Cng ng ngi Hoa ti Vit Nam di thi thuc Php

Alain G. Marsot
Li Ngi Dch :
Di y l bn dch Phn Dn Nh ! Phn "#t $%n c&a '%y(n The Chinese Community in
Vietnam Under The French c&a Alain G. Marsot) do nh *%+t bn ,h- .d/in M-ll-n Pr-ss +n
hnh t0i 1an 2rancisco) 3445. Phn n6i d%n7 '%y(n s8ch s9 ln l:t :c ;n7 ti sa%) <hi th%n
ti=n.
,ron7 c>n7 ch& ? !? c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i Ci=t NaD) <# ti# s9 l bn dch bi !i#t nhan ?
EBoa "i?% Bi N7o0i t0i F6n7 BGa HI B6i Fh& N7hJa Ci=t naD) 34K4LMNO c&a t8c 7i $-/is M.
1t-rn) :c ;n7 ti trPn t0 chQ Asian Survey) R0i BSc T. F. U-r<-l-y) Col. HHC) sV W) th8n7
N;D 34MW.
Ri?% cn 7hi nh l c8c ti li=% ny I :c +n trPn di NX n;D trc. FYc di=n hon c% I
thay Zi r+t nhi?%. Bi=n ,r%n7 Boa an7 trPn h8t tri(n s[c D0nh <inh t# c\n7 nh '%n s])
! th# 7ii I b^t % c_ c8c s] '%an tD !? !i=c t8i tYc s] bnh trn7 trAn7 <` tron7 lch sa
!? hQa naD c&a ,r%n7 Boa) D Ci=t NaD l nc [n7 n7ay caa n7b) nh :c nP% ra tron7
c8c bi !i#t ny.
DN NHP
,ron7 <h^ lch sa I :c 7hi chc l0i) c8c nh_D thi(% sV I hi=n di=n t0i h% h#t DSi *[ sd.
Fhen7 c_ th( :c *# lo0i D6t c8ch r6n7 rIi di hai ? DYc. Nh_D % tiPn bao 7@D c8c
n7Ai th%6c nh_D thi(% sV hi ch% s] l= th%6c f h% '% c&a s] s8 nh *%yPn '%a s] chinh
hYc t0i D6t '%Vc 7ia :c <i(D so8t bdi D6t nh_D n7Ai th%6c 7iGn7 dbi n7o0i '%Vc gn7 o
hhn. M6t thQ dY c]c oan 7@D tron7 lo0i ny l nhin7 <j I dn hi=n hi% *%yPn '%a s] ch%y(n
dch cAn7 b8ch) nh tron7 trAn7 h: n7Ai da -n t0i B: Fhen7 k%Vc Boa "`) h% d%= c&a
c8c ng l= thAi *a b b^t 7ii t0i Phi Fh%. ,ron7 c hai trAn7 h: nh th#) n7Ai ta c_ th( bi(%
trn7 nh_D thi(% sV l c_ bn ch+t EthY Vn7) bdi s] hi=n hi% c&a n_ nh D6t nh_D thi(% sV l
<#t '% c&a s] cln7 b8ch n7o0i l0i ! <hgn7 h8t sinh tm ? *%+t c&a chQnh nh_D.
F8c nh_D thi(% sV <h8c c_ th( :c Dg t nh l c_ D6t bn ch+t EtQch c]cO. Nhin7 nh_D nh
th# I :c *y d]n7 bdi c8c n7Ai *%+t cnh I tm bn *[ sd n7%yPn th&y c&a hS ( i #n c8c
Di?n +t <h8c) gi <hi *a *gi) nh <#t '% c&a D6t '%y#t nh c_ ch& tD !? hn hS. MYc Qch
c&a s] *%+t cnh nh th# thAn7 c_ tQnh c8ch <inh t#. "j *%+t cnh i toD s] 7i% c_ cho Donh
nhi +t l0) nhi D c8c ch h6i thnh cgn7 <h8 hhn c8c ch h6i d +t nhc n7%yPn '%8n c&a Donh.
FhQnh *%yPn '%a D6t ti#n tronh nh th# D c8c *[ sd Di I :c t0o l ! h8t tri(n. 1a% h#t)
c8c th]c th( chQnh tr Di gi <hi nhon th+y 8nh s8n7 c&a ban n7y nh D6t <#t '% c&a s] hpn
h: !i nh_D dn thi(% sV ( t0o ra D6t dn t6c Di) bqn7 s] ch%y(n h_a nh_D thi(% sV thnh
D6t nh_D a sV) hay bdi s] thi#t l c&a n_ ra D6t %y l]c chQnh tr lPn trPn c8c c dn bn *[.
M6t bi#n th8i c&a honh th[c *%+t cnh ny h> h: !i hi=n t:n7 c&a chQnh s8ch th]c dn h_a
c&a r% F% thAi hi=n 0i) nh t0i c8c th%6c a c&a Anh) Ph8) BGa $an hay c8c nhc r% Fh%
<h8c d Phi Fh% ! s Fh%. Ui#n th( ny I s%y tn Da% lt <( tm 7iia th# <u th[ DAi chQn) !
n#% ta lo0i trm trAn7 h: vc bi=t c&a Do ,h8i) chw cGn l0i D6t trAn7 h: tron7 _ nh_D thi(%
sV n7Ai r% !n cGn l nh_D ch# n7] !? chQnh trx _ l $iPn Uan7 NaD Phi) tron7 <hi d nhin7
nhi <h8c dn chen7 bn *[ I dnh l0i :c n?n 6c l c&a hS ! I *8c nh s] <i(D so8t trPn
c8c c dn r% Fh% a hhn7.
Nhn7 c8c nh_D dn thi(% sV EtQch c]cO <hgn7 chw 7@D d%y nh+t c8c n7Ai 7Vc r% Fh%. FGn
c_ c8c nh_D thi(% sV nh th# h8t n7%yPn tm s Fh%. F8c Eth%6c iaO nh th# 7@D c&a n7Ai
$-ban-s- t0i Phi Fh% ! My Fh% $a ,inh) n7Ai zn R6 t0i Rgn7 Phi Fh% ! MI $ai) c&a
n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa t0i bA bi(n hQa ty Boa "` ! trPn h#t) t0i c8c *[ sd th%6c !>n7 Rgn7 NaD s.
F8c 6n7 l]c thec {y t+t c c8c di dn ny tron7 bn ch+t thn7 t] nh c8c 6n7 l]c c&a cac di
dn r% Fh%x nhqD t0o l c&a ci) hay Qt nh+t ci thi=n ch Day ( <i#D sVn7 bqn7 !i=c rAi bn
*[ sd n7%yPn 7Vc nhi) !o nhi?% l| do <h8c nha%) thn7 lai c&a hS b h0n ch#. Nhn7 I c_ D6t s]
<h8c bi=t c;n bn 7iia c8c c%6c di dn c&a r% Fh% ! s Fh%. Nh_D di dn <( sa% t] 7ii h0n
Donh !o !i=c th]c dn h_a <inh t#x s] #n nhi c&a hS <hgn7 <co th-o s] can thi= c&a +t Dt
c&a hS) hay <hgn7 li-n h= #n D6t c%6c chinh hYc th%6c a hay s] thi#t l D6t th( ch# chQnh
tr Di. F_ D6t n7o0i l=x 1in7aor-) nhi D di dn 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa) sa% c>n7 t0o thnh <hVi a
sV) <#t thec bqn7 !i=c t0o l D6t '%Vc 7ia Di) nhn hhn sa% <hi c_ s] 6c l c&a MI $ai th%6c
Anh. 1] *%+t cnh c&a n7Ai s Fh% tron7 thAi hi=n 0i) Qt nh+t t0i b+t <` tD D[c '%an trSn7
no) c_ tQnh c8ch hY tr: cho s] bnh trn7 c&a c8c dn t6c r% Fh% ! cho s] chinh hYc c&a
hS t0i hn ln Phi Fh% ! D6t hn '%an trSn7 c&a s Fh%. FhQnh s] th]c dn h_a c&a r%
Fh% I cho hc) t0i hn ln a i(D) ! tron7 D6t sV trAn7 h: no _) I <h%y#n <hQch s]
*%+t cnh s Fh%. Bhn nia) tron7 <hi chQnh s8ch th]c dn h_a c&a r% Fh% *y ra nh l h%
'% t] nhiPn c&a D6t thAi <` r% Fh% n^D % th# trPn th# 7ii) c8c c%6c di dn sa% ny c&a s
Fh% I h8t sinh <hi c8c *[ sd n7%yPn 7Vc c&a n7Ai di dn b s%y y#%) chia c^t hay hon ton
b <h%+t hYc bdi c8c dn t6c ,y Phhn7. ,ron7 <hQa c0nh ny) trAn7 h: c8c c6n7 @n7
n7Ai Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s c_ tD '%an trSn7 ! 8n7 l% | vc bi=t) D6t Dvt !i sV lhn7
8n7 <( c&a c8c c6n7 @n7 ny) ! Dvt <h8c) !i s] 7n cn ! c8c <Qch thc a d c&a +t Dt
c&a hS. Fhen7 ta s9 trd l0i hai i(D ny sa% ny.
I
1] *%+t cnh c&a n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa !o !>n7 Rgn7 NaD s I c_ tm thAi cZ *a. ,ron7 th]c t#)
,r%n7 Boa tron7 nhi?% d <h8c nha% I + & c8c thaD !Sn7 +t ai nh^D !o !>n7 ny. ,ron7
nhi?% th# <u) n_ I chi#D _n7 ! th]c dn h_a Ci=t NaD) I ban cho n_ D6t n?n !;n Dinh
7iVn7 nh n7Ai $a MI I <hai h_a s^c dn Ga%l }:c *-D l tZ tiPn n7Ai Ph8 n7y nay) che
c&a n7Ai dch~. Nhn7 n7oi Ci=t NaD) nhi D ,r%n7 Boa I <#t thec !i !i=c tm bn h@i th# <u
th[ 3X) n_ sD trd nPn hi lGn7 !i c8c s] ti# *ec hAi h:t bPn n7oi !i c8c nc tron7 !>n7.
F8c s] ti# *ec ny vt trPn D6t h= thVn7 '%an h= c&a D6t nc b8 ch& !i D6t ch h% l nc
dn7 cVn7 h{D tmn7 :t f D6t h= thVn7 thna DIn lGn7 <iP% hInh c&a ,r%n7 k%Vc Middl-
"in7doD) nhn7 <hgn7 vt 8 l]c '%8 8n7 trPn c8c ! chea t( a hhn7) c8c <j gi <hi *-D
c_ l:i ( d%y tro D6t s] rn7 b%6c hay lGn7 tr%n7 thanh nh th#. F8c nh hdn7 <h8c I liPn ti#
t0o d+% +n c&a chen7 t0i Rgn7 NaD s) nh c8c nh hdn7 c&a !;n Dinh zn R6) B@i Gi8o !
sa% c>n7) c&a r% Fh% th-o ,hiPn Fhea Gi8o.
Fho #n thAi hi=n 0i) thAn7 *%yPn !n c_ c8c <h8ch d% hnh ! c8c di dn tm ,r%n7 Boa #n
Rgn7 NaD s f D6t s] *%+t cnh c_ th( tr%y toD n7:c #n th# <u th[ nho ! th[ ba c&a Fgn7
N7%yPn chen7 ta. Nhn7 c8c di dn ny c_ sV l:n7 Qt ni) bdi c8c l%t h8 c&a R# k%Vc ,r%n7
Boa c_ <h%ynh hn7 n7;n cn s] di ch%y(n nh th#) ! r+t thAn7 c+D o8n s] *%+t cnh c8c
cgn7 dn ,r%n7 Boa th-o tmn7 on. Nhin7 <j th8ch th[c l=nh c+D f c8c thhn7 nhn) c8c <j
hiP% l%) c8c <j hi h8) nhn7 t+t c ?% <ho8c %y tQn c&a D6t dn t6c h>n7 D0nh ! D6t n?n
!;n Dinh th:n7 n7 f I :c ti# _n n@n7 h% bdi nhi?% '%Vc 7ia <h8c nha% tron7 !>n7)
nhi D hS thAn7 t] *y d]n7) l 7ia onh) ! thn7 Vi @n7 h_a !i dn chen7. 1] *%+t cnh
lo0i ny din ra trPn +t li?n) ! !? Dvt lch sa) t:n7 trn7 Qt nhi?% cho c%6c trAn7 chinh
thAn7 tr]c c&a n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa *%Vn7 hQa naD. 1] *%+t cnh bqn7 An7 bi(n :c bi#t ti
tm th# <u th[ b{y) nhn7 <hi _ chw c_ tQnh ch+t r+t h0n ch#. ,onh tr0n7 ny I thay Zi tri=t (
!i s] th]c dn h_a c&a r% Fh%.
