannx pnmnt, Pa-
xnemnenrp n p.; 4) cnnpernuecn xaparep nemn-
crnnnsma: pncrc , mncrna arnnnsma
cpecr crnxennx nnpant, nparna mamancra
cnc yxn ncneennx, npnnnctaemt
ancram n r. .; 5) nperensnx na nne aanne
nayun ncrnn. na nerpannnnnte pennn
cxpanxr cxst c rpannnnntmn pennxmn n
secryr na nnx.
B reuecrenn nreparype npnnrcx ceymax
accn]nannx nerpannnnntx penn n
ytr: 1) eanetcne yuennx; 2) crunte ytrt;
3) ytrnsm; 4) cnnenrncrcne (naynnte)
pennn;. 5) nexstuecr. B rnmennn nnx H. .
Iypenu nnmer, ur ecn eanetcne yuennx,
necrunt ytrnsm, naynnte pennn
xxrcx, a npan, npxennem epnec
ytrypt, r pnenratnte ytrt nx
npepasannm ne rpaxar nrart pasnuntx
nnnnsann
15
.
Hpn +rm ceyer yunrtart, ur cacn
rpannnnn epnnenrpncrc nnennnn 3ana
xxercx +ranm x ce mnpa. B ntnemnnx
ycnxx +ra nnennnx npnperaer napacatne
syuanne: nmeercx crpemenne narn npancrn
epnec ytrypt, rpax pe t xxercx
ynnatn n, mecre c rem, ee pnn yxxr
penecruny ytrypy. e cyuan,
135
nte npate upannnn ntrarcx ccrannrt yr-
pauennt nnepnecn yx.
Pacnpcrpanenne pnenratntx ytr n penn na
3anae cranr net px npc. Huemy nemncrn-
nnsm parncx ntry cruntx ytryp? Huemy c-
pemennte mncrnuecne yuennx crpemxrcx part cex
pacn pnenratn mnpa? Huemy yxnte rpannnn
Bcra mn ytrypy 3anaa? ur aer +ra nnre-
pannx pasnuntx ytrypntx rpannn? 3emenrt y-
xntx rpannn Bcra mxn napyxnrt ytrype
Hpcemennx, pmanrnsme, neme (naunnax c . B-
nenay+pa) ypxyasn ]nc]nn, ncyccre mepnns-
ma, mexn nrpytrype 60-x ., cranxmecx
ncrnnycrpnatn nnnnsannn.
Hprnncraenne Bcr 3ana sapnct
pene Ipennn a nprnnxncrt +nna n apa-
pa, r. e. nnnnsanncrn n ncrn. anne eenne
xxercx n cemy cymecry nenncrntm, snauaer npe-
cxcr +nnc na apapcnm. Ta pa
npecraenne sarem npeparnct rpannn, cn-
crymy cnnatn nparne n yxn xnsnn n-
ceanrnun pnt.
Ipeuecax ytrypa ta npnnsana nexmn narypa-
nsma n ymanncrnuec +rnn. B +rm nane nnncne
pennsn-]nc]cne sspennx rnuanct r anrnu-
n mtcn. na ncceannx nasan nanune -
me nen pennx nnnc n peuec ytrypax.
ur xe exnr cne +r mncrn?
Ta nee xxercx, nanpnmep, nex meremncnxsa,
r. e. npecraenne nepeceennn ymn ns n rea
pye. yma mxer nepecenrtcx py ueea,
xnrne nn pacrenne. nnennnx meremncnxsa nsecr-
na a nnnc ]nc]nn, ra p]nam, uepeny,
Hn]apy, 3mney n Harny. mnmn mmenramn
sect xxrcx: 1) npnsnanne mnparncrn reecntx
nmenn ymn; 2) cytt ymn sanmcxsant +rn-
uecm nane, r. e. yxnt ntr ueea ycen
e npemecrymnmn xnsnxmn. ce pasnrne yuennx
meremncnxse nyun paxmannsme, nnynsme, y-
nsme. yansm, xpncrnancr, spacrpnsm ncuar
ne meremncnxsa. Bet nepeceenne ym a cemn
san npnpt ne nnctaercx nnennn cemyme
Fa.
Bcrunte pennn n cpemennte pnenratnte yt-
rt paccmarpnar nuncrt a neur necymecrenne. B
136
]yce epnec ytrypt naxnrcx nnnn c e
nrpencrxmn, nenrpe nnnc pennn ytr Bce-
enn, nnnn xe ntnna trnx. nnres nayuntx
rpannn epnec ytrypt n mncrnuecnx rpannn
cruntx ytryp npnnr repnxm, nanpnmep, pnm-
namyprn, Ipxnea nn Tpynnt, cacn rptm mnp
nsmennrt netsx, mxer mpatnm nane nsmennrtcx
nmt uee. B +rnx repnxx yrepxaercx, ur nayune
ncrnxenne mnpa ne mxer npnecrn rpuecry. ne-
my npnnr nyrt mncrnuec sapennx, pannuecn
cxsann c nee camnycrmennx. nans +r nen
camnycrmennx nastaer, ur na a ycne mnc-
rnuec ntra n rpuecra ce ne xxercx cnenn-
]nuecn crun n n ce nnmcrn ]pmnpaact
y tmenasanntx mtcnree ne rt n nxnnem
rpannnnntx ne ynsma nn cy]nsma, n n pesyt-
rare npxm nn ncpeann secrnx na nnx
sanantx rpannn mncrnn
16
.
en crun mypcrn nnyxpnt x sanan
nnnna nmenn nrmy, ur nua x nnx ta y-
pena sanantm nppannnansmm, cacn rpmy ue-
e npnnaexnr cpasy ym mnpam mnpy mnrn-
n npnpt n mnpy eun yxa, cmnuec csna-
nnx, txxmnx npeeennte mmenrt nnrpeprn
mncrnuec ccrxnnx, rp mxn crnut c n-
mmt xnmnuecnx cpecr. Iannnennte naprn-
n rptar pra meurannxm, rpte ar cryn
py mnp. annt ]ar netsx nsmennrt, n +r na
npnsnart
17
. 3ect nepe namn +emenrt xnmnuec mn-
crnnnsma, cxsann c ynrpeennem naprn n a-
nnnen.
exnm rmernrt, ur annnennte naprn-
n (ncnxrmnmernn) tstar y sp ueea nn-
rcnannnnte ncnxnuecne paccrpcra ncnxst -
parnm xaparepa. nnnuecne naennx nast-
ar, ur pesytrare nnrcnannn ncnxrmnmernamn
npncxnr nsmenenne csnannx npr ce ncnxn-
uec ycrann c peatntx er na ccrennte
nepexnannx. B +rm cyuae cnpnxrnx xxrcx xp-
nmn n cuntmn, xaparepnt cyernncrt, csep-
naretncrt nsmenenn nemne mnpa. B ccrxnnn
ncnxsa, snnme npn nnrcnannn n+rnamna n-
sepnn ncrt, y paua-ncnxnarpa naanct ce-
ymne mymennx: Hxxercx mymenne rt y-
xn npncyrcrnx; ce npncxxmee xpm n uer
137
ctmnr n nnnmaer, n axercx, ur ]nsnuecn n npn
+rm ne npncyrcryer
18
.
Hpn nmmn annnen pacrnretn npnc-
xxennx ncyccrenn tstanct nsmenennte ccrx-
nnx csnannx ueea, npn rptx n nnnma npee-
ennt recr n naxncx na +rm ypne npeeenne
pemx. Hcenne ncceannx cneretcryr, ur ]n-
c]cne recrt pene nrax xxrcx rpexcnt-
mn, cxntmn n mnmepntmn n ce crpyrype. un-
rart rane recrt m rt nrennt unraret.
3rn mnmepnte recrt naunnan sayunart nansycrt c
ercra n nsyuan na nprxxennn ce xnsnn. ntmn
camn, cenne cex ce recra n crercrymax
nepecrpa csnannx sannman ecxrn er. e cyua-
n, nrac rpannnn ncntsanct cpecra pac-
rnretn npncxxennx x ncyccrenn csannx
nsmenenn csnannx, urt nnnmart rr nn nn
recr. rmy xe, cymecrymne xecrne npana sy-
uannx recra rpean crercrnx pnrma txannx
axmy cemenry recra. 3amernm sect, ur ncpecr-
m apxanuec nrac txaretn rexnnn mxn
tsart nsmenenne ccrxnne csnannx crenenn
ynnt. Tanm pasm, x nnnmannx recra n nepe-
crpn crercrnn c nnm crpyryp mtmennx cra-
run t ceart rpannnnntm napanmam nsyue-
nnx n ]nannn recra, ne nmex nnxrnx nx mncn
crpyrype
19
.
cceannx nsmenenntx ccrxnn csnannx mer-
amn ]nnn nastar, ur mncne ncrpe-
nne xxercx ynnepcatntm, xrx cnenn]nuecn tpa-
xaercx recrax pasntx ytryp n +nx. aparepntmn
xxrcx x epnec ytrypt recrt Teprynana
(IIIII . n. +.), rptx cnnte cn paseprtannx
cmtca cxsant c spennem, cxsannem n cnpnxrnem:
ennm n, xrx nnrcx; nencrnxnm, xrx n mncrn
napyxnaercx; nenennm, xrx ueeuecnmn uycra-
mn nennaercx; n+rmy ncrnnen n en. Bnpuem, ur
nertcx, ur ncrnartcx, ur nennartcx mxer, r n
as, emn crnaercx, n py, emn rpaercx, n uycr,
emn peraercx; r ur ncrnnn esmepn, r nmy
cee nsecrn
20
.
ra, astaercx, ur cenncrn r nn nn
nenn n ]nc]nn sa]ncnpant nx xste, npn-
uem +rn cenncrn ne cea xn tpaxent. Hce-
nee mxn txnrt npn nmmn pasnpasntx cpecr:
138
annnen, cnennatn tparann rexnnn t-
xannx, nexnm x syunannx recra, ayrenn
rpennpn, n r. . 3r nmeer snauenne x rpuec
nnnmannx recra, x ]pmnpannx rex nn nntx
ne. anpnmep, nsecrn, ur nnrynrnn npeuycry-
emy ne nesmxn a-r mmenr pemenn
c]pmynpart. astaercx, npcerennx mxn
crnnyrt npn nmmn ayrenn crnmyxnnn, n n
cxsan c peaccrnmyxnne mexannsm epansa-
nnn nnrynrnntx npecraenn
21
. Hpn +rm cunraercx,
ur ce +rn cpecra nmer snauenne x rpuec
nnnmannx recra, x ]pmynpn rex nn nntx
ne.
cny mncrnuec mnpmymennx nn mncrnuec-
ntra, xaparepnsyme mncrnuecn, pennsnt
+cras, npcerenne, cmnuece csnanne, tcmee c-
crxnne csnannx npeexr ceymne ueprt: 1) uy-
cr nen]]epennnpann, uncr, enn, nycr
csnannx, ame uycr mncrn c cem cmcm;
2) uycr cymecrannx eun nenpcrpancrenn
yxn acra; 3) nppannnatncrt trnx; 4) uy-
cr axencra n nx; 5) uycr capatn, cx-
menn; 6) namepennax napacatncrt; 7) nesmx-
ncrt epatntm cncm nncart cmtc mncrnuec
sapennx; 8) uycr ecptcrn n n 9) uycr
pacrt. nn csarcx nne ecrecrenntmn npnecca-
mn ]ynnnnnpannx ueeuec msa n ncnxnn.
a npn +rm pasnuart csnanne n cepxanne c-
snannx.
3r pasnune nryer npeeennt nx ncce-
ann csnannx. Ta, cepxannem csnannx xxrcx
mtcn, past, cnmnnannx, pyne ncnxnuecne ]en-
ment. cn +rn ncnxnuecne ]enment ncuesar, r c-
snanne a necrncrt craercx. epxanne csnannx
npecraxer c ]ynnn nepnuecnx cncrem, -
rpte pasyr penenrpnte pant n mexannsmt msa.
snanne +rm cyuae npecraer nepe namn a pa-
nnsannx ncncrem nn nnnretnt acner ra p-
annsannn, ee ncnxnuecn +naenr, a ne npyr
npeeenn nepnn pypra. xn ca-
sart, ur csnanne n nepmexannsmt sanmnnx-
mne acnert nnuec cncremt, pasyme nn-
nn. nnuec crpnt pannsannx npeeen-
ntx xnmnuecnx emecr pasyer xnsnt, ra a c
ncnxnuec crpnt +ra pannsannx pasyer c-
139
snanne. Pasnune csnannx n cepxannx csnannx n-
ryer npeeennt nx ncceann csnannx: c-
n csnanne npeexercx a rratne mnxecr my-
menn, cnpnxrn, snann n +]]er, xaparepnsymnx
nnnna, ra anans csnannx npepamaercx nsyue-
nne mnpasntx ncnxnuecnx nn ncnxnuecnx
npxenn. cn xe mt nycrnm, ur csnanne rnua-
ercx r ce cepxannx, ra e cte ccrxnnx
mxn nnnmart a nsmenenne crpyrypax n nepannxx
csnannx (nanpnmep, +mnnxx, cnpnxrnn n r. .), a ne
a nsmennmeecx csnanne
22
. Xnsnt, a nsecrn, n-
peexercx ranmn napamerpamn, a en n men c cpe-
, n ene sanncana nncrpynnx ]ynnnnnpannx n-
cncrem. B cyuae xe ueea csnanne erepmnnnpa-
n mecrm, rpe npeexer ]ynnnnnpanne
sa.
ne npcr cymma cnpnxrn, cnmnnann,
meurann, nem cymecrxercx cxema neennx, tpa-
rannax mecrm. ne e, ur +ra cxema cnnat-
n neennx nmena ne napanmt csnannx
retn nnnna. 3ect nne cnpaen nxe-
nne rm, ur csnannn ner nnue, ue ne t t
ncrpnn mecra. epxanne csnannx ]ynnnx
mecra. n]pmannx, tpaartaemax ncncrem
(ueem), nnpynpyer pyxamem mnpe. n-
cty mecr tpaartaer napanmt mtmennx n
cxemt neennx, ncrty +ra nn]pmannx nt
mtmennx (Haranxan) cnpnnnmaercx nsnparetn,
r. e. napanmt mtmennx, cncremt nenncre, npana
cnnatn neennx tcrynar auecre ]ntrp
x +r nn]pmannn.
cceannx ncnxnuec exretncrn ueea n-
sxr pacptart e rpuecne nrennnn crer-
crnn c eamn n npmamn r nn nn mecrenn
cncremt. Ta, ]nsnnuecne ncceannx c npnmene-
nnem ra cpemenn rexnnn, a cnerpmerpnx,
eenne pt nrennnmerpnuecnx s pmn n
arar, +erp+nne]apammt n nsmepenne +erpn-
uec cnprnennx xn, nastar, ur tpa-
rannte na cne rtcxueerne nparnn pnryatnte n-
st n npnemt ncnx]nsnuecnx ynpaxnenn nxr na c-
crxnne pan ycpxercx cepennx npeeenntx
emecr, mn]nnnpyercx npnecc ncennx n r. .
23
. Ta-
nm pasm, naya nastaer snaunmcrt ncnxrexnn-
uecnx npnem, nnrynrnn tpaxamnx npnpy mn-
140
mepn ueea npnecce ncrnxennx pyxame
mnpa. aya xna pacptrt nnm eme ncnx-
]nsnnuecne smxncrn ueea, cnccrymne
e rpuec exretncrn. Bet rpaxaretnax npnp-
a nayun ncrnxennx mnpa nne cmecrnma c mnc-
rnnnsmm, rpt xxercx n ns ctx ]pm n-
snannx pyxame nac mnpa.
ecrnretn, nemne ncceannx cncremene-
sa msa n-cemy y pacptar +nnnnpy-
my npnpy ueeuec msa. B npnecce +-
nnn cncncrt ce ee pacmnpxmemycx xary
napamerp nemne mnpa rpaxaretn exretn-
crt msa xaparepnsyercx rpemx npnnnnnnatntmn
ypnxmn pannsannn cncremntm, nep]nsnn-
uecnm n meyxpntm. a cncremnm ypne nn]p-
mannx nrcx ms ns nemne mnpa, crpnr np-
pammy neennx, apecyer c exretncrt nxrt
nemnn mnp n nennaer ee a pesytrar, uepes
parnt ana nn]pmannn ncrynaer ns msa
nemn cpey. ep]nsnnuecn ypent pean-
syer ce +r npneccax arnncrn nepn msa (nm-
nytcnnte paspxt, ncrcnnanrnuecn nrennna,
meennte eannx n r. .).
eyxpnt ypent cnccryer ]ncannn pe-
sytrar rpaxaretn exretncrn namxrn: uem
tme em pesytrar npnecce nrenesa, rem
tme sanac namxrn n smxncrn ee pemnnannn
npn nseuennn. py crpnt, meyxpnt yp-
ent pannsannn mstx crpyryp nmeer nuepnyry
cnenn]nuncrt n npeexer ]ynamenratnte ccra
msa tcy arnncrt enernuec marepnaa,
nnxnt, mntnt xaparep +r arnncrn. ra,
meyxpnte crpyrypt msa yuacryr npneccax
rpaxennx cnnatntx nppamm. nnatnax nppam-
ma naceannx a cnenn]nuecn npyr +nnn
msa ueea nsna aanrnpartcx ueey
nemnemy mnpy n xnsnn cnnatn pannsannm -
mecre. menn cnnym astaer parne nxnne na
ueea n na cenncrn +nnn msa ueea: n-
nuecne cenncrn mstx crpyryp ueea a
npenctn npeexr e cnenn]ny a cnnatn
cymecra, ]ynnnnnpanne csnannx rp nes-
mxn es eennx ms cnnatn nppammt na-
ceannx
24
.
uee ne pxaercx a tabula rasa, napr, c
141
cam nauaa e pasnrne ycen cxntmn sa-
nncxmn enernuec a. B cem atnemem pasn-
rnn n craercx ne menee cntn cxsanntm, uem ene-
rnuecnm m (rpt npnaer ueey nnn-
nyatne cepasne), nyuenntm r mecra
ytrypntm m. uee ne tabula rasa, a nax
ranna, rp pacnaarcx enernuecn n
ytrypnt t. Hpnuem mexy nnmn mxer trt mn-
xecr cxntx nepenerenn, sanmntx rnmenn n
axe nprnpeun.
am uee n e csnanne npecraxr c pe-
sytrar nretn npnecca sanmecrnx cmn-
nuec n cnnatn +nnn. ann nsnnnn n
ceyer paccmarpnart npnpy ueea n e csnannx,
a raxe ntr, nanennt nnanc, rpancnepc-
natn n ymanncrnuec ncnxnxx, menrannnntx
ncceannxx csnannx, apxanuecnx pennsntx cncre-
max (mamannsm n p.), +srepnuec nparne (yn-
c ncnxnn n p.). yxn cacnrtcx c yrepxe-
nnem B. B. anrara rm, ur: Fyncne mtcnren
an nncanne cxn nepapxnn ncnxnuecnx ccrxnn,
ncan nyrn aennx ncnxn ueea. Fart ncn-
xnuecn ntr pennx yncr a axnemax n
ccranax uacrt ync ytrypt, necmnenn, -
xen crart cenx erm nayun-+cnepnmenratn
nsyuennx
25
. 3r rem ee nexnm, ra a ynnnte
npnecct csnannx ne narcx npanam apncr-
reec nn, nn npnnnnnnatn nemntrepnsye-
mt n npeeenn crenenn nnctarcx ync
n.
yxn yunrtart, ur ]ynamenratnte npecrae-
nnx cpemenn ncnxnn naxxrcx na ypne ntr-
nc mnpnnnmannx. B crercrnn c ncennm
]nsnuecn mnp +r cynncrt retntx marepn-
atntx re, rpte naxxrcx acrnm npcrpan-
cre n pemenn. Bsanmecrnx mexy reamn nunnx-
rcx npnnnnny atnecrnx. nanun ncnx-
nn: snanne ueea ancynsnpan ]nsnuecm
ree, nmemennm nycrm ntrncm npcrpan-
cre
26
. Ta a ne cymecryer ncnxnuec ceman-
rnuec npcrpancra, rpm npncxnr campa-
cptrne csnannx, r ncceanne ancynsnpann
ree csnannx npnxnrcx npnrt na cne nee-
nnx re ]nsnuecm npcrpancre. menn c +rnm cx-
sant nxenpnsm n nnrnnax ncnxnx c ee mnt-
142
repn mera]p. Hpecraenne xecr
cmarnuec ancynsannn csnannx ne ccem
aearn peatnmy nxenn e. crarun
cnmnnrt nnnse, rpm crnparcx pann
nuncrn, ]enmene pennap-nannnntx
cnmnnann, a uee a t cnmnnaer
ctrnx ns ce npm xnsnn.
nnennnx cmarnuec nenrn]nannn
nuncrn nmeer pnn pennx mn]ax. e ncrn
napyxnarcx yxe mn]nuec anrpnnn
pene nnra. 3ra nex nyuna atnemee
pasnrne spem xpncrnancre, ncxxmem ns
npnnnnn peannnnsma. B xpncrnanc mn]nn
snn yuenne acrn ynnatncrn reecn
ancynpann nuncrn. ntmn camn, nuncrt
rxecrena c reecncrt. uepes +r npecraenne
nannt marepnansm xpncrnancra npun xnr
napanmy sanan nayun mtcn, rpanc]pmnpyxct
namn nn nnc e-nrnnnuec ycenncrn
nuncrn nn, cmxuennm apnanre, nnc
sanmecrnnx enrnna n cpet
27
.
Tamy nxy nprncrxa +nncax mtct: c-
acn p]nnn]apecmy yuenn yma xxercx
+mananne tcme nauaa (pannee npecraenne
ne), +r yma uena mn pypr xnsnn n
nepecexercx pasnte cymecra n emn. annt py
ne npeeenn mepe me yuenne Harna,
nenarnnsma, narpncrny panne xpncrnancra.
Ta nx nmeer pannnatne sepn, r. . n
nastaer neaearncrt ecrnretnmy
nxenn eme apresnanc yansma, cacn
rpmy ncnxnuece n rpancncnxnuece, nyrpennee
n nemnee, cyer n er paseent xecr mexy
c. reuecrennt yuent B. F. Btp nnmer
cxsn c +rnm ceymee: Pe]erpnt nx
npnnnnnatn ne m npnecrn nn amy nnmy
pemenn ncnx]nsnnuec npemt, pme
napaensma nn nnrepannnnsma, r. . c cam
nauaa nnpacx na apresnancn yansm ymn n
rea n t a t cnennatn csan nmenn x r,
urt renrt xecrenny ymy r
mamnnpasn rea
28
.
Tpeyercx necrnt nx ncceann
]ynnnnnpannx msa n ncnxnn, peatn
cymecryme acca nacsnaretntx
nannnnyatntx xenn, acamnxcx npem
ncperncrn nenpeptncrn csnannx.
143
B xe pemennx +r ]ynamenratn npemt t
tparan net px nnxrn: pxennte nen
(P. eapr), cmnuece eccsnaretne (ysyn),
cmnuece csnanne (3. upmm), ernnte npe-
craennx (3. pem, . en-Fpt), eccsna-
retnte crpyrypt (. en-rpc, . uy), eccs-
naretne a peut py (X. aan), apxernnt -
ernn eccsnaretn (. Rn).
Paccmrpnm auecre npnmepa nnennn . Rna.
n nuepna, ur nnresa cymecrannn cepx-
nun eccsnaretn ne xxercx nm ncun-
retn repernuec pasmtmennx, a naexna nnnue-
c nparn, xe rp emy yact ycrannrt,
ur nannenr cnx cnnennxx napyxnaer rane
aprnnt n past, c rptmn n cam nna ne cra-
nacx peatn xnsnn n rpte mnm nanmn-
nar mn]nuecne cxert, nsecrnte ncceare-
xm ueeuec ytrypt c pennx pemen. Hpnuem
asact, ur y pasntx nap pasnuntx yax
semn mapa nannenrt, pamamnecx pauy sa n-
mmt, nnctar cnnennx, mnm cnaamne
py c pym. Ta, nanpnmep, cnnennxx nepa, ne
nmeme a-n pasannx n, cearetn, ne
snam c epnec ytryp, napyxnnct past
peuec mn]nn. epnena, nna ne pa-
mamecx nexm cruntx mncrn, cnnennxx
nxxrcx py samtcarte aprnnt nn ]nypt,
crpeuamnecx penennncnx n penenracnx
rpararax. aax mnpnmn nsnannxmn acrn nc-
rpnn pennx sanantx n cruntx ytryp, Rn es
c rpya npe napaen mexy aprnnamn cn-
nenn, cmenntx emy pasnuntmn nannenramn n ns-
pasnretntmn namxrnnamn ae npm. eur
ananune emy yact napyxnrt ne rt cnn-
ennxx, n n ]anrasnxx, annnannxx yment-
ntx, pasnpasnte nennx rptx cnpxanct
mn]nuecnmn mrnamn. rca . Rn te nn-
resy sanem nane, nun nnne ymn, e cn-
nenrpnpant past cepxnun, nn, a n nsnee
nasa, ernn eccsnaretn, tun ne n-
naame ne csnannx ueea, n, n e mnenn,
nmt uent pe nac xnr ecrt ns r, nun
nnnt ymn, n cmant mcrt, cennxmne a
mnpa.
3rn apxernnt, cpennemax cymncrt rptx
144
necrynna ntry, npecraxr ca ncnxnuec
]ynnnnnpannx pxa npe, r. e. cpannte mn-
nnamn nrpenn n cymennte rnnt ntrt pa-
nnuec trnx me. B +rnx apxernnax n+rmy
npecraent ce ntrt, rpte c pennx pemen
npncxnn na +r nanere
29
. ueeuecax ncnxna
uaer cex camte pasnpasnte apxernnt, n
ce nn, cacn . Rny, nmer apxanuecn xaparep
n xxrcx ce pa anrcnmn nymenamn r
ncnn pasa, rpt mxer trt cnpnnxr rt-
nnrynrnntm nyrem n aapx eccsnaretn e-
xretncrn ]anrasnn nnnmaercx na nepxncrt csna-
nnx ]pme pasnun pa nenn n pennsntx
npecraenn. 3r nxenne apxernnax aer
u nnnmann ]enmennn mncrnnnsma. . Rn
pacnennaer cnnennx c run spennx nx nepcnern-
n ]ynnnnnpannx. nnennx y ne tcrynar
auecre npecxnmennx yyme, saeannx nepe,
nyrpenne nennx r, ue na ner na camm ee,
n ur xn c pemenem nrnrtcx peatncrt.
