Chapter 7

Stoichiometry:
Calculations with Chemical Formulas and
Equations
Law of Conservation of Mass
We may lay it down as an incontestable axiom that, in all the
operations of art and nature, nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both before and after the experiment.
Upon this principle, the whole art of performing chemical
experiments depends. --Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
2
Chemical Equations
Chemical equations are concise representations of
chemical reactions.
3
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
Reactants appear on the
left side of the equation.
Products appear on the
right side of the equation.
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g)

CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (g)
4
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
The states of the reactants and products are written in
parentheses to the right of each compound.
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g)

CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (g)
5
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH
4
(g) + 2 O
2
(g)

CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O (g)
Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation.
6
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different
Information
Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule.
Coefficients tell the number of molecules.
7
Reaction Types
8
Combination Reactions
Examples:
2Mg(s) + O
2
(g) 2MgO(s)
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
C
3
H
6
(g) + Br
2
(l) C
3
H
6
Br
2
(l)
In combination reactions two or more substances react to
form one product.
9
In a decomposition reaction one substance breaks down
into two or more substances.
Decomposition Reactions
Examples:
CaCO
3
(s) CaO(s) + CO
2
(g)
2KClO
3
(s) 2KCl(s) + O
2
(g)
2NaN
3
(s) 2Na(s) + 3N
2
(g)
10
Combustion Reactions
Examples:
CH
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
C
3
H
8
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O(g)
Combustion reactions are generally rapid reactions that produce
a flame.
Combustion reactions most often involve hydrocarbons reacting with
oxygen in the air.
11
Formula Weights
12
Formula Weight (FW)
A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for the
atoms in a chemical formula.
Formula weights are generally reported for ionic compounds.
the formula weight of calcium chloride (CaCl
2
) is
Ca: 1(40.08 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.453 amu)
110.99 amu
13
Molecular Weight (MW)
A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of
all of the atoms in a molecule.
C: 2(12.011 amu)
30.070 amu
+ H: 6(1.00794 amu)
For the molecule ethane, C
2
H
6
, the molecular weight is
14
Molar Mass (M)
A Molar Mass is the sum of the atomic masses of the
atoms in a molecule in g/mole.
C: 2(12.011 g/mole)
30.070 g/mole
+ H: 6(1.00794 g/mole)
For the molecule ethane, C
2
H
6
, the Molar Mass would be
15
Percent Composition
The percentage of the mass of a compound that
comes from each of the elements in the compound
can be found by using the following equation:
% Element =
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
(FW of the compound)
x 100
16
Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane is
% C =
(2)(12.011 amu)
(30.070 amu)
24.022 amu
30.070 amu
=
x 100
= 79.887%
17
Moles
18
1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu)
1 Mole = the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of C-12
1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12 g
1 mole of C atoms weighs 12.01 g and has
6.022 x 10
23
atoms
the average atomic mass of a C atom is 12.01 amu
Chemical Packages - Moles
The number of particles in 1 mole is called
Avogadros Number (N
A
) = 6.0221421 x 10
23

anything
mol
19
Units From the Periodic Table
The periodic table gives the average atomic mass of
carbon as 12.01 amu
1 mole = 6.022 x 10
23
carbon atoms
1 amu = 1.6654 x 10
24
g
12.01 amu
C atom
6.022 x 10
23
C atoms
mol
1.6654 x 10
24
g
amu
=
12.01

g
mol
this means the periodic table gives units of g/mol or amu
20
The mass of one mole of atoms is called the molar mass
The molar mass of an element, in grams, is numerically
equal to the elements atomic mass, in amu
A mole of light atoms weighs less than one of heavy atoms
There are more atoms in 1 g of light atoms
Relationship Between Moles and Mass
21
Mole Relationships
22
7.2
Finding Empirical
Formulas
23
Calculating Empirical Formulas
The empirical formula can be calculated from the
percent composition.
24
Calculating Empirical Formulas
step 1: Assume 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid, and
determine the number of moles of each element in the sample.
C: 61.31 g x = 5.105 mol C
1 mol
12.01 g
H: 5.140 g x = 5.089 mol H
1 mol
1.01 g
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
1 mol
14.01 g
O: 23.33 g x = 1.458 mol O
1 mol
16.00 g
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid is composed of
carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.140%), nitrogen (10.21%), and
oxygen (23.33%). Find the empirical formula of PABA.
25
step 2:
Calculating Empirical Formulas
step 3: Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest
number of moles:
O: = 2.001 2
1.458 mol
0.7288 mol
C: = 7.005 7
5.105 mol
0.7288 mol
5.089 mol
0.7288 mol
H: = 6.983 7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:
C
7
H
7
NO
2