1] chinh hYc bdi c8c dn t6c r% Fh% hn ln c8c <h% !]c th%6c Rgn7 NaD s n7o0i l= d%y
nh+t l HiPD $a hay ,h8i $an) bqn7 !i=c thi#t l an ninh cao 6 ! s] Zn nh chQnh tr) I t0o
ra s] <hai Dd bao la cho D6t lo0t r6n7 ln c8c ho0t 6n7 <inh t#) }!~ cGn nhi?% hhn nia bdi
Di?n ny tho 7i% c_ ! n_i ch%n7 tha dn. Udi c_ c8c <h tQnh Di ny) ! do bdi s] s%y @i
c&a ,r%n7 Boa di tri?% 0i MIn Fh%) con sV c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa f ! d tD D[c Qt hhn !
di c8c tonh h%Vn7 <h8c Vi !i di dn zn R6 LL I 7ia t;n7 D6t c8ch Da% ch_n7. FhQnh <hi _)
D6t sV l:n7 to ln n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa I rAi bn c8c twnh gn7 dn Di?n nei ( tha i toD !n
Day c&a Donh t0i Rgn7 NaD s. Nhn7 s] di dn ny I Dan7 D6t tQnh ch+t Di ! <h8c bi=tx
E"hi c8c hhn7 ti=n 7iao thgn7 trd nPn !ma an toan hhn !ma rj hhn) c8c di dn n7y cn7 l]a
chSn !i=c ra i c>n7 !i 7ia onh c&a Donh. ,i#n tronh @n7 h_a c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa !o *[ sd
c tre tm <hi _ I b chvn l0i) n#% <hgn7 n_i hon ton b onh chw. ,ron7 n6i b6 c&a c8c nc
<h8c nha% tron7 !>n7) c8c nh_D thi(% sV 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa hi(n nhiPn I :c thnh l. Nhin7
nh_D ny I sD _n7 D6t !ai trG '%an trSn7) n#% <hgn7 hi l ch# n7]) tron7 n?n <inh t# c&a
c8c *[ sd _n nhn) D6t !ai trG '%8 <hZ so !i nhn sV c&a hS. F8c '%an s8t !iPn th-o _ I
ch[n7 <i#n s] h8t tri(n c&a D6t s] th]c dn h_a s Fh%) nqD tron7 <h%gn <hZ c&a D6t s] th]c
dn h_a c&a r% Fh%. 1] *%+t cnh ny ti# din cho #n <hi ,h# Fhi#n I Dan7 l0i D6t s]
ch+D d[t 6t n76t. 1] *%+t cnh I <hgn7 t;n7 lPn sa% c%6c chi#n) n7o0i trm D6t thAi <` r+t 7ii
h0n) tron7 c8c n;D 34LK) bdi D6t Dvt do s] cg l c&a F6n7 1n ,r%n7 Boa) ! Dvt <ia) bdi
c_ s] trZi dy t0i DSi *[ sd tron7 !>n7 hon7 tro dn t6c ch& n7hJa !Vn th> n7hch !i DSi
honh th[c thVn7 tr c&a n7o0i ban7) b+t l%n !? chQnh tr hay <inh t#. Ry l l| do t0i sao hn ln
c8c chQnh '%y?n c&a c8c nc Di 6c l I 8 dYn7 biPn h8 h0n ch# chVn7 l0i n7Ai ,r%n7
Boa.
II
,ht l c]c <` <h_ <h;n) !o !i l| do) ( c l:n7 sV n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa c n7Y t0i c8c *[ sd
<h8c nha% c&a Rgn7 NaD s. F8c sV thVn7 <P) <hi c_ :c) l0i <hgn7 hon ho. N_i ch%n7)
chen7 chw li=t <P c8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa <hgn7 nh tch. ,0i D6t sV nc no _) <hgn7 th( +n
nh D6t An7 nct hn chia rb r=t 7iia D6t D6t n7Ai c_ 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa) !i n7Ai <hgn7 c_
7Vc ,r%n7 Boa. Ri?% ny :c th+y rb nh+t t0i ,h8i $an. F8c ch%yPn !iPn thAn7 d>n7 n7gn
n7i :c n_i t0i nh nh D6t tiP% ch%{n) hay s] liPn <#t !i D6t sV hon7 tYc no _. Nhn7
c8c nct vc th> ny <hgn7 l%gn l%gn chQnh *8c tron7 trAn7 h: hgn nhn h: ch&n7.
F8c con sV dhi y) !i tu l= b8ch hn sV n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa so !i tZn7 sV dn c c&a *[ sd)
:c a ra nh chw sV *+ *w c&a <hVi l:n7 c8c c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s !o
c%Vi thAi <` th%6c a) t[c tron7 hay !o <hon7 n;D 34WK.
NaD Dhn7 N.WXX.XXX 5
,h8i $an N)WXX)XXX 3X
MI $ai N)XX)XXX 5M
1in7aor-3)3XX)XXX MW
NaD Ci=t NaD 3)XXX)XXX M.5
Mi#n Ri=n 5NX)XXX 3.
F;D UVt N5X)XXX W.W
Phi $%t ,n N5X)XXX 3.N
U^c Uornco NNX)XXX NW
U^c Ci=t NaD WX)XXX X.
$o NW)XXX X.
C? Dvt | n7hJa chQnh tr) sV n7Ai Boa t0i Dpi nc tho Qt '%an trSn7 hhn tu l= c&a hS so !i
tZn7 sV dn c c&a *[ sd. ,0i Rgn7 NaD s n_i ch%n7) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa c+% thnh <hon7 W
tZn7 sg dn c. Nhn7 d 1in7aor-) D6t thnh hV ,r%n7 Boa) t0i MI $ai) ! t0i ,h8i $an) hS
0i di=n cho D6t tu l= '%an trSn7 hhn nhi?%.
Phn ln c8c Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i !-rs-as Fhin-s- c_ n7%@n 7Vc tm c8c twnh Di?n gn7 naD
,r%n7 Boa) vc bi=t tm c8c twnh k%n7 Rgn7 ! Phec "i#n) ! !i sV l:n7 Qt hhn) tm k%n7
,y. BS th%6c) tQnh th-o <hVi a sV ln lao) !o n;D nh_D thZ n7ix Bo<<i-ns NaD Mn)
,-ochi%s ,ri?% Fh%) k%n7 Rgn7 Fanton-s-) Bt Ba<<as ! BailaD }Bi $aD~. ,0i NaD
Dhn7) n7Ai Bo<<i-ns gn7 nh+t) chi#D K sV n7Ai Boa) nhn7 c\n7 c_ Dvt t0i MI $ai) t0i
1in7aor- nhi hS chi#D ti X) t0i Mi#n Ri=n ! t0i Phi $%t ,n nhi tu l= c&a hS lPn ti KX.
N7Ai ,ri?% Fh% chi#D a sV t0i ,h8i $an) F;D UVt ! $o) nhi hS hS thnh X sV n7Ai
Boa. ,0i NaD Ci=t NaD) tu l= n7Ai k%n7 Rgn7 cao nh+t) W) nhn7 hS c\n7 gn7 o t0i
MI $ai) 1in7aor-) ,h8i $an) Phi $%t ,n ! t0i Mi#n Ri=n. N7Ai Bt Ba<<as n_i ch%n7 nh
c t0i NaD Dhn7) ,h8i $an) ! t0i Uornco nhi hS chi#D ti W dn sV th]c dn 7Vc ,r%n7
Boa. t gn7 o hhn c8c nh_D <h8c) n7Ai Bi $aD c&a o Bi NaD hn t8n Dpi nhi D6t Qt)
hS t tr%n7 nhi?% t0i ,h8i $an so !i c8c nhi <h8c.
Cai trG <inh t# c&a Ehua-chiao: hoa kiuO) nh c8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa sVn7 d nc n7oi :c
7Si) <hgn7 l%gn l%gn) t0i D6t *[ sd no _) tu *[n7 !i dn sV c&a hS. Nhi hS gn7 o nh+t) hS
c_ <h%ynh hn7 c+% thnh D6t tn7 l !g sn 7@D c8c cu-li (coolies) hay c8c cgn7 nhn
<hgn7 <y n;n7. BS c\n7 l c8c th: th& cgn7 ! c8c th: c_ tay n7h? ch%yPn Dgn. N7Ai ,r%n7
Boa th%6c D6t n7%@n 7Vc thAn7 ch%yPn Dgn tron7 D6t sV hSat 6n7 vc bi=t) chn7 h0n nh
<inh doanh nh hn7 ;n hay 7ivt &i) thQ dY. Ri?% ny vc bi=t th+y rb t0i nhin7 <h% !]c nhi hS
t0o thnh D6t nh_D dn thi(% sV nhn bc. D> th#) nh D6t '%y l= tZn7 '%8t) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa
th-o %Zi !i=c D%a b8n n7ay <hi th% th :c D6t sV !Vn nhn. N7Ai _ thAn7 :c tr: 7ie
bdi c8c ban7 h6i @n7 hhn7) hay bdi h6i <Qn D n7Ai _ t>y th%6c.
,ron7 th]c t#) h% nh <h^ nhi t0i Rgn7 NaD s) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa dn d trd thnh tn7 l
ch# n7] thhn7 D0i. ,0i hn ln a i(D) hS lD ch& c8c *dn7 th& cgn7 ! caa hi=% b8n lj)
nhn7 hS c\n7 c+% thnh D6t thnh hn 8n7 <( tron7 c8c thhn7 n7hi= ln ho0t 6n7 d a
hhn7. ,h-o tr%y?n thVn7) hS <i(D so8t !i=c *ay lea ! b8n 70o. ,ron7 nhi?% th# h=) hS lD
n7h? cho !ay tiPn !i lIi s%+t nvn7) nhn7 !ai trG c&a hS tron7 lInh !i=c _ sa% c>n7 I b c^t
7iD. F>n7 !i n7Ai r% Fh%) hS I thaD d] !o !i=c <hai th8c c8c s] hon7 he thiPn nhiPn
t0i *[ sd c tre) chn7 h0n nh cao s%) thi#c) 7p teak) ! t+t c ho0t 6n7 !? *%+tLnh cn7.
N7y D6t nhi?% hhn) hS I c%n7 c+ cho c8c <y n7h= Di sV lao 6n7 ch%yPn Dgn h_a) ! chQnh
!o th#) c_ <h%ynh hn7 t0o thnh c;n bn cho D6t l !g sn a hhn7. DSi nhi) s] thgn7
Dinh) ch% <h_) <h n;n7 th& cgn7 ! s] <iPn nhn I 7ie hS c0nh tranh ! '%a Dvt c8c n7Ai
dn a hhn7) tron7 lInh !]c <inh t#) ! 0t :c D6t D[c 6 nh hdn7 no _) n#% <hgn7
hi lec no c\n7 l s] 7i% c_. 1] thnh cgn7 !t ch+t ny 7ie cho hS 7ai :c c8c D_n ti?n
!? '%P cho 7ia onh c&a hS) b ( l0i t0i ,r%n7 Boa) ! tZn7 sV ti?n 7ai !? nc ny I ci thi=n
c8n cn chi h_ balanc- o ayD-nts c&a ,r%n7 Boa. ,rc ,h# Fhi#n ) sV ti?n 7ai !? ,r%n7
Boa c&a hS tZn7 c6n7 lPn ti hhn 3XX tri=% Dy <iD Dpi n;D. 1a% c%6c ,h# Fhi#n) c8c con sV
ny thay Zi tm <hon7 33X #n 3X tri=% Dpi n;D.
F8c c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa) c+% thnh D6t nh_D ch# n7] !? Dvt <inh t#) :c vc trn7 bdi D6t
| th[c liPn i D0nh D9 ! D6t cD n7hJ !? s] % !i=t Vi !i dn chen7 ia hhn7) l%gn l%gn
c_ <h%ynh hn7) <hi c_ & nhn sV) t0o thnh D6t tn7 l *I h6i t8ch bi=t) Din cln7 th]c
hi=n np l]c ( h6i nh. Nhn7 n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa chw trd thnh D6t !+n ? t0i Rgn7 NaD s <hi
hS <hdi s] #n !i D6t sV l:n7 ln lao !o lec c_ s] th]c dn h_a c&a r% Fh%. ,rc <hi _)
c8c di dn ?% l c8c n7Ai n gn7 c_ thaD !Sn7 <i#D :c D6t s+ ti?n ! l t[c '%ay trd !?
,r%n7 Boa. Nhn7 <j <hgn7 h8t 0t ! '%y#t nh d l0i f c_ n7hJa) a sV LL <#t hgn !i hY ni
a hhn7) nhi D i?% _ :c cho hc) ! thAn7 hGa nh !o c6n7 @n7 a hhn7 tron7
<hon7 ba th# h=. BS ch^c ch^n lD nh th# t0i c8c nc th-o Pht Giao chn7 h0n nh ,h8i
$an ! Mi#n Ri=n. ,0i ,h8i $an) D6t chQnh s8ch trAn7 <` cho s] @n7 h_a I :c <hdi s]
di thAi tr !o c&a k%Vc Chn7 Narai) !o c%Vi th# <u th[ DAi b{y. Nh C%a ban h8t tc
hi=% ! lInh a d _ cho c8c thhn7 nhn ,r%n7 Boa #n sinh sVn7 t0i a hhn7. Co c%Vi th#
h= th[ ba c8c h% d%= c&a hS I Dan7 danh tQnh HiPD $a. M6t chQnh s8ch nh th# tho <h thi !o
lec <hi D s] nh cnh c&a n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa cGn h0n ch#. ,0i c8c nc th-o B@i Gi8o) c8c dn
nh cnh ,r%n7 Boa !n 7ii thnh D6t c6n7 @n7 riPn7 bi=t ! <i#D !: tron7 sV c8c nh_D
<hgn7 th-o B@i Gi8o. ,hQ dY) nhi?% n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa t0i Malacca l+y c8c hY ni Uali !Vn l ng
l= c&a hS. BS 7ii tgn 7i8o) c8ch ;n Dvc ! nhi?% hon7 tYc c&a Donh) nhn7 thay Zi n7gn n7i.
,0i c8c !>n7 +t B@i Gi8o ny) n#% hS !n 7ii Donh l n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) hS t%y th# c_ thma
nhn D6t sV ln c8c hon7 tYc a hhn7. Nhn7 <hi hS b^t % 0t #n sV dn gn7 o) nh
D6t <#t '% c&a c8c ch h6i Dan7 #n sa% <hi c_ s] th]c dn h_a !>n7 Rgn7 NaD s bdi c8c
'%y?n l]c ,y Phhn7) hS -D !: th-o c>n7 !i hS ! <hdi s] vt Donh t8ch bi=t ra) nh D6t
c6n7 @n7 <hc <Qn) hon ton <h8c bi=t !i c8c c dn a hhn7. ,m nht <` _ c_ th( tr%y
toD #n s] <hdi % c&a D6t *I h6i a n7%yPn) tron7 _ c8c c6n7 @n7 c>n7 sVn7 bPn nha%) Dpi
c6n7 @n7 c_ s] tZ ch[c *I h6i ! c8c lVi sVn7 riPn7 c&a chQnh Donh.
III
F6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa t0i c8c nc <h8c nha% ny :c bao 7@D bdi nhi?% tn7 l) Dpi tn7
l thn7 [n7 !i D6t th# h= <h8c nha%. N7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) nhin7 <j d _ tron7 thAi 7ian l%
di) I <#t hgn !i c8c hY ni a hhn7 ! sinh ra con ch8%) tho hn no I b @n7 h_a d>
th#) nh hdn7 ,r%n7 Boa !n cGn l y#% tV D0nh nh+t tron7 s] c+% thnh c&a hS #n npi !;n
h_a tr%y?n thVn7 !n :c d%y tro) c_ l9 cGn nhi?% hhn l n7ay tron7 nc ,r%n7 Boa. F8c h%
d%= c&a c8c c%6c hgn hVi h: ch&n7) n7ay d> hS an7 d tron7 ti#n tronh @n7 h_a) c_ <h%ynh
hn7 cD th+y % !i=t hhn Vi !i dn chen7 a hhn7.
