4

max
mt
e
r
B
P

= ( 2-55 )
Do o ta co : P
mtmin
= P
mt

vay :

4
max
4
0 max
e
r
B
r
B

= ( 2-56 )
Suy ra c ly hoat ong cua ai radar khi co suy giam cua kh quyen la:

4
1
max0
max
e r r

= ( 2-57 )
Vi he so suy giam tong cong :
}
=
r
0
(r)dr 2 ( 2-58 )
Nh vay ta thay c ly hoat ong cua ai radar (trong ieu kien co suy
giam cua kh quyen) tang khi tang c ly phat hien cua ai trong ieu kien
khong co suy hao cua kh quyen. Trong thc te ngi ta thay rang cac
bc song dai hn 10 cm b suy giam t ngay ca trong ieu kien kh tng
xau. V vay oi vi cac ai radar song m va song dm khong can tnh
en s suy giam cua song ien t trong kh quyen, con cac song ien
t dai song cm va mm th b suy giam ro ret trong kh quyen, v vay
cac dai song nay khong c s dung trong cac ai tam xa (van s
dung c trong cac ai tam trung).
2.4. CAC PHNG PHAP O C LY :
Ta a biet, trong moi trng ong nhat va ang hng, song ien
t truyen theo ng thang vi toc o gan bang toc o anh sang c. Tn
hieu phan xa ve ai b gi cham lai so vi tn hieu phat xa mot thi
gian t
r
do truyen tren quang ng 2r (t ai en muc tieu va tr ve)

c
2r
t
r
=
Neu tren muc tieu co at may tra li, thi gian gi cham cua tn hieu
tra li


c
r

c
2r
t + =
c
- Thi gian cham cua tn hieu trong mach may tra li .
Nh vay, thc chat cua viec xac nh c ly bang radar la o thi gian gi
cham t
r
.
T
c
2r
t
r
=
Ta rut ra c cong thc o c ly

2
ct
r
r
=
Tuy nhien, ve mat nh tnh, do tnh chat cua moi trng truyen song nh
trong quy ao truyen song song se b anh hng do o cong mat at, do
co s phan xa t mat at, do anh hng cua kh quyen,...va cac bien
phap ky thuat cua ai radar ma gia tr o c ly co mot sai so nhat nh
(do toc o truyen song, quy ao truyen song khong con la ng thang
na...)
Ve mat nh lng, e co the xac nh sai so trong cac phng
phap o c ly, trc het phai chia c ly phat hien cua ai radar thanh
tng phan rat nho, hay noi cach khac la ta lay vi phan toan phan cua
c ly o, ngha la t phng trnh cua ham c ly:
2
ct
r
r
=
sau khi lay vi phan ta c : dt
t
r
dc
c
r
dr
r
c
c
+
c
c
= ( 2-59 )
hay :
r
r
dt
2
c
dc
2
t
dr + = ( 2-60 )
Thay vi phan bang gia so ta c cong thc tnh sai so cua o c ly :

r
r
t
2
c
c
2
t
r A + A = A ( 2-61 )
Trong o : Ac - Sai so o toc o truyen song
At
r
- Sai so o thi gian gi chap t
r

Vay sai so o c ly phu thuoc vao s thay oi toc o truyen song
trung bnh va cac quy tac, phng phap ky thuat e o thi gian t
r
cua ai
radar. Do tnh chat cua moi trng luon thay oi mot cach ngau nhien
nen viec xac nh toc o truyen song trung bnh la khong the c.
Nhng vi ieu kien ta co mot ai radar hoan hao ang hoat ong trong
moi trng khong co nhieu, tc la khong co sai so ve phep o thi
gian gi cham t
r
, hay noi cach khac la At
r
= 0, nh vay luc o van ton tai
sai so o c ly la:
c
2
t
r
r
A = A ( 2-62 )
Hay : c
c
r
r A = A
Suy ra :
c
c
r
r
= ( 2-63 )
T o ta thay sai so trong phep o c ly thc chat la sai so o toc
o khi o toc o trung bnh cua song ien t truyen i trong khong gian.
Hien nay ngi ta o c toc o truyen song vi sai so 10
-5
. Thc te
trong mot ngay nhiet o, ap suat kh quyen va ap suat rieng cua hi
nc bien oi co the lam thay oi toc o truyen song c 10
-4
. Cho nen
ay la gii han sai so o c ly. Trong thc te e o c ly ngi ta a s
dung nhieu phng phap khac nhau e o thi gian gi cham t
r
. Can c
vao cac phng phap o thi gian gi cham t
r
, ngi ta phan chia ra nhng
phng phap o c ly: o c ly bang phng phap pha, phng phap tan so
tan so va phng phap xung .
2.4.1. Phng phap o c ly bang pha: c ly c xac nh bi hieu
pha song phat xa va phan xa .
S o khoi ( hnh 2-21) :













Ta biet rang song ien t phat xa t ai radar va tn hieu phan xa
nhan c t muc tieu (ca muc tieu chuyen ong va muc tieu co nh)
khac nhau ve pha, va s khac biet ve pha nay phu thuoc vao c ly cua
muc tieu so vi ai, do o e o c c ly muc tieu, trong ai radar co
the dung mot pha ke e so sanh o lech pha gia dao ong chuan cua
tn hieu phat xa va pha cua tn hieu phan xa e tnh ra c c ly cua
muc tieu. Trong phng phap nay viec o c ly cua muc tieu c tng
ng vi viec o o dch pha
r
= e
c
t
r
cua dao ong tn hieu nhan c so
vi dao ong cua may phat tan so chuan e
c.
Ta co :
Dao ong cua may phat tan so chuan :
U
1
= U
m1
sin [e
c
t +
c
] ( 2-64 )
Dao ong cua tn hieu nhan c :
U
2
= U
m2
sin[e
c.
(t-t
r
)+
c
-
px
-
t
] ( 2-65 )
ay :
c
- Pha ban au cua dao ong chuan

t
- Dch pha trong cac mach cua ai radar

px
- Dch pha dao ong chuan trong cac mach may tra li hay do
phan xa cua muc tieu .
Hieu pha dao ong U
1
, U
2 :

h
= [e
c
t +
c
]- [e
c.
(t-t
r
)+
c
-
px
-
t
]

h
= e
c
t
r
+
px
+
t
( 2-66 )
T o :
c
t px
h
r

t

= ( 2-67 )
ma:
c
2r
t
r
=

c
t px
h

c
2r
=
May phat
tan so
chuan
May phat
cao tan
May thu
Muc tieu
phan xa hay
may tra li
Pha
ke
HNH 2-21 : o c ly bang phng phap
pha
nen c ly :
c
px
h
2
)
t
c(
r

= ( 2-68 )
Vay theo cong thc nay ta thay neu biet o dch pha cua tn hieu
phan xa
px
va o dch pha trong cac mach cua ai radar th co the tnh
c c ly cua muc tieu khi dung pha ke e o hieu pha
h
. Con may
phat tan so chuan co the la may phat chu yeu tan so mang hay bo
ieu che.
Mat khac o chnh xac o c ly con phu thuoc vao tan so cua dao
ong chuan nen khi giam tan so chuan
c
o chnh xac o c ly giam (sai
so pha ke gi nguyen). V vay trong cac he thong pha ngi ta thng
dung mot vai tan so chuan, tc la dung phng phap nhieu thang e
thay oi tan so chuan cho phu hp. Ngha la khi thay oi mot tan so
chuan th ta se c mot tan so hieu khac nhau, lam cho viec o c ly se
co nhieu ket qua hn dan en xac suat o se chnh xac hn, ay chnh
la u iem cua viec o c ly bang phng phap pha.
Nhc iem cua phng phap pha: He thong o c ly bang phng
phap pha dung bc xa song ien t lien tuc nen song phan xa tr ve
cung lien tuc, cac tn hieu cua cac muc tieu cac c ly khac nhau eu
phan xa tr ve chong len nhau tao nen au vao may thu mot tn hieu
tong hp phc tap khong the tach rieng thanh tng tn hieu rieng re
(tr trng hp co muc tieu ma bien o tn hieu phan xa tr ve au
vao may thu ai radar ln hn han cac tn hieu phan xa khac) nen
khong the phan biet cac muc tieu nay theo c ly c. Do o e khac
phuc nhc iem nay, trong phng phap pha e phan biet c tn hieu
cua cac muc tieu di ong so vi ai ngi ta da vao hieu ng doppler,
luc nay tan so cua tn hieu nhan c khac vi tan so cua song bc
xa mot lng dch tan doppler, o dch tan nay do muc tieu chuyen ong
so vi ai gay ra va no ty le vi toc o muc tieu (theo cong thc 1-7),
nen vi cac muc tieu co toc o khac nhau th lng dch tan doppler
cung khac nhau, va ieu nay c ng dung e phan biet c muc
tieu chuyen ong so vi ai radar trong phng phap pha. Con e co the
phan biet c cac muc tieu khong chuyen ong oi khi ngi ta con
dung phng phap ieu che manip tan so pha, tuy nhien phng phap nay
van con nhng nhc iem c ban cua he thong o c ly bang phng
phap pha.
2.4.2. Phng phap o c ly bang tan so :
Cung tng t nh khi o c ly cua muc tieu bang phng phap pha,
trong phng phap tan so e xac nh c ly muc tieu ai radar cung phat
xa ra khong gian song ien t mot cach lien tuc nhng tan so a c
ieu che trong may phat, luc nay oi vi muc tieu di ong th ngoai s
thay oi tan so gia song phat xa va song phan xa ra do o dch tan
doppler ra con co them s thay oi tan so do c ieu che trc nen
lam tang kha nang phan biet ve c ly oi vi muc tieu di ong, con
oi vi loai muc tieu khong di ong th do co s khac nhau ve tan so
gia song phat xa va song phan xa nh c ieu tan nen cung phan
biet c c ly cua cac muc tieu khac nhau, ma do co s khac nhau ve
tan so nay nen khi song ti muc tieu va song phan xa ve t muc tieu
khi gap nhau tren quy ao truyen se gay nen hien tng tan so phach,
do o viec o c ly c xac nh vi tan so phach, tan so nay c
tao ra khi song phan xa tac dung vi song phat xa. V vay e xac nh
c ly bang phng phap nay can phai o lng thay oi tan so dao ong
bc xa sau thi gian song truyen ti muc tieu va phan xa ngc lai .
Neu tan so f thay oi lien tuc theo quy luat tuyen tnh vi toc o
vi:
dt
df
= th bien thien tan so dao ong bc xa Af sau thi gian lan
truyen tn hieu
c
2r
r
t = la :
Af = t
r
=
c
2r

