(Kilobooks.com) -Đồ Án Tốt Nghiệp

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CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

C LP -T DO - HNH PHC

LI CAM OAN

Em xin cam oan ni dung ca n K THUT SC-FDMA CHO TUYN
LN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG LTE S DNG THUT TON CN
BNG KNH MMSE khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c n hoc cng trnh
c t trc.

{ Nng, ngy 08 thng 06 nm 2013
Sinh vin thc hin

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LI CM N

Em xin chn thnh cm n K s Mc Nh Minh, Thc s L Th Phng Mai
hng dn tn tnh cho em trong sut thi gian lm n. Xin gi li cm n
n cc thy c trong khoa T-VT dy d, cung cp kin thc em c th hon
thnh c n ny.
Tuy c s quan tm gip tn tnh ca Thy, C v bn thn em n lc ht
mnh nhng do kh nng v kin thc cng nh thi gian c hn, nn nhng thiu
st sai lm l iu kh trnh khi, knh mong qu thy c cng cc bn thng cm
v gp n c hon thin.

Mc lc

3

MC LC
LI CAM OAN ................................................................................................................................. 1
LI CM N ....................................................................................................................................... 2
MC LC ............................................................................................................................................... 3
CC T VIT TT ........................................................................................................................... 7
LI M U ................................................................................................................................... 10
CHNG 1
A TRUY CP TRONG H THNG THNG TIN DI NG ....................................... 12
1.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 12
1.2. a truy cp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA ................................................................... 12
1.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................ 12
1.2.2. Nhiu ca cc knh ln cn ........................................................................................... 13
1.2.3. u v{ khuyt im h thng FDMA .......................................................................... 14
1.2.3.1. u im .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.2.3.2. Khuyt im ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.3. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA ........................................................... 14
1.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................ 14
1.3.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut TDMA ................................................................... 15
1.3.2.1. u im .............................................................................................................................. 15
1.3.2.2. Khuyt im ..................................................................................................................... 16
1.4. a truy cp phn chia theo m, CDMA ......................................................................... 16
1.4.1. Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................ 16
1.4.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut CDMA ................................................................... 18
1.4.2.1. u im .............................................................................................................................. 18

Mc lc

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1.4.2.2. Khuyt im ..................................................................................................................... 18
1.5. a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao, OFDM ............................................. 19
1.5.1. Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................ 19
1.5.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut OFDM ................................................................... 20
1.5.2.1. u im .............................................................................................................................. 20
1.5.2.2. Khuyt im ..................................................................................................................... 20
1.6. C|c c tnh knh truyn ca h thng thng tin di ng ................................... 21
1.6.1. Suy hao ................................................................................................................................... 21
1.6.2. Hiu ng a ng ........................................................................................................... 22
1.6.2.1. Fading Rayleigh .............................................................................................................. 22
1.6.2.2. Fading la chn tn s ................................................................................................. 23
1.6.3. Hiu ng dch tn s Doppler ...................................................................................... 24
1.6.4. Tr lan truyn ...................................................................................................................... 24
1.7. Mt s k thut truyn dn tn hiu .............................................................................. 25
1.7.1. K thut truyn n sng mang ................................................................................. 25
1.7.2. K thut truyn a sng mang ..................................................................................... 26
1.8. Nhiu ........................................................................................................................................... 27
1.8.1. Nhiu trng ........................................................................................................................... 27
1.8.2. Nhiu xuyn k t ISI ........................................................................................................ 27
1.8.3. nh hng ng knh ..................................................................................................... 28
1.9. Kt lun chng ..................................................................................................................... 29
CHNG 2
A TRUY CP PHN CHIA THEO TN S N SNG MANG .............................. 30
2.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 30

Mc lc

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2.2. Mt s phng ph|p iu ch tn hiu ........................................................................ 31
2.2.1. iu ch BPSK ..................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.2. iu ch QPSK ..................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.3. iu ch cu phng QAM ............................................................................................ 35
2.3. X l tn hiu trong SC-FDMA ........................................................................................... 36
2.3.1. Khi iu ch ....................................................................................................................... 37
2.3.2. Khi DFT ................................................................................................................................ 38
2.2.3. Khi nh x sng mang con ........................................................................................... 39
2.3.4. Khi chn CP ........................................................................................................................ 40
2.3.5. Khi S/P v P/S .................................................................................................................. 41
2.3.6. Khi FFT v IFFT ................................................................................................................ 41
2.3.7. Bin i cao tn RF, DAC v ADC ................................................................................ 43
2.4. Biu din trong min thi gian ca cc tn hiu SC-FDMA ................................. 43
2.4.1. Cc k t min thi gian ca IFDMA .......................................................................... 43
2.4.2. Cc k t min thi gian ca LFDMA ......................................................................... 45
2.5. So snh gia SC-FDMA vi OFDM .................................................................................. 47
2.6. Kt lun chng ..................................................................................................................... 49
CHNG 3
SC-FDMA TRONG H THNG THNG TIN DI NG LTE ...................................... 50
3.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 50
3.2. Qu trnh thc thi SC-FDMA trong mng LTE .......................................................... 51
3.2.1. Cc knh v cc lp giao thc ...................................................................................... 51
3.3. Cu trc tn s v thi gian tuyn ln .......................................................................... 54
3.4. Cc khi ngun pht LTE trong min tn s ............................................................. 56

