HOC VIEN HANG KHONG VIET NAM

KHOA IE N T VIE N THO NG HA NG KHO NG

GIAO TRNH

RADAR

MUC LUC
MUC LUC...........................................................................................................................2
M au............................................................................................................................3
DANH MUC CAC T VIET TAT....................................................................................3
CHNG I: GII THIEU CHUNG......................................................................................5
1.1 KHAI NIEM :..............................................................................................................5
1.2.1. Phat hien muc tieu : .......................................................................................6
1.2.2. o toa o va cac tham so chuyen ong : .................................................6
1.2.3. Phan biet muc tieu : .......................................................................................6
1.2.4. Nhan biet muc tieu : ......................................................................................7
1.2.5. Kha nang chong nhieu : ................................................................................7
1.3. NHNG NGUYEN TAC NHAN TIN TC RADAR ..................................................9
1.4. PHAN LOAI RADAR : ...............................................................................................10
1.5. TOC O XUYEN TAM CUA MUC TIEU : .........................................................11
1.6. NHNG TNH NANG CUA AI RADAR:...........................................................13
1.6.1. vung quan sat..................................................................................................13
1.6.2. Cac tham so cua ai radar
...........................................................13
1.6.3. Cac kha nang cua ai radar.......................................................................14
1.6.4. Nguyen tac hoat ong cua ai radar chu ong ....................................15
CHNG II: NGUYEN LY RADAR ...................................................................................16
2.1. BC XA TH CAP................................................................................................17
2.2. DIEN TCH PHAN XA HIEU DUNG CUA CAC VAT BC XA TH CAP TAP
TRUNG .............................................................................................................................18
nh ngha : ................................................................................................................18
2.3. C LY HOAT ONG CUA AI RADAR ................................................................27
2.3.1. Khai niem :.......................................................................................................27
2.3.2.Phng trnh c ly hoat ong cua radar trong khong gian t do:.................27
2.3.3. C ly hoat ong cua ai radar khi tnh en anh hng cua phan xa
t mat at, khi muc tieu bay thap va moi trng truyen song . ...............31
2.3.3.1. Anh hng cua phan xa t mat at : ............................................31
2.3.3.2. C ly phat hien cua ai khi muc tieu bay thap :..............................35
2.3.3.3. C ly hoat ong cua ai do anh hng cua o cong mat at . 38
2.3.3.4. C ly hoat ong cua ai khi co anh hng cua khuc xa kh quyen
...................................................................................................................................39

M au

Trong chien tranh the gii th 2, radar s cap ra i phuc vu cho

muc ch quan s nham phat hien va theo doi cac hoat ong
cua nhng muc tieu tren khong, t nhng thiet b n gian ban
au ch phat va thu song phan xa t muc tieu (radar s cap),
dan dan de co the phan biet va nhan dang muc tieu la cua
ta hay cua oi phng ngi ta a a vao s dung radar th cap.
Ngay nay radar khong ch con la phng tien phuc vu n thuan
cho quan s na, ma no a tr thanh mot he thong khong
the thieu trong cac hoat ong dan dung nhat la trong nganh
Hang khong dan dung, nh cac loai ai radar phuc vu cho kiem
soat khong lu, radar kh tng, Cung vi toc o phat trien
nhanh chong ve khoa hoc ky thuat, th he thong radar cung ngay
cang phat trien va khong ngng oi mi, nhng loai radar the
he sau ra i nham khac phuc cac khuyet iem cua loai radar
the he trc. Tuy nhien ve nguyen ly hoat ong chnh cung van
da tren nen tang cua viec phat xa va thu nhan song ien t
phan xa t muc tieu hoac cac tn hieu tra li at tren may
bay.
Do o Khoa ien t Vien thong Hang khong a tien hanh
bien soan quyen GIAO TRNH RADAR s dung trong trng Hang
khong Viet Nam nham phuc vu cho viec day va hoc thuoc he
Trung hoc chuyen nghiep cua nha trng. Giao trnh nay c
bien soan da tren cac giao trnh ve radar cua Hoc vien Ky
thuat Quan s, va cua Trung tam ao tao Hang khong Dan
dung Thai Lan (CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING CENTRE THAILAND), nen co
tnh chnh xac va o tin cay cao, v vay giao trnh nay con co
the s dung e lam tai lieu tham khao cho cac oi tng khac
co quan tam en hoat ong cua he thong radar noi chung va
he thong radar phuc vu cho kiem soat khong lu noi rieng.
Tuy nhien trong qua trnh bien soan van khong the nao tranh
khoi nhng sai sot, v vay chung toi rat mong muon co s gop
y cua oc gia e giup chung toi chnh sa lai, lam cho giao
trnh ngay cang hoan chnh hn.
Chan thanh cam n.
Nhom bien soan
KS. Pham Hong Dung
KS. Nguyen Hoai Bao
DANH MUC CAC T VIET TAT
ADM ( Angular Deviation Measurement )
BITE ( Built-In Test Equipment )

: o o lech goc
: Thiet b t kiem tra i kem

CPU ( Central Processor Unit )

: Bo x ly trung tam
C.W. (CONTINUOUS WAVE)
: song ien t lien tuc
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) : Vien cac ky thuat ien
ien t (vien nay a a ra mot chuan giao thc truyen trong mang, goi la
giao thc IEEE)
IF
(Intermadium Frequency)
: Trung tan
IFF
(Indentification Friend or Foe)
: Nhan dang ban hoac oi phng
IISLS (Improved Interrogation Side Lobe Supression) : Hoan thien triet bup song
phu
khi hoi)
ISLS (Interrogation Side Lobe Suppression)
: Triet tn hieu hoi t bup song
phu
MI
( Military Indentification )
: Nhan dang quan s
M.T.I. (MOVING TARGET INDICATOR)
: Tach muc tieu di ong
LTM ( Local Technical Maintenance )
: Bao tr ky thuat tai cho
NM
( Nautical Mile )
: Dam Radar
NS
( North Signal )
: Tn hieu phng Bac
PC
( Pulse Compression )
: Nen xung
PIA
( Peripheral Interface Adapter )
: Bo phoi ghep ngoai vi
PIO
( Parallel Input/Output )
: Ngo vao/ra song song
PSR ( Primary Surveillance Radar)
: Radar giam sat s cap
RCMS ( Remote Control and Monitoring System ) : He thong kiem tra va ieu
khien
t xa
RF (Radio Frequency )
: Tan so vo tuyen (cao tan)
RPM (Revolutions Per Minute )
: So vong quay trong mot phut
RSLS ( Reception Side Lobe Suppression )
: Triet tn hieu thu bup song
phu
SIO
( Serial Input/Output )
: Ngo vao /ra noi tiep
SPI
( Special Pulse Indentification )
: Xung ac biet nhan dang muc
tieu
SSR ( Secondary Surveillance Radar )
: Radar giam sat th cap
STC ( Sensitivity Time Control )
: ieu khien o nhay theo thi
gian
STM ( Specialized Technical Maintenance )
: Bao tr ky thuat ac biet
UPS ( Uninterrupted Power Supply
: Nguon cung cap lien tuc
VDU ( Video Display Unit )
: Khoi hien th tn hieu th tan
IAGC (Immediately Automatic Gain Control)
: T ong ieu chnh he so K
nhanh
NAGC ( Noise Automatic Gain Control) : T ong ieu chnh he so K theo mc
tap

CHNG I: GII THIEU CHUNG

1.1 KHAI NIEM :
Song vo tuyen t lau a c s dung trong viec lien lac,
cung nh la kiem soat toc o giao thong tren cac ai lo va
tren nhng ng giao thong chnh. Cho en khi chien tranh the
gii lan th hai cac nc ong minh mi s dung cac thiet b
do tm vo tuyen (radio detection) e quan sat cac muc tieu bay va
dung lam vu kh phong thu chong lai s tan cong t tren
khong .
oi vi thiet b nay ngi Anh goi la RDF (RADIO DIRECTION
FINDING ), con quan oi My luc bay gi th goi thiet b nay la
RPF (RADIO POSITION FINDING ), sau o mot Thuyen trng hai
quan My la ong S.M.Tucker a goi thiet b nay la RADAR (RADIO
DETECTION AND RANGING) va ten goi nay a nhanh chong c
cac nc My va Anh chap nhan va nam 1943.
Radar (raar : Radio detection and ranging ngha la do tm va nh
v bang song vo tuyen ) la ten goi chung cho nhng thiet b Vo
tuyen ien bao am nhan nhng tin tc t nhng muc tieu nh
viec thu va phan tch nang lng ien t phat ra hoac phan xa trc
tiep t nhng muc tieu o.
Nh vay nhng thiet b nh may thu thanh (Radio), may thu hnh
(Television set) cung la nhng thiet b nhan tn hieu bang song
vo tuyen nhng khong phai la thiet b radar v nhng tn hieu
nay khong cung cap cac tham so cua ai phat (tin tc cua muc
tieu) nh c ly en tram phat, hng cua tram phat ...
Muc tieu radar co the la: Loai kh ong lc (may bay, ten la
co canh); Loai vt ai chau va vu tru (au an hat nhan, ve
tinh); Muc tieu tren mat at (Xe tang, o to); Tren mat nc
(tau, thuyen); Muc tieu co nguon goc thien nhien (am may,
vat chuan t nhien, cac hanh tinh).
oi vi viec giam sat cac hoat ong bay, e phat hien va
o ac cac tham so chuyen ong cua muc tieu tren khong lien
tuc va khong bo sot th cac he thong radar c bo tr theo
nhng quy luat nhat nh tren toan lanh tho, co lien he chac
che vi nhau e thu thap, x ly va cung cap thong tin ve muc
tieu tren khong.