2
f c
r

= ( 2-69 )
Do hieu

tan so dao ong bc xa va dao ong nhan c la F
r
= Af
nen ta xac nh c c ly muc tieu :

2
F c
r
r

= ( 2-70 )

Tuy nhien tren thc te ta khong the ieu tan tuyen tnh lien tuc
ngha la khong the ieu che tan so tang lien tuc hoac giam lien tuc
c ma ch co the ieu tan theo quy luat tuan hoan. Trong thc te
ngi ta thng ap dung 2 dang ieu che: ieu che hnh rang ca va
ieu che hnh sin e o c ly cua muc tieu trong phng phap ieu tan .
* Ta xet nguyen tac hoat ong cua he thong o c ly theo phng
phap tan so trong trng hp ieu tan dang rang ca oi xng , theo s
o khoi (hnh 2-22):












Bo ieu
che tan
so
May phat
cao tan

Ch
th

Tan
ke
K
tan so
phach
K cao tan
va tach
song
Muc
tieu

HNH 2-22
e n gian ta xet trong trng hp muc tieu khong chuyen ong so
vi ai radar, luc nay ch co s thay oi ve tan so gia song ti va
song phan xa t muc tieu do viec ieu che tan so (trong trng hp
nay la ieu che tan so theo dang rang ca tuan hoan theo chu ky T
m
)
ch khong co s thay oi tan so do hieu ng doppler.
Ta co gian o thi gian cua song ti va song phan xa t muc tieu
khong di ong c ly r va thi gian gi cham t
r
nh sau ( hnh 2-23):

















Trong hnh ve tren ta thay song bc xa t ai radar en muc tieu
(goi la tn hieu trc tiep f
tt
) bien thien theo quy luat tuan hoan vi toc o
bien thien la , nen ta c :
f
tt
= f
1
+ t
vi : nT
m
s t s nT
m
+
2
T
m
n la mot so nguyen , khong am

Nh vay theo quy luat bien oi tan so cua tn hieu phan xa th :
f
px
= f
1
+ (t - t
r
) ( 2-71 )
Hieu cua hai tn hieu : trc tiep va phan xa la :
f
h
= f
tt
- f
px
= f
1
+ t - [f
1
+ (t - t
r
)] = t
r
( 2-72 )
Nh vay ch can o f
h
la ta co the biet c t
r
va t o suy ra c
c ly cua muc tieu r :
2
cf
r
h
= ( 2-73 )
Ma hieu cua hai tan so cua song phat xa t anten ai radar va
song phan xa t muc tieu chnh la tan so phach tao nen bi hai song
nay. Ta thay trong cac oan ( )
m
m
m
T 1 n t
2
T
nT + s s + th hieu cua hai tan so
nay co gia tr am nhng v f
h
c lay theo gia tr tuyet oi nen hieu nay
van co gia tr dng va bang tan so phach F
ph
. Do o ch can o tan
so phach la co the xac nh c c ly cua muc tieu r theo cong thc :
f
px
2
m
T

t
r
t
f
tt
Af
m
f
1
/f/
f
t
HNH 2-23

2
cF
2
cf
r
ph
h
= = ( 2-74 )
Mat khac tai thi iem
2
T
m
th tan so tn hieu se bien thien mot gia tr
la Af
m
, v vay toc o bien thien tan so trong oan nay la :
m
m
m
m
T
f 2
2
T
f
= = ( 2-75 )
Cuoi cung ta c cong thc tnh c ly cua muc tieu trong phng phap
ieu tan dang rang ca oi xng tuan hoan la :

ph
m
m
F
f 4
cT
r = ( 2-76 )
T
m
- chu ky lap lai cua xung rang ca
Af
m
- o lech tan
F
ph
- Tan so phach cua hai tn hieu. Trong trng hp nay F
ph
= f
h
* Ta xet nguyen tac hoat ong cua he thong o c ly theo phng
phap tan so trong trng hp ieu tan dang hnh sin:
Trong trng hp nay xung phat xa t ai radar c ieu che tan
so theo dang hnh sin va song ien t nay c phat ra khong gian mot
cach lien tuc, nh vay song phan xa t muc tieu cung co dang ieu tan
hnh sin nhng co o dch tan so vi tan so phat la Af
m
. Ta co gian o
thi gian cua song ti va song phan xa nh sau (hnh 2-24) :





















f
0

t
r

2
m
T
Af
m
f
px
f
tt
/f
h
/
t
f
f
1








Nh vay trong phng phap o c ly muc tieu bang cach ieu che tan so
tn hieu phat theo dang hnh sin co tan so goc la O
m
, th tan so cua
song bc xa t ai radar (con goi la tn hieu trc tiep) co dang la :
t cos
2
f
f f
m
0 tt
m
+ = ( 2-77 )
Trong o : f
0
- Gia tr tan so trung bnh
O
m
= 2F
m
- tan so goc ieu che
Neu muc tieu khong di ong th tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu trong phng
phap nay co dang :
) t - (t cos
2
f
f f
r
m
m
0 tt
+ = ( 2-78 )
Gia tr tuyet oi cua tn hieu trc tiep va tn hieu phan xa :
)]/
r
t (t cos t [cos
2
f
/ / /f
m m
m
h
=
= )]/
2
t
- (t sin
2
2[sin
2
f
/
r
m
m m

O

r
t

= )/
2
t
- (t sin
2
sin f /
r
m
m
m

O
A
r
t

ma : F
ph
= / f
h
/ , nen :
)/
2
t
- (t sin
2
t
sin f / F
r
m
r m
m ph

O
A = ( 2-79 )
Qua cong thc (2-79) ta co nhan xet la du cho khi t
r
khong oi, tc
la c ly gia ai radar va muc tieu khong thay oi hay noi cach khac la
khi muc tieu khong chuyen ong so vi ai radar th tan so phach cua tn
hieu trong trng hp s dung phng phap ieu tan hnh sin van thay oi
theo quy luat dao ong hnh sin .
Ngi ta tm c gia tr trung bnh cua tan so phach :

2
t
sin

f 2
F
r m m
ph
= ( 2-80 )
ma :
ph
m
m
F
f 4
cT
r = ( 2-81 )
vi f
ph
= /f
h
/ va Af
m
- la o dch tan (hay o lech tan)
Nen ta thay c ly r phu thuoc chnh vao o lech tan Af
m
, va muon
xac nh c ly muc tieu ta ch can s dung tan so ke e o tan so
phach cua tn hieu.
Qua hai cong thc (2-80) va (2-81) ta thay muon giam sai so o c ly
(hay tang c ly phat hien muc tieu) th can phai tang o lech tan Af
m
.
Ngoai ra he thong tren con co cac sai so nh : tan ke khong chnh xac,
o lech tan va tan so ieu che khong on nh, do anh hng cua
ieu bien ky sinh, do hieu ng doppler khi muc tieu chuyen ong.... Do o
trong tng ieu kien ma c ly cua muc tieu khi o c se khong hoan
toan chnh xac ma co mot sai so cho phep nhat nh nao o .
V du : Neu khi o c ly cua muc tieu ma muc tieu nay di chuyen so vi
ai radar thi khi tnh c ly cua no ta phai tnh en hieu ng doppler. Gia s
trong trng hp o c ly muc tieu chuyen ong bang phng phap ieu
tan hnh sin th tan so cua tn hieu phan xa la :
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+ =
c
2v
1 t t cos
2
f
0
f f
xt
r m
m /
px
( 2-82 )
Hieu cua tn hieu trc tiep va tn hieu phan xa :

c
2v
t (t cos
2
f
f )
2
t
(t )sin
2
t
sin( f f f
/
f
xt
r m
m
0
r
m
r
m m
/
px tt h (

+ = =
( 2-83 )
Goi T
m
la chu ky dao ong cua tn hieu trc tiep th tan so dao ong
cua tn hieu nay la F
m
. Neu trong phan ln chu ky ieu che ma /f
/
h
/ >> F
m

th ta co the coi F
/
ph
= / f
/
h
/ , tc la tan so phach se bang hieu hai tan so
cua tn hieu trc tiep va tn hieu phan xa trong ieu kien la muc tieu
chuyen ong.
Vay :
/
c
2v
) t (t cos
2
f
f )
2
t
(t )sin
2
t
sin( f F
xt
r m
m
0
r
m
r
m m
'
ph
/
(

+ =
( 2-84 )
Trong cong thc (2-84) ta thay no la tong cua hai so hang, trong o
so hang th nhat la F
ph
chnh la tan so phach cua tn hieu khi muc tieu
khong chuyen ong :
)
2
t
(t )sin
2
t
sin( f F
r
m
r
m m
ph
= ( 2-85 )
Con thanh phan th hai la tan so sinh ra do hieu ng doppler khi muc tieu
chuyen ong :

c
2v
) t (t cos
2
f
f F
xt
r m
m
0
r
(

+ = ( 2-86 )
Thong thng th :
2
f
f
m
0
>> , nen :
| |
d
xt
0
r
F
c
2v
f F = ~ ( 2-87 )
Vay : F
'
ph
= / F
ph
F
d
/ ( 2-88 )
Qua o ta thay tan so phach khi muc tieu chuyen ong sai lech vi
tan so phach khi muc tieu ng yen mot lng bang tan so doppler.
F
d
/f
h
/
f
'
px
t
f
t
t
f
/f
h
/
f
tt
F
d
F
r

f
'
px
F
1

F
2
HNH 2-25 : Gian o thi gian hnh rang ca
t
f
HNH 2-26 Gian o thi gian hnh
sin
Ta co gian o thi gian cua tn hieu khi muc tieu chuyen ong trong
hai trng hp ieu tan hnh rang ca va hnh sin nh sau (hnh 2-25) va (hnh
2-26):
































Tren ay ta mi xet trng hp, khi au vao may thu ngoai tn
hieu trc tiep ch co tn hieu phan xa t mot muc tieu. Trng hp nay
c ap dung may o cao phuc vu cho may bay ha canh. o o cao cua
may bay bang phng phap tan so tng oi n gian, v trong trng hp
nay ch co mot muc tieu phan xa ng yen la mat at, ta co the chon
quy luat ieu che bat ky, nhng thong thng ngi ta chon ieu che hnh
sin v de thc hien hn .
Neu ong thi co nhieu muc tieu, au vao may thu ngoai tn
hieu trc tiep con co nhieu tn hieu phan xa t cac muc tieu khac nhau.

