PSPP Book

PSPP
(open source)
PSPP
( )

(Open Source)

()

drnoppadon@windowslive.com www.drnoppadon.com
.

.

. .

PSPP
Open Source

.

.

download PSPP

.

. PSPP

.

(081) 9991344
1.1
1.2
1.3
10
1.4
11
1.5
15
1.6
19
1.7
20
1.8
22
1.9
25
1.10
29
35
2.1
35
2.2
36
2.3
37
2.4
39
2.5
52
2.6
56
2.7
58
2.8
62
2.9
66
2.10
71
2.11
76

3 PSPP
87
3.1
87
3.2
88
3.3
90
3.4
113
3.5
116
3.6 Window
119
121
4.1
121
4.2
132
4.3
133
5 PSPP
5.1
140
140
5.1.1 Frequencies
140
5.1.2 Descriptive
150
5.1.3 Crosstabs
157
5.1.4
162
5.2 (Correlation)
166
5.3
175
5.3.1
175

t-test Pair
( t-test dependent)
5.3.2
181
2
t-test independent
5.3.3 2
190
ANOVA
5.3.4
199
2 ANCOVA
6
200
6.1
200
6.2
201
6.3
207
6.4
207
6.5
208
6.5.1 1
208
6.5.2 2
214
6.5.3
221
7 (Regression Analysis)
227
7.1
227
7.2
230
7.3
232
234
8.1 recode
234
8.2 Frequencies
243
8.3 compute
243
8.4 select cases
247
9 Output
250
10
257
10.1
257
10.2 2
258
11
260
11.1
260
11.2
262
12
12.1
265
266
12.2
268
12.3
270
12.4
274
12.5
277
12.6
278
12.7
280
12.8
282
12.9
284
12.10
291
12.11
293
13
304
13.1
309
13.2
310
13.3
311
14
322
328

(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6) (7)
(8)
1.1

( TRIAL AND ERROR )

2

(
DEDUCTIVE ) ( - )
(SYLLOGISM) FRANCIS BACON
( INDUCTIVE ) ( - )

JOHN
STUART MILL 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)

1. (Older methods)
1.1 (Authority)
1.2 (Chance)

1.3 (Tradition)

1.4 (Expert)

1.5 (Personal experience)

1.6 (Trial and error)

2. (Deductive method) (Aristotle)

2.1

2.2

2.3

(1)

2
(2)

3. (Inductive Method)
(Francis Bacon)

2
3.1 (Perfect inductive method)

3.2 (Imperfect inductive method)

4.
(Scientific method)
Charles
Darwin

John Dewey
(reflective thinking)

(1) (Problem) (2)
(Hypothesis) (3) (Gathering Data) (4) (Analysis)
(5) (Conclusion)
1.2

1. 2
1.1 (Scientific Research)

(Scientific Method)

1.2 (Social Science Research)

2+2 4

10
5 10

2.
2
2.1 (Pure Research)

(Academic Research) (Basic Research)

2.2 (Applied Research)

3. 2
3.1 (Quantitative Research)

3.2 (Quantitative Research)

(Documentary
Research) (Historical Research)
(Anthropology Research)
(Ethnography Research)

4. 4
4.1 (Documentary Research)

( )

4.2 (Survey Research)

(Poll)
4.3 (Ethnography Research)

(Control)
(Treatment)
()
4.4 (Observation Research)

10
1.3

1.

2.

11

3.

5" x 6"

1.4

12
( Research Question)

1.

2.

13

3. (Research Title)
(Research Question)
(Research Title)

3
(1)

(2)
(3)
(1)
(Research Question) (2)
(3)
(3)

14
3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1) (2)
(3)

(1)
(Research Question)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

( : )
( : )

( : )
:

15
1.5

16

(validity) (objectively)
(accurately) (economically)

( ,
)
(
)

(

)
(analysis design)

1. (quantitative data analysis)

1.1 (descriptive statistics)

17
1.2 (inferential statistics)

2.
(qualitative data analysis)

(narrative)
(comparative description) (content analysis)

(key word)

(criteria)
3
1.

2.
(internal validity) (external validity)
2.1 (internal validity)
(dependent variable)
(independent variable)

(
)
18
()
2.2 (internal validity)

( )
()

3.

1.

2.

19

3.
3.1)

3.2)

3.3)

1.6

(Population)
20

(Sample)

1.7

21
22
1.8.

2

1.

3 (1) (2)
(3)
2.

5 (1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)

23

()

1.

24

Probability Sample,

(Non
Probability Sample)

(Accidental Sample) 10
(Quota Sample)

(Purposive Sample)
(Convenience Sample)
2.

3.

25
1.9
3.1

2553 - 2554

2552 - 2553
Krejci and Morgan 252
(Cluster Random Sampling)
26
3.2

1
2
(Close Ended Questionnaires)
( / )
(Likerts Scale) 5 (Scale)
5
4
3
2
1
3
(Open Ended
Questionnaires)

1.

(Close Ended Questionnaires) (/)

(Likerts Scale) 5 (Scale)
2.
27

3.
(Validity) 3
1. ...........................................
2. .........................................
3. ......................................
4. 3

(Index of Item-Objective Congruence : IOC)
3
+1
0
-1
5.
(Index of Item-Objective Congruence : IOC)
( , 2544, 273)
6. IOC 0.60 1.00
7.
30 (Reliability)
8. ()
(Cronbach) () ................( .....)
9.

28

1.
2.
3.

4.

PSPP for Windows

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1 IOC (Index of
consistency)
R
IOC
N
IOC
R
N
29

(Cronbach coefficient alpha)
(Frequency) (%)
(Close
ended questionnaire) (Likerts Scale) 5 (Scale)
5 4 3 2 1 (
. 2541: 100)
4.51 5.00
3.51 4.50
2.51 3.50
1.51 2.50
1.00 1.50
1.10

30

(
)

31

1.

2.

3.

3.1
3.2
32
3.3
3.4

4.
5.

3

(Introduction) 6
1. (Title Page)
2. (Approved Page)
3. (Acknowledgment)
4. (Table Contents)
5. (List of Table)
6. (List of Figures)
(Main Body)

1. (Introduction)
1.1 (Statement of
Problems)
(Hypothesis to be Tested)
1.2 (Significance of the Problems)
1.3 (Purposes of the Study)
1.4 (Research Procedure)
1.5 (Assumption and
33
Limitation)
1.6 (Definition of Terms)
2. (Review of Related Literature)
3. (Research Design)

3.1 (Procedures)
3.2 (Source of Data
Population)
3.3 (Methods of Data Gathering)
3.4 (Data Gathering Instruments)
4. (Data Analysis)

(Text) (Table)
(Figures)
5. (Summary and Conclusion)
5.1 (Restatement of the Problems)
5.2 (Description of Procedures
Used)
5.3 (Finding and Conclusion)
5.4 (Recommendations)
(Reference)
1. (Bibliography)
2. (Appendix)

34
35
2

(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)

2.1
(Statistics) 3
(facts)

(Statistics)

36
2.2
2
1. (Descriptive Statistics)

2. (Inferential Statistics)

""
2
(Parametric Statistics)
3
(Interval
Scale)

t-test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis
37
(Nonparametric Statistics)

(Norminal Scale,
Ordinal Scale, Interval Scale, Ratio Scale)
(Free Distribution)

, Median Test, Sign test

(Power of Test)
2.3

4
1. (Nominal data)

-
- -

38
- -

1 2 3

2. (Ordinal data)

1 2 3

A, B, C, D F

3. (Interval data)

(absolute zero)
0

0
39

50 2
25

4. (Ratio data)

0
0 0

2.4
(Population)

1
1
(element)

(unit of analysis)
2
(Finite population)
2553
40

(Infinite population)

(Target Population)
(Sample)

5
1.