1.2. TRNH T NHAN TIN TC RADAR :

1.2.1. Phat hien muc tieu :
Phat hien la quyet oan co hay khong co muc tieu trong mot
vung khong gian nhat nh vi xac suat quyet oan sai cho phep
nao o (ngha la trong sai so cho phep). Viec au tien cua mot
ai radar la phai phat hien c muc tieu theo tnh nang cua ai
(radar kiem soat khong lu th phat hien c cac muc tieu bay,
radar canh gii b bien th phat hien c tau thuyen, radar kh
tng th phat hien c cac vat the kh tng nh am may,
ma,...)
1.2.2. o toa o va cac tham so chuyen ong :
Sau khi phat hien c muc tieu, cac thiet b cua ai radar se
tien hanh phan tch e a ra cac tham so cua muc tieu , goi la
toa o cua muc tieu. o toa o la anh gia toa o va cac tham
so chuyen ong cua muc tieu vi sai so cho phep nao o trong he
thong toa o cau (hnh 1-1). Cac tham so cua toa o muc tieu
la :
- C ly t ai radar en muc tieu : r
- Goc phng v :
- Goc ta :

1.2.3. Phan biet muc tieu

Hnh :1-1: Toa o cau
Trong giao trnh nay chung ta ch nghien cu en mot loai
radar la radar quan sat tren khong e phat hien va dan ng
cho may bay nen cac tham so ma ta can quan tam la cac so
lieu ve vung quan sat khong gian. Do o neu trong vung khong

gian ta quan sat khong phai co mot muc tieu ma co nhieu muc
tieu khac nhau th khi phat hien va o ac cac tham so cua muc
tieu ai radar phai phan biet c co bao nhieu muc tieu trong
vung khong gian ma ai quan sat, ay la bai toan phat hien
va o ac cac tham so cua muc tieu khi ben canh muc tieu nay
con co nhng muc tieu khac. Co cac loai phan biet: Phan biet
theo c ly (r), phan biet theo cac toa o goc (,), phan biet theo
toc o (v). Kha nang phan biet theo cac toa o c ac trng
bi the tch phan biet. Kch thc cua the tch phan biet c
the hien bi cac gia tr: theo c ly (r), trong mat phang phng
v (), trong mat phang goc ta ( ), the tch nay c thiet lap
sao cho neu co mot muc tieu tam the tch ben canh cung
khong lam cac ch tieu chat lng phat hien va o lng cac
toa o muc tieu nam tam the tch phan biet nay kem i.
Trong phng phap bc xa xung the tch phan biet c goi la the
tch xung. Ngha la moi muc tieu trong khong gian eu co mot
the tch, the tch nay c xac nh bi cac tham so nh chieu
rong, chieu dai va chieu cao, khi cac the tch nay qua gan nhau
th ai radar ch nhan biet c co mot muc tieu ma thoi.
Kha nang phan biet cua ai radar theo toa o nao o c
nh ngha la lng khac biet t nhat ve toa o ay cua hai muc
tieu khi cac toa o khac cua chung trung nhau ma ai radar con
quan sat c rieng re tng muc tieu .
V du : Kha nang phan biet theo c ly la khoang cach nho nhat
gia hai muc tieu nam cung mot phng v va goc ta, ma khi
o ai radar con quan sat c rieng biet chung.
1.2.4. Nhan biet muc tieu :
Muc tieu sau khi c phat hien va o ac cac tham so th
ch biet c so lng, toa o ch cha biet c kieu loai va
may bay ta hay may bay la, v vay ngoai viec phat hien muc tieu
cac ai radar con can phai nhan biet c muc tieu nh thiet
b i kem o la may hoi - ap .
1.2.5. Kha nang chong nhieu :
Cac thiet b radar can phai co kha nang chong nhieu cao
oi vi nhieu thien nhien va nhieu nhan tao. Trong quan s, e
han che viec phat hien va theo doi cua he thong radar, ngi ta
thng dung nhieu nhan tao co the dang bc xa (nhieu tch
cc), hay dang phan xa (nhieu tieu cc). Nhieu co tac dung che
lap cac tn hieu co ch hay lam nhan vien quan sat tren man hien

song radar phat hien lam la muc tieu (ngha la khong phat hien
hay phat hien lam muc tieu). Trong hoat ong cua Hang khong
dan dung th nhieu thng c gay ra bi cac vat the kh tng
(am may, ma,), hay cua cac vat the t nhien (cac toa nha
cao tang, oi nui,)
Kha nang chong nhieu la kha nang cua ai radar bao am
c cac ch tieu chat lng phat hien , o lng (hay nhan biet)
mot mc o a cho khi co nhieu , cung la kha nang s dung
nguon nhieu lam tin tc radar (co the s dung cac tn hieu cua
nhieu co nh nh oi nui e lam vat chuan trong viec hieu
chuan ai radar) .
Song radar co the la song sieu am (dung e phat hien
muc tieu di nc), song ien t ( co bc song t 1mm en
100km); Cac song dai milimet, centimet, met co vai tro quan
trong nhat . Hien nay cac song ien t ngan hn (song hong
ngoai, song anh sang) cung c s dung trong radar (Bang 1-1).
Bang 1-1 Cac dai tan so s dung cua radar
Ky hieu dai tan
Tan so (GHz)
Bc song (cm)
HF
0,003 0,03
10.000 1.000
VHF
0,03 0,3
1.000 100
UHF
0,3 1
100 30
L
12
30 15
S
24
15 7,5
C
48
7,5 3,75
X
8 12,5
3,75 2,4
Ku
12,5 18,0
2,4 1,67
K
18,0 26,5
1,67 1,13
Ka
26,5 40
1,13 0,75
MMW
> 40
< 0,75
Trong nganh Hang Khong hien nay ang s dung he thong
radar kiem soat khong lu lam viec dai tan bang L (1.000 MHz
2.000 MHz). ay la bang tan thch hp cho cac ai radar giam
sat khong lu c ly ln (khoang 200 dam). tan so nay may
phat co the phat ra cong suat cao, o rong bup song hep va
giam c nhieu tap ben ngoai tac ong .
Ngoai ra oi vi loai radar s dung tan so bang S (2 GHz 4
GHz) co the giam sat c khoang khong gian ln, nhng c ly
hoat ong cua loai radar nay khong xa bang loai radar tan so
thap. Mat khac hien tng van toc mu xay ra nhieu hn so vi
radar bang L, loai radar bang tan S cung b anh hng rat ln
cua kh tng, thi tiet lam giam c ly hoat ong cua ai. Tuy

nhien bang tan nay lai rat thch hp cho radar d bao thi tiet
tam xa va cung thch hp cho nhng radar giam sat c ly gan.
1.3. NHNG NGUYEN TAC NHAN TIN TC RADAR
Nhng tin tc ve muc tieu trong tn hieu radar la nhng dao
ong ien t co cac tham so lien he chat che vi cac tham so
cua muc tieu .
Phng phap nhan tin tc radar thong thng nhat la phng
phap radar chu ong. radar nay chieu xa muc tieu nh nang
lng ien t va thu song phan xa bi muc tieu bang thiet b
thu. Loai radar nay con c goi la radar chu ong co tra li thu
ong, hien nay loai radar nay c s dung chu yeu trong viec
bao ve vung tri va kiem soat khong lu. Khi song ien t
phat xa ra anten i en gap muc tieu, mot phan se b phan xa
tr lai anten radar, s phan xa song xay ra gii han 2 moi
trng (moi trng th nhat la luc song ien t phat xa ra
khoi anten cua ai radar, moi trng th hai la luc song ien t
phan xa t muc tieu) luc nay co cac tnh chat ien va t
khac nhau. Ngha la song ien t bc xa (phat xa) ra khoi anten
ai radar va song ien t phan xa bi muc tieu khac nhau ve
cng o nang lng, pha, tan so Chu y rang nhng dao ong
ien t chieu xa muc tieu (tc la nang lng song ien t
phat xa ra khoi anten ai radar) van cha phai la tn hieu radar v
chung khong cha nhng tin tc ve muc tieu, ch co nhng tn
hieu ien t phan xa lai t muc tieu mi goi la tn hieu radar v
luc o nhng tn hieu nay mi mang cac tin tc ve muc tieu,
tc la nh nhng tn hieu phan xa tr ve may thu ai radar mi
phan tch, x ly va a ra cac thong tin ve c ly, cac toa o
cua muc tieu,
Khi can nhan biet muc tieu, tn hieu radar c tao nen bang
phng phap hoiap chu ong (Radar chu ong co tra li chu
ong). Trong trng hp nay nang lng ien t chieu xa muc
tieu lam kch thch cho may tra li tren muc tieu phat ra nhng
tn hieu vo tuyen hoan toan xac nh (vi ieu kien la tren
may bay phai co trang b may tra li tng ng), nhng tn hieu
tra li nay c nhan bi may thu cua ai radar
Radar thu ong cung la mot phng phap quan trong, o la
phng phap thu va x ly cac tn hieu bc xa cua ban than
muc tieu (bc xa nhiet cua cac vat the, bc xa cua cac thiet
b vo tuyen tren muc tieu). Loai radar nay thong thng c s
dung trong quan s va an ninh.

1.4. PHAN LOAI RADAR :

- Theo phng phap radar: Radar chu ong co tra li thu
ong; Radar chu ong co tra li chu ong; Radar thu ong.
Radar chu ong co tra li thu ong con c goi la radar s
cap (PRIMARY RADAR): c s dung e quan sat vung khong
gian xung quanh ai, nham phat hien va giam sat cac muc tieu
tren khong.
Radar chu ong co tra li chu ong con c goi la radar
th cap (SECONDARY RADAR): co the i kem vi radar s cap
hoac hoat ong oc lap nham nhan dang muc tieu tren khong,
loai radar nay ch co tac dung khi co s ket hp cua may tra
li tren may bay.
Radar thu ong (PASSIVE RADAR): loai radar nay khong phat
xa ra song ien t ma ch thu nhan nang lng (nh song ien
t, song hong ngoai,) phat ra t cac muc tieu e a ra cac
tham so ve muc tieu o. Loai nay thng dung trong muc ch an
ninh, quan s.
- Theo phng phap o c ly : co the chia thanh 2 nhom ln:
Radar bc xa xung (Pulse radar) va radar bc xa lien tuc (CW:
Continuous wave radar ) .
Radar bc xa xung co u iem chnh la: n gian trong viec o
c ly, s dung viec thu va phat chung mot anten; nhc iem la
may phat phai co cong suat ln, kha phc tap trong viec o
toc o muc tieu (ac biet khi can o chnh xac cao).
Radar bc xa lien tuc cho phep tach muc tieu theo toc o va
o n tr toc o trong dai toc o kha rong, cong suat phat
khong can ln; Nhc iem la viec kh ghep gia tuyen thu va
phat rat phc tap, thiet b au cuoi cung rat phc tap khi can
quan sat nhieu muc tieu theo nhieu tham so.
Phu thuoc vao dang tn hieu phat xa co the chia radar bc
xa xung thanh: radar bc xa xung khong tng can, radar bc xa
xung tng can, radar ieu tan. radar ieu pha trong xung
Radar bc xa lien tuc c chia thanh radar bc xa lien tuc
khong ieu che, Radar bc xa lien tuc ieu che, Radar bc xa
lien tuc gia tap.
- Theo kenh radar lam viec oc lap co the chia thanh radar
mot kenh va radar nhieu kenh. Trong o radar nhieu kenh co
the chia thanh radar nhieu kenh tan so, radar nhieu kenh khong
gian va radar nhieu kenh tan so - khong gian.
Radar nhieu kenh tan so s dung nhieu kenh phat va thu
lam viec cac tan so khac nhau trong pham vi cua cung mot