Do cac tn hieu nay tac dung lan nhau nen se co hien tng giao thoa
gia tn hieu trc tiep vi tng tn hieu phan xa, cung nh gia cac tn
hieu phan xa vi nhau. V cac tn hieu phan xa yeu hn nhieu so vi tn
hieu trc tiep nen ta co the bo qua s giao thoa gia cac tn hieu phan
xa vi nhau. Trng hp nay khong the dung phng phap ieu che hnh
sin c v tan so phach F
ph
cua tn hieu phan xa t moi muc tieu se
bien oi theo chu ky khac nhau.
Khi ieu che theo quy luat ng gap khuc tam giac can, sau tach
song, tn hieu tong se gom nhieu tan so phach, moi tan so tng ng
vi c ly mot muc tieu. Cac tan so o co the xac nh bang may
phan tch pho mot ng hoac nhieu ng. Loai may phan tch pho
nhieu ng co the quan sat tat ca cac tan so phach cung mot luc.
Loai may phan tch pho mot ng quan sat lien tiep trong cac day tan
so phach .
S o khoi cua may phan tch pho nhieu ng (hnh 2-27):












S o gom mot day bo loc, moi bo loc cho qua mot day hep tan
so phach tng ng vi mot day c ly nao o. au ra bo loc co cac
bo ch th . So ng cua may phan tch pho phu thuoc vao yeu cau
o chnh xac, kha nang phan biet ve c ly, va phai bao trum pham vi
hoat ong cua ai (c ly gan nhat r
min
en c ly xa nhat r
max
). Neu cac
ng co kha nang phan biet ve c ly Ar
min
nh nhau th cong thc e tnh
so ng n can co la :

min
min
max
r
r r
n

= ( 2-88 )
May phan tch pho cang nhieu ng th o chnh xac va kha nang
phan biet cang cao, nhng ket cau cua may se cang phc tap va cong
kenh .
V du : r
max
=150km, r
min
=300m , Ar
min
=300m, th phai co n=500 ng.
May phan tch pho mot ng n gian hn va co nhieu phng an
thc hien khac nhau. Phng an n gian nhat la dung mot bo loc ieu
chnh bat tat ca cac tan so phach trong ai va ch th dai rong. Bo
loc co the la khung cong hng. Theo phng phap nay, khi ieu chnh
May thu
Bo loc 1
Bo loc 2
Bo loc n
Ch
th 1
Ch
th 2
Ch
th n
HNH 2-27
khung dao ong dai thong thay oi, lam kha nang phan biet thay oi.
Phng an khac la cho bo loc cong hng co dai thong khong oi (
mot tan so nhat nh), luc nay can phai co them hai khau na: Bo
tron tan va bo dao ong tai cho ieu tan trong mot day tng ng .
Ta co s o sau ( hnh 2-28):









Trong phng phap nay dao ong tan so phach va dao ong tai cho
c a vao bo tron tan .
Biet quy luat bien oi tan so dao ong tai cho va tan so cong
hng cua bo loc ta co the xac nh tan so phach. Neu dao ong tai
cho c ieu tan ong bo vi dao ong quet, ta co the dung en
hien song lam may ch th .
Khuyet iem chung cua may phan tch pho mot ng la: Thi gian
quan sat va xac nh c ly tang, v phai ieu chnh lien tiep nhieu tan
so ma moi tan so can co thi gian nhat nh e hnh thanh ien ap
au ra khung cong hng .
* u khuyet iem cua phng phap tan so :
-u iem: o chnh xac va kha nang phan biet ve c ly cao (co the
at ti vai met); o c c ly rat ngan; Neu ch o c ly mot muc tieu
th ket cau cua ai tng oi n gian .
- Khuyet iem: Kho thc hien o c ly nhieu muc tieu cung mot luc.
Khi co anh hng cua a vat va hieu ng Doppler th kho o ac, neu
can kh cac anh hng o th ket cau cua he thong se phc tap .
Do o phng phap nay khong c dung rong rai ma thng dung
radar o cao tren may bay khi ha canh .
Ghi chu:
Qua nghien cu phng phap pha va phng phap tan so ta thay khuyet
iem chu yeu cua chung la kho thc hien quan sat ong thi nhieu
muc tieu .
2.4.3. o c ly muc tieu bang phng phap xung :
e khac phuc khuyet iem cua cac phng phap o c ly bang pha
va bang tan so, ngi ta dung phng phap o c ly muc tieu bang
phng phap xung. Hien nay phng phap xung c ap dung rong rai nhat
.
May
thu
Tron
tan
Bo
loc
Ch
th
Dao ong tai
cho
HNH 2-28
2.4.3.1. Nguyen tac hoat ong va s o khoi cua phng phap
xung
Nguyen tac hoat ong chu yeu cua phng phap xung nh sau:
Dao ong cao tan cua may phat, nh co anten c phat xa ra
khong gian di dang song ien t theo tng xung ngan co o rong t
x

vi chu ky lap lai T
l
. Trong o t
x
<<T
l .
Trong khoang thi gian khong phat xa: anten se tiep nhan song phan
xa t cac muc tieu ve vi nang lng rat be va hnh dang xung van
giong nh khi phat xa (neu khong b cac anh hng khac), nhng co pha
va tan so khac vi xung phat xa (neu muc tieu chuyen ong so vi
ai). Moi muc tieu phan xa ve mot tn hieu xung, xung nay cham so vi
xung phat xa mot thi gian la
c
2r
t
r
= phu thuoc vao c ly cua muc tieu. Do
o phng phap xung xac nh c c ly nhieu muc tieu ong thi tng
oi n gian va co the dung mot anten chung cho ca hai he thong phat
va thu. Trong trng hp nay ta cung ch xet radar phat xa xung n va
nhan xung phan xa tr ve t muc tieu e o c ly.
S o khoi n gian cua phng phap xung ( hnh 2-29):














He thong phat tao ra dao ong sieu cao tan cong suat ln, dang
xung, sau khi a qua chuyen mach anten va phi (feeder) en anten, anten
bien dong ien sieu cao tan thanh nang lng song ien t va bc xa
ra khong gian, gia 2 t bc xa, nang lng tn hieu phan xa c nhan
qua chuyen mach anten va a vao he thong thu .
Chuyen mach anten lam nhiem vu ong - m mach may phat va
may thu; Khi may phat tao ra dao ong, no m mach t he thong phat
en anten va ong mach vao may thu e bao ve may thu. trong thc te
chuyen mach anten khong ong kn ng vao may thu hoan toan, do o
mot phan nho nang lng phat xa lot vao may thu va phan nho nay
c dung lam xung chuan e tnh c ly muc tieu. Khi tn hieu phan xa ve,
chuyen mach anten m mach t anten en may thu va ong mach vao
He thong
phat
He thong
ong bo
He thong
nguon
Chuyen
mach anten
He thong
thu
He thong
ch th
HNH 2-29
he thong phat e nang lng ch vao may thu, khong gay ton hao trong
cac mach khac .
He thong thu khuech ai va bien oi tn hieu phan xa t he thong
sieu cao tan thanh xung th tan roi a sang he thong ch th.
He thong ch th gom cac thiet b cuoi: Neu can quan sat muc tieu
ve c ly va toa o goc th thiet b cuoi la cac en hien song. Muc tieu
hien tren man hnh la nhng vet sang nho len hoac nhng cham sang.
oi vi cac ai radar hien ai th thiet b cuoi co the la nhng may tnh
lien tuc hoac ri rac ( so hoa).
He thong ong bo co nhiem vu phoi hp ve thi gian gia cac he
thong. iem quan trong nhat la bao am iem bat au xung phat (xung
tham do) trung vi iem au ng quet en hien song, tc la bao
am s ong bo cua xung phat vi dao ong tao ng quet. Do o
nhiem vu cua no la tao ra xung kch phat co chu ky lap. Xung nay ong
thi a en he thong phat e tao dao ong phat va he thong hien
song e tao ng quet.
He thong nguon bao am cung cap ien cho toan bo he thong.
Radar co the lay nguon t mang ien cong nghiep hoac t may phat
ien rieng .
Ngoai cac he thong chnh noi tren, tuy theo nhiem vu cua ai ma
con co them nhng he thong khac (He thong ieu khien anten, he
thong ong bo anten va thiet b cuoi, He thong t ong bam sat muc
tieu ve c ly, hng, He thong chong nhieu...).
Trng hp n gian nhat la he thong radar xung n, ngha la trong mot
chu ky xung kch phat ch co mot xung c tao ra va phat xa ra khong
gian t do, xung phan xa tr ve t cac muc tieu (may bay, hoac cac
nguon nhieu) cung la nhng xung co hnh dang nh xung phat xa (khong
ke en cac tac ong khac cua moi trng ), cac xung nay khac vi
xung phat xa ve pha, neu muc tieu chuyen ong th con them s khac
nhau ve tan so (v co them hieu ng doppler), c a en au vao
may thu e x ly tn hieu, sau o cac tn hieu nay c a en en
hien song, nh co tia quet tren en hien song hoac thiet b may tnh
au cuoi, ta co the quan sat c cac muc tieu nay .

