Mt s vn c bn v Php lut Hp ng

Php lut hp ng ca Vit hin nay, tuy c mt s hn ch nht nh nhng nhn chung c
coi l kh tin b v ph hp vi xu hng pht trin kinh t - x hi trong thi k i mi.
Php lut v hp ng ca Vit Nam hin nay ang c quy nh trong nhiu vn bn php
lut khc nhau nh B lut Dn s, Lut Thng mi, Lut kinh doanh bo him, tuy nhin,
B lut dn s c coi l lut gc quy nh cc vn chung v hp ng, l nn tng cho php
lut v hp ng, iu chnh cc quan h hp ng c xc lp trn nguyn tc bnh ng, t
nguyn, t tho thun v t chu trch nhim. Cc quy nh v hp ng trong B lut Dn s
c p dng chung cho tt c cc loi hp ng, khng phn bit hp ng dn s hay hp
ng kinh t, hp ng c mc ch kinh doanh hay hp ng nhm p ng cc nhu cu sinh
hot hng ngy. Trn c s cc quy nh chung v hp ng ca B lut Dn s, tu vo tnh
cht c th ca cc mi quan h hoc cc giao dch, cc lut chuyn ngnh c th c nhng quy
nh ring v hp ng iu chnh cc mi quan h trong lnh vc , v d nh cc quy nh
v hp ng mua bn hng ho trong Lut Thng mi, hp ng bo him trong Lut kinh
doanh bo him... Cc quy nh v hp ng trong B lut Dn s c coi l cc quy nh
chung cn cc quy nh v hp ng trong cc lut chuyn ngnh c coi l cc quy nh
chuyn ngnh v cc quy nh ny c u tin p dng.
Php lut hp ng ca Vit hin nay, tuy c mt s hn ch nht nh nhng nhn chung
c coi l kh tin b v ph hp vi xu hng pht trin kinh t - x hi trong thi k i mi.
Sau nhiu ln sa i, b sung cc ch nh v hp ng phn no qun trit, th ch ho cc
ch trng, chnh sch v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nh nc, c th ho cc quyn v kinh
t, dn s ca cng dn c ghi nhn trong Hin php 1992 v p ng c cc yu cu trong
qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t. Cc quy nh v giao kt, thc hin hp ng th hin
quan im tng cng quyn t do hp ng thng qua vic cc bn c ton quyn quyt nh
v i tc tham gia k kt hp ng, hnh thc hp ng, ni dung ca hp ng v trch nhim
ca cc bn khi c vi phm.
B lut Dn s quy nh nhng vn chung v hp ng nh khi nim hp ng, giao
kt hp ng, thc hin hp ng, chm dt hp ng cn cc lut chuyn ngnh th ch quy
nh cc vn mang tnh c th ca hp ng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. Do , phn ny
ch yu cp n mt s quy nh chung v hp ng trong BLDS.
1. Khi nim hp ng
Hp ng dn s l s tho thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i hoc chm dt
quyn, ngha v dn s. Nh vy hp ng c hiu l s th hin ch ca cc bn bng vic
tho thun vi nhau v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn, xc nh khi no v trong iu kin no
th cc quyn v ngha v ny c xc lp, c thay i v chm dt. Cc ch th tham gia
hp ng c th l c nhn hoc php nhn hoc cc loi ch th khc. Khch th ca hp ng
chnh l i tng ca hp ng, c th l ti sn, hng ho hoc dch v. Nguyn tc quan trng
v c php lut bo v l nguyn tc t do tho thun, bnh ng v thin ch trong vic giao
kt, thc hin hp ng, khng phn bit mc ch ca hp ng l kinh doanh thu li nhun hay
nhm phc v cho tiu dng.