Mc lc

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3.5. C|c bc x l tn hiu c bn ca my pht SC-FDMA ....................................... 57
3.6. B lc hnh dng xung pht............................................................................................... 59
3.7. Cn bng knh tuyn tnh min tn s ........................................................................ 60
3.7.1. Phng ph|p c}n bng Zero Forcing ........................................................................ 60
3.7.2. Phng ph|p c}n bng MMSE ..................................................................................... 61
3.8. T s cng sut nh tn hiu trn cng sut trung bnh tn hiu ..................... 62
3.9. Kt lun chng ..................................................................................................................... 63
CHNG 4
M PHNG SC FDMA TRONG TUYN LN H THNG THNG TIN DI
NG LTE ......................................................................................................................................... 64
4.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 64
4.2. Lu thut ton .................................................................................................................. 65
4.3. Cc thng s m phng ....................................................................................................... 67
4.4. Cc kt qu m phng ......................................................................................................... 67
4.4.1. Bng thng s m phng ................................................................................................ 67
4.4.2. M phng vi cc k thut iu ch khc nhau ................................................... 68
4.4.3. So snh gia hai phng ph|p: MMSE vi Zero Forcing ................................. 71
4.4.4. Khi khng p dng cn bng knh ............................................................................. 72
4.4.5. M phng so snh t s PAPR ca SC-FDMA vi OFDM .................................... 74
4.5 Kt lun chng ...................................................................................................................... 75
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI ................................................................ 75
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................................. 77
PH LC ............................................................................................................................................ 78
Cc t vit tt

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CC T VIT TT
K T T VIT TT TN TING ANH
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
A
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference
ADC Analog Digital Convert
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
B
BCH Broadcast Channel
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
C
CCCH Common Control Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CP Cyclic Prefix
D
DAC Digital Analog Convert
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DFDMA Distributed Frequency Division Multiple Access
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel
DS Direct Sequency
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
F
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
Cc t vit tt

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FH Frequency Hopping
I
ICI Inter Channel Interference
IFDMA Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access
IFFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
L
LFDMA Localized Frequency Division Multiple Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
M
MAC Medium Access Control
MCH Multicast Channel
MCCH Multicast Control Channel
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MTCH Multicast Traffic Channel
O
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
P
PAPR Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
Cc t vit tt

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PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Q
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R
RACH Random Access Channel
RF Radio Frequency
S
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SNR Signal to Noise Rate
T
TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access
TH Time Hopping
U UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel
Z ZF Zero Forcing

Li m u

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LI M U
Trong cuc sng hin nay, thng tin ng mt vai tr then cht cho s
pht trin ca kinh t, x hi. T thc t thy rng, ni no thng tin cng
nhanh chng, ngi dn d dng truy cp c thng tin mnh cn, |ng tin
cy th ni c nn kinh t, trnh dn tr s cao hn c|c ni kh|c rt nhiu.
V vy, vn t ra l cn c mt h thng va c kh nng truyn thng tin
|ng tin cy, nhanh chng, linh ng truy cp thng tin v h thng thng tin di
ng l h thng |p ng c yu cu .
H thng thng tin di ng tuy pht trin sau cc h thng thng tin khc
nhng n c tc pht trin rt cao, hin nay v{ trong tng lai h thng
thng tin di ng tip tc l mi nhn ca h thng thng tin trn ton th gii.
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh, h thng thng tin di ng ~ tri qua cc
th h khc nhau, t th h 1G vi nn tng k thut l k thut a truy cp
phn chia theo tn s FDMA, tip theo l 2G vi nhng u im c ci thin
v tc truy cp v{ dung lng h thng v nn tng l k thut a truy cp
phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. Vi s pht trin c v cng ngh v nhu cu
ca s lng thu bao tng ln chng mt, cc h thng c kh c th |p ng
c, ngi ta ~ ph|t trin th h tip theo ca h thng thng tin di ng l
3G s dng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA. H thng 3G ra i
~ gii quyt kh tt v tc truy cp, cht lng thng tin h thng c
nng cao, cung cp c nhiu dch v gia tng hn. Tuy nhin, nhu cu ngi
s dng khng dng vic tc truyn d liu nhanh, m cn yu cu h
thng h tr khi thit b di chuyn tc cao nhng vn m bo tc
truyn d liu n nh, |p ng yu cu trn ngi ta ~ xut h thng di
ng LTE. H thng thng tin di ng LTE vi u im l h tr truyn ti d
liu tc cao d thu bao ang di chuyn tc chm hay tc cao, nhiu
ngi s dng trong cng cell hn. h thng thng tin hot ng tt th cn

Li m u

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ch ti cc k thut c s dng trong tuyn ln v tuyn xung ca h
thng. Trong tuyn xung h thng di ng LTE, ngi ta s dng k thut
OFDM. Tuy nhin, mc d k thut OFDM cho kh nng chng fading la chn
tn s tt, hiu sut ph cao, nhng im yu ca n l t s PAPR cao, m khi t
s PAPR cao th t ra yu cu b khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh trong cc
thit b pht. Yu cu trn dn ti l{m tng gi| c h thng, l{m tng cng sut
tiu tn trn thit b pht. Trong khi nhng vn trn cn trnh khi thit b
pht l cc thu bao di ng. Do vy, i vi tuyn ln trong h thng di ng
LTE ngi ta xut s dng k thut SC-FDMA thay v k thut OFDM
tr|nh nhc im trn.
T nhng mc tiu nhm ci thin cht lng tn hiu, gim nng lng
tiu tn trn thit b di ng trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE, em ~ chn
t{i cho n tt nghip ca mnh l K THUT SC-FDMA CHO TUYN
LN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG LTE S DNG THUT TON CN
BNG KNH MMSE.
ti ca em bao gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: a truy cp trong h thng thng tin di ng.
Chng 2: a truy cp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang.
Chng 3: SC-FDMA trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE.
Chng 4: M phng SC-FDMA trong tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng
LTE.

