26.
26.1.
~a(M) S.
ZZ
=
an dS
(S)
ZZ
(~a, ~n)dS,
(26.1)
ZZ
~
(~a, dS),
(26.2)
(S)
:
=
(S)
~ , dS, dS
S ~n,
~a(M) S.
,
.
~n:
S , > 0,
, < 0.
~a ~n ~, ~, ~k:
~a = ax~ + ay~ + az~k,
~n = ~ cos + ~ cos + ~k cos ,
~a S
ZZ
(ax cos + ay cos + az cos )dS.
(26.3)
=
(S)
~a S (
~n), z = f (x, y).
1. ~n
cos = r
cos = r
1+
1+
f
x
f 2
x
f
y
2 ;
f
y
2 ;
f
y
f 2
x
122
3.
cos = r
2. ~n :
1+
1
f 2
x
f
y
2 .
~ f
+ ~k
~ f
x
y
~n = r
2 .
f 2
1 + x + f
y
,
Oz , ,
Oz .
3. (~a, ~n):
ax f
ay f
+ az
x
y
(~a, ~n) = r
2 .
f 2
f
1 + x + y
S xOy ,
s
f 2 f 2
dS = 1 +
+
dx dy
x
y
ZZ
(S)
(~a, ~n)dS =
ZZ
G
ax f
ay f
+ az
x
y
r
2 f 2
1 + f
+ y
x
ZZ
ax
1+
f 2
x
f 2
y
dx dy
f
f
ay
+ az dxdy,
x
y
.. G.
S F (x, y, z) = 0, ~n
~n0 = r
~ F
+ ~ f
+ ~k F
x
y
z
2
F 2
+ F
+
x
y
F 2
(S), (V ) (. ???). ~n ,
(S).
. , ~a
. (S) : (S1 ) (S2 ). (S1 )
(S), ~a (
123
26.
), (S2 ) ,
~n ~a ( ,
).
ZZ
1 =
(~a, ~n) dS
(S1 )
, V S1 ,
ZZ
2 =
(~a, ~n) dS
(S2 )
, S2 V . , 1 > 0, 2 < 0.
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
(~a, ~n)dS =
(~a, ~n)dS +
(~a, ~n)dS = 1 + 2 ,
(S)
(S1 )
(S2 )
,
ZZ
(~a, ~n)dS,
(S)
~a , , ( ) V , (S).
, (S)
, V (
) . , |1 | > |2 |
, . ,
V , , .. ,
- (, , , ..). ,
, |1 | < |2 |, .. . ,
, ( , ..).
V , , , ,
, 1 = 2 , S
.
, ,
, , .
,
.
26.2.
~a ,
. (S), V , :
ZZ
(V ) =
(~a, ~n)dS 6= 0.
(S)
124
3.
, V ( > 0),
( < 0), , > 0
() ,
< 0 . = 0, V ,
, ,
.
, , V , . ,
() , () .
~a S V ,
:
ZZ
1
(~a, ~n)dS,
(26.4)
V
(S)
S , .
(S) M ,
.. ,
ZZ
1
lim
(~a, ~n)dS.
(26.5)
V 0 V
(S)M
(S)
,
M.
, ~a M,
( divergentia ).
~a
S ( M) V , , , S
M, ~a M div ~a(M):
ZZ
1
div ~a(M) = lim
(~a, ~n0 )dS.
(26.6)
V 0 V
(S)M
(S)
, ~a , .
M. div ~a(M) > 0,
M , div ~a(M) < 0, M .
| div ~a| ().
.
26.1. ax , ay , az ~a (D)
ax
,
x
ay
,
y
az
,
z
div ~a (D)
div ~a =
ax ay az
+
+
.
x
y
z
(26.7)
125
26.
(S)
, :
ZZZ
ZZ
P
Q R
+
+
dV =
(P cos + Q cos + R cos )dS.
x
y
z
(V )
(26.9)
(S)
P = ax , Q = ay , R = az
(V ):
ZZ
ZZZ
ax ay az
(~a, ~n0 )dS =
+
+
dV,
x
y
z
(S)
(V )
ZZ
ZZZ
a
ay az
x
(~a, ~n0 )dS =
+
+
dV =
x
y
z M
(S)
(V )
a
ay az
x
+
+
=
V,
x
y
z M
(26.10)
M (V ). (S)
M, M M,
ZZ
1
1 ax ay az
+
+
div ~a = lim
(~a, ~n0 )dS = lim
V =
(S)M V
(S)M V
x
y
z
M
V 0
(S)
a
M M
ay az
+
+
.
x
y
z M
x
(26.11)
.
.
, , (
)
=
~ + ~ + ~k.
x
y
z
,
~a:
~
(,~a) =
~ + ~ + k (ax~ + ay~ + az~k) =
x
y
z
ax ay az
=
+
+
= div ~a.
x
y
z
div ~a
div ~a = (,~a).
(26.12)
, (26.11).
126
3.
1. : div ~c = 0, ~c =
c1~ + c2~ + c3~k .
,
c1 c2 c3
div ~c = div(c1~ + c2~ + c3~k) =
+
+
= 0.
x
y
z
2. ,
.. div C~a = C div ~a, C .
,
ay
az
ax
div C~a = div(Cax~ + Cay~ + Caz~k) = C
+C
+C
= C div ~a.
x
y
z
3. ,
.. div(~a ~b) = div ~a div ~b.
