Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 1

Electromyography

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Tm tt ni dung
Electromyography
Vi tc dng rt ln ca cc thit b in c trong vic h tr cho cc bc s trong vic chn on cng
nh cha cc bnh v c,nhm em s cp n cc vn chnh trong bi bo co tm hiu v tn hiu
in c nh sau: Th nht,cc vn lin quan n tn hiu: x l,nh hng. . . Th hai,thit k mt s
nguyn l v mt thit b o EMG Cui cng,gii thiu mt s sn phm o tn hiu in c ngy nay.
1 Tm hiu v s qua v tn hiu in c
in c l g?
Tn hiu in c(electromyogram(EMG)) l mt dng tn hiu in sinh hc rt quan trng c gi tr
chn on cao cho rt nhiu bnh v c v thn kinh. o in c l mt hot ng ghi li hot ng in
ca c.Khi c hot ng s sinh ra dng in. Dng in ny thng t l vi mc hot ng ca c.o
in c cn gi l in c . o in c c th c dng pht hin bt thng hot ng in ca c
xy ra bt k bnh l no bao gm bnh lon dng c,vim c,bnh thn kinh gy au,tn thng thn
kinh ngoi bin (tn thng thn kinh cng tay ,chn),x cng ct bn teo c,nhc c,thot v a m v
cc bnh khc.
Ti sao phi o in c? o in c thng c thc hin khi ngi bnh b yu c m khng gii thch
c,hoc hin tng lit, cc vn v c v vn ng nh run ry hay co git,tn thng thn kinh c do
thng tch v mt s bnh l khc.o in c gip phn bit gia bnh c m trong nguyn nhn gy
bnh xut pht t c v yu c do ri lon thn kinh.o in c cng c th s dng pht hin yu c
thc s,ngc vi yu c do au lm ngi bnh khng dm c ng nhiu.
2 Ngun gc ca electromyography
Ngun gc ca hu ht cc tn hiu in sinh hc l s thay i rt nhanh ca in th qua mng t bo
ca tt c cc t bo sng. C th hn, cc tn hiu in sinh hc pht sinh t cc in th qua mng
t bo thay i theo thi gian c th thy cc t bo thn kinh hay cc t bo c gm c c tim.C s
in ha ca in th mng t bo tn ti da trn 2 hin tng : (1) mng t bo c tnh bn thm, hay
ni cch khc chng c dn v thm khc nhau i vi cc ion v phn t khc nhau, v (2) mng
t bo c cc c ch bm ion s dng nng lng trao i cht (v d ATP). Cc c ch bm ion ch ng
truyn ion v phn t qua mng t bo, chng li hng ro nng lng v Gradien nng gia phn trong
v phn ngoi t bo. trng thi bn cc ion lin tc c xu hng lt vo bn trong (Na+) hoc ra ngoi
t bo (K+) t bo, qu trnh bm ion din ra lin tc nhm phc hi v duy tr nng ion ca trng thi

Version 1.1: Jan 17, 2011 4:58 am GMT+7

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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 2
ny. Tn hiu in c (EMG) l mt tn hiu in sinh hc quan trng c gi tr chn on cao cho rt nhiu
bnh v c v thn kinh. Chng ta c th o tn hiu ny t b mt da vi cc in cc tng t nh o
ECG, tuy nhin kch thc in cc cn phi nh (thng < 1 mm2). o tn hiu in c t mt n v
vn ng n (SMU tp hp t mt s si c ring l) hoc thm ch phi dung n cc in cc dng kim
xuyn qua da ti b mt c cn o. Vic ghi nhn tn hiu EMG dng chn on mt s nguyn nhn
suy yu c hoc hin tng lit, cc vn v c v vn ng nh run ry hay co git, tn thng thn kinh
c do thng tch v mt s bnh l khc. Trong c th c mt s loi c chnh l c vn, c trn v c tim.