gian o hng anten. Muc tieu b chieu xa ong thi nhieu

tan so, con tn hieu ra cua cac kenh c x ly theo kieu tron
vi nhau.
Radar nhieu kenh khong gian co nhieu gian o hng (bup
song) anten oc lap nhau, phat xa va thu cac tn hieu tren cung
mot tan so. Khi o co the dung mot may phat chung cho tat
ca cac kenh hoac dung rieng moi may phat cho moi kenh.
Radar nhieu kenh tan so - khong gian co cac bup song
(gian o hng anten) lech nhau trong khong gian, trong moi bup
song o bc xa mot tan so.
u iem cua radar nhieu kenh la tang kha nang chong
nhieu va co c ly tac dung xa nh tang c tong cong suat
bc xa khi cong suat nh trong moi kenh b han che bi gia tr
cho phep. Nhc iem cua radar nhieu kenh la rat phc tap (ac
biet he thong anten) va kem c ong.
- Theo tnh nang cua ai radar: radar o o cao cua may bay,
radar o c ly, radar canh gii b bien, radar quan sat tam xa, radar
dan bay gan, radar chong va cham,
e phuc vu cho viec kiem soat khong lu, trong nganh Hang
Khong hien nay ang s dung hai loai radar chnh la radar s cap
(primary radar) ket hp vi radar th cap (seconary radar), hoac
radar th cap hoat ong oc lap (mdoe A, C hoac mode S).
1.5. TOC O XUYEN TAM CUA MUC TIEU :
Trong ieu kien toi u, khi phat hien va o lng cac tham so
cua muc tieu chung ta s dung nhng tnh chat vat ly cua song
vo tuyen:
- Toc o lan truyen cua song trong chan khong la hu han va
la hang so (c). Toc o lan truyen trong khong kh gan bang
3.108m/s
- Trong moi trng ong nhat va ang hng song truyen theo
ng thang
- Tan so dao ong ien t nhan c khac vi tan so dao
ong bc xa neu muc tieu chuyen ong so vi ai ( hieu ng
Doppler )
Hang so toc o va hng truyen thang cua song cho phep
xac nh c c ly muc tieu. Thi gian truyen song t ai radar
en muc tieu va quay ve tr (nh vay vi thi gian la tr th song
ien t phai i c mot quang ng la 2r) lien he vi c ly
muc tieu bi cong thc:
tr =

2r
c

( 1-1 )

r=

ct r
2

( 1-2 )

Do o e xac nh c ly t ai radar en muc tieu khi s

dung phng phap radar chu ong ta can o thi gian lan truyen
song gia ai radar va muc tieu tren ca hai pha, trong o t r con
c goi la thi gian gi cham tn hieu phan xa.
Viec xac nh toa o goc (hng) cua muc tieu da vao
tnh chat truyen thang cua song. Vi muc ch nay ngi ta s
dung nhng anten nh hng. Hng cua muc tieu (goc phng
v) la goc tao bi hng cua anten (khi phat hien muc tieu) vi
hng Bac .
Viec o thanh phan xuyen tam cua toc o chuyen ong
cua muc tieu oi vi ai radar (v xt ) da vao hieu ng Doppler
(Hieu ng Doppler ch xay ra khi muc tieu chuyen ong so vi
ai, tan so doppler Fd la o dch tan gia tan so song phat xa
fbx va tan so song phan xa f px,). trong radar chu ong , hieu ng
Doppler xuat hien 2 lan :
- Lan au : Do muc tieu chuyen ong so vi ai nen tan so
dao ong ien t Nhan c bi muc tieu chuyen ong f px (tan
so cua tn hieu phan xa) , khac vi tan so dao ong bc xa f bx
v
f px = f bx (1 xt )
( 1-3 )
c
- Lan th hai : Tan so dao ong nhan c bi may thu cua
ai radar (tan so cua tn hieu thu f t , luc nay ai radar c coi la
chuyen ong so vi muc tieu) khac vi tan so tn hieu phan
xa :
v
f t = f px (1 xt )
( 1-4 )
c
V vay :

2v
v
v
xt
f t =f bx (1 xt ) 2 =f bx (1
+ xt
c
c
c

( 1-5 )

Thong thng

v xt
<< 1, Chung ta co bieu thc gan ung :
c
v
f t = f bx (1 2 xt )
( 1-6 )
c

Dau + tng ng trng hp radar va muc tieu dch lai gan

nhau
Dau tng ng trong trng hp ngc lai
2v
2v
Tr so Fd = xt f bx = xt
( 1-7 )
c

F la dch tan Doppler cua tn hieu radar phan xa t muc

tieu
Vay toc o xuyen tam cua muc tieu ( goi tat la thanh
phan xuyen tam cua toc o muc tieu ) phu thuoc vao o dch
tan Doppler cua tn hieu:
Fd c
( 1-8 )
2f bx
Do o ta thay rang nh co hieu ng doppler ma ai radar
co the phan biet c cac loai muc tieu chuyen ong va muc
tieu ng yen (muc tieu co nh). ong thi cung nh co hieu
ng doppler ma ai radar co the xac nh c toc o di chuyen
cua muc tieu.
v xt =

1.6. NHNG TNH NANG CUA AI RADAR:

1.6.1. vung quan sat
La mien khong gian trong o ai radar am bao cho ra thong tin ve
muc tieu ( co be mat phan xa hieu dung trung bnh bang mot gia
tr cho trc ) vi chat lng khong thap hn yeu cau . Radar co
nhiem vu quan sat muc tieu trong vung nay . Vung quan sat gii
han bi c ly cc ai (rmax ), c ly cc tieu (rmin ) va cac goc quan
sat trong mat phang ngang () va mat phang ng (). (Hnh 1-2)

rmax
Hnh 1-2: Vung quan
sat

1.6.2. Cac tham so cua ai radar

- Chu ky quet Tq : la thi gian e radar quet het vung quan

sat mot lan ( Mot vong quay cua anten ai radar ).
- Cac toa o c o : c ly (r), goc phng v (), goc ta ( )
- Tan so mang cua dao ong bc xa f bx hay bc song
- Cong suat bc xa trung bnh Ptb va nh P
- Dang va o rong gian o hng cua an ten va .

- o nhay may thu theo cong suat (Ptmin)hay nang lng (tm).
- o chnh xac o cac toa o va toc o muc tieu : ay la
mot ch tieu quan trong nhat cua ai radar, c ac trng bi
sai so cua cac toa o c o, ngha la hieu gia gia tr thc
va gia tr o c cua cac toa o. Do o e anh gia o chnh
xac cac phep o cua ai radar phai chu y en sai so trung bnh
bnh phng cua phep o (phng sai cua sai so o), o la cac sai
so ngau nhien .
+ Ky hieu gia tr bnh phng trung bnh o c ly : r
+ Ky hieu gia tr bnh phng trung bnh o toa o goc :
+ Ky hieu gia tr bnh phng trung bnh o toc o : v
1.6.3. Cac kha nang cua ai radar
- Kha nang phan biet: Kha nang phan biet cua mot ai
radar la kha nang quan sat rieng re cac muc tieu co mot trong cac
toa o khac nhau hoac toc o khac nhau
+ Kha nang phan biet theo c ly r la khoang cach nho nhat
gia hai muc tieu co cac toa o goc va toc o giong nhau ma
ai co the quan sat rieng re c . Neu khoang cach gia 2 muc
tieu nho hn r th ai radar quan sat chung nh la mot muc tieu .
+ Kha nang phan biet theo toa o goc la goc nho nhat
gia hng cua hai muc tieu co c ly va toc o giong nhau ma
ai radar co the quan sat rieng re c .
+ Kha nang phan biet theo toc o v la hieu toc o nho
nhat cua hai muc tieu co c ly va toa o goc gan nh nhau (cung
nam trong mot the tch phan biet ) ma ai radar co the quan sat
rieng re c .
- o tin cay s dung : La kha nang ai radar thc hien c
nhiem vu ma khong lam cho tnh nang ky thuat cua no b thay oi
khoi pham vi cho phep trong mot khoang thi gian yeu cau. No c
ac trng bi kha nang lam viec khong hong va kha nang
khoi phuc nhanh sau hong hoc, trong nhng ieu kien s dung
nhat nh cua ai radar. Neu len kha nang hoan thanh chc
nang cua ai trong mot khoang thi gian xac nh. Thong
thng o tin cay c bieu th bi xac suat ai lam viec tot
trong mot khoang thi gian a cho.
- Kha nang chong nhieu : la kha nang duy tr c cac ch
tieu ky thuat cua ai radar trong ieu kien co nhieu tac ong, noi
cach khac kha nang chong nhieu cua ai radar la kha nang

ma ai van thc hien c nhiem vu vi chat lng giam cho

phep trong ieu kien co tac ong cua nhieu . Nhng con so
cua ch tieu ky thuat cha anh gia c kha nang chong
nhieu. Ch co the noi rang trong hai ai radar b nhieu tac ong
nh nhau, ai nao co cac ch tieu ky thuat giam sut t hn th
ai o co kha nang chong nhieu tot hn .
- Kha nang nhan biet muc tieu chuyen ong hay muc tieu
co nh: la kha nang ma ai radar co the o c toc o di
chuyen cua may bay so vi ai. Viec nay thc hien c nh vao
hieu ng doppler.
- Kha nang nhan biet c muc tieu thuoc loai nao: la kha
nang ma ai radar co the nhan biet c muc tieu cua ta hay muc
tieu la, muon lam c ieu nay trong he thong radar s dung
thiet b hoi va tren may bay co trang b he thong tra li.
1.6.4. Nguyen tac hoat ong cua ai radar chu ong
S O CAU TRUC TONG QUAT CUA AI RADAR CHU ONG
HE THONG
PHAT