3r ce pa xcnnenne, a t emne cnt, na-
eennte cmtcm n ncxmne ]nnatnt xaparep. B
rannn . Rna cnnennx nmer snauenne npnrun,
nyuenn na yymee, nee npeyasannx. B neu-
nm nre, cnnennx astarcx naeenntmn ree-
narnuecnmn ccramn. . Rn cunraer, ur uee
nmeer a t e ymn. na rpaxaer cpemenne
ccrxnne nnnna, pyax ueeuece npme,
cxnmeecx mnnnt er nasa.
Fynsm yunr camyyennmy cmarpnann ue-
ea e ccrennt nyrpennn mnp n rem camtm
cnccryer ncrnxenn nm cptrtx ncnxnuecnx cn.
s+n, n cmtcn . Rna, +r sre n x e;
ntramnxcx nsnart cex. T, ur mnne epnent
rt ceuac rptar ynnax ueeuec ncn-
xnn, an t naen penennncnx n pene-
nracnx pennxx. anpnmep, ynce nnxrne
apmt xxercx ectma cymecrenntm x ynn-
n nnnmannx npnpt apxernna (. Rn). rpy-
rypa ueeuec ncnxnn n nnanc ncnxnn
raa:
Tent tun npecraer pasax txa, emna,
mncrpa, carant, erec ]nypt e]ncr]ex, nnn-
meanc espasneme ueea. B c uepet,
cnmamn amcrn, nnerpxme cnmmerpn, n-
145
px n necrncrt, xxrcx pasnunte nspaxennx
manuec pya, aparypt nn, nanpnmep, pa,
ue pas xpm nsecren c annx pemen. anee
snaunmtm n rnnnuntm cnmm amcrn cyxnr
manaa penennnce npecraenne cpe-
runn ce cyme nn cpeneee epnece n-
nxrne 6 nyrpenne ynpxuenncrn. amcrt mxer
]ynnnnnpart n a pas pncra. ur acaercx
nnma n nnmyca, r nn tcrynar crercrenn
]pmax ymn n yxa, 3pca n ca. Hepcna
cepasnax mnpma, sacraxmax cam cyera n
pyxamnx e e epnrt mnnmy nnnnyat-
ncrt, r pemx a na camm ee nmeer mecr n-
snx nnnnyatncrn, n Hepcna nne n-
peeenne rnmenne mexy ueem n mecrm,
ce pa appnaa, maca ernn ncn-
xnn
30
.
B nnennnn . Rna cxauent nne peatnte m-
menrt ]ynnnnnpannx ernn eccsnaret-
n. Peut ner xaparepntx macax csnannx, npe-
craxemtx nnamn, peansyemtx tmn ce e-
xretncrn. Rncn nx ernnmy
eccsnaretnmy, cnannt na mernn nnnn-
yansannn nuncrn, npecxnmaer penn ue-
euec ncnxne, cxsanny c npnxm ncrnnycrpn-
atn nnnnsannn. Ta, amepnancne nccearen
X. n . py+ec yastar na nprnt mmenr
pasnrnn cpemenn ueea, a cepmaercx ne-
pex r p n +nenrpnun xnsnn xnsnn n
sany manat, ur aer smxncrt nnnny pe-
crn necrncrt n pacptrt cex mnpy. Xnsnt n sany
manat +r npnecc, ncpecrm rp nca
nuntx n mecrenntx nnrepec ennxrcx, csa-
ax npunt cs. act retnax nuncrt naun-
naer nert, ncrnart n nnnmart cex a ynnatne
rpaxenne n mecrnnme cn n +nepn npnpn enn-
cra uee csnaretnt mnpcm, nacrt
na n ecrart yer, a ncpenn, peansymn
nsyuamnecx +nepnn n npneamn pynx n nx
+nepnn cee. n crannrcx csnamnm nenrpm.
npnrxaretnax cna ne csaer pynny npncnemnn
py ne, n meenn nymaer +r nnnmanne pynm
n npnnr rmy, ur nmaer cem epxartcx mecre
auecre csnaretntx nenrp, c ccrenn ax-
my nenrpnm pt n ynnepcatntm csnannem n
146
cncncrt atnememy npepaxenn
31
. 3r sna-
unr, ur axt nnnn name cex mnpe n npnsna
cex pantm cpen pantx, ur n naua ncntrtart
npeet ueeuecnx smxncre.
eyer rmernrt, ur ]enmen mymennx npeetntx
smxncre ueea yxe sa]ncnpan ncrpnn
ytrypt. pacun nnctaer F. y ce nne
pacra cnpra: mymenne cpcrn ee na nt-
ax +r ]enmen, rpt rpyn cpannrt c anm-
n pynm mymennem... 3r ecrnretn crp; t
ncntrtaere mymenne cuacrtx, ame re uycryer, ur
ce cnct nm enncrennm ycnnn... t crn-
aere ra cnt, ra nnepnnn, aax am nyxna, n
crnaere cpcrn, rpax ]enmenatna; t t nn-
a ne nepnn, ur mxere muartcx ra tcrp... 3r
ntxnenne npcrtm ctxennem n ty... nrepecn,
ur, necmrpx na ce re ycnnx, rpte t npn +rm
sarpaunaere, rr mmenr, a crnaercx ynenne
napann cpcrt, axercx, ur t nxerect es ycn-
n... Pasymeercx, ce nect pas xnsnn am -
nrcx myrnrt cpcrt nmenn ra
32
. Hn pa
nncannx crpeuarcx cnmnnannxx cnprcmen, er-
un, atnnnncr, xyxnn, nncaree, yuentx, n-
nrn n np. x snauar n-pasnmy: +cras, rpue-
cr, rpenne, arapcnc, camaxn, nsmenennte ccrx-
nnx csnannx n r. . xcnenn rxe cymecryer
net cnerp: r pe]ec n nxnmnuecnx peann
mncrnuecnx n mera]nsnuecnx nx. uenn, ne-
npamepn yatart ce mnpasne netuntx ue-
euecnx nepexnann ny ay-r cxemy nn
repn.
pemenn naye nsecren nnrepec ncceann
ranx xenn, n +rm cneretcryr npptt
rpannnnnm ecrecrennnayunm npecraennn rm,
ur snaunr cymecrart. Ta, ]nsne +emenrapntx
uacrnn napyxent +]emepnte, nn npryatnte uacrn-
nt, rpte snnar n cymecryr rt are sa-
nmecrnx. x cenncrt ccrnr ceymem: nn
ne cymecryr nrennnatn pynx uacrnnax, r. e. nx
a t ner, n nn ecrt npnecce ]nsnuec san-
mecrnx. Bnpryatnte uacrnnt cymecryr rt
sect n renept, tnnxr c ]ynnn xe san-
mecrnx n npepamennx pynx uacrnn, nn nna
ne ]nypnpyr nauatntx n neuntx ycnxx +c-
nepnmenra.
147
nnretnt ]enmen sa]ncnpan mntrepn
rexnne. cn mntrep ecrn nect pasntx np-
pamm, r n mxer nn tnnxrt cepmenn pasnu-
nte ]ynnnn, nn tcrynart auecre nenxxnx py
na pya er: nnmymax mamnna, atyxrp, +c-
nepnmenratnt cren, np armar. mntrep sa-
ncnmcrn r nee ueea n sanmecrnn c nnm
pasyer ct, npryatnt er. Bet cam m-
ntrep ne xent atyxrp nn np armar,
+rn ert snnar xe arnncrn ueea, nc-
ntsyme mntrep, n cymecryr nmt pemx
sanmecrnx.
eymn nppt cxsan c ntmn nennxmn
3B n ntmn npnnnnnamn nppammnpannx. nn n-
snn menpart ra nastaemte npryatnte
peatncrn. ert npyratn peatncrn cnpn-
nnmarcx naareem a peatnte. mercx rpena-
xept, e ynpaxmne sanmecrnx peynpyrcx
npn nmmn peun, nxennx as, py, t n rea.
na pasntm uacrxm rea npnpenxrcx arunn,
nepeamne ueey mymennx r sanmecrnx c
npryatntm erm. B +rm cyuae uee ]nsnue-
cn uycryer npncxxmne c erm nsmenennx.
xn menpart ectma npeeenn ueea,
rpt yer peanpart na neenne peatn
cyera. astaercx, ur smxn csanne enn
npryatn npcrpancra x nectnx nnnn n
menpanne tx peatntx n paxaemtx cnry-
ann. B npryatnm npcrpancre naaret mxer
npnstn menxrt ruy naennx. anpnmep, nax-
xct armntnm rpenaxepe, mxn cnert pece
armnx, erart py ne, cnert na ece,
emen pamartcx, rxecrxrt cex c uacrt
mamnnt. 3rr nppt ny peatncrt npxaer
auecrenn nte +rnuecne npemt, cyrt rptx
npeeennn npnnnnn neennx ncyccrenn
xnsnn n sanmecrnx c ncyccrenntmn tmn,
nanpnmep, rane: at xnt trt npmt neennx
ycnxx acrn ct secrnx na ncyc-
crenn ueea, a re nn nnte cnct sanm-
ecrnx c npryatn peatncrt caxyrcx na ncn-
xne n cnnatncrn cam ueea?
33
. Ha +rn n-
pct ]pmynpyrcx n cmtcnarcx, npncxnr
crpemnretne pacmnpenne c]ept npnmenennx npryat-
ntx rexnn: mytrnnnannx, nnemarpa], rearp,
148
nnycrpnx paseuenn, naya, pasanne, anannx,
cmnarna n np.
anen, +pnmna, nmemax e c cncremamn ue-
e mamnna, ycranna nxenne ctx np-
ennn pemennx r nn nn saaun cncrem n nx ncuesn-
ennx nce ee pemennx. Ta, npn tnnennn ]nyp t-
cme nnraxa erun cnpnnnmaer camer rt
a nen a+pnnamnuecn er, rpt nexn-
m tecrn ns ccrxnnx nepepysn. Bsnnaer netu-
nax n ]nsnuecax, n ncnxnuecax cnryannx, paspxxa-
maxcx nce txa ns ccrxnnx nepepysn. Tanm
pasm, npn ennennn ueea n rexnnuec cncre-
mt snnar npryatnte ert. nansnpyx n-
n pa npryatnte ert, nn npryatnte pe-
atncrn, . . c texer tennte n np-
ryatnte (npryat) ccrxnnx ueea. Bnprya
rncnretn tenn ccrxnnx npecraxer c
netune n nenpntune ccrxnne. Hpnuem nprya m-
xer xaparepnsartcx ntmenn +nepne, a ue-
e mymaer cy, pacpenmenncrt, rpuecn
ner (ce nyuaercx cam c) +r parya, n rp-
uecnm cnam (nnue ne nyuaercx, ce anrcx ns
py) nnparya.
Bnpryatne ccrxnne nmeer na cemt xapare-
pncrn: 1. enpntaemcrt. t t pas anne c-
crxnne nn snna, axt pas n nepexnaercx
a netune n nenpntune ccrxnne. 2. nnran-
ncrt. Bnpryatne ccrxnne npnxnr n yxnr cam,
nesancnm r xeannx tsart nn yepxart e. my-
menne npetannx npryatnm ccrxnnn snnaer
n ncuesaer nexnann n nenamepenn. 3. upamenrap-
ncrt. ecmrpx na r, ur uee nncrt saxauen
npncxxmnm, mymennx ansyrcx a-n
n uacrn rea nn npxxrcx am-n nm
ns auecr ueea. 4. ernncrt. e naxxenne
npryatnm ccrxnnn uee nepeaer ne cye-
rnntx repmnnax camtpaxennx (rnna a mne xp-
m), a repmnnax peatncrn ernn. B +rm c-
crxnnn uee nnctaer ne cn nepexnannx, a ne-
ne ]art n ctrnx, a t cymecrymne retn
n nesancnm r ne. 5. smenenncrt craryca peatn-
crn. B npryatnm ccrxnnn uee txnr ns tu-
n peatncrn n nepexnr pyy, e e uycra
npnperar py xaparep. B paryae em peat-
ncrn, rp uee nyuaer smxncrt ecr-
149
art, pacmnpxercx, npn +rm uycra e crpxrcx,
nnparyae em peatncrn cyxaercx n uycra
npnrynxrcx. 6. smenenncrt craryca nuncrn. B
npryae uee ccem nnaue nennaer cn ccren-
nte smxncrn. B paryae snnaer mymenne c-
crenn cnt, mymecra, cncncrn npeeart
te npenxrcrnx, nnparyae nanprn, myme-
nne ccrenn eccnnx, necncncrn n nesmx-
ncrn cymecrnrt tnnxemy exretncrt. 7. s-
menenncrt craryca csnannx. B npryae menxercx pe-
xnm ]ynnnnnpannx csnannx. B paryae snnaer
npxcnenncrt csnannx yenunaercx c]epa csna-
aemtx ctrn, n uee e cxartaer n nepepa-
artaer ect nexnmt em nn]pmannn. B nn-
paryae csnanne tun sarymanen, ymentmaercx
c]epa csnaaemtx ctrn, nn]pmannx cxartaercx
n nepepaartaercx c rpym. 8. smenenncrt craryca
n. B paryae ce npncxnr es etx ycnn c
crpnt ueea, a t camnpnstn. B nnpa-
ryae, nanprn, exretncrt smxna rt c n-
mmt etx ycnn.
Bnpryatnax peatncrt +r ct rnn peatn-
crn; ee csnanne axer cntne nxnne na cpemenne
mecr. na rpeyer cnennatn ]nc]c, yt-
rypnuec, cnnnuec, ncnxnuec
anansa. B nemnx ]nc]cnx mernuecnx nc-
ceannxx nepeuncxrcx ceymne cenncrn np-
ryatn peatncrn: na cymecryer rt sect n re-
nept, r. e. x naxxmecx ne ueea ne cymecr-
yer npm n yyme; nnnny axercx, ur n
nencpecrenn uen ctrne npryatn peat-
ncrn; spnretnax nepcnerna npryaa cea cnpxxe-
na c ueem (n ce nnr c ce run spennx); na
crpena, n npxena arnncrt mntrepa nn
ueea
34
. cra npryatn peatncrn ananunt
cnnenn.
B npryatn peatncrn past nyrpenne mnpa
nnuem ne rnuarcx r pas nemne ecrnretn-
crn. Pasnte ytrypt, ncntsyx ny n ry xe xapare-
pncrny npryatn ccrxnnx, n-cemy npxar
pasnunte nt npryatn peatncrn. parnmcx,
npnmepy, camnpnstn exretncrn, snna-
me npn nsmenennm ccrxnnn n, a ce ner cam
c es cxnx sar (mtce) c crpnt ueea.
acnsma e crepxnem xxercx rcyrcrne mtce nn
150
satrte, a rcyrcrne mtce uem-n: 3r cpe-
rune ce n uyx, ceme n pn n, npetme
ce, camsaenny ycrpemenncrt espexne uxy-
an-nst nastaer satrtem n ryer ar saennx c
npncyme emy nprysn ycmtcenncrt. 3atrte
+r peatncrt, saremnennax n cptrax r nac ern-
nsanne ca. rptrt peatncrt snaunr satrt
cxn cyernnt c.
B sananepnecm mncrnnnsme r xe ccr
npryaa nenrpe nnmannx acrpa: n snaer, ur
ynpaxmne cmnuecne cnt ecryr cem n
cex, n nyxn sacranrt samuart c, nyxn, urt
nnxrnnte pannuennx an smxncrt napyxnrt-
cx npcremnm nxennxm. +r net n crpemnrcx y
parnmecx nemy npncrannrt xcnt nrpt c-
snannx...
35
T xe came ccr npryaa snauaercx a
nn ns npnnnnn apar+: a crnmt nepe np-
rnnnm, netsx ymart nn uem. T pasym xen
ycnyrt, n rt xsan rn ccrxnne rpemenncrn.
nn re xn tpaxart nmt nenancrt n ner-
parnmcrt net. Tt +rm cyuae nn n pyn
yyr ecrart camn e n cn
36
. Bnpry-
atnte past nanmnnar xyxecrenne rpuecr;
nn ncxr cymecrennt a apnnatne npe-
pasanne ncnxnn ueea ncrnnycrpnatn nnn-
nsannn.
Bnpryatnte rexnnn ar smxncrt ueey
cpannretn e ccrananart penne aanrnn-
enernuecne nppammt. nrepecn samernrt, ur ra
pa npnecc naaercx ectma xp npn nepeceennn
e.
te ycnx npyxar ny ns cnxmnx pa-
nnsme xnsnennaanrnntx nppamm. Ta, pyccne a-
san-semenpxnt npnperan ccra, xaparepnte
x ceepntx napncre, r. e. npncxnn nsmenennx
n ncnxnuecne, n ]nsnuecne.
mepnanen . +p]n npe nnrepecnt ntr. -
cea rtcxun e, aamnx anmn-n nnre-
eryatntmn n ]nsnuecnmn ynnatntmn cncncrx-
mn, n ccran euente nppammt. mer ccrnr
rm, urt npynrt ueee nepeansannte cn-
cncrn, nepacptrt raanr n rem camtm trecnnrt
esnt. B reuenne nectnx mecxne euennx npnc-
xn neur nexnanne: uee es mystatn -
151
pasannx nnca mysty n ncnnx ee cam c pecrpm,
py py naunna nncart aprnnt, cunnxrt crnxn,
tpamnart nert n r. . Hpyxennt raanr teun-
a ueea.
Faapx npryatntm rexnnxm uee n-
crnnycrpnatn nnnnsannn cmxer canart yxe
nsecrnte n eme nensecrnte npcrpancra ce
ncnxnn. mepnancn yuent x. nn xe 50-
ernnx nnc cmtca xnsnn ncntra na cee ]en-
men npeetntx smxncre m cannenca. n nn-
mer: napyxn, ur nta tmnncre ns rex
pannsntx c]ep, rpte nncant mncrnuec n-
reparype... arpn, amaxn, nn npana xartar
mnpn cnerp ccrxnn csnannx ae sa npee-
amn r, ur mxn nncart camn. axt ntr
tc ypnx yexaer nac espexncrn name
n espexncrn Bceenn, yexaer a nenc-
pecrenne npxme cnpnxrne... y yexen,
ur ntr tcnx ccrxnn csnannx nexnm x
txnannx ueeuec na. cn axt ns nac
cmxer ncntrart n pane mepe nnsmne ypnn a-
rpn, ecrt naexa, ur mt ne saxrnm spart namy
nanery nn anm-nnyt pynm cncm ynnurxnrt
xnsnt
37
.
uee ncrnnycrpnatn nnnnsannn c e mn-
mepntm mnpm penpesenrnpyer cxary pamax n-
pern nnnnyyma Bceenny; n npecraxer c
cnncmnuecn pesnarp, uyr peanpymn na ns-
menennx cnnyma n cmca. menn cnnres nemnx nn-
]pmannnntx rexnn (npryatn rnna rm unc-
e) n apxanuecnx (pennsntx n mncrnuecnx) rpannn
n nsxer apnnatn rpanc]pmnpart ueeue-
cy ncnxny, npnsecrn ne penn.
pxyme pennn ncnxne ueea cne-
retcryer n nnamnuecn xaparep mapcma (Bce-
enn) n mnpcma (ueea). Ta a Bceennax
pasnaercx, r uee naxnrcx ccrxnnn +-
nnn. H+rmy mxn cacnrtcx c ]pmy 3. upm-
ma, ur uee necepmenne xnrne. nnn
crpemnrcx cepmencrann, ur xcnnm c nsn-
nn ncrpnuec nxa. B +rm nane emy aearna
nnennnx neapxnmea pemenn mnxecra rue pe-
menn nnen nrnnnyma uacrnun neynpxuen-
n
38
. 3r snaunr, ur pemx ne samnyr n ne yxnr
crp ynpxuenn ecneuncrt (e ne cyuaercx
152
nnue n), n rptr; cearetn, uee
nmeer smxncrt cepmencrartcx, xrx n ne ec-
npeetn. eapxnme pemx, uenn, n yer rem
ntm npecraennem, rpe trecnnr crapte npe-
craennx nnnuecm n nnenm pemenn n rpe
yer npnn x nncannx mnmepn mnpa ue-
ea ncrnnycrpnatn nnnnsannn, nn yyme
ymanncrnuec mecra.
I a a 7
ITu FB
P

(* !+ . (!3& 3**5' A.
/*5 !%& !'+%$ !$' '*"
' 35. ' '*+. '
!**! 3**5' '*' !$' 35"
. '>5 #!& ' '*+. "
3& #!& ' 3**5'. / '"
' +$ '*' 35. -*%"
& +& ' '*+. !'&
'*$ '. 0**!, )"
35 '3' '*+.
Paccmrpe ncrpnuecne n cpemennte npeeennx
nuncrn, cnnatnt mexannsm ee ]pmnpannx, pac-
pt cnenn]ny pennn ueeuec ncnxne, t-
xcnn crnmenne nnxrn nenx n nuncrt, pac-
cmrpnm nn ns smxntx apnanr yyme yma-
nncrnuec ycrpcra Pccnn, a any npemy
name ncceannx. Pasymeercx arp ne nperenyer na
ncrnny ncene nncrannnn n ann npeme, na-
nprn, n npnamaer pasmtmenn yymem nea-
e mecrenn ycrpcra pccnc mecra.
Hpecraennx yymem cea npan axny pt
ncrpnn pycc n mnp mecrenn mtcn. c-
e snauenne npenenne yyme nme nepemnte
+nxn ncrpnn ueeuecra. a pyexe rp n rpert-
e rtcxueernx pasnrnx ueeuecra npema semn
nnnnsannn npnperaer cy aryatncrt.
Pasnrne Pccnn ne reen r pasnrnx ce ue-
euecra. Pyccax nex n nea Pccnn cea tcrynan
pannuecm enncre. Pyccax nex ce nret-
n +nnn npxxact pasnuntx ]pmax: n sa-
nannuecre, n caxn]ntcre, n epasncre, n
pynx nncracxx, uax cmnuecy pnenrann y-
yme Pccnn. Pyccax nex +r ce pa rxxn
nyrt nsnannx Pccne ce npm, nacrxme n
yyme, +r nyrt nsnannx ce cmtca n nasnauennx
ncrpnn ueeuecra. Hyrt pycc nen uame ce
t nptr ne psamn a nppecca, a crpaannxmn
mnnn n mnnn pccnxn. Hce paxa mmynn-
crnuec pexnma P, a n rtcxuy er nasa nepe
Pccne craa npema tpa nyrn pasnrnx. H a-
my nyrn ner Pccnx? H nyrn, yasannmy ne-
amn cpemenntx sanantx crpan, nn n nyrn, npee-
ennmy mann]ecrax mmynncrnuecnx n cnnancrn-
uecnx naprn mnpa? mxer trt; x Pccnn smx-
157
nt pyne nyrn pasnrnx, uax ee ncrpnuecne ren-
ennnn crun pnenrannn? ecmrpx na annransa-
nn (epnensann) crpan Bcra, npeeennte ncr-
pnuecn ycennte rnunx pase mtmennx n
xnsnn e crpan Bcra n 3anaa na eme crarcx,
xrx nnnx n pyne rnpt Bcra yxe crynnn na
nyrt nnrencnn crnpannx pasnun mexy crpanamn
crun n sanan nnnnsann. Bce +r cranr np-
emy tpa Pccne ce nyrn pasnrnx sancnm-
crn r npern-ncrpnuec cnryannn, n ane
sancnmcrn r tpa napm n pycrm crpant
npaxme nenn, rpax n yer npeexrt nyrt
pasnrnx Pccnn yymem
1
.
Btp npaxme nenn cenn aryaen ce-
nx, a xennax enensannx pccnc -
mecra npnea crpany cnnatnmy n nnrnuecmy
xacy, yxnmy n npacrennmy ynay. epaannx
npacrenncrn, ytrypt rmeuaer . psyn, r-
cyrcrne ]nc]c nut, nerncrt mecra
nepemenam, uax n mnpsspenuecne, ecrecrenn ne
mn cnccrart nxenn nnennn n nenn,
crercryme rpeannxm pemenn... Hxenne n-
nenn, ]pmnpanne nenncrntx pnenrnp sa-
ncxr ne rt r ypnx camnsnannx mecra... n n
r rera na npc: n a pe ner Pccnx?
2
D. (A8.1 8GGH 8H/61 A//
B cpemenn reuecrenn n mnp ]nc]c
n cnnatn mtcn cymecryr pasnunte nnennnn
yyme pasnrnx mecra. anee nsecrnte ns nnx
repnn sanantx ne, cxsannte c ncrnnycrpn-
atntm, ncrcpemenntm mecrm, a raxe ncrxpn-
crnanc nnnnsanne. Bce +rn nnennnn mecra
snnn n nxnnem nayun-rexnnuec pennn,
nyunme ce paseprtanne nce rp mnp
nt. crnsannx nayun-rexnnuecnx smxncre
cpemenn sanan nnnnsannn npnea csann
nnennnn rexnrpnn mecra, eyme acrn
rexnpar, a raxe repnn nn]pmannnn mecra,
cxsann c ceme mntrepnsanne.