Chng 1: a truy cp trong h thng thng tin di ng

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CHNG 1
A TRUY CP TRONG H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
1.1. Gii thiu chng
C|c phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc
mng thng tin di ng. Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy cp c
nhiu trm u cui v mt s trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny
vi mng, hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n{y n cc trm
u cui khc. Cc trm u cui trong h thng thng tin di ng chnh l cc
thu bao di ng, vic kt ni cc thu bao vi mng hoc cc thu bao khc l
do cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng thc hin. thu bao truy cp ti
c cc trm gc, qua qu trnh pht trin ca k thut vin thng ~ tm ra
c|c phng ph|p truy cp kh|c nhau. Trong chng n{y s i gii thiu v mt
s phng ph|p a truy cp, c tnh knh truyn ca h thng vin thng.
1.2. a truy cp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA
1.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng
K thut FDMA l k thut a truy cp phn chia theo tn s hay c bit
vi tn l mng thng tin di ng u tin 1G. Vi bng thng cho trc c
chia thnh mt s knh bng hp hn. Mi ngi s dng c phn b mt
bng tn s duy nht, trong truyn v nhn d liu. Trong khi mt thu
bao ang s dng mt tn s n{o th khng c thu bao n{o kh|c c th s
dng cng mt bng tn s . Mi ngi s dng c phn b mt knh lin
kt chuyn tip (t cc trm gc ti thu bao di ng), mt knh ngc tr li
cc trm gc v chng l{ ng duy nht. Cc tn hiu truyn i trn mi knh
l lin tc cho php truyn i tn hiu tng t. Bng thng knh c s dng
trong hu ht cc h thng FDMA thng l thp (30kHz) mi knh ch cn
h tr cho mt ngi dng duy nht. FDMA c s dng nh vic phn chia
c bn cc di tn s ln phn b v{ c s dng nh mt phn ca hu ht


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cc h thng a knh. Hnh 1.1 m t s ph}n chia bng thng thnh cc di tn
hp trong FDMA.

Hnh 1.1 Phn chia tn s trong FDMA
1.2.2. Nhiu ca cc knh ln cn
Trong k thut FDMA, khi chia bng tn thnh cc di tn hp hn th
khng th c cc knh ring bit cch ri nhau, m n c phn trng ln nhau.
Cc tn s ln cn chng ln n{y cng c ph|t i vi knh chnh t trm gc
ti tt c cc my thu, tc chng c xem l nhiu trn h thng. V vy, ti
my thu phi tin hnh lc loi b cc nhiu ny, vic lc c thc hin d
d{ng hn khi ph ca cc nhiu n{y c phn cch vi nhau bi mt bng tn
bo v rng. Tuy nhin, vn t ra l khi s dng bng tn bo v rng th
dn ti vic s dng khng hiu qu rng bng tn ca knh. V vy, phi
thc hin dung ha gia tiu ch k thut v tit kim ph tn. D c chn mt
gii ph|p dung ha n{o i na th mt phn cng sut ca sng mang ln cn
vi mt sng mang cho trc s b thu bi my thu c iu hng n tn
s ca sng mang cho trc ni trn. iu ny dn n nhiu do s giao thoa
c gi l nhiu knh ln cn (ACI).V mt cu trc, FDMA c nhc im l
mi sng mang tn s v tuyn ch truyn c mt n v lu lng Erlang, v
th nu cc trm gc cn cung cp N Erlang dung lng th phi cn N b thu
pht cho mi trm. Erlang (Erl): l{ n v o ca dung lng, vi cng thc o


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dung lng A = (n x t)/ T (Erl), A: dung lng, t: thi gian trung bnh cuc gi,
n: s cuc gi, T thng l T=1h=3600s.
1.2.3. u v{ khuyt im h thng FDMA
1.2.3.1. u im
- Bng thng ca mi knh l{ tng i hp nn hn ch c
fading la chn tn s.
- Tnh ton trong h thng FDMA kh| n gin.
- Vic ng b kh| n gin.
1.2.3.2. Khuyt im
- Mi thu bao ch c cp mt khong tn s nht nh nn tc
bit trn c mi knh l c nh, do FDMA khng thch hp
vi truyn dn s.
- Cn thm khong tn s bo v gim nh hng ca nhiu
xuyn knh.
- Cn b lc bng tn hp tt, nn gi thnh h thng cao.
1.3. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA
Th h thng tin di ng tip theo sau th h thng tin di ng 1G l 2G, vi
nn tng l k thut a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. TDMA l
phng ph|p truy cp m mi thu bao c n nh trong mt khe thi gian
v cng chia s cng mt tn s.


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Hnh 1.2 K thut a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian
V vy, cc thu bao khc nhau c th gi v nhn tin tc tng thu bao
mt trn cng mt bng tn nhng trong c|c khong thi gian khc nhau. Cc
knh ca h thng TDMA chim ton b bng thng h thng, thng l bng
rng. Cc khe thi gian lp li mt cch tun hon, hay rng truyn tn hiu
cho bt c thu bao n{o u khng lin tc m tun hon sau mt khong thi
gian.
Mt kh khn ln ca TDMA, t nht l{ cho c|c knh ng ln, l yu cu
ng b ha gia cc thu bao khc nhau. C th, trong mt knh ng xung
tt c cc tn hiu bt ngun t cng mt m|y ph|t v{ i qua cng mt knh bt
k thu nht nh. Nh vy, i vi knh fading phng nu ngi dng truyn
i trn c|c khe thi gian trc giao tn hiu nhn c s duy tr trc giao ny.
Tuy nhin, trong cc knh tuyn ln thu bao truyn qua cc knh khc nhau
vi tr kh|c nhau tng ng. duy tr cc khe thi gian trc giao trong cc
tn hiu nhn c, c|c ng ln cc my pht khc nhau phi ng b m
sau khi truyn qua cc knh ca mnh, cc tn hiu nhn c l trc giao trong
thi gian. S ng b n{y thng c phi hp bi cc trm c s hoc im
truy cp, v c th i hi trn khng |ng k. Fading a ng cng c th
ph hy trc giao phn chia thi gian trong c hai ng : ng ln v ng
xung nu s tr a ng l mt phn |ng k ca mt khe thi gian.
1.3.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut TDMA
1.3.2.1. u im
- Thch hp vi truyn dn s do c th thay i tc bit linh hot
cho cc knh.
- Khng cn khong bng tn bo v nh trong FDMA nn tit kim
c bng tn.