Gian o bieu dien nguyen tac hoat ong cua ai nh sau :( hnh 2-30)


T
l






t
t
Xung kch phat
Xung bc xa
Xung ieu che
Xung phat xa
Xung phan xa


























Xung tao ng quet la ien ap rang ca c a en phien lam
lech ngang cua en hien song, chieu thuan cua dien ap rang ca ng
vi chieu quet cua tia t trai sang phai; chieu nghch se lam tia quet
quay ve v tr ban au. e so o c ly c n tr can co xung roi sang
a vao li ieu khien cua en hien song, do o rong xung roi sang
bang thi gian quet thuan cua ien ap rang ca T
thuan
nen en ch m
trong thi gian T
thuan
.
Hnh anh minh hoa cho hoat ong cua radar bc xa xung ra khong gian
t do (hnh 2-31):














t









2.4.3.2. Cac loai hien song c ly :
e o c c ly cua muc tieu tren cac ai radar s dung hien
song c ly. Hien song c ly thng co 2 kieu: Bien o va o sang
- Trong hien song bien o, tai iem au cua ng quet (vach sang
la ng nam ngang tren man hien song, iem bat au t mep cua
en hien song, chieu dai cua tia quet la ng knh cua en), ngi ta
tao ra mot iem dau chuan, khi co tn hieu phan xa xuat hien tren man
hien song, o khoang cach t iem dau chuan en iem dau muc tieu,
tnh theo ty le se c c ly cua muc tieu so vi ai. Ve mat ky thuat,
ien ap tn hieu t au ra may thu c a en phien lam lech doc cua
en hien song. Do tac dung cua tn hieu, vet sang luc o nho len. Neu
toc o quet khong oi th khoang cach gia tn hieu chuan va tn hieu
phan xa tren en hien song :

c
2r
v t v l
q r q
= = ( 2-89 )
V
q
- toc o quet :
thuan
max
q
T
l
v = ( 2-90 )
l
max
- o dai ng quet ng vi thi gian T
thuan
vay : mr r
r
l

c
2r
T
l
l
max
max
thuan
max
= = = ( 2-91 )
r
max
- C ly ln nhat ng vi l
max
c
2v

r
l
m
q
max
max
= = : Ty le xch cua ng quet
Qua o ta thay neu biet ty le xch cua ng quet m va o c
khoang cach l th ta se xac nh c c ly r cua muc tieu (hnh 2-32).




































- Hien song o sang : oi vi loai hien song nay, tia quet c bat
au t tam cua en hien song, chieu dai cua tia quet la ban knh cua
en, tia quet quay tron ong bo vi hng va toc o quay cua anten ai
radar. Tren mat en hien song co cac vong tron ong tam co khoang
cach c chia theo ty le c ly phat hien cua ai, khi co tn hieu muc tieu
xuat hien tren man huynh quang cua en c the hien la nhng cham
sang (hoac nhng vet sang tuy theo dai tan cong tac cua ai la song
met (vet sang) hay song cm, mm, (iem sang)), oc gia tr v tr cua tn
hieu theo ty le ta se co c c ly cua muc tieu. Ve mat ky thuat, trong
hien song o sang tn hieu t au ra may thu c a en li ieu
khien cua en hien song. Do tac dung cua tn hieu tren ng quet se
xuat hien iem dau muc tieu. Tn hieu muc tieu cang ln th iem dau
cang ro.
Tren hnh ve cua hien song o sang (hnh 2-33) ta thay tia quet cua
en hien song c tao ra t tam cua en va no xoay tron theo chieu
HNH 2-32
kim ong ho, ong bo vi anten ai radar, khi co tn hieu phan xa tr ve
t muc tieu th tn hieu nay se hien len man hnh la mot cham sang
hoac mot vet sang goi la iem dau muc tieu, kch thc iem dau nay
phu thuoc vao nang lng song phan xa .

















2.4.3.3. Cac phng phap oc c ly tren man hien song :
Phng phap oc c ly n gian nhat la dung cac vach dau c kh
hoac vach dau ien a vach san tren mat en hien song e quy ra c
ly r.
Neu dung vach dau c kh ta cho sn trc xung chuan trung
vi vach dau 0, c ly muc tieu se oc vach tng ng vi sn trc
cua xung phan xa .
Vach dau c kh n gian nhng co nhieu khuyet iem:
- o chnh xac kem, khi muc tieu gia hai vach dau se co sai so noi
suy.
- Khi nguon thay oi, cac tham so mach tao ng quet thay oi gay ra sai
so do ty le ng quet khong giong ty le thc c kh .
- Neu t the nhn khong ung cung gay ra sai so do vach dau c kh va
mat en hien song khong cung nam tren mat en .
- Thc c kh gay tr ngai cho viec quan sat tn hieu .
Do o phng phap nay ch dung nhng ai radar loai cu khong
can o chnh xac cao .
Cac ai radar loai mi thng dung cac vach dau ien e
lam cac iem dau c ly. Dao ong t bo dao ong hnh sin rat on nh
qua cac khau bien oi thanh cac xung cc hep, cac xung nay c a
en cac phien lam lech doc trong hien song bien o hay a vao li
ieu khien trong hien song o sang thanh cac iem dau c ly .

HNH 2-33: hIEN SONG O
SANG
iem dau muc
tieu
W

























Khoang cach cua hai iem dau ke nhau c xac nh bi chu ky cua
bo dao ong (v du iem dau 10km tng ng vi tan so dao ong 75khz,
chu ky dao ong la 66,7s).
Vach dau ien co u iem :
-Khong gay them sai so khi nguon ien bien oi cung nh toc o quet
khong eu v ng quet va iem dau cung chay chung bi ien ap
quet .
- Khong co sai so do t the nhn v iem dau va tn hieu cung nam tren
mat en .
- De quan sat .
Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la con ton tai sai so noi suy va ket
cau cua ai phc tap hn (phai them mach tao iem dau).
Khi can o o chnh xac hn, cach oc c cai tien lai hoac t ong
truyen so lieu t radar sang may tnh .
2.4.3.4. Nhng nguyen nhan gay sai so o c ly , o chnh xac o
c ly trong phng phap xung .
oi vi cac radar can co o chnh xac o c ly cao, sai so o thi gian
rat nho khong qua 10
-7
s. Do o can phai nghien cu nguyen nhan gay
sai so e tm cach loai tr hoac giam sai so ti mc thap nhat. Nguyen
nhan gay sai so co nhng loai sau:
- Toc o truyen song thay oi : Do tnh chat bat ong nhat cua kh quyen
nen quy ao truyen song cua song ien t trong khong gian khong con
la ng thang va toc o truyen khong phai la mot hang so na, ma
toc o truyen song se thay oi va quy ao truyen song se b uon cong.
o cong cua quy ao truyen song phu thuoc vao s thay oi chiet suat
cua kh quyen theo o cao so vi mat at. Trong tang oi lu, chiem o
cao t mat at khoang 10km 12km, chiet suat trung bnh la n>1, tia song
b uon cong xuong mat at. Trong tang bnh lu, o cao khoang t
12km80km, chiet suat kh quyen n=1, tia song truyen thang (khong b uon
cong). Trong tang ien ly , chiem o cao t 80km1.300km, chiet suat kh
quyen n<1, tia song b uon cong len tri. Do ac tnh uon cong tia song nh
vay nen gia tr o c ve c ly va goc ta ln hn gia tr that. Trong
tang oi lu sai so o cang tang khi giam goc ta va o am. oi vi
radar kiem soat khong lu, sai so trung bnh bnh phng o c ly trong pham vi
goc ta t 5
0
25
0
, o am 0 100% (vi gia thiet muc tieu xuat hien vi
xac suat eu nhau tai bat ky goc ta nao trong pham vi o) khong qua
10 12m




















Ngoai ra, co the them sai so ngau nhien o c ly do s xuat hien
ngau nhien cac vung bat ong nhat trong kh quyen. sai so ngau nhien
loai nay tng oi nho, c mot phan mi met.
- Tn hieu b gi cham trong cac mach, ong bo khong on nh: Sai so do
thi gian gi cham tn hieu khi tn hieu truyen qua tuyen thu ai radar. C ly
HNH 2-35
c tnh t sn trc cua xung phat en sn trc cua xung phan xa,
neu s gi cham 2 tn hieu trong mach khac nhau se gay ra sai so, xung
phat lot qua chuyen mach anten vao ngay may thu, con xung ti muc tieu
va phan xa ve phai 2 lan i qua phi (feeder)(tuyen phat va tuyen thu).
Hieu so thi gian gi cham cua hai tn hieu o tng ng vi sai so c ly
.
Neu trong he thong cua ai radar xay ra hien tng mat ong bo,
gia s nh iem au ng quet cua tia sang tren man hien song
cham hn sn trc cua xung phat th tren en hien song c ly se
khong thay sn trc cua xung phat, ma c ly cua muc tieu th lai c
o t sn trc cua xung phat en sn trc cua xung phan xa nen
luc nay se co sai so o c ly. Ta co hnh ve minh hoa nh sau (hnh 2-36 )












- ng quet khong tuyen tnh: Khi o c ly r ta dung ien ap rang ca e
bieu th t
r
. Neu vach khac c kh co ty le eu, ien ap rang ca cung
can co ty le eu (toc o quet khong oi). Nhng trong thc te th ien
ap quet rang ca khong hoan toan thang nen ieu nay a gay ra sai
so khi o c ly r . ( hnh 2-37 )