B ncenee pemx mn repne ns yyme
xxercx nenx nenceparnsma, symax nasa
mecry, cnannmy na uacrn ccrenncrn n c-
n nypennnn. B cnnm, nenceparnsm cx-
158
san c enannnansanne, pascyapcrennem ccren-
ncrn cpemenntx sanantx crpan. Fns, n ne rx-
ecrenn nenceparnsmy xxercx nnennnx nen-
epansma, nen rp cunrar, ur ueeuecr
crn nepatn crann ce saepmame n-
crynaretn nxennx n rt nepcnerna mne-
cyn mxer tnynrt ncrpn ueeuecra sxrt
eme nn, nt crapr
3
. aparepnsyx cpemenny sa-
nany nnnnsann nem, nexnm rmernrt, ur
mecr ceme nrpeennx marepnatntx a ne
xxercx artm mecrm yxnm rnmennn. e-
apm tamncx mtcnret-ymanncr XX ea
. Benep c peut rmeua: pncx nepn y-
xn ynaa ueeuecra
4
. eyer raxe rmernrt,
ur sr e pycc ytrypt nme ymanncrnuecy
nanpaenncrt. a nuepnaer I. nrnn Be Hym-
nna, epmnra, Ix, Typenea, crec n
Tcr x yxn ncrpnn Pccnn n mnpa ecrt neur
ee tce, uem e uexa, Fa, Ipt, ax-
c, cennna, Bxa n xennntna, e XIX t
pemenem rpxecra ept, r rp e anart ne
cran amnx na amne. Iyuamn pnsnc yxn-
crn, csnaaemt nn ner, cra snam et n cytt
pycc ytrypt XX ea
5
. Pyccn nncaret-ymanncr
. 3amxrnn ne pas rmeua, ur y pycc ytrypt enn-
crenne yymee ee npme. Tanm pasm, epe-
pxnt e pycc ytrypt cnccra npneccy y-
xn ynaa Pccnn, na pene rp n cm np-
nsrn nnrnuecn nepepr mmynncrnuecmy
anansmy. neun xe, c anmn namepennxmn, r-
ptmn, a nsecrn, ycrana pa a, ur n npnsm
+nxy cncra nenn crannnsma. pacrennmy
n yxnmy ynay cerc Pccnn nem cnyr-
cra raxe n nenuece nemnee secrne.
esa nuannx rp mnp nt neests-
ecrnt nnrnuecn exret B . u. aecc, pas-
paartax nan peansannn amepnanc nceenn
rpnnt nprn P, nnca: nunrcx na, ce
e-a yrpxcercx. mt pcnm, ce, ur nmeem... ce
sr, c marepnatny mmt na annanne n y-
paunanne e. t naem cnx csnn cam
Pccnn. 3nns sa +nnsm yer pastptartcx n c-
emy macmray rpaenx nen cam nenpn na
seme napa, neparnm yacanne e camcsnannx...
nreparypa, rearpt, nn ce yer nspaxart n np-
E ?. DEEF
caxrt camte nnsmennte ueeuecne uycra. t y-
em cxuecn nepxnart n nnnmart ra nastaemtx
xyxnn, rpte cranyr nacaxart n anart
ueeuece csnanne ytr ceca, nacnnx, cansma,
npearetcra cm cx esnpacrenncrn. B yn-
paennn cyapcrm mt csanm xac n nepasepn-
xy... uecrncrt n npxuncrt yyr cmenartcx n nn-
my ne cranyr nyxnt, npeparxrcx nepexnr npm-
. amcr n nacrt, xt n man, ntxncr n
napmannx, xnrnt crpax py nepe pym n essa-
crenuncrt, nannnansm n paxa nap ce +r
pacnerer maxptm nerm
6
. npeeennte pesytrart
ann nemne nenuec secrnx, ne cx-
cmnennx, mt n naaem cpemenn ncrcnn-
ancrnuec Pccnn. Hpaa, nanpaxx nprn P
nenuecy mamnny npnaant, amepnannt camn
ne nsexan ananun secrnx na nap B,
esyxncrt cpemenn amepnanc mecra r-
my nrepxenne.
B neanem npmm ectma mn ta nnennnx
nepennnn annransma n cnnansma, npenaa-
max, ur n secrnem TP annrancrnuecnx n
cnnancrnuecnx mecrax yyr npxxrtcx nna-
te ccra n +rn a mecra rpanc]pmnpyrcx
enne ncrnnycrpnatne mecr. Pasymeercx, nce
naennx mmynncrnuecnx pexnm tmnx crpanax
napn emparnn pnrt nepennnn annra-
nsma n cnnansma yxe ne npnxnrcx. ur acaercx
ncrcnnancrnuecnx crpan, r nn nce nepexn
nepna r cnnansma annransmy nnrepnpyrcx
mnpy cncremy nnycrpnatn pasnrtx crpan. ur a-
caercx Pccnn, r nnm, nanee epntm xxercx ce-
ymee sameuanne . H. Fyren: cn paccmarpnart
cercy ncrpn n nanee snaunretntm +nxam, r
uenn, ur aycre 1991 a saepmnact +nxa
ncecnnancrnuec +cnepnmenrnpannx n naua-
act +nxa annransannn crpant
7
.
Hprnnxncrt sanantm ypxyasntm mexm
yyme neane pemenn xxnct pasnunte n-
nennnn cnnansma, nepepacrame mmynncrnuece
mecr. B cpemenntx crpanax, a cnnancrnuecnx,
ra n ncrcnnancrnuecnx, a raxe pasnamnxcx,
cymecryr mnuncennte repnn cnnansma: r cnn-
a-emparnuec mycytmanc. Icncry-
mee nxenne cpen nnx nauaa 90-x sannmaa
160
mapcncrc-ennncax nnennnx yyme mmynn-
crnuec mecra, cnann na espasetnm c-
ncre mecrenn ccrenncrn, cnnatn n na-
nnnatn npncrn, crnpannn pasnun mexy
pm n epene, mexy tmn ]nsnuec n ymcr-
enn rpya n r. . rx, a rmeuaer Pexn epe:
apcnsm n nepansm npecraxr c e ]ast
pasnrnn cyy +nmnuec nsnn, cacn -
rp +nmna ynpaxer mnpm... B anm . apc
sayxacx. mecr cymecryer a nee ne nrmy,
ur n sanxrt mecre npnscrm, a nrmy, ur y
nnx max ytrypa. cunra, ur mnpm ynpaxr
nen, ytrypt
8
.
Hparna peatn cnnansma tmem P n
crpanax napn emparnn, nasaa yrnnuncrt
mmynncrnuec nenn. Hpaa, a asact, c-
nnancrnuecax yrnnx, necmrpx na c nenayunt nn
nynayunt xaparep, ce xe mxer trt peansana
ecrnretncrn nacntcrenntm, nprnecrecren-
ntm pasm uepes crpaannx n mtrapcra mnnn n
nenn e. nnansm P t ce pa
xpamm yrnnn, snnyrm na ueeuec pn.
H+rmy mxn casart, ur peatnt cnnansm t
anrnymanntm mecrm rranrapn rnna.
Tanm pasm, anans paccmrpenntx tme nnen-
nn nsxer ceart t rm, ur yymee Pccnn
n ce ueeuecra cxsan ne c rexnrpnntm me-
crm, acrnsnpymnm rexnnuecy crpny np-
pecca, ne c mmynncrnuec nepcnern, npn rp
uee npepamaercx esny uacrt rranrapn
cyapcra, a c ymanncrnuecnm mecrm.
Iymanncrn-.uece mecr xn crart nnnn
ueeuecnm mecrm crntx n cntx e,
crpemxmnxcx snannxm. 3r n yer nnnnsannx n
rnna ymannsma cnnatn.
secrn, ur cpemennm mnpe npncxnr a-
nsannx cnnatntx npnecc. cn panee ueeuecr
npecrax c cynncrt retntx atntx
nnnnsann, npxxmnx npeeennt nn pasnrnx
r sapxennx ynaa n nen, r nacrxmee pemx
ueeuecr npepamaercx enne pannuece nee.
Hpn +rm, an sameuen, ur Pccnx pasnaercx a
t n pyy, r ecnrnn ce, r emparnn r-
ranrapnmy pexnmy, n +rm nerpte nxr ct
nyrt Pccnn rnune r nppeccnn pasnrnx sana-
6* - 161
ntx crpan mnpa. ymaercx, ur, sx nt ymanncrnue-
cn, a ne mmynncrnuecn crapr, Pccnx nanen-r
tpercx ns samnyr pya eun spamennx n
yaxer nyrt ymanncrnuecmy yymemy cemy ue-
euecry. 3r mxer, neunm cuere, npnecrn rmy,
ur Pccnx craner yxntm nenrpm ymanncrnuec
nnnnsannn, nmennem enncra nen Bcra
n 3anaa, peansyx c ncrpnuecn cmtc n nasnaue-
nne. T, ur ecrt rt Pccnn n ue ner n ret-
ncrn nn na Bcre, nn na 3anae, +r ee cax nc-
rpnuecax mnccnx trt mecrm cennennx crun n
sanan ytryp, csepnannx n pannnansma, nnrynnnn
n pacuera, uycra n ca. Pccnx a t nen cemnp-
nt rapt, na rpm xn npnsrn uy ennennx
ueeuecra n perennx cem ueeuecrm r cmtca
n r nen trnx, rpte nmt uacrnun snnan na
ncrpnuecnx nyrxx sanantx n cruntx nap
9
.
ecrncrt ueeuecra ycena raxe rem, ur
ncenem ecxrnernn XX ea cnxr nprnpeune
mexy mnptmn cncremamn annransma n cnnansma.
rnmennx mexy napamn n crpanamn naunnar crp-
nrtcx ne na pannuenntx acctx nenncrxx, csan-
ntx mapcnsmm, a na nnnn ueeuecnx rnme-
nnxx. Tanm pasm, npncxnr ymannsannx mexyna-
pntx rnmenn, antm npnnnnnm ]ynnnnnpa-
nnx rptx xxercx ca n yaxenne crnncra
ueea nesancnm r e npncxxennx, epncne-
annx n cnnatn nxennx mecre.
Tane renennnn ansannn mnpa, a necrncrt
n ymannsannx cnnatntx rnmenn, npneyr, nre,
nmy rnny nnnnsannn cnnatnmy ymannsmy.
nnatnt ymannsm snauaer, ur ymanncrnuecne r-
nmennx yyr peansant ne rt c]epe ytrypt,
n cex crpyrypax mecra. Iymannsm Peneccanca n
pynx ncrpnuecnx +nx ueeuecra t rt nmt
rnnm ytrypntm cem, npnptamnm n cepxna-
mnm ncrt n apapcr, cymecrymee pynx c]e-
pax xnsnn mecra. B pnrnuecne mmenrt ueeue-
c ncrpnn +rr rnn ytrypnt c ymannsma
uent tcrp nsptacx n aennem axanann n-
crn n xecrcrn, scrn n nenancrn. Iymanncrnuecne
crnxennx cmeranct cen cn ueenenancrnn-
uecnx, anrnymanntx ycrpemenn macc napa n nx x-
e. earetn, yymem pccncm mecre ne-
xnm ymanncrnuecne rnmennx pacnpcrpannrt na
162
nenuecy crpyrypy mecra, na yxne
npnscr, na cnnatn-nnrnuecy,
+nmnuecy, ce-men-try c]ept mecra, r.
e. na mecr e necrncrn. 3r yer mecr
mecnnancrnuec ymannsma, rpe nanen-r
craner ecrnretn n nnnn ueeuecnm
mecrm peatn ymannsma, a ne ]pmatn
npsamenntm rt mann]ecrax n synax
pasnuntx naprn mnpa. Tmy, r rpnnaer
ymannsm, rmeua . aeep, craercx nmt
yrepxart ecueeuncrt
10
.
ur acaercx nyrn nepexa ymanncrnuecmy -
mecry, r xen trt rt nyrt pe]pm, a ne pe-
nn. B ncrpnn ueeuecra cea npn nepexe
r n mecra pymy craaa npema
nepexa nmy mecry: pe]pmncrcn nn
pennnnt nyrt. rpnnnn pennn
cunran, ur pennnnt nyrt nepexa r
crap nmy mecry xxercx enncrenn
npantntm. apcncrt-ennnnt yrepxan, ur
nepex r annransma cnnansmy smxen rt
uepes cnnancrnuecy penn, pe]pmncrcn
xe nyrt nn arepnuecn repan, cunrax e
nnprynncrnuecnm n pentm x ea paue
acca n e mapcncrcnx naprn. B ncrpnn uee-
uecra t mn cnnatntx penn (Benax
nncax, Benax upannyscax, uepatcax n
rxptcax Pccnn 1917 a n p.). B ce
+nnn nn nurn cea xnn
nprnnxntx npnnnnn, yrepxenntx nauae.
en nasanntx penn nurn cea crnanct
nyrem cnnatntx aransm n paspymenn,
nenpaanntx xepr n nmenn mnnn e.
H+rmy ee npnememtm apnanrm nepexa
ymanncrnuecmy mecry yer nyrt pe]pm, rem
ee, ur rnmennx mexy tmn n crpanamn npn-
peryr meueeuecn, ymanncrnuecn
xaparep.
I. /GH/6J (A7(K A1?17
A//L/0 G1/6@/0 8H/61
Hnnn net n cn yyme pccnc
ymanncrnuec mecra yer xxrtcx
ecrnretn necrn pasnrax nuncrt. nuncrt
n mecra yer rpuec
nnnnyatncrt, npecraxme c ce
pa mnpcm, rpm rpaxaercx mapcm.
3nnx Bceenn nmeer nanpaenncrt na
camnsnanne, nrmy ur uee n e mecr
xx-
163
rcx neremem pe]ernn uacrt mnpsannx. B
nem Bceennax +r cycrannnx, nsnamax uepes
e came cex, ra xe a n uee, nsnaax ce-
enny, csnaer cam cex. B nretn crnxnn
+nnn ceenn snn ynnatnt ]enmen pa-
sym ueea, npenasnauennt x camnsnannx. ue-
e npxen ceenn x ee camnsnannx, +rm c-
mnuecn cmtc n npenasnauenne ueea mnp-
sannn.
uee +r pe]ernnax mnaa ceenn, n-
+rmy n ecrt tcmee rpenne n nenncrt ceenn. n-
nn a pe]erpnt arm mnpsannx aaer
e nsnann, r. e. ncsnaretntm n csnanntm
xeannem, xrennem nsnannx mnpa. Pasymeercx, ceen-
nax ne mxer csnaart cex uepes ueea, rpt
ne nsnaer ee. nnn, nsnamn retnte crpnt,
npnecct mnpsannx, nsnaer ceenny uacrnun. Bt-
cmax ]pma nsnannx ceenn +r nsnanne mnp-
sannx a enn ne, r. e. ra, aa na e-
crnretncrn. ecrne snanne mnpsannn n pn
ueea nem n yer xxrtcx cn ]pmnpannx
necrn nuncrn ymanncrnuec mecra.
Ianax nenncrt yyme pccnc mecra
+r crnncr n ca ueea, r. e. crnncr nu-
ncrn xn exart cne pasannx n pasnrnx
cex rnmenn ymanncrnuec mecra. crnncr
ueea npeexercx ne e snarntm npncxxennem,
ne marepnatntm arcrm, a snannxmn, cenntmn n
trtmn ueem npnecce xnsnn. Iymanncr +r
n ecrt crnt uee, crpemxmncx snannxm. -
crnncr, snannx, rpuecr, ca, cnpaencrt n
ueene yyr xxrtcx antmn nncracxmn ne-
crn ymanncrnuec nuncrn yyme mecra.
Fes npnnnnna ueenx ne myr nn mepe
trt peansant pyne npnnnnnt. Fee r, cr-
nncr cam n cee mxer npeparnrtcx camne, a
snannx es enncra c ueenem myr crart nac-
n x e anrnymann cn. crnax ca
ueea es yaxennx crnncra n ct pynx -
e npneer nnuem ne pannuenn ce n
nnnna. Bsn nxne ce axnemax
npacrennax sanet xpncrnancra npma uepes ea.
pacrennt npnnnnn pasymn +nsma, n -
eme pemenn npne sepenn cpemenn -
mecra, ytry nacnnx sanan nnnnsannn. Hpnn-
164
nnn ueenx cea nme, ne rt xpncrnancr-
e, ce snauenne ncrpnn mnptx nen. Ta,
penenracn ymanncr n]ynn cunra, ur nt
apnt uee yyme neatn cyapcra
xen npexe ce aart ueenem, napxy
c ranmn uepramn n nuncrn a snannx, npena-
amnm cennem ytrypn arcra, a raxe ranm
auecrm ueea, a rpuecax nnnnyatncrt
11
.
x yyme ymanncrnuec mecra npnnnnn ue-
enx xen npart axnemy pt. Tanm pa-
sm, snannx, rpuecr, crnncr, ca, uee-
ne n cnpaencrt nuncrn xnt crart npee-
xmnmn npacrenntmn n npatmn npnnnnnamn
yyme ymanncrnuec nnnnsannn.
Fyymee ymanncrnuece mecr craner ce pa
mecrm snannx, pam snannx na 3eme n -cmce.
Pasymeercx, pa snannx uee xen snnyrt
nauae cee camm, a sarem mnpe. B nm mecre
xn trt apmnnuece crercrne mexy yxntm
n marepnatntm arcrm ueea npn npeexme
pn, nep, ra a yxnte exnnx npexe ce
npeexr namn crnncra. a nsecrn, cnaret
xpncrnanc yuennx, px, ur axennt nnmne,
npnsta rasartcx r marepnatn arcra ntsy
yxn pasnrnx nuncrn. Hpaa, ee nsne
peannn t ncnpaen na axennt nnmne yxm,
n necmrpx na rae nnenne, npnnnnn
npenmymecrenn pasnrnx yxn arcra nme
cnnaamee snauenne xpncrnanc nenn. B
ymanncrnuecm mecre xen trt cen
npnnnnn apmnnuec cuerannx yxn n ma-
repnatn arcra nuncrn npn npnpnrere, pasyme-
ercx, yxn camcepmencrannx ueea. Fee
r yxne arcr xn crart cn nyuennx
marepnatn snapaxennx, aapx nnreery-
atn uacrn ccrenncrn. Tanm pasm, yxne
arcr uepes nuny nnreeryatny ccrenncrt
yer csaart marepnatne arcr nuncrn yma-
nncrnuec mecra. yxn art, n marepnatn
nnmn uee +r nea xpncrnanc nenn. ea
ymanncrnuec nenn +r yxn n marepnatn
arax nuncrt. ncrpnne pasnrne yxn nn
marepnatn arcra ncrpnn ueeuecra
npnn campaspymenn nnnnsannn. a epn
rmeuaer I. . Hmepann: ntr ranx crpan, a
165
Tner, a Bnsanrnx, rpte crnan +crernuecn sa-
epmenn, yxn saepmenn trnx n na +rm cnn-
rese crannnct, nastaer, ur rae pemenne x
nasa t e ]ynamenrancrcnm, raax nntra
trn ns ncrpnn, crannrtcx nacea, npnnr
rmy, ur crannmnecx crpant cranxrcx xepramn
cnx ee nnamnuecnx ccee. py crpnt, sa-
nant nnamnsm napyxn cn paspymnretnte cn-
cncrn. t casa, ur mt nepte XX ee ruer-
n csnan, ur npnsnretnte cnt cyrt npe-
menn paspymnretnte cnt, n+rmy nsecrnt ypent
npnsnretntx cn, npeparnmnxcx cnt nt,
yxe necmecrnm c npxennem ueeuec ncr-
pnn
12
.
Ipx ueee npm, nacrxme n yyme,
na cea yunrtart nnnne pty n ccymecr-
anne p n s nauaa. Pasymeercx, npeexx
nrypt yyme pccnc mecra n paccmarpnax
npnecct ]pmnpannx ymanncrnuec nuncrn, mt
xnt rep crxrt na npnnnnne npnpnrera pa,
crnncra, uecrn, cnpaencrn ueee na e
stm nauam. 3nsm, scrt, nenancrt xnt na-
xrtcx ytrypntmn nenncrxmn, rpte uee cn
npnecce ce cnnrannx n yxn camcepmen-
crannx. crn ptx e ne taer, ra xe
a n acrn stx. apasannt, necnnran-
nt, yxn ent uee uame taer stm, uem -
ptm. H+rmy pt ytrypt n nenn naennn
s n ytrnnpannn p nauaa nuncrn pm-
na. B ytrypnm, cnnrannm ueee pemamy pt
npaer npacrenne csnanne n yxnte nenncrn. Bt-
cnpacrennt uee nna ne ncrynnr se-
cnm pasm nprn pynx e. B nem nenue-
cne nenncrn n npmt mpan xnt ]pmnpartcx
crercrnn c nenernuecnmn ]pmamn neennx
nnnn. Pasymeercx, npxennx xnrn, nene-
rnuec sa xn naxrtcx mesnaunmtmn
nenncrxmn ytrypt. B yymem mecre xna trt
crnnyra apmnnx mexy enernuecn ycenntmn
]pmamn neennx n nenuecnmn npmamn nee-
nnx nnnna, r. e. xn trt crnnyr nx pasymne
crercrne, a nanpnmep, xnnc nenn, cn-
ann na s+n-ynsme n cnnr (nyrn ).
crnncr ueea, e yxne arcr yyr,
ranm pasm, xxrtcx yymem pccncm me-
166
cre cn naennx +ncrnuec camnx n
pynx anrnymanntx crpemenn n craner ce pa
npacrenntm unmennem nuncrn. B ymanncrnuecm
mecre xen ecrart npnnnnn: cn rt yaxa-
emt crnncr e, r n n yyr yaxart re
crnncr. axenne crnncra catx n ynnxen-
ntx xn crart npm mncepnx n ueenx
nuncrn cpemenn n yyme mecra. uycr
ccrenn crnncra ueea n yaxenne nm -
crnncra pynx e xnrcx npacrenntm ptuam,
rptm yer npepasan mecr sa mecr
pa n cnpaencrn.
Haenne cee sa +r nn ns cnntx npnn-
nnn ymannsma. cn uee ne nayunrcx naxrt
cee s cam, r mecr tnyxen yer naxrt
e sexnnx cnauaa pm, a sarem nce nen-
unnennx sa py nacnnem
13
. a cnprnenne
sy pm ne npnnr pacaxnn, naxnn, r npn-
menxr nacnne n nyuar p x pyxamnx.
p xn trt ne naccnntm, n n craner ec-
nmmntm n cmemntm, p xn trt exretntm,
n cnpaentm. p xn cex samnmart r sa,
a ne trt erm ynnxennx c crpnt sa. Hnnpa-
mn crnncr ueea xen trt crp, n
cnpaen naasan n sany. Iymanncr xen rn-
cnrtcx ueen n mncepn ptm n ca-
tm xm, n trt ecnmantm sexm. pncrn-
ance cenpmamee ueene, yt, cnccr-
a pasnrn sa, nma emy pte nprn -
pa. exnm ncranrt sacn na nyrn sa, rn-
cxct nemy ecnman. Haxx s, mt crpemnmcx
py, cnccryem pasnrn pa, euaem emy
nyrt pasnrnx.
n xnt xrtcx ne Fa n aa, a naasannx sa
napymenne cnpaentx n pasymntx san trnx, n-
+rmy, a sant nsnarcx, r F pacrpxercx
snannxx n ncuesaer. B pasnuntx pennxx F ne rt
ecrt nnerpenne acrn snannx n peree,
n n crpn cytx n ecnnna apamax s. ea-
retn, sen xnt xrtcx ne Fa, a snannx, e-
uenn sant mpan n npaa. u. crecn ce
pemx tcasa mtct, ur xm nyxen ne F, nm nyx-
nt apanrnn. r acr nm apanrnn, rr n craner Fm.
ecrnte snannx a tcmax cna mnpa myr art
xm apanrnn nx npmatn, pasymn cymecra-
167
nnx n xnsnn, n+rmy tcmne, necrnte snannx yyr
tnnxrt pt Fa n cne secrnx na ueea,
npn ycnn, ur cam nnnn yer xxrtcx rpnm
tcmnx necrntx snann mnpe n pn ueea nem.
Tanm pasm, na mecr Fa na ncranrt sant,
cnannte na snannxx pa n cnpaencrn. 3ant
xnt samnmart ptx n cnpaentx e n a-
part see. 3nanne, a cna, xn ycrpamart ne-
ex, n came crpamne +r exretne neexecr,
a nuepna . Iere. e spx casan, ur nycrt ce
crt na 3eme pxar, a cepmarcx enne
rptrnx.
B rnmennn mexy nepantmn r npnpt xn
crxrt mncepne n ueene, a ne rnmennx pa-
n cn, a yrepxa u. nnme. n]]epennnannx
e na +nry cepxe n pa anrnymanna cem
cnannn. Fee r, pat y nnme xxrcx nex-
nmtm ycnem x tparn, csannx ytrypt a
epmnnt nnpamnt mecra. eenapnt . pn-
crc n u. nnme csaan ny mpat, n xpncrnan-
cax mpat ymanna, a nnnmeancax anrnymanna.
epxuee, a uee yyme mecra, n yuenn
nnme, xen cntart ce mpatne neenne na
npnpntx, xnrntx nncrnnrax n trt cntm r
tnnennx xpncrnancnx npm neennx. Bsmxn,
x n ymanncrnuec mecra nexnm c-
sart ny mpat, cnanny na ymanncrnuecnx rpa-
nnnxx ueeuecra. Iymanncrnuecax mpat xna
trt mpatn ne n ry crpny pa n sa, a y nn-
me, a nnnn ueeuec mpat n +ry crpny -
pa n sa
14
. pncrnancax mpat ce xe npnnnxaa
pt ueea n e crnncr nepe m, mpat y-
mannsma napr xna stmart crnncra ue-
ea a tcme nenncrn, x e npacrenn
camcepmencrannx. Iymannsm yer nene ne
pa xtnx, a nene cntx n crntx
paxan mnpa.
pncrnancmy eccmeprn ymn na nprnncra-
nrt eccmeprne rpuecnx exnn ueea. exnnx ue-
ea, rpte asan nxnretne, a ne rpnna-
retne nxnne na ncrpn ueeuecra, yyr xxrtcx
camtmn tcmnmn, eccmeprntmn nenncrxmn ueeuecr-
a. Te n yma ueea rennt n cmeprnt, e exnnx
eccmeprnt. Hnnn ueeuecne exnnx crarcx, a
re n yma (a ]ynnnnatnax ]pma pannsma) pac-
168
naarcx na anrt, armt n meyt, ecn nnnn ne
cepmn exnn mecrenn snauennx, r a +r nn
xecr syunr, n n ne cra nnnntm ueem, n n
ne xn, a uee, a t xnrn rapt ne
ueea.
n ne pant r npnpt n cncncrxm, n nn
xnt trt pant n smxncrxm exnnxm, r-
pte n xnt npeexrt nx crnncra. B yymem
mecre xen trt npnnnnn: axmy n e exnn-
xm xpmnm n nxnm. uee cepmaer ane n
ste exnnx, n ane, ane ns nnx npeaar, r. e.
npeexr xnsnennt nyrt ueea. Hpecrynnn, c-
epmnmn anrnymannte ncrynn, crannrcx ne xn-
rntm, a anrnueem, neem, nrmy ur n na-
cen x pynx e. 3a cexnne s nnnn xen
necrn aearne naasanne. n xn cymecrxrtcx
nnnnyatntx ]pmax es meaepn xnsnn, -
rpax eme ee paspamaer n ynr ueeuece cr-
nncr, ynnxaer n empansyer nuncrt naasyem.
Iymannsm npnsnaer nepaencr mexy tmn n nx
cncncrxm n raanram, n ncuaer ae-n na-
cnne na ueem tx e ]pmax n nax. -
crnncrm ueea recn cxsan npnnnnn uecrn n uecr-
ncrn nuncrn ymanncrnuec mecra. uecrncrt
cepxueea, a n nuncrn u. nnme, nmeer
cmtc nmt npn ycnn nannennx e ymanncrnue-
cnm cepxannem. B cne npacrenntx nenncre
xnt exart snannx pasymn neennx e. -
ecrt a nyrpennn npacrennt pnrepn neennx
ueea npeexercx nmenn nyrpennnmn snannxmn,
rpte nnnn cn ce xnsnn (nnxrne c-
ecrt npncxnr r penepycc ca eart, ur
snauaer snart, aart snannxmn).
pme yasanntx tme npnnnnn yymem me-
cre xen ecrart npnnnnn ceme cacnx
mexy tmn, pynnamn, naprnxmn, nannxmn, crpanamn.
