FORMULATING RESEARCH

PROBLEM
M NAJIB GHAFAR 2013
Research Alignment





















Introduction
Background of Problem
Statement of
Problem
Research
Objectives
Research
Questions
Research
Hypotheses
Methodology
Design & Procedure
Population & Sampling
Instrumentation
Data Analysis
Calender
Findings & Discussion
Conclusion &
Generalisation
Needs Analysis












Context
Problems? = possible
research objectives
Inputs Processes Outputs
OBJECTIVES
Extraneous
Issues to Variables
Issues
Identify
variables
Classify
variables
Independent
Moderating
Intervening
Dependent
Problem
Statement
Define
variables to
investigate
Other
variables:
later on or by
others
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
M NAJIB GHAFAR 2013
Theoretical Framework
General / Established
Theory
Theoretical Model
Operational Definition
Testing Theory/
Hypotesis /
Hypotheses Formation

Cognitive (Piaget, 1958)
Teaching style
Student-centred/
Teacher centred
(Armstrong, 2012)
Teacher centred related to surface learning/
Student-centred related to deep learning
Learning style
Active learning/
Passive Learning
(Bandura, 1963)

Item development