26
27
The molecular mass of PABA is 137.1360 g/mol
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formulas
The empirical mass of C
7
H
7
NO
2
is about 137 g/mole.
The ratio of empirical mass to molecular mass will give the
scaling factor by which the empirical formula should be
multiplied to get the molecular formula.
empirical mass
molecular mass
137 g/mol
137.1360 g/mol
= 0.999 1 =
Combustion Analysis
Compounds containing C, H, and O are routinely analyzed
through combustion in a chamber like the one below.

C is determined from the mass of CO
2
produced.
H is determined from the mass of H
2
O produced.
O is determined by difference after the C and H have been
determined.
28
Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the balanced equation give the ratio of
moles of reactants and products.
29
Stoichiometric Calculations
Starting with the mass of Substance A, you can use the ratio of
the coefficients of A and B to calculate the mass of Substance
B formed (if its a product) or used (if its a reactant).
30
grams
Stoichiometric Calculations
moles
use molar
mass
stoichiometric ratio
moles grams
use molar
mass
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
31
Stoichiometric Calculations
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
32
How many grams of H
2
O can be made from 1.00 g of glucose
C
6
H
12
O
6
?

grams moles
use molar mass stoichiometric ratio
moles grams
use molar mass
Limiting
Reactants
33
Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest
stoichiometric amount.
Its the reactant youll run out of first (in this case, the H
2
).
34
2 H
2
+ O
2
2 H
2
O
Limiting Reactants
In the example O
2
is the excess reagent.
35
Limiting Reactants when Making Pizza
The number of pizzas you can make depends on the
amount of the ingredients you use
This relationship can be expressed mathematically
1 crust : 5 oz. sauce : 2 cups cheese : 1 pizza
1 crust + 5 oz. tomato sauce + 2 cups cheese 1 pizza
If you want to make more or less than one pizza, you can
use the amount of one ingredient (cheese for example) to
determine the number of pizzas you can make assuming you
have enough of the other ingredients.
6 cups cheese x
1 pizza
2 cups cheese
= 3 pizzas
36
Limiting Reactants when Making Pizzas
We know that
1 crust + 5 oz. tomato sauce + 2 cups cheese 1 pizza
But what would happen if we had 4 crusts, 15 oz. of
tomato sauce, and 10 cups of cheese?
4 crusts x
1 pizza
1 crust
= 4 pizzas
15 oz. sauce x
1 pizza
5 oz. sauce
= 3 pizzas
10 cups cheese x
1 pizza
2 cups cheese
= 5 pizzas
37
Each ingredient can potentially make a different number
of pizzas
38
But all the ingredients have to work together!
We only have enough tomato sauce for three pizzas. Once
three pizzas are made the tomato sauce run out. It does not
matter how much of the other ingredients we have.

Limiting Reactants when Making Pizzas
According to the following equation, how many moles of
water are made in the combustion of 0.10 moles of glucose?
This is 18 g of glucose.
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
path = moles glucose moles H
2
O
0.10 moles C
6
H
12
O
6
x
6 mol H
2
O

1 mol C
6
H
12
O
6
= 0.60 mol H
2
O
Limiting Reactants
stoichiometric ratio
theoretical yield
39
Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of
product that can be made.
40
In other words, its the maximum amount of product
possible calculated with the stoichiometry ratio.
This is different from the actual yield, which is the
amount one actually produces and measures.
Percent Yield
One finds the percent yield by comparing the amount
actually obtained (actual yield) to the amount it was
possible to make (theoretical yield):
Percent yield = x 100
actual yield
theoretical yield
41