3rr npnnnnn cnnmaer cnnancrnuecn npnnnnn ac-
c, naprnn nxa cnnatntm xennxm. H-
+rmy yrepxennx tmen, ur npacrenn ce,
ur nexnm cnnansmy, t esnpacrenntm, an-
rnymanntm yrepxennem. acccrt, naprnncrt
mpan snauaer saeme ncaxenne meueeuecnx
mpatntx npm n npa ueea. nnancrnuecax m-
pat +r uacrnunax mpat uacrnun ueea.
ce snauenne x Pccnn xen nmert npnnnnn ap-
169
nnnuec cuerannx nannnatn n nnrepnannnat-
n. crnsannx n ns crpn +r npnnnnna
1
e-
er a nannnansmy, xxmemy cnx pannx
]pm ne nannsma n pacnsma, ra n esyepxnmy
nnrepnannnansmy mmynncr (nperapcn nnrepna-
nnnansm), ymaxme nannnatnte uycra nun-
crn, espunmy nunnenn nannnatn es-
nmy nnrepnannnansmy, n me rpnnann na-
nn n reuecra. a rmeuaer . Iasyn: t e
pemx epnn ra pe, ur ncrpnx pta ac-
c. t e pemx epnn pe, xt y npera-
pne ner reuecra. Bt nnpyre casart Bennn
nn spane pauemy, ur y ne ner reuecra...
15
. B
ymanncrnuecm mecre xn trt pannpane
cymecranne pasnuntx nann es nannnatn unc-
rrt, r. e. xen trt npnnnnn nnnannnatncrn
crpan, a ne mnnannnatncrn, a nprnpeuamn
npnnnnny necrncrn mnpa.
B yymem pccncm mecre, rnune r ac-
c mapcncrc npnnnnna cnpaentx n ne-
cnpaentx nax, ymanncrt xnt trt nann]n-
cramn, r. e. tcrynart nprn tx n, cnpaen-
tx n necnpaentx, n na +r ncrpeenne
e, n+rmy na anrnymanna cem cnannn. n-
]pnrannx xna paspemartcx ne n, a mnpntm ny-
rem, pm na cne npnnnnna cacnx n cnpae-
ncrn. Pasymeercx, paccmarpnart npnnnnn nann]nsma
nexnm, ncxx ns npnnnnna cnprnennx sy cn-
, r. e. npn nexnmcrn naxrt ny a s
cn ymanntx nexx.
Baxnemnm npnnnnnm ymanncrnuec mecra
xen raxe crart npnnnnn ct rpuecra nu-
ncrn cex ee ]pmax. mecr xn ecneunrt
nnate cnnatnte craprte ycnx rpuec
xnsnn x cex, a aee ce sancnr r cncncre,
rpynx n nrennnatntx smxncre ueea
npnecce e cn rpya n rpuecra. x c-
n rpuec rpya xnt cymecrart npernte
crnmyt. nnm ns nnx xn crart cnpaene s-
napaxenne sa rpy, npnuem, uem ee rpy xxercx
rpuecnm, rem tme n xen crnrt, snaunrt x
ueea n e mecra.
Pasymeercx, yymem ymanncrnuecm mecre ne
ce n yyr cncnt sannmartcx cyy rpuecnm
rpym n npnscry ntx snann. x +r na
170
axmy pasnrt cn cncncrn n narn cex r
c]epe exretncrn, e t n cm sannmartcx rpue-
cnm rpym n yrepnrt cex. pme r, rpuecnm
cunraercx raxe ra rpy, rpt a t san c-
npnsnr panee nyuennte snannx, nanpnmep rpue-
cax exretncrt neaa, yuen, exrex ncyccra,
arepa n r. . Fee r, yymem mecre yyr raxe
pasnunx n crenenn rpuec cepxannx rpya, r.
e. nnrencnncrt rpuec rpya sancnr ne crt r
nuecra npnseenn snannx npnecce +r
rpya, ct r auecra snann (crenenn rpuec
cepxannx). Bene rptrne n paspara npna-
n xaparepa +r ce rpuecn rpy, n pasnun
auecra. Tpuecn rpy cex e ]pmax yymem
mecre yer xxrtcx npeexmnm nm exret-
ncrn, n +r ne snauaer, ur ect rpy e yer rt-
rpuecnm, nerpuecne nt rpya cranyrcx, n
nn ne yyr npart pemame snauennx mecre.
n, sannmamnecx nerpuecnm rpym, ymcrenntm
nn ]nsnuecnm n ]pme, yyr, n ne nn npeexr
nppeccnne pasnrne ymanncrnuec mecra. Pa-
symeercx, xearetn, urt ce n yyme namn
cex am-n rpuecm rpye crercrnn c
cnmn cncncrxmn n nnrepecamn. 3r neatnt a-
pnanr, rpmy n nexnm yer crpemnrtcx y-
manncrnuecm mecre.
Tanm pasm, yymem mecre na cne rp-
uec rpya yyr ]pmnpartcx yxn n marepn-
atn arte n. B ymanncrnuecm mecre yx-
ne arcr ueea craner npeexrt e marepnat-
ne anyune, nrmy ur rpuecn rpy yer
nennrtcx, crnrt tme nerpuec rpya. B pemena
many]arypn n mamnnn pasnrnx annransma,
+nxy exretncrn . mnra n . apca crnmcrt rpya
npeexact cnnm n nem nuecrm rpya,
npnseenn sa npeeenne pemx. Tpuece
cepxanne rpya nycact, emy ne npnaan cyme-
crenn snauennx. rx npemecrymem annran-
crnuecmy cncy npnscra, pemecennm npns-
cre, crnmcrt rpya n rapa, npnseenn nm,
sancea nem r xaparepa n cepxannx rpuec
rpya pemecennna, n +rr rpy t uacrnun rpue-
cnm. B cpemenntx ycnxx armarnsnpann n
mntrepnsnpann npnscra pasnrtx crpan
mnpa crenent rpuec rpya ce ee yenunaercx,
171
n+rmy san crnmcrn xen yunrtart a nue-
cr, ra n auecr rpya, rpe sancnr r crenenn
e rpuec cepxannx. npeeenne crnmcrn rpya
rt nmt n nuecry rpya ennnny pemenn es
yuera rpuec cepxannx cnnancrnuecnx n
ncrcnnancrnuecnx crpanax, ncxx ns npnnnnn
mapcncrc nnr+nmnn npne rmy, ur nan-
ee rpuecn rpy yuen naunaercx rt n -
nuecry, es yuera e rpuec xaparepa n cep-
xannx. rpy, nycrnm, pysuna, cecapx-np-
una naunaercx a-rpn pasa tme, ncxx ns
npcr nuecra rpya, es yuera rpuec cep-
xannx, rp rpye pysuna, cecapx nn rapx
cepxnrcx mnnnmatn. Tem camtm napymaercx san
crnmcrn n nuecry n auecry rpya, r. e. n cre-
nenn rpuec cepxannx rpya. cnpaenne +r
sana npneer nnnn pe]pme ne rt +n-
mnuec, n n yxn n cnnatn-nnrnuec c]ep
cpemenn ncrcnnancrnuec mecra. 3nmna
cpemenntx ncrannrancrnuecnx crpan, xrx n
crnxnn, yxe an npeexercx sanm crnmcrn c
yuerm crenenn rpuec cepxannx rpya. 3rr sa-
n crnmcrn sancnr r npnscra snann, n n-
nnnt rpuecn rpy +r n ecrt csanne n
snannx nn e rpuece cnpnseenne. earet-
n, n, npnsxmne ne snanne, cymecrxr rpy
c nantme crenent rpuec cepxannx n x-
nt nyuart snapaxenne sa +rr rpy tme pynx
paxan, sanxrtx menee rpuecnm rpym. B cpemen-
ntx pasnrtx crpanax rpuecn rpy npnsxmn
snannx, xxercx camtm tcnaunaemtm cex
c]epax mecra. npeexx crnmcrt rpuec rpya
nem na yunrtart ne rt e nuecr
ennnny pemenn, n n e auecr, rpe mxn n-
peenrt n crenenn crepncrn snann, n enunne
n cxncrn er ncceannx, n cepxann nc-
rnnt snannxx, n crenenn nnsnt nyuenntx snann,
n cnnatn snaunmcrn snann nn crenenn nxnnx
snann na pasnrne mecra.
atnemn nppecc ueeuecra ne sa paseenn-
em rpya, a t pemx ama mnra, a sa ne-
crntm rpuecnm rpym. Paseenne rpuec rpya
netn x ne, nrmy ur rpuecn rpy +r
necrnt rpy, a ne rpuecn n ce cymncrn
uacrnunt rpy. nuncrt, ]pmnpyemax nerp-
172
uecnm rpym, xxercx uacrnuntm ueem. Bmecre
c paseennem rpya, a rmeua 3netc, pasexercx
n cam uee
16
. Pasymne ycrpcr yyme mecra
xn npeaart raxe npnnnnn apmnnun
cuerannx rpuec nnnnyatncrn n pasymn -
mecrenn npxa. Fes mecnnatntx nenncre
mecr npepamaercx nmepar armapntx nn-
nn, rpt mxer ce pancrn npnecrn
ne cex nprn cex, r. e. snuecmy +nsmy
nnnn. Fes rpuec nnnnyatncrn nuncre
mecr ncrenenn crannpyer cem pasnrnn n
ner n pyy, es rpuecra nnnn ner ntx
snann n nenncre, examnx cne nppeccnn
pasnrnx mecra n nnnnsannn nem. B npnecce
peansannn nenuecnx snann n nenncre yma-
nnsma n yer nn mepe cymecren pannue-
ce enncr me n nnnnyatn uepes rpue-
ce cmtcenne n nepexnanne nenuecnx nen-
ncre, nexnmtx x enncra mecra n ueea.
x csannx n nenn ymannsma, pme tme-
yasann enncra rpuec nnnnyatncrn n pa-
symn me npxa, nexnm cymecrnrt cnn-
res pannnansma n cyernnsma (Ieet n tepe-
p), nexnm raxe cennnrt pasnunte rnnt n
crnn mtmennx sanan n crun ytryp. enr-
pm yxn cnnresa Bcra n 3anaa n craner -
nennax Pccnx.
ntr nepetx crpan mnpa, a raxe tmnx cnna-
ncrnuecnx crpan nasa, ur rt uacrnax, nunax
ccrenncrt ueea eaer e cntm r marepn-
atntx nyx n csaer +nmnuecy cny x c-
n yxn camcepmencrannx. H+rmy n-
m ymanncrnuecm mecre xn trt apmnnue-
ce cueranne uacrn, annnepn n cyapcrenn
ccrenncrn npn npnpnrere uacrn, nun ccren-
ncrn, cenncrn uacrn nnreeryatn ccr-
enncrn. nreeryatnax ccrenncrt, nnmer
. . esep, +r ynnatnt n ccrenncrn n
nencuepnaemcrn xaparepncrn, cxncrn, rncrn n
yxsnmcrn. nreeryatnax ccrenncrt ne cymecr-
yer rpte r pynx ]pm ccrenncrn, ne mxer
paccmarpnartcx retn r nnx
17
. uacrnax ]pma c-
crenncrn n yer xxrtcx +nmnuec cn ]p-
mnpannx cn necrn pasnr nuncrn yma-
nncrnuec mecra.
173
9. .@/012 /6AG06GA1
8GGH A//L/0 8H/61
Paccmrpe ante npnnnnnt pannsannn yyme
mecra, npanansnpyem e cnny crpyrypy. Bax-
neme, npeexme cn pccnc ymanncrn-
uec mecra yer xxrtcx nenuecax crpy-
rypa. Paccmarpnax nenuecy crpyrypy mecra,
ceyer rmernrt, a mt rmeuan tme, ur ne-
nx +r npeeennax cncrema ]nc]cnx, nayuntx,
xyxecrenntx, npacrenntx, npatx, nnrnuecnx,
+nmnuecnx snann n nenncre mnpe n pn ue-
ea nem, rpax pannsyer, peynpyer, nnrepnpyer
n nanpaxer exretncrt nnnn cex c]epax
xnsnn mecra. Hpaxmax nenx +r ne rt
nenuece yuenne, a uer pannsannax, necr-
nax nenuecax crpyrypa mecra, ce pa
ms n paserennax nepnax cncrema mecra. a
nsecrn, c paspymennem nepn cncremt paspymaercx
ect pannsm xn ne. Ta n c paspymennem ne-
nuec crpyrypt ce c]ept mecra naunnar
ecrart pasn n ncrenenn paspymarcx. e-
nuecax crpyrypa a pasym mecra npeexer
pasnrne cex c]ep mecra. enx xxercx y-
xn (nenuec) acrt mecre napxy
c nnrnuec n +nmnuec. enuecax
acrt +r tcmax ]pma acrn npmatnm -
mecre.
cn mt parnmcx ncrpnn nenuecnx yuenn,
r ynnm, ur nnxrnx nenx nauaa XIX ea
ne t, n nenuecax crpyrypa ta cex -
mecrax. e nsyuan, snauax pynmn repmnnamn. Ta
a ncrpnuecnm rnnm nenn c penemnx pemen
ta pennsnax nenx, pasnuntx ee nax, r
yuenne cam pennn n npecrax c ne-
eenne pennsn ]pme. 3r yuenne, a npan,
xn ccra renn nn mn]nn, sancnmcrn
r npern-ncrpnuecnx ycn cymecrannx r
nn nn pennsn nenn. B nem, mxn rme-
rnrt, ur snnnennx nnxrnx nenx npen-
nxrnem nenn, tpaxamnm cymncrt nenn tn
mn]nx nn renx. Hnxrne penneennx n-
xnct ne "n nemee pemx. Hparnuecn +r
nnxrne snnaer npemenn c nnxrnem nenx.
ce snauenne yuennxx nenn nme nnxrne
174
]nc]nx pennn, tnnxmee npmexyruny pt
mexy npennxrnem nenn ( ]pme mn]nn n
renn) n nnxrnem nenn.
snaaretnmy eenn nnxrnx nenx mt
xsant ]pannyscmy ]nc]y n cnny ecrry
e Tpacn, rpt e +r nnxrne nayunt pr
ce uertpexrmn pare 3emenrt nenn, yn-
eme cer 18051815 ax. Hpaa, cxsn c c-
xnmecx ncrpnuec cnryanne upannnn n pne
nem, nce paspma nanenc apmnn Pccnn,
e Tpacn n e cparnnn, tnnxmne pt cernn
anena Fnanapra, tn xent nm npaxntmn
nncaamn, rpanntmn r xnsnn. earnne rnme-
nne anena neptm neam t nepnrnuecn
nepenecen na nx nenuece yuenne. H+rmy c nep-
nnnt XIX ea n nene cran nnnmart
yuenne, cnanne na xnm snannn. npeeenne ne-
nn a xn csnannx t ccrenn n c-
nnxnnam mapcnsma. cxaenn, nnnmanne
nenn a xn, nspn, npepamenn c-
snannx t ccrenn n nerptm nntm ]nc-
]am n cnnam rp nnnt XIX n nep n-
nnt XX ea. t nmeem ny npexe ce mtcn-,
ree ypnx . Beepa, 3. pema, . Beepa,
. anema, H. pnna, T. Hapcna... ce snauenne
cpen pnrn nenn sannmar npecranren
]pan]yprc mt cnnatn ]nc]nn, nyca-
mnx auecre n nenn nayy n rexnny. ur
acaercx crpnnn cnnatn yuennx ncrmepna,
r renennnx enensannn cpemenn sanan
mecra xn npeaaer nx nnennnxx na repnx-
mn penensannn, ce xe nmemnmn mecr cpemen-
ntx cnnatntx rpnnax 3anaa.
rnymnct c npemamn peansannn nenue-
c yuennx . apca n u. 3netca Pccnn eme
nauae ce nnrnuec n repernuec exretncrn,
B. . ennn npnme ty nexnmcrn eennx
nnxrnx nayunax nenx. H nayun nene,
pasymeercx, B. . ennn nnnma mapcnsm, a ypxyas-
nax nenx crercrenn, n e mnenn, ta n-
mena nayun, ernn xaparepa. B parax cer-
cnx n sapyexntx mapcncr neane pemenn t-
n npanansnpant nnxrnx nenx, mecrenne
csnanne, ]pmt mecrenn csnannx, cnnatnax
ncnxnx macc n yxnax xnsnt cnnancrnuec -
175
mecra. Hxnnct part, rptx cnennatn pac-
cmarpnanct npemt mapcncrc neeennx.
3r npexe ce ncceannx B. ana, X. Tmen,
. ea n pynx. cxaenn, nce xenn
enensannn cerc, a sarem n pccnc me-
cra npemam nsyuennx nenn cran yexrt ma
nnmannx. Fee r enensannx Pccnn, a mt
rmeuan panee, npnea xacy n ecnpxy cnn-
atn, nnrnuec n +nmnuec xnsnn. ur aca-
ercx cn yxn npnscra pccnc
mecra, r nce cnxrnx nrara mapcncrc-ennn-
c nenn, n aunr xae cymecranne n na-
xnrcx na crann yxn epaannn n tmnpannx
cn r cx nenn Pccnn.
Btx Pccnn ns csamecx nnrnuec, +n-
mnuec n npexe ce yxn pnsnca, a mt
rmeuan nauae part, nnrcx npnnxrnn n
nenn. ax nenx, nuepnaer B. . e-
ep, saacr n napamerpt n xnsnn n c]pmn-
pyer ntx e... enx n yx napa axne-
mne ]arpt xnsnn. Br, ecn cnmnnrt Iepmann n
nce nep, n nce rp mnptx n, ram xe
ta xyrax nn]xnnx, n sa yy xea raan
mem map, napn nnt paspar n pasa. a-
xt cpannretn prne cpn crpana spxa-
act. na uem ce +r t cnan? a npnnnnnax
n nenn. Bspxenne ecneuna nmenn ne-
nx. euac x ee ne nenna a nxnretny nn
rpnnaretny mennnnsannnnm nane, c nsn-
nn meueeuecnx nenncre nn mexynapntx
npatx npm. B annm cyuae +r neaxn. Baxn
r, ur pasnunax nenx axt sa cpannretn
netm npmexyr pemenn n crpane ]pmn-
paa +]]ernny +nmny. ax nenx
csaaa ny +nmny, a ne napr. apr,
cyx n naennxm, nna n ne taer
18
. anee
npnemem x Pccnn cxnmecx nyrpenne n
mexynapn crane, n namemy yexenn, yer
xxrtcx nenx ymannsma, yymax ymanncrnuecax
nenx xnrcx pannsyme ]pm mecrenn
xnsnn pccnc mecra, na yer pnenrnpart
e na tnnenne npeeenntx meueeuecnx
nee ymannsma. ax nenx yer nyxart n
mnnsnpart neenne nnnn pccnc
mecra. enx ymannsma yer nn-
176
repnpart n nanpaxrt ycrpemennx n ecrnx
paxan nenn Pccnn.
cnnaamnmn ]pmamn nenn ymannsma
yyr xxrtcx: nenx mnpa, nenx mecra n
nenx ueea. Baxnemee snauenne cpet nepeunc-
enntx ]pm nenuec crpyrypt yyme pc-
cnc mecra nmeer nenx mnpa. enx mnpa
a yuenne mnpe nem yer npecraxrt c
necrny ]pmy nenn ymannsma. ecrnax ]pma
nenn yyme mecra xna cntartcx na
necrnm snannn mnpe n pn ueea nem. B
cpemenntx ycnxx ]nsnuecne, xnmnuecne, nn-
uecne, cnnatnte nayn nsyuar retnte crpnt,
npnecct Bceenn, csaax uacrnune snanne mnpe.
nnrernuecne, crtte nayn: ]nsnuecax xnmnx, e-
xnmnx, n]nsna, nexnmnx (B. . Bepnacn) nsy-
uar necrn nmt retnte npnecct Bceenn. c-
mnx paccmarpnaer rt ]nsnuecn n ]nsn-
xnmnuecn acner mnpsannx. B ecrnretncrn
Bceennax ne pacuenena na retnte npnpnte n c-
nnatnte npnecct, Bceenn nn tcrynar pa-
nnuecm enncre, a enne nee. 3nnx Bceen-
n npmm n nacrxmem, nmeer nanpaenncrt na
camnsnanne, nrmy ur uee n e mecr xx-
rcx neremem pe]ernn uacrt mnpsannx.
urt paccmrpert Bceenny a enne pannuece
nee, nexnma cax necrnax ]pma nenn,
rpax yer npecraxrt c cnnres ]nc]c,
nayun, xyxecrenn, mpatn, npa, nn-
rnuec, +nmnuec, +nuec snannx, a-
max necrne snanne mnpe, mecre n pn ueea
nem. ecrne snanne mnpe yer xxrtcx cn
]pmnpannx ecrnretn necrn nuncrn a
an nen ymanncrnuec mecra, cnann na
nnnn ueeuecnx nenncrxx. Btcmee crpemenne
ueea +r x snannxm. Fyymee ymanncrnue-
ce mecr, a mt rmeuan tme, yer mecrm
snann, pam snann na 3eme n cmce. amc-
epmencranne ymanncrnuec nuncrn smxn
rt na cne necrn snannx, xcn csnannx
ce mecra n pn mnpsannx, nsnannn apmnnn c-
mca n ueea nem. Btcmax net ueea yyme
ymanncrnuec mecra nsnannn n npepas-
annn Bceenn, mecra n cam ueea.
enx mecra a cnnaamax ]pma
177
nenn ymannsma yer npecraxrt c ee e-
ratne necrne paccmrpenne +nnn cnnc]ept
semn n ee pyxennx. Bceennax csnaer cex uepes
ueea, n nsnaer uee mnp rt uepes mecr,
rm cyrt cnnatn npnpt nsnannx n csnannx ue-
ea. ymecryer pannuece enncr cnnc]ept c
nc]ep, ec]ep n cmc]ep. axe retn sx-
rax crpana ecrt enncr cmennnnatntx npnec-
c, cymecrxmnxcx na ee reppnrpnn, n+rmy npn
ananse cnnc]ept n ee retntx ccraxmnx, ne-
xnm yunrtart ce yasannte npnecct cmnuec
n enuec sanmecrnx. Tt ranm pasm
mt nyunm necrne snanne cnnc]epe 3emn n ee
pyxennn.
Paccmrpenne nenn mecra npenaaer ra-
xe txcnenne cymncrn cnnatn auecra, a pa-
symn npepasann npnpn. Hpnuem pt ne-
nuecnx snann n nenncre nppeccnnm pasnrnn
mecra pmna. mecr a enne pannuece
nee uaer cex nenuecy crpyrypy, c]epy
yxn ytrypt nn yxne npnscr, cnnatn-
nnrnuece n marepnatne npnscr, a raxe
cy cemen-try c]epy.
Pasnrne atntx nnnnsann (. Tnn) nn sam-
nyrtx cnnatntx ytryp (. annecn n . Bnen-
ep) npxn px +ran (snnnenne, pacner, yna-
n net), n panecrymax nppecca Bce-
mnpn ncrpnn ueeuecra npeaa uepes npeem-
crenncrt nenuecnx snann n nenncre. Paspyma-
nct +nmnuecne yat, nn crnxennx ytrypt,
n nenuecne nenncrn a t nepenanct
pyne nte nenn, rem camtm ecneunact enn-
cr n npeemcrenncrt ueeuec nnnnsannn, ce
pa enncr, necrncrt pea cnnyma. Inn nn-
nnsannn, n cnnc]epa 3emn, pas snnny, np-
xaa pasnrne, ecneunax ce enncr uepes sanm-
ecrnx cex crpan n nap, a raxe, uepes sanmcr-
anne py y pya nenuecnx nenncre, rem camtm
ecneunaact npeemcrenncrt nen, rpax n
aaa yxne enncr ueeuecra.
cxx ns nenuec ycenncrn pasnrnx
mecra, cemnpny ncrpn mxn e]epennnpart
na rnnt mecr crercrnn c rnnamn n namn ne-
n. pennsnt rnn mecra, cnannt na -
pennsnm rnne nenn. Hpepennsnt rnn me-
178
cra, cnannt na npepennsnm nn
anrnmncrnuecm rnne nenn. Pennsnt rnn
mecra, rpm cyapcrenn nene
xxercx pennx c cemn ee arpnyramn (c
pennsntm csnannem, pennsntm ytrm n
pennsntmn pannsannxmn). ce snauenne
ncrpnn ueeuecra nme pennsn-cercn rnn
mecra, cntamncx na nypennsnm,
nycercm rnne nenn, rpt cymecra
anrnun Ipennn n Pnme, a raxe 3anan pne
naunnax c pemenn
17 - 19
. ercn rnn mecra,
cnannt na cercm rnne nenn, t npncym
crpanam mnp cncremt cnnansma n pasnrtm
crpanam annransma. a npan, ce nrnnn-
nenuecne crpant ry nn nny ncrpnuecy
+nxy tn ennent npeeennte cncremt
crpan npntx n nenn (xpncrnancne,
mycytmancne, yncrcne, cnnancrnuecne,
annrancrnuecne cncremt crpan n r. .).
Bsanmecrne cncrem crpan c pasntmn
nenuecnmn crpyrypamn, a raxe sanmcranne
n npeemcrenncrt nenncre pasnuntx
nenuecnx yuenn n aan nem enncr
cnnc]ept 3emn.
upmnpymncx cercn rnn ymanncrnuec
nenn xnrcx cn pasannx
ymanncrnuecnx crpan. Hpenctn ]pmnpannx
ymanncrnuecnx mecr yxe sper cpemenntx
pasnrtx crpanax mnpa, a ncrannrancrnuecnx,
ra n ncrcnnancrnuecnx. Hepex
ymanncrnuecmy mecry, a mt rmeuan panee,
yer npncxnrt nyrem pe]pm, a ne nnrnuecnx
penn. Fyymne crpant, cnannte na nenn
ymannsma, yr cncremy nenuecn
npntx crpan mnpa, a sarem c npepamennem n
nenn nen atn ymannsma
snnnyr yxnte npenctn ]pmnpannx
enn necrn ymanncrnuec nnnnsannn,
pan n macmraam cnnc]epe 3emn nem.