2. Hnh thc hp ng
V nguyn tc, cc bn c quyn t do quyt nh hnh thc ca hp ng. Hnh thc hp
ng c th c th hin bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc bng hnh vi c th, tr mt s
trng hp php lut yu cu hp ng phi c th hin bng hnh thc nht nh nhm m
bo trt t cng, v d nh hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t phi c th hin bng
vn bn.
ph hp vi xu th pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v vic ng dng cng
ngh thng tin vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, php lut cng ghi nhn hnh thc ca hp
ng c th c th hin thng qua phng tin in t di hnh thc thng ip d liu v
hnh thc ny c coi l hp ng bng vn bn. Trong trng hp php lut yu cu hp ng
phi c th hin bng vn bn c cng chng hoc chng thc, phi ng k hoc xin php th
phi tun theo cc quy nh . Tr trng hp php lut c quy nh khc th nhn chung, hp
ng khng b coi l v hiu nu c vi phm v hnh thc.
3. K kt hp ng v vic u quyn k kt hp ng
BLDS xc nh thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng trn c s cng nhn hiu lc ca cam
kt, tho thun ca cc bn, khng ph thuc vo hnh thc ca hp ng. Do , v mt nguyn
tc, hp ng c giao kt vo thi im bn ngh nhn c tr li chp nhn giao kt ca
bn c ngh. Hp ng cng xem nh c giao kt khi ht thi hn tr li m bn nhn
ngh vn im lng, nu cc bn c tho thun im lng l s tr li chp nhn giao kt. Trn c s
hnh thc ca hp ng, php lut cng quy nh c th i vi tng trng hp, v d, i vi
hp ng c giao kt bng li ni th thi im giao kt hp ng l thi im cc bn tho
thun v ni dung ca hp ng; i vi hp ng c giao kt bng vn bn th thi im giao
kt hp ng l thi im bn sau cng k vo vn bn.
V mt nguyn tc, thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng c tnh t thi im giao kt, tuy
nhin vn c cc ngoi l l khi cc bn c tho thun khc, v d hp ng c cc bn k
vo ngy 1/1/2009 nhng cc bn tho thun l hp ng c coi l k kt vo ngy 1/2/2009
hoc khi php lut c quy nh khc, v d theo php lut v t ai th thi im c hiu lc ca
hp ng th chp l thi im ng k.
Vn u quyn k kt hp ng khng c BLDS quy nh c th, tuy nhin, v hp
ng l mt dng ca giao dch dn s cho nn c th p dng cc quy nh v vic u quyn xc
lp, thc hin giao dch dn s. Theo c nhn, ngi i din theo php lut ca php nhn c
th u quyn cho ngi khc xc lp, thc hin hp ng theo ch nh ngi i din.
4. iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 405 BLDS th hp ng c giao kt hp php c hiu lc k t
thi im giao kt tr trng c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc. Tuy nhin,
BLDS li khng quy nh th no l "c giao kt hp php", do phi p dng iu 122
BLDS v iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch dn s v hp ng l mt trong nhng hnh thc
giao dch dn s.
Giao dch dn s c coi l c hiu lc khi c cc iu kin sau:
+ Ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s;
+ Mc ch v ni dung ca giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri
o c x hi;
+ Ngi tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn
Ngoi cc iu kin trn y, nu php lut quy nh giao dch phi c th hin bng mt
hnh thc c th, v d phi th hin bng vn bn, th hnh thc ca giao dch l iu kin c
hiu lc ca giao dch.
Nh vy, khi hp ng c 3 iu kin trn th s c hiu lc tr mt s trng hp m
php lut yu cu hp ng phi tun theo mt hnh thc nht nh.
5. iu kin v hiu ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 410 BLDS th vn hp ng v hiu s c p dng theo cc
quy nh t iu 127 n iu 138 BLDS v hp ng l mt loi giao dch dn s. Cc quy
nh ca cc iu t iu 127 n 138 l cc quy nh p dng cho giao dch dn s v hiu, bao
gm cc trng hp sau:
+ giao dch b v hiu khi khng c mt trong cc iu kin c quy nh ti iu 122 ca
BLDS bao gm: ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s; mc ch v ni dung ca
giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x hi; ngi tham gia giao
dch hon ton t nguyn. Ngoi ra, nu php lut yu cu giao dch phi c th hin bng mt
hnh thc c th no th hnh thc ca giao dch cng l iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do vi phm iu cm ca php lut, tri o c x hi. iu
ny c ngha rng nu giao dch dn s c mc ch v ni dung vi phm iu cm ca php lut,
tri o c x hi th b v hiu. Vi phm iu cm ca php lut c ngha l vi phm nhng
quy nh ca php lut khng cho php ch th thc hin nhng hnh vi nht nh, v d nh
hnh vi bun bn cht ma tu. o c x hi l nhng chun mc ng x chung gia ngi vi
ngi trong i sng x hi c cng ng tha nhn v tn trng.