.
4. div(~a) = div ~a + (grad ,~a)
(~a) = (,~a) + (~a, ), .
,
(ax ) (ay ) (az )
+
+
=
x
y
z
ax
ay
az
+
ax +
+
ay +
+
az =
=
x
x
y
y
z
z
a
ay az
x
=
+
+
+
ax +
ay +
az = div ~a + (grad ,~a),
x
y
z
x
y
x
div ~a =
5. - (div ~r = 3).
,
x y z
div ~r = div(x~ + y~ + z~k) =
+
+
= 3.
x y z
6.
- : div[~c ~r] = 0.
,
~ ~ ~k
div[~c ~r] = div cx cy cz =
z y z
= div[~(cy z cz y) + ~(xcz zcx ) + ~k(ycx xcy )] = 0,
(cy z cz y) = 0,
x
(xcz zcx ) = 0,
y
(ycx xcy ) = 0.
z
127
26.
7.
: div(~c) = (~c, grad ).
,
div(~c) = div[cx~ + cy~ + cz~k] =
(cx ) (cy ) (cz )
=
+
+
= cx
+ cy
+ cz
= (~c, grad ).
x
y
z
x
y
z
26.3.
, , .
,
ZZ
ZZZ
Q R
P
(P cos + Q cos + R cos )dS =
+
+
dV
x
y
z
(S)
(V )
P = ax , Q = ay , R = az ,
ZZ
ZZZ
ax ay az
(ax cos + ay cos + az cos )dS =
+
+
dV
x
y
z
(S)
(V )
ZZ
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
(S)
ZZZ
div ~a dV.
(V )
( , )
:
26.2. ~a (S) ~a (V ),
:
ZZ
ZZZ
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
div ~a dV.
(26.13)
(S)
(V )
,
,
ZZZ
div ~a dV
(V )
,
ZZ
(~a, ~n0 ) dS.
(S)
26.1. ~r = x~ + y~ + z~k R H.
128
3.
. (26.13). div ~a
ax ay az
div ~a =
+
+
.
x
y
z
ax = x, ay = y, az = z,
ay
= 1,
y
ax
= 1,
x
az
=1
z
div ~a = 3.
ZZ
ZZZ
ZZZ
=
(~a, ~n0 )dS =
div ~a dV =
3dV = 3V = 3R2 H.
(S)
27.
27.1.
(V )
(V )
~a(N) .
(D), ~a,
( -) L. - t: ~r = ~r(t).
~a .
L A B, AB. A B n
(). Nk , ~a
~a(Nk )
(~a(Nk ), ~rk ),
~rk - ~r. :
n
X
(~a(Nk ), ~rk ).
k=1
,
L ,
lim
n
X
(~a(Nk ), ~rk ).
k=1
, , ~a AB
Z
Z
Z
(~a, d~r)
(~a, d~r)
(~a, dS),
L
(AB)
AB
S .
~a AB L
n
X
(~a(Nk ), ~rk )
k=1
129
27.
, 0.
,
(AB)
n
X
(~a(Nk ), ~rk ).
(27.1)
k=1
, .
(27.1) .
1.
~a = ax~ + ay~ + az~k,
~r = x~ + y~ + z~k,
(~a, ~r) = ax x + ay y + az z
(~a, ~r) =
ax x + ay y + az z.
, ( )
Z
Z
I=
(~a, d~r) =
ax dx + ay dy + az dz.
(27.2)
(AB)
(AB)
, .
2. d~r ~s0 |d~r| = dS, d~r = ~s0 dS.
(~a, d~r) = (~a, ~s0 ) dS = as dS,
as ~a . :
Z
Z
I=
(~a, d~r) =
as dS.
(27.3)
(AB)
(AB)
, , , , AB L.
130
3.
~a, L,
~a
I
C = (~a, d~r).
(L)
~a L
I
I
I
C = (~a, d~r) = as dS = (ax dx + ay dy + az dz).
(27.4)
(L)
(L)
(L)
. ~a
~v = ~v (M) .
.
, , , . M ~v(M) ~s0
(L), .. (~v, ~s0 ).
~a = ~v .
, ,
.
27.1. ~a = x3~ y 3~
~r = a cos t~ + a sin t~.
.
d~r = (a sin t~ + a cos t~)dt,
I=
Z
L
Z/2
(~a, d~r) = (x3~ y 3~)(a sin t~ + a cos t~)dt.
0
x = a cos t, y = a sin t
~a = a3 cos3 t~ a3 sin3 t~.
(27.3)
I=
Z
L
= a4
Z/2
~a d~r = (a3 cos3 t~ a3 sin3 t~)(a sin t~ + a cos t~)dt =
0
Z/2
0
Z/2
( cos3 t sin t sin3 t cos t)dt = a4
sin t cos t dt =
a4
sin t /2
= a4
= .
2 0
2
2
131
28.
28.
.
(D) ~a(M). M ~n0 ,
M. M P ,
~n0 . L,
M. L ~n0 ( . ??? ).
~a L:
I
C = (~a, d~r).
(L)
S , L.
I
1
(~a, d~r).
(28.1)
S
(L)
L. .
(S) M ,
I
1
lim
(~a, d~r).
(28.2)
(S)M S
(L)
(28.2). M
P.
(28.2),
M:
I
1
(M, ~n0 ) = lim
(~a, d~r).
(28.3)
(S)M S
(L)
ay
,
y
az
z
(D).