,0i ,h8i $an) s] @n7 h_a c8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa *-D ra c_ !j trSn !tn hhn b+t <` nhi no <h8c)
Qt nh+t l Vi !i thP h= ln hhn. ,h# h= <# ti#) I <#t hgn !i c8c thnh !iPn @n7 lo0i c&a c6n7
@n7 ,r%n7 Boa) <hgn7 hon ton b @n7 h_a ! I ti# nhn D6t n?n 7i8o dYc ,r%n7 Boa.
N7:c l0i) c8c th# h= ,r%n7 Boa trj nh+t f nhin7 <j I sinh ra sa% c%6c chi#n f c_ <h%ynh
hn7 trd nPn Exim h!a: siami"edO t0i ,h8i $an) bdi c_ D6t chQnh s8ch trAn7 <` :c th-o
%Zi bdi chQnh '%y?n ,h8i $an) nhqD 7ii h0n tD D[c ! s] '%an trSn7 c&a 7i8o dYc bqn7
ti#n7 Boa. N7Ai ,r%n7 Boa sinh t0i ,h8i $an n_i ch%n7 c_ <h n;n7 ho8n Zi 7iia ti#n7 ,h8i
! ti#n7 Boa !i nha%) ! !? Dvt th( ch+t) trgn7 r+t 7iVn7 !i n7Ai ,h8i. Mvc d> c_ hi=n hi%
D6t sV l:n7 no _ c8c tZ ch[c n;n7 6n7 tron7 c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa) !Vn r+t | th[c !? bn
ch+t vc bi=t c&a n_) c6n7 @n7 <hgn7 c_ c8ch no t8ch bi=t D6t c8ch n7hiPD n7vt ra <hni dn
chen7 ,h8i D n_ c>n7 c n7Y. N7Ai ,r%n7 Boa t0i ,h8i $an :c <#t h: D6t c8ch tVt t
!o c8c nh_D <inh t#) ! c_ s] liPn l0c chvt ch9 !i n7Ai ,h8i tron7 r+t nhi?% ho0t 6n7. FhQnh
!o th#) !+n ? ,r%n7 Boa d _ trPn h#t l D6t !+n ? c_ tQnh c8ch chQnh tr. F% hni !n cGn chA
:c tr lAi l li=% n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa s9 !n cGn c8ch bi=t #n D[c 6 no !? Dvt !;n h_a hay s9
trd nPn @n7 h_a) ! li=% hS s9 ti# tYc hnh 6n7 nh D6t nh_D liPn <#t !? chQnh tr) c_ n7hJa
!i D6t con D^t li#c nhon #n c8c '%y?n l:i chQnh tr c&a ,r%n7 Boa) hay li=% hS dnh chp danh
d] cho c8c '%y?n l:i a hhn7 c&a hS. ,ron7 trAn7 <`) s] @n7 h_a t>y th%6c !o ba y#% tVx
s] d% nh c8c di dn Di 7iA y I b onh chw) chQnh s8ch :c th-o %Zi ! hnh 6n7
:c th]c hi=n bdi chQnh h& ,r%n7 Boa) ! chQnh s8ch :c th-o %Zi c>n7 hnh 6n7 :c
th]c hi=n bdi chQnh '%y?n ,h8i. #% tV <( sa% c>n7 thay Zi 7iia c8c chQnh s8ch D% th%n nha%
!? s] @n7 h_a ! c] t%y=t.
,0i Phi $%t ,n) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa I @n7 h_a !? Dvt ch&n7 t6c ! !;n h_a !i c dn a
hhn7 D6t c8ch chvt ch9 hhn b+t <` c6n7 @n7 no <h8c d Rgn7 NaD s) n7o0i trm d ,h8i $an.
BS thAn7 <#t hgn liPn ch&n7 !i c8c hY ni Phi $%t ,n th-o 0o Fgn7 Gi8o) ! con c8i c&a
hS :c n%gi dln7 tron7 tQn n7ln7 Fgn7 Gi8o ! :c *-D l c8c n7Ai Phi $%t ,n th%6c
7iai c+ tr%n7 l% ! th:n7 l%. D> th#) tron7 nhin7 n;D 7n y) nh i=% @n7 h_a I chD
l0i bdi c_ nhi?% s] <#t hgn !i hY ni ,r%n7 Boa hhn) ! D6t cD n7hJ lPn cao !? ch& n7hJa dn
t6c ,r%n7 Boa. U+t <( D]c 6 @n7 h_a s% D ny) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa l%gn l%gn !n cGn l Vi
t:n7 c&a D6t sV s] b+t DIn tm hQa n7Ai Phi $%t ,n bdi !ai trG <inh t# ch& chVt c&a hS.
,0i NaD Dhn7) tr8i !i c8c nc nP% trPn) <hgn7 c_ chQnh s8ch <#t h:. ,m 34WM cho #n
34X) s] c;n7 thn7 7iia hai c6n7 @n7 :c b@i ^) ! chen7 thAn7 Yn7 6 !i nha%. FhQnh
'%y?n NaD Dhn7 I cV 7^n7 h8 h&y s] <i(D so8t c&a n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa tron7 n7nh b8n lj)
do _ <hi#n cho D6t sV n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa no _ hi '%ay trd !? ,r%n7 Boa. Bhn nia) 7ii trj
,r%n7 Boa trd nPn d dn7 ti# thY nhi?% hhn s] t8n dhn7 dn t6c c&a ,r%n7 Boa U^c "inh
}P-<in7 Fhina ) tron7 n7%yPn bn) che c&a n7Ai dch~. Phn [n7 ti# th-o sa% c%6c o chQnh
b+t thnh t0i NaD Dhn7 h@i n;D 34W) !i s] tr%+t h# 1%<arno ! !i=c tan n7 c6n7 sn)
:c i <D bqn7 c8c bi=n h8 th> n7hch nh^D !o c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i NaD Dhn7)
c\n7 nh bdi tonh tr0n7 s%y @i tron7 '%an h= 7iia NaD Dhn7 ! ,r%n7 Boa c6n7 sn.
,0i MI $ai) c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa <h_ c_ th( :c *-D l D6t nh_D thi(% sV) !i dn sV ln lao
c&a n_. Nhn7 b t8ch bi=t tm l% !i dn chen7 MI $ai !? Dvt ch&n7 t6c) n7gn n7i ! tgn 7i8o)
c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa nhon th+y hV n7;n c8ch 7ii hS cn7 Dd r6n7 hhn <( tm <hi c_ c%6c nZi dy
c&a c6n7 sn) h% nh chw 7@D c8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa. FhQnh '%y?n Anh k%Vc c_ <h%ynh hhn7
<hhi r6n7 <hon7 c8ch hhn nia bdi !i=c *-D n7Ai MI $ai l @n7 Dinh ! c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7
Boa n_i ch%n7 nh <j th> f D6t tonh tr0n7 r+t c_ th( tho8i h_a trd thnh D6t c%6c n6i chi#n ton
di=n. ,%y nhiPn) sa% c%6c th# chi#n }~) s] t0o l $iPn Uan7 MI $ai c_ chi?% hn7 lD 7iD
bt tD '%an trSn7 thn7 Vi c&a c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa bqn7 c8ch bao 7@D n_ !o D6t hn !
chQnh tr r6n7 rIi hhn. 1] c^t rAi c&a 1in7aor- ra <hni MI $ai tron7 n;D 34W c_ D6t h% '%
n7hch l| c tron7 !i=c 7iD bt thnh hn n7Ai Boa t0i MI $ai ! tron7 c>n7 lec) l0i t0o l
ra D6t '%Vc 7ia Di c_ <Qch th%c nhn bc nhn7 h% nh chw tGan n7Ai Boa) nhi tr8i tiD c&a
Rgn7 NaD s.
,0i Mi#n Ri=n) !+n ? thi(% sV n7Ai Boa tho <h8c bi=t. U+t <( #n D6t lVi sVn7) D6t n7gn n7i
! c8c hon7 tYc <h8c bi=t !i n7Ai dn Mi#n Ri=n) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa :c nhon D6t c8ch
th%n l:i hhn so !i n7Ai zn R6) c8c <j t0o thnh D6t c6n7 @n7 '%an trSn7. N7Ai Mi#n Ri=n
tri '%a c8c c%6c hgn hVi h: ch&n7 !i n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa ! cD th+y Qt s] c;n7 thn7 !?
ch&n7 t6c tron7 s] '%an h= c&a hS !i n7Ai Boa hhn l so !i n7Ai zn R6. Ci D6t n7Ai
Mi#n Ri=n bonh thAn7) n7Ai Boa l D6t lo0i anh ch -D hS *a. Mvc d> n7Ai Boa l c8c <j
c0nh tranh !i n7Ai Mi#n Ri=n tron7 <inh doanh) hS c\n7 c>n7 hi Vi % !i % th# c&a
n7Ai zn R6 tron7 D6t sV ho0t 6n7 thhn7 D0i no _. ,%y nhiPn) tron7 !i n;D '%a) <hi D6t
c%6c nh cnh n7Ai Boa b+t h: h8 trPn D6t '%y Dg r6n7 ln *{y ra) th8i 6 c&a Mi#n Ri=n
I trd nPn Qt thgn7 cD hhn so !i '%8 <h[. M6t ln s_n7 liPn tYc c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa tm Di?n
NaD ,r%n7 Boa Z !o Mi#n Ri=n) nhi n_ :c h+ thY bdi c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa a hhn7.
F8c 7ii ch[c th{D '%y?n Mi#n Ri=n ti# tYc th]c hi=n s] b^t 7ii ! trYc *%+t) nhn7 nh
l:n7 !:t '%8 *%+t l:n7) ! n%n7 n+% tron7 n7Ai Mi#n Ri=n D6t cD 7i8c lo s:) h8t sinh tm
s] <i=n rqn7 chQnh '%y?n ,r%n7 Boa I <hgn7 lD 7o ( lD nn chQ tro l:n7 dn nh cnh.
F%6c c8ch D0n7 !;n h_a t0i ,r%n7 Boa c\n7 c_ c8c D hdn7 tron7 7ii trj n7Ai Boa t0i Mi#n
Ri=n) ! I 7y ra s] b+t Zn tron7 c6n7 @n7 dn #n c8c s] Yn7 6 b0o 6n7 !i dn chen7
a hhn7.
,0i Rgn7 Dhn7 th%6c Ph8 trc y) np l]c @n7 h_a c8c c6n7 @n7 ,r%n7 Boa Dan7 D6t
honh th[c <h8c bi=t t0i hai nc nhi c_ dn sV n7Ai Boa gn7 nh+t. ,0i F;D UVt) ! b+t <( s]
<i(D so8t c&a hS trPn Ai sVn7 <inh t# dn #n c8c bi=n h8 h0n ch# tm hQa chQnh '%y?n) n7Ai
Boa thY hdn7 D6t thnh <i#n *I h6i c_ l:i cho hS. Fon -D c&a c8c c%6c <#t hgn h: ch&n7 7Vc
Boa !Vn thAn7 :c *-D trSn7 hhn trj -D l0i r% s con -D c&a c8c c%6c <#t hgn Ph8 f
F;D UVt. ,0i NaD Ci=t NaD) tron7 thAi <` Ph8 th%6c) n7Ai Boa) :c tZ ch[c D6t c8ch chvt
ch9) nh tron7 th]c t# t0i DSi nc th%6c Rgn7 Dhn7) nqD tron7 <h%gn <hZ c8c EUan7 B6iO
D tron7 n;D 34M) :c thay th# bdi $iPn B6i k%n ,r N7Ai Boa ,ron7 C>n7x
AdDinistrati!- Gro%in7s o -7ional Fhin-s- thY hdn7 '%y ch# c8c n7o0i <i?% :c ban %
vc '%y?n. F8c c%6c <#t hgn h: ch&n7) l i?% thAn7 *y ra) sinh sn l h% d%= :c 7Si l
EMinh hhn7O }sic~. Nhn7 tron7 n;D 34W) chQnh '%y?n NaD Ci=t NaD ) t] vt Donh th-o
#uyn l$nh th% (&us soli)) a ra c8c bi=n h8 n7hiPD <h^c 7y hhn7 h0i #n n7Ai Boa) b^t
nh tch DSi n7Ai Boa sinh j t0i Ci=t NaD) ! @n7 thAi n7;n c+D n7o0i <i?% :c lD !i=c
D6t lo0t nhi?% ho0t 6n7 ch%yPn n7hi=. F8c bi=n h8 ny I t0o ra) nh D6t h% '% t[c thAi)
D6t yP% c% tm nhi?% n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa sinh ra t0i ,r%n7 Boa ! c tre t0i Ci=t NaD D%Vn trd
thnh c8c n7Ai Ci=t NaD nh tch. M6t c8ch chQnh th[c) <hgn7 cGn !+n ? n7Ai Boa t0i NaD
Ci=t NaD nia) nhn7 _ chw l b? Dvt ( bV tec rqn7 th]c t# tho hon ton <h8c.
N_i ch%n7) Dvc d> c8c chQnh '%y?n a hhn7) chp ny hay chp <ia) bqn7 s] cln7 b8ch) I
th]c hi=n D6t !i s] ti#n b6 tron7 chQnh s8ch h6i nh c&a hS) hS !n cha thnh cgn7 tron7 !i=c
h8 !l t'nh ()n* ch+n* (homo*eneity) c&a c8c nh_D ch&n7 t6c ,r%n7 Boa.