(Finite
Population)
(Infinite Population)
41

3 3
3
3
(Generalization) ()

3
3
2.

3.
2

4.
(Sampling Unit)

5.

42

3 1 2553 194
53 50 45 46

3 1 2553 148
2 2 74
2 74

43
2.1
2.1

(Nature of Population)

44
2
1. (Non-probability
sampling)

1.1 (Accidental Sampling)

2541 2542

300
1.2 (Quota Sampling)

()
()
45
100 100
60 80 60

1.3 (Purposive Sampling)

2553
2553
1.4 (Accessible Sampling)

46

(Sampling error)
2.
(Probability
Sampling)

2.1 (Simple random Sampling)

(Table of
random number)

2
(1)
( )

47
100 80
100 80

(2)

2
100 80
001, 002, 003,, 100
1 3 (
)

80
2.2 (Systematic Sampling)

(k)
(k = N n)
500 50
k 500 50 (k = 10 )
1
k r 5 (r =5)
r
r+k, r+2k, r+3k,
5 5
15 , 25 , 35 ,
48
50

(
(Trend)
(Periodical fluctuation)
)

1

1

49

2 3

2.3 (Stratified Sampling)
(Strata)

(Homogeneous)

(Heterogeneous)
(online :212cafe.com)

2.2
50

4
1,500 250 320
500 430
300

(300/1500) x 250 = 50
(300/1500) x 320 = 64
(300/1500) x 500 = 100
(300/1500) x 430 = 86

2.4 (Cluster Sampling)
51
(Cluster)

1 2
6 6

2.5
(Multistage sampling)

6

(Stratified
cluster sampling)

52

3

6

900 4
7 3 5
15 1
4 x 3 x 5 x 15 x 1 = 900
2.5

Block Course

(
F )
- 15

(

)
53

400

Taro
Yamane ( )
54
(n) (e)
(n)
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
10%
500
222
83
1000
385
286
91
1500
638
441
316
94
2000
714
476
333
95
2500
1250
769
500
345
96
3000
1364
811
517
353
97
3500
1458
843
530
359
97
4000
1538
870
541
364
98
4500
1607
891
549
367
98
5000
1667
909
556
370
98
6000
1756
938
566
375
98
7000
1842
959
574
378
99
8000
1905
976
580
381
99
9000
1957
989
584
383
99
10000
5000
2000
1000
588
385
99
15000
6000
2143
104
600
390
20000
6667
2222
1053
606
392
100
25000
7143
2273
1064
610
394
100
50000
8333
2381
1087
617
397
100
100000
9091
2439
1099
621
398
100
100000
2500
1111
625
400
100
55
R.V. Krejcie D.W. Morgan

10
10
220
140
1200
291
15
14
230
144
1300
297
20
19
240
148
1400
302
25
24
250
152
1500
306
30
28
260
155
1600
310
35
32
270
159
1700
313
40
36
280
162
1800
317
45
40
290
165
1900
320
50
44
300
169
2000
322
55
48
320
175
2200
327
60
52
340
181
2400
331
65
56
360
186
2600
335
70
59
380
191
2800
338
75
63
400
196
3000
341
80
66
420
201
3500
346
85
70
440
205
4000
351
90
73
460
210
4500
354
95
76
480
214
5000
357
100
80
500
217
6000
361
110
86
550
226
7000
364
120
92
600
234
8000
367
56
130
97
650
242
9000
368
140
103
700
248
10000
370
150
108
750
254
15000
375
160
113
800
260
20000
377
170
118
850
265
30000
379
180
123
900
269
40000
380
190
127
950
274
50000
381
200
132
1000
278
75000
382
210
136
1100
285
100000
384
2.6
(Research Instruments)
(Data)

Thurstone Likert Semantic Differential
Osgood
(Questionnaires)
(Interview) ( Observation )
( Try
Out )

57
1 ( Questionnaire )

3
-

-

- 2
-
-

2.

(Structured
Interview) (Unstructured Interview )

58

3. ( Observation )

2
- ( Direct Observation )
- ( Indirect Observation )

2.7

(Rating scale)
2

(Likert Scale)
(Method of Summated Rating)
1)
2) 3)

4)
59
(Equal-Appearing Interval Scale)

(Thurstone Type Scale)

2
(active voice) (passive voice)

100
(Equal-Appearing Interval Scale)

2
(active voice) (passive voice)
100
60
1
200-300 ( )

1-11 11
11 1
(scale
value)

11 1 11
Q 1.67

11
( 20-30
)

(Osgood Scale)
(Semantic Differential Scale)
(stimulus words)
(concepts)
(bipolar)
61

-
3 1. (Evaluation) -2.
(Potency) -3. (Activity) 7
4.
1
2
3
4

5
(Guttman Scale
Cumulative Scale .
62
.
1. 4 6
2. 5
3. 5 6
4. 6
5. 6 6

(Yes or No)

2.8
(Variable)

2
1. (Independent Variable)

2. (Dependent Variable)

63

(extraneous Variable) (control Variable)

(Intervening Variable)

64
2.3

3

2
, ,
, ,
65
, , ,
, ,

, , ,
, ,
(Homogeneous Group)

(Random Assignment)

66
0.50 I.Q.

(ANCOVA)

2.9

2

1.
67

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

2
1. (Research Hypothesis or Descriptive
Hypothesis)

-
- 5

-
-
-
-
68
-

-
2. (Satirical Hypothesis)

2.1 (Null Hypothesis)
H

4
H0=1=2
1
4
2
4
2.2 (Alternative Hypothesis) H1

(Reject H0)
2
2.2.1 (Directional alternative Hypothesis)

69
4
2
(One-tailed test)

2.2.2 (Non Directional alternative Hypothesis)

4
2

(Two- tailed test)
(Parameter)
(Population Fact)
(Statistic) (Sample Fact)
(Mu)
(Sigma)
S.D. S
2 (Sigma Square, Variance)
S.D.2 S2
(Rho)

:
4
70
H0: 1=2 , 1 =

H0: 1>2, 2=

:

H0: =0, =
H0:0
:

H0: 1-2=0 , 1 =
H1: 12 , 2 =

1.
2.
3.
(Level of Significance)

(a : alpha)
0.05 0.01
71
H0 : 1 = 2 a = 0.05
1 2
.95 100
95 2 5
100
(Critical Value : CV)

2.10
(research)
1. ( )

72

2.

2

2 5 ()
73
3.

1
3

3
1

(p)
(r) KR-20
IOC ()

(T- value) Alpha Coefficient ( ) Cronbach
IOC

2 (Descriptive Statistics)

3 (Inferential Statistics)

(Hypothesis Testing)
(Test of Significance)
74

1.
(
)
( )
2.
- 1
- 2
- 2
3.
-
-
-
-
4.
- 1
- 2
- 2

() 2
(Parametric)
(Nonparametric)

75
1
Binomial test
2 - test
Komogorovsminov test
Runs test
t test
Z - test

2 2
Mcnemar test
Cocharn Q-test
2 - test
2 - test
Sign test
Friedman two-way Analysis of
variance
U - test
Kruskal-wallis one-way Analysis of
variance
t test
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Z test
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
F - test
MANOVA

()

4.

(Research Tools)
(Questionnaires) (Interview)
(Observation)

76
2.11
( )
1

.. 2542
( 2) .. 2545

(School Based Management: SBM)
77

( , 2545 : 6)
5 39 8 60 61
.. 2542 ( 2) .. 2545

.. 2546

35 34 (2)
( , 2546 : 118 145) 44 45

3
4

(Block Grant)
78

( , 2546 : 45)

( , 2546 : 39)

( , 2543 : 1-2)

.. 22
.. 22

.. 22
79
-
.. 22

1. .. 22

2.
3. . 22
4.