C vn thng c chia thnh c nhanh v c chm. C nhanh dung trong cc chuyn ng nhanh gm c
cp c cng chn , c thanh qun, . . . C chm dung cho iu khin t th gm cc c nh c dp, cc c
ngc, lng v c,. . . Vic ghi tn hiu EMG thng c thc hin cho c hai loi c trn. Ngoi ra ngi
ta cng thng o cho cc c t l din hn nh c ngoi mt di chuyn nhn cu, c m mt v cc c
dung cho iu khin thanh qun. Mi c vn c th c chi phi bi mt nhm t bo thn kinh ct sng,
trong cc Neuron vn ng nhn tn hiu kch thch v c ch u vo t cc Neuron phn hi ln cn
trn sng c, dy chng Golgi v cc t bo phn hi Renshaw. Cc Axon Neuron vn ng ring bit iu
khin s co tht mt c c th, c phn b trn cc nhm nh cc si c gi l mt n v vn ng n
(SMU). Cc SMU hp li s thnh c c. Kt ni gia cc u nhnh ca mt Axon vn ng n l vi cc
si c SMU c gi l cc tm vn ng (MEP). MEP l cc tip hp ha hc m cht truyn dn l
Acetylcholine (ACh) c gii phng ra trc tip hp v khuch tn qua cc khe trng mi ni n cc
vng thu nhn trn mng t bo st tip hp. Khi mt xung in ca Neuron vn ng i n mt MEP, n
kch hot qu trnh Exocytosis hay lm cn hon ton khong 300 l trng cha Ach trc Synap (c xp
x 3.105 l trng u mi MEP, mi l trng c ung knh khong 40nm). Mt lng khong t 107 n
5x108 phn t Ach cn kch hot mt in th hot ng c. Ach khuch tn qua khe Synap rng t 20
n 30 nm trong khong thi gian xp x 0,5ms. Ti y mt s phn t Ach kt hp vi cc im tip nhn
trn cc n v protein hnh thnh nn cc ng tip nhn ion di Synap. C 5 n v protein phn t
khi ln to thnh mt ng Ach gn vo cc n v protein s lm gin cc ng ny ra thm 0,65nm.
Cc ng dn ion m rng cho php ion Na+ chy vo. Tuy nhin cc ion Cl- vn b y ra v cc in
tch m c nh ca vo ca ng. Nh th, mng di Synap c kh cc, to ra mt in th hot
ng ca c. in th qua mng c th tng ln n +50mV, to thnh mt xung in th qua tm vn
ng EPP. in th ny s c hnh thnh sau mt khong thi gian xp x 8ms, thi gian ny lu hn rt
nhiu so vi in th hot ng thn kinh. Lung Ach khe Synap v phn bm vo vng thu nhn nhanh
chng gim xung do thy phn bi enzyme Cholinesterase khe Synap v cc thnh phn trong phn t
ca chng s c ti s dng. Mt lng nh Ach thot khi khe nh qu trnh khuch tn v cng b thy
phn. Khi mng sau Synap ngay di MEP b kh cc di dng u ra l mt xung EPP c ngng rt
ln, mt in th hot ng c s pht ra v truyn i theo mng ngoi ca si c. y chnh l in th
hot ng to ra hin tng co c hoc tn hao sinh lc vn ng. Cc loi in th hot ng c thng
thng c o bn trong t bo MEP v im cch u MEP khong 2mm, nh trn hnh minh ha.
in th hot ng trong c xng c truyn i vi vn tc t 3 n 5m/s v tn ti trong khong t 2
n 15ms, ph thuc vo mi loi c v mc dao ng ca n t gi tr ngh khong -85mV n gi tr
nh xp x +30mV. mt da, in th ny xut hin di dng xung ba pha c bin nh t 20V n
2000V. Mt dng in th hot ng c bnh thng c o bn trong t bo tm vn ng (nt lin)
v cch 2mm theo si c (nt t) m bo tt c cc b phn su bn trong si c du c kch thch
co rt cng lc v cng mt cng , dc theo si c s c cc si ngang dng ng nh xoy su bn
trong si c gi l ng T. Cc ng T ny c u m nhn dich t ngoi t bo vo v c hai u ca ng
u ni vi mng ca si c. Chng dn truyn in th hat ng c t pha ngoi vo khu vc su bn
trong si c tt c cc v tr dc theo si c. Mt kch thch ng b tt c cc Neuron vn ng phn
b trn c c gi l hin tng co git, tc l cng ca c gim xung mt lng nh sau oa tng
ln bt ng ri li gim xung dn n khng. S co c ko di c to ra t qu trnh kch thch c t h
thn kinh mt cch u n. Khi s kch thch ngng li c s v trng thi ngh .
