SYLLOGISM II

All the students that solve possibility case questions via Venn Diagram. Analytical methods are
not suitable for possibility case. This type of questions are different form previously mentioned type of
questions . main question is that in which situation possibility cases arises. When there is no exact
conclusions can be drawn from statements (In analytical method s when equations gives NC)then
possibility case arise. In possibility cases we can convert sentences form A-I or I-A.
A type of statements: All pens are Pencils.




I type statements: Some pens are pencils



Some Pens are pencils



E type statements: No pen is pencil.








Pencil
Pen
Pen
Pencil
Pens Pencils
Pen Pencil

O type Statements: Some Pens are not Pencils



Some pens are not pencils some Pencils are not Pens

In syllogism subject and predicate are analogous of subject and object, but dont go to its
meaning. For example
Statements: All faculties are students.
In English literature it is not accepted but in reasoning it is Logic.
Some of the features of the possibility case are as follows.
1)Usually I type statements cannot be converted into A type. But in possibility case, I type can
be converted into A type.
Example: 1
Consider the statements : Some A are B





Figure I. Figure 2
Both figures are true. Thus, Some A are B means All B are A is the possibility.
2)Similarly A type sentence can give A type conclusion.
Example: 2
Consider the statement All A are B





Here All Bs are A is the possibility
Pens Pencils

A

B
A
B

A, B
Example: 3
Statements: a) Some B are A b)Some C are B.








We can draw the following conclusions:
1.All A are B is the possibility
2.Some C are A is the possibility
3.All B are C is the possibility

Example: 4
Statements: a)All Pens are Pencils b)Some pencils are erasers.

Conclusions drawn from the statements are
1)All Pens are eraser is the Possibility (Figure 2)
2)Some Pens are eraser is the possibility (From figure
3)At least some pens are eraser Is the possibility from
fig1






Example 5:
Statements: a)All Pens are Pencils b)Some Pencils are Erasers c)No eraser is desk
C
B
A
Pencils
Pen
Eraser
Pencil
Pen
Eraser











Figure 1 and 2 indicate that the desk has relation with pen and pencil.
Conclusions: 1)All Desks are Pens and Pencils is the possibility
2)Some Desks are Pens and Pencil is the possibility
Note: No need draw all possible venn diagram for possibility case. Only one or some times two
diagram are more than sufficient to find conclusion. If there is no negative sentence (Only a type
& I type sentences are given) then possibility case surely exists.









Pencil
Pen Eraser
Desk
Pencil
Pen
desk
Eraser
PRACTICE SET 1
Directions(1-10): In each questions below are two statements followed by two conclusions
numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be
at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions
logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.
Give Answer (1) if only conclusion I follow.
Give Answer (2) if only conclusion II follows.
Give Answer (3) if either conclusion I or II follows
Give Answer (4) if neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Give Answer (5) if both conclusions I and II follows.
1. Statements: a)All blades are sharp b)Some blades are blunt c)No blunt is a sword
Conclusions: I. All swords being blades is a possibility
II. Some blades being swords is the possibility.
2. Statements: a)All flowers are white b)Some whites are beautiful
Conclusions : I. All flowers being beautiful is a possibility
II.At least some whites may not be flowers.
3. Statements: a)All fruits are tasty b)No tasty is good c)All goods are yummy.
Conclusions: I.All yummy things being tasty is a possibility.
II. All fruits being yummy is a possibility.
4. Statements: a)All mangoes are grapes b)Some grapes are black
Conclusions: I.Some mangoes being black is a possibility
II. There is a possibility that some mangoes are not black
5. Statements: a)No book is a pencil b)All Pencils are pens c) No pens is blue.
Conclusions: I. No blue is a pencil
II.All books being pen is a possibility
6. Statements: a)some tigers are panthers. b)No lion is a tiger
Conclusions: I.Some panthers being lions is a possibility.
II.Panthers, which are not tigers, being lions is a possibility.
7. Statements: a)All doctors are perfect b)All engineers are perfect
Conclusions: I.There is a possibility that some doctors are engineers.
II. All perfects are eithers doctors or engineers.
8. Statements: a)All eggs are tomatoes b)No tomoto is a potato c)All potatoes are goods.
Conclusions:I. Some tomatoes may be goods.
II. All eggs being goods is possibility
9. Statements: a)All dogs are cats b)All animals are cats c)All cats are whites
Conclusions: I.All those dogs that are cats are also whites.
II. All the animals may or may not be dogs.