iu ny c ngha rng nu giao dch dn s c mc ch v ni dung vi phm iu cm
ca php lut, tri o c x hi th b v hiu. Vi phm iu cm ca php lut c ngha l vi
phm nhng quy nh ca php lut khng cho php ch th thc hin nhng hnh vi nht nh,
v d nh hnh vi bun bn cht ma tu. o c x hi l nhng chun mc ng x chung gia
ngi vi ngi trong i sng x hi c cng ng tha nhn v tn trng.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do gi to
Nu mt giao dch dn s c xc lp mt cch gi to nhm che giu mt giao dch khc
th giao dch gi to b v hiu, tuy nhin giao dch b che giu vn c hiu lc tr khi n
cng b v hiu theo cc quy nh khc ca BLDS. V d, A bn ti sn cho B nhng li lm hp
ng gi to l hp ng tng cho khng phi ng thu cho nh nc, khi hp ng tng
cho b coi l v hiu cn hp ng bn ti sn vn c hiu lc. Lut cng quy nh trng hp
giao dch c xc lp mt cch gi to nhm trn trnh ngha v vi ngi th ba th giao dch
cng b v hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi cha thnh nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi dn s,
ngi b hn ch nng lc hnh vi dn s xc lp, thc hin
Ngi cha thnh nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi dn s hoc ngi b hn ch nng lc
hnh vi dn s m xc lp, thc hin giao dch dn s th theo yu cu ca ngi i din ca
ngi , to n c th tuyn b giao dch l v hiu nu theo quy nh ca php lut giao
dch ny phi do ngi i din ca h xc lp, thc hin, v d mt ngi b tm thn, khng c
kh nng nhn thc c hnh vi ca mnh k hp ng bn nh cho mt ngi khc, giao
dch ny b coi l v hiu v trong trng hp ny ngi b tm thn khng th t mnh giao dch
c m cn phi c ngi i din ca h.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do b nhm ln
Khi mt bn c li v lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch dn s m xc
lp giao dch th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu bn kia thay i ni dung ca giao dch ,
nu bn kia khng chp nhn th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch v
hiu. V d, A bn cho B mt chic xe my nhng A qun khng thng bo cho B bit rng h
thng n ca chic xe b chy. B yu cu A gim bt gi bn chic xe hoc thay th h
thng n mi nhng A khng chp nhn. B c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch mua
bn v hiu.
Trng hp mt bn do li c lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch th s
p dng cc quy nh ti iu 132 BLDS v giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di, e do.
Trong v d trn y, nu A c tnh che giu, khng thng bo cho B bit v h thng n b
hng v ni vi B rng h thng n vn tt th trng hp ny b coi l giao dch b la di.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di, e do
Theo quy nh ca BLDS th la di trong giao dch l hnh vi c ca mt bn hoc ca
ngi th ba nhm lm cho bn kia hiu sai lch v ch th, tnh cht ca i tng hoc ni
dung ca giao dch nn xc lp giao dch . e do trong giao dch l hnh vi c ca mt
bn hoc ngi th ba lm cho bn kia buc phi thc hin giao dch nhm trnh tht hi v tnh
mng, sc kho, danh d, uy tn, nhn phm, ti sn ca mnh hoc ca cha, m, v, chng, con
mnh. Khi mt bn tham gia giao dch dn s do b la di hoc b e do th c quyn yu cu
to n tuyn b giao dch dn s l v hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi xc lp khng nhn thc v lm ch c hnh vi ca
mnh
Ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s nhng xc lp giao dch vo ng thi im khng
nhn thc v lm ch c hnh vi ca mnh th c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch dn
s l v hiu, v d, mt ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s bnh thng nhng k hp ng
mua bn ti sn trong lc say ru, khng nhn thc c hnh vi ca h th trong trng hp
ny hp ng b coi l v hiu nu ngi yu cu to n tuyn hp ng l v hiu.