- Cac tham so cua en ien t khong on nh (oi vi cac he thong
con s dung en ien t), mach ien khong on nh, lam cho ty le xch
cung khong on nh: Trong qua trnh hoat ong, cac tham so cua en
ien t, ien ap nguon, cac linh kien (ien tr, tu ien...) thay oi lam
cho ty le xch khong on nh, v s on nh ty le xch phu thuoc vao o
Xung
phat
t
t
Xung quet
HNH 2-36
ien ap thc
te
ien ap ly
tng
HNH 2-37
nhay cua en hien song, ien ap nguon, ien tr va ien dung cua
mach nap. Tr so tu ien va ien tr co the bien oi trong pham vi 3%
20%.
Sai so do cac anh hng tren co the t 2- 3% c ly can o, muon
cho o on nh cua cac tham so tren that cao thc te la rat kho, nen
en hien song co ng quet thang thng co cac linh kien ieu
chnh ty le, viec kiem tra ty le o c thc hien bang cac tn hieu
cua may dao ong chuan .
- Do ngi oc : Nguyen nhan chnh gay ra sai so do ngi oc la xac nh
v tr sn trc xung phan xa khong chnh xac. Sai so do ngi oc co
may loai nh sau :
+ Sai so noi suy khi phan oan sn trc xung gia hai vach dau.
e giam sai so noi suy can s dung mang iem dau ien nho hn
(chang han iem dau co gia tr thang iem dau c ly la 2km th sai so
noi suy khoang 0,1 0,2 km, khi gia tr cua thang iem dau c ly la 10km th
sai so noi suy la 0,5 1km) hoac s dung iem ngam ien t ong hay
bam muc tieu e o c ly.
+ Sai so do t the ngi oc khong thang (mat ngi oc khong
thang goc vi en hien song) .
+ Sai so do vet sang khong net (o hoi tu kem, o day ng
quet ln, ng quet b nhoe, neu vet sang co o rong la o th sai so
khi oc noi chung la o/2. Muon giam sai so nay can ieu chnh tot o
hoi tu cua tia quet tren hien song. oi vi hien song nhn vong sai so
nay khoang 200 300m. e giam sai so nay hien song nhn vong can
chon ong tia ien t co pham chat cao, hoac s dung them cac hien
song chuyen dung kieu "phng v - c ly" hoac cho them hien song nhn
vong lam viec che o quan sat hnh quat, quan sat hnh vanh khan
(bang cach gi cham iem goc ng quet ) vung khong gian quanh ai
.
- Sai so do tap am :
Tap am lam nhoe ng quet tng ng vi viec tang o day
vet sang va sn trc xung phan xa, do o tap am lam tang sai so .
- Cac nguyen nhan khac :
+Do quan tnh cua ngi oc khong oc c chnh xac khi muc tieu
chuyen ong nhanh. e giam bt sai so nay ngi oc phai t ren
luyen hoac dung phng phap t ong o cu ly .
+ Do muc tieu chuyen ong, anten rung ong, dien tch phan xa hieu
dung bien oi ... lam cho xung ve tren hien song nhap nhay kho xac
nh .
Cac sai so do nhng nguyen nhan tren co the la sai so he thong,
cung co the la sai so ngau nhien
Xung goc
Xung phan xa
HNH 2.38
2.4.3.5. Mot so bien phap nang cao o chnh xac o c ly trong
phng phap xung :
- Dung ng quet tron hoac xoan oc e tang ty le xch: neu
ng knh mat en hien song gi nguyen, ta thc hien quet tron th ty
le xch se tang len khoang 3 lan. That vay, neu en hien song co ban
knh la r th khi thc hien ng quet thang, ng quet co kch thc ln
nhat la 2r, con neu thc hien quet tron, ngha la ng quet tren man
hnh la nhng vong tron ma vong ln nhat co ban knh r nen co o
dai la 2tr~3x2r trong khi o day vet sang van khong oi, do o sai so s
giam i khoang 3 lan. Nhc iem cua bien phap nay la kho oc toa o
muc tieu, ien the cua tn hieu ve can phai ln. (hnh2.38 )










ng quet hnh tron c tao ra bang cach a hai ien ap hnh sin
lech pha nhau 90
0
va ieu chnh sao cho h
x
U
mx
=h
y
U
my
vao hai phien lam
lech ngang va doc tng ng cua en hien song .
Trong o U
mx
, U
my
la bien o cua hai ien ap hnh sin, va h
x
, h
y
la
o lech cua hai ien ap theo truc x va truc y.
Sau ay ta se tm hieu tai sao khi co hai ien ap hnh sin nay a
vao th tia quet tren hien song co quy ao hnh tron. Gia s rang ien
ap a vao hai phien lam lech ngang va doc cua en hien song co
dang la :
U
x
= U
mx
sinet ( 2-92 )
va : U
y
= U
my
coset ( 2-93 )
Khi o iem sang cua tia ien t se ong thi va lech theo truc x,
va ong thi lech theo truc y, nen phng trnh chuyen ong cua iem
sang co dang nh sau :
x = h
x
U
x
= h
x
U
mx
sinet ( 2-94 )
y = h
y
U
y
= h
y
U
my
coset ( 2-95 )
x
2
+ y
2
= h
2
x
U
2
mx
sin
2
et + h
2
y
U
2
my
cos
2
et ( 2-96 )
Neu : h
x
U
mx
= h
y
U
my
= R ( 2-97 )
Th : x
2
+ y
2
= h
2
x
U
2
mx
(sin
2
et + cos
2
et ) = h
2
y
U
2
my
( cos
2
et + sin
2
et )
Do o : x
2
+ y
2
= h
2
x
U
2
mx
= h
2
y
U
2
my
= R
2
( 2-98 )
ay chnh la phng trnh cua ng tron co ban knh la R
Khi dung ng quet tron th tn hieu phai a vao cc trung tam.
Neu tn hieu am th vet sang lech xa khoi trung tam, neu tn hieu dng th
vet sang hng vao trung tam. Co trng hp ngi ta dung tn hieu e
ieu che hai ien ap quet sau o mi a ien ap quet a c ieu
che vao hai phien lam lech cua en hien song .
u iem cua ng quet tron tren en hien song la nang cao
c o chnh xac khi oc c ly muc tieu xuat hien tren hien song nh
lam tang ty le xch, ong thi viec tao ra cac dao ong hnh sin chuan
cung n gian. Tuy nhien phng phap nay cung con khuyet iem la o
nhay cua cc trung tam nho nen oi hoi tn hieu khi a en cc trung
tam phai ln th xuat hien c iem dau muc tieu tren man hien song.
ong thi do c ly cua muc tieu c xac nh so vi xung goc co dang
la mot cung tron nen viec oc gia tr nay co kho hn so vi phng
phap quet thang .
Neu muon tang ty le xch cua ng quet len nhieu lan na,
ngi ta co the dung phng phap quet tia sang tren en hien song theo
dang xoan oc, bang cach a ien ap hnh sin lech pha nhau 90
0
co bien
o giam dan vao 2 phien lam lech cua en hien song. Phng phap
nay cang kho oc c ly hn, va viec tao ra ng quet xoac oc cung
rat phc tap, nen trong thc te t s dung phng phap quet xoan oc .
- Dung he thong hai thc o e tang ty le xch: cac ai radar
can co o chnh xac that cao ngi ta dung he thong hai thc o c ly:
S lc va chnh xac. Hai en hien song s lc va chnh xac lien he
chat che vi nhau. ng quet en s lc lien he vi toan bo c ly
hoat ong cua ai, con en chnh xac tng ng vi mot phan nho trong
toan bo c ly. C ly muc tieu bang tong c ly oc c tren en s lc
va chnh xac. Ty le xch cua en chnh xac c chon sao cho sai so tuyet
oi cua en s lc ln hn c ly tng ng cua en chnh xac. Bang
phng phap nay th sai so tng oi khi oc c ly cua he thong bang tch
cac sai so tng oi khi oc c ly tren hai en hien song s lc va chnh
xac, tc la :

cx
cx
S
S
r
r
r
r
r
r
= ( 2-99 )
Trong o : r
s
- C ly oc c tren en s lc
r
cx
- C ly oc c tren en chnh xac
V du : Neu sai so khi oc c ly tren hien song s lc bang vi sai so khi
oc c ly tren hien song chnh xac va bang 1% ( % 1
r
r
r
r
cx
cx
S
S
= = ), th sai so
oc c ly cua he thong la % 01 , 0
r
r
=
Nh vay vi phng phap nay th o chnh xac khi o c ly rat cao. Phng
phap nay co the c mo ta bang hnh ve sau (hnh 2-39):



Xung goc
0 km
10 km
30 km
0 m
500 m 1500 m
Xung goc










- Dung iem dau o di ong: iem dau o co the la c kh hoac ien.
- iem dau o c kh co the la mot vach chuan di ong bang mot bo
phan c kh di chuyen sao cho trung vi sn trc xung phan xa. C ly o
se ty le vi goc quay cua tay quay va co the ghi tren thc o gan vi
tay quay. u iem cua phng phap nay la sai so noi suy giam va o c
c ly lien tuc; Qua bo bien oi c ien tr so c ly co the bien thanh tn
hieu mang tin tc ve c ly e truyen sang may tnh hoac cac thiet b
khac. Khuyet iem cua phng phap nay la con ton tai sai so o do t
the nhn khong ung .





















- iem dau o ien : Co rat nhieu hnh thc, tuy nhien hnh thc dung
nhieu nhat la dung nhng xung hep hien trc tiep len man hien
song. Bien phap nay loai tr c sai so do t the nhn khong ung
Bien oi c ien
Vach chuan
iem dau muc tieu
Tr so ve c ly
HNH 2-40 : o c ly bang iem dau o di
ong
- Dung iem dau o co nh : Ngoai cach dung ng quet tron con
co nhng cach lam tang ty le xch ng quet trong khi ban knh man
hien song van gi nguyen ;
- Tang o dai ng quet ln hn ng knh mat en: Cach nay
can ien ap quet co bien o ln, e o c ly phai keo lui ng
quet sao cho tn hieu phan xa trung vi iem dau o at gia
man huynh quang.
