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- Khng cn b lc bng hp cht lng qu tt, nn gim gi thnh
h thng.
- Cho php tn dng tt c c|c u im ca k thut s.
1.3.2.2. Khuyt im
- Cn c s ng b v thi gian chnh x|c ghp knh v tch
knh tch knh my pht v my thu.
- B nh hng bi nhiu a ng lm suy hao tn hiu.
1.4. a truy cp phn chia theo m, CDMA

Hnh 1.3 a truy cp phn chia theo m
CDMA l k thut a truy cp m mi knh c cung cp mt cp
tn s v mt m duy nht. }y l{ phng thc a truy nhp l k thut trong
mng thng tin di ng th h th 3. Trong h thng CDMA, cc tn hiu cho
ngi s dng kh|c nhau c truyn i trong cng mt bng tn ti cng mt
thi im. Mi tn hiu ngi s dng ng vai tr nh l{ nhiu i vi tn hiu
ca ngi s dng kh|c, do dung lng ca h thng CDMA gn nh l{ mc
nhiu v khng c con s ln nht c nh nn dung lng ca h thng CDMA
c gi l{ dung lng mm. K thut CDMA da trn nguyn l tri ph nh
tri ph theo chui trc tip (DS), tri ph theo nhy tn (FH), tri ph theo
nhy thi gian (TH).


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Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS: Spread Spectrum) rng bng
tn ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng h{ng trm ln trc khi c
pht. Khi ch c mt thu bao trong bng tn tri ph, s dng bng tn nh
vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin, mi trng nhiu thu bao khc nhau, cc
thu bao ny c th dng chung mt bng tn tri ph v h thng s dng
bng tn c hiu qu hn m vn duy tr c c|c u im ca tri ph.
Hnh 1.4 ch ra mt v d lm th n{o 3 ngi s dng c th truy nhp
ng thi trong mt h thng CDMA. v d trn, my thu ca user th 2 s
nhn c d liu, tn hiu ca my 1 v 3 s b ngn cn loi b khi my thu
ca my 2.

Hnh 1.4 Cc thu bao truy cp vo h thng CDMA
Ti bn thu, thu bao 2 s gii tri ph tn hiu thng tin ca n tr li tn
hiu bng hp, ch khng phi tn hiu ca bt c thu bao no khc. Bi v s
tng quan cho gia m ca thu bao mong mun v cc m ca thu bao
khc l rt nh. li x l v{ c im bng rng ca qu trnh x l em li
nhiu li ch cho cc h thng CDMA, nh hiu sut ph cao v{ dung lng
mm. Tuy nhin, tt c nhng li ch yu cu vic s dng k thut iu
t
1
User 1
f
2
1 & 2 & 3
2 3
1
User 2
u ra
ti my
thu ca
user 2
Cc user truyn
ng thi cc d
liu ca h
3
User 3
Tn hiu d liu
bng hp
Tn hiu tri ph


18

khin cng sut mt cch nghim ngt v chuyn giao mm nhm trnh cho
tn hiu ca ngi s dng ny che thng tin ca ngi s dng khc.
Tuy nhin, do c tnh k thut ca CDMA l mi thu bao trong mt t
bo cng truyn/nhn thng tin mt lc v trn cng mt bng tn s. Do vy
vn nhiu ln nhau gia nhng thu bao trong cng mt t bo, gia nhng
thu bao cc t bo cnh nhau (do vic s dng li tn s cc t bo cnh
nhau) l mt vn ln nht trong cch truy cp CDMA. khc phc vn
ny, mi thu bao trong mt t bo s c gn mt m~ (code) c bit v
khng c hai thu bao no trong cng mt t bo c cng mt m hay mi
ngi c mt m ring bit. My thu s cn c vo m ca mi ngi s dng
kh bt (khng th kh ht) nhiu ca nhng ngi s dng khc trong
cng mt t bo v khi phc tn hiu ca ngi .
1.4.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut CDMA
1.4.2.1. u im
- Chng nhiu, bo mt tt, qui hoch mng n gin do chung tn
s.
- Kh nng cung cp bng thng ng theo nhu cu.
- Cht lng cuc gi c n}ng cao, km theo nhiu dch v
tin ch c cung cp n khch hng vi cht lng tt hn.
- c tnh ph sng c ci thin, vng ph sng c m rng.
- Vi CDMA, vng chuyn giao, thu bao c th lin lc vi 2 hoc
3 trm thu pht cng mt lc, do cuc gi khng b ngt qung,
lm gim |ng k xc sut rt cuc gi.
1.4.2.2. Khuyt im
- Yu cu cao v kh nng iu khin cng sut chnh xc, trnh nh
hng ti cc thu bao khc.
- Chi ph u t h thng cao.


19

- Cht lng thng tin gim khi s lng thu bao qu cao.
- Cn phi c s ng b m tri ph chnh x|c thu tn hiu chnh
xc.