Tperte cnnaame ]pm nenn
ymannsma yer nenx ueea. enx
mnpa,me-cra n ueea +r ce pa rpn
nrpxmnxcx pya nsnannx enncra
mnpsannx, mecra n ueea. enx ueea
xnrcx nnr+ccennne nenn ymannsma, r. e.
pesytrnpyme ]pm n nenn, ra a
anax npema nenn ymannsma +r
]pmnpanne n pasnrne n necrn nuncrn.
enx ueea yer npecraxrt c
necrne ncceanne +nnn ueea, a
pe]e-
179
rnn mnat Bceenn. Paccmarpnax anrpnenes
n +nn ueea, nexnm npanansnpart n-
xnne na ]pmnpanne n pasnrne ueea cmnuecnx,
enuecnx, nnuecnx n cnnatntx npnecc.
a cnpaen rmeuaer aaemn . . ncee:
B cne paccyxenn smxntx nyrxx n xaparepe
pasnrnx yyme mecra a menanerapnm, ra
n atnm macmrae xn exart npecraenne
rm, ur uee ecrecrennax ccraxmax n-
c]ept, nxncx pesytrare ee +nnn, n na ne
pacnpcrpanxrcx re xe nc]ept n sant. 3r yrep-
xenne ectma rpnnatn, na e ncearet-
ne ncntsanne npnnr pxy nepnnapntx t-

19.
ce snauenne x txcnennx npnecc ]pmnp-
annx n necrn nuncrn nmeer anans ]enmena
csannx ueea. ymncrt csannx nuncrn cnx
np xxercx en ran, necmrpx na tmne .yc-
nexn ncnxnn n ]nsnnn tcme nepn exret-
ncrn ueea. Hpecraxercx pane nnrepecntm n-
ntrartcx npanansnpart mexannsm ]pmnpannx c-
snannx ueea, npecraxmn c sanmecrne
cnnatntx npnecc ]pmnpannx csnannx ueea
n cxnemnx nepnnamnuecnx npnecc csnannx
nnnna. syuenne enncra +rnx npnecc nsnr
cnxrt npemy neatn a ne marepnatn ]e-
nmena.
uee +r cymecr, tamee snannx n na
cne nx npepasymee mnp npnpt, mecra n ca-
m cex. ymncrt ueea, cearetn, n npee-
xercx cynncrt cenntx n trtx nm snann, a
ne npcr ancamem mecrenntx rnmenn, a yr-
epxan accnn mapcnsma. 3nannx cennte n np-
nseennte ueem npeexr e csnanne, e cym-
ncrt n crnncr, xxrcx raxe cn e c-
ntx ecrn mecre.
B crpyrype snann nuncrn ce snauenne nmer
nenuecne snannx, rpte npeexr pasnunte
nt nenenuec csnannx nnnna. enue-
cne snannx n nenncrn cennte nuncrt, npeex-
r raxe npnnaexncrt ann nuncrn rmy nn
nnmy rnny. earetn, rnnm nenn npeex-
ercx n rnn nuncrn. pennsn +nxe ueeuecra
crercryer n pennsnt rnn nuncrn c ce
cnenn]n ccrxnnx snann n sayxenn na npnmn-
180
rnnm ypne csnannx. Hpepennsnmy rnny nun-
crn ta ccrenna epa yx; a cepxecre-
crenntx mymecrenntx cymecr nn eme ne nspe-
n. rercrenn x pennsn rnna nuncrn t-
a xaparepna epa . Bsanmcxst snannx n ept
cea xxact an npem csnannx penns-
n rnna nuncrn. B csnannn nuncrn pennsn-
cerc rnna npnuyn nepeneranct cercne n pe-
nnsnte nenncrn. Hpecranren +r rnna nuncrn
ntranct cennnrt pasym n epy, npn npnpnrere, pasy-
meercx, pasyma. x nnx pasym +r cnne, py
rp pamarcx c]ept mnpsannx, n ynpaxer
+rnm ecrecrenntm mexannsmm ce xe F. upmnpy-
mncx c cepennt XIX ea cercn rnn nuncrn naua
c rpnnannx cex . nnmeancn cepxuee
+r npexe ce anrnxpncrnannn, r. e. nt uee
cerc rnna. nnancrnuecax cercax nuncrt, a
nsecrn, ]pmnpaact ycnxx rratn paspyme-
nnx pennsn csnannx. Pasymeercx, nepeuncennte
rnnt nuncre ncrpnn ueeuecra sanmecra-
n mexy c. x ccymecranne cymecrxct
pasnuntx ]pmax, r crpynnuecra ecmnpmnc-
cn ptt. B sanmcxsxx pasnuntx rnn nuncrn
]pmnpacx mennt rnn nuncrn +nxn, na-
npnmep, nuncrt anrnun mnpa, nuncrt cpenee-
tx, nuncrt +nxn Bspxennx, nuncrt
pemenn n r. .
Btcme net n nenncrt ymanncrnuec nnnn-
sannn, a mt rmeuan nenparn, yer xxrtcx
]pmnpanne n pasnrne n necrn nuncrn.
enx ymannsma craner yxn cn pasa-
nnx n ymanncrnuec rnna nuncrn, cn
a r pennsn acernsma ra n r mepanrntn
neaa anyunx nuncrn mecra ceme n-
rpeennx. nuncrn yer ccrenn ecrecren-
ne cueranne yxn n marepnatn arcra, npn
npnpnrere, pasymeercx, yxn cepmencrannx
necrn nuncrn. uee pasymnt nn mepe
craner ueem nsnamnm. uee nsnamn cra-
ner nnnntm ennm rpennx Bceenn. Paccmr-
pe par cnnaamne ]pmt nenn ymanns-
ma, npanansnpyem resncnm ne nexnmte ]pmt
ymanncrnuec nenn. exnmte ]pmt ne-
nn yyr ccrxrt ns ctx ]pm nenn ymannsma,
uacrnun-nenuecnx ]pm nsnannx ymanncrnuec-
181
mecra n nppammn-npernn ]pmt, n
nenn.
ctm ]pmam nenn ymannsma, nmemnm
axnemee snauenne ]pmnpannn n nenn, n
namemy mnenn, ceyer rnecrn ]nc]n, +crerny,
+rny, npaeenne, nnrn, nnr+nmn (+-
nmnuece yuenne) n cnnn ymannsma. B nepeunc-
enntx ]pmax nenn na cne npnnnnn, nsxen-
ntx cnnaamnx ]pmax n nenn, yyr
cntartcx n pacptartcx nexnmte acnert
nenn ymannsma.
upmnpanne ]nc]nn ymannsma npenaaer,
ur ]nc]nx yyme yer tnnxrt npexe ce
mernuecy pt na cne necrn mera n-
snannx. x +r, pasymeercx, nexnm paspaa-
rtart sant n arepnn +r mera ncceannx.
Baxneme saaue ]nc]nn ymannsma yer xxrt-
cx raxe cnanne npnnnnna cmnuec mnnsma
mnpsannx, mecra n n ueea. B crercrnn
c yasanntmn saauamn ccrantmn uacrxmn ]nc]nn
n mecra yyr xxrtcx: ncenx, na, n-
rnx, cnnatnax ]nc]nx, uax ]nc]n nc-
rpnn n ]nc]cax anrpnnx a pesmnpymax
uacrt ]nc]nn ymannsma.
enx, a mt rmeuan tme, ecrt cncrema ]n-
c]cnx, xyxecrenntx, nayuntx, npatx, nnrnue-
cnx snann n nenncre, n+rmy, anansnpyx nexn-
mte ]pmt nenn, paccmrpnm xyxecrenny ]p-
my nenn a +crerny ymannsma. Hnxrne
xyxecrennax nenx raxe mxn ncntsart
npn ananse nenuec crpyrypt mecra. y-
xecrennte snannx, nyuennte pesytrare +crernuec
cennx mnpa, tnnxr pt peyxrp neennx
nnnn mecre. Ianax nenncrt ncyccra n n-
reparypt ccrnr rm, ur nn cnenn]nuecnx xyxe-
crenntx ]pmax snann n nenncre nmar ueey
paspartcx xnsnn, ar emy npeeennte xyxe-
crennte pnenrnpt cxntx n nuac nprnpeuntx
xnsnenntx cnryannxx. Pasymeercx, ncyccr nmeer n py-
ne ]ynnnn pme nsnaaretn n peyxrnn, n+r-
my ncyccr nem, mxn casart, nmeer nenue-
cn acner, n ne xxercx nncrt ]pm nenn
a, nycrnm, ]nc]nx. ur acaercx +crernn, a
yuennx ncyccre, xyxecrenn ]pme nsnannx,
r ce +nxn +crerna xxact n ns axnemnx
182
]pm nenn. 3crerna tnnxa
mernuecy pt n rnmenn cammy
ncyccry, aaa npeeennte pnenrnpt
xyxecrennm rpuecre, ee r camn rpnt
xyxecrenntx nenncre sannmanct npemamn
+crernn ce rpuec exretncrn. Hce cnxrnx
nrara mmynncrnuec nenn Pccnn
mnne cran nnnrt mapcncrc-ennncy +crerny
rm, ur na ne aaa npcrpa x xyxecrenn
rpuecra nncarexm n xyxnnam, naxstaa nm pe-
yxrnt xyxecrenn exretncrn, cnann na
cnnancrnuecnx nenncrxx. ncrpnnee pasnrne
mapcncrc +crernn t ycen acctmn
nenncrxmn, rpte pannunan pasnrne cam
+crernn, a uepes nee n ncyccra nem. a npan,
acct nx xyxecrennm rpuecre
npenaa nprnncraenne cnnancrnuec
ncyccra ypxyasnmy. H+rmy nen r ncyccra
nayuan cercnx xyxnn n nncaree mtcnrt
nprnnxn sanantm pasnam xyxecrenn
rpuecra. Ipnrt n nncart meueeuecm
ncyccre t sanpemen, cunract npanm
ypn yca.
3crerna ymannsma yer cntartcx ne na pa-
nnuenntx acctx nenncrxx, a na meueeuecnx
nenncrxx ymannsma, npenaamnx, ur nax ne-
crnax nuncrt craner tcme net n nenncrt
yyme mecra. meueeuecne +crernuecne
nenncrn tpaartanct reuenne nretn
ncrpnn a Pccnn, ra n ce ueeuecra. 3crerna
ymannsma yer pnenrnpart paxan cn, a
ne acc mecra na cenne yxntx
nenncre npemecrymnx nenn, a raxe na
nretnemy paspary ntx meueeuecnx
xyxecrenntx nenncre yyme mecra. B
ymanncrnuec xyxecrenn nenn rane
+crernuecne arepnn, a npepacne, stmenne,
xyxecrennax npaa, rpanuece, cmnuece,
espasne, yxacne, necrncrt, paspanncrt n
pyne, xnt paccmarpnartcx ne c nsnnnn
nperapc nencrn, ne n ry crpny pa n sa,
a yrepxa u. nnme, npnsx nepeneny
nenncre sanan xpncrnanc nnnnsannn, a n
+ry nnnn ueeuecy crpny pa n sa.
3crerna ymannsma yer xxrtcx ncene,
nrne, mp]ne ncyccr n mecra.
3crernuecne snannx n nenncrn ymannsma yyr
tnnxrt mernuecy ]ynnn npnecca
xyxecrenn rpuecra. pme +r axne-
183
me ]ynnnn +crerna yyme yer aart xyxecr-
ennte peyxrnt neennx nuncre, cnanntx na
meueeuecnx ymanncrnuecnx nenncrxx n -
mecra. Iymannsm +r net, nsnanne n tcmn cmtc
ncyccra n +crernn yyme.
B nenuecnx cncremax crpan mnpa axnemy
pt cea npan npemt pasparn mpan, n+r-
my yuenn npacrenncrn nenn yex-
ct ce snauenne. B nepemnte mmenrt ncrpnn
ueeuecra cea craan npemt csannx n
mpan, ra t +nxy ]pmnpannx xpncrnancra,
cepmnme npexe ce npacrenny penn,
aapx rp nae c anrnun ytryp xpn-
crnancax mpat asaact ee nppeccnn, cn-
ann na npnnnnne ueenx. penepeuecax n
pnmcax mpat, a nsecrn, ne npnaaa c sna-
uennx npnnnnny ueenx, nacaxaxct csepnann-
em anarpcnx e. rx, npacrenncrt pennx
pe c uepet, raxe snna pnsncnt ne-
pn cranennx peuec nnnnsannn, aapx,
npexe ce pe]pme mpan, cymecrenn nm
n nypm pax-cyapcrax pene 3at. Hpn
nepexe r ]eansma annransmy, a nsecrn, c-
rp craaa npema ]pmnpannx n mpan.
craa ra nastaemax nprecranrcax +rna, rpax n
ta nxena cny pasnrnx ypxyasn ytrypt,
nnrnn n +nmnn. u. nnme, repax xpncrnancy
npacrenncrt nem, a mpat catx nnnn,
ne c any net csannn n mpan,
cxaenn, n ry crpny pa n sa.
B nenn ymannsma npcam pasparn n
mpan yer rnrtcx ce snauenne. pacren-
ncrt yyme pccnc mecra xna npexe
ce cntartcx na ymanncrnuecnx renennnxx m-
pan crpan 3anaa n Bcra. t yxe rmeuan panee
nexnmcrn ]pmnpannx ntx npacrenntx a-
uecr yyme ymanncrnuec nuncrn, ranx a -
crnncr, snannx, rpuecr, ca n ueene.
3rna ymannsma n yer cntart n pasnart ne-
peuncennte n pyne npacrennte npnnnnnt ymanns-
ma. Pasymeercx, csanne n mpan ymannsma craner
cxneme saaue ]pmnpannx ymanncrnuec
nenn, a x Pccnn ra n pynx ymanncrnuecnx
crpan mnpa.
B mapcnsme, mnnx pynx nenuecnx yuennxx
184
c nuepnaact pt npa nenn, nexn-
m x npmatn pasnrnx n ]ynnnnnpannx -
mecra. Fes uer pasparn npa ne-
nn, npenaame csanne npatx npm n san
neennx nnnn, cyapcr n e amnnncrparn-
nte pant ne cmyr nanrt xnt npx -
mecre. Fes pasparn npa nenn px n mx-
n csart cpemenn Pccnn npae cyapcr.
Hpa n mpat, a nsecrn, sanmcxsannte npmt
neennx nuncre mecre. Hpate npmt nee-
nnx nuncre mecre yyme ymanncrnuec -
mecra xnt cntartcx na npacrenntx npnnnnnax
ymannsma. Iymanncrt, rnune r mmynncr, ne sa
rmnpanne cyapcra n npaa, a sa npepamenne cy-
apcra n e annapara cpecr x ]pmnpannx n-
cn n crn paxannna, a tcme ne-
n n nenncrn ymanncrnuec cyapcra n npaa. Hpn
+rm nn yexr ce snauenne crercrn ymann-
crnuec npaa mpan n necrn nuncrn, a
tcme nen cyapcra. cxx ns npnnnnn ymann-
crnuec mpan n npaa, nexnm paspaartart
ncrpyrnne, paxance, amnnncrparnne, y-
ne, rpye, cemene, mexynapne npa yymnx
crpan ymanncrnuec nnnnsannn.
Hnrnx ymannsma, nn nnrnuecax nenx
yyme, yer raxe xxrtcx nexnm ]pm
nenn n mecra. Hnrnuecax nenx, a
nsecrn, cxsana c npa nene, r. e. mexannsm
pasnrnx n ]ynnnnnpannx cyapcra ncceyr
a npaeenne, ra n nnrnx. Hnrnx yma-
nnsma, a n ymanncrnuece npaeenne, xnt nc-
xnrt ns npnnnnn ymanncrnuec mpan. Hnr-
nx yyme mecra xna crart n npay ncyc-
crm ynpaennx cyapcrm n npexe ce tmn,
a +r snauaer enncr nnrnn, npacrenncrn n ue-
enx. Hnrna es npacrenncrn ne smxna,
n esnpacrennax nnrna anrnymanna cem c-
nannn.
npeexx nnrny yyme mecra a cnnat-
ne xenne, cxsanne c npneccamn acrn n ynpae-
nnx, nnrnx yer pnenrnpart cranenne nn-
rnuecnx npnecc ymanncrnuec mecra na ]p-
mnpanne n necrn nuncrn, a tcme nen-
ncrn n nnnnsannn.
saax nnrnuecy nen ymannsma, nex-
185
nm pasparart cncremy nnrnuecnx nenncre n sna-
nn yyme mecra, cnanntx na npnnnnnax peat-
n ymannsma. sannax npeeennax cncrema nn-
rnuecnx ne, nenncre, snann xnrcx c uepet
cn ]pmnpannx ce nnrnuec cncremt yma-
nncrnuec mecra, uame cex cyapcr,
nnrnuecne naprnn, mecrennte pannsannn, nme-
mne nnrnuecn xaparep, a raxe pyne nexnmte
+emenrt cncremt nnrnuec pannsannn n -
mecra. Bsanmrnmennx mexy nnrnuecnmn cye-
ramn acrn n ynpaennx yymem mecre xnt
crpnrtcx na pannpan cne ]pme nnrnuec
ncencyca pasnuntx naprn n nxenn. Hnrnuece
cacne xn crart axnemnm npnnnnnm yma-
nncrnuecnx crpan. cxx ns npnnnnn nnrnuecnx
ncencyca, cacnx, pannpanx n cnpaencrn
yymem yer crpnrtcx n ennrna ymanncrn-
uecnx cyapcr. enuece ccymecranne pas-
ntx nen mnpa yer exart cnannn nnrnue-
c ccymecrannx crpan pasnuntx nnrnuecnx
cncrem. e nnrna npeexer nen, a yrepxa
mapcnsm, a napr, cyapcrennax nenx
npeexer nnrnuecy cncremy mecra, +r n-
xenne xn trt nn mepe peansan cra-
nennn n pasnrnn yyme ymanncrnuec nnnn-
sannn.
3nmnuece yuenne ymannsma, nn nnr+nmnx
ymanncrnuec mecra, yer npenaart, ur ee
cnanne yer nxen npnnnnn crnmennx crnm-
crn n rpuecra, rpm mt yxe pnn. 3rr npnn-
nnn snauaer, ur cne npeeennx crnmcrn ra-
p exar snannx, npeeennte annm npemere
npnecce e npnscra. B neunm cuere +rr npnn-
nnn npeeennx crnmcrn snauaer, ur cx +nmna
(cenn yyme mecra) xna npeenrtcx sna-
nnxmn n nenncrxmn, xenntmn +nmnuecn np-
pecc mecra. Fesycn, npa u. ae yrepxax,
ur +nmnuecn ptn +r npexe ce mexannsm t-
xennx, nepeaun n sanmcacanncrn snann.
crecrenn, ur na ptne ns yx nrnnntx ra-
p yer ntsartcx cnpcm, a sarem n npexe-
nnem rr rap, rpm snann yer npemeuen
tme, uem rap, ne nepnymncx mepnnsannn.
H+rmy rp rapnpnsnret yer tnyxen
nepxrt eme tme snann npnscr ann
186
rnna rap, mepnnsnpyx nx nyrpenne cepxanne n
]pmy (rapnt n). Hce mepnnsannn, ecrecren-
n, +rr rnn rapa yer crnrt tme, uem rap
nep rapnpnsnrex. earetn, nypen-
nnx rapnpnsnree yer tstart nexn-
mcrt ncrxnn nepennx ce tmnx snann np-
necc npnscra. Tanm pasm, mexannsm crnmcrn
yer parart na auecr rap n nppecc +n-
mnn. cn, a t npn cnnansme, repxercx nnrepec
nepenn snann npnecc npnscra rap, r
rpmsnrcx nppeccnne pasnrne cam npnscr-
a, n npcr naunnaer crannpart n paspymartcx.
pasanne mexannsma nepennx snann npns-
cr pccnc mecra tser ntmennt cnpc
na nayemne rapt, a +r neuer sa c n npe-
xennx, snnner nypennnx mexy rapnpns-
nrexmn nrnnntx rap, ce +r neuer sa c
eme tmee nepenne snann npnscr, ur
pesytrare npneer nppeccy pccnc +nmnn.
3naunr, yyr csant cnt +nmnuec ct
necrn nuncrn, e +nmna pan +nmnn, a
+nmna npexe ce x csannx ycn, ]pmn-
pannx n necrn ymanncrnuec nuncrn. F-
ee r, npnecc npnscra rap yer npee-
xrt cymncrt nuncrn, ]ynnnnnpyme yymem
marepnatnm npnscre ymanncrnuec mecra.
Hpnecc npnscra peatntx rap craner pesyt-
rarm npnecca npnscra snann +nmnuec
c]epe ymanncrnuec mecra.
3nannx, npemeuennte rape, xxrcx cn
npeeennx crnmcrn rap, n crnmcrt rapa, pa-
symeercx, sancnr ne rt r rpuec rpya npns-
xme rap n men nn many, panee csan-
nm rpuecnm rpym. exannsm npnscra crn-
mcrn, ranm pasm, xen yunrtart npnecc rp-
uec rpya, csame met, a sarem nept +-
semnxp rapa nn nepy naprn rap, a raxe
npnecc penpynnn rpuec rpya, r. e. pary n
men nn many. B npnecce exretncrn n ma-
ny n cymecrxercx nepenecenne snann, panee npe-
meuenntx pase men, na rapt cepnn
nn macc npnscra. H+rmy crnmcrt rapa
npexe ce yer npeexrtcx auecrm n nuecr-
m rpuec n penpyrnn rpya. Hce yuera
ctptetx, rpancnprntx n pynx sarpar cxnrcx cr-
187
nmcrt rapa, rpax, c yuerm npmt npntn, n acr
peatny neny rapa na ptne.
3an crnmcrn, yunrtamn crenent rpuec
cepxannx rpya (r. e. npeeenntx snann), yer n-
peexrt n peynpart npnecc npnscra rap,
c]epy mena rap, nn ptnunt mexannsm peyx-
nnn rapmena, a raxe npnecc nrpeennx, t-
mnm cnpcm yyr ntsartcx rapt c tmnm c-
epxannem npemeuenntx snann. annt san cr-
nmcrn nn mepe npnmennm n x npeeennx
crnmcrn rpya, npnsxme nnrnuecne nenncrn
n snannx c]epe cnnatn-nnrnuec npnscra,
a raxe x nenn rpya nnnn, sanxrtx csannem
snann n nenncre cnm yxnm npnscre
yyme ymanncrnuec mecra Pccnn.
nnnx ymannsma, cntaxct na npnnnnnax y-
mannsma, nsxenntx nenn mnpa, nenn me-
cra n cnnatn ]nc]nn, yer cntart n pas-
nart +rn npnnnnnt npnmennretn cnenn]ne cnn-
nuec snannx. nnnuecne snannx, a ns-
ecrn, n]]epennnpyrcx na nt crercrnn c rpe-
mx ypnxmn cnnnuec anansa: npern-cnn-
nuecne ncceannx, cnnnuecne nccea-
nnx cpene ypnx menn n mecnnnuecne
nsnannx.
ymecryer npeeennax cxst mexy nene n
cnnne. nenne rm, ur cnnnx xna pas-
nartcx ne nenn, ne ccem epne, nrmy, ur
cnnnuecne snannx n nenncrn a n ce cratnte
nenuecne snannx n nenncrn, pannsyr, peyn-
pyr, nanpaxr n nnrepnpyr ecrnx nnnn n
npemenn c]ep mecra. H+rmy +rm snauennn
cnnnx ta, ecrt n yer ]pm nenn. pye
e, ur ne ce nt cnnnuec snannx pan
mepe tnnxr ]ynnnn peyxrp cnnatntx e-
crn nnnn mecre. 3nannx, nyuaemte me
cnnne, pasymeercx, nmer tmy crenent se-
crnx na pasnrne n ]ynnnnnpanne mecra, ee
r, +rn snannx a tcmne nenncrn (P. eprn) -
me xxrcx cnnaamnmn snannxmn, na cne
rptx n pasyercx cnnatnax pannsannx, cncrema
mecra nem. npern-cnnnuecne snannx
nmer ee npnan, uem ]ynamenratnt xapa-
rep, n netsx satart, ur ]ynamenratnte cnn-
nuecne snannx n sant pasyrcx uepes menne
188
snann npnantx cnnnuecnx ncceann ra
xe, a ]nsne, xnmnn, nnn. uacrnunte npna-
nte ncceannx +rnx nayax ar uacrnunte snannx,
na cne rptx ]pmnpyrcx mne repnn ]nsnn,
xnmnn, nnn n r. .
nnnx ymannsma yer uart ncceannx
pasntx ypne anansa n menn. Iane nen-
uece snauenne xna ce xe nmert max cnnnx
ymannsma, tamax ]ynamenratnte tcmne sna-
nnx n nenncrn, rpte yyr npeexrt pasnrne n
]ynnnnnpanne cex c]ep mecra. max cnn-
nx yyme yer paccmarpnart cymncrt mecra,
anansnpart ccrxnnx cnntx c]ep, ncceart -
mecr a pannuecy cncremy, a raxe yer nsyuart
ncrpnuecne rnnt mecr. ce nnmanne yer ye-
xrtcx cnnne ymanncrnuec mecra txcne-
nn e cnenn]nuecnx san pasnrnx, uax pas-
parn pasnuntx apnanr nannnatntx mee y-
manncrnuecnx crpan n ymanncrnuec nnnnsannn
nem.
B mapcncrc nenn cymecra npnnnnn nap-
rnncrn, acc nxa anansy .cnnatntx np-
necc, +r npne eenn cnnnn na ypxyas-
ny n cnnancrnuecy. Tae paseenne n naprnn
nnnn npenxrcra ncceann ncrnnntx npnecc
pasnrnx mecra, n cymecrymn acct pnre-
pn ncrnnncrn npenaa saem nprnnxne
nnnmanne n cnanne cnnatntx xenn, npnuem c
xsaretn pnrn ypxyasntx nnennn n ncce-
yem npeme. Fesycn, acct npnnnnn c-
nnnn, a n pynx nenuecnx ]pmax nsna-
nnx, na ne t sarpmsn pasnrne cnnnn, a
raxe nnrnn, nnr+nmnn, ]nc]nn n pynx
ymannrapntx nay, sapt rem camtm acctm, nap-
rnntm npnnnnnm nyrt ncrnne. enx ymannsma
ne npnsnaer acct nx anansy cnnatntx np-
necc: ee r, cunraer e pane pentm, nanec-
mnm cpymnretnt yap n pycc cnnnuec
me. H+rmy, spn crnxennx pycc cnn-
nuec mtcn, cnnnx ymannsma craner nnnn
meueeuec, a ne acc ncnnnnn, cnt-
amecx, na npnnnnne npepamennx n necrn
nuncrn tcmy net n nenncrt ymannrapn -
mecra.