Tren s o khoi (hnh 2-42), ien ap quet hnh rang ca c tao ra t
mach tao ien ap quet a en phien lam lech ngang cua man hien
song e tao ra tia quet. ien ap mot chieu co the thay oi E
x1
lay t
bo phan ap a vao phien x
1
, khi E
x1
=0 th sn trc xung phat (xung
goc) trung vi iem dau tren thc c ly ch 0 km. Khi quay tay quay, th
ien ap E
x1
cung tang dan, ng quet c keo ve pha ben trai, xung
phan xa tren man hien song cung dch chuyen ve ben trai, en khi
sn trc cua xung phan xa trung vi iem dau o tren hien song th
dng tay quay va oc tr so cua E
x1
, tr so nay tng ng vi c ly muc
tieu va thng c khac tren thc o c ly gan lien vi tay quay.
Khuyet iem cua bien phap nay la can ien ap quet ln nen
ien ap lay t bo phan ap cung phai ln tng ng, nh vay mach tao
ien ap quet se phc tap va yeu cau cac linh kien phai cach ien tot
.
- Gi nguyen o dai ng quet nhng tang toc o quet: luc nay
do chu ky lap cua xung roi sang giam i nen tren man hen song ch
quan sat c mot phan nao o cua toan bo c ly hoat ong cua ai
radar. Co the giai thch nguyen tac hoat ong trong phng phap nay theo
s o khoi nh sau:( hnh 2-43 )


E
x1
May thu
Bo phan
ap
Mach tao
ien ap
quet
Tay
quay
HNH 2-42































e quan sat c toan bo c ly hoat ong can tm cach dch ca
ng quet o theo thi gian so vi xung phat, xung phan xa t cac muc
tieu se lan lt hien tren man hien song .
Khi tay quay v tr c ly 0 km th sn trc cua xung phat trung vi
iem dau o gia mat en, tc la trung vi iem gia cua tia quet
tren man hien song, nh vay xung phat phai c gi cham hn xung
ong bo mot khoang thi gian la T
qt
/2 . Khi quay tay quay thi giam gi
cham tang dan, tng ng vi c ly tang. en khi sn trc cua xung
phan xa trung vi iem dau o th thi gian gia cham tng ng vi c
ly muc tieu .
u iem cua phng phap nay la do iem dau gia mat en
hien song c gi co nh nen o nhay cua en hien song khong thay
Gi
cham
T
qt
/2
Mach gi
cham t
gc
Tao
ien
ap
quet

Hien
song
May thu
Ti bo ieu
che may phat
t
Bien o xung
T
qt
/2
Xung phat
Tn hieu muc
tieu
t
gc

Xung quet
t
t
t
Xung ong
bo
HNH 2-43
oi khi o cac c ly khac nhau. Mat khac ty le xch cung tang nhieu nen
o chnh xac o c ly cao.
Khuyet iem cua phng phap nay la tren hien song ch quan sat
c mot phan cua toan bo c ly hoat ong cua ai. Khi muon quan sat
toan bo c ly hoat ong cua ai tren man hien song cung mot luc,
ong thi van nang cao c o chnh xac khi oc c ly, ch can tang
mot phan nho ty le xch cua ng quet ma trong o xuat hien muc
tieu can o c ly.
2.5. SO SANH CAC PHNG PHAP O C LY
2.5.1. Phng phap pha :
Phng phap pha la phng phap so sanh gia pha cua dao ong tn
hieu phat xa vi pha cua dao ong tn hieu phan xa tr ve t muc
tieu, nh s chenh lech pha gia dao ong cua hai tn hieu o ma ta
co the xac nh c c ly cua muc tieu.
u iem : Chu yeu la o c c ly rat nho vi o chnh xac cao
Khuyet iem : Kho thc hien viec quan sat va khi co nhieu muc tieu
can quan sat th ket cau phc tap. Do o phng phap nay t c dung
trong radar .
2.5.2. phng phap tan so :
Phng phap tan so la phng phap da vao lng thay oi tan so dao
ong cua tn hieu phat xa va dao ong cua tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu
ma xac nh c c ly cua muc tieu.
u iem : o c c ly nho, o chnh xac cao hn phng phap xung,
neu o mot muc tieu th ket cau n gian
Khuyet iem: Kho quan sat va o nhieu muc tieu cung mot luc.
Neu tm cach o nhieu muc tieu cung mot luc ket cau se rat phc tap.
Phng phap nay dung nhieu trong cac ai radar o o cao may bay
ha canh v ket cau cua radar n gian lai o c o cao rat nho trong
ieu kien thi tiet phc tap .
2.5.3. Phng phap xung :
Trong phng phap xung, e xac nh c c ly cua muc tieu can
phai da vao 3 yeu to: o rong xung, dai thong tan may thu, ng knh
cua tia quet tren hien song.
u iem: o c nhieu muc tieu cung mot luc, cau tao tng oi
n gian de chap nhan
Khuyet iem: o chnh xac, kha nang phan biet ve c ly va c ly
cc tieu kem hn phng phap tan so
HNH 2-44
Nhng so vi nhiem vu th cac ch tieu tren van am bao yeu cau
thc te nen phng phap xung hien nay c s dung rong rai nhat trong
cac ai radar.
2.6. PHNG PHAP O TOC O XUYEN TAM TRONG RADAR XUNG
Khi muc tieu chuyen ong hng ve ai hay ra xa ai radar, hay con goi
la muc tieu chuyen ong so vi ai radar, th se xuat hien toc o cua
muc tieu va toc o nay c goi la toc o xuyen tam cua muc tieu.
Theo cong thc (1-7) cua phan (1.5) ta a tm c:
2
F
v
d
xt

= (2-100 )
Vay c s e o toc o xuyen tam la o o dch tan Doppler cua tn
hieu phan xa
S o khoi n gian nhat o o dch tan Doppler (hnh 2-44):


f
0


f
0
+f





May phat cao tan co tan so f
0
tao dao ong lien tuc bc xa vao
khong gian, mot phan nho nang lng phat xa c a vao bo tron tn
hieu trong may thu cua ai, tai ay ngoai tn hieu chuan cua may phat
cao tan con co tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu, nh vay tai au ra cua bo
tron, ngoai tn hieu co tan so f
0
con co tan so doppler f
d.
sau khi qua he
thong x ly, tai au cuoi se o c toc o xuyen tam cua muc tieu.
Ngha la tan so tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu di ong so vi ai radar se
khac vi f
0
mot lng tan so doppler F

, va lech pha mot lng la . Gia

s tn hieu bc xa t anten cua ai radar co dang :
u
mp
= U
mp
cos[2tf
0
t +
mp
] ( 2-101 )
Th tn hieu thu tai au vao bo tron co the viet di dang :
u = U
0
cos[2t(f
0
+ f

)t + ] ( 2-102 )
Dao ong nhan ve c tron vi dao ong cua may phat
u
mp
= U
mp
cos[2tf
0
t +
mp
] ( 2-103 )
au ra bo tron phat sinh dao ong co tan so doppler. Hnh bao cua dao
ong cao tan (tan so phach) c tach ra nh tach song bien o. Sau
o dao ong tan so F

c khuech ai va a vao bo ch th (o tan

so). Thang o dc khac o trc tiep theo toc o xuyen tam cua muc
tieu
TACH
SONG
NG
BAO
KHECH AI
Fd
CH TH
Fd ( Vxt )
MAY
PHAT CAO
TAN
TRON
2
F
v
d
xt

=
u iem cua phng phap nay la : thiet b n gian, tan so may phat
thay oi cham anh hng t en o chnh xac.
Khuyet iem cua phng phap nay la can bc xa lien tuc. Quan trong
nhat la trong thi gian ngan khi tn hieu ti muc tieu quay tr lai tan so
may phat can on nh , neu co nhieu muc tieu tn hieu phan xa se gay
nhieu lan nhau ( au ra bo tron co rat nhieu tan so)
2.7. NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG CUA RADAR XUNG :
Sau khi phan tch u - khuyet iem va cach khac phuc cac khuyet
iem cua cac nguyen tac o cac tham so cua muc tieu bang nhng
phng phap khac nhau nh phng phap pha, phng phap ieu tan th hien
nay radar xung c phat trien va s dung nhieu nhat, do o trong giao
trnh nay ta ch nghien cu ve radar xung, con cac he thong radar ieu
che pha va radar ieu che tan so co the s dung tot trong nhng pham
vi nao o, nhng v no t c s dung nen ta khong e cap ti trong giao
trnh nay. Phan tren ta a xem xet ky ve nguyen tac hoat ong e o
ac cac tham so muc tieu cua radar ieu che dang xung, qua o ta thay
radar xung co the o ac tot cac tham so cua bat ky muc tieu nao du
la muc tieu ln hay nho, di ong hay ng yen so vi ai radar. V vay
loai radar nay c s dung nhieu trong nghanh hang khong. Trong he
thong radar xung thi gian may phat hoat ong ngan hn thi gian thu tn
hieu phan xa, v khi may phat m trong khoang thi gian rat ngan th luc
nay se co mot xung c truyen en anten va bc xa ra khong gian t do,
xung nay i en va cham vao muc tieu ni ay se xay ra hien tng tan
xa va se co mot phan nho nang lng cua xung nay phan xa tr ve
anten may thu ai radar, neu khong ke en cac tac ong cua moi
trng th xung phan xa co hnh dang giong nh xung phat xa, no ch thay
oi so vi xung phat xa ve tan so va pha (oi vi muc tieu chuyen
ong), hoac ch thay oi ve pha (oi vi muc tieu co nh), xac nh
c khoang thi gian t luc xung bc xa ra khoi ai cho en khi xung
phan xa tr ve ai th se biet c c ly hay khoang cach t ai radar
en muc tieu cho du muc tieu di ong hay ng yen so vi ai radar.
Neu muc tieu di ong so vi ai radar (hng ra xa ai hay i vao gan
ai) th tan so cua xung phan xa se thay oi so vi tan so cua xung bc
xa t ai radar, tc la them o dch tan doppler (do hieu ng doppler), va
nh ta a biet mot trong nhng u iem cua radar bc xa xung la no co
the dung chung mot anten co tnh nh hng cao cho ca hai he thong
phat va he thong thu. Nh tnh nh hng cao cua canh song anten ma
co the xac nh chnh xac cac toa o goc cua muc tieu nh goc ta
(elevation)va goc phng v (azimuth).