+ Giao dch dn s v hiu do khng tun th quy nh v hnh thc
Trong trng hp php lut quy nh hnh thc ca giao dch l iu kin c hiu lc ca
giao dch m cc bn khng tun theo th khi c yu cu, to n, c quan nh nc c thm
quyn khc quyt nh buc cc bn thc hin quy nh v hnh thc ca giao dch trong mt
thi hn, qu thi hn m cc bn khng thc hin th giao dch b v hiu. V d, A v B
tho thun mua bn nh nhmg khng k hp ng bng vn bn (theo quy nh ca php lut
th hp ng mua bn nh phi c giao kt bng vn bn), khi c tranh chp xy ra, to yu
cu cc bn phi hon tt th tc theo quy nh ca php lut trong mt thi hn nht nh nhng
khng bn no thc hin. Theo yu cu ca mt hoc cc bn, to n c th tuyn hp ng ny
l v hiu.
Ngoi cc quy nh trn, BLDS cn c quy nh v hp ng dn s v hiu do c i
tng khng th thc hin c, l trong trng hp ngay t thi im k kt, hp ng c
i tng khng th thc hin c v l do khch quan th hp ng ny b v hiu.
Trong trng hp khi giao kt hp ng m mt bn bit hoc phi bit v vic hp ng c
i tng khng th thc hin c nhng khng thng bo cho bn kia bit nn bn kia giao
kt hp ng th phi bi thng thit hi cho bn kia, tr trng hp bn kia bit hoc phi bit
v vic hp ng c i tng khng th thc hin c. V d, A cam kt s sn xut bn
cho B mt loi thuc c th cha c bnh tim mch, B tin tng rng A c th bn cho mnh
loi thuc nn giao kt hp ng vi A nhng v l do khch quan A khng th sn xut
c loi thuc v A cng bit rng mnh s khng th giao cho B loi thuc nhng li
khng thng bo cho B bit. Trong trng hp ny hp ng b coi l v hiu v A phi bi
thng cho B.
Quy nh trn y cng c p dng i vi trng hp hp ng c mt hoc nhiu phn
i tng khng th thc hin c nhng phn cn li ca hp ng vn c gi tr php l.
Theo quy nh ca BLDS hin hnh th s v hiu ca hp ng chnh lm chm dt hiu
lc ca hp ng ph, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun hp ng ph c thay th hp
ng chnh. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng p dng i vi cc bin php bo m thc hin
ngha v dn s. S v hiu ca hp ng ph khng lm chm dt hiu lc ca hp ng chnh
tr trng hp cc bn tho thun hp ng ph l mt phn khng th tch ri ca hp ng
chnh.
6. Hu qu php l ca hp ng v hiu v x l hp ng v hiu: hu qu php l ca
hp ng v hiu c gii quyt theo quy nh ca iu 137 i vi hu qu php l ca giao
dch dn s v hiu. Theo quy nh ny th hp ng v hiu khng lm pht sinh, thay i hoc
chm dt quyn, ngha v ca cc bn k t thi im xc lp hp ng. Khi hp ng v hiu
cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u, hon tr cho nhau nhng g nhn; nu khng
hon tr c bng hin vt th phi hon tr bng tin, tr trng hp ti sn giao dch, hoa li,
li tc thu c b tch thu theo quy nh ca php lut. Bn c li m gy thit hi th phi bi
thng cho bn kia. V d, A bn cho B mt chic xe my, B l ngi khng c nng lc hnh vi
dn s nn hp ng b tuyn l v hiu do B phi tr li xe my cho A, cn A phi tr li
tin cho B. Tuy nhin, qua mt thi gian s dng B lm hng mt vi b phn ca chic xe
my cho nn B phi tr li A chic xe my cng vi nhng b phn b h hi, nu khng
hon tr c bng cc b phn th phi tr mt mn tin b p cho phn h hng ca chic
xe.