10. Statements: a)Some golds are silvers b)All silvers are white c)No white is a yellow
Conclusions: I.Some gold which are white are not yellow.
II.Some golds being yellow is a possibility.
11. Statements: a)Some stars are Moons b)All moons are planets c)No planet is Universe
Conclusions: I.All Moons being stars is a possibility.
II.No universe is a star.
12. Statements: a)All apartments are bus b)No hut is a bus c) All bus are cottages.
Conclusions: I.No apartment is a cottage
II.Some buses being apartments is a possibility.
13. Statements: a)All apartment buses b)No hut is a bus c)all buses are cottages
Conclusions: I.Some cottages being apartments is a possibility.
II.No cottage is a hut.
14. Statements: a)all rats are cats b)Some cats are pets
Conclusions: I.All rats being pets is a possibility.
II. Some cats can never be rats.
15. Statements: a) Some bats are hockeys. b)No bat is a ball
Conclusions: I.There is a possibility that some hockeys are balls.
II. No hockey is ball.
16. Statements: a)All parrots are tomatoes b)All tomatoes are green.
Conclusions: I.There is a possibility that some tomatoes are not parrots.
II.Some parrots are not green.
17. Statements: a)All handles are candles b)No candles is a rod
Conclusions: I.All handles can never be rods.
II. All candles being handle is a possibily.
18. Statements: a)All cups are white b)No white is a plate
Conclusions: I. All cups are being plates is a possibility
II. Some plates are not cups.
19. Statements: a) Some pens are pencils b)All pencils are red.
Conclusions: I. There is a possibility that some pens are not red.
II.Some pencils are not pens.
20. Statements: a)Some dogs are goats b)Some cats are goats.
Conclusions: I.Some cats being dogs is a possibility.
II.Some dogs not being goats is a possibility.
21. Statements: a)No car is a bus b)Some buses are black
Conclusions: I.There is a possibility that some cars are black.
II.all cars can never be black
22. Statements: a) All A are B. b)All C are B
Conclusions: I.All C are A\
II. Some A can never be C.
23. Statements: a)Some pens are pencils b)Some pencils are erasers.
Conclusions: I.Some pens are Erasers.
II. Some Pencils are erasers is the possibility.
24. Statements: a)All rings are circles. b)Some circles are squares.
Conclusions: I.All Rings are squares.
II. Some squares are Rings is the possibility.
25. Statements: a)All drivers are pilots. B)No pilot is an Engineer c)All Engineers are Actors.
Conclusions:I.All drivers being actors is a possibility.
II.No actor is pilot.
26. Statements: a)No book is ATM b)All ATM are credit cards c)Some credit cards are debit
cards
Conclusions:I.Some credit cards are not books
II.Some debit cards are ATM is a possibility.
27. Statements: a)Some books are Roads b) All roads are streets.
Conclusions: I. All books being streets is possibility.
II. Some streets are not books.
28. Statements: a)All Golds are silvers b)All Diamonds are gold c)No diamond is desk
Conclusions: I.Some golds are diamonds is possibility.
II. At least some silvers are diamonds.
29. Statements: a)Some gases are liquids b)All liquids are water
Conclusions: I.All gases being water is a possibility.
II.All such gases that are not water can liquids.
30. Statements: a)some teachers are professors. b)Some lecturers are teachers.
Conclusions: I.Some lecturers as well as teachers are professors is the possibility.
II. Some teachers who are lecturers are also professors.
Answers:
1 5 11 1 21 1
2 5 12 4 22 5
3 2 13 1 23 1
4 1 14 1 24 5
5 5 15 1 25 2
6 5 16 1 26 2
7 1 17 1 27 1
8 5 18 2 28 5
9 5 19 1 29 1
10 5 20 5 30 5