IV
Udi s] *%+t cnh thAi hi=n 0i c&a n7Ai s Fh% tron7 _ n7Ai zn R6 ! n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa l
c8c nh_D gn7 o nh+t tr>n7 h: !i thAi <` th]c dn h_a c&a r% Fh%) tro l:n7 c_ th(
:c c nh l sYt 7iD <hi s] th]c dn h_a i #n chp <#t thec. Udi c8c chQnh '%y?n c&a c8c
th%6c a Di :c 6c l I nhon c8c nh_D thi(% sV ny <hgn7 !i s] % 8i. BS nhon c8c nh_D
ny) thAn7 chQnh *8c) nh c8c <j :c bo tr: bdi th]c dn r% Fh%) ! do _) nh c8c th]c
dn h0n7 nho) Qt nh+t tron7 h0D !i <inh t#. Bovc 7i th8i 6 th( hi=n bdi c8c thnh !iPn c&a c8c
nh_D thi(% sV I <hgn7 dn d^t #n !i=c hGa 7ii !i c8c chQnh '%y?n a hhn7. Udi c8c
nh_D ny I d%y tro D6t c8ch n@n7 nhi=t c8c c8 tQnh c&a Donh) ! <hi c_ th() I cV d%y tro ! th#
vc % D hS I thY hdn7 trc y <hi ne di b_n7 c&a th]c dn r% Fh%. Ri?% ny 7ii
thQch t0i sao c8c chQnh '%y?n Di 6c l <h^ nhi I cV 7^n7 7iD bt !ai trG ! nh hdn7 c&a
c8c nh_D thi(% sV ny. ,ron7 hai trAn7 h: c]c oan) c8c chQnh s8ch nh th# I b%6c n7Ai zn
R6 hi rAi <hni Mi#n Ri=n ! c8c nc Di 6c l d Rgn7 Phi Fh% h,n* lo-t }en massex ti#
n7 Ph8 tron7 n7%yPn bn) che c&a n7Ai dch~. Nhn7 sV hn c&a c8c nh_D thi(% sV 7Vc Boa
t0i Rgn7 NaD s 76 ch%n7 tho <h8c bi=t bdi D6t lo0t nhi?% l| do.
F8c dn thi(% sV 7Vc Boa d _ sinh sVn7 t0i c8c *[ sd D !? Dvt a d) ch&n7 t6c ! !;n h_a)
7n 7&i !i +t Dt hhn l c8c lInh thZ d Rgn7 Phi Fh% Vi !i zn R6. ,rAn7 h: Mi#n Ri=n
tho vc bi=tx bdi tron7 <hi l nc l8n7 7i?n7 <? s8t ! t] hS b l= th%6c) c8c di dn zn R6 san7
Mi#n Ri=n *-D ra I :c Dan7 !o bdi n7Ai Anh ! :c Vi *a bdi hS nh c8c <j c_ vc %
'%y?n. Co l| do ny) s] !i=c s9 d dn7 hhn cho n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa ( trd nPn hGa nh t0i c8c
nc Rgn7 NaD s) vc bi=t !i <h n;n7 thQch [n7 *%+t s^c c&a hS. Nhn7 ch^c ch^n s] <h8c
bi=t ch bn 7iia n7Ai zn R6 ! c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa l th8i 6 c&a nc Dt. Co c8c l| do hi(n
nhiPn chn7 h0n nh <hon7 c8ch a d) s] hi=n di=n c&a c8c !+n ? n6i b6 8n7 <() ! D6t
th8i 6 hGa hoIn n_i ch%n7) zn R6 I <hgn7 c_ <h n;n7 ( bo != cho n7Ai dn c&a Donh t0i
Phi Fh% ! n7ay c d Mi#n Ri=n) nhi c_ gn7 c8c c dn zn R6 b trYc *%+t nh+t !o n;D
34. ,r%n7 Boa I r+t <hgn <hco ( th-o %Zi D6t chQnh s8ch r+t <h8c bi=t. t nh+t tm 3433) c8c
chQnh '%y?n ,r%n7 Boa liPn ti# I c_ D6t s] '%an tD #n sV hn n7Ai dn c&a hS t0i Rgn7
NaD s l nhin7 n7Ai I c_ c8c s] liPn <#t chvt ch9 !i hon7 tro c8ch D0n7 t0i ,r%n7 Boa)
! d%y tro D6t s] tr%n7 thnh n?n tn7 Vi !i tZ '%Vc c&a hS s:i dy liPn <#t I :c nn7 cao
bdi c8c <hon ti?n 7ai !? '%P thAn7 l= bdi c8c n7Ai Boa nh c d hi n7o0i. 1] th;n7 ti#n c&a
ch# 6 c6n7 sn t0i ,r%n7 Boa tr>n7 h: !i s] s%y sY c&a chQnh s8ch th]c dn h_a c&a r%
Fh% t0i Rgn7 NaD s) ! t:n7 trn7 cho s] t8i *%+t hi=n c&a D6t '%y?n l]c th%6c lo0i ln nh+t
Don7 D%Vn th& din D6t ln nia) ! thAn7 Dan7 tQnh ch+t *D l+n <hi th& din) !ai trG D n_
tin en7 ra l c&a n_. 1] thay Zi ny tron7 t th# ! s] '%an tD c&a ,r%n7 Boa <hgn7 th( no
<hgn7 nvn7 lPn trPn c8c chQnh '%y?n c&a c8c nc Rgn7 NaD s ! nh hdn7 #n s] Vi *a
c&a hS Vi !i n7Ai dn th%6c l8n7 7i?n7 <hZn7 l@ c&a hS.
,ron7 D6t bn b8o c8o tronh by <` hS th[ ba c&a Rai B6i $n ,h[ Nh+t c&a Rn7 F6n7 1n
,r%n7 Boa) ,h& ,n7 FhQnh Ph&) gn7 Fh% rn $ai I t%yPn bVx E,onh honh t0i s Fh% I tri
'%a D6t s] thay Zi tm n?n tn7. Di nh hdn7 c&a s] thnh cgn7 c&a c8ch D0n7 ,r%n7 Boa)
tronh 6 | th[c c&a n7Ai dn s Fh% I :c nn7 cao #n D[c cha tmn7 c_) ! c8c hon7
tro 7ii h_n7 an7 h8t tri(n n7y cn7 D0nh hhn !i tmn7 n7y '%a. 1] on <#t c&a nhn
dn ,r%n7 Boa !i c8c dn t6c s Fh% ch^c ch^n s9 t0o ra D6t l]c l:n7 h>n7 D0nh) <hgn7 Vi
th& t0i !>n7 Cin Rgn7) s9 thec {y) D6t c8ch Da% ch_n7) !? hQa trc b8nh *- !J 0i c&a $ch
1a tron7 hon7 tro Gi 6c l ! 7ii h_n7 c8c dn t6c th%6c c8c nc s Fh%O.
F8c chQnh '%y?n c&a c8c nc tron7 !>n7 I sD nhn th[c :c | n7hJa c&a c8c lAi ny) c
tron7 n7^n ! di h0n) l li=% hS [n7 tr%n7 l) 7iVn7 nh c8c ch# 6 t0i Mi#n Ri=n ! F;D
UVt) hay thn ,y Phhn7 nh c8c chQnh '%y?n t0i ,h8i $an ! NaD Ci=t NaD. F8c DYc tiP%
c&a c8c nh lInh 0o c6n7 sn c&a nc ,r%n7 Boa Di t%n t] *%+t hi=n trc t+t c hS 7iVn7
nh c8c DYc tiP% c&a c8c tri?% 0i cZ *a c&a R# k%Vc ,r%n7 ,D) t[c bnh trn7 lInh thZ !
b8 ch& th# 7ii. Nhn7 tron7 nh+t thAi) c8c chQnh '%y?n ny) tron7 <hi | th[c !? D6t s] dSa n0t
nhi biPn chn7 c&a hS) c_ !j cGn lo n70i hhn nia s] - dSa c&a s] <h%ynh o n6i b6. Ry l
D6t s] dSa n0t tron7 _ bn tay c&a FhQnh k%y?n d U^c "inh c_ th() tron7 trAn7 <`) r-o r^c
nhi?% thi=t h0i hhn l D6t c%6c *D l;n7 '%n s]. BS hay bi#t rqn7 s] <h%ynh o c&a c6n7 sn
t0i hn +t ny c&a th# 7ii vc bi=t Dan7 tQch ch+t tQch c]c) ! l:n7 nh rqn7 s] hi=n di=n
c&a c8c nh_D thi(% sV ,r%n7 Boa) tron7 thn7 lai) c_ th( nh I *y ra tron7 '%8 <h[) :c
ch[n7 tn l hi% dYn7 '%a !i=c c+% thnh D6t E6i '%n ,h[ N;DO 8n7 s:.
V
1] n7hiPn c[% c8c nh_D thi(% sV n7Ai Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s chQnh !o th# tronh by D6t s '%an
tD tQch c]c !:t '%8 c8c 7ii h0n c&a !>n7 ny) 7iVn7 y nh DSi i?% <h8c 8D chw #n ,r%n7
Boa) <j <hZn7 l@ c&a n7y '%a ! hgD nay) ! c_ l9 cGn ln hhn nia tron7 thn7 lai. Nhn7 c8c
s] <i=n hi#D <hi c_ nhi?% | n7hJa trm <hi chen7 :c soi s8n7 bdi D6t s] hn tQch '%8 <h[) !
i?% ny vc bi=t chQnh *8c Vi !i c8c nh_D thi(% sV ,r%n7 Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s. k%8 <h[) hay
Qt nh+t hn c_ | n7hJa c&a n_) thn7 [n7 !i thAi <` th]c dn h_a c&a r% Fh%) bdi chQnh tron7
<u n7%yPn _ D hi=n t:n7 *%+t cnh n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa I h8t tri(n ! c%n7 c+ n?n tn7 cho
c8c !+n ? c&a n7y hgD nay.
,ron7 sV c8c th%6c a ,r%n7 Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s) th%6c a t0i Ci=t NaD di s] thVn7 tr c&a
n7Ai Ph8 Dan7 l0i D6t s] '%an tD vc bi=t. C? Dvt hnh chQnh) n7Ai Ph8 I hn chia
Ci=t NaD thnh ba *[ sd hay twnhx NaD <` Fochinchina) ,r%n7 "` An NaD ! U^c "`
,on7 "in7) thn7 [n7 !i s] hn chia cZ tr%y?n c&a Ci=t NaD thnh ba E"`O NaD "`)
,r%n7 "`) U^c "`. Ci=t NaD I l D6t +% trAn7 c&a D6t tron7 nhin7 c%6c tranh ch+ <co
di ! di d6i nh+t tron7 th# <u c&a chen7 ta. N_ c\n7 bao 7@D nc d%y nh+t tron7 !>n7) Ci=t
NaD) I trd thnh c6n7 sn sa% D6t c%6c chi#n tranh dnh 6c l ! 7ii th]c. C? Dvt a d)
n_ c>n7 !i Mi#n Ri=n ) l !>n7 7n cn nh+t !i ,r%n7 Boa) ! l nc d%y nh+t t0i Rgn7 NaD
s c_ n?n !;n Dinh ,r%n7 Boa) D6t nc D bonh thAn7 s9 l DYc tiP% % tiPn cho b+t <` s]
bnh trn7 sa% rVt tm hQa ,r%n7 Boa.
Udi th#) D6t s] n7hiPn c[% !? lch sa ! c8c honh th8i nh cnh c&a n7Ai Boa !o Ci=t NaD
trd nPn <hgn7 th( thi#% s_t cho D6t s] hi(% bi#t c8c !+n ? n7y nay) bdi n_ c_ D6t D hdn7
trPn dn chen7 a hhn7 tron7 c8c lInh !]c <inh t#) *I h6i) ! chQnh tr) ! I c_ cc h% '%
nvn7 n? cho c nc th]c dn) Ph8 '%Vc) ! cho nc Dt c&a n7Ai di dn) ,r%n7 Boa.
F%6c n7hiPn c[% ny !o th# ? n7h vt c8c !+n ? !? c8c nh_D thi(% sV ,r%n7 Boa t0i Rgn7
NaD s) ! vc bi=t t0i Ci=t NaD tron7 <h%n7 cnh f !? Dvt chQnh tr) <inh t#) *I h6i f c&a n7y
nay '%a D6t s] hn tQch lch sa) dn sV) c8c nh ch# ! !ai trG <inh t# c&a c6n7 @n7 n7Ai
Boa t0i Ci=t NaD tron7 thAi <` chiPD _n7 c&a Ph8. MYc Qch c&a c%6c n7hiPn c[% nhqD soi
san7 thAi cnL'%8L<h[ n-arLast c\n7 nh nhqD c%n7 c+ c8c tin t[c nh hdn7 #n hi=n t0i !
n7ay c thn7 lai c&a !>n7 Rgn7 NaD s.L

!"# $%N
1a% <hi chi#n tranh Ci=t NaD I i '%a ! <hi chQnh s8ch th]c dn c&a Ph8 i #n chp ch+D
d[t) c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i _ t] th+y Donh d !o D6t ton tr0n7 <h_ <h;n) 7iVn7 nh c8c c6n7
@n7 n7Ai Boa <h8c t0i Rgn7 NaD s) Vi di=n !i c8c chQnh '%y?n dn t6c ch& n7hJa non trj.
F8c chQnh '%y?n ny) lo l^n7 !? !i=c *8c '%y#t n?n 6c l Di toD th+y c&a Donh ! D%Vn 7ii
tho8t chQnh Donh ra <hni c8c h% '% c&a ch& n7hJa th]c dn) <hgn7 th( no lD 7o hhn l by tn
s] n7hi n7A Vi !i c8c c6n7 6n7 n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) c8c c6n7 @n7 D s] h8t tri(n ! thnh
!:n7 hn ln :c rn7 b%6c !i chQnh s8ch th]c dn c&a r% Fh%. 1] @n7 h_a hon ton
7iia hai nh_D nqD n7oi !+n ?. N7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) Dvc d> gn7 o f nhi?% #n D[c cha bao
7iA sV n7Ai r% Fh% 0t #n f <hgn7 bao 7iA t] Donh can d] #n chQnh tr a hhn7) n7ay d>
<hi hS chia sj c8c s] thn7 @n7 !? ch&n7 t6c ! !;n h_a !i dn chen7 a hhn7) nh d Ci=t
NaD. 1] 7n cn tr]c ti# !i +t Dt) ,r%n7 Boa) ! '%y?n l]c Di thY t0o :c c&a ,r%n7 Boa
c\n7 n7;n cn c8c chQnh '%y?n a hhn7) b+t <( #n D% s^c c&a hS) cD th+y hon ton thoi
D8i !i c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa.
Fhen7 ta I nhon th+y trc y lD sao D s] <i(D so8t c&a c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa
I c_ trPn n?n <inh t# Ci=t NaD I b 7iD thi(% #n D6t D[c 6 no _ tron7 nhin7 n;D sa%
c>n7 c&a chQnh s8ch th]c dn. Ci s] 6c l) ! th# ! !ai trG c&a n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa t0i Ci=t
NaD I tri '%a c8c s] bi#n Zi nhi?% hn s% *a hhn.