HE THONG
IEU CHE

HE THONG
ONG BO

CHUYEN
MACH THU PHAT

HE
THONG
ANTEN

HE THONG
THU

HE THONG
HIEN TH

HE THONG
NGUON
IEN

He thong anten : Anten tuyen phat lam viec cung vi he thong

Hnh 1-3: S o cau truc tong quat cua ai
tao tn hieu
tao thanh tuyen hnh thanh va bc xa tn hieu
radarphat
chu ong
phat, dung e phat xa tn hieu ra khong trung; Anten thu lam viec
cung vi he thong x ly tn hieu thu, tao thanh tuyen thu va
tach tn hieu khoi nhieu, dung e thu tn hieu co cong suat rat
nho phan xa tr ve t muc tieu va a cac tn hieu nay en
he thong thu. Thong thng trong cac loai radar kiem soat khong
lu va quan ly vung tri th he thong anten thu va phat c
thiet ke chung thanh mot anten. He thong anten dung e bc xa
co nh hng tn hieu phat va thu nhan cac tn hieu phan xa.
e tao ra vung quan sat can thiet va am bao kha nang xac
nh cac toa o goc cua muc tieu can phai quet bup song

cua anten trong cac mat phang tng ng (mat phang ngang, mat
phang thang ng). Cau truc va cac tham so cua hai tuyen
nay quyet nh cac ac trng quan trong nhat cua ai radar.
Chuyen mach thu - phat: co chc nang a tn hieu phat ra anten
va chuyen tn hieu thu en may thu, khong cho nang lng cao
tan t may phat en may thu.
He thong phat: Khuech ai tn hieu u ln theo yeu cau, a
en he thong chuyen mach thu - phat
He thong ieu che : Tao ra cac xung nang lng cao tan a c
ong bo, sau o ghep vi he thong phat
He thong ong bo : Tao ra cac xung ong bo dung e kch phat
cac xung nang lng cao tan RF va am bao ong bo hoat ong
cua tat ca cac tuyen va cac he thong trong ai radar
He thong thu : Khuech ai va gia cong tn hieu nhan c, loc
nhieu va a tn hieu a c x ly en he thong hien th.
He thong hien thi: Phat hien, o toa o va cac tham so chuyen
ong cua muc tieu. Trong cac ai radar phat hien bang mat va
oc toa o tren man hien song th o la he thong hien song
trac thu, con trong radar t ong phat hien va lay toa o muc
tieu th o la cac may tnh ien t chuyen dung .
He thong nguon ien: Cap ien cho cac he thong trong toan
ai radar.
ay ch la s o cau truc tong quat cua ai radar quan ly
vung tri, ch bao gom nhng he thong va cac thiet b can
thiet, chu yeu ve mat chc nang, con cac ai radar cu the la
nhng phng tien ky thuat vo tuyen het sc phc tap va a
dang ca ve so lng, chung loai cac linh kien va cac phan t
cau tao nen ai radar lan ve cac moi lien he gia chung vi
nhau.

CHNG II: NGUYEN LY RADAR

2.1. BC XA TH CAP
Da theo nguyen ly hoat ong (phng phap radar) cua ai
radar, co the chia radar ra lam 2 loai la radar chu ong va radar
thu ong, trong radar chu ong c phan ra thanh 2 loai la radar
s cap (radar chu ong tra li thu ong)va radar th cap (radar
chu ong tra li chu ong).
e tm hieu ky hn ve cac loai radar, trc tien ta tm hieu
ve nguyen tac bc xa th cap cua song ien t .
Radar la mot thiet b hoat ong da tren nguyen ly phat va
thu song ien t phan xa tr lai t muc tieu, hien tng phan xa
nay c goi la bc xa th cap, do o hien tng phan xa la nen
tang c s e xay dng nen he thong radar. V vay trong chng
nay se nghien cu ky ve cac hien tng bc xa song. Khong
phai ch co cac song vo tuyen ma cac song bat ky khac
cung co hien tng bc xa. Bc xa th cap xuat hien khi song
gap phai chng ngai tren ng truyen lan. Song ti chng
ngai c goi la song s cap, song phan xa hay tan xa t
chng ngai vat goi la song th cap. Con chng ngai c goi
la vat bc xa th cap thu ong. Tnh bat ong nhat cua moi
trng cung chnh la mot chng ngai. Cac tham so cua moi
trng khong ong nhat vi nhau ve o tham ien, o tham
t hay ien dan.
Th du: Ta xet bc xa song ien t cua mat nc, di tac
dung cua song ien t, tren mat nc xuat hien dao ong cua
cac ien tch, dong ien cam ng chnh la nguon bc xa song
ien t th cap. Neu song ti mot be mat ien moi cung tao
ra mot dong ien dch ay la nguon bc xa th cap.
e co the quan sat s phu thuoc cua song s cap vao kch
thc, hnh dang, tnh chat cua vat the bc xa th cap ta co
the lam mot th nghiem n gian nh sau:
Neu tren ng lan truyen ta at mot vat co kch thc
nho so vi o dai song th song s cap se bao ngay lay vat ay
va thanh phan cua mat nc bao quanh vat ay dao ong ong
pha. Luc nay khong xay ra hien tng phan xa song ma ch co
s tan xa nang lng song xay ra eu theo cac hng. Con neu
ta thay vat nay bang mot phien rong hn so vi o dai song lan
truyen, th s tan xa song se khong eu do ket qua giao thoa
cua cac song t cac phan t cua vat phan xa, hng cac
song ong pha, bc xa th cap se cc ai, va ngc lai khong
co bc xa th cap cac hng ma cac phan t kh nhau
(ngc pha nhau). Hien tng tng t cung xay ra khi nghien cu
song vo tuyen, vi nhng kch thc tng oi cua vat the so

vi o dai song khac nhau, phan bo pha (hay bien o) cua

dong tren mat dan cung khac nhau va s giao thoa cua song
tao nen bi cac dong ien nay cac iem khac nhau trong
khong gian se khac nhau .
Nh vay, song phan xa (bc xa th cap) t mot vat the
phu thuoc rat nhieu vao kch thc cua vat the o. Ta can chu
y nhat trng bc xa th cap vung xa. Phan bo trng
vung xa khong phu thuoc vao cong suat bc xa s cap va c
xac nh nh khai niem dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua vat
bc xa th cap. Khai niem dien tch phan xa hieu dung co the
dung cho nhng vat bc xa th cap tap trung va phan bo .
Bc xa th cap tap trung la vat bc xa nam hoan toan
trong the tch phan biet. oi khi ngi ta con phan bc xa th
cap tap trung thanh bc xa n va nhom; Bc xa th cap
nhom tao nen t mot loat bc xa n oc lap.
Th du: Mot top may bay nam lot trong mot the tch phan
biet co the coi nh mot vat bc xa nhom trong khi moi may bay
lai la mot bc xa n. Vi nhng song u ngan, moi may bay
lai co the coi nh la mot vat bc xa nhom va tng phan cua
no (than, canh, uoi...) nh la mot vat bc xa n .
2.2. DIEN TCH PHAN XA HIEU DUNG CUA CAC VAT BC XA TH
CAP TAP TRUNG
nh ngha :
Dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua mot vat bc xa th cap tap
trung la dien tch cua mot vat bc xa tng tng at vuong goc
vi hng truyen song, tan xa tat ca nang lng song ti no mot
cach eu an theo moi hng va tao nen mat o thong lng nang
lng trng co phan cc a cho giong nh muc tieu thc te. Dien
tch phan xa hieu dung goi tat la dien tch hieu dung.
nh ngha dien tch phan xa hieu dung c giai thch nh
sau: Gia s trong khong gian t do co mot may phat chieu xa,
mot muc tieu va mot may thu cua ai radar. Khoang cach t
muc tieu en may thu la r, mat o thong lng nang lng
(nang lng song trong mot n v goc khoi) cua song tan xa
muc tieu la SM, va mat o thong lng nang lng cua song
th cap iem thu la St c coi la a biet. Ta thay the muc
tieu bi mot vat bc xa th cap dang hng tng tng, tc
la vat nay se tan xa toan bo nang lng song ti.Vat bc xa
nay tao nen mat o thong lng nang lng bang S t tren mat

cau ban knh r (Ta xet hien tng bc xa va phan xa trong khong
gian vi he toa o cau), do o no tan xa cong suat : P=4r2St
(n v cong suat P (w), r (m), St (w/m2)
V be mat phan xa hieu dung tan xa toan bo nang lng song
ti nen :
P= SM
Do o : =

S
P
= 4 r 2 t
SM
SM

( 2-1 )

Cong thc nay tng ng vi nh ngha dien tch phan xa hieu

dung cua mot vat bc xa th cap a neu tren. Sau khi bieu
dien SM va St bang bnh phng bien o trng (ien trng hoac
t trng) tng ng th :

E 2t
H 2t
2
= 4 r 2 = 4 r
EM
H 2M
2

( 2-2 )

Vi Et , EM - Cng o ien trng tai may thu va vat bc xa th

cap
Ht , HM - Cng o t trng tai may thu va vat bc xa th
cap
Trong trng hp chung tr so cua dien tch hieu dung phu
thuoc vao hng cua muc tieu so vi hng cua may phat va
may thu ai radar nh hnh ve sau ( hnh 2-1):
May phat

Qua hnh ve tren (hinh2-1) ta thay dien tch phan xa hieu dung
cua muc tieu khong nhng phu thuoc vao bnh phng bien o
trng tng ng ma con phu
thuoc vao goc tao bi hng
1
anten may phat va may thu vi hng bay cua muc tieu la va
thu , E , H , H , , ).
1 : Vay May
=(E
t,
M
t
M
1
Hnh
2-1
Neu may thu va may phat cung mot v tr (he thong
phoi hp va thu, va phat hay goi la he thong radar phoi hp)
th = 1,
do o :
=(Et, , EM , Ht , HM , , )
Con oi vi trng hp he thong radar la phan tan ngha
la may phat va may thu cac v tr khac nhau th nh tren da
noi s phu thuoc cua tr so dien tch hieu dung vao hng thu
oi vi radar phan tan xac nh bi gian o hng cong suat
bc xa th cap (gia s hng cua may phat so vi hng cua
muc tieu la khong oi, con hng cua may thu so vi muc tieu
thay oi ) ta co:
() = (1 , ) vi 1=const.