HNH 2-45: Radar xung













T phan nay tr i ta ch nghien cu ve he thong radar bc xa
xung dung trong nghanh hang khong nen cac n v o va cac thuat ng
cung se dung theo quy c chung cua nghanh hang khong .
Tren hnh ve (hnh 2-45) ta thay mot xung cua song ien t c
phat vao khong gian t do no se i vi van toc bang vi van toc anh
sang, Tn hieu phan xa t muc tieu sau khi en anten se c a qua he
thong may thu e x ly tn hieu, cuoi cung c a en dung cu o c ly
phng v, dung cu nay la mot ong phong tia ien t, cac tn hieu nhan
c se hien th tren man huynh quang cua ong nay (con c goi la
man hien song), tren man hien song co cac vach dau c ly va phng
v, cac vach dau nay c tao ra bang cac iem dau ien t hoac
bang thc c kh, da vao cac iem dau nay ma khi co muc tieu hien
th tren man hien song th se xac nh c cac tham so cua muc tieu .
2.7.1. Nguyen tac hoat ong tren s o khoi cua he thong radar
xung n gian :
S o khoi cua he thong radar xung (pulse radar)(Hnh 2-46)











He thong
phat
(Transmitter)
ieu che
(Modulator)
ong bo
(Timer or
synchronizer)
Chuyen mach
thu - phat
(Switch T-R)
He thong thu
(Receiver)
He thong hien
th
(Indicator)
He thong
anten
(Antenna)
anh dau v
tr
d lieu
(Position data)





Nguyen tac hoat ong cua he thong radar xung n cung giong nh
nguyen tac hoat ong cua cac loai radar chu ong noi chung. Khoi ong
bo tao ra cac xung theo mot chu ky nhat nh e khi ong toan bo hoat
ong cua toan bo he thong radar cung mot luc, Cac xung ong bo a
en may phat la nhng xung nhon, o rong xung nho, bien o xung u
ln e kch thch s hoat ong cua cac he thong trong ai radar. Sn
trc cua xung phat trung vi xung ong bo va c ieu che theo yeu
cau nhiem vu cua ai radar, ong thi xung ong bo cung a en tao
iem au cua sn trc xung roi sang, tc la tao nen iem au cua
tia quet tren en hien song, luc nay hng cua tia quet trung vi
hng cua anten phat, thong thng trong ai radar cac he thong phat
va thu s dung chung mot anten, xung ieu che co bien o vao o rong
phu hp a vao li ieu khien cua en phat, trong radar co hai kieu
he thong phat chu yeu : kieu th nhat la thiet b phat dung bo dao
ong cong suat ln t kch (nh en manhetrong MAGNETRON), kieu
th hai dao ong tao ra t bo dao ong on nh cong suat nho, c
khuech ai ti mc cong suat yeu cau nh mot hoac mot so en
khuech ai cong suat ln, t may phat cao tan a en anten va bc
xa ra khong gian thanh tn hieu RF (RADIO FREQUENCY) co cong suat rat
ln khoang 0,5 megawatt (MW) en 4 megawatt (MW) vi tan so cc ngan
trong mot khoang thi gian rat ngan, sau o may phat ngng hoat ong,
trong luc nay neu xung phat xa gap muc tieu th tn hieu phan xa t muc
tieu i en anten va c a vao may thu qua he thong anten nay, do o
e cong suat cua xung phat xa khong lot vao may thu va e tn hieu
phan xa tr ve khong i vao he thong phat, trong he thong hoat ong
cua ai radar con co them mot bo chuyen mach anten (bo phan mach
nh hng), Tn hieu thu c sau khi qua may thu c a en he thong
hien song e o cac tham so cua no. Sau mot khoang thi gian u ln,
mot xung ong bo c tao ra va qua trnh hoat ong cua ai radar c
lap lai nh trc. C nh vay he thong se hoat ong lien tuc theo chu
ky.
2.7.2. Cac tham so ac trng trong radar xung
Cac tham so ac trng trong radar xung la : Cong suat xung , cong suat
trung bnh , tan so hay chu ky lap lai xung phat, o rong va dang xung .
2.7.2.1.. Cong suat xung va cong suat trung bnh :
Cong suat xung la cong suat phat xa trung bnh trong thi gian t
x
.
Cong suat phat xa la mot trong nhng tham so quan trong cua ai
radar va no quyet nh cac yeu cau oi vi o ben ien cua tuyen cao
tan may phat va anh hng en c ly hoat ong cua ai radar. Do o
cong suat xung cung co mot gia tr gii han cua no.
Neu xung co dang bat ky th cong suat xung P
x
c tnh theo cong
thc sau :

}
=
x
x
x

0
P(t)dt

1
P ( 2-104 )
P(t)- Cong thc tc thi trong xung
Cong suat trung bnh la gia tr trung bnh cua cong suat trong mot chu ky
lap lai .
Cong suat xung va cong suat trung bnh co quan he nh sau :
x ld
l
x x
tb
P k
T
P
P =

= ( 2-105 )
l
x
ld
T

k = ( 2-106 )
k
l
- He so lap ay k
l
= 0,02 0,005
o rong xung thng rat nho hn chu ky lap lai nen cong suat xung
rat ln trong khi cong suat trung bnh tng oi nho. o la mot u iem
cua phng phap xung: he thong phat va he thong nguon tng oi gon.
Cong suat xung co the t vai kw en vai Mw tuy theo nhiem vu cua ai
.
V du :










Neu P
x
= 60kw , t
x
= 0,5s , T
l
= 1000s th P
tb
= 30w
2.7.2.2. Tan so hay chu ky lap lai xung phat :
Tan so hay chu ky lap lai cua xung phat la mot trong nhng tham so
quan trong cua ai radar. No anh hng en chat lng va ch tieu kinh
te cua ai .
Ve quan iem nang lng khi a cho cong suat xung va o rong
xung, ta se chon tan so lap lai nho e giam cong suat trung bnh :
l
x x
l
x x
tb
F P
T
P
P =

= ( 2-107 )
P
max
t
x
P
x

T
l

HNH 2-47
Chon F
l
phai am bao o n tr c ly trong pham vi can o tc la bao
am may phat ch phat xung tiep theo sau khi may thu a nhan c tn
hieu phan xa t muc tieu c ly hoat ong ln nhat cua ai, Do o
co gii han tren la F
max
.
Nhng F
l
phai chon u ln sao cho moi lan canh song quet qua muc
tieu phai co u so xung can thiet (t nhat) N
xmin
dung e tch luy u
mc phat hien, co nh vay mi u o chnh xac va tin cay khi phat
hien muc tieu. Thong thng, qua thc te ngi ta thay N
xmin
= 5 25 la u
ap ng yeu cau ch tieu phat hien cua ai radar. Do o co gii han
di la F
min
Vay : F
min
s F
l
s F
max

Hien nay cac ai ra a thng co F
l
= 50 10.000 Hz
2.7.2.3.. o rong va hnh dang xung :
o rong xung la yeu to c ban quyet nh kha nang phan biet ve
c ly va c ly cc tieu cua ai. o rong xung cang nho th kha nang
phan biet ve c ly cang cao va c ly cc tieu cang nho. Tuy nhien t
x

cang nho th pho cua no lai cang ln, oi hoi dai thong may thu phai
cang rong, cong suat ngng may thu cang tang ieu nay se lam
giam c ly hoat ong cua ai (khi cong suat xung a chon trc) .
Hnh dang xung cung anh hng en kha nang phan biet ve c ly
va o chnh xac o c ly, sn trc xung cang doc o chnh xac o c ly
cang cao, kha nang phan biet c ly cang tot. Nhng sn trc cang
doc, dai thong may thu cang phai rong, cong suat ngng may thu
tang, c ly hoat ong cua ai giam, cac c cau cua he thong phc tap
hn. oi vi en magnetron, neu sn trc cua xung qua doc th xung
c tao ra se khong on nh.
Do o chon o rong va hnh dang xung phai da vao yeu cau
nhiem vu cua ai. Neu can o chnh xac va kha nang phan biet ve c
ly cao, c ly cc tieu nho can chon xung vuong hep co sn trc doc.
Neu can c ly hoat ong cua ai cang ln cang tot th phai chon xung
co o rong ln. Thong thng t
x
=(0,05 30)s. Trong o a so cac xung
co t
x
<10s, va sn trc co o rong la: t
st
= (0,1 0,2)t
x

2.7.3. Kha nang phan biet ve c ly va c ly cc tieu trong radar xung
:
Trong phng phap xung kha nang phan biet ve c ly do 3 yeu to
quyet nh: o rong xung, dai thong tan may thu va ng knh iem
sang tia quet .
Goi khoang cach gia hai muc tieu la x, o rong xung la t
x
, neu
ch ke en yeu to o rong xung, th muon phan biet c rieng biet tn
hieu muc tieu tren hien song phai thoa man yeu cau :
x

c
2x
> ( 2-108 )
T o rut ra :

2
x
c
min
x =
( 2-109 )



M
1
M
2


t
x


c
2x




Nhng do dai thong tan may thu co han, tn hieu xung qua o b bien
dang lam o rong xung tang them mot lng At
x
(chu yeu do sn xung
sau) ty le nghch vi dai thong may thu. Thong thng ngi ta nhan
thay :
At
x
= (0,1 0,15)t
x.
(2- 110)
Neu goi o rong vet sang cua tia quet tren en hien song la o
(con goi la kha nang phan biet cua en hien song), o rong vet sang
tang tng ng vi viec tang them o rong xung mot lng o/v
q
(vi v
q
la
toc o quet cua tia sang tren hien song) .
Do o kha nang phan biet ve c ly cua ai radar s dung phng
phap bc xa xung se gom 3 thanh phan hp lai :
( )
m

2
c
v

2
c

2
c

2
c

x x
q
x
x r
+ + = + + = ( 2-111 )
Vi :
m
1
2v
c
q
= ( 2-112 )
Qua o ta thay muon tang kha nang phan biet c ly trong phng
phap nay ta phai giam t
x
, giam o rong cua vet sang tia quet, tang ty
le xch ng quet m. Nhng viec tang giam cac ch so tren ch co gii
han va phu thuoc vao nheu yeu cau khac .
Trong thc te kha nang phan biet con kem hn so vi trong tnh toan.
Nhng co mot so trng hp khi co 2 muc tieu chuyen ong, tn hieu
phan xa se xay ra hien tng giao thoa, lam cho pha cua tn hieu en may
thu thay oi, do s thay oi cua pha nen tn hieu thu c tren hien song
co s nhap nhay, vung ma hai tn hieu trung len nhau se co tn hieu
nhap nho tren man hien song va ta co the phan biet c hai muc tieu
o.
C ly cc tieu la khoang cach nho nhat t ai ti muc tieu ma
ai con co the o c. Neu khong b anh hng cua a vat, c ly cc
tieu phu thuoc vao o rong xung phat t
x
va thi gian khoi phuc o nhay
may thu, tc la thi gian hoi phuc cua en phong ien t
hp
. Do o c ly
cc tieu R
min
c tnh theo cong thc sau :
HNH 2-48
) t (
2
c
R
hp
x
min
+ = ( 2-113 )
oi vi en phong ien chat lng cao : t
hp
= 0,1 s0,5s
oi vi en phong ien chat lng trung bnh : t
hp
= 1 s 2s
oi vi en phong ien chat lng thap ( gia ) : t
hp
= 3 s 5s
2.7.4. Cac phng phap o toa o goc trong radar xung
o toa o goc la xac nh hng cua muc tieu so vi ai radar
nghia la phai o goc ta va goc phng v cua muc tieu. Ta biet rang
nh hng bang song vo tuyen mot muc tieu nao o tc la xac nh
hng truyen song vo tuyen phan xa (bc xa song ien t ) t muc
tieu o, theo nguyen tac truyen thang cua song ien t trong khong gian
.
Tuy nhien do anh hng cua moi trng tren quy ao truyen lan cua
song ien t (nh do b khuc xa, tac ong cua a vat...) nen no khong
truyen thang hoan toan. Do o khi o cac gia tr cua cac goc toa o se
co hien tng sai so do qua trnh truyen song. Tuy nhien khi thiet ke mot
ai radar, ngi ta a co tnh en cac sai so nay trong ieu kien thc te,
nen cac so lieu o c tren man hien song la tng oi chnh xac va
co the tin cay c .