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 3
3 Cch ghi tn hiu EMG
o tn hiu in c t mt n v vn ng n (SMU-tp hp t mt s si c ring l) hoc thm ch
l t cc si c ring l, ngi ta phi dng n cc in cc dng kim xuyn qua da ti b mt ca c cn
o. Do vy,phng php o ny c bit cn cc yu cu v v trng. Sau y nhm em s gii thiu qua
v mt s in cc. in cc dng trong EMG
3.1 in cc ng tm EMG
Adrian v Bronk pht trin cc in cc ng tm thu c mt ch kp nh hn so vi cc in cc dy.
Cc phin bn hin i ca in cc ng tm bao gm mt dy bch kim hoc dy thp khng r nm bn
trong Lumen ca mt ng d bng thp khng r vi ng knh ngoi khong 0,5 mm, nh xin mt gc
t 15-20 , do l ra phn dy trung tm nh l mt b mt elip xin khong 150 580 m. Dy trung
tm c cch ly vi ng d bng araldite hoc epoxy. Nhng in cc kim phc v cho vic ghi tn hiu
EMG di da. i vi cc in cc si n v in cc ng tm, cc ng d ca kim tim di da ng
vai tr l in cc tham chiu. Cc in cc n c s dng v mt in cc tham chiu t xa. Cc in
cc ng tm c kt ni vi mt b khuch i vi sai, do tn hiu ch mode chung s b loi b
mt cch hiu qu, v thu c mt ng bin tng i n nh. ng d khng c quan tm n nh
mt in cc tham chiu bnh thng bi v n c t bn trong phm vi phn b in th v do
la chn in th t cc si tch cc. Cc s m phng [Henneberg v Plonsey, 1993] ch ra rng cc ng
d bo v cc dy in trung tm khi cc in th c chn t nhng c nm ng sau ca nh. in
cc ng tm c nhy ln nht khi bn cu i mt vi b mt elip xin. Do hm ca nhy l khng
i xng, nn nhng dng sng ca in th c ghi s thay i nu in cc b xoay quanh trc ca n.
Vn ny khng nhn thy c i vi nhng in cc n i xng theo trc, tuy nhin nhng in cc
ny c mt ng bin khng n nh hn do in cc tham chiu nm rt xa. C hai in cc ng tm
v in cc n (xem hnh 14,6) u c s dng trong EMG thng thng. Do s khc bit v c im
ghi, tuy nhin, so snh gia ghi ng tm v ghi n cc khng phi l d. Bi vy mt phng th nghim
EMG ni ring c xu hng ch s dng mt loi v khng dng loi khc.
Trong qu trnh kim tra kim ng tm, cc iu tra vin tm nhng hot ng bt thng, hot ng
t nhin trong cc c bp th gin, v s xut hin d thng ca in th vn chuyn. Cc dng sng ca
in th vn chuyn c nh gi trn c s cc c trng dng sng nh lng c ch ra trong hnh 2:
Bin : c xc nh bi nhng si hot ng ang c mt trong vng ln cn ca u in cc.
Lc thng thp l vic ct bt i nhng nhnh tn s cao ca nhng SFAP xa, v vy bin MUP
khng tng khi mt n v vn ng ln hn. Tuy nhin, bin MUP s tng ln nu cc u in
cc c t gn mt b si c phn b thn kinh. Bin MUP ln thng thy trong cc bnh v
thn kinh.
Rise time l mt hm tng dn ca khong cch gia in cc v cc si c ang hot ng gn
nht. Mt Rise time ngn kt hp vi mt bin MUP nh th ta thy bin gim nhng l do si
c b co vo ch khng phi l do khong cch gia in cc v si gn nht l ln.