7. Chm dt hp ng v trch nhim ca bn vi phm ngha v trong hp ng
Theo quy nh ca BLDS th hp ng chm dt trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Hp ng c hon thnh: l khi cc bn thc hin xong cc ngha v ca mnh
theo hp ng, v d A thu B xy nh cho A, ht thi hn thc hin vic xy nh m cc bn
tho thun, B giao nh cho A v A tr tin cho B, khi hp ng chm dt.
+ Theo tho thun ca cc bn: v d A thu B trng cho A mt rung la trong thi hn 1
tun, ht 1 tun B vn cha trng xong rung la nhng A chp nhn coi nh B trng xong v
tr tin cho B. Hp ng thu trng la chm dt.
+ C nhn giao kt hp ng cht, phn nhn hoc ch th khc chm dt m hp ng phi
do chnh c nhn, php nhn hoc ch th thc hin. y l loi hp ng m ngi c ngha
v, do tnh cht c th, phi t h thc hin m khng th chuyn giao cho ngi khc. V d,
A thu ca s B l ngi rt ni ting, ht cho m ci ca A nhng khng may vo ngy m
ci ca A, B khng may b tai nn cht. Hp ng gia A v B chm dt v A ch thu B ht
ch khng phi ca s khc.
+ Hp ng b hu b, b n phng chm dt thc hin:
Hu b hp ng :
Mt bn trong hp ng c quyn hu b hp ng v khng phi bi thng thit hi cho
bn kia khi bn kia vi phm hp ng v vic vi phm l iu kin hu b m cc bn tho
thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Tuy nhin, bn hu b hp ng phi thng bo ngay cho bn
kia bit v vic hu b, nu khng thng bo m gy thit hi th phi bi thng.
V d, A k hp ng mua hng ca B v hn B trong vng 1 tun phi giao hng, nu ht 1
tun m B khng giao hng th A s hu b hp ng. Sau thi hn 1 tun B khng giao hng
cho A, A thng bo cho B rng mnh hu b hp ng. Hng ca B sau cng khng bn c
cho ngi khc nn B phi chu thit hi v phi tr tin lu kho, lu bi. Trong trng hp ny
A c quyn hu b hp ng v khng c li, khng phi bi thng cho B v cc bn tho
thun t trc.
Khi hp ng b hu b th hp ng khng c hiu lc t thi im giao kt v cc bn
phi hon tr cho nhau ti sn nhn; nu khng hon tr c bng hin vt th phi tr bng
tin. Bn c li trong vic hp ng b hu b phi bi thng thit hi. Trong v d trn y,
nu A chng minh c mnh b thit hi do B khng giao hng ng hn th B phi bi thng
cho A.
n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng:
Mt bn c quyn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng nu cc bn c tho thun hoc
php lut c quy nh. Bn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng phi thng bo ngay cho
bn kia bit v vic chm dt hp ng, nu khng thng bo m gy thit hi th phi bi
thng. Khi hp ng b n phng chm dt thc hin th hp ng chm dt t thi im
bn kia nhn c thng bo chm dt, cc bn khng phi tip tc thc hin ngha v. Bn
thc hin ngha v c quyn yu cu bn kia thanh ton. V d, A k hp ng mua ca B 100
tn thp, B giao c 50 tn v ang chun b giao tip s cn li nhng A thng bo chm
dt hp ng, khng mun nhn s thp cn li. Nu B ng th B khng phi giao tip s thp
cn li v A tr tin cho B, hp ng chm dt.
Nu hp ng b n phng chm dt do li ca mt bn th bn c li phi bi thng
thit hi cho bn kia.