1.5. a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao, OFDM
K thut OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phng ph|p iu ch a
sng mang, trong c|c sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tnh
hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th
khi phc li tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu lm cho h thng
OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi k thut iu ch thng
thng. Trong h thng d liu ni tip thng thng, tn hiu (symbols) c
truyn i mt cch tun t vi ph tn s ca mi tn hiu cho php chim ton
b bng thng hin c.Trong OFDM, d liu c chia ra trong nhiu sng
mang gn nhau. Thay v truyn theo cch tun t, d liu c truyn theo
cch song song. Ch mt phn nh d liu c truyn i trn mi knh v
bng cch gim tc bit trn mi knh, nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k t
c gim |ng k. Hnh 1.5 m hnh v mng thng tin di ng 4G s dng
OFDM.


20

Hnh 1.5 M hnh mng di ng 4G
Do tn hiu trong OFDM l cc tn hiu c cc sng mang trc giao nn khi
trong khe thi gian ny, tn hiu ca sng mang th I ang l{ cc i th tn
hiu ca cc sng mang khc s cc tiu. Hnh 1.6 m t ph tn hiu OFDM s
cho thy r vn trn.

Hnh 1.6 Ph tn hiu OFDM
1.5.2. u v{ khuyt im ca k thut OFDM
1.5.2.1. u im
- H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton hin tng giao thoa gia cc k
hiu(ISI) nu di chui bo v (guard interval leght) ln hn tr
truyn dn ln nht ca knh.
- Ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng, do nh hng
ca s phn tp v tn s i vi cht lng ca h thng c gim
nhiu so vi h thng truyn dn n sng mang.
- H thng c cu trc b thu n gin.
1.5.2.2. Khuyt im
- ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng. iu ny gy ra
mo phi tuyn cc b khuych i cng sut my pht v my thu.


21

- S dng chui bo v tr|nh c nhiu phn tp a ng nhng l{m
gim i mt phn hiu sut s dng ng truyn, do bn thn chui
bo v khng mang thng tin c ch.
- Do yu cu v iu kin trc giao gia cc sng mang ph, h thng
OFDM rt nhy cm vi hiu ng Doopler cng nh s dch tn
(frequency offset) v dch thi gian (time offset) do sai s ng b.

1.6. C|c c tnh knh truyn ca h thng thng tin di ng
1.6.1. Suy hao
S suy hao l s suy gim cng sut tn hiu khi truyn t im n{y n
im khc. N c th c gy ra bi chiu d{i ng truyn, cc vt cn trong
ng dn tn hiu, v cc hiu ng a ng. Hnh 1.7 cho thy mt s cc
nh hng s lan truyn sng v tuyn gy ra s suy gim. Bt k vt cn dng
ca tn hiu trc tip t m|y ph|t n ngi nhn c th gy ra suy gim.

Hnh 1.7 S nh hng ca mi trng trong lan truyn sng v tuyn
S che khut xy ra nng n nht trong khu vc b xy dng, do s che
khut t cc ta nh. Tn hiu radio nhiu x ra khi ranh gii ca chng ngi
vt, do ngn nga s che khut tng cng ca cc tn hiu pha sau cc vt


22

chn. Tuy nhin, s lng ca s nhiu x ph thuc vo tn s sng v tuyn
c s dng, vi tn s thp nhiu x nhiu hn so vi cc tn hiu tn s cao.
V vy, tn hiu tn s cao, c bit l, tn s siu cao (UHF), v tn hiu vi ba
yu cu ng truyn trc tip c tn hiu mt c|ch y . Din tch che
ph c xu hng ln, dn ti tc thay i cng sut tn hiu b nh hng
thay i chm nn n cn c gi l fading chm. S suy gim tn hiu thu
cng thay i theo khong cch, nu khong cch gia my pht v my thu l
d(m) th nu trong khng gian t do th suy hao tn hiu thu s l d
-2
, cn
trong mi trng tn hiu mt t th suy hao l d
-
, vi >2. Trong hu ht
cc h thng thng tin di ng t b{o th 3.5 4.5 [6].
1.6.2. Hiu ng a ng
1.6.2.1. Fading Rayleigh
Trong mt kt ni v tuyn, tn hiu cao tn t my pht c th c phn
x t cc vt th nh i, cc ta nh, hoc xe. iu ny dn n nhiu ng
truyn ti my thu hay cn gi l tn hiu a ng. Hnh 1.8 cho thy mt s
trong nhng cch c th, trong tn hiu a ng c th xy ra. Mi quan h
v pha gia cc tn hiu phn x a ng c th l nguyn nhn dn ti tng
cng hoc ph hy tn hiu ti my thu. iu ny xy ra khi cc sng lch
nhau khong cch na bc sng, do n c tn fading nhanh.