~a L
I
ax dx + ay dy + az dz
(L)
(28.4)
132
3.
,
:
I
P (x, y, z)dx + Q(x, y, z)dy + R(x, y, z)dz =
(L)
ZZ h
P
Q P
i
R Q
R
=
cos +
cos +
cos dS
y
z
z
x
x
y
(S)
:
I
ZZ h
az
ay
ax dx + ay dy + az dz =
cos +
y
z
(L)
(S)
ZZ
a
i
az
ay ax
x
+
cos +
cos dS =
f (N) dS,
z
x
x
y
(28.5)
(S)
(~a, d~r) =
f (N)dS = f (M )
dS = f (M )S,
(28.6)
(L)
(S)
(S)
M (S).
f (N)
I
1
f (M )S
(M, ~n0 ) =
lim
(~a, d~r) = lim
= f (M).
(28.7)
(S)M
S (S)M
S
(L)
M M
,
a
ay
z
cos +
cos .
z
x
x
y
(28.8)
(28.8)
:
~n0 = cos ~ + cos ~ + cos ~k
~ = az ay ~ + ax az ~ + ay ax ~k,
W
y
z
z
x
x
y
~ , ~n0 ) = |W
~ | |~n0 | cos = |W
~ | 1 cos ,
(M, ~n0 ) = (W
(28.9)
133
28.
~ ~n0 .
W
(28.9) , ~a , = 0
(cos = 1), .. M ~.
, W
~ M W
rot ~a (rotate . ).
~a rot ~a,
az ay
;
y
z
ax az
roty ~a =
;
z
x
ay ax
rotz ~a =
.
x
y
rotx ~a =
(28.10)
, ()
rot~a =
a
a
a
ay
az
ax ~
x
y
~ +
~ +
k
y
z
z
x
x
y
z
(28.11)
rot ~a =
x
ax
y
ay
~k
z
az
= ~a.
(28.12)
~a = ax~ + ay~
rot ~a =
a
ax ~
k.
y
(28.13)
, rot~a, ,
.
:
~a M rot ~a, ,
M ,
.
28.1.
.
1. :
rot ~c = 0,
~c = c1~ + c2~ + c3~k , c1 , c2 , c3 .
134
3.
,
rot ~c = rot(c1~ + c2~ + c3~k) =
x
c1
y
c2
~k
z
c3
= 0.
2. , ..
rot C~a = C rot ~a,
C .
,
~k
~
~
rot C~a = rot(Cax~ + Cay~ + Caz~k) =
=
x
y
z
Ca Ca Ca
x
y
z
Cay
Caz
Cax
Cay ~
Cax ~ Caz
k
~
~ +
~ +
~ +
k=
=
y
x
z
y
z
x
h a
a
a
ay
az
ax ~ i
y
z
x
=C
~ +
~ +
k = C rot ~a,
y
z
z
x
x
y
3. :
rot(~a ~b) = rot ~a rot ~b.
,
~
~
~
rot(~a + b) =
x
a + b a y
x
x
y + by
~
~k
~
~
k ~
~
+
x y z x y z
ax ay az
bx by bz
~k
=
z
az + bz
= rot ~a + rot ~b.
4.
rot(~a) = rot ~a + grad ~a,
(~a) = ~a + ~a.
5. -
,
~r = x~ + y~ + z~k.
135
28.
,
~ ~ ~k
~c ~r = c1 c2 c3 =
x y z
= c2 z~ + c3 x~ + c1 y~k c2 x~k c1 z~ c3 y~ =
= (c2 z c3 y)~ + (c3 x c1 z)~ + (c1 y c2 x)~k.
=
= 2c1~ + 2c2~ + 2c3~k = 2~c.
x
y
z
c zc y c xc z c yc x
2
3
3
1
1
2
6. - :
rot ~r = 0,
~r = x~ + y~ + z~k.
,
rot ~r = rot(x~ + y~ + z~k) =
x
x
y
y
~k
z
z
z
x y
+
+
= 0,
=
y
z
x
7.
rot f (r)~r = 0.
4) rot ~r = 0.
2) 3) , , ~a
~k
~
~
rot ~a =
.
x y z
a
a
a
x
() rot ~a (. 2);
. ~
, E
, :
~ =
rot E
~
H
,
t
~ .
; t ; H
(rot) div [~a, ~b]:
136
3.
8.
div (~a ~b) = (~b, rot ~a) (~a, rot ~b).
,
div (~a ~b] =
28.2.
x
ax
bx
y
ay
by
z
az
bz
~
~ ~k
~a ~b = ax ay az .
bx by bz
P = ax , Q = ay , R = az
I
I
(~a, d~r) = ax dx + ay dy + az dz
(L)
(L)
(L)
ZZ h
az
ay
ax dx + ay dy + az dz =
cos +
y
z
(S)
a
a
i
az
ax
x
y
+
cos +
cos dS,
z
x
x
y
I
(~a, d~r) =
(L)
ZZ
(S)
ZZ
rot~n0 ~a dS.
(28.14)
(S)
,
28.1 ( ). . ~a
L (S), (28.14).
,
rot ~a =
a
ax ~
k
x
y
y
~n = ~k,
I
ZZ
ay ax
ax dx + ay dy =
dS.
x
y
(L)
(S)
(17931841 ., ).
137
29.
29.
,
,
.