"hi s] chia gi lInh thZ :c th]c hi=n t0i Ci=t NaD) n;D 34W) !i n7n n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa)
th-o bc D6t sV l:n7 ln 7i8o dn Fgn7 Gi8o) bn Di?n U^c ch0y *%Vn7 Di?n NaD. BS cha
bao 7iA 0t ti D6t dn sV tht gn7) n7ay tm %) ! s] *%+t hi=n c&a D6t ch# 6 c6n7 sn lD
! th# c&a hS nh D6t nh_D thi(% sV n7o0i <i?% ch%yPn !? thhn7 D0i c8ch no _ trd nPn 7ay
7o. 1V Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i d l0i Di?n U^c <hgn7 8n7 <(. 1] !i=c n7:c l0i t0i Di?n NaD) nhi
D n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa l%gn l%gn gn7 hhn ! nhi D dn sV c&a hS I 7ia t;n7 tron7 nhin7 n;D
c%Vi c&a ch# 6 th]c dn) vc bi=t t0i NaD "`. FhQnh '%y?n NaD Ci=t NaD c&a gn7 N7g Ronh
Di=D) nh:n7 b6 trc c8c 8 l]c c_ tQnh c8ch dn t6c ch& n7hJa) I cV 7^n7 7iD bt !+n ?
n7Ai Boa tron7 *[ sd bqn7 s] cln7 b8ch. M6t R0o DY n7y N3 th8n7 N;D) 34W I 8 vt
'%Vc tch Ci=t NaD lPn t+t c c8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa sinh ra t0i Ci=t NaD. N7oi ra) 8 l]c cGn
:c ni r6n7 Pn c nhin7 n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa sinh ra t0i ,r%n7 Boa trd thnh dn nh tch. M6t
n7h nh <h8c !o n7y th8n7 FhQn) 34W) :c tho ra ( t;n7 cAn7 cho c8c bi=n h8 8
vt bdi c8c !;n <i=n trc _) n7;n c+D c8c n7o0i <i?% <hgn7 :c ho0t 6n7 tron7 DAi D6t
n7nh hay n7h? ch%yPn Dgn.
3
F8c n7o0i <i?% :c dnh cho s8% th8n7 tron7 b{y n7nh %
tiPn) ! D6t n;D tron7 n7nh <ia) ( ch+D d[t c8c ho0t 6n7 c&a Donh. Fho #n D[c D n7Ai
Boa '%an tD) bi=n h8 th[ nho Qt h <h^c hhn <hi Di tho0t n7h- th+y) bdi nhi?% n7Ai tron7
hS :c sinh ra t0i Ci=t NaD. Nhin7 n7Ai <h8c I <#t hgn !i hY ni Ci=t NaD ! do _ c_
th( ti# tYc hnh n7h? hay <inh doanh di danh n7hJa n7Ai !:.
Nh D6t h% '% c&a c8c n7h nh ny) 4X n7Ai Boa I trd thnh n7Ai Ci=t NaD. Fhw c_
D6t thi(% sV c8c n7Ai 7i 7ii l0i '%y ch# c&a hS nh c8c n7o0i <i?%) ! <hon7 !i tr;D n7Ai
Boa I h@i hhn7 !? Ri $oan. F8c np l]c <h8c) thAn7 hay 7y hi?n nhi%) nhqD Ci=t NaD
h_a n7Ai Boa @n7 thAi c\n7 :c th]c hi=n bdi FhQnh k%y?n NaD Ci=t NaD. NZi bt tron7 sV
c8c np l]c ny l s] 7ii h0n sV trAn7 hSc c&a n7Ai Boa t0i Fh: $n) 7ii h0n sV 7iA hSc ti#n7
Boa) :c *-D l D6t n7o0i n7i) s] b^t b%6c c8c -D hSc sinh hi Dvc y hYc Ci=t NaD) ! s]
b^t b%6c t+t c c8c ch& caa hi=% hi d]n7 bn7 hiP% bqn7 chi $a ,inh thay !o B8n t]) 1] <i(D
d%y=t n7hiPD n70t c\n7 :c 8 dYn7 Vi !i s8ch ! c8c bi !i#t c%n7 c+ thgn7 tin !? ,r%n7
Boa lYc a.
N
F8c bi=n h8 ny hn7 nhiPn <hhi dy c8c hn [n7 7ay 7^t !? hQa n7Ai
,r%n7 Boa) nhin7 <j cGn i *a #n D[c t{y chay D6t sV ho0t 6n7 thhn7 D0i no _) chn7
h0n nh *%+t cn7 70o) !Vn l D6t n7%@n c%n7 [n7 '%an trSn7 !? n7o0i t= cho +t nc. Bnh
6n7 ny 7y ra D6t s] tho8i b6 thhn7 D0i n7hiPD trSn7 cho NaD Ci=t naD. t n;D sa% _) <hi
chQnh '%y?n NaD Ci=t NaD D%Vn n7;n cn n7Ai Boa hhn nia) n_ I '%y#t nh !o n7y 3X
th8n7 18% n;D 34X) cho 7ii t8n c8c Uan7 B6i ! thanh l| ti sn c&a chen7. "hi lD th#) chQnh
'%y?n I 7v hi s] chVn7 Vi r+t D0nh D9) <hgn7 chw tm c8c n7Ai Boa tron7 Fh: $n D cGn
tm chQnh '%yPn ,r%n7 Boa Dn k%Vc t0i Ri $oan) #n npi n_ I thay Zi '%y#t nh c&a Donh
! bqn7 lGn7 !i !i=c cho hc c8c Uan7 B6i s9 :c i?% hnh bdi c8c &y ban 7@D c8c n7Ai
Boa) :c tr: 7ie bdi c8c <i(D t_an !iPn Ci=t NaD. 1] <hgn7 tin tdn7 :c n%gi dln7 bdi
chQnh '%y?n d 1i7Gn Vi !i c8c cgn7 dn Di c&a n_) c8c c]% dn ,r%n7 Boa) cGn :c bi(%
l6 rb hhn tron7 s] th-o dbi cnh s8t n7hiPD n7vt th-o _ hS hi ch% s] <i(D so8t c&a FYc Boa
"i?%. Ci=n c nhn nhvt nh+t) chQnh '%y?n I 7ii t8n c8c h6i ,r%n7 Boa ch%yPn n7hi= !Vn I
toD c8ch t@n t0i.
,+t c c8c bi=n h8 ny I 7y b+t DIn s% *a nhi c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i NaD Ci=t NaD. 1]
ban h8t 6c o8n '%Vc tch NaD Ci=t NaD I <hgn7 thna DIn n7Ai Boa a hhn7) bdi hS
7i nh) ! !i s] h: l|) rqn7 hS s9 ti# tYc cGn l Vi t:n7 c&a s] n7hi n7A c&a chQnh '%y?n.
,= hhn nia) '%Vc tch D hS D+t thY nhn :c - dSa bi#n con c&a hS hi ch% ch# 6 '%n
dch) !o lec <hi D s] *8o tr6n D6t ln nia l0i <hdi s] t0i NaD Ci=t NaD) sa% D6t thAi <hon7
hGa bonh n7^n n7&i. FhQnh n7Ai Ci=t NaD c\n7 <hgn7 hi lGn7 !i c8c bi=n h8 ny. ,ron7
D^t hS) !+n ? sinh ta c&a s] thVn7 tr c&a ,r%n7 Boa trPn n?n <inh t# Ci=t NaD I <hgn7 :c
7ii '%y#t bqn7 s] nh tch cln7 b8ch c8c n7o0i <i?% <hgn7 c_ | nh trd nPn hGa nh.
,%y th#) c8c bi=n h8 :c a ra t0i NaD Ci=t NaD <hgn7 hw l <h8c thAn7. M6t !i nc
<h8c t0i Rgn7 NaD s) chn7 h0n nh NaD Dhn7) Phi $%t ,n) ! ,h8i $an ?% np l]c thn7
t] ( 7iD thi(% tD '%an trSn7 !? <inh t# c&a c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa c&a hS.
5
II
DSi nhi t0i Rgn7 NaD s) s] ch+D d[t ch# 6 th]c dn c&a r% Fh% !o th# 8nh d+% s] <hdi
% c&a D6t thAi <` <h_ <h;n cho c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa sinh sVn7 tron7 !>n7. F\n7 7iVn7
nh tron7 thAi th%6c a) chQnh s8ch th-o %Zi bdi c8c nc Di :c 6c l c\n7 bi#n Zi liPn
'%an #n n7Ai Boa) t>y th%6c ! c8c tonh tr0n7 <h8c nha%) chn7 h0n nh <Qch thc c&a c8c
c6n7 @n7) D[c 6 @n7 h_a c&a chen7) !ai trG <inh t# c&a chen7 c\n7 nh bn ch+t c&a DVi
'%an h= hi=n hi% 7iia c8c chQnh h& c&a c8c nc ny !i ,r%n7 Boa.
F8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i <h^ c8c nc Rgn7 NaD s hhi by nhi?% tQnh ch+t ch%n7. ,hQ
dY) c8c di dn tri <h^ !>n7 tho h% nh chw #n tm ba twnh Di?n NaD ,r%n7 Boax k%n7 Rgn7)
Phec "i#n ! k%n7 ,y) ! vc bi=t tm hai twnh trPn. F>n7 lec) hS I h8t tri(n c8c vc tQnh hGa
i=% !i c8c An7 nct <h8c bi=t c&a tmn7 nc _n nhn. ,ron7 <hQa c0nh ny) Ci=t NaD) !Vn
b chinh hYc bdi Ph8 ! trd thnh D6t hn c&a Rgn7 Dhn7 th%6c Ph8) dnh cho c8c di dn
,r%n7 Boa D6t sV c8c i?% <i=n vc bi=t ! % Ii <h8c thAn7. ,rc tiPn) c8c n7i Di ti
toD th+y d Ci=t NaD D6t !;n h_a Pht Gi8o thn7 t nh c&a chQnh hS. Nhn7 tron7 <hi hn
ln c8c nc Pht Gi8o c&a Rgn7 NaD s t%n th-o n7hi l ,i(% ,hma Binayana) chw D6t nc
tron7 chen7) Ci=t NaD) i th-o n7hi l R0i ,hma Mahayana) 7iVn7 y nh tgn7 h8i %:c th]c
hnh t0i ,r%n7 Boa. 1] hnh 0o c&a n_ l do s] <i=n rqn7 Ci=t NaD I b chinh hYc ! l=
th%6c tron7 D6t n7hon n;D bdi n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) ! Dvc d> ,r%n7 Boa) tm th# <u th[ H trd i)
I th]c s] tm bn | @ chinh hYc D6t hn l !o c_ s] <h8n7 c] <iPn cAn7 c&a dn chen7)
Ci=t NaD d> th# !n Dan7 d+% !#t <hgn7 th( 76t t{y bdi c8c t '%8n c&a nc l8n7 7i?n7 h>n7
D0nh. ,r%n7 Boa) n7oi Ph8i Pht Gi8o R0i ,hma) c\n7 cGn ( l0i n7 sa% c8c !#t tQch c&a
"hZn7 hSc ! R0o Gi8o) tYc thA cen7 tZ tiPn) tn7 l k%an $0i) ! h= thVn7 t h8 ,r%n7
Boa. N7ay sa% <hi d[t bn 8ch thVn7 tr c&a ,r%n7 Boa) Ci=t NaD !n ti# tYc d%y tro c8c '%an
h= c&a ch# 6 ch h% !i ,r%n7 k%Vc Middl- "in7doD. "hgn7 c_ a i(D no <h8c D %y
th# ! nh hdn7 c&a ,r%n7 Boa) c !? c8c nh ch# ln con n7Ai c&a n_) l0i D0nh D9 cho bqn7
d Ci=t NaD) !Vn :c vt) D6t c8ch chQnh *8c) cho bi=t hi=% l E,i(% ,r%n7 Boax $ittl- FhinaO.
Co th#) <hgn7 c_ 7o 8n7 n70c nhiPn rqn7 !i s] hi=n hi% c&a nhi?% tonh h%Vn7 thn7 t]) c8c di
dn ,r%n7 Boa vc bi=t b lgi c%Vn bdi D6t nc D hS d dn7 t] thQch [n7. 1] *%+t hi=n c&a
hS c\n7 7v th%n l:i nhA s] 7n cn !? ia d) <hi#n cho b8n o Rgn7 Dhn7 thnh nhi {n
n8% t] nhiPn c&a c8c <j l% !on7 hay n7oi !Gn7 h8 l%t tm ,r%n7 Boa) chn7 h0n nh c8c
@n7 n7 c&a tri?% onh nh Minh I sY Z. FhQnh c>n7 c8c <j l% !on7 ny I <hdi s] <hai
th8c NaD "`) !>n7 +t !o th# I th% het tu l= gn7 o c8c di dn nh+t trPn ton th( b8n o.
N7ay trc thAi th]c dn Ph8) !o th#) I c_ D6t tr%y?n thVn7 nh cnh c&a ,r%n7 Boa !o
Ci=t NaD) Dvc d> h0n ch# ! 7y h% '% thn7 Vi nhn. Ci ch# 6 th]c dn) 7iVn7 nh c8c
nhi <h8c t0i Rgn7 NaD s) s] nh cnh n7Ai Boa I 7ia t;n7 D6t c8ch 8n7 <(. ,%y th#) n_
cha bao 7iA c_ tD D[c to ln D n_ I 0t :c d c8c Di?n <h8c) chn7 h0n nh d MI $ai)
nhi D dn sV ,r%n7 Boa 0t :c ti tu l= 0i di=n X tZn7 sV dn c. Co lec <#t thec thAi
Ph8 th%6c) tu l= n7Ai Boa t0i Rgn7 Dhn7 l tZn7 sV dn c) ! M d NaD Ci=t NaD. F_
!i l| do a #n tu sV th+ hhn c&a n7Ai Boa t0i Ci=t NaD so !i c8c nc Rgn7 NaD s <h8c)
! vc bi=t t0i MI $ai.