S pha:cho thy s phc tp ca MUP v mc lch gia SFAPs. Trong cc bnh v thn kinh, xut
hin MUP nhiu pha do vn tc dn truyn trong nhng dy thn kinh cha hon thin hoc trong
cc si gn rt nh, nhng nhng si c vn b co li. S thay i ca kch thc si c cng gy ra
MUP nhiu pha trong cc bnh v c. ngn chn s bt thng ca nhiu ng bin do nh hng
bi s pha MUP,mt ng bin ph hp cn ln hn mt mc bin ti thiu chun.
Chu k :l khong thi gian gia s xut hin u tin v cui cng ca dng sng vt qu mt
ngng bin c gii hn trc, v d nh, 5 V. S bt u v kt thc ca MUP l s tng hp
ca cc thnh phn tn s thp ca nhng SFAP ri rc trn ton b phm vi kp kim ca in cc
ny. Kt qu l, chu k MUP cung cp thng tin v s lng cc si ang hot ng trong phm vi
kp kim. Tuy nhin, khi vng n v vn ng c th rng hn phm vi kp kim ca in cc ny,
chu k ca MUP khng cung cp thng tin v tng ln ca n vi vn ng. Chu k ca MUP s
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 4
tng nu mt n v vn ng c s lng si c gia tng do s phc hi phn b dy thn kinh. Chu
k MUP chu nh hng mc t hn bi s mt lin kt SFAP.
Din tch cho thy s lng cc si tip gip vi in cc, tuy nhin, khng ging nh bin MUP,
din tch MUP ph thuc vo chu k MUP v do chu nh hng bi cc si c trn mt vng ln
hn so vi bin MUP.
Turns l mt thc o s phc tp ca MUP, ging nh s pha, tuy nhin, mt s i hng ng
khng yu cu mt giao im vi ng bin nh mt pha, s ln i hng nhy cm hn so vi
nhng thay i trong dng sng MUP. phn bit c s i hng ng t nhiu tn hiu, s i
hng lin tip cn phi c b p bi mt bin ti thiu khc.
Da trn nhng thng tin cha trong nhng c trng MUP nh ngha trn, ta c th suy lun v s
lng v mt ca si c trong mt n v vn ng cng nh s ng b ca SFAPs. Tuy nhin, cc in
cc ng tm l khng nghin cu v cc si c ring bit, cng khng phi l n nhy o
c kch thc tng ca mt n v vn ng
3.2 Cc cch o in c
C hai cch o in c l:
o in bn trong c Mt cy kim cm xuyn qua da v c cn o.Cy kim ny s pht hin hot
ng in ca c(ging nh mt in cc). Hot ng in c biu hin trn my o dao ng k
v cng c th th hin c di dng m thanh qua mt my nghe microphone. V cc c xng (c
vn) thng ln,cho nn in cc cn phi c cm nhiu ni trn c mi c th thu c thng
tin chnh xc v hot ng ca in c.Sau khi cm in cc,ngi bnh c yu cu co c( v d co
khuu tay..) Kch thc v hnh dng ca sng hin ti (in th hot ng) c th hin trn dao
ng k,cung cp thng tin v kh nng hot ng ca c i vi p ng kch thch thn kinh.Mi
si c khi co tht s sinh ra in th ng.Kch thc ca si c s nh hng n tn s v bin
in th hot ng.
o in b mt da o in c c mt s c im thu ht.c bit l o in c b mt khng phi
m kim qua da v v vy ngi bnh nhn khng b au.Tuy nhin,gi tr thng tin thu c bng
phng php ny thng khng tt bng o in c cm vo c.Hip hi chn on bng in hc
thng bo:trn thc t,hu nh y vn khng ng h vic s dng o in c trn b mt da trn lm
sn chn on v qun l bnh nhn b bnh v thn kinh hay c.Mc d vy,o in cc trn b
mt da chng t vn cn gi tr trong tng lai gip theo di s tin trin cc ri lon thn kinh v
c.