Ta co c gian o hng nay bang thc nghiem: dch

chuyen may thu quanh muc tieu va gi nguyen v tr may phat.
Con neu dch chuyen may thu phat quanh muc tieu hoac
quay muc tieu e thay oi hng so vi may thu phat ta se nhan
c mot gian o hng goi la gian o hng th cap ngc
().
Trong trng hp chung muc tieu oi hng trong khong gian
ch khong phai trong mat phang, nen dien tch hieu dung cua
bc xa th cap oi vi radar phoi hp la mot ham cua hai goc:
= (,); oi vi radar phan tan = (1 , , 1 , )
Tr so cua dien tch hieu dung phu thuoc vao vat lieu muc
tieu, kch thc tng oi cua muc tieu so vi bc song, cac
ac trng phan cc cua moi trng va anten may thu phat .
Bnh thng, ta coi moi trng la ong nhat, tc la khong
thay oi ac tnh phan cc, s phan cc cua anten thu va phat la
giong nhau va radar la loai phoi hp .
V dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua vat bc xa th cap la
mot tham so quan trong trong viec phat hien muc tieu cua ai
radar, ma ta cung biet vi nhng vat co kch thc khac nhau so
vi bc song ti th cung tao ra nhng bc xa th cap khac
nhau, ngi ta a tm ra c s phu thuoc cua dien tch phan xa
hieu dung cua vat co kch thc so vi bc song nh sau:
Dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua vat the co kch thc rat
nho so vi bc song cua song ti :
Da vao cong thc (2-2), ngi ta a chng minh c dien
tch phan xa hieu dung cua vat the co kch thc rat nho so vi
bc song la:
= 4 3

l6
4

( 2-3 )

Qua cong thc (2-3) ta thay dien tch hieu dung cua cac vat
the co kch thc rat nho so vi bc song ty le thuan vi
luy tha sau cua kch thc vat the (l 6) va ty le nghch vi luy
tha bac bon cua bc song (4). Do o cac vat the co kch
thc rat nho so vi bc song cung co dien tch hieu dung
nho, lam cho kha nang phan xa song kem, v vay e phat hien
cac muc tieu thong thng nh may bay, ten la,... radar ch co
the s dung bc song ln nhat la song met, con oi vi
nhng vat the nho hn nh mn, trai pha, cac hat nho tren
ng truyen song nh hat sng, ma... th ch s dung c song
cm va ngan hn. Tren thc te oi vi radar kh tng va radar dai
song cm th tren man hien song ta co the quan sat c nhng
am may giong .


Dien tch hieu dung cua vat the co kch thc cung c
bc song:
ay la mot trng hp ac biet, luc nay dien tch hieu
dung co tnh chat cong hng va phu thuoc vao ty so

hng truyen song va tnh phan cc cua anten thu - phat. Th du

n gian nhat cua cac vat the co kch thc co the so sanh
vi bc song la cac chan t thu ong co dang mot day dan
manh hay mot bang kim loai hep. Khi o dai cua chan t nay
bang mot so nguyen lan bc song (n) th dong ien cam ng
trong chan t se at c cc ai (cong hng).
Khi at mot chan t na song (la loai chan t co chieu
dai hieu dung hhd = /4, va co mo un tr khang bc xa / z / = R
= 73 ) song song vi vect trng E M cua song s cap, ngi ta
a chng minh c dien tch hieu dung cua chan t na song
la:
60 h 2
E2
t
2
hd
= 4 r
= 4

z
E2
M

( 2-4 )

60 I 0hhd
Vi : E t =
(2-5)
r
Trong o dong ien bien oi theo quy luat hnh sin, co bien o
dong bung song ng I 0 bang ty so sc ien ong cam ng

va modun tr khang bc xa cua chan t /z/ :

I0 =

E M h hd
z

(2-6)

Do o gia tr cua dien tch phan xa hieu dung trong trng hp

cong hng la :
= 0 = 0,862 = 0,86 (2l)2
(2-7)
ay : l_ o dai cua chan t na song (l = /2)
Qua cong thc (2-7) cho thay dien tch hieu dung cua chan
t na song ln hn rat nhieu so vi dien tch hnh hoc cua ban
than chan t, nhng chan t loai nay ac biet gon nhe thng
c tha t tren may bay xuong thanh tng am e lam nhieu
tieu cc .
Tai v tr cong hng th dien tch phan xa hieu dung trong
trng hp nay la cc ai. Khi bc song (hay o dai cua chan
t) thay oi th se khong con cong hng na, chan t cang
manh th ng cong cong hng cang nhon .
Trong thc te khi rai nhieu tieu cc bang phng phap nay th
cac chan t khong ch nam song song vi vect cng o
trng ma no sap xep hon loan trong khong gian, dien tch hieu
dung phu thuoc vao hng so vi hng cua trng s cap, neu
goi la goc tao bi hng cua chan t va hng cua vect
trng EM, th la mot tr so ngau nhien nhan cac gia tr t 0

en /2 . Cho nen khong the tnh c gia tr cua dien tch phan
xa hieu dung c ma phai tnh gia tr trung bnh cua dien tch
phan xa hieu dung :

= ()P()d()

(2-8)

Moi gia tr cua tng ng vi mot v tr bat ky cua chan

t trong khong gian .
Khi = 0 th dien tch hieu dung at cc ai
Khi = /2 th dien tch hieu dung at cc tieu va bang 0
2 sin d
P( )d( ) =
= d( cos )
(2-9)
2

T o : = cos 4 ( ) d(cos ) =
0
5 0

( 2 - 10 )

hoac :
( 2 - 11 )
Ngi ta a chng minh c : () = 0cos4()
T cong thc (2 - 11) c dung e tnh toan so chan t
can thiet e tao nhieu tieu cc, gia tr dien tch hieu dung cua
n chan t nam trong mot the tch phan biet :
n = n
( 2 - 12 )
Gia tr trung bnh cung nh gia tr cc ai cua dien tch hieu
dung cua chan t la mot ham cua l/. Khi lech cong hng
nho, ham nay bien thien nh cac ng cong cong hng nh
hnh ve sau ( hnh 2-2 ):
= 0,17 2 = 0,17(2l) 2

l2

l = const

= const
0,5

1,0

1,5

Khi l = , (1,5 HNH

), 3,
... cung xay ra cong hng nhng trong
2-2
nhng trng hp nay dang cua gian o hng thay oi, nh hnh
ve sau (Hnh 2-3):

HNH 2 - 3

Hai hnh (2-2) va (2-3) bieu dien moi quan he gia va trong
hai trng hp = const va = const. Ca hai ng cong eu dao
ong nhap nho. Phan au cua ng cong (l << /2) tng ng
vi quy luat tan xa. ac tnh cong hng cua vat bc xa th
cap (l ) khong ch co chan t ma oi vi cac vat the
khac (e lp tron xoay, hnh cau...) cung co.

Dien tch hieu dung cua vat the co kch thc ln hn

bc song nhieu: Bang phng phap giai tch ch co the tnh
toan c dien tch hieu dung cua mot so vat the co hnh dang
n gian nhat, con oi vi cac vat the phc tap, ta ch co the
xac nh c dien tch phan xa hieu dung bang thc nghiem.
Dien tch hieu dung cua cac vat the n gian co the c tnh

E 2t
theo cong thc (2-2), trong o ty so
co tnh c da tren
E 2M
nguyen ly Huy-ghen. Moi vi phan dien tch be mat bc xa c
coi nh mot nguon song cau rat nho, sau khi lay tong cac song
cau th cap ta co the tm cng o trng tong hp cua bc
xa th cap anten may thu theo cong thc sau (2-13) :
1 E
4
E t = M exp j r cos 2ds
(2-13)
S r

Trong thc the thng r va EM thay oi rat t trong pham vi dien

tch mat S , nen :
E
4
4
E t M exp j r0 exp j r cos 2ds
(2-14)
r
S

Et
Trong khi tnh dien tch hieu dung ta ch can mo-un
EM
Et
1
4
= exp j r cos 2dS
E M r S

v :

exp j

(2-15)

4
r = 1 , Va theo cong thc ( 2-2 ) ta tnh c :
0

4
4

2
=
exp j r cos ds
2
s

( 2-16 )

vi : ds _ Vi phan dien tch cua vat

_ Goc gia hng en ai radar va phap tuyen cua ds
r = r0 + r _ Khoang cach gia anten radar va ds

d
s

r = r0 + r
r

ai
radar

r0
HNH 2 - 3

Qua cong thc (2-16) ta thay :

+ Gian o hng bc xa th cap cua vat co kch thc
ln hn bup song rat nhieu co dang hnh bup va co nhieu bup
phu.
+ Neu bc song cua song ti cang ln th dien tch hieu
dung vat bc xa th cap cang nho .
+ C ly cua muc tieu cang gan ai th dien tch hieu dung
cua muc tieu cang ln .

Dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua muc tieu thc te:
Trong thc te hau het cac muc tieu eu co kch thc ln
hn bc song nhieu lan, nen gian o hng th cap cua muc
tieu thc te co rat nhieu bup, o rong cua cac bup nay phu
thuoc vao kch thc muc tieu so vi bc song va c ly cua
muc tieu vi ai radar. Tuy nhien v muc tieu khong ng yen
ma di chuyen lien tuc so vi ai radar nen gian o hng th
cap cung rat phc tap va khong the tnh dien tch hieu dung
cua muc tieu nay bang ly thuyet c, nen trong thc te gian
o bc xa th cap va dien tch hieu dung cua muc tieu c
xac nh bang thc nghiem, Gian o bc xa th cap cua muc
tieu phu thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thc va vat lieu tao nen vat
the o. Ngoai ra dien tch hieu dung con phu thuoc vao hng
bay cua may bay, tc la phu thuoc vao goc tao bi truc cua
bup song anten va hng bay cua may bay. n v cua dien tch
hieu dung c tnh bang met vuong (m 2). Ngi ta a tm c
dien tch hieu dung cua mot so muc tieu thc te nh sau (Bang
2-1):

DIEN TCH HIEU DUNG TRUNG BNH

LOAI MUC TIEU

m2
15
5 20
10 50
0,3 0,4
104
0,8

May bay khu truc

May bay nem bom
trung bnh
May bay nem bom
hang nang
Ten la co canh
Tuan dng ham
Ngi

Bang 2-1: Dien tch hieu dung mot so loai

muc tieu

Gian o hng cua muc tieu la ban kim loai phang (Hnh 2-4)

()
max
0

a tieu ng yen (goc

Neu may phat HNH
va 2-4
muc

khong oi) va
dch chuyen may thu (goc 1 thay oi) oi vi muc tieu la ban
kim loai ch nhat phang, th ta co gian o hng nh sau (Hnh 25):

Gian o bc
HNHxa
2-5th cap cua may bay 2 ong c trong mat
phang ngang vi bc song = 10cm (hnh 2-6)

HNH 2-6

Gian o bc xa th cap cua may bay 2 ong c trong mat

phang ngang vi bc song = 3 5cm (Hnh 2-7)