.
22
1.

22 10

.
22

80

. 22

22

22

.. 2542

1 6
1 6

81
:...
:
:30

:
2
....
:
...

1.

2.

82
2
2

3-5

2
2

.. 22
1.

83
(2542 : 8)

(2547 : 9)

2

84
2.

( , 2544 : 48 ; , 2537)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

( , 2544 : 48 ;
, 2537)
85
4

-
-
-
-
-
-

4

1 2 3
4 5 6

86
87
3
PSPP
3.1
1. PSPP
PSPP
(Open Source)
SPSS

(Source code)
2.
http://www.gnu.org/software/pspp
3.
: Microsoft Windows 98, Me, XP
CPU : Celeron , AMD 1.3 Gh
RAM : 512 MB
4.
PSPP
http://www.gnu.org/software/pspp PSPP
88
5.
PSPP PSPP version 0.7.9
PSPP 2
Start Menu
3.2
PSPP ( 3.1)
(1)
Title Bar
Untitled
(2)
MenuBar
(3)
ToolBar MenuBar
(4)
Name Box Case
(5)
Data Cell Bar Cell
(6)
Variable Column
(7)
Case Row Case
1 1 Case
89
(8)
Active Cell Cell
(9)
Variable View

(10) Data View Variable View
1
22
3
4
10
3.1 PSPP
90
3.
PSPP Untitled PSPPIRE Data Editor
2 tab Variable View Data View
3.2
3.2 Untitled PSPPIRE Data Editor

Data
View
Variable
View

Name
Type

Width
Decimals
Label
91
Values
Missing
Columns column
Data View
Align column
column
Measure 3
Nominal, Ordinal Scale ( Interval Ratio)
1) (Name)

Variable View 3.3
Data View 3.4
3.3 Variable View
92
3.4 Data View
2) (Variable Type)
column type
3.5
3.5
93
3.6
3.6
8

- Numeric

(Width :)
(Decimal Places :)
- Comma
3 1234 1,234.00
- Dot
8 2 1234
1.234,00
- Scientific notation
1234 1.2E+03
- Date
94
- Dollar
$
3
- Custom currency
- String

3) Width ()

3.7 8
3.7
4) (Decimals)

95
String Decimals 3.8

(Decimals) 2
Data View 3.9
3.8 (Decimals)
3.9 (Decimals)
96
0 3.10
3.10 (Decimals)
5) Label ( )
Label column

1
item1 Label 1 3.11
97
3.11 Label
6) Value ()
Value column

3.12 1
2
3.12

Add
Apply
Remove
7) (Missing Value)

column Missing 3.13
98
3.14
3.13
3.14

No missing values
(.) System-missing value
99
Discrete missing values

missing
Range plus one optional discrete missing value

8) Column
PSPP column
8 column
3.15
3.15 Column
9) (Align)
column
column 3.16
100
3.16
test 3.1
column Center
column 3.17
3. 17 (Align)
10) (Measure)
3
101
Nominal, Ordinal Scale ( Interval Ratio)

3.18
3.18

3.1
1

1.

2.
102
30
31-40
41-50
51
3.

4.

5.
10,000
10,001-15,000
15,001-20,000
20,001-25,000
25,001
6. 1-3
( )
( )
( )

(1) (Name) (Variable Type)
Value ()
103

2
Nominal

= 1
2
4
Nominal
= 1 30
2 31-40
3 41-50
4 51
3
Nominal
= 1
2
3
4
Nominal
= 1
2
3
104
4
5
Nominal
= 1 10,000
2 10,001-15,000
3 15,001-20,000
4 20,001-25,000
5 25,001

Ordinal Scale 3
Airline1
Ordinal Scale
Airline1 = 1 1
2 2
3 3
Airline2
Ordinal Scale
Airline2 = 1 1
2 2
3 3
Airline3
Ordinal Scale
Airline3 = 1
1
2
105
2
3 3
3.19
3.19
3.19
(Name) 8

(Variable Type) 8
106
Numeric
(Width : 8)
(Decimal Places : 0)
Label ( ) Label column
Value () Value column
8

column Values 1= 2=
3.20 OK
3.20
107
3.21
column Values 1= 30 , 2=
31-40 , 3= 41-50 4= 51 3.21 OK
108
3.23
column Values 1=, 2=

, 3= 4= 3.23 OK
column Values 1=
, 2= 3= 3.22
OK
109
3.24
column Values 1=
10,000 , 2=10,001-15,000 , 3=15,001-20,000 , 4=20,001-25,000
5= 25,001 3.24 OK
3.25
110
Airline1 column Values 1=

1, 2=2 3= 3 3.25 OK
3.26 Airline1
1, 2=2 3= 3 3.26 OK
3.26 Airline2
111

1, 2=2 3= 3 3.27 OK
3.27 Airline3
(2)
(Missing Value)
column Missing

missing
8 9 2 Discrete missing values
9 3.28
112
3.28
(3) column,
Column 8

(Align)
(Left) (Center)
(Right) column Right
3.29
(Measure)

Nominal Scale Nominal Airline1
Airline2 Airline3 Ordinal Scale Ordinal
3.29
113
column
3.29 column,

4.
cell cell
NameBox cell
3.30
114
3.30
cell
Copy 3.31 cell
Paste 3.32
3.31
115
3.32
case
Insert Cases 3.33
3.33 Case
case Clear Cases
3.34
116
3.34 Case
5.

(
) File
Save As 3.35
3.35
Save As
Places test3.2
name Save .sav
test3.2.sav 3.36
117
3.36
3.37
File Save 3.37
118
Save 3.38
3.38

File open Data
3.39
Places
Open
3.39
119
3.39
6. Window
Window
View Font 3.40
3.40
120
Font Selection 3.41

OK
3.41 Font Selection
PSPP

Version 7.0.9 Version
0.7.9
121

(1) (2)
4.1

2

(Validity) (Reliability) (Objectivity)
(Discrimination) (Practical) (Fairness)
122
(Efficiency)

PSPP
2
(Split-Half Method)

Cronbach's Alpha (Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient)

Kuder Richardson

Cronbach (Cronbach,s coefficient alpha ) (Mertens, Donna M., 1989
.2547 ) K-R 20 Cronbach

K-R 20
123
(Split-Half Method)

10
10

1. test_SplitHalf
)
2. Analyze Reliability 4.1
4.1
3. 4.2
124
4.2
4.
Model Split
(Split-Half Method) 4.3
125
4.3

5. OK
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
10
100.00
Excluded
.00
Total
10
100.00
126
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
Part 1
Part 2
Total N of
Items
Value
.65
N of Items
Value
.93
N of Items
5
10
Correlation
Between Forms
.62
Spearman-Brown Equal Length

Coefficient
.77
Unequal
Length
Guttman SplitHalf Coefficient
RELIABILITY
.77
.71
127

N
Cases
Valid
10
100.0
0
Excluded
.00
Total
10
100.0
0
Case 10 Case Case 10 Case

100 %
Cronbach's Alpha
Part 1
Part 2
Spearman-Brown Coefficient
Guttman Split-Half
Coefficient
.65
N of Items
Value
.93
N of Items
1
2
10
Total N of
Items
Correlation Between Forms
Value
.62
Equal
Length
.77
Unequal
Length
.77
5
6
0.71

1 1 .65
128
5
2
2 .93
5
3
10
4

1 2 .62
5

.77
6

.77
7

2 .71

Cronbach's
Alpha
(Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient)

20 30

1. test4.1 ( )
2. Analyze Reliability 4.4
129
4.4
3.
4.5
4.5
130
4. Model Alpha Cronbach

4.6
4.6
5. OK

Cases
Valid
30
100.00
Excluded
.00
Total
30
100.00
131
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
.65
26
RELIABILITY

Cases
Valid
30
100.
00
Excluded
.00
Total
30
100.
00
Case 30 Case Case 30 Case

100 %
132
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
.65
26
Cronbachs Alpha .65

26
4.7
4.2
(Item
analysis)

PSPP
P r
Transform

1.