Pacpt mnx ueprax cte nexnmte ]pmt
189
nenn ymannsma, paccmrpnm parm ne uac-
rnun-nenuecne ]pmt nsnannx ymanncrnuec
mecra. +rnm ]pmam, n namemy mnenn ceyer
rnecrn ymannrapn-cnnatnte, ecrecrennte, rexnnue-
cne n mne nayn, a raxe cy +nuecy ]pmy
nenn yyme mecra.
ymecrymne mecre ]pmt nsnannx nmer
nn nncrt nenuecn xaparep (+rn ]pmt ne-
nn mt tme nncan), nn uacrnun-nenuecn,
r. e. nn tpaartar snannx mnpe n pn ueea
nem, n +rn snannx n nenncrn ne nn mepe pa-
nnsyr, peynpyr, nanpaxr ecrnx nnnn
mecre. snannx +rnx uacrnuntx ]pm nenn cy-
xar x ]pmnpannx nenuec yuennx. B yma-
nnrapn-cnnatntx, ecrecrenn, a raxe rexnnuec
nayax cymecryr nenuecne npemt, +r ra na-
staemte ]nc]cne npemt ]nsnn, xnmnn, n-
nn, maremarnn n rexnnn. enuecn acner nepe-
uncenntx nay cenn npxxercx npn paccmrpennn
]ynamenratntx cnann +rnx nay, r. e. a ana-
nsnpyrcx cnnaamne npnnnnnt nay. Fesy-
cn, nenuecne (]nc]cne) npemt pasn-
rnx nay astar cymecrenne secrne na csna-
nne nnnn, sanxrtx paspar cnennatn-nayuntx
npc, r. e. snannx, nyuennte npn pemennn ne-
nuecnx npem, tcrynar peyxrnamn nayun e-
xretncrn nnnn, sannmamnxcx paspar np-
em ymannrapntx, ecrecrenntx, mnx, crttx n
rexnnuecnx nay.
B ycnxx cranennx ymanncrnuec mecra
Pccnn n pynx crpan yer npncxnrt nsmenenne n
npepasanne nenuecnx (mnpsspenuecnx) c-
nann ranx ymannrapn-cnnatntx ncnnnnn, a
ytrypnx, penneenne, nayeenne, max nc-
rpnx, +rnpa]nx, empa]nx, ]nnx (nreparyp-
eenne npexe ce). B ymannrapn-cnnatntx nay-
ax nenunt acner cea npa cy pt. e-
anrnannt me cunran, ur cnnatnte nayn
rnuarcx r ecrecrsnannx rem, ur nnx cea yun-
rtaercx nenunax crpna nsnannx, ee r nn yr-
epxar, ur cnnatnte nayn nmer e ne c sa-
namn mecrenn pasnrnx, a c pasnuntmn cnnat-
ntmn nenncrxmn. +rn nenncrn a pas n xxrcx
nenuecnmn nenncrxmn, es rptx npnecc yma-
nnrapn-cnnatn nsnannx npcr nesmxen. a
190
pt nenuecnx nenncre cnnatnm nsnannn
nenparn yastan . Beep n 3. Iyccept. Iyma-
nncrnuecne nenncrn, tparannte npexe ce c-
nnaamnx ]pmax ymanncrnuec nenn, n
yyr xxrtcx r nenncrn npnsm, uepes rpy
ymannrapn-cnnatnte nayn yyr paccmarpnart
ert ce nsnannx. H+rmy snannx n nenncrn, -
taemte ymannrapntmn nayamn, yyr nmert ne-
nuecn acner (pac). ce nenuece snaue-
nne yyr nmert snannx n nenncrn, nyuaemte np-
necce anansa cnann ymannrapn-cnnatntx nay
ymanncrnuec mecra.
B npnecce nenuec nepepnenrannn ecrecren-
ntx n rexnnuecnx nay raxe npnser npepasa-
nne nenuecnx (mnpsspenuecnx) cnann ]nsn-
uecnx, xnmnuecnx, nnuecnx n rexnnuecnx nay.
cxx ns npnnnnn cmnuec mnnsma, ce nepeunc-
ennte nayn yyr pnenrnpartcx na yuer cmnue-
cnx ]arp pasnrnx nsyuaemtx nmn npnecc, r. e.
nn cranyr cmnenrpnuntmn, a ne enenrpnuntmn,a
tn panee. ane, npnser npepasanne ec-
recrenntx nay, a n ymannrapntx, na cne necr-
n snannx mnpe n pn ueea nem. a cne
necrn snannx yer cymecrxrtcx ee yn
anans uacrnuntx npnecc mnpsannx, npnser n-
aernuece sanmpasnrne necrn n uacrnun
snannx.
ne t ns ecrecrsnannx n rexnnuecnx nay ns-
nxn ra nastaemt ueeuecn nn cyernnt
]arp nsnannx. 3. Iyccept nnm ns neptx ncran
npemy npepasannx ecrecrenntx n rexnnuecnx
nay na cne yuera npnecce nsnannx +rnx nay np-
emt ueea, r. e. npemt nenuecnx nenn-
cre npnecce ncceann ecrecrenntx n rexnnuecnx
nay. Hpemy ueeuec ]arpa ecrecrsnannn
tme cxstan c npcamn crnmennx nayn n
npacrenncrn, r. e. npacrenn nenn ]nsnuecnx,
xnmnuecnx, nnuecnx n rexnnuecnx ncceann.
B pnrnuecne mmenrt pasnrnx mecra n nayn pt
npacrenn, ueeuec ]arpa cenn spa-
craa, n ra nenuecn acner nsnannx npx-
xcx nn mepe, uax axe e nsepxn ne
cnnancrnuec nencrn n naprnncrn pasnrnn
enernn, cnmnnm, npnmepy, pty mnuypnnne n
mpanncr ercm se 3050-x ax. uer
M ?. DEEF DND
necrn snannx mnpe, a raxe ueeuec, npa-
crenn ]arpa npnecce nsnannx npneer, n na-
memy mnenn, npepasann ecrecrenntx n rexnn-
uecnx nay, nn cranyr ymanncrnuecnmn nayamn, r. e.
npnser ymannsannx nayn n rexnnn nem.
nanunte npepasannx npnsyr n c mnmn
nayamn (maremarn, nepnern, cnnepern n
r. .), a raxe c ra nastaemtmn crttmn nn cnne-
pernuecnmn nayamn (n]nsn, nxnmne, ne-
xnmne n r. .). mne n cnnrernuecne nayunte snannx
ee nsn necrnmy snann mnpe pn ue-
ea nem, n+rmy naernuece sanmpasnrne ne-
crn nenuec snannx n menayun yer
npncxnrt tme mepe, uem necrn n uacrnun-
nayun. Tanm pasm, ecrecrennte, rexnnuecne, -
mne n crtte nayn npnecce nsnannx ernn
mnpa yyr yunrtart ymanncrnuecne nenncrn n sna-
nnx. enuecn acner yyr nmert raxe snannx,
trte +rnmn nayamn, cenn npn txcnennn cn-
ann nepeuncenntx nay.
Baxne snauenne npnecce cranennx yyme
mecra yer nmert raxe +nuecax ]pma ne-
nn ymannsma. Pasymeercx, +ra ]pma yer ncnrt
uacrnun-nenuecn xaparep. 3nuecne np-
necct, a nsecrn, astar pmne nxnne na pas-
nrne cpemenn mecra. 3nuecne snannx ce
ee yunrtarcx peynpannn mecrenntx np-
necc. H+rmy pt +nn, cenn cnnatn,
cpemennm mnpe ce ee spacraer. Bce +rn ]arpt
nsxr yrepxart, ur +nuecne snannx npn-
perar ce spacramn nenuecn xaparep. F-
ee r, paspemnrt npemt nanamecx +n-
uec pnsnca smxn rt na cne npexe ce
necrn snannx mnpe n pn ueea nem. 3r
necrne nenuece snanne yer tpaartart ne-
crnte ]pmt nenn ymannsma (nenx mnpa,
mecra, ueea). 3nuece yuenne cennxer
cee ecrecrenn-nayunte n cnnatn-ymannrapnte sna-
nnx, n+rmy +nx ecrt cnnrernuecax naya nn
mepe. 3nuecax naya yyme mecra yer
uart ceymne paset: npnpny +n, c-
nnatny +n, +nuecy +rny n +n
ueea. B npnecce ]pmnpannx ymanncrnuec
+nuec nenn nexnm yer yunrtart
necrnte snannx n nenncrn n ymannsma. e-
192
nuece snauenne yyr nmert raxe snannx, nyuaemte
+nuec nay yyme ymanncrnuec nnnn-
sannn.
Hpanansnpa cte n uacrnunte ]pmt ne-
nn ymannsma, paccmrpnm nppammn-npernny
]pmy nenn a ncen ccrany uacrt ne-
xnmtx ]pm ymanncrnuec nenn. ame cep-
menne nenuece yuenne, pasparanne ]nc]-
cnx, nnrnuecnx, +nmnuecnx rpararax es np-
pammn-npernn nmennx, cranercx nene
nspanntx. enuecne snannx n nenncrn, nyun-
mne npernny ]pmy tpaxennx, aear macca-
mn napa. naue px, es uer pasparann np-
pammn-npernn uacrn pasnunte nenn ne
myr nrtcx +]]ernntx pesytrar ce se-
crnx na nnnn. enuecne pycra e-
crn peynpyr n nanpaxr neenne nuncre
crercrnn c npeeenntmn nenuecnmn npnn-
nnnamn pannsannn mecra. npernnte yasannx
npecraxr c tpaxennte nnenrpnpann
]pme nxennx nenuecnx repn, nnennn n
rpnn. cn tme nsxenntx ]pmax nenn
paspaartarcx n nsaarcx ]ynamenratnte repe-
rnuecne nxennx nenn, r nppammn-npern-
nax ]pma nmeer npnan xaparep. Hppammn-n-
pernnax ]pma n nenn n yer xxrtcx npn-
an nene ymannsma.
a cne repernuecnx nenuecnx snann n nen-
ncre (a raxe sayxenn) tpaartarcx npee-
ennte rpeannx, pacnpxxennx, pyxmne yasa-
nnx, nenuecne ycrann, ncranennx n nncrpy-
nnn naprnntx n pynx nenuecnx pan. x
pennsn nenn +r pasnunte ncannx, pac-
npxxennx cxmenn nna pycc npacan
nepn nn yt nant pnmc. Hppammn-npern-
nax ]pma nenn +r cncrema npacrenntx, npa-
tx, nnrnuecnx, ]nc]cnx, +nmnuecnx, +-
nuecnx n pynx npern, ecrn nn nenue-
cnx peyxrn neennx nuncre pasnuntx
c]epax xnsnn mecra. Pycra ecrn (ne-
nuecne npernt) nmarcx nnrnuecnx
nar]pmax, nppammax naprn, eapannxx, mem-
panymax, npernax, mann]ecrax, ncrnrynnxx, ssa-
nnxx, eperax, synax n pynx ymenrax nen-
uecnx pannsann.
7* 193
Hce tparn ymanncrnuecnx nenncre n snann
cnnaamnx ]pmax nenn (nenn mnpa,
mecra, ueea), a raxe nce nx atneme c-
nannx n pasnrnx ctx ]pmax nenn (]nc-
]nn, +crernn, +rnn, npaeennx, nnrnn, nnr-
+nmnn n cnnnn ymannsma) c yuerm snann,
tparanntx uacrnun-nenuecnx ]pmax, snn-
aer nexnmcrt csannx nppammn-npernn
cncremt nenn ymannsma a npnan nenn
n pccnc mecra. a cne nyuenntx ne-
nuecnx ne, snann, nenncre pasntx ]pmax
nenn ymannsma yyr paspaartartcx npacren-
nte, npate, nnrnuecne, +nmnuecne, +nue-
cne peyxrnt neennx, r. e. pyxmne yasannx,
ycrann, ncranennx, pacnpxxennx nenuecnx
pan n pannsann ymanncrnuec mecra. Pas-
parannte pycra ecrnxm, cnannte na y-
manncrnuecnx npnnnnnax n nxennxx, yyr n-
martcx ncrnrynnxx ymanncrnuecnx crpan, ea-
pannxx npa ueea ymanncrnuecnx cyapcr,
nppammax n mann]ecrax ymanncrnuecnx naprn n n-
xenn ymanncr, a raxe pasnuntx mempanymax,
eperax, nnrnuecnx nar]pmax mecrenntx n -
cyapcrenntx nenuecnx pannsann, ssannxx
n synax ymanncr pasntx crpan mnpa.
eymn pase cncremt nenn ymannsma y-
er ncxmen paccmrpenn ]ynnnnatntx mexanns-
m nenn n mecra. ]ynnnnatntm me-
xannsmam ymanncrnuec nenn ceyer rnecrn
mexannsm nenuec secrnx, mexannsm ]pmn-
pannx nenuec csnannx nuncre ymanncrn-
uec mecra n mexannsm nenuecnx ecrn
a mexannsm peansannn nenuecnx snann n nen-
ncre ymannsma xnsneexretncrn paxan yyme-
mecra.
Btpaxennte ]pmax nenn snannx, a raxe ne-
nue/xne peyxrnt neennx nnnn es mexa-
nnsma nenuec secrnx cranyrcx na ymae
nenuecnx rparar. Faapx cncreme nen-
uec secrnx, nenuecne snannx, nenncrn,
peyxrnt ncxrcx nn nepxrcx csnanne nnnn-
mecra, a sarem yxe cmtcnarcx n nepenenn-
arcx nmn. Tanm pasm, nenuece secrne
npecraxer c ectma cxnt npnecc nepennx,
necennx csnanne nnnn nenuecnx ne, sna-
194
nn n axe sayxenn. Bnecenne nn nepenne ne-
nuecnx nenncre cymecrxercx uepes ecey, e-
nn, npnet, uepes panemanne n reenenne, uepes
nnn, xypnat, asert n pyne nt nenuec
secrnx nenuecnx ne n snann npnecce
]pmnpannx csnannx nuncre mecra. n-
crema nenuec secrnx uaer a npxme
secrne na csnanne nnnna ne npnen, e-
cet, ennn, ra n ncpeann, uepes npemert yt-
ra, uepes nny, pacnxrne, uepes pxte ecrnx, a-
xe uepes mamancn ranen. Bme secrne uepes
npemer ytra npnaer nenuecmy secrn
ranncrenn-cxmennt xaparep, rem camtm ycnnaer-
cx e +]]er.
enuece secrne uepes pasnunte nt
npnecca necennx nenuecnx nenncre cymecr-
xercx npeeenntx ]pmax. x pennsntx ne-
n +r nrypnx, npecraxmax c net rear-
patnt cnerat, ce snauenne nmeer pennsne
pasanne a ]pma secrnx (r nepn-npnx-
c mt yxn aaemnn). Pennsne pas-
anne xnr ee mnpy ]pmy pennsn ne-
nuec secrnx pennsne npcemenne,
cymecrxeme pasnuntmn pennsntmn panamn n
pannsannxmn.
nanun pennsntm ]pmam nenuec
secrnx cymecryr npeeennte cercne ]pmt
secrnx. nnm ceyer npexe ce rnecrn cncre-
mt nenuec npcemennx, pasannx, npna-
ant n anrannn. B nepeuncenntx nenuecnx ]p-
max n npncxnr npnecc nenuec secrnx
cercnx snann, nenncre n peyxrn pasnuntx ne-
n na csnanne nnnn.
Iymanncrnuecne nenuecne snannx n nenncrn
yyr raxe nepxrtcx, ncnrtcx csnanne nuncre
yyme mecra uepes ennn, ecet, ncnyrt, pan
n reenenne, a raxe uepes ncpeannte nt s-
ecrnx. nnm rncxrcx nnn, xypnat n pyax ne-
pnnuecax neuart yyme mecra. Bsmxn csa-
nne ntx n nenuec secrnx ymann-
crnuec nnnnsannn. upm nenuec s-
ecrnx n mecra yer xxrtcx ymanncrnue-
ce npcemenne. Hpcemenne craner nnnn npe-
pasyme yxn cn ymanncrnuec mecra.
Iymanncrnuece nenuece secrne yer cy-
195
mecrxrtcx raxe pasntx ]pmax pasannx. e-
nuece yuenne n cnnranne nuncrn xn cy-
mecrxrtcx r mtn tcme pasannx.
Iymanncrnuece nenuece secrne yer raxe
npncxnrt pasnuntx cncremax nepenrn n
ntmennx an]nannn nuncre yyme mecra.
Baxn ]pm nenuec secrnx n -
mecra craner raxe cncrema nenuec npnaan-
t a cncrema pacnpcrpanennx n yyenn pasxc-
nennx ymanncrnuecnx ne, yuenn, sx, snann n
nenncre. Tecn cxsann c npnaan ymanncrnue-
c mecra a ]pm nenuec secrnx
craner nenuecax anrannx n mecra. nra-
nnx a ]pma nenuec secrnx yer npe-
craxrt c pacnpcrpanenne ]nc]cnx, +crernue-
cnx, +rnuecnx, npatx, nnrnuecnx, +nmnuecnx
ne n nenncre ymannsma x secrnx na csna-
nne, mecrenny arnncrt macc napa. Iymanncrn-
uecax anrannx yer raxe axnemnm cpecrm ne-
nuec cnnrannx, pynem secrnx ne-
nuecnx pan n pannsann yyme mecra.
Bsmxn, npnecce cranennx n pasnrnx ymann-
crnuec mecra snnnyr nte ]pmt nenue-
c secrnx, pme nenuec npcemennx,
pasannx, npnaant n anrannn.
pynm ]ynnnnatntm mexannsmm nenn y-
mannsma xen crart mexannsm ]pmnpannx ne-
nuec csnannx nuncre n mecra. e-
nuecne snannx n nenncrn, trte ]pmax nenn
uepes cncremy nenuec secrnx, ncxrcx
csnanne nnnn. aee npncxnr cenne, cmtc-
enne, nepecmtcenne, nepexnanne, a raxe cnepexn-
anne n crpuecr nenuecnx ne, snann, pey-
xrn, nenncre, r. e. ]pmnpyercx nenuece c-
snanne nuncrn. Pasymeercx, ce csnanne nnnna ne
cnrcx rt nenuecmy csnann nuncrn.
B nyrpenne crpyrype csnannx ueea npncxnr
sanmecrne nenuecnx n nenenuecnx ne,
snann, nenncre. ce snauenne nyrpennem
nuncrn nmeer mee snanne a tcmax nenncrt, x-
xmaxcx cn enncra mecra.
enuecne snannx n nenncrn, npx cran
csnannx, nepecmtcennx, nepexnannx, npepamarcx
nenuecne mnpsspennx, yexennx n ycrann
nuncrn. enuece csnanne nuncrn tcrynaer
196
]nc]c xyxecrenn, npacrenn, npa,
nnrnuec, +nmnuec ]pmax. B npnecce ]pmn-
pannx nenuec csnannx nuncrn npncxnr
sanmecrne pannnatntx n nppannnatntx ne,
npecraenn, r. e. ycrananaercx nee crnmenne
pasyma n n, paccya n ept. B nenuecm csna-
nnn nnnna cymecrxercx raxe sanmecrne ne,
sx, npecraenn na repernuecm n tennm
ypnxx. Ta nastaemax pennsnax ncnxnx nnnn-
a pas n npecraxer c pennsne nenue-
ce csnanne na +mnnpnuecm, tennm ypne. er-
cne nenn raxe ]pmnpyr nenuece csna-
nne nuncre na +mnnpnuecm n repernuecm ypne.
B yymem mecre na cne ymanncrnuecnx sna-
nn, ne, nenncre yer ]ynnnnnpart mexannsm
]pmnpannx nenuec csnannx nuncre yma-
nncrnuec mecra. 3rr mexannsm yer npena-
art ]pmnpanne y nuncrn ymanncrnuec mnp-
sspennx, yexennx n nenuecnx ycran na c-
ne ymanncrnuecnx nenncre c yuerm cex ]pm,
n n ypne csnannx. Iymanncrnuecn mexannsm
]pmnpannx nenuec csnannx yer tcry-
nart rpex ]pmax ce trnx. pasanne csnannx
nuncrn ymanncrnuec mecra ]pme cennx
nenuecnx snann, peyxrn n nenncre. 3ra
]pma mexannsma yer npenaart ]pmnpanne ne-
nuecnx yexenn, mnpsspennx, ycran nun-
cre yyme mecra na +rane npcr, axe smx-
n, nepnrnuec cennx n sanmnnannx ne-
nuecnx snann n nenncre. erpte, cenn
marnsnpannte nenn, tmnncre cyuae -
pannunanct +r ]pm mexannsma, ne nsxx nu-
ncrn saymtartcx, nepecmtcnart, nepexnart ny-
maemte e nenuecne nen n nenncrn. 3r t
ccrenn npexe ce ]amncrcnm, mmynncrnue-
cnm n nm nntm nenxm mnpa. eyme ]p-
m mexannsma ]pmnpannx csnannx nuncre yma-
nncrnuec mecra yer xxrtcx cranenne c-
sannx nuncre n mecra ]pme nepexnannx
nenuecnx nenncre. 3r ee tcn ypent
]pmnpannx nenuec mnpsspennx, yexe-
nnx, ycran, uem ypent npcr nepnrnuec c-
ennx. Hpnecc nepexnannx nenuecnx nenncre
yer xaparepnsart ee ye nepecmtcenne
snann ymannsma nyrpennem nuncrn. 3rn nen-
197
ncrn cranyr ecrnretn ynmn yexennxmn nu-
ncrn. npte pennsnte nenn a pas n npe-
naan, ur nx pennsnte nenncrn ne npcr can-
anct, a nepexnanct nnnnyymm, n+rmy ]p-
mnpann nyrpenne mnpa ueea, e yxnmy
cepmencrann pennsntx nenxx yexct
ce snauenne. Pennsnte nacrannn pamanct
nmenn yme nuncrn, a ne esn rne, a
rranrapntx cyapcrax, cnanntx na ]amncrc
n mmynncrnuec nenxx. Tperte ]pm mexa-
nnsma ]pmnpannx nenuec csnannx nuncrn
ymanncrnuec mecra yer xxrtcx pasanne
csnannx nnnn yyme mecra ]pme crp-
uecra n nnnnyatn rpuecra nenuecnx
snann n nenncre ymannsma. 3ra ]pma mexannsma y-
er npenaart yuacrne rpuecm pasnrnn ne-
nn ymannsma ax nnnna mecra. 3r yer
cne nenuece rpuecr napa, n, pasyme-
ercx, pamax nenuecnx snann n nenncre ne-
nn ymannsma. axt paxannn yer uycrart
cex rpuec nnnnyatncrt nenuecm
nane. cn npemecrymne nenn npenaan
rae rpuece rnmenne nenuecnm nenncrxm
nmt x ne, r. e. nnnn, sanxrtx paspar-
nenuec yuennx, r ennx npxaree
cnnxnn nen, pxtx ne, sa-
nnmamnxcx rpuecrm n xncrn, r yymem
ymanncrnuecm mecre nnnn yer nmert
npa crpuecra nenuecnx nenncre. axt
uee yyme mecra yer uycrart cex rp-
nm nenncre nenn ymannsma. exannsm ]pmn-
pannx nenuec csnannx nuncre yer npe-
naart raxe npnecc nyxennx nenuecnx e-
crn nuncrn ymanncrnuec mecra. ymncrt
+r npnecca ccrnr rm, ur csnannte, nepexnrte,
crpennte nenuecne snannx, cramne mnps-
spennem n yexennem, yyr nyxart, mnnsnp-
art, crnmynpart, npnstart peatntm ecrnxm
nnnn. Pasymeercx, na npnecc nyxennx ne-
nuecnx ecrn yer astart nxnne ne rt
yexenne nuncrn, n raxe nexnmte camennx
n pt. pme r, smxn, yymem mecre
snnner nexnmcrt sacraxrt, nuncrt ecr-
art n tnyxennmy nenuecmy npnnyxenn,
n +r yer rt pannx +crpematntx ycnxx.
198
Tpertnm ]ynnnnatntm mexannsmm nenn y-
mannsma yer mexannsm nenuecnx ecrn, npe-
craxmn peansann na nparne nenuecnx
snann n nenncre ymanncrnuec mecra. 3nauenne
+r nenuec mexannsma xnsnn mecra -
pmn, n ce npemecrymne ]pmt n mexannsmt ne-
nn cyxar nexnmtm ycnem ]ynnnnnpa-
nnx mexannsma nenuecnx ecrn. enuecax
crpyrypa mecra n csaercx x r, urt ce ne-
nuecne nen, snannx, nenncrn, peyxrnt nee-
nnx tn peansant ecrnn na nparne nenn,
+rm n ecrt ane nasnauenne nenuec crpy-
rypt mecra, a msa n paserenn nepn
cncremt cnnatn pannsma. ymncrt mexannsma
nenuec ecrnx ccrnr rm, ur nenue-
cne snannx, nenncrn, tparannte cex repernue-
cnx ]pmax nenn n nepennte csnanne nnnn-
a uepes cncremy nenuec secrnx, npx
npnecc csnannx, nepecmtcennx, nepexnannx, np-
xxrcx ecrnxx nuncrn, r. e. nenuecne e-
crnx +r n ecrt nenuecne nen, snannx, nenncrn
ecrnn, a ne rt csnannn nnnna. Baxneme
xaparepn uepr nenuecnx ecrn xxercx
r, ur nenuecne ecrnx cymecrxrcx n-
pemenn c rexnnuec, +nmnuec, nnrnue-
c, xyxecrenn, nayun exretncrt nnnna,
r. e. c cemn nenenuecnmn namn ueeuec
exretncrn. enuecne ecrnx npeexr pas-
nunte nt exretncrn nnnna cex c]epax xns-
nn mecra. enuecne nen, snannx, nen-
ncrn, npx cran csnannx, nyxar nen-
uecne ecrnx, rpte pannsyr, peynpyr,
nanpaxr, nnrepnpyr +nmnuecne, cnnatnte,
nnrnuecne n r. . ecrnx n sanmecrnx nnnn-
na cne yexennx, pa nn npnnyxennx.
B cne n]]epennnannn ymanncrnuec mexanns-
ma nenuecnx ecrn na cn ]pmt exnr ee-
nne nenuec snannx na ceymne &O 1) -
mennnnyatnte nenuecne snannx nnm r-
ncxrcx necrne snanne (tpaartaeme ]pmax
nenn mnpa, mecra, ueea), ]nc]ce, +cre-
rnuece, npae, nnrnuece, +nmnuece, cnn-
nuece, nenuece snannx, a raxe uacrnun
nenuece n ce npernn-nenuece sna-
nne. 2) enuecne snannx ernn snauennx,
199
r. e. snannx, nnrepnpymne nnnn ern.
