On November 29, 1947 violence broke out between Arabs and Israelis
On January 9, 1948 Arabs attacked Jewish communities
November 29, 1947- April 1948 Palestine took offense with help of neighboring countries.
Israeli War of Independence May 14, 1948 Syria invaded Palestine; Israel declared independence
May 15 Arab armies invaded the new Jewish state
Fighting officially ended on January 1949
Arab countries signed agreements with Israel in 1949
On January 7, 1949, Israeli planes shot down four British aircraft
About 6,373 Israelis were killed in the war.
Palestinian Diaspora Gamal Abdul Nasser President of Egypt Egypt wanted to nationalize Suez Canal GB & France attacked Egypt Israel joined the attack for defense purposes Egypt successful in gaining control of Suez Canal Six-Day War (1967): The Countries Involved Fought between Israel and Egypt, Syria & Jordan Israel successful within 6 days of fighting Results: Israeli borders increased (Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, ALL of Jerusalem UN Resolution 242
UN Resolution 338 Arabs vs. Israelis Causes: Arabs wanted to regain control of lost lands Beginnings: surprise attack on Jews on holiday Yom Kippur Results: Israelis successful The Expansion of Israel Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Yassir Arafat Palestine Liberation Organization Established: June 26,1964 18 members Elected by PNC (Palestinian National Committee) Founded by Egypt & the Arab Leagues. Initially controlled by Egypt In 2003 Mohammed Abbas & Prime Minister agreed for peace treaty in the Middle East Agreed for Peace treaty in Middle East The Road Map 1 step includes making a Palestine state for Palestinian refugees.
President President Prime Minister Anwar Sadat Jimmy Carter Menachem Begin of Egypt of the U. S. Of Israel Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks 1993 & 1994
Anwar al-Sadat: Egyptian President (1918-1981) Successfully overthrew Egypts king, King Farouk Became President following death of Gamal Abdel Nasser Strongly supported Palestinians demand for own country Initiated Yom Kippur War (and lost) Met with Israeli leader for peace talks (1978) Result: deemed as a traitor and assassinated
Yasir Arafat: Palestinian Leader (1929-2004) Joined Palestinian Arabs in guerrilla warfare Became leader of PLO in 1969 PLO engaged in terrorist activities against Israel King Faisal I of Jordan defeated PLO in Jordan Agreed to negotiations w/Israel in mid-1990s Agreed to transfer West Bank to Palestinians
Islamic World Iran & Shah 1941-1979 Shah (monarch) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran Modernized Iran with US support Through oil, developed tech., consumer goods and modern weapons Critics = Shah & govt. is corrupt, too modern and too westernized
Iranian Revolution: 1979 Islamic religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini bitterly opposed the Shah Khomeini & followers resented lack of civil rights, one-man rule, and extreme poverty in Iran 1979: angry crowds called for end to Shahs regime Shah fled into exile
Iranian Revolution 1979 (continued) Khomeini became leader of fundamentalist government in Iran Ruled strictly according to rule of Koran VERY religious and traditionally based
Iranian Hostage Crisis: 1979
Iranian Hostage Crisis: 1979 (continued) Iranian Hostage Crisis: 1979 (continued) Iranians angered at past US support of Shah Pres. Carter allowed Shah to enter US for medl treatment Revolutionaries went to US embassy in Tehran & took Amers hostage
Iranian Hostage Crisis: 1979 (continued) Revolutionaries wanted Shah to be returned to stand trial US refused, demanded release of hostages Crisis lasted 444 days Hostages released day Carter left office US/Iranian relations have remained hostile ever since Iran Iraq War:1980-1988 8-yr war over land disputes Shiites (Iran) vs. Sunnis (Iraq) Hundreds of thousands died UN stepped in and negotiated a cease-fire No side won the war
Civil War in Lebanon: 1975 Const. called for Christians & Muslims to share power 1970s: Muslim pop. larger than Christian Muslims wanted more political power Palestinian refugees in Lebanon angry w/govt. b/c policies favored Israels western allies
Civil War in Lebanon: 1975 1975: Civil war between Christians and Muslims/Palestinians Syria sent military aid to the Palestinians Israel sent troops to drive the PLO out of Lebanon Civil War lasted 16 years 1991: Syria had significant control to establish a cease-fire agreement
Civil War in Lebanon: 1975 Today, Lebanon remains mainly occupied by Syrian troops and Israeli troops Israeli troop presence is for protection of their country from Syrian raids Islamic Fundamentalism: North Africa 1990s: Muslims posed challenges to governments in Africa North Africa: respect idea of separation of church and state Muslim fundamentalists disagree, want to live under rules of Koran Islamic Fundamentalism: North Africa In some countries, Muslims were not able to form political parties Groups emerged and were successful in overthrowing existing governments, i.e., Egypt Algeria: Muslim fundamentalist party won the majority of votes Algerian military leaders declared a state of emergency Algeria continues to be run by military forces
Women in Islamic Societies
Women in Islamic Societies: Rights Algeria: 1963 women granted same rights as men Algeria: 1984 govt. enacted family code (many womens rights were taken away) Saudi Arabia: laws based on traditional Islamic views (women have few rights)
Egypt, Tunisia, & Turkey: more modernized countries, women have more rights Turkey: 1993 woman elected as Prime Minister Israel: 1970s Golda Meir elected as Prime Minister Economic Development in the Middle East Oil More than of the worlds oil resources are located in the ME Persian Gulf countries have oil: Saudi Arabia Kuwait Iraq Iran Libya (North Africa) Economic Development in the Middle East Governments have used wealth from oil to build highways, hospitals, housing, schools, universities, military equipment, etc. General standard of living in oil-rich countries has increased in recent decades Agricultural Development in Middle East Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Egypt have derived incomes from agriculture Chief crop in middle east = wheat Other crops include: cotton, fruits, vegetables, and tobacco Overpopulation & Urban Poverty Pops in major cities have risen dramatically Led to: urban unemployment & poverty Not enough housing, millions live in crowded, sprawling shantytowns
Israel: Making the Desert Bloom
Farming abilities: - increased irrigation - draining swamps -controlling soil erosion Most farming was collective (people shared resources) Most Israelis are employed in service industries For most part, Israelis enjoy a high standard of living Problems include: high rates of Jewish immigrants from Russia - difficulty in finding jobs Western Technology & Food Trade is vital to survival of ME countries Food is in scarce supply money from oil is used to purchase food many nations around world need oil survive
Western Technology & Food Modern technology is needed in ME for oil fields, farms and industries Trade with the ME and rest of the world is a great example of global interdependence or globalization