Z
ZZ
P
Q
P dx + Q dy =
dS,
y
x
G
(L)
Q
P
=
.
y
x
.
. ,
.
~a(M) ,
rot ~a(M) = 0,
M E.
AB
A B, AB
AB,
G;
3) u(~x) , ~a(~x) = u(~x),
du = a1 dx + a2 dy + a3 dz;
4) , .. rot ~a = 0.
, .
1 2 3 4 1.
I. 1 2. A B ADB
G. ACB
, (. 11),
+ ADB
= .
ACB
I
(~a(~x), d~r) = 0,
. 11
138
3.
..
(~a, d~r) =
ACB
(~a, d~r) =
ADB
(~a, d~r).
BDA
II. 2 3. M0 , M
G. M0M M0 M.
Z
u(M) =
(~a, d~r)
M0M
M0M , G.
,
grad u(M) = ~a(M).
, , M = (x, y, z) N = (x + x, y, z):
Z
Z
Z
x u = u(N) u(M) =
(~a, d~r)
(~a, d~r) =
(~a, d~r).
M0 N
M0M
MN
x = x(t), y = y(t), z =
MN
z(t), t [x, x + x].
x u =
x+x
Z
x+x
Z
(~a(t), ~x (t))dt =
a1 (t, y, z)dt.
u(M)
u
1
= lim
= lim
x0 x
x0 x
x
x+x
Z
u/y = a2 u/z = a3 .
III. 3 4. ~a(M) = grad u(M),
rot ~a(M) = rot grad u(M) = 0.
IV. 4 1. rot~a(M) = 0.
,
Z
ZZ
~ = 0.
(~a, d~r) =
(rot~a, dS)
30.
(S)
30.
139
~ = grad ( grad );
G
~a u = div ~a (~a div ~a);
~ = rot~a (~a rot ~a):
~a W
~ = grad = ~ + ~ + ~k;
G
x
y
z
ax ay az
u = div ~a =
+
+
;
x
y
z
~k
~
~
~ = rot~a =
W
.
x y z
a
ay az
x
(30.1)
(30.2)
(30.3)
(.. (30.1)(30.3)
), ( ).
:
1) grad grad ;
2) grad div ~a; 3) grad rot~a;
4) div grad ;
5) div div ~a; 6) div rot~a = 0;
7) rot grad = 0; 8) rot div ~a; 9) rot rot~a.
, , ,
grad , grad grad
, grad rot~a. , rot div ~a , .
, . , , .
, div rot~a = 0.
div rot~a = ( ~a) = ( )~a = 0,
(30.4)
,
.
,
div ~a =
ax ay az
+
+
x
y
z
h a
a
a
ay
az
ax ~ i
x
y
div rot~a = div
~ +
~ +
k =
y
z
z
x
x
y
az
ay
ax az
ay ax
=
= 0.
x y
z
y z
x
z x
y
z
, rot grad = 0.
grad =
~ +
~ +
k
x
y
z
140
3.
rot~a =
a
a
a
ay
az
ax ~
x
y
~ +
~ +
k
z
z
x
x
y
rot grad =
~k
=0
rot grad = = ( ) = 0
,
.
:
~ 2 2 2
div grad = div
~ +
~ +
k =
+ 2 + 2.
x
y
z
x2
y
z
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2
x2
y
z
, , 2 :
div grad =
div grad = () = 2 ,
~ + ~ + ~k
x
y
z
2
2
2
+
+
.
x2 y 2 z 2
2 =
= 0
(30.5)
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
(30.6)
x2
y
z
. .
= f (x, y, z),
(30.7)
f (x, y, z) ,
.
2 2
+ 2 = 0.
(30.8)
x2
y
(~x) E, E
.
:
141
30.
1)
= ax + by + cz + d;
2) = xyz;
3) = 1/r;
x
4) =
;
z+r
y
5) =
;
z+r
rz
6) = ln
.
r+z
:
1)
= ax + by + c;
2)
3)
4)
5)
= xy;
= x2 y 2 ;
= arctg y/x;
= ln r.
2 C 2 C 2 C
+
+
= C,
x2
y 2
z 2
C .
2. ( + ) = + ( );
3. () = + + 2 grad grad .
()
() = div[grad ],
() = (, [ grad + grad ]) =
= div(grad ) + grad grad + div(grad ) + grad grad =
= + + 2 grad grad .
4. ( ):
f (u) = f (u)u + f (u)(grad u)2 .
5. () :
f (r)
f (r)
=
.
r
r
(30.9)
142
3.
(30.9) .
1
f (r) = f (r) + f (r).
r
(30.10)
, , .
grad div ~a , ,
. rot rot~a.
. (30.6) .
~a ( ~a 2~a:
~a =
(30.11)
~a ~, ~, ~k, ,
(30.11) .
~a(x, y, z) ,
~a, ..
~a = ax~ + ay~ + az~k,
(30.12)
2 ax 2 ax 2 ax
ax =
+
+
,
x2
y 2
z 2
2 ay 2 ay 2 ay
ay =
+
+
,
x2
y 2
z 2
2 az 2 az 2 az
+
+
.
az =
x2
y 2
z 2
,
.. - ~r .
~a, ~a ~a,
grad div ~a rot rot~a.
~a = grad div ~a rot rot~a.
(30.13)
, ~a .
~a (, ).
,
(30.11) (30.13):
1) C~a = C~a, C ;
2) (~a + ~b) = ~a + ~b;
143
31.