3) enuecne snannx c]epn snauennx, r. e. -
ennxmne +nmnuecy, cnnatn-nnrnuecy, y-
xny c]ept xnsnn mecra. 4) enuecne snannx
mec]epn nn cyapcrenn snauennx, nn exar
cne ennennx cex c]ep mecr a enne
pannuece nee. 5) enuecne snannx n nenncrn
mexynapn snauennx, nnrepnpymne nrnnnte
n nenn cyapcra npeeennte cncremt crpan
mnpa. 6) mennnnsannnnte, meueeuecne sna-
nnx n nenncrn, nmemne mennnnsannnne, at-
ne mnpe snauenne, r. e. snannx n nenncrn, na cne
rptx cymecrxrcx sanmrnmennx crpan pasnu-
ntx mnptx cncrem.
B crercrnn c nepeuncenntmn tme namn ne-
nuecnx snann mexannsm nenuecnx ecrn y-
yme ymanncrnuec mecra yer n]]epennnp-
artcx na ceymne ]pmt ce ]ynnnnatn
trnx:
a) nnnyatnax ]pma mexannsma nenuec
ecrnx, npenaamax, ur mennnnyatnte
nenuecne snannx n nenncrn yyr pannstart,
nanpaxrt, peynpart rexnnuecy, +nmnue
cy, nnrnuecy, nayuny exretncrt nnnna na
cne e mnpsspennx n yexenn, nn na cne
penncrn n cacnx, nn na cne npnnyxennx
pannuenntx pamax cnt nprn sa.
) ernnax ]pma mexannsma nenuec
ecrnx yer npenaart npexe ce r, ur ne
nuecne snannx ernn snauennx nnrepnpyr
nnnn npeeennte nexnmte n smxnte n
t cnnatntx pynn, ern yyme ymanncrn
uec mecra. enuecne snannx n nenncrn
ernn snauennx raxe yyr pannstart, pe
ynpart, nanpaxrt +nmnuecy, nnrnuecy,
yxny exretncrt erna paxan n nx yex
ennxm, py n smxnmy npnnyxenn uen
ann erna.
) ]epnax ]pma mexannsma nenuec ecr
nx ymanncrnuec mecra yer snauart r, ur
nenuecne snannx n nenncrn c]epn snauennx nn
repnpyr, ennxr cnnatnte pynnt, ernt
paxan yxny, cnnatn-nnrnuecy, +nmn
uecy, cemen-try c]epy xnsnn yyme
mecra. enuecne nenncrn c]epn xaparepa
200
ecrnn yyr pannstart, peynpart n nanpx-
art pasnte nt exretncrn c]ep mecra n ca-
menn n py.
) mecrennax nn cyapcrennax ]pma mexanns
ma nenuec ecrnx n mecra yer
npenaart, ur nenuecne snannx n nenncrn
mecnnatn snauennx a tcmne nenncrn mecra
ymannsma yyr nnrepnpart c]ept mecra crpany
a enne nee, c yuerm pasnuntx apnanr nann
natntx mee cyapcr ymanncrnuec nnnnsa
nnn. rercrenn nenuecne nenncrn cyapcr
enn mec]epn xaparepa yyr raxe panns
tart, peynpart n nanpaxrt exretncrt crpant
n cyapcra nem.
) exynapnax (nyrpncncremnax) ]pma mexanns
ma nenuec ecrnx yer snauart, ur ne
nuecne tcmne snannx n nenncrn ecrnn cranyr
cn nnrepannn ymanncrnuecnx crpan cncremy y
manncrnuecnx crpan mnpa (rnna mnp cncremt crpan
annransma n cnnansma, nn cncrem crpan xpncrnan
c, mycytmanc, yncrc nnnnsannn). Pasyme
ercx, ur +rn cnnatnte cncremnte nenncrn ecrnn
yyr pannstart, peynpart n nanpaxrt ex
retncrt cncremt ymanncrnuecnx crpan na cne mex
ynapntx camenn n p mexy crpanamn y
manncrnuec nnnnsannn.
e) mennnnsannnnax ]pma mexannsma peansa
nnn nenuecnx snann ymannsma yer npena
art, ur nenuecne mennnnsannnnte, meue
euecne nenncrn ennxr ymanncrnuecne crpant
enny cnnc]epy 3emn na meueeuec cne.
mennnnsannnnte ymanncrnuecne ecrnx cranyr
pannstart, peynpart n nanpaxrt sanme
crnx ymanncrnuecnx n pynx crpan mnpa enne ne
e 3emn nnnnsannn na cne menanerapntx
p n camenn atn xaparepa.
Bsanmcxst cex nepeuncenntx ]pm mexannsma n
yer aart mexannsm nenuec ecrnx, sxrt
nem, npnuem nnnnyatnax']pma mexannsma xnrcx
cn cex ]pm mexannsma peansannn nenuecnx
snann n nenncre ymanncrnuec nnnnsannn.
exannsm nenuecnx ecrn, sxrt nem, y-
er raxe npenaart pasnunte apnanrt sanme-
crnx cex ]pm nncann mnx ueprax mexannsma
peansannn nenuecnx ne, snann, nenncre y-
201
manncrnuec mecra. Hx nr paccmrpennx
mexannsma nenuecnx ecrn, ceyer ceart t-
, ur ymanncrnuecne nenuecne ecrnx yyr
pannstart, peynpart, nanpaxrt, nnrepnp-
art exretncrt nnnn, ern, c]ep, rem ca-
mtm cranyr npeexrt pasnrne n ]ynnnnnpanne ca-
m mecra, crpant, cncremt crpan n nnnnsannn
atn ymannsma nem.
Hcennm +emenrm cncremt nenuec yma-
nnsma xxercx yuenne ]pmnpannn pan n pa-
nnsann pccnc ymanncrnuec mecra. e-
nuecne pannsannn m mecre cea tn-
nxr ]ynnnn pasparn nenuec yuennx
cex ]pmax, pme +r nn cymecrxr npnecc ne-
cennx, nepennx nenuecnx ne, snann, nenncre
csnanne nuncre, a raxe npnsxr pnnann
]ynnnnnpannx mexannsma ]pmnpannx csnannx
nnnn n mexannsma peansannn nenuecnx nen-
ncre xnsnn mecra. B ncrpnn pasnrnx ueeue-
cnx mecr cymecran nenuecne pannsannn,
nmemne nncrt nn uacrnun nenuecn xapa-
rep. pennsntm pannsannxm, nmemnm nncrt
nenuecn xaparep, ceyer rnecrn xpeuecne p-
annsannn, nept a any pennsny nen-
uecy pannsann c ee cxneme nepapxnuec cn-
crem, uax mnamecne pena, a raxe pasnunte
pennsnte mnnt n cert. x pasnuntx penns-
ntx n]eccn nenuecne pannsannn nmen c
cnenn]ny, nanpnmep, xpncrnancax nept rnuaercx
r mycytmanc nennsn pannsannn, a raxe r
yncrc n nyec. Iantmn nenuecnmn p-
annsannxmn cercnx nen cea tn nen-
uecne nn nnrnuecne ypxyasnte, cnnancrnuecne
naprnn n nx pant. a nsecrn, ce pemx, tmax
H nn mepe cymecrxa ]ynnnn pasn-
rnx mapcncrc-ennnc yuennx uepes cn naprn-
nte nncrnryrt n aaemnn, npnsna nepenne +r
yuennx macct napa, a raxe cymecrxa pn-
nann ]ynnnnnpannx nenuecnx mexannsm
]pmnpannx csnannx n nenuecnx ecrn.
Hpaa, H npncanaa cee ]ynnnn, neccren-
nte nenuecnm pannsannxm, r. e. na nmenxa n
nmnnaa n cex +nmnuecne, amnnncrparnn-
xsxcrennte, mecrenn-nnrnuecne pannsannn
cerc Pccnn. Taax xe pt nment cyapcren-
202
ntx pannsann ta ccrenna panee pnmc-arn-
uec nepn +nxy ]eansma, a na nmenxa
n axe naxa cnm arpnrerm exretncrt cyme-
crame ra pec n nxxec acrn cpe-
nee pnt. Bsanmrnmennx cyapcra n nep-
n Pccnn rxe tn ne npcrtmn. nncrt ne-
nuecnm pannsannxm cpemenntx crpanax mnpa
ceyer raxe rnecrn nenuecne nccearet-
cne nncrnryrt, nenrpt, ]nt nnrnuecnx, +nmn-
uecnx, cnnnuecnx, ]nc]cnx ncceann, a
raxe ]nc]cne, nnrnuecne, cnnnuecne, +-
nmnuecne a]ept, ]aytrert, nncrnryrt n aaemnn,
cymecrxmne paspary nenuec yuennx n
e necennx csnanne cryenr n cymaree.
enx Pccnn cnpxr: xxrcx n ra nastae-
mte cpecra macc nn]pmannn nenuecnmn p-
annsannxmn nn ner. a, cpecrax macc nn]p-
mannn cnennatn ne tpaartarcx nenuecne
snannx, xrx uacrnun n +r cymecrxercx, n ane
r, ur cpecra nn]pmannn ncxr, nepxr snannx,
rm unce n nenuecne, csnanne nuncre
mecra. H+rmy +rn cpecra ceyer rnecrn uac-
rnun-nenuecnm panam, a pnrt nx nn
enensannn npcr eccmtcenn. Pasymeercx, cpe-
cra macc nn]pmannn xnt cymecrxrt np-
necc necennx snann n nenncre pasnuntx nen,
cymecrymnx r nn nn crpane, a ne trt cpe-
crm nepennx n rt, axe npaxme ne-
nn, a t Pccnn cerc nepna. uacrnun-
nenuecn xaparep ncxr raxe px mecrenntx
n cyapcrenntx pan n pannsann. mecrennte
pannsannn nncaree, xyxnn, yuentx, np]cst,
pasnunte mexnte pannsannn n nxennx, r-
ptx uacrnun cymecrxercx npnecc csannx nn ne-
pennx nenuecnx nenncre, a raxe uacrnun np-
nsnrcx pnnannx nenuecnx ecrn nnnn-
pasnuntx c]epax xnsnn mecra. Pasymeercx,
tme mepe pnnann nenuecnx ]ynnn-
natntx mexannsm cymecrxr cyapcrennte ne-
nuecne pannsannn nn nenuecne ret -
cyapcrenntx pan.
x npmatn ]ynnnnnpannx yyme yma-
nncrnuec mecra nexnm csart e nen-
uecne pant n pannsannn. H namemy mnenn, np-
necce cranennx ymanncrnuec mecra nex-
203
nm c]pmnpart nenuecne nccearetcne
nncrnryrt, nenrpt, ]nt, paspaartamne nen
ymannsma cex ee ]pmax. aee ceyer csart p-
annsannn, rpte yyr cymecrxrt npnecc nece-
nnx nenuecnx snann csnanne nuncre yyme
mecra. 3r npexe ce rncnrcx panam
macc nn]pmannn n mecra. Pasymeercx, nn
yyr nepxrt snannx n nenncrn raxe n pynx ne-
n, rpte yyr cymecrart r nn nn crpane.
ce snauenne cpen nenuecnx pan yer
sannmart ymanncrnuecax naprnx c ee pasnuntmn p-
annsannxmn rnna naprnntx y ymanncr. B y-
ymem mecre neecpasn t t csart pas-
nunte ymanncrnuecne accnnannn n npecct yma-
nncr, a raxe mexnte pannsannn ymanncr
cayrc rnna n r. . B nm ymanncrnuecm me-
cre smxn yer pasart raxe cyapcrennte
nenuecne pannsannn ]pme cyapcrenn
nenuec cera npn npesnenre, cymecrxme
]ynnnn pnnannn sanmecrnx cex n ne-
n crpane c net tparn npaxme nenn,
nanee npnemem x cyapcra npeeennt
nepn e pasnrnx. B ymanncrnuecm mecre
cyapcrenntm nenuecnm pannsannxm ceyer
raxe rnecrn pasnunte mnrert n mnccnn napa-
menra, rpte yyr cymecrxrt pnnann n n-
rpt cex nenuecnx pan ymanncrnuec
mecra. ncrema nenuecnx pan n me-
cra yer npenaart csanne pannsann ymann-
crnuec nenuec npcemennx, pasannx
(r nauatn tcme mt), a raxe pant ne-
nuec npnaant n anrannn ymannsma nem.
Tanm pasm, paccmrpennax tme repernuecax
cncrema nenn yyme ymanncrnuec pccn-
c mecra yer ccrxrt ns cnnaamnx n
nexnmtx ]pm nenn, a raxe ns ]ynnnnat-
ntx mexannsm n nenuecnx pannsann n -
mecra. a cne cncremt nenn ymannsma craner
]pmnpartcx n nenuecax crpyrypa yyme
pccnc mecra. 3ra nenuecax crpyrypa n-
mecra yer npecraxrt c ceymne c-
crante +emenrt:
1) cnnaamee yuenne nenn ymannsma.
3r n ecrt tme uepuennax mnx nrypax cncrema
nenn ymannsma.
204
2) uennx ymanncrnuecnx ne, rptx
yyr
cntartcx n pasnartcx cnnte ]pmt ne
nn ymannsma, r. e. nenx mnpa, mecra, ueea.
3) uennx ne ymannsma, rptx yer
cy
mecrxrtcx cnanne n pasnrne ne cnntx, n ne
xnmtx ]pm n nenn (]nc]nn, +crernn,
+rnn, npaeennx, nnrnn, nnr+nmnn, cnn
nn, a raxe pyne ]pmt yuennx nenn yma
nnsma).
4) uacrnun-nenuecne ]pmt ueeuec
n
snannx, snnamne na cne npepasannx ymann
rapntx, ecrecrenntx, rexnnuecnx n mnx nay, a raxe
+nuec yuennx ymannsma.
5) Hppammn-npernnax cncrema nenn
yma
nnsma, rpax yer paspaartartcx pasnuntmn nap
rnntmn, mecrenntmn n cyapcrenntmn nen
uecnmn pannsannxmn.
6) exannsm nenuec secrnx,
npena
amn csanne cncremt nenuec npcemennx,
pasannx, npnaant n anrannn ymanncrnuec
mecra.
7) exannsm ]pmnpannx nenuec
csnannx
nuncre yyme ymanncrnuec mecra.
8) exannsm nenuecnx ecrn paxan
yma
nncrnuec mecra.
9) enuecne pant n pannsannn yyme
y
manncrnuec mecra.
enuecax crpyrypa pccnc ymanncrnue-
c mecra, a raxe pynx ymanncrnuecnx crpan
yer pannstart, peynpart, nanpaxrt n nnre-
pnpart exretncrt nuncre, npeexx rem camtm
cranenne n pasnrne cnntx c]ep xnsneexretn-
crn pccnc mecra nem.
amcrxretne nppeccnne pasnrne +nmnn,
nnrnn, ytrypt es nenn nesmxn, n n ne
aer necrn, +]]ernn pasnrnx mecra; nmen-
n nenx nanpaxer, nnrepnpyer, ynpxunaer
pasnrne mecra. Fes nenuec crpyrypt yer
crnxnne, ecnpxune pasnrne mecra, ur mt n n-
nm tmnx pecnynax P pesytrare xen-
n enensannn. a rmeuaer . psyn: e-
nx spxennx aa t nmnytc x nuaretn
npeennx tmencrc mnpsspennx, ncnx-
nn, c]pmnpann rranrapntm pexnmm, x nxe-
nnx mecra n nyrn emparnn n nppecca.
205
enuecne crpyrypt npeexr pasnrne -
mecra, n pasnrne mecra nmeer parne secr-
ne na nenuece yuenne. B ntx, nsmennmnxcx yc-
nxx, crape nenuece yuenne yxe ne crercr-
yer ntm cnnatntm npneccam, n+rmy craer
nexnmcrt mepnnsannn, pe]pmt crap nenn
nn csannx n nenn. xn casart, ur ra nn
nnax nenx, epnax npeeenntx ncrpnuecnx yc-
nxx, pynx yer neepn, ne reuame yxy
pemenn.
B cpemenntx sanantx crpanax cymecryer cn-
nm rt cynncrt npeeenntx nenuecnx
npnnnnn, na cne rptx npeexercx pasnrne n
peynpanne ncrmepnncrcnx mecr mnpa. +ra
cynncrt nenuecnx npnnnnn ne eena
necrntx nenuecnx cncrem, amnx cny x y-
xn arcra ueea n mecra 3anaa. Tt
nenn, amne necrne snanne n npecraenne
mnpe n pn ueea nem, myr xxrtcx cn ]p-
mnpannx n pasnrnx yxn ar nuncrn. ecn-
cncrt cpemenntx sanantx cercnx nen c-
sart necrne nenuece yuenne npnea rmy,
ur ce nenuecne nnennnn ncrnnycrpnatntx n
ncrannrancrnuecnx crpan npecraxr c nmt
cynncrt retntx nenuecnx npnnnnn, a ne
necrne yuenne mnpe n pn nem nenn.
anee necrnte nenn, cymecrymne c-
pemenntx sanantx crpanax, +r ycrapemne penn-
snte nenn, ne reuamne nn mepe rpea-
nnxm n pemenn ra xe, a n spxamnecx
Pccnn pennsnte nenn, nanpnmep, npacanx n
mycytmancra.
4. OHOHLE OEPL POHKOFO
FYMAHTHEKOFO OBETA
Hce par anansa nenuec crpyrypt
yyme mecra paccmrpnm cnnte c]ept ymann-
crnuec pccnc mecra. a cne nenue-
c crpyrypt n mecra npnsyr nsmenennx
cnntx c]epax xnsneexretncrn pccnc me-
cra. B npnecce cranennx ymanncrnuec mecra
xna cymecrnrtcx nepepnenrannx mecra c np-
nscra marepnatntx a na npnscr yxntx
nenncre. H+rmy an saaue mecra ymannsma
206
yer ncemecrne npnscr snann, a npnscr
marepnatntx rap yer tcrynart pesytrarm np-
nscra snann. Hpnscr snann cyapcren-
ntx macmraax +r ane rnune ymanncrnuec
mecra r cpemenntx mecr sanan n ncrc-
nnancrnuec ra. Iymanncrnuece mecr yer
mecrm snann. B yymem mecre npnscr
snann yer cymecrxrtcx cex c]epax mecra, a
ne rt acrn ytrypt. x +r nexnm c-
pemenne mecr npepasart, nepecrpnrt ra, ur-
t snannx, ytrypnte nenncrn csaanct e y-
xnm, cnnatn-nnrnuecm n marepnatnm npns-
crax. Hepepnenrannx cpemenn mecra na
npnscr n ]ynnnnnpanne snann nexnm
npexe ce nrmy, ur tcme net n mecra
xxercx ]pmnpanne n pasnrne necrn nuncrn,
a cymncrt ueea npeexercx cynncrt
snann, cenntx nnnnyymm xnsnn, a ne cyn-
ncrt cex esnuntx mecrenntx rnmenn. a ns-
ecrn, . apc npeex cymncrt ueea a c-
ynncrt cex mecrenntx rnmenn. B ymanncrn-
uec nuncrn, a mt rmeuan panee, cynncrt
cenntx e snann xna npecraxrt c necr-
ne snanne, rpm yer ecneunartcx apmnnue-
ce cueranne cex repernuecnx n tenntx ]pm
snann es acrnsannn rt nayun. antmn
xnt trt.npacrennte snannx n nenncrn ueea
yyme mecra.
cn cymncrt ueea npeexercx cynncrt
e snann, r nx npnscr npepamaercx tcmy
net n saauy cex c]ep n crpyryp ymanncrnuec
mecra. Hep n snauenn nce nenuec
crpyrypt mecra yer xxrtcx c]epa yxn
ytrypt nn cne yxne npnscr. ]epa
ytrypt n mecra yer ccrxrt ns ceymnx
rpace yxn npnscra: ncyccr cex e
nax, naya ( rp yyr cymecrxrtcx ]ynamen-
ratnte nayunte ncceannx, ne nmemne nenue-
c xaparepa), cncrema pasannx (cpenxx n t-
cmax ma, uax yscy nayy) n cncrema men-
nnnc cyxnannx.
B yxnm npnscre ymanncrnuec mecra
yer cymecrxrtcx cenne n npnscr snann
cex e pasnpasntx nax. ]epa yxn ytrypt
yymem yer xxrtcx an c]ep n npns-
207
cry n pacnpcrpanenn snann. Hpnser nepecrpa
+r acrn mecra. Ta, ce nerpuecne nt y-
xn rpya yyr nepeant mntrepntm cncremam
cyxnannx rpuec exretncrn e, sanxrtx
cnm yxnm npnscre. 3a ueem, e-
crymnm c]epe yxn npnscra, cranercx n-
nnn ueeuecn rpuecn rpy, npnsxmn sna-
nnx n yxnte nenncrn. 3rr rpuecn rpy n yer
xxrtcx cn ]pmnpannx n pasnrnx necrn
nuncrn a an nen ymanncrnuec mecra.
Tpuecn rpy, peansyemt c]epe yxn npns-
cra, xen crercrnn c sanm crnmcrn n
nuecry n auecry rpuec rpya trt camtm t-
cnaunaemtm. 3nannx, cennte n trte ue-
em c]epe yxn ytrypt, n yyr npeexrt
e cymncrt n crnncr.
eyme c]ep yyme mecra yer xxrtcx
cnnatn-nnrnuece npnscr, rpm yyr
csaartcx n ]ynnnnnpart nnrnuecne nenncrn n
rnmennx n ny acrn n ynpaennx. 3ra c]epa
raxe yer npeexrtcx nenuec crpyryp
ymanncrnuec mecra. cnnatn-nnrnuecmy
npnscry ceyer rnecrn exretncrt nectnx
pynn np]eccnnatn sanxrtx +r acrn e.
na ns nnx npecraxer c ynpaenuecn annapar
mnnncrepcr n emcr. rp pynne ceyer rne-
crn e, cymecrxmnx exretncrt, cxsanny c
cyapcrenn acrt. 3r exretncrt e, ec-
neunamnx mecrennt npx, cyapcrenny
pny n esnacncrt. rperte pynne ceyer rne-
crn exretncrt e, cymecrxmnx npae pey-
npanne mecra n paramnx panax npypary-
pt, aarypt n pynx nntx nm pannsannxx -
cyapcrenn annapara.
a yxe rmeuact tme, yymem pccncm -
mecre nerpuecne nt ynpaenuec rpya yyr
nepeant mntrepam, xxmnm armarnsnpan-
nte cncremt ynpaennx mecrenntmn npneccamn.
sa nuncrt cranercx nnnn ueeuecax rpue-
cax ynpaenuecax exretncrt c]epe ynpaennx n
peynpannx cnnatntmn npneccamn. 3rr rpue-
cn ynpaenuecn rpy, npnsxmn snannx n n-
nrnuecne nenncrn, yer npeexrt cymncrt n cr-
nncra necrn nuncrn, ecryme cnnatn-
nnrnuecm npnscre. Pasymeercx, uem tme
208
crenent rpuec cepxannx ynpaenuec rpya,
rem n tme yer crnrt n cpanenn c nerpue-
cnm rpym, rpt ce xe yer nmert mecr c]epe
ynpaennx, n ne n yxe yer npeexrt ee nppec-
cnne pasnrne.
antme pe]pme ymanncrnuecm mecre
nepnercx +nmnuecax c]epa, nn marepnatne
npnscr. a nsecrn, cpemenntx yxe npncx-
nr nsmenenne mecra n pn ueea rexnnuecm
npnecce npnscra. B mamnnnm npnscre ue-
e xxercx uacrt rexnnuec npnecca, e ex-
retncrt xxercx uacrnun. nuncrt, ]pmnpymaxcx
na cne nerpuec uacrnun exretncrn, npe-
craxer c uacrnuny nuncrt. H+rmy,. urt
nuncrt c]pmnpaact necrn, nexnm nsmennrt
npnecc npnscra ra, urt nuncrt tma ns rex-
nnuec npnecca, craa na +rnm npneccm. x
+r nexnm, urt nerpuecax exretncrt, ne
npnsxmax snann, ta nepeana mamnnam, ]ynnn-
nnpymnm n samnyrtm rexnnuecnm nnam c nc-
ntsannem ne rt mexannuec, n ]nsnuec, xn-
mnuec, nnuec ]pm nxennx. B cpemenntx
pasnrtx crpanax mnpa samnyrte rexnnuecne nn-
t c ncntsannem mnnx ]pm nxennx yxe csa-
rcx a npmtmenncrn (ra nastaemte sat
n samm), ra n cetcm xsxcre. axe ca-
mte cepmennte rexnnuecne npnecct cnycrx ne-
rpe pemx yyr ycrapeart, n+rmy nexnm yer
csaart nte. Paspara n csanne ntx rex-
nn, nanpaenntx na atnemee npepasanne
npnpt, npenaar, ur c]epe marepnatn np-
nscra xna cymecrart neax cncrema npemern-
rpuec npnscra, rpm yer cymecrxrtcx
nnnn ueeuecax rpuecax exretncrt,
npnsxmax snannx +rm npnscre. arepnat-
ne npnscr yyme ymanncrnuec mecra
n npay yyr npeexrt a nanrcy nayuny a-
parpn, ]ynnnnnpymy enncre c samnyrtm
rexnnuecnm npneccm, npnsxmnm armarn-
uecm pexnme npemert nrpeennx, r. e. npmtmen-
nte rapt. B npemern-rpuecm npnscre yer
cymecrxrtcx cnnm npnante ncceannx.
Hpnser ce pa cnxnne nayun-nccearet-
cnx n nperntx nncrnryr c npnscrm. aya cra-
ner npnscrenn, a npnscr nayuntm. uyna-
209
menratnte ncceannx, cnnm, yyr cymecr-
xrtcx yxnm npnscre, c]epe aaemnuec
n ysc nayn, nmeme mecyapcrenny cn-
cremy ecneuennx. B ymanncrnuecnx mecrax
marepnatnm npnscre snannx ncntsanct x
npnscra rap. B yymem mecre antm yer
npnscr snann x csannx ntx rexnn, a
rapt yyr yxe cecrnem r npnscra snann. B
nem +nmnuecax c]epa npnscra marepnatntx
a yer nepenaneena na npnscr yxntx
nenncre n snann, rpte n cranyr npeexrt yx-
ne arcr ueea n nap mnpa. 3an crnmcrn
n nuecry n auecry rpuec rpya yer crnmy-
npart e na npnscr snann a camtx a-
ntx nenncre mecre. Hpnuem +rr san yer pe-
ynpart npnecc npnscra snann cex c]epax
mecra, a ne rt +nmnuec. a rmeuaer
. T]]ep: Pacnpeeenne n +nmnn c eyme
pt snannx xnct sptn cn, epme pasn-
rte +nmnuecne cncremt xecre atne cnep-
nnuecr, npemncrpnpame cnnancrnuecnm cy-
apcram nx esnaexny rcracrt. B nacrxmee pemx
+ra cna ycanaer ynnnte rpanc]pmannn a-
crntx rnmenn. nncrn uepunt naxt npnsnec
nppuecy ]pasy: Bacrt yyme yer acrt pa-
syma. enx e nppuecr ctct. me npecrnr
csnart, ane rpanc]pmannn n na ypne uacrn
xnsnn, n na cnnatnm ypne nperepnnr crnxnnax
acrt n nxnnem n pn pasyma.