note: Phi th nghim v tc truyn dn thn kinh thng c th hin cng lc vi o in
c.Trong th nghim ny,dy thn kinh c kch thch bng in cc th hai pht hin xung in
ang h thpt tc dn truyn thn kinh .o tc dn truyn thn kinh thng c thc
hin bng mt in cc dn trn da (ging nh trong o in tim) nhiu v tr phn b khc nhau
ca dy thn kinh .Mt in cc kch thch thn kinh c mt xung in bin i nh.Kt qu ca
hot ng in c ghi li bng nhiu in cc khc nhau.Khong cch gia cc in cc v thi
gian bt xung ca cc in cc gia hai in cc c s dng tnh tc truyn ca xung in
(tc dn truyn thn kinh).Khi tc dn truyn thn kinh gim i ni ln c bnh l dy
thn kinh.o tc dn truyn thn kinh c s dng pht hin ri lon thn kinh tht s
hay bnh l do tn thng thn kinh ca c.Nhit c th phi duy tr bnh thng khi o tc
truyn dn thn kinh ,v nu nhit c th thp s lm cho tc dn truyn ca thn kinh
b chm li.
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 5
4 X l tn hiu v cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu EMG
4.1 X l tn hiu EMG
4.1.1 Ti sao chng ta phi x l tn hiu in c?
-Tn hiu EMG cha c x l s cho nhng thng tin khng c gi tr v n khng chnh xc do c qu
nhiu nhiu can thip vo, ng thi khng th gip ta so snh nh lng tn hiu gia cc i tng. -
Nu cc in cc b dch chuyn th tn hiu thu c khng th gip ta so snh c nh lng trong cng
mt i tng.
4.1.2 Phn loi x l tn hiu EMG
-Cha qua x l -Chnh lu na sng -Chnh lu ton sng -Lc -Ly gi tr trung bnh -Lm phng -Php
ly tch phn -Khai cn ca trung bnh bnh phng -Ph tn s -Phn tch s mi c -S im vt qu
mc 0 -S dng hm phn b xc sut bin - gn sng
EMG cha qua x l
Tn hiu cha qua x l c:
Bin t 0-6 mV
Tn s t 10-500 Hz
- in p nh - nh
o bng mV
Biu hin s hot ng u n ca c
- S phn tch l cht lng hn c
Chnh lu
-Ch nhng gi tr dng l c ly, cn li b loi b. -Chnh lu na sng: nhng ga tr (-) s b loi
b, ch nhng ga tr (+) l c gi li. -Chnh lu c sng: s dng gi tr tuyt i ca mi im d liu.
-Chnh lu ton sng c u tin hn.
Lc
Lc Notch:
Loi b i di tn hiu khng c chn, thng rt hp.
Vi tn hiu EMG thng thng l t 59-61 Hz
S dng loi b nhiu in 60Hz
Nhng ngoi ra cn b i d liu ng
C qu nhiu nhiu nn b lc s khng c gi tr.
Lc thng thp
Cho nhng tn s c bit i qua
Thng t trong khong 20-300Hz + y khng phi l mt b lc hon thin. + B mt c c
th pht ra tn s trn 500Hz + Dng c o nhp tim c th loi b vi gii hn tn s ct thp
l 100Hz + B lc gm c lc 60Hz n cha c nhiu thit b
Ly gi tr in p trung bnh
- Tn hiu EMG mc trung bnh c th c s dng xc nh s lng nhng c tch cc trong ton
b thi gian. - o bng mV - Gi tr ny hn gi tr trung bnh ca mt ca s thi gian trn l thuyt -
Ca s c th c nh hoc di chuyn - Ca s dch chuyn l mt cng ngh lm phng k thut s - Ca
s EMG c trng nm trong khong 100-200 ms - Ca s c dch chuyn ln hn chiu di ca mu -
Mc hot ng trung bnh gy ra mt s thay i v pha - Mc hot ng trung bnh to ra gi tr lch
gi tr c tnh bng cch ??? - K thut ny rt hay c s dng.
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 6
Ly tch phn
-L vic tnh din tch nm pha di tn hiu c chnh lu -o bng Vs -Nhng gi tr s c cng
li trn ton b thi gian l thuyt, sau s c chia cho tng s mc. -Nhng gi tr ny s tng lin
tc theo thi gian -Mc trung bnh kt hp s vo khong 0,637 ca 12 gi tr nh nh -Xc nh c s
lng nhng c tch cc -C th c t li thng qua mt thi gian hoc in p l thuyt.