Hnh 1.8 Tn hiu a ng


23

S phn b Rayleigh thng c s dng m t tnh cht thng k
thay i theo thi gian ca cng sut tn hiu nhn c. Bng 1 cho thy xc
sut mc tn hiu cho s phn b Rayleigh:
Bng 1 Phn b Rayleigh [9]
Signal Level (dB) % Xc sut ca mc tn hiu thu thp hn
gi tr ti
10 99
0 50
-10 5
-20 0,5
-30 0,05
1.6.2.2. Fading la chn tn s
Trong bt c s truyn sng v tuyn n{o, th |p ng ph knh khng
bao gi l phng. N xung hoc mt dn trong cc |p ng do s phn x gy
ra s loi b tn s nht nh my thu. Phn x tt gn cc vt (v d nh mt
t, cc ta nh, cy ci, ) c th dn n gi tr v ch trong cng sut tn hiu
nhn c do giao thoa trit tiu. i vi truyn bng thng hp nu gi tr
khng trong |p ng tn s xy ra ti tn s ph|t sau to{n b cc tn hiu c
th b mt. Bng cch truyn tn hiu bng thng rng, tri ph nh trong
CDMA, bt k s i xung trong ph ch trong mt mt mt nh ca cng sut
tn hiu, ch khng phi l mt ton b. Tn hiu ban u c lan truyn trn
mt bng thng rng v gi tr khng trong ph c th ch nh hng n mt
s lng nh ca cc sng mang ch khng phi l ton b tn hiu. Cc thng
tin trong cc sng mang b mt c th c phc hi bng cch s dng cc k
thut sa li. Khi bng thng ca tn hiu l B m nh hn nhiu so vi bng
thng kt hp BC gia cc sng mang th loi fading trn gi l fading phng. Ti
v, vi B << BC, hay 1/B >> 1/BC lc ny tr a ng nh so vi thi gian tn
hiu, nn nh hng suy gim tn hiu trn cc tn s trong bng thng B l{ gn
nh nhau. Nu B>>BC, lc ny tr a ng ln hn so vi thi gian tn hiu


24

nn xy ra nhiu ISI, lc ny s suy gim tn hiu trn cc tn s trong cng
bng tn tn hiu B l khc nhau, hay cn gi l fading la ch tn s.
1.6.3. Hiu ng dch tn s Doppler
Khi tn hiu pht l mt tn hiu dng sng sine v my pht hoc/v my
thu ang di chuyn, th tn s n ti my thu l khc so vi tn s m my
ph|t ~ ph|t. Hin tng trn c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n c m t
bi cng thc fd=f0*/c Hz, trong f0 l tn s ca my pht, l vn tc
tng quan gia my pht v my thu, c: vn tc nh sng. S dch tn s ny
cng t l thun vi cosine gc tia ti. Trong h thng di ng t bo, s tn x
l nguyn nhn tn hiu nhn l tng hp ca nhiu ca cc tia ti vi cc gc
ti khc nhau ti anten thu. Do , tn hiu nhn c cc thnh phn ti mt s
lin tc ca cc tn s lch so vi tn s gc l nm trong khong fd fd Hz. S
tng quan gia cc thnh phn tn hiu trn c c trng bi ph Doppler
ca knh radio. Ph Doppler c biu din cho tn hiu hnh sine

{
||
||

(1.1)
1.6.4. Tr lan truyn
Cc tn hiu radio nhn c t my pht bao gm tn hiu trc tip, cng
vi tn hiu phn x ra khi c|c i tng nh c|c ta nh{, khung, v{ c|c cu
trc khc. Cc tn hiu phn x n sau mt thi gian sau tn hiu trc tip
bi v thm chiu d{i ng i, to ra mt thi gian n khc nhau, m rng
nng lng nhn c trong thi gian. Tr lan truyn l thi gian ly lan gia
s xut hin ca cc tn hiu a ng u tin v cui cng |ng k bi my
thu.
Trong mt h thng k thut s, s ly lan chm tr c th dn n nhiu
xuyn k t ISI. iu ny l do cc tn hiu a ng chm chng cho vi cc k
t theo sau. iu ny c th gy ra li |ng k trong h thng tc bit cao.


25

Hnh 1.9 cho thy nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k t ISI do s tr lan truyn trn
cc tn hiu nhn c. V tc bit truyn tng nn nhiu xuyn k t cng
tng theo. Hiu ng ny bt u tr nn |ng k khi s ly lan chm tr l ln
hn gn 50% ca thi gian bit.

Hnh 1.9 Hiu ng tr lan truyn a ng

1.7. Mt s k thut truyn dn tn hiu
1.7.1. K thut truyn n sng mang
Truyn dn n sng mang l{ phng ph|p truyn dn trong thng tin
c iu ch ch trn mt sng mang , iu ch hiu chnh pha hoc bin
ca sng mang hoc c hai.

Hnh 1.10 M hnh truyn n sng mang
Tuy nhin, k thut n sng mang i ph km hiu qu i vi pha inh
v truyn lan a ng c bit trong trng hp tc bit rt cao. cc


26

phng ph|p iu ch truyn thng M-QAM, M-PSK, khi tc d liu truyn
cao th ko theo rng k hiu s gim, n mt gi tr m{ rng k hiu
nh hn tri tr cc i ca knh, khi knh s l knh la chn tn s v gy
ISI cho tn hiu thu. }y l{ mt nhc im chnh khin cc h thng s dng
c|c phng ph|p iu ch truyn thng khng th truyn d liu vi tc
cao, hoc gi thnh rt cao i vi nhng dch v yu cu tc d liu cao.
1.7.2. K thut truyn a sng mang
Truyn dn a sng mang l{ phng ph|p truyn dn trn nhiu sng
mang con khc nhau, mi sng mang mt phn d liu v{ c tri u trn c
bng thng. Vi vic truyn dn nh th th khi d liu b li th ch b li mt
phn, ta c th khi phc li c.