3) ~c = ~c,
~c = cx~ + cy~ + cz~k
;
4)
~r = ~r + 2 grad .
~a = 0 , ~a =
~b, ~b ,
.
~a = 0
ax = 0,
ay = 0,
az = 0,
~a, , .
31.
div () rot () :
I) , , , rot ~a 0;
II) () ,
div ~a 0;
III) , , , rot ~a 0, div ~a 0;
IV) : rot ~a 6= 0, div ~a 6= 0.
.
31.1.
() , rot ~a = 0
(D).
(D), ~a, -.
, rot ~a = 0
ay
ax
az
ay
ax
az
=
,
=
,
=
.
y
z
z
x
x
y
, () .
~a , ~a
u = (x, y, z)
(D), .. ~a = grad . , ~a = grad ,
rot ~a = rot grad = 0.
, rot ~a 0 ~a = grad .
, () () .
(x, y, z) .
.
144
3.
1. ~a
Z
(~a, d~r).
(L)
29.1
.
2. ~a :
I
(~a, d~r) = 0.
(L)
29.1.
L ~a(~r), ~r E,
~a(~r)
.
,
dx
dy
dz
=
=
.
a1 (~r)
a2 (~r)
a3 (~r)
(31.1)
, , :
~r = ~a(~r).
(31.2)
u(x, y, z) = C .
3. .
, ~a(M) = u u(x, y, z) =
C, M, ~a = grad u,
.
4. ( ).
, - (L) ,
I
(~a, d~r) = 0.
(L)
,
(31.2),
I
(L)
(~a(~r), d~r) =
Zt
0
(~a(~r(t)), ~r (t))dt =
Zt
[~a(~r(t))]2 dt > 0.
145
31.
31.2.
~a , ,
(D),
div ~a = 0.
, .
31.1. ~a(M)
G, ,
~a(M) .
. . (S)
G.
ZZ
ZZZ
~
=
(~a(~r), dS) =
div ~a dV = 0.
(S)
(V )
. = 0, (S) M.
ZZZ
div ~a dV = 0.
(V )
1
div ~a(M) = lim
V 0 V
ZZ
~ = 0.
(~a, dS)
(S)
, = 0.
,
(D) .
div ~a 0 (D),
ZZ
ZZZ
=
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
div ~a dV = 0.
(S)
(V )
1. ( ), L,
, .. .
S = S1 + S2 . 31.1
ZZ
=
(~a, ~n0 ) dS = 0,
(S)
, ,
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
(~a, ~n0 ) dS +
(~a, ~n0 ) dS.
(S)
(S1 )
(S2 )
146
3.
ZZ
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
(S1 )
ZZ
(S2 )
()
~n0 ~n0 ,
,
ZZ
ZZ
()
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
(~a, ~n0 ) dS.
(S1 )
(S2 )
, (L).
2. .
S1 S2 , S3 S1 S2 .
ZZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
div ~a dV =
(~a, ~n0 ) dS +
(~a, ~n0 ) dS +
(~a, ~n0 ) dS.
(V )
(S1 )
(S2 )
(S3 )
, div ~a 0;
, ~a ~n0 .
(S1 ) ~n0
()
~n0 ,
ZZ
ZZ
()
(~a, ~n0 ) dS =
(S1 )
(S2 )
.
3. , . , ,
( ).
2. , - M,
, ,
M .
. .
31.2. , ~a = rot ~b, .
. , ~a = rot ~b,
div ~a = div rot ~b 0
(30.4), .
, , .. .
~b .
,
147
31.
1) ( , );
2) ,
.. , .
31.3.
( )
( )
(D),
rot ~a = 0,
div ~a = 0.
, , .. , ().
, ~a = grad . ,
div ~a = 0,
div grad = 0 = 0.
.
~a , ,
:
~a = grad ,
= 0.
: ~a = 0.
,
rot ~a 6= 0,
div ~a 6= 0.
.
31.3. ~a
~ +C
~
~a =
, ~a I, II III ~a. , ~a
, rot~a 0 ~a ; ~a , div ~a 0 ~a
.
grad, div, rot:
(grad ) = grad();
(div ~a) = div(~a);
(rot~a) = rot(~a).
148
31.5.
3.
1.
~ I,
.
.
M Oz:
p
= x2 + y 2.
~
~ = 2|I| (y~ + x~).
H
2
, . ,
~ = 0.
div H
Hx =
~
~
2|I|
2|I|y
y
=
H
=
;
x
2
x2 + y 2
~ =
div H
..
Hy =
2Ix
;
2
Hz = 0.
Hx Hy Hz
+
+
,
x
y
z
Hx
2Iy2x
4Ixy
= 2
= 4 ;
2
2
x
(x + y )
Hy
4Ixy
= 4 ;
y
Hz
= 0,
z
~ = 4Ixy 4Ixy = 0.
div H
4
4
, .
2.
+q1 . ~ , E
, M(x, y, z),
~ =
|E|
q1
,
r2
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 M .
~ - OM.
~
E
~ = Ex~ + Ey~ + Ez~k,
E
~ cos = q1 x = q1 x ;
Ex = |E|
r2 r
r3
q
y
q
~ cos = 1 = 1 y ;
Ey = |E|
r2 r
r3
32. ,
~ cos = q1 z = q1 z .