Tanm pasm, yymem mecre na cne rp-
uec rpya, npnsxme snannx, yer ]pmnp-
artcx necrnax nuncrt a anax net ymanncrn-
uec mecra. 3nmnuec cn cn ne-
crn pasnrnx nuncrn yer xxrtcx ee nunax,
uacrnax ccrenncrt, cratnte ]pmt ccrenncrn
yyr pnenrnpartcx na nepxanne pasnrnx nun
ccrenncrn ueea. ce snauenne, a mt rme-
uan tme, yer nmert uacrnax nnreeryatnax c-
crenncrt, rpax xna trt cxmenn n nenpnc-
nenn. H+rmy npnseennte ueem snannx,
xxmnecx e uacrn ccrenncrt, xnt xpa-
nxrtcx cyapcrm n sanm.
sxennax acrparnax met yyme ymann-
crnuec mecra yer nmert npern-ncrpnuecne
]pmt ce pasnrnx, r. e. nannnatnte men c
210
cnmn cenncrxmn n cnenn]n ax crpane.
Pasymeercx, ymanncrnuecne crpant yyr xnrt
pasnte pennatnte ennennx, rptx +rn crpant
yyr pannpant. crpnuecax mnccnx Pccnn
crart nenrpm, ennxmnm Bcr n 3ana na yx-
n cne, r. e. n necrn nenn ymannsma.
B +rm cyrt en Pycc nen, ennxme nen
mnpa. npax nex cnnansma xxact pasennx-
me nee, paspa np na cncremt annransma n c-
nnansma, eymne mexy c ecmnpmnccny ne-
nuecy pty. B rnmennxx mexy crpanamn ce-
yer rnuart pty nen a ecmnpmnccny
apeccnny ny, pty nen n nenuecy
nypennn, npenaamy ccymecranne n san-
mpasnrne nen. Hnrnuece pycr yy-
mnx ymanncrnuecnx crpan craner pnenrnpartcx ne
na ecmnpmnccny pty c cyapcramn pynx c-
nnatntx ya, a yaxart npa tpa ax crpa-
n ce nyrn pasnrnx.
nncannt acrparn ]pme ymanncrnuecn
nea Pccnn +r net, rp xn crpemnrtcx
pccnce mecr. Pasymeercx, npern-ncrpnue-
cne ycnx peansannn ymanncrnuec neaa Pc-
cnn necyr nsmenennx nncanny met mecra. rx
Pccnx n craner nnnnnarpm csannx ymanncrnuec
mecra, n cpemennte ncrannrancrnuecne
crpant, nnm, tcrpee, uem Pccnx, cmyr ncrpnrt
y cex ymanncrnuece mecr c pasnuntmn nann-
natntmn mexmn. Ipx ueeuec nnnnsannn,
ee yymem, ceyer rmernrt, ur panecrymax
nppecca ueeuecra eer snnnenn nnnnsa-
nnn atn ymannsma. Fyymee Pccnn n ueeue-
cra nem, ranm pasm, ne sa mecrm rexnnn,
axe ymannsnpann, ne sa mecrm ceme n-
rpeennx, ne sa mecrm asapmenn cnnansma, a
sa mecrm cnnatn ymannsma.
?10.@
B ann mnpa]nn npanansnpana ectma ary-
atnax npema sanmrnmennx ueea n mecra
paypce cranennx nuncrn n pxamecx me-
cra atn ymannsma. eam paspemennx an-
n ]ynamenratn npemt xxercx camcaca-
nne rnmenn ueea n mecra, rpe ncrxnn
napymaercx cam npnp ueea, npecraxme
c enncr n sanmecrne npxa n xaca.
x crnxennx ccrxnnx atn ymannsma ne-
xnma cyapcrennax nenx. 3ect cnta-
ercx pnnnatnt sx na nen: na ne me-
crenne repernuece nsnanne, a cax crpyrypa -
mecra. Ta nx mxer, na nam sx, ctpart
c ncunretny pt ncrmmynncrnuec Pc-
cnn, eame ncrpnuecn tp ce nyrn pasnrnx.
Hce aycra 1991 . pasacx nenuecn ay-
ym; mecr xe, a n npnpa, ne repnnr nycrrt. n
ne mxer cymecrart n npmatn pasnartcx es ne-
nn. uenn, nax cyapcrennax nenx ne-
xnmtm pasm yer uart cex ytrypnte
nenncrn, tparannte Pccne na nprxxennn rtcxue-
ernx, n meueeuecne nenncrn. x cnnres c yue-
rm cnenn]nn Pccnn a cyapcra-nrnnenra
(B. . Bepnacn, R. . Xan) nsnr n Pc-
cnn crart npnerame crpan. Taax nenx pe-
rer +]]ernncrt, nnpaxct na necrny nuncrt, na
crercrymne cnnatnte mexannsmt ]pmnpannx
necrn pasnr nuncrn n na mecr atn
ymannsma.
e atneme ncceannx rpeyer npema
sanmecrnx ueea n mecra, n crapax napa-
nma nx sanmrnmennx a ceme n ennnun
renept neaearna cxnmemycx nxenn eme.
B ann pare nmt nameuen nryp ann ncce-
212
annx, r. . ne ncntsyercx npecraenne ueee
a mnae-mnpcme, sanmecryme c pyn-
mn mnaamn-mnpcmamn. Ta paypc naunnar
ncntsart cncreme nay, uacrncrn, ncnxnn.
Tem ee uenna e nrpncrt cnnnue-
cm ananse npemt rnmenn mexy ueem n
mecrm.
Hpexennt nx aer smxncrt nnxrt n
xcnnrt sanmcxst ynnepcatntx n pexrnncrcnx
nenncre, +rnn n map+rnn, enn cnt ymanns-
ma. menn nnnmanne ueea a mnat-mnpc-
ma n treamax rca nnrepnperannx enesnca nu-
ncrn nsxr pncart yymee ymanncrnuece
mecr, rpm xnsneexretncrt nnnna yer
camcacann c exretncrt pynx nnnn.
Ta nx nryer ny nsxennx marepnaa n aer
smxncrt npecranrt cnerp eme nencceanntx
npem, cxsanntx c nncm nrnmatn pemennx
sanmrnmennx nnnna n mecra.
(A@12

1
,. . ecrnax nuncrt: cymncrt, nyrn ]pmnpannx.
Pcr -., 1985. . 89.
2
.% . . Hpxenne ncrpnn: r cnnansma nnn-
nsmy//Bnpct ]nc]nn. 1993. N 4. . 3.
3
m.: /# /. nen ncrpnn//Bnpct ]nc]nn. 1990. N
3.
4
m.: 0$ . . nen ncrpnn nn cmena nnnnsa-
nn?//nnnsannn. Btn. 2. ., 1993.
1 .. .. en ecrecrsnannx ymannrapn naye//ue-
e. 1992. N 2. . 16.
6
m.: Hpema ueea sanan ]nc]nn. ., 1988; 2$
3 /. a xe nam renept xnrt? una, 1990.
7
empanym nexnmcrn pannsannn exynapn nen
rpa n nppammt ax cmnnx//nmanx. 3nx nensnan
n. 1992. uepatmapr. . 45.
Iaa 1. !
1
m.: Sociological abstracts, Bieleield, 1994.
2
uee: tcnren npm n nacrxme e xnsnn, cmeprn
n eccmeprnn. penn mnp +nxa Hpcemennx. ., 1990. . 3.
3
m.: . . enH ss!crpH c!r! ytrypn. ap1,
1993; ,. ., . . uee a cmnanerapnt
]enmen. Pcr n/., 1993. ,. ., . .
nre
patnax npnpa ueea: ecrecrennnayunt n ymannrapnt acne
rt. Pcr n/., 1993.
4
. . Bpemx n ytrypa. apt, 1987. . 133.
5
m.: 4! . ., 5. *. cmnanerapnt ]enmen
ueea: Hpemt mnecn nsyuennx. cnnpc, 1991.
6
m.: nnnx//I. B. cnn, R. H. aen, . . Bnnane,
P. I. ncn. ., 1990. . 95.
7
) . uee a npemer ]nc]nn//Bnpct ]nc]nn.
1989. N 2. . 42.
8
1 *. ., ( . /. mtc xnsnn n nuncrt.
cnnpc, 1989. . 68.
9
m.: 1 *. ., ( . /. as, cu.; uee:
pas
n crpax. Hepnennnx crpaxa. ., 1991; 6789 . rograra mogu.
arsaaa, 1984.
10
uee. tcnren npm n nacrxme... . 21.
11
Tam xe. . 9.
12
nuncrt rpannnnnm nrae. ., 1992. . 68.
13
% )., ) . Hmexa uee//t mnp.
1988. N 12. . 217.
214
14
nuncrt rpannnnnm nrae. . 4.
15
Tam xe. . 65.
16
Tam xe. . 20.
17
m.: rptrne nnn: unc]cne n +crernuecne
sspennx
nnn XX ea. ., 1987. . 448449.
18
m.: ) ). . Asian ersonalit
Theories//urrent
ersonalit Theories. tasca, 1971. S. 367397.
19Tam xe. . 370.
20
uee. tcnren npm n nacrxme... . 49.
21
. *. Hcnxnx panne ynsma. cnt
rnerc
mncrnnnsma. H., 1993. . 148.
22
m.: uee. tcnren npm n nacrxme... .
63.
23
:;<=;> . .. ?. Histori o scholog. Ne-erse,
1980. S. 217.
24
1' 5. 1. Hpema ueea ncrpnn
]nc]c mtcn.
., 1986. . 22.
25
uee. tcnren npm n nacrxme... . 280.
26
@ /. unnennx: B 2-x r. T. 2. ., 1982. . 2.
27
nrnx mnp ]nc]nn: B 4-x r. T. 2. ., 1970.
. 610.
28
4 ". unnennx: B 6-rn r. T. 4. (2). ., 1965. . 27.
29
. unnennx: B 14-rn r. T. 14. ., 1959. . 434.
30/$' . spannte ]nc]cne npnseennx: B 2-
x r. T. 2.
., 1955. . 3132.
31
3apyexnax ]anracrnuecax npsa npmtx e.
nnatnte
yrnnn. ., 1989. . 5455.
32
Tam xe. . 145.
33
1 A. 3aemanne. . ; . 1954. . 283.
34
B ). spannte cunnennx. T. 2. . ; . 1950. .
218.
35
sxenne yuennx en-nmna. . , 1961. . 402
403. .
36
@$ . . Hn. cp. cu. T. 1. . 3132.
37
C&D$ .. . spannte ]nc]cne
npnseennx: B
2-x r. T. 1. . , 1950. . 232.
38
C&D$ .. . Hn. cp. cu. T. 3. . , 1947.
. 137.
39
% *. ". panne cunnenn: B 30-rn r. ., 1950.
T. 7. . 195.
40
1 4. , E /. u. T. 42. .
120.
4
' Tam xe. T. 27. . 402-403.
42
Tu x. T. 3. . 441.
43
. ". . cp. cu. T. 41. . 33.
I. /!& !
1
ue naunnaercx nuncrt. ., 1983. . 323330.
2
Tam xe. . 331.
3
1 *. ., ( . /. mtc xnsnn n nuncrn.
cnnpc, 1989. . 4243.
4
Tam xe. . 6869.
5
. . unnennx: B 2-x r. T. 1. ., 1988. . 282.
6
Tam xe. . 286.
7
4 . Pennsn-]nc]cne cunnennx. ., 1992. T. 1.
. 139.
8
Tam xe. . 98.
9
@ .. *. pacre, ce ueea. Hapnx. 1972, . 30.
Pyccn cmnsm: nrnx ]nc]c mtcn. ., 1993.
. 279.
11
FGHII;J . K. Beond reedom and ignit. 1971. N 4. . 121.
12
Tam xe. . 199.
215
13
m.: .# 0(. Hcnxnx n ncnxnarpnx B. .,
1984. . 68.
14
FGHII;J . K. Op. ut. . 110103.
15
FL J<8MM N. Uber Si nn der Si nne. Berl i n, 1950.
16
O<MP;JM 4. lulosoplue B. ee 1973. Bd. 2. S. 204.
17
Fypxyasnax ]nc]cax anrpnnx XX ea. .,
1986. . 29.
18
m. : /$ Q. Hcnxanans. Pennx. ytrypa. . ,
1992.
19
/$ Q. Fyymncrt n nsnn. . ; . , 1930. .
51.
20
/$ Q. Hcnxnuecne +rt. ., 1912. . 49.
21
, 4. Hcnxnuecne rnnt. ., 1962. . 109.
22
. . aya n mncrnnnsm XX ee. .,
1990. . 83.
23
/## E. mert nn trt? . , 1990. . 154.
24
m.: Hpema ueea sanan ]nc]nn. .,
1988. . 31
95.
25
m. : Fypxyasnax ]nc]cax anrpnnx... . 207.
26
The Met aphore o ousc ousness. N. . , 1981. S. 37.
27
2$ ). Tec]nx. ., 1915. . 18.
28
The Metaphors o ousciosness. . 487500.
29
3 . 3a npeeamn msa. Pxenne, cmeprt n
rpancnenennnx
ncnxrepannn. . , 1992. . 74.
30
@# 0. aya n yxncrt: nexnmcrt nsmenenn
ytry-
pe// uee. 1993. N 1. . 7.
31
Tam xe. . 11.
32
Tam xe.
Iaa 3. enx n nuncrt
1
@'$ ,. r cyeepn. . , 1993. . 63.
2
unc]cax +nnnnenx. . , 1962. T. 2. . 229.
3
Hnrnx: 3nnnnenuecn capt. ., 1993. .
114.
4
* . . , @ . . ryatnte npemt
mapcncr
c-ennnc ]nc]nn. ., 1989. . 266.
5
1$ /. ytrypa n nte ct/ / yptep
R. 1993.
a. . 45.
6
% 1. . Bcr3ana: na
]nc]//Bnpct ]n
c]nn. 1989. N 12. . 156.
. . crpnx Bcra: 2-x r. T. 1. . ,
1993. . 17.
8
nuncrt rpannnnnm nrae. ., 1992. . 311.
9
m. : )$ 1. enn Bcra. . ; . , 1927.
10
. . as. cu. T. 1. . 23.
11
R$ 1. nnax cna ymannsma/ / yptep
R. 1992.
rxpt. . 1920.
12
m. : S7=;JL M . The Triamph o est . , 1990. . 427.
13
4$ . 1. 3nnx nrara (ntrt
ncnx]nsnnuec
ncceannx). . , 1992. . 195.
14
Tam xe. . 209.
15
m. : Hyrn pasnn. Pyccax nnrenennnx n cytt
Pccnn. . ,
1992.
16
4. .. spanne. . , 1993. . 25.
17
( A. ea ypaenna/ / yptep R.
1991. n
pet. . 1617.
18
.% . *. mecrennm
neae// Bnpct ]nc
]nn n ncnxnn. 1916. n. 132133. . 357.
19
50/50. ntr capx n mtmennx. . , 1989. .
370.
20
50/50; m. : 4 ). T. uenmen rranrapnsma.
Pcr n/.,
1990.
216
21
m. : *. x pta. . , 1992.
22
nr. n: 4 . . Fapapcca: ncrn n ncrpnx
enua
me npecrynennx nmnepnansma. ne, 1989. . 425.
23
0( 1. nn rranrapnsma. . , 1992. . 205.
24
Tam xe. . 254.
25
50/50. . . . 113.
26
Tam xe. . 107108.
27
.%D /. unnennx: B 2-x r. T. 2. . , 1990. . 95.
28
U#D ,. *. nen ncrpnn: nensm n
peansm/ / Bn-
pct ]nc]nn. 1990. N 3. . 151.
29
)$ V. nxenne r
ernnsma/ / Hcnxnuecn
xypna. 1993. T. 14. . 29.
30
* T. 1. anaa. . , 1993, . 104.
Iaa 4. ( %' + #!!

1
# . . 3a nrp ]nc]cnx ncceann
cnnatn
nparne/ / Bnpct ]nc]nn. 1983. N 9. . 14.
2
. . rpyrypt ueeuec exretncrn. . ,
1984. . 14.
3 m. : 0 $ . . B s a mn r y u e e u e c n n n n ya t n -
c r n / / B n p c t ]n c ]n n. 1 9 9 0 . N 3 . . 3 6 .
4 )$ V. nxenne r
ernnsma/ /Hcnxnuecn xyp
na. 1993. T. 14. . 28.
5
4!%$ ,. uee nmepnt (ncnxnuece
+cce). . ,
1991. . 180181.
6
m. : C$$ ,. . sm rpennx/ / nmnx n
xnsnt. 1993.
N 7; , T. , $ T. ,. , U 0. s t
]para/ / B mnpe
nayn. 1990. N 10.
7
nr. n: C$$ ,. . as. cu. . 18.
8 W< I X ; Y Y J 7 L . Th e r a n c t a l e o me t r i o Na t u r e . . r e e ma n a n d .
ompan. 1982. . 1 .
9 , 4. pxernn n cnm. . , 1991. . 9798.
10
m. : OI=9 . Z. schol og and t he Occul t . ri met en
1977.
11
m.: [7MPHM\>Y 4. Uarun onania patologii
stosuno
mi dl udi ch/ loi e i si at opogl ad. 1986. N 12.
12
m. : )# 0. erpte rnnt xaparepa n
mecra/ / nnc.
1993. N 5.
13
/3 4. *. nnatnax anmnx: sp nx
amepnan
c cnnnn/ / nnc. 1992. N 5. . 91.
14
eue oumai ne des Suences oual es. 1982. T. 26. ] 4.
. 363.
15
Tam xe. . 37.
16
m.: * @. te marepnat n ncceannx.
. , 1980.
n. II.
17
:8>9=; S. Thr oduct i on/ / Tn. Ar t and t he r eat i e
onsi ous ness
Ne Terse, 1972. . 912.
18
@$ ,. nmept, nepeparannte
peatncrt//Pnna.
1993. N 10. . 32.
19
$# ". nacnax cna/ / yptep R. 1993.
npet.
. 38.
20Tam xe. . 39.
21
Tam xe.
22
4 *. . , R .. *. utp n pnsnc
mecra. . ,
1993. . 35.
23
)D . Ipnr Inrep. 3ept ns esnt. . ,
1993. . 187
188.
217
24
2! *. 1. nt amepnanc ncrpnn. . ,
1992. . 609.
25
1. Pasnrne nnnnsannn mepne. . ,
1992. T. 1.
. 419.
Iaa 5. (>!+ 3!+ !!& & +
#!!
1
m.: spt n npeme ueea. unc]ce nnnmanne ue
ea. ., 1988. Btn. 2.
2
m.: )$ 0(^ ! *. nnnyatncrt n npancrnuecne
past ueeuec npnpt//mnar. N 2. . 4658.
3
. . 47.
4
Tam xe. . 49.
5
Tam xe. . 52.
6
m.: 3 . 4. 3a npeeamn msa. u 1992.
7
/## E. mert nn trt? ., 1986. . 48.
8
. . 39.
9
)# 0. erpte rnnt xaparepa n mecr//nnc. 1993.
N 5. . 145.
10
m.: E 1. cmc n ncrpnx. ., 1987;
O7G<JMGH F. liadl i Orient. rocla. 1984.
11
m.: . . crpnx penn. Pcr n/., 1993.
12
$# 1. aaa. cnnpc, 1993. u. 2. . 21.
13
_HYM7I . The human ourne: hristianit and
modern
consiousness: Sutherland, 1980. . 189.
14
0 *. Hyrn acra. ., 1991.
'5 _HYM7I . Op. cit. . 78.
16
678I9 . rogram morgu. arssaa, 1984.
17
Ta rotumiec dris ulture sieca?//loiec isurat poglad. 1988.
N 11.
18
Tam xe.
19
m.: O7G<MGH F. Op. cit.
20
[H;Y 8G=7`MGH O. Si atopol ad deueareshoo
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21
E 1. as. cu.
22
678I9 . Op. ci t . . 329.
23
Tam xe. . 332.
24
@ . 5. npeme npcrpancra
nrac n+-
snn/ / crpnx cruntx ytryp. . , 1976. . 33.
Tam xe. . 34.
Iaa 6. A>% $
1
m.: nnnsannn. Btn. 2. , 1993.
2
m.: @ ). 1. cmnuece csnanne. H., 1915.
3
Tam xe. . 6.
4
S8MM;L [. The global Brain; Speculation on the Iolutionar heap
to lanetar. onscunusness. os-Angeles, 1983. . 19.
5
T . . 3132.
6
T . . 138, 143.
7
T . . 143.
8
T . . 160.
9
T . . 228.
10
T . . 37.
11
T . . 170.
218 .
12 Tam xe. . 158.
13
Tam xe. . 159.
14
%$ 1. 1. npsspenne, ecrecrsnanne,
renx. . ,
1986. . 199.
15
. . erpannnnnte pennn na 3anae n
crunte
pennsnte ytrt. . , 1985. . 56.
16
. 0. Hpema rpuec nuncrn crun
]n
c]c rpannnn yxn nacrannuecra//unc]nx
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17
rds and Magi c: An Odi sse t o t he Ul t i mat e ri gmare.
1975.
. 20.
18
1D$ . ., . ". Hcnxrmnmernn.
., 1971.
. 99100.
19
0. . nnncrna nsmenenntx ccrxnn
csnannx. . ,
1986. . 86.
20
Tam xe. . 87.
21
sn . ., )D 1. 1. yrennax rpennpa.
., 1986.
. 158.
22
"! 4. 3mnnn ueea. . , 1980. . 121.
23
A. ytrypa, nsnanne n rercrenncrt: n
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24
ncremenes n npemt enernn msa. . , 1983. .
46.
25
Hcnxnuecne acnert ynsma. cnnpc, 1986.
. 6.
26
.# . . , A. *. a smxn
ncrpenne m
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186.
27
Tam xe. . 190.
28
2& . @. ep]nsnnuece nsyuenne
crpyrypt ncn-
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29
The Met aphar s o onsi onsess. N. . , 1981. . 172.
30
Tam xe. . 178.
31
*! T. 1. anaa. . , 1993. . 102.
32
@. pacra cnpra. exncnnnnnapnte
ncceannx. . ,
1984. . 140141.
33
. .. *. Peatnte nepeatncrn/ / uee. 1993. N
1. . 35
36.
34
Tam xe. . 3738, 4041.
35
E. Hpemt nratxnc Bspxennx. . ,
1986. . 341.
36
. *., ". 0. nnnt. ., 1983. . 179.
37
0(. enrp nnna. ne, 1993. . 2324.
38
m. : 1 /. *. , ! .. .. neapxnmem
pemenn/ / c-
rpn-maremarnuecne ncceannx. . , 1993.
Iaa 7. * 3**5 A
1
m.: ,. ., 1%$ . . Iymannsm n mecr yy-
me//nnc. 1993. N 5.
2
4! ". rapte n repnyrt, nte eme ne npnmn//Pc-
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3
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. 148.
4
2$% *. Faenne nepe xnsnt. ., 1992. . 23.
8
1 . Be cepepxnt, nmt ceuac nnnmaem, ur ncex
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6
m.: B$ @. ". nxst rtmt//Pman-asera. 1993. N 4. .
55.
7
@ *. . a npca//nnc. 1992. N 5. . 10.
219
8
0 ). Bacrt ne n nex acrn/ /esancnmax
asera. 1995.
25 anpex.
9
. . e npeparnrt pa na. Bsx
na ny
cyapcrenny nen//Pccncax asera. 1992. 2
mapra.
10
R$ 1. Hnctm ymannsme//Hpema
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n ]nc]nn. . , 1988. . 341.
" m.: # . . n]ynn: xnsnt, yuenne, cyta.
, 1993.
Iaa 4.
12
#% . . na ytrypntx mnp//nn
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13
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14
m. : .%D /. H ry crpny pa n sa: eneann
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15
n. tx Iasyn mapcnsme-
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sera. 1992. 21 nxpx.
16
1 4. , E /. u. 2-e ns. T. 20. . 303.
17
4$! .. 1. nreeryatnax
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18
. . ". Fyymee Pccnn yxn-
+nuecax nnn-
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19
1 .. .. rparenx nepexn
nepna//Becrnn Pccn
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20
4! .. as. cu.
21
1 4. , E /. u. 2-e ns. T. 3. . 3.
22
33 B. 3pa cmemennx acrn//unc]nx ncrpnn:
nr
nx. . , 1994. . 338.
!& % 1'
2#a
Iaa 1. 0*!5. 1985 .
Iaa 2. @ . 1986.
Iaa 3. (&. 1986 .
Iaa 4. #+ #'*!. 1988 .
Iaa 5. 6!#!% 8!+. 1986 .
Iaa 6. #+ '. 1978 .
Iaa 7. P #'*! G!$. 1972 .
.1.
Hpencne..............................................................................................
3
Beenne ..................................................................................................
5
Iaa 1. crpnx nnxrnx nuncrn ,......................................................
9
Iaa 2. pemenne npeeenne nuncrn ....................................35
Iaa 3. enx n nuncrt...............................................................57
Iaa 4. Hnxrne cnnatn mexannsma ]pmnpannx nuncrn . 81
Iaa 5. Hpansm pas npnpt ueea n rnnt mexanns
m ]pmnpannx nuncrn....................................................................105
Iaa 6. Pennx ueeuec ncnxne .....................................129
Iaa 7. Iymanncrnuece yymee Pccnn ........................................155
1. Hpema yyme mecra Pccnn.............................158
2. ymncrt n npnnnnnt pannsannn pccnc yma
nncrnuec mecra .....................................................163
3. enuecax crpyrypa yyme pccnc me
cra ........................................................................................174
4. cnnte c]ept pccnc ymanncrnuec me
cra ............................................................................................206
3auenne................................................................................................212
Hpnmeuannx ............................................................................................214
an nap 12.10.95. Hnncan neuart 3.11.95.
upmar 84X108/32. Fymaa rnnpa]cax N 1.
Iapnnrypa nreparypnax. Heuart ]cernax. c. n. . 8,1.
Tnpax 10000 +s. 3aas N 1664.
Hnpa]nuece ennenne nna
454000, . uexnnc, y. Hcrtmea, 2.