HNH 2-7

HNH 2-8:
Din tch
hiu ong
dng ca mt
s lai
my bay
He thong
radar
hoat
da
tren
nguyen ly dao ong va
lan truyen cua song ien t, nhiem vu chnh cua ai radar la

phat hien va o ac cac tham so cua muc tieu nh c ly, phng

v, o cao, toc o, ngoai ra con phan biet c may bay cua ta
hay may bay la. Cac tham so nay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao a
hnh, thi tiet,...
2.3. C LY HOAT ONG CUA AI RADAR
2.3.1. Khai niem :
C ly hoat ong cua mot ai radar la c ly ln nhat ma ai
co the phat hien c muc tieu vi xac suat phat hien ung va
xac suat bao ong lam khong kem hn gia tr cho trc .
C ly hoat ong la mot trong nhng tham so chu yeu cua
mot ai radar. Do yeu cau chc nang, nhiem vu khac nhau nen
c ly hoat ong cua cac ai cung khac nhau. C ly hoat ong
qua ln hoac qua nho eu khong thch hp. C ly hoat ong
qua nho th khong ap ng c yeu cau, nhiem vu cua ai,
c ly qua ln th ai se phc tap, nang ne.
C ly hoat ong cua ai radar khong nhng ch phu thuoc
cac tham so cua ban than ai radar ma con phu thuoc ieu
kien truyen song va tnh chat muc tieu. Trong qua trnh truyen
song, s phan xa cua mat at, s hap thu nang lng cua kh
quyen, o cong cua mat at... eu anh hng en c ly hoat
ong cua ai .
2.3.2.Phng trnh c ly hoat ong cua radar trong khong gian t do:
Trc het ta xem xet c ly hoat ong cua ai radar trong
khong gian t do la khong gian n gian nhat va la mot khong
gian ly tng. Trong khong gian nay:
- Ch co ai radar va muc tieu. Khong co bat ky vat the
nao anh hng en s lan truyen song.
- Chat ien moi ong nhat, song ien t lan truyen theo
ng thang
- Khong co s tieu hao nang lng trong qua trnh truyen
song
Nhng gia thiet tren co the chap nhan c vi nhng
radar co canh song hep hoat ong goc ta cao (khong b anh
hng cua mat at), c ly hoat ong nho trong ieu kien kh
tng tot (tieu hao t ).
Trong moi trng nh vay c ly hoat ong cua radar lien quan
vi cac yeu to sau :

* Vi cung mot muc tieu , neu nang lng hoac cong suat
bc xa Pp ln, th nang lng tn hieu phan xa ln, c ly phat
hien se tang hn.
* Vi ai co cong suat tap au ra may thu P tap nho, tc la
he so tap am nho, muc tieu xa tn hieu phan xa tr ve nho
th ai radar van co the phat hien c .
* Neu anten cua ai co he so khuyech ai G ln, khi canh
song nham ung hng muc tieu, mat o nang lng se tang.
Do o dung anten co he so khuech ai G ln cung se tang c ly
hoat ong cua ai.
* Neu muc tieu ln, dien tch phan xa hieu dung se tang,
lam cho nang lng phan xa tang va ieu nay cung lam tang
c ly hoat ong cua ai
* Ma cac tham so cua ai, ieu kien lan truyen song va
dien tch phan xa hieu dung eu co lien quan vi bc song
nen c ly hoat ong cung lien quan vi bc song .
V vay c ly hoat ong cua ai radar la mot ham nhieu bien
(Pp, Ptap , G, , ...)
r = f(Pp, Ptap , G, , ...)
Nh vay c ly hoat ong cua ai radar neu c xem xet
trong khong gian t do vi ieu kien ly tng mot cach nh tnh
la mot ham nhieu bien, nhng neu ch phan tch theo nh tnh
nh vay th cha the tnh toan c c ly hoat ong cu the cua
ai, v vay ta con phai nghien cu c ly nay mot cach nh
lng e tm ra cong thc tnh c ly hoat ong cua ai trong
khong gian t do.
Gia s song ien t c phat ra khong gian bang anten vo
hng th mat o cong suat cua song tai mot v tr bat ky trong
khong gian cach ai mot ban knh r (c ly r) c tnh theo cong
thc :
Pp w
S1 =
( 2-17 )
4 r 2 m 2
Trong o Pp - Cong suat phat xa cua ai radar
ieu nay co ngha la toan bo song phat xa t anten ai
radar ra khong gian la ong eu theo moi hng, co dang mot
khoi cau ban knh r, goc khoi 4, vi cong suat la P p, neu goi S1
la mat o nang lng chieu xa trong mot n v goc khoi th ta
c cong thc tnh S1 nh tren (Hnh 2-9).
Song
ti
S1
ai
radar

HNH 2-9

Muc
tieu

Trong thc te th e o c cac toa o goc th anten ai

radar phai c phat nh hng. Neu goi he so khuech ai cua
anten la G th mat o nang lng chieu xa trong mot n v goc
khoi tai mot iem c ly r so vi ai va iem nay thuoc bup
song chnh se tang len G lan, do o mat o cong suat S 1 se la
:

Pp w
( 2-18 )
4 r 2 m 2
Khi song en gap muc tieu, trong ieu kien moi trng
ong chat va song ien t khong suy hao, se xay ra hien tng
tan xa toan bo song co mat o S 1 eu theo cac hng va vi
mat o nang lng trong mot n v goc khoi la S 2 phan xa tr
lai khi gap muc tieu, vay neu muc tieu co dien tch phan xa
hieu dung la th cong suat phat xa th cap P '1 tai anten cua
may thu ai radar se la :
P'1= S1.
( 2-19 )
V song phan xa t muc tieu la vo hng nen mat o nang
lng trong mot n v goc khoi co ban knh la khoang cach t
muc tieu en ai radar S2 tai anten may thu la (may phat va
may thu dung hai anten khac nhau):
Pp
P1' w S1 w
w
S2 =
=
=
G

4 r 2 m 2 4 r 2 m 2
4 r 2 4 r 2 m 2
S1 = G

Hay : S = Pp G w
2
[4 r 2 ]2 m 2
Neu goi dien tch hieu
thu c tai anten thu la:
Trong mon hoc anten ta
thu c tnh theo cong thc
A
G = 4 2

G 2
Hay: A =
4
Vay : PA = S2 x A =

Pp G

[4 r 2 ]2

( 2-20 )
dung cua anten thu la A th cong suat
P A = S2 x A
a biet he so khuech ai cua anten
:

G 2 PP G G

=
4
( 4 ) 3 r 4

( 2-21 )

Thong thng trong cac ai radar th anten thu va phat chung nen:
G = G'

Mot ieu ma ta cung can lu y la trong qua trnh phat va

thu song ien t eu phai i qua he thong ong dan song
(feeder) nen cong suat cua song cung b tieu hao trong cac he
thong thu - phat cua ai radar. Do o sau khi anten nhan c tn
hieu phan xa t muc tieu (bc xa th cap hay phat xa th
cap), tn hieu nay c a en au vao may thu, neu ke en
ton hao trong he thong thu - phat th luc nay cong suat tai au
vao may thu se la :
Pp G 2 2
Pmt =
( 2-22 )
( 4 ) 3 r 4
Trong o : - Hieu suat truyen nang lng t may phat en
anten
= 0,7 0,8
'
- Hieu suat truyen nang lng t anten ve may thu
' = 0.8 0,9
Neu muc tieu cang xa so vi ai th tn hieu phan xa ve
ai cang yeu, tc la khi r= r max0 th cong suat tai au vao may
thu se la Pmt = Pmtmin
Pmtmin c goi la o nhay thc te cua ai .
Do o khi r = rmax0 th cong suat cua tn hieu phan xa thu c
tai au vao may thu nho hn tap P mtmin nen luc nay se khong
phat hien c muc tieu lan trong tap . Vay :
Pp G 2 2
Pmtmin =
( 2-23 )
4
( 4 ) 3 rmax0
Suy ra c ly hoat ong cua ai radar trong khong gian t do la :
rmax0 = 4

Pp
Pmtmin

G2 2

( 4 ) 3

hoac neu thay G = G = 4

ta c : rmax0 = 4

Pp
Pmtmin

( 2-24 )

A
2

A2

2 ( 4 )

( 2-25 )

T phng trnh (2-24) va (2-25) ta co ket luan:

- C ly hoat ong cua ai radar tang t khi tang cong suat
phat xa cua ai (Pp ), hoac giam cong suat tn hieu tai au vao
may thu (Pmtmin) tc la cong suat tn hieu tai au vao may thu
nho hn Pmtmin ma ai van phat hien c muc tieu, ieu o
cung co ngha la nang cao o nhay thc te cua may thu. That
vay theo cong thc tren ta thay neu muon tang c ly phat hien
cua ai rmax0 len 2 lan th cong suat phat xa P p phai tang len 16
lan, hoac tang o nhay may thu len 16 lan tc la giam P mtmin 16
lan (cac gia tr khac khong oi ) .

- C ly hoat ong cua ai radar r max0 phu thuoc nhieu vao he

so khuech ai va dien tch hieu dung cua anten (tc la kha
nang nh hng cua ai radar). V neu muon tang c ly hoat
ong cua ai rmax0 len 2 lan th ta ch can tang he so khuech
ai G cua anten len 4 lan hoac tang dien tch hieu dung A cua
anten len 4 lan .
- Dien tch phan xa hieu dung cua muc tieu ty le thuan
vi c ly hoat ong cua ai
- C ly hoat ong cua ai ty le nghch vi bc song (cu
the la ty le nghch vi , cho nen neu muon tang c ly hoat
ong rmax0 cua ai ma kch thc anten khong oi th ta co the
giam bc song . Nhng cong suat phat xa cua ai lai ty le
thuan vi bc song, nen khi giam bc song th cung ong
thi lam giam cong suat Pp .
2.3.3. C ly hoat ong cua ai radar khi tnh en anh hng cua phan
xa t mat at, khi muc tieu bay thap va moi trng truyen song .
Trong thc te mot so loai radar tren mat at va mat bien
co canh song tiep giap vi mat at va mat bien va gay ra
song phan xa t cac be mat. S phan xa t cac be mat lam
bien dang canh song va c ly hoat ong cua ai radar. Ngoai ra
moi trng truyen song cung khong phai ong nhat nen song
khong truyen thang ma truyen theo ng cong (khuc xa) va
nang lng song cung b suy giam trong ng truyen.
2.3.3.1. Anh hng cua phan xa t mat at :
Tuy mat at va mat bien co nhng tnh chat vat ly khac nhau
(oi vi song sieu cao tan mat at c coi la chat ien moi,
con mat bien c coi la chat dan ien nhng ta ch xet nhng
tnh chat chung giong nhau ve s phan xa cua chung).
Khi canh song bc xa cua ai radar khong u hep, anten co
o cao thap, a hnh khong bang phang th se xay ra hien tng
giao thoa gia hai tia: mot tia i thang t ai radar en muc tieu
va mot tia t ai radar ti mat Muc
at va c phan xa ti muc
Tia ti
tieu. Song phan xa th cap t muc
tieu tieu cung quay tr ve ai
Anten
radar
radar theo hai ng nh vay (hnh 2-10).
H
1
A
2
Tia phan
xa

A'

Mat at

HNH 2-10

Qua tnh toan ngi ta a da ra phng trnh c ly hoat ong cua

ai khi tnh en anh hng cua mat at hoac mat bien nh sau:
rmax = rmax0()
(2-26)
rmax0 _ C ly hoat ong cua ai trong khong gian t do
()_ Tha so giao thoa cua song
_ goc ta (goc tao bi hng cua anten va mat at, gii han
goc ta nam trong khoang t 00 900 )
2
() = 1 +P +2P cos(+) ( 2-27 )
tq

tq

Ptq _

Heso phan xa tong quat .