Ez = |E|
r2 r
r3
149
~ = q1 x~ + q1 y ~ + q1 z ~k
E
r3
r3
r3
q
1
~
E = grad
.
r
3q1 x r
3q1 xy
Ex
= 4
= 5 ;
y
r y
r
Ey
3q1 y r
3q1 xy
= 4
= 5 .
x
r x
r
,
Ey
Ex
=
.
y
x
,
Ez
Ey
=
,
y
z
Ex
Ez
=
,
z
x
..
~ = 0,
rot E
~ = rot grad q1 = 0.
rot E
r
,
O(0, 0, 0):
~ = Ex + Ey + Ez .
div E
x
y
z
Ex , Ey , Ez :
Ex
(q1 x/r 3 )
r 2 3x2
=
= q1
;
x
x
r5
Ex
(q1 y/r 3)
r 2 3y 2
=
= q1
;
x
y
r5
Ez
(q1 z/r 3 )
r 2 3z 2
=
= q1
.
z
z
r5
~ = q1 3r 2 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0.
div E
5
r
~ = 0, div E
~ = 0,
, rot E
.. , .
150
3.
32.
32.1.
,
J() =
Zb
(32.1)
f (x, )dx.
f (x, )
a x b, c d, > 0 > 0,
|x x | < | | <
|f (x , ) f (x, y)| < ,
x, x [a, b],
, [c, d].
32.1. f (x, ) a x b,
c d, (32.1)
.
. f (x, ) , .
x, x , > 0 > 0,
|x x | < | | < ,
|f (x, ) f (x , )|
.
ba
, x = x
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
a
Zb
dx = .
, , J() .
32.2. f (x, ) f (x, )/ a x b, c d, (32.1) [c, d] ,
dJ()
=
d
Zb
f (x, )
dx.
.
J( + ) J()
.
0
J () = lim
(32.2)
151
32. ,
:
J( + ) J()
1
=
Zb
:
1
Zb
a
Zb
f
(x, + )dx.
(32.2):
Zb
1
f (x, )
dx =
[J( + ) J()]
Zb h
Zb
f (x, + ) f (x, ) i
f (x, + ) f (x, )
=
dx
dx.
.
<
ba
/(b a) .
32.3. f (x, ) a x b, c d,
Zd
J()d =
Zd
J() =
Zb
f (x, )dx.
Zb
f (x, )dx,
(32.3)
.
32.3.1. f (x, )
32.2, a() b() [c, d],
d
d
Zb()
Zb()
f (x, )
a()
a()
(32.4)
152
3.
.
, , , , . .
. , ,
, .
32.2.
J() =
f (x, )dx.
(32.5)
, ,
J() = lim
Zb
[c, d].
f (x, )dx,
, > 0 b ,
Z
Zb
J() f (x, )dx = f (x, )dx <
a
[c, d].
32.1. ,
J() =
ex dx,
[0, 1],
, .
. , > 0 b
Z
ex dx < .
b
x = z
x1 = b z1 = b
dx = dz x2 = z2 = .
J() =
e dz = e
= eb .
(32.6)
153
32. ,
> 0 b ,
(32.6). , b = 1/b,
1
J
= e1 .
b
, < e1 b,
(32.6).
32.4 ( ). (32.5). g(x) 0 , |f (x, )| g(x)
Z
g(x)dx < ,
a
f (x, )dx,
Z
a
|f (x, |dx
. g(x) .
.
0 b ,
g(x)dx . , >
g(x)dx < .
Z
Z
Z
f (x, )dx |f (x, )|dx g(x)dx < .
b
Z
f (x, )dx <
b
[c, d] (32.5) .
.
32.5. f (x, ) a x ,
c d, (32.5) [c, d] ,
J() (32.5) [c, d].
32.6. f (x, ) f
a x , c d, (32.5)
Z
f (x, )
dx,
154
3.
J() [c, d] :
Z
J () =
f
dx.
(32.7)
Zd
J()d =
f (x, )dx.
, .
32.2.
Z
sin x
dx.
x
.
J(, ) =
ex
sin x
dx.
x
(32.8)
(32.8) :
:
sin x
x
e
ex .
x
,
Z
ex dx,
1 x ,
ex
sin x
dx,
x
[0, 1]. ,
(32.8)
[0, 1]. (32.8) ,
J (, ) =
Z
0
ex cos xdx =
.
+ 2
(32.9)
155
33. - -
??. ,
J(, ) = arctg
+ C.
(32.8) , J(0, ) = 0, C = 0
J() = .
2
33.
- -
- -. - - ,
.
x > 0 - ( )
(x) =
et tx1 dt.
(33.1)
. 12
(x)
. 12.
, - (33.1)
(x) = 2
e 2x1 d.
(33.2)
, , ,
(33.1), (33.2) (x)
Y
1
x x/n
x
= xe
1+
e
,
(x)
n
n=1
d(x)
= lim
=
x1 dx
Z
0
ln t dt = lim
(33.3)
n
X
1
k=1
ln n
(33.4)
156
3.
, 0,5772. . .
(33.1), (33.2)
, t = ,
(33.3) .
- ( )
Z1
B(x, y) = tx1 (1 t)y1 dt, x > 0, y > 0.
(33.5)
0
(33.5) -
Z/2
B(x, y) = 2 (sin )2x1 (cos )2y1 d,
(33.6)
(33.5) t = sin2 .
(x) B(x, y) (33.1), (33.2), (33.3), (33.5), (33.8)
, -.