2.
1 0
PSPP
133
Transform
1. PSPP
2. data view variable view
3. (P)
4. (r)
10 10
P r 50%
10
10
4.3
1. PSPP
2. data view variable view

134
3. Data View

4.8
135
4.
Transform => Compute
(total) (sum(a1 to a10) 4.8
5.
(Total) 4.9
136
4.9
6. Data => Transpose

4.10
137
4.10
7. (P) Transform =>

Compute Target Variable (P) Numeric
Expression P (Mean (v1 to v10)) 4.11
138
4.12
4.12
8. (r)
Transform => Compute Target Variable (r)
Numeric Expression r (Mean (v1 to v5)
Mean(v6 to v10) 4.12
139
4.13
4.13

1. P .20 -.80
2. r .20 1.00

1 0.8
0.4
0.7
-0.2
2 0.8
0.4
0.4
0.8
3 0.7
-0.2
0.5
-0.6
4 0.6
0.4
0.8
0.4
5 0.4
0.4
10
p p
140
5
PSPP

PSPP
1. Frequencies,
Descriptive, Explore, Crosstabs
2. (Correlation)
3.
5.1
5.1.1 Frequencies

1.
Analyze >> Descriptive Statistics >> Frequencies
5.1
141
2. 5.2
5.2
3. 5.3
142
5.3

(Mean)
(Standard deviation)
Minimum)
Maximum)
(Standard error of the mean)
(Variance)
(Skewness)
143
(Standard error of the

Skewness)
(Range)
(Mode)
(Kurtosis)
(Standard error of the
Kurtosis)
(Median)
(Sum)
4. Chart
Chart 5.4
Chart Type Pie charts
Histograms Frequencies
Percentages 5.5
5.4
144
5.5
5. Frequency tables
Frequency tables 5.6 Display
frequencies tables
Order by 5.7
5.6
145
5.7
Order by

Ascending values 2
0 1
Descending values
Ascending counts
Descending counts
6. OK
146
Value Label
Value
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent Cum Percent
40
47.06
47.06
47.06
45
52.94
52.94
100.00
85
100.0
100.0
Total
Valid
85
Missing
Mean
1.53
Std Dev.
.50
Minimum
1.00
Maximum
1
2
3
ValueLabel
Total
Value
1
Frequency
40
Percent
47.06
Valid Percent
47.06
Cum Percent
47.06
45
52.94
52.94
100.00
100.0
100.0
85
Value Label
Value
1 2
3 Frequency
40 45
147
85
4 Percent

47.06 52.94 100
5 Valid Percent
Missing

47.06 52.94 100
6 Cum Percent Valid Percent
Valid
85
Missing
Mean
1.53
Std Dev
.50
Minimum
1.00
Maximum
1 Valid
Missing
2 1.53
3
.50
4
1
5
148
Frequencies
149
frequecies Charts Pie charts

150
5.1.2 Descriptive
5.1.2 Descriptive
Descriptive

1.
2. Analyze >> Descriptive Statistics >>
Descriptives 5.8
5.8
3.

OK 5.9
151
5.9
152
5. Output Viewer

Variable
N Mean
Std Dev
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
85
1.53
.50
1.00
2.00
130.00
85
1.62
.49
1.00
2.00
138.00
85
2.11
.60
1.00
3.00
179.00
85
2.16
.70
1.00
300
184.00
1 Variable
2 N 85
3 Mean
4 Std Dev
5 Minimum
6 Maximum
7 Sum
153

1.
48
20
70.59
29.41
68
100
10
30
20
8
14.71
44.12
29.41
11.76
68
100
30
31 40
41 50
51
45
12
6
5
66.18
17.65
8.82
7.35
68
100
48
70.59
154
2
3
13
5.88
4.41
19.12
68
100
70.59
31 40 44.12 41 50 29.41
66.18
70.59
2)
5

S.D.
X
3.61
0.33
3.71
0.35
3.68
0.36
3.64
0.35
3.96
0.54
3.72
0.26
155

( X = 3.72)

( X = 3.96)
( X = 3.71) ( X = 3.68)
( X = 3.61)

totalb ( ) B1+B2+B3+ B4+B5
5 5
A 5
() a1+a2+a3+a4+a5 5
156
5 target variable A totala

PSPP

SUM Functions
157
totala
4
5.1.3 Crosstabs
Crosstabs

Chi-square Test) Crosstabs

1.
2. Analyze >> Descriptive Statistics >> Crosstabs..
5.10
158
5.10
3.
Row (s):
5.11
5.11
4.
Column
(s) 5.12
159
5.12
5.
- Statistics..
(Chi-Square) (Correlation) 5.13
5.13
- Cells..
160
(Expected) (Percentages) 5.14
5.14
- Format..
5.15
5.15
161
6.
OK Output Viewer

Summary.
Cases
Valid
N
*
Missing
Percent
85
100.0%
Total
Percent
0
0.0%
Percent
85
100.0%
* [count, row %, column %, total %].
Total
Total
7.0
20.0
13.0
40.0
17.5%
50.0%
32.5%
100.0%
46.7%
48.8%
44.8%
47.1%
8.2%
23.5%
15.3%
47.1%
8.0
21.0
16.0
45.0
17.8%
46.7%
35.6%
100.0%
53.3%
51.2%
55.2%
52.9%
9.4%
24.7%
18.8%
52.%
15.0
41.0
29.0
85.0
17.6%
48.2%
34.1%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
162
17.6%
48.2%
34.1%
Total
100.0%
Summary.
Cases
Valid
N
*
85
Missing
Total
Percent
Percent
Percent
100.0%
0.0%
85
100.0%
85
5.1.4

(Range : R)

(R) =
1.10 2,4,6,7,8,9
163
(R) =
=92
=7
(R) 7

(M.D.
M.D =
M.D

Xi (i = 1,2,3...N)
Xi-
| | (Absolute Value)
() | 8| = 8, | 8 | = 8
(M.D.)
25,19,32,29,19,21,22,31
1) = 24.75
2) (M.D.) = 45
(M.D.)
164
4.5
6.1.3 (Standard Deviation : S.D.,S,s)

(S.D.)
(Standard Deviation)
s
s=
S
S=

1.
(Ungrouped
Data)
S.D. =
S.D.
X1 (i = 1,2,3N)
165
5,7,9,5,10,8,12
1) = 8
2) S.D. = 2.5820
(S.D.) 2.5820

(Variance)
S2 s 2

s 2 =
S2 =

166
5.2 (Correlation)

(Pearson Product Moment Correlation) (r)
2
(interval scale) r 0 1.00 0
1.00 (Perfect
correlation)
2
2
PSPP (Pearson
Product Moment Correlation)
1.
2. Analyze >> Bivariate Correlation... 5.16
5.16
167
3. 5.17
5.17
4. Output Viewer

Correlations

Pearson Correlation
1.00
Sig. (2-tailed)

.06
.51
120
120
Pearson Correlation
.06
1.00
Sig. (2-tailed)
.51
120
120
168
Correlations
Pearson
Correlation
1.00
.06
Sig. (2-tailed)