_ Dch pha cua song thang va song phan xa do hieu ng i

Ptq =P

D( )
2

( 2-28 )

D( )
1

Trong trng hp anten ai radar nam ngang : D(1)=D(2)

Thong thng cac ai radar dung song phan cc ngang v cac ly
do sau ay :
Tang c dien tch hieu dung cua muc tieu v thong thng
kch thc ngang cua muc tieu ln hn kch thc thang ng
.
Giam c nhieu a vat tren mat at (cot ien, nha
ca ...)
Cho nen ay ta khao sat trng hp :
Ptq = P

D( )
2

D( )

1 ,

( 2-29 )

Vi : P ,

_ Modun va argumen cua he so phan xa

2

ta c : () = 2sin

hsin

( 2-30 )

va theo cong thc nay ta co gian o hng tong hp cua anten

khi co anh hng phan xa cua mat at la mot o th co
nhieu bup (giong nh nhng canh hoa ghep lai) vi: ( Hnh 2-11)
() min = 0 va () max = 2
max3

min2
max2
min1
max1

rmax0

rmax=2rmax0
HNH 2.11

Hnh 2-11: Gian o hng cua anten phat ang hng trong mat
phang thang ng khi co phan xa t mat at
Ket luan: Do anh hng phan xa t mat at, tuy theo hng
goc ta ma c ly hoat ong cua ai radar co the tang en 2
lan va giam cho en 0 so vi c ly hoat ong cua ai radar trong
khong gian t do v goc ta ch gii han trong khoang t 0 0 en
900.
2

Mat khac vi cong thc ( 2-30 ) : () = 2sin

hsin

ta thay () at cc tr (cc ai hoac cc tieu) khi :

2

sin hsin = 1 hoac sin

hsin = 0

do o :

hsin n = n

trong o : n =1,2,3,...
Vay : n le ng vi cc ai
n chan ng vi cc tieu

Cac goc ta ng vi cac hng cc tr la : sin n = n

4h
Neu goc ta qua nho ta co the coi sin , nen goc ta thap
nhat (goc ta cua canh song au tien) co gia tr :
max1 =

4h

Con : sin n = n 1 (thoa man ieu kien so cc tr trong gii han

4h
0
goc ta t 0 en 900 )
4h
Do o so cc tr canh song phai thoa man ieu kien : n

Ma moi canh song th phai co 2 cc tr nen so canh song

bang mot na so cc tr, nen so canh song c tnh theo cong
n 2h
thc: N =
2
Vay ta nhan thay :

+ Goc ta cua canh song au tien max1 =

, ty le nghch
4h

vi chieu cao h cua anten, va ty le thuan vi bc song , nen

khi muc tieu bay thap hn goc ta au tien cua canh song anten
ai radar max1 , hay con goi la muc tieu bay thap th ai radar rat
kho phat hien. e co the bat c muc tieu bay thap th phai
tang chieu cao anten h, hoac giam bc song
+ So canh song cua anten ai radar ty le thuan vi chieu
cao h cua anten, va ty le nghch vi bc song bc xa
+ Neu muc tieu lot vao vung min (thng goi la vung mu) th
c ly phat hien cua ai giam, ai radar se kho phat hien c
nhng muc tieu trong vung nay (hnh 2-12) .
e co the phat hien c muc tieu trong vung mu th phai
kh vung mu, co the kh vung mu bang cach dung anten co
2 tang, phat song lech pha nhau mot goc t 70 0 - 900 , theo hnh
ve sau (hnh 2-14) :

max3
min2

max2
min1
max1

HNH 2-12 : Canh song anten va vung mu cua ai

radar co 1 tang anten
Anten tang cao
Anten tang thap

HNH 2-13 : ai radar co 2 tang anten e

kh vung mu

Canh song tang

thap

Canh song anten

tang di
Canh song anten
tang tren

oi vi
goc
ausong
tien cua
max1 ngoai
viec
HNH
2-14ta
: Canh
ai radar
conang cao anten ra,
2 tang
anten
con co the
giam
no bang cach at dat anten cua ai radar
trc mot sn doc phang va thoai thoai co o nghien cho
phep . That vay, luc o goc ta au tien cua canh song
khong con la max1 na ma la :
max1= max1 -
2.3.3.2. C ly phat hien cua ai khi muc tieu bay thap :
Trong hoat ong quan s, e tranh s phat hien cua radar
oi phng, cac muc tieu bay thng bay rat cao vi goc ta ln
hn goc ta cuoi cung cua canh song anten ai radar maxn, hoac
bay thap hn goc ta au tien cua canh song anten max1. ieu
nay cung co the xay ra oi vi ai radar kiem soat khong lu
trong hoat ong bay dan dung, neu may bay bay cao hn hoac thap
hn o rong canh song (tc la nam ngoai pham v nang lng
chieu xa cua ai radar).
Neu goc ta cua muc tieu be hn goc ta cua canh song
th nhat max1 th muc tieu c coi la bay thap. Khi bay t xa vao
ai th c ly muc tieu giam dan, goc ta c nang dan t gia
tr nho en gia tr ln, cho en khi ai radar phat hien c muc
tieu th giai oan au tien phat hien muc tieu nay chnh la s
phat hien muc tieu bay thap. Do o ta can xet c ly phat hien
ln nhat oi vi muc tieu bay thap.

Ta biet rang vung quan sat cua ai radar va muc tieu bay la
nam trong khong gian t do , nen he toa o cua vung quan sat
la he toa o cau co hnh dang nh sau ( hnh 2-15):

Tuy nhien trong phan nay ta ang xet en c ly hoat ong va

goc ta cua ai, va cac tham so nay lai nam trong mat phang
thang ng, HNH
nen2-15
e
n o
gian
hn trong tnh toan ta co the quy
: Toa
cau
ve he quy chieu trong mat phang thang ng. Khi co phan xa
song ien t do anh hng cua mat at, gian o hng cua
anten radar trong mat phang ng hnh thanh do giao thoa gia
song trc xa (song ti ) va song phan xa t mat at, v vay c
ly phat hien muc tieu goc ta bat ky c xac nh theo
cong thc
r() = rmax0 ()
( 2-31 )
Hay c ly phat hien muc tieu bay thap :
rmaxbt = rmax0 ()
( 2-32 )
Trong o : rmax0 - C ly hoat ong cua ai radar trong khong gian
t do khi khong co s phan xa t mat at.
()- Tha so giao thoa , xac nh he so thay oi c ly
phat hien do co hien tng giao thoa gia song trc xa (song ti)
va song phan xa t mat at .
Muc
Ta co hnh ve sau ( hnh 2-16):
r()
Anten radar

r1

h1

tieu

Tia ti

r2
HNH 2-16

Tia phan
xa

Trong vung < max1 ta co the coi anten co he so khuech ai nh

nhau :
G()= G=Const
2

phan tren a tm c tha so giao thoa : () = 2sin

hsin

Hh
( 2-33 )
r
Vi : H - o cao cua muc tieu
h - Chieu cao cua anten ai radar
Thong thng th o cao cua muc tieu ln hn chieu cao cua
anten ai radar rat nhieu lan : H >> h
nen ta co the coi H - h H
Theo hnh ve ta thay : sin =

Do o : sin =

H h H

r
r

( 2-34 )

2 hH
( 2-35 )
r
r - C ly t ai radar en muc tieu
Neu muc tieu bay thap th o cao H cua muc tieu nho hn c ly r
rat nhieu: H << r
2 hH
<< 1 (trong toan hoc ta a biet sin khi sin << 1)
nen : sin
r
Vay khi muc tieu bay thap th tha so giao thoa () se la :
4 hH
()
( 2-36 )
r
Thay vao cong thc : rmaxbt = rmax0 ()
ta c : ( luc nay r chnh la rmaxbt )
4 hH
rmaxbt = rmax0
( 2-37 )
rmaxbt
vay ket hp vi cong thc tnh rmax0 , ta c :
Nen () 2 sin

rmaxbt =8

P 4 G h H
p

mtmin

( 2-38 )

Qua o ta thay c ly hoat ong ln nhat oi vi muc tieu

bay thap phu thuoc vao chieu cao cua ai radar h va o cao cua
may bay H, phu thuoc rat t vao he so phan xa P p/Pmtmin v ty le
vi can bac 8 cua ty so nay. Do o e tang c ly hoat ong
cua ai oi vi muc tieu bay thap, ta can phai nang chieu cao

anten hoac giam bc song th co hieu qua hn la tang cong

suat may phat hoac cai thien o nhay may thu .
Ngc lai muon cho radar oi phng khong phat hien c
may bay th may bay phai bay o cao thap nhat co the c.
Ta co bang tha so giao thoa () cac goc ta (tng ng
vi cac o cao bay khac nhau cua muc tieu) nam trong pham v 0
en max1 nh sau (bang 2-2) :

sin

H
r
maxbt

(rad)

2
sin =
0

() = 2sin hsin

0
=

1
50 h

1
25 h

1
12 h

1
8h

1
4h

1
16

1
8

0,25

0,5

BANG 2-2

T bang (2-2) ta co gian o canh song nh sau ( hnh 2-17):