+ Hp ng khng th thc hin c do i tng ca hp ng khng cn v cc bn c
th tho thun thay th i tng khc hoc bi thng thit hi. V d, A k hp ng mua ngi
nh ca B nhng sau ngi nh khng may b chy nn B khng th giao nh cho A c. B
c th tho thun bn cho A ngi nh khc hoc bi thng thit hi cho A nu A b thit hi do
B khng th thc hin hp ng.
+ Cc trng hp khc do php lut quy nh.
8. Ch ti i vi hnh vi vi phm trch nhim hp ng
Ngoi cc ch nh v bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng ni trn, php lut to
iu kin cho cc bn c t do tho thun v trch nhim ca bn vi phm ngha v hp ng,
v mi quan h gia pht vi phm v bi thng thit hi. Pht vi phm l s tho thun gia cc
bn trong hp ng theo bn vi phm phi tr mt khon tin cho bn b vi phm, mc pht
ny do cc bn t tho thun. Cc bn c th tho thun v vic bn vi phm ngha v ch phi
np tin pht vi phm m khng phi bi thng thit hi hoc va phi np pht vi phm va
phi bi thng thit hi. Nu cc bn khng c tho thun trc v mc bi thng thit hi th
phi bi thng ton b thit hi. V nguyn tc, bn vi phm ch phi np tin pht vi phm nu
cc bn khng c tho thun v vic bi thng thit hi. V vn ny, Lut Thng mi 2005
li c quy nh khc so vi BLDS. Theo Khon 2 iu 307 Lut Thng mi th trng hp
cc bn c tho thun pht vi phm th bn b vi phm c quyn p dng c ch ti pht vi phm
v buc bi thng thit hi, tr trng hp Lut ny c quy nh khc. Tr mt s trng hp
min trch nhim quy nh ti iu 294 ca Lut Thng mi, th trch nhim bi thng thit
hi lun c t ra khi c cc yu t nh: c hnh vi vi phm hp ng; c thit hi thc t;
hnh vi vi phm hp ng l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra thit hi.
9. Thi hiu khi kin tranh chp hp ng dn s:
Thi hiu khi kin yu cu to n gii quyt tranh chp hp ng l hai nm k t ngy
quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc b xm phm. V d, A v
B k hp ng mua bn hng ho vo ngy 1/1/2007, sau c tranh chp xy ra, quyn li ca
A b vi phm vo ngy 1/3/2007. A ch c th khi kin yu cu to n gii quyt trong khong
thi gian k t khi quyn li b xm phm l t ngy 1/3/2007 n ht ngy 1/3/2009 (l 2 nm
k t ngy quyn li ca A b vi phm).
10. Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng
Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng c quy nh t iu 318 n iu 373 BLDS
2005 bao gm: cm c ti sn, th chp ti sn (bao gm c cm c, th chp bng ti sn ca
ngi th ba), t cc, k cc, k qu, bo lnh v tn chp. Theo cc quy nh ca php lut
hin hnh th cc bn trong hp ng c quyn t ch, t do cam kt v t do tho thun ng
thi cc bn cng phi t chu trch nhim i vi cc cam kt, tho thun ca mnh. iu ny
c th hin r nht trong cc quy nh v giao kt, thc hin hp ng cm c, th chp v bo
lnh. Cc bn c th linh hot hn v t ch hn trong vic x l cc tnh hung pht sinh, c th
nh sau:
+ V phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v: cc bn c ton quyn tho thun v phm vi
bo m thc hin ngha v dn s. Ngha v c th c bo m mt phn hoc ton b theo
tho thun hoc theo quy nh ca php lut. Nu cc bn khng c tho thun v php lut
khng c quy nh th ngha v coi nh c m bo ton b, k c ngha v tr li v bi
thng thit hi. ng thi, cc bn cng c quyn tho thun v cc bin php bo m thc
hin ngha v bo m thc hin cc loi ngha v, khng ch ngha v hin ti m cn ngha
v trong tng lai hoc ngha v c iu kin.
cc bn c ton quyn tho thun v phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v dn s. Ngha
v c th c bo m mt phn hoc ton b theo tho thun hoc theo quy nh ca php lut.