M6t Dvt) s] c0nh tranh !? hQa dn bn *[ tho D0nh D9 hhn nhi?% t0i Ci=t NaD) so !i c8c nc
<h8c tron7 !>n7. Ci=t NaD) !? Dvt n7%@n 7Vc ! !;n h_a thn7 t] nh n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa) :c
c tre bdi D6t dn t6c cn c>) ! n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa thAn7 a thQch nh cnh !o c8c nc
tron7 !>n7 nhi c_) b+t l%n !o <hQ h% hay c8c l| do <h8c) c8c c dn Qt n;n7 6n7 hhn hS. 1]
hn hVi c&a hS t0i Ci=t NaD ch[n7 Dinh i(D nyx sV di dn ,r%n7 Boa 7ia t;n7 cn7 nhi?%
<hi hS cn7 l>i *a <hni biPn 7ii ,r%n7 Boa. 1] t tr%n7 gn7 nh+t c8c n7Ai Boa l t0i Di?n
NaD c&a b8n o) t0i NaD "` ! F;D UVt. F8c di dn thAn7 nh^D #n c8c th tr+n) nhi D c8c
<h tQnh lD !i=c tron7 n7nh D% dch hay tron7 c8c n7nh ho0t 6n7 <h8c nhi?% hhn. "hgn7
chw d Ci=t NaD D cGn d c8c nhi <h8c c&a Rgn7 NaD s) c8c Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i chQnh !o th#
I 7_ hn ln lao cho ti#n tronh g th h_a. Nhi hS <hgn7 th]c s] t0o l ra c8c thnh hV Di
!i dn sV ,r%n7 Boa 8 o) chn7 h0n nh Fh: $n hay 1in7aor-) hS I <hVn7 ch# D6t sV
ln c8c th tr+n d c8c nhi <h8c) ! !i s] sa dYn7 c8c bn7 hi=% ! c8c bn7 '%n7 c8o c8c sn
h{D c_ n7%@n 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa I Dan7 l0i cho chen7 D6t b6 Dvt ,r%n7 Boa.
,ron7 trAn7 <`) sV dn nh c ,r%n7 Boa t0i Ci=t NaD thAi Ph8 th%6c thAn7 *%yPn 7ia
t;n7) Dvc d> tron7 on <`) I c_ nhin7 s] tr@i sYt rb nct *y ra bdi c8c tonh h%Vn7 n7o0i lai)
chn7 h0n nh tonh honh chQnh tr t0i ,r%n7 Boa) ! c%6c <h&n7 hon7 <inh t# '%Vc t# n;D 34N4.
Udi c_ c8c tonh tr0n7 <h_ <h;n t0i ,r%n7 Boa tron7 thAi ,h# Fhi#n ) sV di dn Di I 7ia t;n7)
! bdi c_ chi#n tranh chVn7 Ph8 t0i Rgn7 Dhn7) ! vc bi=t di d6i t0i Di?n U^c) *[ U^c "`)
n7Ai Boa I t tr%n7 *a hhn nia !? hQa naD) t0i NaD "` ! F;D UVt.
$| do tZn7 '%8t th[ nho cho !i=c t0i sao c_ Qt n7Ai di dn ,r%n7 Boa t0i Ci=t NaD ! t0i Rgn7
Dhn7 n_i ch%n7 so !i MI $ai b^t n7%@n tm th8i 6 Dh h@ :c d%y tro bdi c8c <j th]c dn
Ph8 Vi !i ho. $ trAn7 Dh h@ ny :c *8c nh bdi c8c s] c[% *ct !? chQnh s8ch n7o0i
7iao. Ci=t NaD do Ph8 g h6 tho <? cn bPn ,r%n7 Boa. 1] chinh hYc c&a Ph8 t0i b8n o
Rgn7 Dhn7) ! vc bi=t !>n7 U^c "`) I :c th]c hi=n hn ln !i c8i nhon nh^D !o !i=c
*D nh th trAn7 ,r%n7 Boa tm hQa naD. M6t c8ch Dwa Dai l DYc tiP% c&a Ph8 I th+t b0i)
! rqn7) hon tGan n7:c l0i) s] hi=n di=n c&a Ph8 I thec {y s] nh cnh n7Ai Boa !o
tron7 <h% !]c. Nhn7 s] chinh hYc c&a Ph8 I 7y ra s] Yn7 ch0D !i chQnh '%y?n ,r%n7
Boa) <hi D Bon7 R# Ci=t NaD a ra s] t%yPn *8c !? '%y?n b8 ch& tr%y?n thVn7 c&a ,r%n7
Boa) ! chi#n tranh I b>n7 nZ 7iia hai cAn7 l]c. 1a% ny) tQnh ch+t dai dn7 thAn7 tr]c c&a
n0n hi tvc t0i U^c "` I 7_ hn !o s] n7A !]c tm hQa c8c 7ii ch[c th{D '%y?n Ph8 Vi
!i c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa cn7 nhi?% hhn) !o hn ln c8c hi tvc ,r%n7 Boa ?% c_ 7Vc l lQnh
<hgn7 chQnh '%y c&a ,r%n7 Boa. "hi) tmn7 bc D6t) !+n ? hi tvc I :c d t^t) D6t !+n ?
Di l0i b^t % h8t tri(n tron7 nhin7 n;D % tiPn c&a th# <u th[ HH) t[c hon7 tro c8ch
D0n7 chVn7 nh MIn Fh%. Fhen7 ta I 7hi nhn l c8c !iPn ch[c Ph8 th+y Donh d !o D6t !
th# bVi rVi ra sao Vi !i chQnh '%y?n ,r%n7 Boa h: h8 <hi c8c nh c8ch D0n7 I toD chp {n
n8% t0i Ci=t NaD ! toD th+y tron7 c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa s] tr: 7ie nhi=t thnh) c !? tinh
thn ln !t ch+t. F% ch%y=n liPn can #n gn7 ,gn Dt ,iPn 1%n atLs-n c_ tQnh c8ch tiP%
bi(%. $ch sa c&a ,r%n7 Boa 7iia c%6c c8ch D0n7 343X ! s] chi#n th^n7 c&a c6n7 sn tho vc
bi=t rVi r^D) ! nc Ph8 lo s: rqn7 tonh tr0n7 6t bi#n ny c_ th( c_ t8c 6n7 trPn c8c c6n7
@n7 n7Ai Boa t0i Ci=t NaD l hon ton chQnh 8n7. Ri?% ny vc bi=t en7 nh th# <hi) sa%
c%6c F8ch M0n7) c8c chQnh h& ,r%n7 Boa I b^t % bi(% l6 D6t s] '%an tD hi(n nhiPn #n
c8c cgn7 dn c&a hS t0i Rgn7 NaD s) c8c <j c_ tD '%an trSn7 D c8c chQnh h& I b^t %
nhn th[c :c. 1] '%an tD Di nhn ra ny s9 l c;n bn cho c8c ,hna Bi= NaD "inh) !
ch[a ]n7 D6t !i liPn h= #n s] chi#D _n7) !o n;D 34W) hQa b^c !J t%y#n 3 c&a Ci=t NaD
bdi c8c l]c l:n7 dn '%Vc ,r%n7 Boa. F8c ,hna c ,r>n7 "h8nh Fh%n7<in7 A7r--D-nts
7iia ,r%n7 Boa ! Ph8 bao 7@D c8c i?% <hon '%an trSn7 liPn '%an #n '%y ch# c&a c6n7
@n7 n7Ai Boa t0i Rgn7 Dhn7. N7Ai Ph8 c\n7 lo s: <hgn7 <cD s] thgn7 @n7 7iia hon7
tro dn t6c ch& n7hJa I h8t tri(n t0i Ci=t NaD tron7 thAi <` 7iia hai c%6c ,h# Fhi#n !i c6n7
@n7 ,r%n7 Boa. Bhn nia) tron7 th]c t#) c8c di dn n7Ai Boa Dan7 l0i cho 7ii ch[c th{D
'%y?n n7Ai Ph8 Qt i?% hi lo n70i) n7o0i trm tron7 D6t thAi 7ian n7^n h@i n;D 34W. k%an
tD s% *a #n c8c s] h8t tri(n chQnh tr t0i ,r%n7 Boa) c8c Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i I <i?D ch#
D6t c8ch c{n trSn7 !i=c thaD d] !o chQnh tr n6i b6 c&a Ci=t NaD) trm <hi hS b b^t b%6c hi
lD nh th#) nh thQ dY thAi chi#n tranh chVn7 Ph8) <hi hS b cln7 b8ch hi thaD d] !o np
l]c chi#n tranh bdi Ci=t Minh.
1] !^n7 b_n7 c&a c8c trd n70i tZn7 '%8t _) c6n7 !i c8c An7 nct vc th> c&a dn chen7 a
hhn7 ! th8i 6 by tn bdi th{D '%y?n th]c dn) 7ii thQch l| do t0i sao n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa l0i
gn7 o hhn t0i MI $ai so !i Ci=t NaD. MI $ai tha dn ! 7i% c_ !? c8c ti n7%yPn ti?D {n.
F8c 7ii ch[c th]c dn n7Ai Anh h;n7 h8i <hai th8c c8c lInh a c&a hS. 1] h;n7 h8i ny I l
D6t y#% tV '%y#t nh tron7 !i=c lgi c%Vn s] nh cnh c&a n7Ai Boa) I <hgn7 Dan7 l0i c8c
th{D '%y?n Anh k%Vc c>n7 c8c !+n ? nh c8c <h_ <h;n hi gi di=n bdi n7Ai Ph8. ,m _)
n7Ai ta c_ th( s%y din !? nh hdn7 thn7 Vi nhn :c t8c 6n7 bdi y#% tV !;n h_a tron7
!i=c lgi c%Vn c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa. Ri?% ny I :c t;n7 cAn7 n#% ta so s8nh MI $ai !i
!>n7 Rgn7 zn R6 th%6c BGa $an) nhi dn c a hhn7 thn7 t] nh MI $ai !? ch&n7 t6c !
tQn n7ln7) nhn7 l nhi D s] nh cnh c&a n7Ai Boa I <hgn7 h8t tri(n !i c>n7 <Qch
thc) bdi n_ I <hgn7 :c cZ !\ bdi c8c 7ii ch[c th{D '%y?n BGa $an.
III
R( c_ th( !0ch ra D6t bn7 <#t t_an !? s] hi=n di=n c&a n7Ai Boa t0i Ci=t NaD di thAi Ph8
th%6c) tonh cnh hi :c nhon tm ba ! trQx
,m '%an i(D n7Ai di dn ,r%n7 Boa) s] di ch%y(n c&a hS #n !>n7 +t Di t0o thnh D6t l:i
l6c cY th(. F8c s] b+t an) c8c nh% c%) thi#% lVi tho8t) hay <h8t <hao t0o l s] 7i% c_) I thec
c hS bn '%P hhn7 ! hn7 #n Rgn7 NaD s. ,ron7 hn ln trAn7 h:) hS I 0t :c s]
thnh cgn7) hay n#% hS <hgn7 t0o ra s] 7i% c_ ln) Qt nh+t hS c\n7 ci thi=n :c sV hn c&a
Donh) bdi Dvc d> s] *%+t cnh Dan7 tron7 Donh D6t y#% tV b+t tr^c) n_ c\n7 t0o ra D6t s] th8ch
V ! D6t s] <Qch thQch) nh sa 7ia Arnold ,oynb-- I nP% ra. Di dn n7Ai Boa toD th+y tron7
c8c tonh tr0n7 c&a Rgn7 NaD s nhin7 7o th%n l:i cho s] h8t tri(n c8c <h n;n7 t] nhiPn c&a
Donh ! r+t nhi?% <h tQnh cho !i=c <hai th8c c8c ti n7%yPn !n cha :c <hai tri(n. N7Ai di
dn c\n7 :c tr: 7ie bdi s] tha tht tron7 dn sV a hhn7 ! tonh tr0n7 Qt n;n7 l]c hhn hS)
an ninh n#% <hgn7 hi l s] bo != tr]c ti# :c bo D bdi '%y?n l]c th]c dn. FhQnh !o
th#) s] th8ch V c_ th( :c ch+ nhn D6t c8ch d dn7) vc bi=t <hi !;n h_a a hhn7 thn7
t] nh !;n h_a c&a ,r%n7 Boa) nh t0i Ci=t NaD) hhn b+t c[ nhi no <h8c t0i Rgn7 NaD s.
RVi !i th]c dn Ph8 f n7oi r&i ro c&a s] r^c rVi n7o0i 7iao !i D6t nc ,r%n7 Boa cGn l%
Di 8n7 s: nh tron7 hn ln thAi 7ian f s] nh cnh n7Ai Boa !o Ci=t NaD c_ nhi?% i?%
th%n l:i hhn l b+t ti=n.
W
F8c n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa cn c>) ch% <h_ I 7_ hn !o s] <hai th8c
c8c ti n7%yPn tron7 <h% !]c nhi D dn chen7 bn *[ n_i ch%n7 b 70t bn bdi th]c dn r%
Fh% nh l lD bi#n7) Dvc d> th8i 6 ny <hgn7 hi lec no c\n7 en7. F8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa
<hgn7 *-n l+n !o chQnh tr a hhn7) bdi hS 7ii h0n c8c ho0t 6n7 !o c6n7 @n7 riPn7 c&a
hS) hay n#% c_) #n chQnh tr n6i b6 c&a tZ '%Vc c&a hS) ,r%n7 Boa. BS I <hgn7 t0o thnh D6t
!+n ? cho c8c 7ii ch[c th{D '%y?n th]c dn) ! bdi hS l n7o0i <i?%) c8c 7ii ch[c th{D
'%y?n <hgn7 hi lo % !? s] an l0c) 7i8o dYc ! hon7 tYc c&a hS) nh !n :c Don7 :i nhi
D6t th{D '%y?n th]c dn <hi c_ liPn '%an #n dn chen7 a hhn7. Ri?% c\n7 th%n ti=n cho
7ii ch[c th{D '%y?n th]c dn s9 c_ th( nhon c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa nh c8c <h8ch lai !In7
<hgn7 c_ 7Vc r) n7ay d> hS I sinh sVn7 tron7 *[ sd tron7 !i th# h=. B% '%) FhQnh k%y?n
Ph8 chw c_ Qt s] c[% *ct hay <hgn7 c_ s] c[% *ct #n hS tron7 trAn7 <`.

Dn chen7 a hhn7 nhon s] nh cnh n7Ai Boa !i Qt s] t8n thnh. Uqn7 !i=c <#t hgn liPn
ch&n7) c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa I 7_ hn) tron7 D6t sV chmn7 D]c) !o !i=c ci thi=n nGi 7iVn7
di tr%y?n. Ri?% :c thma nhn by 7iA LL tr8i !i thnh <i#n dai dn7 f rqn7 c8c c%6c hgn nhn
h: ch&n7 c_ th( dn ti s] hon7 he !? sinh !t hSc.