2.3.3.3. HNH
C ly2-17:
hoatGian
ong
cua
ai do anh hng cua o cong mat
o
canh
song
at
Tren thc te mat at khong phai bang phang ma co hnh
cau, neu khong tnh en hien tng khuc xa th song ien t lan
truyen theo ng thang, c ly hoat ong cua ai radar b han
che mot c ly nhat nh do o cong cua be mat trai at, c
ly hoat ong cua ai radar trong trng hp nay con c goi la
c ly nhn thang cc ai (hnh 2-18).

anten

r1

r2

Muc
tieu
H

HNH 2-18

c ly hoat ong cua ai radar : rt = r1 + r2

r = (R +H) 2 R 2
ma : r1 = (R +h) 2 R 2 ,
2
Vay neu goi rt la c ly hoat ong cua ai radar khi tnh en
anh hng cua o cong mat at, ta c:
rt = (R + h) 2 R 2 + (R + H) 2 R 2
( 2-39 )
R- Ban knh cua trai at, R=6368.103m
v : h<<R va H<<R nen
rt = 2R ( h + H ) .
( 40 )
Thay gia tr cua ban knh trai at R vao ta c :
rt (km) 3,57( H(m) + h(m) )
( 2-41 )
r
(km)

110(
H
(km)
+
h
(km)
)
hoac : t
( 2-42 )
Neu tnh theo n v NM ( Nautical mile : dam radar ) vi :
1NM = 6080 feet , 1feet 0,305m, 1m 3,28 feet, 1km 0,5396 NM
rt (NM) =1,23 H(mile) + h(mile)
th :
( 2-43 )
Trong trng hp song ien t truyen i trong c ly hoat ong
cua ai la rt ma co s phan xa cua mat at th se xay ra hien
tng giao thoa cua song, luc o o cao cua muc tieu H va o
cao cua anten
aixaradar
Khuc
dng phai c cong them mot lng hieu
chnh o cao do s giao thoa tao nen.
2.3.3.4. C ly hoat ong cua ai khi co anh hng cua khuc xa kh
quyen .
Khi mot tia sang truyen qua mot ong thuy tinh ng chat
long hay qua mot vat trong suot th tia sang khong con truyen
thang na. Song ien t bc xa t anten ai radar cung lan
truyen giong nh mot tia sang va no cung b uon cong khi i qua
mot lp vat chat khong ong nhat trong khong gian. Ngoai ra
theo tng lp kh quyen co tnh chat ien moi khac nhau nen
chiet suat cua tng lp kh quyen cung khac nhau va lam cho
song ien t b uon cong theo chieu khac nhau, ieu nay lam
anh hng en c ly hoat ong cua ai radar.Trong cac tang kh
am
quyen th Khuc
tangxa
oi
lu anh hng ln nhat en c ly hoat ong
HNH 2-19: Anh hng cua kh
quyen

cua ai radar, hien tng khuc xa se lam cong tia song va sai
lech c ly hoat ong cua ai (hnh 2-19).

- Khi khong co khuc xa th song ien t lan truyen theo ng

thang
- Khi co khuc xa am, chiet suat tang theo o cao, tia song cong
len va ri xa dan mat at
- Khuc xa dng xay ra khi chiet suat giam theo o cao, tia song
cong dan xuong. Khac vi khuc xa am, khuc xa dng lam tang
c ly trong thay.
e anh gia nh lng anh hng cua khuc xa en c ly
hoat ong cua ai trong tng trng hp cu the can phai biet
quy luat thay oi chiet suat theo o cao. Trong thc te khong the
lam c ieu o v kh quyen luon van ong thay oi. Ngi ta
ch co the anh gia theo ieu kien kh tng tieu chuan. Trong
ieu kien tieu chuan vi ban knh trai at R=6370km th he so
khuc xa la k=1,33. Tr so k thay oi theo tng v tr a ly:
vung bac cc : 1,2 k 1,33
nhng vung xch ao 1,33 k 1,5
Trong trng hp khuc xa dng : k > 1
Trong trng hp khuc xa am : k < 1
Trong trng hp khong co khuc xa : k = 1

- C ly hoat ong cua ai radar khi co s suy giam cua song

ien t trong kh quyen (hnh 2-20):
db/km

( cm)
S suy giam cua song ien t khi no
lan truyen trong tang
(
a
)
Hi
nc
(Water
vapor)
(
b
)
oi lu xay ra do cac nguyen nhan sau:
(oxygen)
HNH 2-20
+ Tieuoxy
hao
nang
lng song ien t do cac phan t kh, cac
hat nc bui, khoi.
+ Tan xa song ien t do cac hat the long va ran lam
giam mat o thong lng song ien t, ieu nay cung coi nh
lam tieu hao song ien t
S suy giam cua song ien t trong kh quyen khong ch
phu thuoc vao tan so lam viec cua ai radar va trang thai cua
kh quyen ma con phu thuoc vao goc ta va c ly en muc
tieu. Neu trong kh quyen khong co cac hat nc, bui, khoi... th
s suy giam cua song ien t phan ln gay ra do cac phan t
oxy va hi nc .
Ve mat nh tnh ngi ta a tm c cong thc bieu dien
moi quan he gia mat o thong lng cong suat (hay con goi la
cong suat au vao may thu) P mt va c ly phat hien cua ai radar
r. Muon nh vay can phai a ra khai niem "nhan t suy giam
dang mu" va da vao nhan t nay e tnh en s suy giam cua
song ien t.
Neu goi cong suat tn hieu au vao may thu khi khong co
s suy giam la Pmto , th khi co suy giam Pmt se la:
Pmt = Pmtoe-
(2-44)
-
Vi : e - Nhan t suy giam
- He so suy giam tong cong

Khoang cach en muc tieu cang ln th tn hieu nhan c

tai au vao may thu cang giam, nen tr so cua nhan to suy
giam ngoai s phu thuoc vao bc song, ap suat, o am cua
kh quyen... no con phu thuoc vao khoang cach t anten ai
radar en muc tieu. Trong trng hp chung, he so suy giam cua
song ien t thay oi doc theo quy ao truyen song theo phng
trnh sau :
r
= 2 (r)dr
( 2-45 )
0
ay : r - khoang cach t anten ai radar en muc tieu
(r) - He so suy giam mot oan vi phan cua quy ao
truyen song .
Trong trng hp tong quat th la tong cac thanh phan
ac trng cho s tieu hao nang lng do cac phan t oxy, hi
nc, hat nc, bui, khoi...
Nh vay neu vung kh quyen trong quy ao truyen cua song
ien t la ong nhat th he so suy giam se khong thay oi va
la mot hang so :
2r
( 2-46 )
Cong suat tn hieu au vao may thu trong trng hp nay
la :
Pmt = Pmtoe-2r
( 2-47 )
Trong cong thc nay co n v la nepe/km
Neu c tnh bang n v db/km th cong thc se co dang :
Pmt = Pmtoe-0,46r
( 2-48 )
Tren hnh ve bieu th moi quan he gia he so suy giam cua
oxy va hi nc vao bc song ien t trong dai song centimet
gan mat at khi ap suat 760mm thuy ngan, nhiet o 20 0c va
trong 1m3 khong kh co 8g hi nc. Tren o th ta thay co nhng
nh tieu hao cong hng dai song cm va mm. Nhng nghien
cu ly thuyet va thc nghiem cho thay cac nh tieu hao cong
hng cac bc song =0,5cm va =0,25cm c gay ra do cac
phan t oxy, con cac bc song =0,18cm va =1,05cm th
c gay ra do cac phan t hi nc. Cung trong o th ta nhan
thay vi song co bc song dai hn 10cm ta co the bo qua tieu
hao nang lng song ien t gay ra do hi nc va oxy.
Cac hat nc lam suy giam song ien t rat manh, thng
do ma hay sng mu tao ra, he so suy giam con phu thuoc vao
cng o ma, nhiet o kh quyen... ma s suy giam nay thay
oi lien tuc trong ngay nen viec tnh toan he so suy giam rat
kho khan . Qua thc nghiem ngi ta a tm c gia tr cua he

so tieu hao 0 phu thuoc vao bc song nhiet o 18 0c nh sau

( Bang 2-3):
Bc
song
( cm )

10

0,2
0

0,75

0,03
2

0,01
4

0,00
7

0,0034

0,001

0,000
5

Bang 2-3: 0 phu thuoc vao

Khi ng knh cac hat nc nho nh trong cac am may

va sng mu, th s suy giam song ien t c gay ra chu yeu
la do s hap thu cua cac hat nay. V vay gia tr trung bnh cua
he so suy giam gay ra do cac hat nc, bui, khoi (ky hieu la
3)...khong phu thuoc vao ng knh hat nc ma phu thuoc
vao khoi lng nc co trong mot n v the tch. Ngi ta a tm
c gia tr gan ung cua he so suy giam trong cac am may
va sng mu nh sau :
M
= 0,483
3
2

( 2-49 )

Vi : M - Mat o nc (khoi lng nc trong mot n v the

tch ) [g/m3]
- Bc song cua song bc xa t anten ai radar [ cm ]
Nh vay s suy giam cua song ien t lam cho cong suat
tn hieu nhan c tai au vao may thu P mt cung se giam theo
quy luat ham so mu. Ma ta a biet c ly hoat ong cua ai
radar va cong suat tn hieu nhan c trong ieu kien khong co
s suy giam gay ra do kh quyen quan he vi nhau theo cong thc :
Pmto =

Goi :

Pp G 2 2

( 4 ) 3 r 4

B=

Ta c :

Pp G 2 2

Pmto =

B
r4

( 4 ) 3

( 2-50 )
( 2-51 )
( 2-52 )

Vay khi ke en suy hao do kh quyen th :

Pmt =

B
e
r4

( 2-53 )

Cong suat cua tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu nhan c tai

au vao may thu trong ieu kien khong co suy giam cua kh
quyen at gia tr nho nhat Pmtmin khi c ly phat hien at gia tr
ln nhat rmax0 :
Pmtmin =

4
rmax
0

( 2-54 )

Cong suat tn hieu tai au vao may thu nho nhat la vi tn

hieu au vao may thu co cong suat nh vay th ai radar van
con nhan biet c muc tieu con vi cong suat P 1 nho hn Pmtmin
(P1 < Pmtmin) th ai radar khong con nhan biet c muc tieu na.
Nh vay Pmtmin cung tng ng vi cong suat tn hieu nho nhat
tai au vao may thu khi muc tieu c ly cc ai co s suy giam
cua kh quyen Pmt , vi :