Nu cc bn khng c tho thun v php lut khng c quy nh th ngha v coi nh c m
bo ton b, k c ngha v tr li v bi thng thit hi. ng thi, cc bn cng c quyn tho
thun v cc bin php bo m thc hin ngha v bo m thc hin cc loi ngha v,
khng ch ngha v hin ti m cn ngha v trong tng lai hoc ngha v c iu kin.
+ V ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v:
BLDS th hin quan im l v nguyn tc mi ti sn u c th c dng bo m
thc hin ngha v tr mt s trng hp m php lut cm. Trc ht, vt bo m thc hin
ngha v phi l ti sn thuc quyn s hu ca bn bo m v c php giao dch. Vt y
c th l vt hin c hoc vt c hnh thnh trong tng lai. Nu l vt hnh thnh trong tng
lai th vt phi l ng sn, bt ng sn thuc s hu ca bn bo m sau thi im ngha
v c xc lp hoc giao dch bo m c giao kt. Ngoi cc ti sn thng thng nh t
ai, nh ca, phng tin giao thng th cc ti sn khc nh tin, tri phiu, c phiu, k
phiu v giy t c gi khc cng c dng lm ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v.
Ngoi cc ti sn ni trn th cc quyn ti sn thuc s hu ca bn bo m cng c th
tr thnh ti sn bo m, bao gm: quyn ti sn pht sinh t quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cng
nghip, quyn i vi ging cy trng, quyn i n, quyn c nhn s tin bo him i vi
vt bo m, quyn ti sn i vi phn vn gp trong doanh nghip, quyn ti sn pht sinh t
hp ng v cc quyn ti sn khc thuc s hu ca bn bo m. Quyn s dng t v quyn
khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin cng c dng bo m thc hin ngha v hp ng.
+ V vn mt ti sn dc dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v:
Mt ti sn c th c dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v nu gi tr ca ti sn
ti thi im xc lp giao dch bo m ln hn tng gi tr cc ngha v c bo m, tr
trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc. Trong trng hp ny
bn bo m phi thng bo cho bn nhn bo m sau bit v vic ti sn bo m ang c
dng bo m thc hin ngha v khc. Trong trng hp phi x l ti sn thc hin mt
ngha v n hn th cc ngha v khc tuy cha n hn cng c coi l n hn v tt c cc
bn cng nhn bo m u c tham gia x l ti sn. Bn nhn bo m thng bo v vic
x l ti sn c trch nhim x l ti sn nu cc bn cng nhn bo m khng c tho thun
khc. Trng hp cc bn mun tip tc thc hin cc ngha v cha n hn th c th tho
thun v vic bn bo m dng ti sn khc bo m vic thc hin cc ngha v cha n
hn.
Trong s cc bin php thc hin ngha v dn s th cc bin php cm c v th chp
thng c cc bn p dng nhiu nht. Do , BLDS quy nh rt c th v vn ny.
BLDS th hin quan im bn cm c, th chp tuy b hn ch mt s quyn nhng h cng c
nhng quyn t ch nht nh, nht l trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh. V d, bn th chp
c quyn c khai thc cng dng, hng hoa li, li tc t ti sn tr trng hp hoa li, li
tc cng thuc ti sn th chp theo tho thun ca cc bn; c u t lm tng gi tr ca
ti sn th chp; c bn, thay th ti sn th chp, nu ti sn l hng ho lun chuyn trong
qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh. Trong trng hp bn ti sn th chp l hng ho lun chuyn
trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh th quyn yu cu bn mua thanh ton tin v s tin thu
c hoc ti sn hnh thnh t s tin thu c tr thnh ti sn th chp thay th cho s ti sn
bn; c bn, trao i, tng cho ti sn th chp khng phi l hng ho lun chuyn trong
qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh nu c bn nhn th chp ng ; c cho thu, cho mn ti
sn th chp nhng phi thng bo cho bn thu, bn mn bit v vic ti sn cho thu, cho
mn ang c dng th chp v phi thng bo cho bn nhn th chp bit.