.51
120
120
Pearson
Correlation
.06
1.00
Sig. (2-tailed)
.51
120
1
2
3
120
Correlation
3
1
2 Significance
3
Person
correlation r=.06 Sig. (2-tailed) =.51

non-parametric

169
non-parametric

250
H0 : 0.5 0.4 0.1

H1 : 0.5 0.4 0.1
170
Red13 Yellow 46 Blue -59

13 46 -59
171
55.77
asymp. .00 sig< 0.5 H1
0.5 0.4 0.1

2:6:3 2553 250
800 300

H0:
(2:6:3)
H1:
172
173
174
Chi-Square 18.21 df = 2 Asymp.Sig .00
175
5.3

(n< 30) t
df = n 1
t =
=
=
=
5.3.1
T-Test Pair ( T-Test dependent)
t
= d - d
sd / n
PSPP
1.
176
2. Analyze >> Compare Means >> One Samples T

Test 5.18
5.18
3. Test Value (
25 25 ) 5.19
5.19
177
4. OK
One-Sample Statistics
N
Mean
Std. Deviation S.E. Mean
pre
15
11.80
3.49
.90
post
15
20.33
2.19
.57
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 25.000000
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Lower
Upper
pre
-14.65
14
.00
-13.20
-15.13
-11.27
post
-8.24
14
.00
-4.67
-5.88
-3.45
T-TEST
t= -14.56
t=-8.24 Sig=.00
.05

4
178
1

4
N
6
6
X
23.33
32.83
S.D.
3.27
3.49
df
5
t
8.99
Sig
.00**
** .01
1

4
.01

10000

3k 17
2.50
2.50

H0 : 2.50 H0 : = 2.50
H1 : 2.50 H1 : 2.50
179
180
PSPP
H0 : 2.50 H0 : = 2.50
181
H1 : 2.50 H1 : 2.50
2.67 2.50
(t = 2.847, p = .019) H1
2.50
5.3.2 2 t-test independent
2 t-test independent
1.
S p2
t-pooled variance
n 1 1S 12 n 2 1S 22
n 1 n 2 2
df = n1+n2-2
2.
t-Separate variance
S 12 / n 1 S 22 / n 2
/ n 1 S 22 / n 2
df
2
2
2
2
S 1 / n 1 / n 1 1 S 2 / n 2 / n 2 1
2
1
x1 x 2
1.

2.
Analyze >> Compare Means >> Independent-Samples T Test
5.20
182
5.20
3. Test
Variable(s) 5.21 Grouping Variable
5.22
5.21
183
5.22
4. Define Groups Values
Choice 5.23
5.23
8.
Group Statistics
Sum
Mean
Std. Deviation
S.E. Mean
40 3.56
.50
.08
45 3.44
.40
.06
184
Independent Samples Test

Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig.F
Sum
.181
.
8
5
Equal
variances
assumed
Equal
variances
not assumed
Dft
Sig. (2- Mean

Std. Lower Upper
tailed) Differenc Error
e
Differenc
e
1.20 83.00
.23
.12
.10
-.08
.31
1.19 74.51
.24
.12
.10
-.08
.31
Group Statistics
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
185

Levenes Test for
Equality of Variances
Ho: 2
Ha: 2
Probability Value (p-value) Levenes Test
0.18 0.05 Null hypothesis
2 Independent Samples Test
Equal variances assumed P-value 0.24 0.05
2 (p<0.05)
p-value Independent Samples Test
Equal variance not assumed
PSPP

(Two-Tail)
(One-Tail)

H0 : H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : H1 : 1 2
5 20 20 21 19 20
21 20 23 24 22 21
186
187
Equal 3.20
varian
ces
assum
ed
Equal
varian
ces not
assum
ed
Sig.
.11
Df
-2.58 8.00
Sig.
(2tailed
)
.03
Mean Std.
Lower Upper
Differe Error
nce
Differe
nce
-2.00
.77
-3.79 -.21
-2.58 5.54
.04
-2.00
.77
-3.93
-.07
188

.05 p .03 .05
PSPP

P> H0
P
() (H0 )
P < H0
P
()
(H0 )
(H1 )
P < H0
(Significant) sig
P> sig .05
189

1

2
1
* .05
48
20
68
48
20
68
48
20
68
3.57
3.72
0.28
0.40
- 1.696
.055
3.70
3.72
0.30
0.45
- 0.139
.005*
3.66
3.73
0.36
37
- 0.674
.438
48
20
68
48
20
68
48
20
68
3.66
3.61
0.33
0.39
0.568
.191
3.98
3.93
0.53
0.59
0.309
.714
3.71
3.74
0.22
0.33
- 0.318
.022*
190
2

1 .05

.05
5.3.3 2
ANOVA
(One-Way ANOVA)
F-Test

3
F-Test
1.
2. Analyze >> Compare Means >>One-Way
ANOVA 5.24
191
5.24
3. One-Way ANOVA 5.25
Factor
Dependent List
5.26
5.25
192
5.26
4. OK
ANOVA
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
Between Groups
6.01
26
.23
Within Groups
15.16
58
.26
Total
21.18
84
Between Groups
8.21
26
.32
Within Groups
11.74
58
.20
Total
19.95
84
Significance
F
.63 .
8
8
.08 1
.
5
6
193
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
Between Groups
9.00
26
.35
Within Groups
21.05
58
.36
Total
30.05
84
13.70
26
.53
Within Groups
28.00
58
.48
Total
41.69
84
Between Groups
Significance
F
.54 .
9
5
.38 1
0
9
ONEWAY
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
Between Groups
6.01
26
.23
Within Groups
15.16
58
.26
Total
21.18
Between Groups
8.21
26
.32
Within Groups
11.74
58
.20
Total
19.95
84
Significance
.8
8
.63
1.
5
6
0.08
194
Sum of
Squares
df
Between Groups
9.00
26
.35
Within Groups
21.05
58
.36
Total
30.05
84
Between Groups
13.70
26
.53
Within Groups
28.00
58
.48
Total
41.69
84
Mean
Square
Significance
.9
5
1.09
.54
.38
sig < 0.05

Sig =.63 sig > 0.05

0.05
Sig =.08 sig > 0.05

0.05
Sig =.54 sig > 0.05

0.05
Sig =.38 sig > 0.05

0.05
195
4
a = 156 160 161 163 165 164 145 146
b= 166 161 162 164 168 174 140 142
c= 176 170 171 173 175 165 176 185
d = 146 150 151 153 165 154 141 149
196
Sum of
Squares
Df
Mean
Square
Significa
nce
Between
Groups
1797.78
599.26
8.11
.00
Within
Groups
Total
1921.58
26
73.91
3719.37
29
197

.01 (F=8.11, p=.00)
: (Sig) Sig .000
.01
95% (.05)
PSPP

P> H0
P (
) (H0 )
P < H0
P
()
(H0 )
(H1 )
P < H0
(Significant) sig
P> sig .05
198
2
1
df
SS
MS
3
64
67
3
64
67
3
64
67
3
64
67
3
64
67
3
64
67
0.92
6.18
7.10
0.32
7.70
8.02
1.58
7.11
8.69
0.48
7.56
8.04
0.97
18.87
19.84
0.47
3.90
4.38
0.31
0.10
3.176
.030*
0.11
0.12
0.897
.448
0.53
0.11
4.748
.005*
0.16
0.12
1.355
0.27
0.32
0.29
1.1
0.36
0.16
0.06
2.575
.062
2

1

199
.05
5.3.4 2
ANCOVA
PSPP
ANCOVA
200

(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
6.1
(Tests of Hypothesis)
(Decision-Making Process)

201
(generalized)

( statistical model)
(sampling)

(sampling distribution)