Hnh 1.11 M hnh truyn a sng mang
S dng k thut a sng mang c rt nhiu u im, l{ hiu qu s
dng ph cao, kh nng chng giao thoa a ng tt (c bit trong h thng
khng dy) v d lc b nhiu (nu mt knh tn s b nhiu, cc tn s ln cn
s b b qua, khng s dng). Ngoi ra, tc truyn Uplink v Downlink c
th thay i d dng bng vic thay i s lng sng mang s dng. Mt u
im quan trng ca h thng s dng a sng mang l{ c|c sng mang ring c
th hot ng tc bit nh dn n chu k ca k t tng ng s c ko
di. V d, nu mun truyn vi tc l hng triu bit trn giy bng mt knh
n, chu k ca mt bit phi nh hn 1 micro gi}y. iu ny s g}y ra kh khn


27

cho vic ng b v loi b giao thoa a ng. Nu cng lng thng tin trn
c tri ra cho N sng mang, chu k ca mi bit s c tng ln N ln, lc
vic x l vn nh thi, a ng s n gin hn.
1.8. Nhiu
1.8.1. Nhiu trng
Nhiu trng l mt tn hiu ngu nhin c mt phn b cng sut phng
ngha l{ tn hiu nhiu c cng sut bng nhau trong ton khong bng thng.
Nhiu ny tn ti trong mi h thng truyn dn, cc ngun nhiu ch yu l
nhiu nn nhit, nhiu in t cc b khuch i bn thu, v nhiu lin (inter-
cellular interference).

Mt ph cng sut nhiu trng l :
( J ) (1.2)
Trong : k l{ hng s Boltzmann, k=1.3807*10
-23
(J/
o
K)
T : nhit mi trng xung quanh ,
o
K
Trong h thng vi bng thng B (Hz) th cng sut nhiu s l :
Nw=NoB (W) (1.3)
1.8.2. Nhiu xuyn k t ISI
Hnh 1.12 Tn hiu nhiu trng


28

Trong mi trng truyn dn v tuyn, nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) gy bi tn
hiu phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t c|c hng khc nhau t ph|t n
thu l{ iu khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm bin dng hon ton
mu tn hiu khin bn thu khng th khi phc li c tn hiu gc ban u.
Thnh phn tnh ton chung ca nhiu xuyn k t ISI l tri tr rms, rms (s).
N l hm ph thuc v{o ln ca cc thnh phn |p ng xung v s khc
bit v thi gian ca c|c |p ng xung . Tri tr bit trc ln nht max (s)
l{ tr khc nhau gia ng tn hiu ngn nht v{ ng tn hiu di nht.
N t l i vi s khc nhau v d{i ng truyn tn hiu. Nu s khc nhau
ln nht v di k hiu l Dmax (km) th max= Dmax/0.3 (s). Dmax ph thuc
v{o c tnh vt l ca din tch phc v h thng di ng t bo.

1.8.3. nh hng ng knh
Nhiu ng knh xy ra khi c hai my pht trn cng mt tn s hoc
trn cng mt knh. My thu iu chnh knh ny s thu c c hai tn hiu
vi cng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu so vi hai my pht. Nhiu ng
knh thng gp trong h thng thng tin s cellular, trong tng hiu
sut s dng ph bng cch s dng li tn s. Nh vy c th coi nhiu ng
knh trong h thng cellular l nhiu gy nn do cc cell s dng cng 1 knh
tn s.

Hnh 1.13 Nhiu ng knh trong h thng di ng t bo


29

1.9. Kt lun chng
Qua ton b chng n{y, ta ~ bit v u v{ khuyt im ca cc phng
thc a truy cp ~ v{ ang s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng. Thy
rng, qua tng phng thc ta c mt th h thng tin di ng mi t 1G ti
4G v c th tip tc trong tng lai. S kt hp gia c|c phng thc a truy
cp ta s cho ta nhiu u im nh dung lng knh tng, cht lng dch v
c ci thin phc v ngy cng tt hn cho c|c nhu cu a dng ca ngi
dng V{ qua chng n{y ta cng hiu c nhng vn cn gii quyt
trong thng tin di ng nh nh hng cc loi nhiu nh nhiu trng, nhiu
xuyn knh, nhiu xuyn k t, nh hng ca hin tng fading. Vic gii
quyt tt cc vn trn cho ta c dch v thng tin di ng ngy cng hon
thin hn, cht lng tt hn.

Chng 2: a truy cp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang

30

CHNG 2
A TRUY CP PHN CHIA THEO TN S N SNG MANG
2.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE vn t ra i vi h thng l
truyn tn hiu vi hiu qu cao nht, tn hiu c cht lng tt nht, tc
truyn tn hiu cng i hi cao so vi cc h thng c v{ phi c mc tiu hao
nng lng cng t cng tt. |p ng c cc vn trn t chc 3GPP
ngh s dng k thut SC-FDMA cho ng ln v{ OFDM cho ng xung ca
h thng LTE. K thut SC-FDMA c t s gia cng sut nh tn hiu i vi
cng sut trung bnh tn hiu PAPR thp, cho php cc b khuch i cng sut
ti cc thit b u cui ang s dng k thut ny c th n gin hn v{ hiu
qu cng sut tt hn so vi s dng k thut truyn dn OFDM. Trong trng
hp khc, SC-FDMA l cu trc c iu chnh t cu trc ca OFDM vi hiu
sut thng lng v{ phc tp tng t nhau. V th, SC-FDMA tha hng
nhng im mnh ca OFDM so vi cc k thut nh TDMA v{ CDMA. Vi kh
nng chng li hin tng lan truyn tn hiu a ng tt lm cho SC-FDMA
ph hp vi h thng bng rng. PAPR thp hn so vi OFDM, SC-FDMA thch
hp cho truyn dn ng ln bi ngi s dng thit b u cui.
Trong chng n{y s ln lt i gii thiu v cu trc, qu trnh x l tn
hiu trong SC-FDMA. V m t v hai phng ph|p tip cn trong qu trnh n
nh ngi dng v{o trong c|c sng mang con : FDMA nh x (LFDMA) v
FDMA xen r (IFDMA).