K
,u l= h%y#t thVn7 ,r%n7 Boa tron7 dn
chen7 Ci=t NaD 8n7 <( hhn nhin7 7o :c tho0t n7hJ ti) !i s] @n7 h_a Da% ch_n7 c&a con
c8i c&a c8c c%6c hgn hVi h: ch&n7 bdi dn chen7 a hhn7.
Nhn7 s] th]c dn <inh t# :c th]c hnh bdi n7Ai Boa) Dvc d> Qt hi(n nhiPn ! D0nh D9 nh
chQnh s8ch th]c dn c&a r% Fh%) t%y th# c\n7 c_ nh hdn7 <hgn7 <cD s% *a ! l% di. Mvc
d> n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa I <hgn7 d% nh c8c hon7 c8ch ! t '%8n c&a D6t th# 7ii <h8c) c8c
hnh 6n7 c&a hS) tron7 <hi chD ch0) l0i DInh li=t.
Ci bn ch+t siPn7 n;n7 ! ch% <h_) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa I d dn7 '%a Dvt dn chen7 ia
hhn7 !Vn Qt n;n7 nZ hhn) ! I t0o :c D6t thGn7 lSn7 th]c s] trPn n?n <inh t# c&a +t nc
_n nhn) thAn7 7y thi=t h0i cho c dn nhi _. "hi chQnh hS l c8c ngn7 dn) th: th& cgn7
n7h=) hay doanh nhn) c8c di dn n7Ai Boa) do ti?n l=) _n7 !ai trG hi% Qch. Nhn7 <hi hS l
nhin7 tr%n7 7ian D0i bn f D6t ho0t 6n7 D ho lD r+t 7ini f hS b nhon nh D6t <hVi % ;n
b8D b+t lhn7. Rvc bi=t tron7 n7nh D%a b8n 70o) nhi D hS <i#D l:i trPn DSi 7iai o0n c&a s]
7iao dch. F\n7 !y) nh c8c n7Ai cho !ay ti?n f D6t !ai trG <hgn7 chw dnh riPn7 cho hS LL hS
b nhon nh c8c n7Ai cho !ay nvn7 lIi !g lhn7 tD ! thaD laD) c8c <j I <hai th8c s] n7ho
_i ! thVn7 <hZ c&a tn7 l ngn7 dn a hhn7 tron7 D6t hhn7 c8ch tr^n7 tr:n nh+t.
,hgn7 thAn7) n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa li-n h= #n DSi 7iai o0n hn hVi nhi?% hhn tron7 s] sn
*%+t) ! n_i ch%n7 bi(% l6 Qt s] '%an tD #n s] ci thi=n ! h8t tri(n tonh tr0n7 sn *%+t. ,rPn
h#t) hS '%an tD #n !i=c % ch ! <i#D doanh th% ! l:i nh%n Da% ch_n7. BS I <hgn7 t0o ra
s] thnh !:n7) D sVn7 d]a !o s[c sn *%+t c&a lao 6n7 bn *[) tron7 <hi th& l:i tm c8c l:i
i(D h8t sinh tm ch# 6 th]c dn Ph8) i honh th[c an ninh 7ia t;n7 ! hhn7 ti=n 7iao
thgn7 tVt hhn. Ucn nhy tron7 !i=c <h8D h8 ra c8c lp hZn7 tron7 l%t l= ! c8c s] '%y nh)
n7Ai Boa I <hgn7 7ie l Ci=t NaD) nhn7 D6t nc n7o0i '%Vc <h8c l0i :c hdn7 l:i tm
c8c l:i nh%n d@n !? cho hS) bdi hS thAn7 *%yPn 7ai hn l:i nh%n ny !? cho 7ia onh hS t0i
,r%n7 Boa. 1] b+t bonh sa% c>n7 ny lD nh[c nhVi dn a hhn7) ! l%gn l%gn :c tret Z
*%Vn7 dn nh c 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa. Nhn7 c8c th]c dn r% Fh% I <hgn7 lD y nh !y hay
sao
G6 ch%n7) n7Ai dn a hhn7 nhon c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa !i c8c cD n7hJ ln l6n. Fhen7
bao 7@D D6t chet 7h-n t Vi !i D6t <j c0nh tranh 7i% c_ hhn) ! D6t chet s] hi?D the Vi
!i D6t ch& n: tn nhn. Rgi <hi b+t hGa) d> <hgn7 thAn7 *%yPn) <#t thec tron7 s] rVi lSan hay
tron7 c8c c%6c s8t nhn. Dn chen7 a hhn7 <hgn7 th]c s] n%n7 n+% hn th> Vi !i n7Ai
Boa. Nhin7 di dn ny sa% c>n7) th%6c !o nh hS I tmn7 th%6c !o D6t n?n !;n Dinh thn7
t]) aD hi(% n7Ai Ci=t NaD #n npi hS toD c8ch t] bi#n Donh thnh c8c <j cn thi#t) ! gi <hi
:c <Qnh DPn.
MSi ch# 6 th]c dn t0o ra D6t s] <hai th8c Qt nhi?% c_ tQnh c8ch tri=t ( *[ sd b l= th%6c. 1]
th]c dn <inh t# :c th]c hi=n bdi c8c di dn n7Ai Boa <hgn7 hi l n7o0i l=. ,ron7 th# 7ii
ty hhn7) s] h8t tri(n c&a *I h6i <y n7h= I :c 8nh d+%) n#% <hgn7 hi I 7y ra) !? Dvt
lch sa) bdi s] *%+t hi=n ! h8t tri(n D6t 7iai c+ t sn) trc tiPn c_ tQnh c8ch thhn7 )D0i)
sa% _) c_ tQnh c8ch cgn7 n7hi=. ,ron7 *I h6i ty hhn7 hn7 thAi) Qt nh+t t0i c8c nc D%
D]c tn ti#n nh+t) s] trZi dy ! bnh trn7 c&a tn7 l tr%n7 l% l i?% thgn7 thAn7. 1]
bnh trn7 ny c&a tn7 l tr%n7 l% c_ l9 l D6t tron7 nhin7 tQnh ch+t cVt y#% c&a c8c nc
I h8t tri(n.
Rgn7 NaD s) 7iVn7 nh hn ln c8c <h% !]c <cD h8t tri(n n7y nay) c_ D6t ch c+% *I h6i cZ
tr%y?n :c 8nh d+% bdi s] hi=n di=n c&a D6t tn7 l tinh hoa cD '%y?n h0n ch#) c_ 7iGn7
dbi '%| t6c) bPn c0nh D6t <hVi gn7 o c8c ngn7 dn. FhQnh s8ch th]c dn c&a r% Fh% I chw
thay Zi r+t Qt ch c+% ny t0i hn ln nhi chVn trPn th# 7ii) chw h& lPn trPn c>n7 hay thay th#
7iai c+ '%| t6c a hhn7 bqn7 c8c thnh !iPn th]c dn c&a n_. Nhn7 t0i Rgn7 NaD s) chQnh
s8ch th]c dn cho hc s] *%+t hi=n c&a tn7 l thhn7 D0i) hgi thai c&a D6t 7iai c+ t sn
! D6t tn7 l tr%n7 l%) tron7 <h%gn <hZ c&a c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa. F_ c8c tonh tr0n7 son7
hnh t0i D6t sV th%6c a nhi D '%y?n l]c th]c dn I h8t h%y s] nh cnh dn thi(% sV) thQ
dY nh s] nh cnh c&a dn zn R6 t0i Di?n NaD ! Di?n Rgn7 Phi Fh%. Nhn7 <hgn7 c_ nhi
no D !ai trG ny c&a s] nh cnh dn thi(% sV l0i c_ nhi?% | n7hJa cho bqn7 !ai trG :c
_n7 7ii bdi n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s. 1] <i=n rqn7 tn7 l thhn7 D0i ny bao 7@D
c8c n7o0i <i?% - dSa !i=c 7y ra c8c h% '% n7hiPD trSn7 cho s] h8t tri(n <inh t#) chQnh tr !
*I h6i c&a c8c nc Rgn7 NaD s ny. "hgn7 ch^c ch^n f hay c_ l9 cGn <hgn7 *y ra LL rqn7 s]
h8t tri(n t0i !>n7 _ s9 i th-o <h%gn D% I thnh hnh t0i <hVi ,y. Nhn7 n7ay d> n_ c_
<h8c bi=t D6t c8ch rb r=t) s] bnh trn7 c&a c8c tn7 l tr%n7 l% *-D ra <hgn7 tr8nh <hni)
nh cgn7 cY ! c>n7 D6t lec) l <#t '% c&a s] h8t tri(n. ,0i Ci=t NaD) s] h8t tri(n c&a D6t
7iai c+ t sn thhn7 D0i dn t6c) d tD D[c r6n7 ln) I b thay th# bdi tn7 l c&a 7ii trQ
th[c) <hgn7 '%an tD #n c8c ho0t 6n7 <inh t#) ho0t 6n7 !Vn b <hinh Di=t th-o tr%y?n thVn7)
! cGn b cn trd hhn nia bdi c8c th]c dn. M6t tn7 l trQ th[c nh th# nh+t thi#t hi !ma
Dan7 tQnh ch+t c8ch D0n7 ! !ma chVn7 l0i 7ii t bn.
M
,0i Rgn7 NaD s) !ai trG c&a 7iai c+ t sn thhn7 D0i !o th# :c _n7 7ii bdi n7Ai ,r%n7
Boa) c8c n7o0i <i?% Qt '%an tD #n s] h8t tri(n '%Vc 7ia) b+t l%n c_ tQnh c8ch chQnh tr hay *I
h6i) c&a *[ sd D hS c tre) trm <hi '%y?n l:i <inh t# c&a chQnh hS b - dSa. Co th#) i?% '%an
trSn7 l D6t 7iai c+ t sn hi :c h8t tri(n t0i c8c nc ny) bPn c0nh hay th# chp c8c c6n7
@n7 n7Ai Boa. FhQnh s8ch th]c dn c&a r% Fh% I !g tonh t0o ra !+n ? ny ! I vt D6t
c8i th^n7 <?D hID trPn D6t ti#n tronh t] nhiPn c&a s] ti#n h_a.
Cai trG n7Ai Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s thAn7 :c so s8nh !i !ai trG n7Ai Do ,h8i thAi ,r%n7
FZ. Co n;D 343) D6t t ti(% l%n !? n7Ai Boa) nhan ? E.*/0i 1o Th2i c+a 3h/4n* 56n*:
The 7e8s o9 the :astO :c +n hnh t0i HiPD $a) ! cGn :c 78n l c&a k%Vc Chn7 aDa C.
4
1] so s8nh chw c_ 7i8 tr cYc b6. Fh^c ch^n) n7Ai ta c_ th( toD th+y c8c nct thn7 @n7 tron7
hai c6n7 @n7x D0o hi(D) <iPn nhn) tr: 7ie ln nha%) c>n7 c8c n;n7 l]c !? thhn7 D0i) c>n7
c_ c8c ho0t 6n7 cho !ay ti?n nvn7 lIi. Nhn7 c8c n7Ai Do ,h8i t0i r% Fh% thAi ,r%n7 FZ
<hgn7 bao 7iA c_ nhn sV gn7 o) hay :c an ton <hi th-o %Zi c8c ho0t 6n7 nh n7Ai
Boa t0i Rgn7 NaD s. BS <hgn7 c_ l:i th# th%6c !o D6t dn t6c) ,r%n7 Boa) nc Dvc d> gi
<hi b s%y @i) l%gn l%gn hi :c tQnh to8n #n) nhA d '%8 <h[ lch sa c&a n_) !i <hVi l:n7
nhn s] gn7 o ! c8c <h tQnh ti?D tn7 c&a n_. N7y nay) dn t6c _ D6t ln nia trd nPn
h%n7 D0nh. F8c nc tron7 Rgn7 Dhn7 th%6c Ph8 c\) nh+t l Ci=t NaD) nqD d caa n7n c&a
n_. Ry l D6t <h% !]c nh hdn7 c&a ,r%n7 Boa th-o tr%y?n thVn7) ! D6t c%6c tranh ch+
D D8%) D n_ <hgn7 th( 7ii DIi !j dan7 dn7) I tn h8 tm l% lInh thZ c&a hS. F8c npi lo
s: tm l% !? EhSa da !n7O I :c <hhi dy bdi nhi?% c%6c +% tranh nhn hhn. Nhin7 n7Ai lo
s: s] bnh trn7 c&a ,r%n7 Boa !? hhn7 naD nhqD toD <i#D ti n7%yPn) th]c h{D ! c8c
th trAn7 cho dn sV <hZn7 l@ c&a ,r%n7 Boa) c_ th( nhon th+y tron7 c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa
D6t ER6i k%n ,h[ N;DO h>n7 D0nh ! ti?D {n. Nhn7 tron7 lInh !]c _) c8c trd n70i cY th(
nhi?% hhn nhin7 7o D chen7 c_ !j hi=n ra) <hi tho0t nhon. ,r%n7 Boa an7 bn tD) ! nhi?%
hn s9 cGn bn tD nh th# tron7 D6t thAi 7ian nhi?% n;D nia) !i c8c !+n ? n6i b6. M6t
<hon7 thAi 7ian c_ th( trgi '%a trc <hi n_ c_ th( n7hJ #n ch%y=n bnh trn7 !o !>n7 Rgn7
NaD s. RVi !i c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i c8c nc ny) chen7 l c8c Vi t:n7 8n7 n7hi
n7A hn7 % !? tonh cD thn ,r%n7 Boa) bdi chen7 d%y tro tm l% D6t cD th[c tr%n7 thnh !i
+t nc n7%@n 7Vc c&a Donh) b+t <( ch# 6 chQnh tr c&a n_) ! 7iA y an7 hInh di=n !? %y tQn
I dnh l0i :c c&a n_. Fhen7 c\n7 b n7hi n7A !o c8c <h%ynh hn7 thn c6n7 sn) bdi !o c8c
chQnh '%y?n d Rgn7 NaD s cGn nh !ai trG :c th& din bdi c8c di dn ,r%n7 Boa tron7 s] nZi
dy c&a nh_D c6n7 sn <h8c nha% tron7 <h% !]c ti# th-o sa% ,h# Fhi#n ) chn7 h0n nh d
Mi#n Ri=n ! Phi $%t ,n. M6t c8ch nZi bt) hS nh l0i E,onh ,r0n7 "h{n F+O t0i MI $ai)
tron7 _ th]c s] t+t c '%n nZi dy ?% l n7Ai Boa. ,rPn c hai trn t%y#n) s] t%yPn tr%y?n
ch& n7hJa dn t6c I -D l0i D6t chi#c 7y :c d>n7 ( '%t l0i hS. F8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa
!o th# d !o th# ti#n tho8i lln7 nan. N#% hS tm bn lGn7 tr%n7 thnh !i U^c "inh) hS b bn rhi)
<hgn7 c_ b+t <` hhn7 ti=n no ( hGn7 != chVn7 l0i s] b+t DIn ! tr+n 8 tm hQa dn chen7
! chQnh '%y?n a hhn7) nhin7 n7Ai I *-D hS nh c8c <j b_c l6t th-o h- t& bn ch&
n7hJa. N#% hS c% c[% U^c "inh) hS t] hhi Donh trc c>n7 c8c s] n7%y hi(D tm hQa chQnh
'%y?n a hhn7) ! s9 chn7 c_ l:i l6c bao nhiP% !i D6t s] chi#D o0t chQnh '%y?n c&a c6n7
sn) bdi hS !n cGn l c6n7 @n7 ch# n7] bdi ch& n7hJa t bn.