Qua hnh ve tren (hnh 2-49), mot cach gan ung (v o cao cua anten
ai radar rat nho so vi o cao cua muc tieu, ong thi khong ke en
anh hng cua o cong trai at, nen ta co the coi H la o cao cua muc
tieu), ta co the tnh o cao cua muc tieu nh sau :
H = Rsinc ( 2-114 )
Trong thc te th khi tnh en o cong cua trai at va anten khong u
cao, canh song phat xa khong u hep, luc nay ngoai tia song thang ti
muc tieu con co mot phan song en muc tieu do s phan xa t mat
at, do o song phan xa t muc tieu se xay ra hien tng giao thoa cua
cac song. Qua tnh toan mot cach gan ung ngi ta a tm c cong
thc tnh o cao cua muc tieu trong trng hp nay la: ( hnh 2-50 )

2R
r
rsin h H
2
+ + = ( 2-115 )



c
R
H
HNH 2-49
c ai radar
Muc tieu
r













Qua cac cong thc tren thc chat cua viec tnh o cao muc tieu la o c
ly r va goc ta c.
Trong trng hp goc ta c = 0 , tc la muc tieu tren mat at hay mat
bien th khong can phai o o cao cua muc tieu.
2.7.4.1. o toa o goc bang phng phap pha trong radar xung .
S o khoi cua phng phap nay nh sau ( hnh 2-51 ):












Nguyen tac hoat ong cua viec o goc bang phng phap pha trong
radar bc xa xung da tren c s cua ket qua o hieu pha cua tn hieu thu
c t s phan xa cua muc tieu qua hai may thu rieng biet, Tn hieu thu
c hai may thu la tn hieu cao tan, sau khi qua he thong tron tan cac
tn hieu trung tan lech pha nhau c khuech ai vi bien o u ln, va
en pha ke e o hieu pha cua hai tn hieu nay, nh ket qua cua hieu
pha se tnh c goc phng v | cua muc tieu. Ve mat nh lng ngi
ta a tm c cong thc tnh goc phng v | , khi hai anten may thu at
cach nhau mot khoang d va co hieu pha cua tn hieu thu c qua hai may
thu la nh sau :

d

2
arcsin

= ( 2-116 )
Khuech
ai cao
tan 1
Tron
tan 1
Khuech
ai trung
tan 1
Dao
ong
tai cho
Khuech
ai cao
tan 2
Tron
tan 2
Khuech
ai trung
tan 2

Pha
ke
Hnh 2-51
Mat khac, khi xac nh v tr cua muc tieu trong khong gian ma can phai
o ca hai toa o goc la goc phng v | va goc ta c cua muc tieu o,
th ngi ta phai giai he phng trnh sau :

cos cos
2
d

2
2
cos sin
1
d

2
1
=
=

( 2-117 )
Trong o :
1
,
2
- Hieu pha cua tn tieu thu c tai anten thu A va B
d
1
= r
1
- r
2
Vi r
1
la c ly t anten may thu A en muc tieu
r
2
la c ly t anten may thu B en muc tieu
d
2
- Khoang cach gia hai anten A va B
Do o neu o c cac gia tr d
1
va

d
2
, giai he hai phng trnh tren ta se
tm c goc phng v va goc ta cua muc tieu (hnh 2-52)











Neu bc song va khoang cach cua hai ai la cac so lieu chnh
xac th sai so trong phng phap nay chu yeu la do sai so khi o hieu pha
cua hai tn hieu, ngi ta nhan thay rang sai so o goc phng v nho
nhat khi cos| = 1 tc la goc phng v | = 0. Khi | tang o chnh xac nh
hng giam. Do o o goc ta bang phng phap pha rat han che khi m
rong vung quan sat. Do o trong he thong radar kiem soat hoat ong bay
rat t dung phng phap nay .
2.7.4.2. o toa o goc bang phng phap bien o trong radar xung.
S o khoi giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong cua phng phap nay nh
sau ( hnh 2-53 ):










A
B
d
1

d
2

Muc tieu
c
|
HNH 2-52
ieu
che
ong
bo
Tao
xung
quet
May phat
sieu cao
tan
Chuyen
mach anten
May
thu
C cau
ong
bo
Tao
ng
quet
Xung roi sang
Cuon day
Tn hieu phan
xa
Li
ieu
|
f(|)


Phng phap nay chu yeu la li dung tnh nh hng cua canh
song ai radar, neu bo ch th cua ai radar s dung e quan sat, phat
hien va o ac cac tham so muc tieu la loai hien song nhn vong, canh
song anten nh hng trong khong gian co dang hnh bup, khi cach song
quet en muc tieu ta se nhan thay tn hieu thu c tren man hien song
ln nhat ch khi hng cc ai cua gian o hng anten trung vi hng
cua muc tieu, con trong cac trng hp khac th tn hieu thu c se nho
hn gia tr cc ai hoac bang 0 khi gian o hng cua anten ri khoi
hng muc tieu.
Neu anten phat cua ai radar co gian o hng la f
pA
(|), va anten
thu co gian o hng la f
tB
(|)th ac tnh nh hng cua he thong radar
la:
f(|) = f
pA
(|). f
tB
(|) ( 2-118 )
Ma hien nay cac ai radar thng dung chung mot anten cho ca hai
he thong phat va thu nen ;
f
tB
(|) = f
pA
(|) ( 2-119 )
nen : f(|) = f
2
pA
(|) ( 2-120 )
Phng phap bien o con c phan ra thanh 4 loai: Phng phap
cc ai, phng phap cc tieu, phng phap can bang va phng phap so
sanh .
a. o phng v cua muc tieu bang phng phap bien o tn hieu
phan xa cc ai: Trong phng phap nay viec o goc phng v cua muc
tieu c xac nh khi hng cc ai cua gian o hng canh song phat
xa t anten ai radar trung vi hng chuyen ong cua muc tieu, luc o
bien o cua tn hieu phan xa en may thu se ln nhat, nh vay khi tren
man hien song, tai thi iem ma tn hieu ro nhat (hay sang nhat) th ta
xac nh phng v cua muc tieu (hnh 2-54).
u iem cua phng phap nay la viec xac nh hng n gian , khi
nh hng tot nhat th ty so tn / tap ln nhat v luc o cong suat tn
hieu phan xa tr ve ai ln nhat, ieu nay rat co li khi muc tieu
xa, do o ay la mot hnh thc nh hng thng c s dung nhat
trong cac loai ai radar.
Khuyet iem cua phng phap nay la o chnh xac kem v tai
nh cua gian o hng khong nhon ma co dang tu nen khi gian o
hng lech khoi hng cc ai trong mot pham vi nho th cong suat cua
tn hieu phan xa cung thay oi t nen trong khoang thi gian nay ta khong
phat hien c hng cua muc tieu a thay oi.
















Phng phap cc ai dung nhieu trong radar kiem soat khong lu tam
xa dai song met e xac nh goc phng v. Phng phap nay khong s
dung trong cac ai radar dai song met e o goc ta (o o cao cua muc
tieu) v canh song anten cua dai song met s dung s phan xa t mat
at, nen canh song b bien dang do anh hng cua mat at .
Trong dai song cm co the dung phng phap cc ai e xac nh
ca hai goc toa o la goc phng v va goc ta, v trong dai cm gian o
hng canh song anten rat hep nen khong b anh hng cua mat at
va o chnh xac o goc toa o c nang cao.
Mat khac khi o goc phng v cua muc tieu, trong cac ai radar
thng s dung bo ch th la en hien song nhn vong, nen tia quet
cua en hien song phai quay ong bo vi he thong anten. Goc phng
v cua muc tieu c xac nh theo v tr iem sang cua tn hieu tren en
hien song so vi hng bac cua la ban a c at trc tren hien
song la iem dau 0
0
.
Kha nang phan biet theo phng v khi nh hng muc tieu bang
phng phap cc ai :
Neu trong vung khong gian quan sat cua ai radar khong phai co
mot muc tieu duy nhat ma co t nhat hai muc tieu, neu hai muc tieu nay
co cung c ly va o cao th khi canh song anten quet en, tn hieu phan
xa tr ve may thu va tn hieu au ra cua may thu cung se thay oi
theo ac tnh nh hng, tc la co dang hai hnh chuong trung len nhau
mot phan, tai ay xay ra hien tng giao thoa cua tn hieu phan xa, va
lam cho iem sang cua tn hieu tren man hien song b nhap nhay.
Nhng tren thc te khi s dung en hien song o sang (hien song nhn
vong) trong he thong ch th cua ai radar th ta khong quan sat thay s
nhap nhay cua iem sang tren mat en tng ng vi pham vi goc quet
gia hai iem dau muc tieu, do trong thc te ai radar xung khi phat xa ra
khong gian trong pham v mot o rong canh song khong phai la xung n
ma la mot chum xung, nen khi tn hieu en va ap vao muc tieu co
nang lng u ln va tn hieu phan xa tr ve co s tch luy nang lng
cua cac xung o .

u|











Qua hnh ve tren (hnh 2-55) ta thay kha nang phan biet theo phng v
c xac nh bi cong thc :
o| = u|
0,5
+o|
ct
( 2-121 )
Trong o: o|
ct
- Kha nang phan biet theo phng v cua en hien song
Ngoai ra ngi ta con tm c cong thc :
r
d
57,3 + =
0,5
( 2-122 )
Vi : d_ ng knh vet sang cua tia quet
r _ Khoang cach t tam cua en hnh en iem dau muc tieu