Khai cn ca trung bnh bnh phng
-Hiu qu ca phng php c gii thiu bi Basmajian v Deluca -Tnh ton bng cch bnh phng
mi mt gi tr (in p), cng tng cc bnh phng, ly tng chia cho s gi tr quan st v cui cng
ly khai cn bc hai. -N vo khong 0,797 ca mt na gi tr nh- nh
S im bin vt qu mc 0
-m s ln bin ca tn hiu vt qu gi tr 0 -Quan nim y l mt c hot ng tch cc hn
th pht ra nhiu nh hng hn -Phng php ny ch yu c s dng trc khi phng php FFT (Fast
Fur transformation )tr nn ph bin.
Phn tch tn s
-Bin i fur nhanh c s dng ngt tn hiu EMG trong thnh phn tn s ca chng. -Nhng
thnh phn tn s ny c minh ho bng th nh mt hm xc sut ca cc s kin. -N rt hu ch
trong vic xc nh tn s ct v s mt mi ca c bp.
Phn tch s mt mi
L s co c cng kch thc -2 thng s quan trng nht i vi vic phn tch s mt mi l tn
s trung tm v tn s trung bnh.
Tn s trung tm s gim i khi bt u thy mt mi -Nu s mt mi ko di lin tc th c mt b
lc thng di l cn thit.
S dng hm phn b xc sut bin
Hm ny minh ho s thay i ca tn hiu -Trc X l trc bin -Trc Y l t l phn trm ca thi
gian ti mt bin nht nh -S phn b ko di sut qu trnh lm vic nn c 2 phng thc:
Ti a kt hp vi s c gng
Ti a kt hp vi s ngh ngi
Phn tch gn sng
-S dng i vi vic x l tn hiu m c th dch chuyn v thay i theo thi gian - gn sng l
thnh phn ca mt hm hoc hu ht cc hm c s gn sng l v hn -Mc ch l biu din tn hiu
nh mt s kt hp tuyn tnh ca mt tp hp cc hm. -Thu c nh s dch chuyn ca mt gn sng
ti mt tn s nht nh qua mt tn s ban u. -Qu trnh ny to ra mt h s gn sng -Khi m h s
c gi tr ph hp, t c th tnh ton khi phc tn hiu mt cch chnh xc. -Tn hiu c khi
phc nh mt s kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm co s m c o bi h s gn sng. -S nh v tn s
thi gian - gn sng ln nht c hn ch bi mt khong thi gian hu hn -Bin i fourier b gii
hn di thng -S xut hin t nhng tn s chun, cn thi gian chun s xut hin nhiu. - gn sng
loi b i nhiu ca tn hiu -Nng lng ca tn hiu s c tng cng vo h s khng nhiu khi khng
c nhiu.
Chun ho
-y khng phi l mt mc tuyt i v s so snh hng vo bn trong i tng hoc trong nhng
iu kin khng th thc hin c. -Mc co c ch ng ln nht thng c s dng c tn hiu
EMG bn trong i tng. -Da vo chnh i tng c c s c gng ht sc. Kt lun -EMG s cung
cp mt thng tin hu ch -Thng tin ny ch c ch khi n c cht lng -Cht lng d liu EMG c
th l mt qu trnh nh tnh.
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 7
4.2 Nhiu in v cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu EMG
Phm vi bin ca tn hiu EMG l t 0-10 mV (+5 n -5) trc khi khuch i. Tn hiu EMG thu
nhiu khi i qua cc m khc nhau. iu rt quan trng cho vic hiu c cc c tnh ca nhiu in.
Nhiu in, m nh hng n tn hiu EMG, c th c phn thnh cc loi sau y:
4.2.1 Trong cc thit b in t vn c nhng ting n
Tt c cc thit b in t u to ra ting n. ting n ny khng th c loi b; s dng linh kin in
t cht lng cao ch c th lm gim ting n.
4.2.2 Ting n xung quanh
Bc x in t l ngun gc ca loi ting n ny. B mt ca c th chng ta lun tn ti trong bc x
in t trng v hu nh khng th trnh s chiu x ti n trn b mt ca tri t. Nhng ting n
xung quanh c th c bin t 1 n 3 mc ca cng ln hn tn hiu EMG.