H0 H0
() .01 .05 .05
5
6.2

2
1. (null hypothesis) H0

202

H1
H0 : = 30
H0 : 1 - 2 = 0 1 - 2
H0 : 1 - 2 = 50
H0
2. (alternative hypothesis) H1

H0 : > 30 H1 : < 30
H1 : = 30
H1 : 1 - 2 > 0 1 > 2
H1 : 1 - 2 < 50

50
H0 : = 50
H1 : 50
50
H0 : = 50
H1 : > 50
(test statistic)

203
Z t X2
F
Z (z-test)

Z = 0 = 1
Z
t (t-test) t

t
Z ( degree of freedom = df ) t
= 0
X2 (X2 - test)
X2
1

F (F-test) F
X2 2
H0

2
1. 1 (Type I error)
H0 H0
1

1. Type I error (a) - H0 H0
204
H0
H1
H0 H 1
H0

H0 :
H1:

Type I Error
2. 2 (Type II error)
H0 H0
2

1= H0

H0 :
H1:

Type II Error Type II Error

( )

205
H0
H0
H0
H0

1

H0

1 -
H0 H0
1
H 0 H0
1 -
1 -

n
H0
H0
H0
H0
1 -
H1
(Level of significance)
H0 H0
=.01 = .05 = .10
.05 5 100
206
.01 1 100

1

2

0
( : 222)
(critical region)

1

H0 H0

(statistical test)

( H1 ) 2

( H1 )
207
6.3

1. (H0) (H1)
2. H0

3. ( ) (n)
4. (sampling distribution)
5.
6.
H0 H1
H0 (
H0
)
7. (pvalue)

6.4
t = ( X - ) / (s / n )
H0
(Critical)
H0
H0
208

(Probability) (pvalue)

H0 (, level of significance)
H0
H0
Significantly different

2
H0

H0
p-value <
H0 p-value > H0
6.5
6.5.1 1

1

209
2
() Z-Test
()
T-Test
. 1,500
H0 : 1,500
H1 : 1,500
2.
H0 : 1,500
H1 : < 1,500
T-Test
1.
Analyze >> Compare Means >> One Sample T Test
6.1
210
6.1
2. Test Variable (s) 6.2

6.2
4. Test Value = 1,500 6.3
211
6.3
5. Options Confidence Interval 95%
6.4 Continue
6.4
6. OK
Mean
Std. Deviation
S.E. Mean
10
1437.50
258.00
81.59
212
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 1500.000000
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
df
Sig. (2tailed)
Mean
Difference
Lower
Upper
-.77
.46
-62.50
-247.06
122.06
T-Test
Mean
Std. Deviation
S.E. Mean
10
1437.50
258.00
81.59
N 10
Mean 1437.50
Std. Deviation
258.00
Std. Error Mean
81.59
213
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 1500.000000
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Df
Sig. (2tailed)
Mean
Difference
Lower
Upper
-.77
.46
-62.50
-247.06
122.06
T-Test
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 1500
t, df, Sig. (2-tailed)
H0
Mean Difference

95% Confidence
95%
H0
t Sig. (2-tailed) t Sig.
(2-tailed)
(Two-tails Test)
H0 Sig. (2-tailed)
(One-tails Test)
H0 Sig. (2-tailed) 2
214

H0 Sig. (2-tailed) 2
t < 0
H0 : 1,500
H1 : < 1,500
95% = 0.05 Sig. (2tailed) 0.46
Sig.(2-tailed) Sig.(2-tailed) 2
0.46/2 = 0.23 0.05 (0.23 > 0.05)
H0 : 1,500
1,500
0.05
6.5.2 2
2
2 2

2
2
2

2

2 (Bivariate data analysis)
215

Nominal, Ordinal
2 2

2 (
1, 2) Z-Test
2 (
1, 2) T-Test
2

H0 : 2
H0 :
1 = 2
H1 : 2 H1 : 1
2
F-Test

216
H0 : 2
H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 2 H1 : 1 2

6.5
1.

2. Analyze >> Compare Means >> Independent
Samples T Test 6.5
3. Test Variable(s)
Define Groups 6.6
217
6.6
4. Define Groups
Group 1=1, Group 2=2 6.7 Continue
6.7
5. OK
Group Statistics

Mean
Std. Deviation
S.E. Mean
12
431.75
260.19
75.11
13
636.46
447.44
124.10
218

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Equal
variances
assumed
3.10
Equal
variances
not assumed
Sig.
F
dft
Sig. (2- Mean

Std. Lower Upper
tailed) Difference Error
Differen
ce
23.00
1
.
3
8
18
-204.71
145.06 -504.79 95.36
1.41 19.54
0.17
-204.71
145.06 507.75
8.33
T-Test
Group Statistics

Mean
Std. Deviation
S.E. Mean
12
431.75
260.19
75.11
13
636.46
447.44
124.10
219
Group Statistics
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Equal
variances
assumed
Equal
variances not
assumed
Sig.
3.10
dft
Sig. (2- Mean

Std.
Lower Upper
tailed) Differenc Error
e
Differenc
e
-1.38
23.00
0.18
-204.71
145.06
-504.79
95.36
-1.41
19.54
.17
-204.71
145.06
-507.75
98.33
T-Test
2
1
Levene's Test for
220
Equality of Variances
F
F
Sig. H0
H0 : 2
H0 : 1 = 2
H1 : 2 H1 :
1 2
= 0.05
Sig. Equal variances assumed Sig.
0.09 H0 Sig.

Sig. (0.09 > 0.05)
H0 : 1 = 2
2
2
t, df
Sig. (2-tailed) H0
Mean Difference 2
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence 95%
221
(1= 2) Equal
variances assumed
(1 2) Equal
variances not assumed
1 2
(1 = 2)
Sig. (2-tailed) Equal variances assumed Sig. (2-tailed)
0.18
H0 Sig.
Sig. (2-tailed) (0.18 > 0.05)

H0 : 1 = 2
2
0.05 2 95%
2 -504.79 95.36
95%
5.5.3
2

(Paired Difference Tests)

1. 2
222

2. 2

3. 2
2 20
4. 2
2
2 2
2

T-Test

H0 : H0 :
d = 0
H1 : H1 : d
0
1.
2. Analyze >> Compare Means >> Paired-Samples T Test
6.8
223
6.8
3. pre post Test Variables
6.9
6.9
4. OK
224
Paired Sample Statistics
Pair
0
Mean
Std.
Deviation
S.E. Mean
pre
11.80
15
3.49
.90
post
20.33
15
2.19
.57
Correlation
Sig.
15
.28
.31
Paired Samples Correlations

Pair 0
pre & post
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Mean
Pair 0
pre post
-8.53
Std.
Std.
Deviatio Error
n
Mean
3.56
.92
Lower
Upper
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
-10.51
-6.56
-9.28
14
.00
T-Test
2
1 2
Paired Samples Correlations
225
Correlation (r)
2 0.28

-1 r 1

Sig.

H0 :
H1 :
Sig. 0.31 0.05
H0 H1

0.05 2

2 2
Paired Samples Test
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence 95%
t, df
Sig.(2-tailed)
H0
226
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.00

0.05
H0

0.05
227
7
(Regression Analysis)
(Regression Analysis)

(Independent Variable)
(Dependent Variable)
PSPP

7.1
1.(Sample Size) (Multiple
Regression)
2.