3X
,ron7 s] hn tQch sa% c>n7) li=% F6n7 1n ,r%n7 Boa D6t n7y <ia s9 Dan7 t tdn7 ! d !o
! th# th]c hi=n D6t chQnh s8ch bnh trn7 t0i Rgn7 NaD s hay <hgn7) hn ln s9 t>y th%6c
!o D]c 6 h6i nh c&a c8c c6n7 @n7 n7Ai Boa t0i c8c nc c tre) ! !o !i=c li=% c8c c6n7
@n7 ny <hi _ s9 c_ th( sa dYn7 :c nh D6t cgn7 cY ( hYc !Y cho c8c DYc Qch c&a
,r%n7 Boa hay <hgn7. N7Ai ta nPn 7hi nh tron7 % rqn7) b+t <( lGn7 hInh di=n !? s] tr%n7
thnh !i ,r%n7 Boa) c8c Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i thAn7 !n d%y tro tron7 <h%gn <hZ c6n7 @n7
c&a hS) !;n h_a ! c8c hon7 th8i ,r%n7 Boa cZ tr%y?n) D6t ,r%n7 Boa nay <hgn7 cGn hi=n hi%
t0i lYc a. N7y s9 #n <hi c8c Boa "i?% Bi N7o0i <h8D h8 ra rqn7 tron7 th]c t# hS chw c_ r+t
Qt s] thn7 @n7 !i n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa tron7 lYc a. Co th#) n#% s] h6i nh cn hi c_ thAi
7ian ( trdn7 thnh) i?% ny *-D ra nhi?% hn s9 *y ra t0i c8c nc <h8c nha% c&a Rgn7
NaD s) ! nhi?% hn *y ra t0i Ci=t NaD hhn b+t <` nhi no <h8c.L

FB ,BFBx
3. F8c n7h? b c+D lx a Bn7 c8 ! hn7 tht b U8n lj c8c hn7 h_a thAn7 d>n7 bdi dn
chen7 a hhn7 t0 h_a c M%a b8n than 8 ! c&i Vt d Nh b%gn sw c8c nhiPn li=% - Nh
b%gn sw @ c\ ,hhn7 nhn !? @ d=t ! lYa 7 M%a b8n <iD lo0i h# thi s^t) @n7 tha%) !
@n7 n h M%a b8n n7\ cVc i Cn ti hn7 h_a ! n7Ai bqn7 *- trPn An7 b6) t% nhn hay
th%y?n b%@D Ri?% hnh c8c nh D8y *8t !n t[c *ay lea < 0i l| ;n h%P h@n7.
N. M. 2ort%n-l) E$- roblD- d- la coll-cti!itc Fhinois- a% 1%dLCi-tnaDO) Follo'%- s%r l-s
-!ol%tions rcc-nt-s d- la sit%ation d-s Fhinois hors d- Fhin-) Com;tes rendus mensuels des
s<ances de l=Acad<mie des Sciences d=>utre-?er) toD- HH) tran7 M3) Paris) D-c-Db-r 34W4.
5. FhQnh '%y?n F;D UVt c\n7 I '%y#t nh 7ii h0n c8c ho0t 6n7 <inh t# c&a n7Ai Boa !)
n7ay tm 34WW) I c+D s] hnh DAi s8% n7h? Vi !i c8c n7o0i <i?% n_i ch%n7. F8c n7h? :c
li=t <P 7@Dx a R0i l| '%an th%# b R0i l| hn7 hi ! <| th8c !n ti c Nhn !iPn cnh s8t !
th8D ta t nhn d 1d hi% ch '%an toD !i=c lD - Nh b%gn @ c\ Nh b%gn !\ <hQ ! 0n
d:c 7 1n *%+t hay nh b%gn D8y h8t thanh ! c8c linh <i=n l^ r8 h ,h: in i ,h: ht
t_c n gn7 Bn7 dn t% ch0y trPn sgn7 ! bi(n < ,h: <iD hon hay lD ni tran7 l ,i
*# ta*i ! !n ti bqn7 D8y D U8c sJ y <hoa n M%a b8n 7p cy ! 7p *j o M%a b8n n7\ cVc
M%a b8n D%Vi.
Nhn7 d y c8c n7h? b c+D o8n tho Qt '%an trSn7 hhn nhin7 n7h? b c+D t0i NaD Ci=t NaD.
F8c np l]c I :c th]c hi=n ( h8t tri(n <y n7h= t0i F;D UVt) 8n7 <() !i !i=n tr: tm ,r%n7
Boa F6n7 1n. ,r%n7 Boa) tron7 D6t tQnh to8n ( 7ii F;D UVt nqD bPn n7oi <hVi ,y) !
Don7 D%Vn nP% ra D6t thQ dY !? bn ch+t thn thi=n ! h: t8c D n_ c_ th( trn7 by cho D6t
tron7 c8c l8n7 7i?n7 nhn hhn) I c%n7 c+ cho F;D UVt <hon !i=n tr: thn7 Vi Qt tVn <cD.
F6n7 1n ,r%n7 Boa I *y d]n7 s8% nh D8y t0i F;D UVt ! tr: 7ie cho !i d] 8n c_ bn
ch+t *I h6i ! <inh t#. ,m n;D 34) n_ c\n7 c%n7 c+ cho F;D UVt !i=n tr: !? '%n s]. M%Vn
c_ thPD tin t[c !? s] !i=n tr: c&a ,r%n7 Boa cho F;D UVt) *-Dx A. G. Marsot) EFhinas aid to
FaDbodiaO) 3aci9ic A99airs) Canco%!-r) 1%DD-r 344) tran7 3M4. R_ l l| do t0i sao chQnh
'%y?n F;D UVt !? hn Donh I cV 7^n7 h6i nh n7Ai Boa !o n?n <inh t# c&a +t nc) D
<hgn7 vt hS !o D6t tonh tr0n7 <h_ <h;n nh hS hi ch% ]n7 d NaD Ci=t NaD. Nhi?% c%6c
th;D !i#n7 I :c trao Zi 7iia NorodoD 1ihano%< ! c8c nh lInh 0o c6n7 sn ,r%n7 Boa)
! c8c n7Ai <( sa%) 8n7 7hi nhn nh+t l Fh% rn $ai) I i #n D[c <h%y#n c8o c8c Boa <i?%
Bi N7o0i) tron7 !i ln) hIy <i?D ch# !i=c *-n l+n !o chQnh tr F;D UVt ! hIy t%n th-o l%t
h8 nh nc. $iPn '%an #n !+n ? '%Vc tch) th]c dn Ph8 I c_ D6t <h8i ni=D r+t r6n7 rIi
!? '%Vc tch ,r%n7 Boa) i?% D hS thAn7 8 dYn7 <hi c_ th() bdi hS lo l^n7 !? !i=c 8nh th%#
tVi a trPn n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa. 1a% <hi 6c l) FhQnh k%y?n F;D UVt 8 dYn7 tiP% ch%{n n7:c
l0i) sa dYn7 c hai n7%yPn t^c c&a lu@t v l$nh th% sinh #u2n (&us soli) ln lu@t huyAt thBn* (&us
san*uinis) nhqD 7ia t;n7 dn sV) Dvc d> <hgn7 i #n c8c bi=n h8 c]c oan nh :c thi hnh
bdi NaD Ci=t NaD. FhQnh !o th#) tm n;D 34W) b+t <` c8 nhn no c_ n7%@n 7Vc ,r%n7 Boa
c\n7 c_ th( thY ^c '%Vc tch F;D UVt n#% n7Ai _ sinh ra t0i F;D UVt sa% n;D 34W) hay c_
Qt nh+t D6t gn7 hay b l n7Ai F;D UVt) hay do s] nh tch. M%Vn c_ thPD chi ti#t) *-Dx .
.. ilDot) The Chinese in CamCodia) Tni!-rsity o Uritish Fol%Dbia Pr-ss) Canco%!-r) 34K)
tran7 K4 ! c8c tran7 <# ti#. Mvt <h8c) bdi chQnh '%y?n F;D UVt chw thma nhn ,r%n7 Boa
F6n7 1n <hgn7 thgi ! <hgn7 thma nhn Ri $oan) !i=c ny I 7ii h0n c8c <h tQnh !? lGn7
tr%n7 thnh tron7 sV c8c n7Ai dn ,r%n7 Boa) c8c <j D tm n;D 34W hi ch% chi hVi c&a
c>n7 c8c l%t l= !? nh cnh nh c8c n7o0i <i?% <h8c. 1a% c>n7) h= thVn7 c8c ban7 h6i I bi#n
D+t t0i F;D UVt tron7 !Gn7 Qt n;D n7ay sa% n7y 6c l.
,0i $o) <hgn7 c_ s] cn trd no :c d]n7 lPn Vi !i ho0t 6n7 c&a ,r%n7 Boa. Udi n7Ai
,r%n7 Boa chw c_ Qt n7Ai t0i y) tonh tr0n7 c&a hS ch& y#% !n 7iVn7 nh di thAi thVn7 tr
c&a th]c dn.
. H-D Fhhn7 d trPn) ! bi !i#t c&a A. G. Marsot) E,h- Fhin-s- antiLManch%
r-!ol%tionari-s and th- 2r-nch a%thoriti-s in ndochinaO) Southeast Asia) An nt-rnational
k%art-rly) 1o%th-rn llinois Tni!-rsity) Farbondal-) int-r 34KN.
W. A. Uo%inais ! A. Pa%l%s) E$ndochin- 2rancais- cont-Dorain-O) s2ch ($ dDnE o;F cit) tran7
NK) chQnh !o th# Dg t c8c th8i 6 hp thn7 c&a c8c th]c dn Ph8 ! n7Ai ,r%n7 Boa nh c
t0i Ci=t NaD !o lec c_ s] <hdi % c%6c chinh hYc c&a Ph8) trQch dn b8o c8o c&a B6i R@n7
,h%6c Ra Ga;;ort du Conseil Colonial) n;D 3MMX) tran7 NNx EF8c nh D% dch ,r%n7 Boa)
lo n70i !? Ai sVn7 ! ti sn c&a hS) I saa so0n rAi Fh: $n ( trd !? *[ sd n7%yPn 7Vc c&a
hS. Nhn7 hS nhn th[c rqn7 s] thVn7 tr c&a chen7 ta I bo D cho DSi n7Ai s] an tonx
hS I d l0i to,n CH (en masse)) ! nhin7 <j rAi i I '%ay trd l0i 7n nh t[c <h^c. N7oi ra) bo
!= hS chQnh l !i=c nqD tron7 '%y?n l:i c&a chen7 ta. RI sn nh c tron7 nc) <i(D so8t c8c
tr0D D% dch chQnh) dan7 dn7 trc s] thVn7 tr c&a b+t <` nc no) th-o %Zi !i=c lD 7i%
c&a chQnh Donh ! s] <hai th8c ti n7%yPn) <hgn7 c_ s] bn tD hi(n hi=n no c_ bn ch+t chQnh
tr hay yP% nc) hS l c8c cgn7 cY t] nhiPn cho s] b^t r t0i D6t *[ :c chinh hYc) nhi D
chen7 ta <hgn7 th( bi#n ci c8c n7Ai lQnh b <h%+t hYc thnh c8c cgn7 nhn n7oan n7oIn tron7
chVc l8tO.
. ,haD <ho) F. F. P. 2itG-rald) The Third China: The Chinese Communities in South-:ast
Asia) P%blications F-ntr-) Tni!-rsity o Uritish Fol%Dbia) Canco%!-r) 34W) tran7 3W.
K. Ia #uestion racial devant la Science ?oderne) ti(% l%n c&a TN.1F) Paris) 34W3L34W) vc
bi=tx . FoDas) $-s Myth-s racia%*) F~. F. D%nn) Gace et Jiolo*ie) B. $. 1hairo) $-s Dclan7-s
d- ac-.
M. ,haD <ho) F. . U%ttin7-r) VietnamE A 1ra*on :mCattled) s2ch ($ dDn (o;F cit)) c8c tran7
34L34K ! tran7 N3X
4. ". P. $andon) The Chinese in Thailand N-/ or<) *ord Tni!-rsity Pr-ss) 343) tran7 5.
3X. C? s] n7hiPn c[% s% r6n7 hhn tonh tr0n7 n7hch l| ny) *-D) A. G. Marsot) E$a Fhin-
Po%lair- -t l-s coDD%na%tcs Fhinois-s d% 1%dL.st Asiati'%-O) Gevue 7uridi#ue et 3oliti#ueE
Knde;endance et Coo;<ration) Paris) %n- 34W) tran7 3K4.
LLLLL
N7%@nx httx///.7ioLo.coDN7oUac.htDl&'ain () *a+,ot) The Chinese Community in
Vietnam Under The French) do nh *%+t bn ,h- .d/in M-ll-n Pr-ss +n hnh t0i 1an 2rancisco)
3445) hn Dn Nh) c8c tran7 3L3 hn "#t $%n) c8c tran7 3KL3M3.
Ng- ./cdch