4.2.3 S chuyn ng ca con ngi
Khi s chuyn ng ca con ngi can thip vo h thng, thng tin s b sai lch. S chuyn ng ca con
ngi l nguyn nhn tnh khng u trong d liu. C hai ngun chnh ca s chuyn ng ca con ngi
: 1) b mt in cc v 2) cp in cc. S chuyn ng ca con ngi c th c gim bng cch thit k
cc mch in t v ci t cho ph hp.
4.2.4 S bt n nh vn c ca tn hiu
Bin tn hiu EMG l ngu nhin trong t nhin. Tn hiu EMG chu nh hng bi tc tng nhit
ca cc n v vn ng, tuy nhin iu kin trn ht l nung nng trong phm vi tn s t 0-20 Hz.
y l nhng ting n khng mong mun v vic loi b chng l quan trng.
Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n tn hiu EMG cng c th c phn loi. Cn phn loi bi v vic
phn tch thut ton ca tn hiu EMG nh c th c ti u ha v thit b c th c thit k mt
cch nht qun. Cc yu t nh hng n tn hiu EMG ri vo ba trng hp c bn:
Cc yu t gy bnh
y l nh hng trc tip n tn hiu. Cc yu t gy bnh c th c chia thnh hai lp:
a. Bn ngoi :iu ny l do c cu v v tr ca in cc. Cc nhn t nh din tch b mt b d, hnh
dng ca in cc, khong cch gia b mt b d - in cc, v tr ca in cc i vi cc im vn
ng trong c, v tr ca cc in cc trn b mt c i vi cc cnh bn ca c, s nh hng ca
b mt d i vi cc si c chnh c nh hng n tn hiu EMG.
b. Bn trong : Sinh l hc, gii phu hc, cc nhn t sinh ha din ra do s n v vn chuyn tch
cc,kt cu si c, lu lng mu, ng knh si c, su v v tr ca si tch cc v s lng m
gia b mt ca c v cc in cc.
Nhng nhn t trung gian
Cc nhn t trung gian nh vt l v sinh l chu nh hng ca mt hoc nhiu nhn t gy bnh. L
do ng sau ca vic ny c th l di cho php c lc pha bn ngoi ca in cc ring l vi th tch
d c, s xp chng cc in th hot ng trong tn hiu EMG d c,vn tc truyn dn ca cc in
th hot ng truyn dc theo mng si c. Ngay c nhiu xuyn m t cc c gn cng c th gy ra
nhn t trung gian.
Cc nhn t tin nh
y l nhng nh hng bi nhn t trung gian. S lng cc n v vn chuyn tch cc, tc tng
nhit ca cc n v vn ng, v tng tc c hc gia cc si c c lin h trc tip n thng tin trong
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Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam module: m45900 8
tn hiu EMG v kh nng thu c tn hiu. Bin , thi gian, v hnh dng ca n v vn chuyn,in
th hot ng cng c th c p ng li.
Ti a ha cht lng ca tn hiu EMG c th c thc hin bng nhng cch sau y: T l tn
hiu/nhiu nn cha lng thng tin ln nht c th v nhiu l nh nht. S nhiu tn hiu cn t n
mc nh nht c th vi vic s dng b lc v nhiu ca tn hiu nh v cc b lc ch V khng c
khuyn khch.
Trong sut qa trnh x l tn hiu EMG, ch c cc gi tr dng c phn tch. Khi s chnh lu na
sng c thc hin, tt c cc d liu m b loi b v d liu dng c gi. Gi tr tuyt i ca mi
im d liu c s dng trong sut qu trnh chnh lu ton sng. Chnh lu ton sng s c u tin
hn trong chnh lu thng thng.
5 Thit k mch o EMG
5.1 S khi h thng mch o EMG
- Khi giao tip v hin th: Khi chuyn i A/D,My tnh. Hot ng: Sau khi tn hiu c thu nhn t
in cc s c cho qua khi x l tn hiu thu c tn hiu mong mun sau c cho qua khi
chuyn i tng t sang s a tn hiu ln my tnh x l v hin th. Tc dng: H thng s ghi li
tn hiu t ngn tay ci,ngn tr,ngn gia
5.2 S nguyn l
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