( > .80)
1.00
PSPP Bivariate
Correlation Correlation table>>
3.(Normal Distribution)
Interval Ratio
PSPP
H0: p= 0
H1: p 0
228
229
230
1 h0: p 1 =0 `
h1: p2 0
price =.55> .05
.05
2 h0: p 1 =0 `
h1: p2 0
sell = .02< .05
.05
1 h0: p 1 =0 `
h1: p2 0
price =..36> .05
.05
7.2

4 (
. 2550 : 268-269)
1. (Enter Selection)

231
2. (Forward Selection)

(Partial Correlation)

3. (Backward Selection)

232
4. (Stepwise Selection)

(Forward
Selection)
(Backward Selection)

7.3

( . 2550 : 357-358)
1.
(enter)
(forward) (backward)
(stepwise)

2. (normal scale)

3.
(dummy variable)
233
(code)
1 = 2 = 3 =
1 3
4.

5.

6.

7.

234
8

PSPP
(1) recode (2)
compute (3) (4) sort cases
8.1 recode
1.1 Recode

1. Transform >> Recode Into Same Variables
8.1
235
2. Variables
8.2
8.2
3. Old and New Values

25
1
7.3
236
8.3
66 30 2 8.4
237
8.4
31 3
8.5
238
8.5
4. OK
Recode 8.6
239
8.6
1.2
1. Transform >> Recode >> Into Different Variables

8.7
240
8.7
2. 8.8
8.8
3. Output Variable : Name >>
241
Label >> 8.9
Change 8.10
4. Old and New Values
8.11 Continue
242
8.11
5. OK
Recode 8.12
243
8.12
8.2 frequencies
frequencies 5
124
8.3. compute
(numeric)

Y = X+20 Z = X X Z
244
1.
Sum Transform >>

Compute 8.13
8.13
2. Target Variable Sum 8.14
245
8.14
8.15
3. Numeric Expression +
8.15 OK
246
<
>
<=
>=
4. 8.16
247
8.16
7.4 Sort Cases (select cases)

Sort Cases PSPP
sort cases Cases

1. Data >> Sort Cases 8.17
248
8.17
2. Sort By
Sort Order ( Ascending) ( Descending)
8.18
8.18
3.
8.19
249
8.19
PSPP
Select case 8.17

PSPP

250
9
Output
Output PSPP
Export
1. PSPP Output
9.1
2. File >> Export 9.2
251
9.2
3. 9.3
252
4. 9.4
9.4
5. PDF 9.5
9.5
253
6. HTML 9.6
9.6
7. OpenDocument 9.7
254
9.7
257
10

(Descriptive Research)

10.1

(. :235)

1.

2.
3.
4.
258
5.
10.2 2
1. (Quantitative Data)

2. (Qualitative Data)

1.

(Job Analysis)
(Documentary Analysis)
2.

2.1 (Case Study)

2.2 (Causal Comparative Studies)

259

Expost Facto Research
John Stuart Mill
2.3 (Correlation Studies)
2

2.4 (Cross Cultural Studies)

( P.Wat : http://researchers.in.th/blog/cafe/382)
3.

(Longitudinal Studies) (Trend Studies)

Longitudinal Study
( P.Wat :
http:// researchers.in.th/blog/cafe/382)
260
11

(Qualitative Research)

(
: 2522:1)

(Qualitative Research)
(Naturalistic Research)
(Phenomenological Research)
(Ethnographic Research) (Anthropological
Research)
11.1
1.

261
2.

3.

(Field Research)

4.

5. (Inductive)

262
11.2
1.

2.

(Review of Literature)

3.

(
)
263

(Approach)

4.
2

5.

(Inductive)

264
6.

265
12

(Futurology) (Futurism)
( , 2541)
Futures Studies

2
1. (Perspectives) (Theories)
(Futurism)
2. (Methodologies)
266
(Futures Research)

Futurics, Futurology, Futuribles, Prognostics,
Anticipatory Science

( : online http://onzonde.multiply.com/journal )
12.1
(2546)
1907 S.Colum Gilfillan

(Normative & Exploratory Forecasting) 1930

1944 Assip K. Flechtheim
(Futurology)

1960

1970

267

( ,
2525)

(Futuristic Research)
Joseph (1974)

(Predicting) .......
Comish (1977) (2526)

(Fortune telling)

2526
(2526)
268
4
4

1) 1)

2) 2)

3)
3)

20
4)
4)

12.2
(2536)

(Facts)

(Possible Alternative Trends)
269

(2541)

Joseph E-C. (1974 ) ; (2542)
(Forecasting)

(Predicting)
(Forecasting)

Comish ;
(2542)
(Future Telling)

270

12.3
(2527)

1.
5-50 20-30

2. 3

3.

271
4.

5.

6.

272
7.

8.

9.

(2547)
1.

2.

3.

273

4.

5.

6. (Alternative)

7.

8.
9.

10.

/

11.

12.

274
13.

14.

15. (Pessimistic)
(Optimistic)

16.

17.

18.
12.4

(2547)
275

1.
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

2.

276

3.

4.

5.

6.

(2547)

1.

277
2.
( Preexperience)
(Future Shock)

3.
4.

5.
6.
7. ( )

8.
9.
12.5
(2529)

( , 2541 ;
278
, 2543 ; , 2544)

(2546)

12. 6

(Amare, 1974 ;
, 2526 : Textor, 1980 ; , 2529 ; ,
2537)

(Strategies) (Tactic)
279

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
Theodore (1999)

12. 7
280
Jerome (1999)

10-25

(Futures Research)

(World Future Society)
.. 1975 Future Studies
Future Research Futurology

(Allen, 1978)
(2529)

Futurism
(Altermative Futures)

281

The Future is Now
Proactive
Futurology

(Perspective) (Body of Knowledge)

(Future facts)

(Possible)

Futures Studies

Intuitive

(-)
(Futures Studies)

(Futures Research)

(Tector , Robert. B., 1978 ;
, 2542 ; Bell. W., 1997)
282
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

12.8
Eleonora (1993)
1950 -1960
1970
1970 1980
30
Eleonora

(2530)
1960 Rand corporation
SDC (System Development Corporation) Hudson Institute
1960 Nichokas Rescher Olaf
283
Helmer (Delphi) 1964 Olaf

Helmer Jame Gordon Rand Corporation Long Range
Forecasting Study 103

1967
The Club of Rome
The Limits to Growth
2000
1974 The Project on the Predicament
of Mankind

The Club of Rome

3

1 Classical Linear Projection (1960 1970)
10

284

4-5

2 Multiple Alternative Future (1965-1967)
2

3 Cross-Impact Future (1971-)

10

12.9
Roy (1999)
1960
Delphi, Cross-Impact modeling, Gaming Simulation
Delphi

Cross impact

: (Ferome, C.G. 1999 : AC/UNU Millennium Project.)
285
(method)
Environmental Scanning
Cross Impact Analysis
Decision Analysis
Decision Model
Delphi
Econometrics
Futures Wheel
Gaming and Simulation
Genius Forecasting
Morphological Analysis
Participatory Methods
Relevance trees
Scenarios
Statistical Modeling
System Dynamics
Structural Analysis
\Technology Sequence
Analysis
Time Series Forecasts
Trend Impact Analysis
(by technique)
(by
purpose)
Quantitative Qualitative Normative
Exploratory

(2526)
3 1. Exploratory Forecasting
2. Normative Forecasting

3. Modeling Simulation Forecasting

286
E.C. Joseph (1974) ;

(2542) 13
(Trend Exploratory) (Delphi)
(Scenario) (Matrix)
(Relevance Tree and Contextual Map) (Simulation)
(Monte Carlo Analysis)
(Morphological) (Alternative Futures)
(Bayesian Statistical) (Force Analysis)
(Marcov Chain) (Precursor)
13
EFR (Ethnographic Future Research)
(Delphi) EDFR

.. 2522
1. (Scenarios
Technique)

(Imagine)

287

(Scenarios)

2

2. (Trend Extrapolation)

3. (Matrix forecasting)
(Cross Impact Matrix)

2 2
4. (Future Wheel)

5. (Simulation Technique)
288

6. (Delphi Forecasting)

(
)
7. Ethnographic Futures Reseach (EFR)

(Consensus)

8. Ethnographic Delphi Futures
Reseach (EDFR)
289
8

(Futures Scanning Process)
Lapin

.