- -
1 ( ). x > 0
(x + 1) = x(x).
(33.7)
. , (33.1):
(x + 1) =
tx et dt,
, U = tx , dU = xtx1 dt,
V = et , dV = et dt.
(x + 1) = tx et + z
0
tx1 et dt = x(x),
,
(33.3). , x 6= j, j = 0, ,
(1 + x)
=
(z)
zex
(1
+ x)e(1+x)
(1 + x/k)ex/k
k=1
=
[1 + (1 +
n=1
x)/n]e(x+1)/n
N
Y (1 + 1/n)x+1
Y 1 + x/k
1
=
lim
x lim
=
1 + x N
1 + (1 + x)/n N
(1 + 1/k)x
n=1
k=1
N
Y
1
(1 + 1/n)(x + n)
N +1
lim
= x lim
= x,
N N + 1 + x
1 + x N n=1
x+n+1
(33.1) (33.3).
157
33. - -
2.
(x)(y)
.
(x + y)
B(x, y) =
(33.8)
. I [1].
3. n
(n + 1) = n!
(33.9)
. (33.7) x = n.
(n + 1) = n(n) = = n!(1).
(1) =
et dt = 1,
(33.9) .
x y (x = n, y = m),
(33.8)
B(n, m) =
.h (n + m 1)! i
(n)(m + 1)
1
=1 m
=
,
n1
m(n + m)
(n 1)!m!
mCm+n1
Csl =
s!
l!(s l)!
.
, - , -
.
4. (x) , x = n, n = 0, , (x)
(. . 12).
., , [1].
5 ( ).
(z)(1 z) =
.
sin z
(33.10)
Z
0
eu u2x1 du,
158
3.
(1 x) = 2
ev v 12x dv.
, 0 < x < 1
(x)(1 x) = 4
2x1 u2
du
12x v2
dv = 4
Z Z
0
e(u
2 +v 2 )
u 2x1
v
dudv.
Z
Z/2
Z/2
2
(x)(1 x) = 4 e d (ctg )2x1 d = 2 (ctg )2x1 d.
0
tg2 =
Z/2
Z1 (1x)1
2x1
I = 2 (ctg )
d =
d,
1+
0
(??) = 1 x, , ,
I=
=
,
sin[(1 x)]
sin x
(. 33.8).
, (33.3). , z 6= n, n = , ,
1 Yh
x x/n i1 Yh
x x/k i1
1 Y
x2 1
(x)(x) = 2
1+
1 2
.
e
1
e
= 2
x n=1
n
k
x
n
n=1
k=1
(??)
x2
sin x Y
=
1 2
x
n
n=1
,
x sin x
(x)(x) =
(x)(x) = (1 x)
(33.10).
6. (x) , .. x
(x) 6= 0.
(33.11)
159
33. - -
. . x0
(x). x0 6= j, j = 0, , (x)
1- , x0 6= j, j = 0, , (n + 1) = n!.
lim (1 x) = lim
=
= ,
xx0
xx0 (x) sin x
sin x0 lim (x)
xx0
sin x0 6= 0. , (1 x) x0
, 4.
.
7.
2n + 1
1
= n (2n 1)!!
2
2
1 2n (1)n 2n
=
.
2
(2n 1)!!
(33.12)
(33.13)
n = 0, .
2n 1 2(n 1) + 1
2n 1 2n + 1
1 =
=
2
2
2
2
2
1
(2n 1)(2n 3) 2(n 2) + 1
1
=
=
(2n
1)(2n
3)
.
22
2
2n
2
(33.10) x = 1/2,
1
= ,
2
=
2
sin /2
..
1
,
2
.. (33.12) . (33.10) x = n + 1/2,
(33.12)
1
2
n =
(1)n
(1)n 2n
,
=
=
(1/2 + n) sin(n + /2)
(1/2 + n)
(2n 1)!!
.
.
1
1
n+
n+
= (1)n .
2
2
(33.14)
. (33.12) (33.13),
(1)n 2n
1 1
1
n+
n = n (2n 1)!!
= (1)n ,
2
2
2
(2n 1)!!
160
3.
8.
(33.15)
B(z + 1, ) =
B(z, );
z
+z
1
B(z, 1) = ;
z
(33.16)
(33.17)
1
B(z, z) = 212z B , z ;
2
B(z, 1 z) =
.
sin z
(33.18)
(33.19)
(33.7) (33.8). ,
(33.17) ; (33.18) , (33.19)
.
10 ( ). n
n 1
1 2
1
(1) = (2)(n1)/2 .
(33.20)
n
n
n
n
(33.20) .
.
n 1
1 2
f (n) =
n
n
n
n 1 n 2
1
f (n) =
.
n
n
n
.
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
(x)(1 x) = / sin x,
f 2 (n) =
n1
= n1
.
Q
sin(/n) sin(2/n)
sin[(n 1)/n]
sin(k/n)
k=1
e2ik/n , k = 0, n 1, n- .
161
33. - -
n1
zn 1 Y
=
(z e2ik/n ).
z1
k=1
z 1,
n=
n1
Y
k=1
(1 eik n ).
n1
n1
n1
Y
Y
Y
n1
2
k
Y
ik n
ik 2
ik n ik n
ik
n1
n
n
) =
1e
e
e
e
=2
sin
.
