22975

..
--
2014
- www.phoenixbooks.ru
373.167.1:54
2472
444
33
33
..
/ .. . / : , 2014.
93 . ( ).
ISBN 978-5-222-22975-0

, .
,
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,
,
, .
ISBN 978-5-222-22975-0
373.167.1:54
2472
.., , 2014
, , 2014

1. , .
2. : +7N, +33As, +35Br, +26Fe .
118 .
3. () () (Z)
(N):
() = Z + N.

.
, () : -12, 12C, -17 17O,
-35 35Cl.
4. , ,
1/12
12, 12.
Ar(Ca) = 40,078, Ar(Cl) = 35,453.
5. , , .
6. , .
7. ,
.
8. () ,
1/12 12.
3
9.
(, , ), . , , .

- ,
H, Cl, P, Fe
H2, Cl2, P4 , Fe
;
- -

10. (, ) , ,
.
11. ,
, .
12.
,
, .
13. , , , .
,
() ,
.
14. () (NA): 6,021023 ( ) . N = 6,021023 1.
N = N(1) n ().
15. (M) 1 (6,021023
) ( , )
():
4
= m() / n(). .
16. n( X ) =
m(X )
m(X) =n() M(X).
M (X )
17. ,
.
,
, .
,
. .

(. )
,
, .
,
, , ,

(..
(1748)
, , , .

(, )
.
1. : Vm = 22,4 3/.
2.
( ): = M/Vm m/V.
3. (D)
:
DA/B = mA/mB; DA/B = MA/MB

, , ( ). :
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
1V 3V
2V
:
T = const, pV = const
:
V = const, p/T = const
:
p = const, V/T = const
1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2
. . p = 101,3, T0 = 273 K
n = m/M; n = V/Vm; n = N/NA

m1/m2 = V/Vm; m/M = N/NA; V/Vm = N/Nm
DA/B = mA/mB; DA/B = MA/MB.

: 1869 . ..

.
() . .
: , , .
. : ) , ; )
; )
1 8, ; )
, .
6

: ) IIII. :
2, 8, 8; )
IVVII. : 18, 18,
32, 26 ( ).
: ) - ()
; ) -
; ) .
:
. : , .

p
n
e
- ,
1,6731027 1,0073 ... 1,60210 19

1+
1,6751027 1,0087 ...
0
0
9,1091031 0,0005 ... 1,60210 19
1
(Z) .
.
. , .
,
, ,
.

( , ), ( , .).
:
,
.
7
. .
, .
.
(),
(, , ) ().
, () -.
CnH2n+2
4
26
38
4 10
512
2
33
323
3223
32223

( sp3-) 10928.
.
, 38 (),
.
0,154
() (
).
CH3CH(CH2)3CHCHCH2CH3
|
| |
CH3 CH3
C2H5
3,4,8-
, ,
60
24
(. .), 515 , 17 .

.
.
1. :
:
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl;
: CH4 + HNO3 CH3NO2 + H2O.
2. :
, :
1022 510 + 512;
: 26 24 + 2;
(-
:
614 66 + 42.
3. :
():
H4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O;
, ,
.
:
2410 + 52 43 + 22
1.
2. () :
2RBr + 2Na RR + 2NaBr
3. :
Pt
+
4
10
4. :
CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
5. :
Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3+ 3CH4
61

1. .. : 1011 : . .,
1996.
2. .. : . .: , 2008.
3. .. . 11 : / .. , .. , .. . .: , 2003.
4. .. : -
. --: , 2003.
5. .. : 11 / .. , .. . .: , 2008.
6. .. / .. ,
.. . .: , 2009.
7. .. . : . . .: , 1999.
8. .. : 1011 . .: , 1991.
9. .. : / .. , .. . .:
, 2006.
10. : 10 : / ..
[ .]. .: , 2008.
11. . ,
/ ..
[ .]. .: , 2009.
12. .. : 8 : / .. , .. , .. . .: ,
2012.
91

.................................................................................3
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........................................................10
. ........................................................11
.....................................................................................14
.....................................................................16
.
..........................................................................17
.........................................................................................................18
..................................................18
( )...............19
.......................20

.......................................................................................21
.........................................................................................23
......................................................................................................24
.....................................................................................................25
VII .................................................................................26
......................................................................26
VI ...................................................................................29
...................................................................................................29
...............................................................................30
V ....................................................................................33
.............................................................................33
.......................................................................36
IV ...................................................................................38
.......................................................................38
......................................................................41
..........................................................................................................42
.....................................................................................44
III . ...........................48
92
.....................................................................................51
......................................................................................................56
...................................................................57
................................................................58
...................................................................................60
.................................................................................................60
. . .................................................................60
...................................................................70
......................................................................................................70
........................................................................................................74
................................................................................................75
...............................................................................77
.......................................................................................79
.........................................................................................................81
.........................................................................................................80
.........................................................................................81
..............................................................................................83
..........................................................................................84
........................................................................85
.......................................................................................................85
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93
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n = m/M; n = V/Vm; n = N/NA

1,6731027 1,0073 ... 1,60210 19

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