(2539)
(Scan)

( Momson & Held, 1989)

21

21

290

12
(Self-evaluation)
155
730 14

(2543)

9

12.10 (Scenarios)
(Scenarios)
291
(Herman Kahn)
.. 2493

(Wilson, 1978)
1. (Hypothetical)

2. (Sketch)

3. (Holistic)

(2547)

5
1 (Indentify the
Focal Issue)

2 (Identify
Driving Forces)

3 (Predetermined)
(Uncertainties)
4
5
Wilson (1978)
3
1.
292
2.

1

3.
4

3.1

3.2
3.3
3.4
7

Bell and James (1995) 8

1.
2.
293
5-10
3.

4.

5.

6. 3 5

7.

8.
12.11

EDFR

:
294

(information technology)

(efficiency)
(Dynamic)

-

(value)

(
295
10 ..2550-2554, 66-67)

(
. 2545)
1.

2.

296

25 15

20
20 8
12

3.

297

4.

298

(, 2538, 50-53)
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

() ..2552 (2 )
2
141,990
299

( 1)
1 ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/
71,918
70,029
43

98,608 155,014
115
60,763
54,246
53
HIV
99
126
0
32
1,076
0

3,004
4,521
0

29
31
0

27
26
0
1
0
0
43,627
60,160
51
278,108 345,229
262
: (2552)
141,990
253,737
115,062
225
1,108
7,525
60
53
1
103,838
623,599
300

( .. 2552 - 2555)

:

:

1.
:
2.

301
1.
1.1

1.2

2.

3.
:

1.
:
2.

:

302
3.
:
4.

(Policy Implementation)

303

(
35
304
13
(Delphi technique)

(Olaf Helmer) (Norman
Dalkey) (Rand Cooperation) .. 1960

(Alex J. Ducanis, 1970,
, 2539 : 42)

(Olaf Helmer and Nicholus Rescher
, 2523 : 50)

/
(Thornton and Others, 1975,
, 2539 : 42)

305

/

1.

( , 2530 : 23)
(
, 2523 : 51)
1.1

1.2

306
2.

2.1 2

2.2
1.)

2.)

()

2.3)

307

2.4)

5 10
10 15

(Homogeneous Group) 10 15
(Heterogeneous Group)
(Thomas T. Macmillan, 1971, ,

2522 : 27 28)

(California Junior Colleges Association) .. 2514
17
(Error)
2.5

2.6
308
2.7 (Allen, 1978 : 123 125

10
1

2

3
(Open Ended Questions)
1
4

5
(Close Ended Questions)

2
6 2
(Median) (Interquartile
Range) 2

( ) 3

3 1

7
4

309
8 4
5

9 (Median)
10

3 4 3-4
(2528 : 27)
4 3
3 4
13.1
1
1.1 2
(Median) (Interquatile Range)
1.2
2
2 3

1.3 1.)
2.)

310

3.)

4.)

1.4

1.5

1.6

13.2
2.1

2.2

2.3

311

2.4

2.5
2.6
(2535 : 82)

(Underestimate)

13.3

312
1. (Focus Group Discussion)

(2542)

(2545)
7-8

Morgan (1988)

(Moderator)
Berg (1995)

(Moderator)

Vaughn, Schumm and Singagub (1996)

6-12 (Relatively Homogeneous)
313

2.
(2542)

1.

2.

3.

4.

2-3
314
3.
(2542) (2541)

1.
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

.

315
316

1.5

2 5

1.6

1.7

1.8
2 15

317

4.

(Observer)

( , 2541)
318
5.

80%
50% 30%

319
(Cross check)
6.
(2542) (2541)

6.1.
6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

6.1.4

6.1.5

6.1.6

320
6.1.7

6.2.
6.2.1

6.2.2

6.2.3
(Homogeneous)
6.2.4

6.2.5

6.2.6

6.2.7

6.2.8

321

(
, 2545)

322
14

grounded theory

Tierney, W.G. Lincoln, Y.S. (1994)
(functionalism)
(structuralism) (criticalism)

1. (Multicase and Multisite
Studies)

(external validity)

(stratified random sampling)

(analytic induction)
323
(multisite
case studies) (Bogdan, R.C. and Biklen, S.K.,
1992)
3. (Participatory Action Research)

( ,
2538)

AIC Appreciation Influence Control

AIC
-

-
AIC

AIC
A = Appreciation

324
I = Influence

c = Control
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
AIC

AIC

AIC

325
7.

AIC

1.
AIC
2.
(Change Agents)

3.
326
4.

AIC Process

E-book, E-library

(Researchable Questions / Problems)

2
1.
(Key informants)

Key Informants

2.

327
4. (Content Analysis)
Weber, R. P. (1985)

Ethnograph
Weber

( lisrel)

(connoisseurship)

328
. (2550) 3
.
________(2549). 8

.(2543) :
. : .
.(2547)
:
. 22 2547 :
.
_________(2536). EDFR. :
.
_________ .(2529) . :
. (2552). SPSS
10
.(2541).
.

: ...
.(2527). - . 10 (1) :
36-40.,2527.
_________ . (2526). . : .
329
(2543). = Educational Research 5

.
.(2539)
21.
. : .
.(2545). . : .
. . (2538).

(2553)

. (2542). . :

. (2553). . : .
. (2550) ..

.(2541) (FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION) ...,.
. (2552)

.
. (2532).
2545.
: .
(2552)

P.Wat : http:// researchers.in.th/blog/cafe/382
330
212 cafe.com

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8.4 select cases

( TRIAL AND ERROR )

3.2 (Imperfect inductive method)

1.1 (Scientific Research)

3.2 (Quantitative Research)

4.4 (Observation Research)

1. (quantitative data analysis)

1.2 (inferential statistics)

t-test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis

R.V. Krejcie D.W. Morgan

(Equal-Appearing Interval Scale)

2 (Sigma Square, Variance)

(10) Data View Variable View

3.2 Untitled PSPPIRE Data Editor

3.4 Data View

String Decimals 3.8

Discrete missing values

Nominal, Ordinal Scale ( Interval Ratio)

Value () Value column

column Values 1=, 2=

Airline1 column Values 1=

Airline3 column Values 1=

Font Selection 3.41

Cronbach's Alpha (Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient)

Spearman-Brown Equal Length

Case Processing Summary

Case 10 Case Case 10 Case

Correlation Between Forms

4. Model Alpha Cronbach

Case Processing Summary

Case Processing Summary

Case 30 Case Case 30 Case

Cronbachs Alpha .65

6. Data => Transpose

7. (P) Transform =>

(Standard error of the

Valid Percent Cum Percent

frequecies Charts Pie charts

5 target variable A totala

(Expected) (Percentages) 5.14

* [count, row %, column %, total %].

H0 : 0.5 0.4 0.1

Red13 Yellow 46 Blue -59

Chi-Square 18.21 df = 2 Asymp.Sig .00

2. Analyze >> Compare Means >> One Samples T

Std. Deviation S.E. Mean

Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference

Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig. (2- Mean

Std. Error Mean

Independent Samples Test

sig < 0.05

2. Test Variable (s) 6.2

Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig. (2- Mean

145.06 -504.79 95.36

Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means

Sig. (2- Mean

Sig. (2-tailed) (0.18 > 0.05)