(1 e
n
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
n = 2n1
n1
Y
sin
k=1
n1
Y
sin
k=1
n1 2n1
,
n
f 2 (n) =
k
,
n
k
n
= n1 .
n
2
1
f (n) = (2)(n1)/2 ,
n
.
11 ( ).
Z1
0
y =
1
4
tx1 (1 t)x1 dt =
1
2
1/2 t =
2
B(x, x) = x
4
2 ix1
1 1
t
dt.
4
2
2
t t = 1/2,
B(x, x) = 2
Z1 h
Z1/2h
0
2 ix1
1 1
t
dt.
4
2
u/2
Z1
0
u1/2 (1 u)x1du =
B
2x1
1
2
,x .
162
3.
-,
(x)(x)
1 (1/2)(x)
= 2x1
,
(2x)
2
(x + 1/2)
(x)(x + 1/2) =
22x1
(2x).
33.1. , -
(x) =
Z1 h
0
1 ix1
ln
dt,
t
x > 0.
(33.21)
. (33.21) t = eu . dt =
eu du, ln 1t = u u , t
. ,
Z1 h
0
Z0
1 ix1
ln
dt =
t
x1
(e
)du =
eu ux1 du = (x),
.
33.2. ,
Z
x4
5
dx =
.
4
(33.22)
. (33.22) x4 = u. x =
u1/4 dx = 14 u3/4 du. ,
Z
0
x4
Z
1
1
u
du =
dx = e
eu u 4 1 du =
4
4
0
0
1
1 1
=
=
+1 ,
4 4
4
u 1 3/4
33.3. -, ,
Z1
xk ln xdx =
1
,
(k + 1)2
k > 1.
. ln x = t
Z1
0
x ln xdx =
Z0
te(k+1)t dt.
163
33. - -
(k + 1)t = u. k + 1 > 0
Z1
1
xk ln xdx =
(k + 1)2
ueu du =
1
1
(2) =
,
2
(k + 1)
(k + 1)2
.
33.4.
J=
a > 0.
. ax2 = t
(a > 0).
J =2
2n ax2
x e
dx =
1
an+1/2
tn1/2 et dt =
1 (2n 1)!!
= n+1/2 n +
= n n+1/2 .
a
2
2 a
1
33.5.
lim
ex dx = 1.
. x = t1/n dx =
1 1/n1
t
dt.
n
Z
xn
1
dx =
n
et t1/n1 dt =
1
1 1
=
+1 .
n n
n
- (x) x > 0
lim
ex dx = lim
n
1
+ 1 = (1) = 1.
33.6.
Z1
0
dx
1 xn
(n > 1).
164
3.
. x = t1/n (t > 0)
Z1
0
Z1
1
dx
1 1
1
1
1
1/n
n
(1 t)
dt = B , 1
=
t
=
n
n
n
n
n
1 xn
0
1 1
1 1
1
=
.
=
n n
n (1)
n sin(/n)
.
33.7.
Z1
0
dx
1 x4
Z1
0
x2 dx
= .
4
4
1x
(33.23)
. x4 = t
1
Z1
Z1
dx
1
1 1 1 4
3/4
1/2
,
=
t
(1 t)
dt = B ,
=
4
4
4 2
1 x4
4 43
0
0
3
3
Z1
4
4
x dx
1
3 1
=
.
= B ,
=
4
4 2
1 x4
4 5
1
4
, (33.23).
33.8.
Z/2
J=
tg xdx,
6= n, n = , .
. tg x =
t (t > 0)
t(1)/2
1 + 1
+ 1
dt = B
,1
=
1+t
2
2
2
0
+ 1
1
+ 1
1
=
.
1(1)
2
2
1 cos(/2)
1
J=
2
,
(33.6).
33.9. ,
Z/2
1 m + 1 n + 1
J=
sinm x cosn x dx = B
,
.
2
2
2
0
(33.24)
33. - -
. sin x =
1
2
Z1
0
165
t (t > 0).
1 m + 1 n + 1
t(m1)/2 (1 t)(n1)/2 dt = B
,
.
2
2
2
33.10.
Z1
J=
a > 1,
b > 1.
(33.25)
. 1 x = 2t
J =2
a+b+1
Z1
(33.25) x = cos 2.
33.11.
ZZ
J=
xq y p d,
D
D , x + y = 1, p > 1,
q > 1.
. :
J=
Z1
0
Z1x
dx
xp y q dy.
0
q 6= 1,
1
J=
q+1
Z1
xp (1 x)q+1 dx =
1
1 (p + 1)(q + 2)
B(p + 1, q + 2) =
=
q+1
q + 1 (p + q + 3)
(p + 1)(q + 1)
B(p + 1, q + 1)
=
.
(p + q + 2)(p + q + 2)
p+q+2
33.12.
J=
Za
0
t2n a2 t2 dt,
a > 0.
166
3.
. t = a sin x, a > 0.
Z/2
J = a2n+2
sin2n x cos2 x dx.
0
(33.24),
1 3
(2n 1)!!a2n+2
2n+2 (n + 1/2)(3/2)
B n+ ,
=a
= n+2
.
2
2 2
2(n + 2)
2 (n + 1)!
2n+2 1
J =a
x = at1/n ,
dx = (a/n)t1/n1 dt.
4a2
S=
n
Z1
0
(1 t)1/n t1/n1 dt =
4a2 1
1 2a2 2 (1/n)
B
+ 1,
=
.
n
n
n
n (2/n)