31

2.2. Mt s phng ph|p iu ch tn hiu
2.2.1. iu ch BPSK
iu ch kha dch pha nh ph}n BPSK (cng i khi c gi l PRK,
Keying Reversal pha, hoc 2PSK) l hnh thc n gin nht ca phng ph|o
iu ch kha dch pha (PSK). N s dng hai pha ngc nhau 180
0
v v vy
cng c th c gi l 2-PSK. Thc hin iu ch BPSK nh sau:
1 , 0 )], 1 ( 2 cos[
2
) ( = + = n n t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b
n
t t

Tng ng ta s c d liu c truyn l:

] 2 cos[
2
) (
0
t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b
t =
(2.2)

] 2 cos[
2
) (
1
t t + = t f
T
E
t S
c
b
b
=
] 2 cos[
2
t f
T
E
c
b
b
t
(2.3)
Hay S0(t) v S1(t) ngc pha nhau.
Trong : Tb : rng ca 1bit, 0 <t< Tb
Eb : Nng lng ca 1 bit
fc : Tn s sng mang
Vy khng gian tn hiu c th c m t bi h{m c trng sau:
b c
b
T t t f
T
t s s = u 0 ); 2 cos(
2
) ( t

Vi :
) ( ) (
1
t E t S
b
u =
,
) ( ) (
2
t E t S
b
u =

(2.1)
(2.4)

32

Ta c th biu din BPSK bng mt khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1) vi hai
im (M=2) : S
1
=
b
E
, S
2
= -
b
E
nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.1 Biu khng gian tn hiu BPSK
Khi tn hiu iu ch BPSK c truyn qua knh chu tc ng ca nhiu
Gauss trng cng (AWGN), xc sut li bit gii iu ch c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
) (
2
1 2
0 0
N
E
erf c
N
E
Q P
b b
b
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (2.5)
N
0
: Mt ph cng sut nhiu
2.2.2. iu ch QPSK
iu ch kha dch pha cu phng QPSK (Quadrature phase-shift keying) l
mt k thut iu ch tn hiu s, m ha 2 bit thnh 1 symbol. QPSK s dng bn
im trn biu chm sao, cc im ny cch u nhau trn mt vng trn. Vi
bn pha, QPSK c th m ha hai bit cho mi biu tng, th hin trong biu m
ha Gray gim thiu t l li bit (BER). Phn tch ton cho thy rng QPSK c
th c s dng tng gp i tc d liu so vi mt h thng BPSK trong
khi duy tr cng mt bng thng ca tn hiu, hoc duy tr tc d liu ca
BPSK, nhng gim mt na bng thng cn thit. Trong trng hp th hai, BER
ca QPSK l ging nh BER ca BPSK.
Do cc knh thng tin v tuyn c bng thng gii hn nht nh, nn u im
ca QPSK hn BPSK tr nn r rng: QPSK truyn gp i tc d liu trong
mt bng thng nht nh so vi BPSK. Nhng ci gi phi tr i vi h thng s
dng QPSK l my pht v my thu phc tp hn so vi h thng iu ch BPSK.

33

Tuy nhin, vi cng ngh hin i, s pht trin ca k thut thit b in t , th c
th gim khuyt im trn ca h thng QPSK.

T t t
T t
t t f
T
E
t S
c
i
) (
s s
+ +
=
; 0
0
0
) ) ( 2 cos( .
2
) (
u u t
(2.6)
Vi pha ban u ta cho bng 0
4
) 1 2 ( ) (
t
u = i t
Trong :
i = 1,2,3,4 tng ng l cc k t c pht i l "00", "01", "11", "10"
T

= 2.T
b
(T
b
: Thi gian ca mt bit, T: thi gian ca mt k t)
E : nng lng ca tn hiu pht trin trn mt k t.
Khai trin s(t) ta c:
) 0 ( ), 2 sin( .
4
)] 1 2 sin[(
2
) 2 cos( ]
4
). 1 . 2 cos[(
0
2
) ( T t t f i
T
E
t f i
T
E
t S
c c i
s s
= t
t
t
t
(2.7)

Chn cc hm nng lng trc chun nh sau:

T t t f
T
t
c
s s = 0 ) . 2 sin(
2
) (
1
(2.8)

T t t f
T
t
c
s s = 0 ) . 2 cos(
2
) (
2
(2.9)
Khi :
]
4
) 1 2 cos[( ) ( ]
4
) 1 2 sin[( ) ( ) (
2 1
t
|
t
| + = i E t i E t t s
i
(2.10)
Vy, bn bn tin ng vi cc vector c xc nh nh sau:

(i=1,2,3,4) (2.11)

| |
(
(
(
=
4
) 1 2 cos[(
]
4
) 1 2 sin[(
) ( ) (
2 1
t
t
i E
i E
t t
si

34

Hnh 2.2 Biu khng gian tn hiu QPSK
Mc d QPSK c th c xem nh l{ mt iu ch bc bn, n d d{ng hn
xem n nh hai sng mang iu ch vung gc c lp nhau. Vi gii thch
ny, cc bit chn (hoc l) c s dng iu ch cc thnh phn cng pha
ca sng mang, trong khi cc bit l (hoc bit chn) c s dng iu ch
cc thnh phn vung gc pha ca sng mang. BPSK c s dng trn c hai
sng mang v chng c th gii iu ch mt c|ch c lp. Kt qu l, xc sut
li bit cho QPSK l ging nh cho BPSK:

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2
N
E
Q P
b
b
(2.12)
Tuy nhin, t c xc sut li bit nh trong BPSK, QPSK s dng gp 2 ln
cng sut so vi BPSK.
Xc sut li k t:

|
|
.
|
\
|
0
N
E
Q
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
2
N
E
Q
s (2.13)
Nu t s SNR cao th:

|
|
.
|
\
|
0
N
E
Q
s
(2.14)

35

2.2.3. iu ch cu phng QAM
Trong h thng PSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v{ vung pha c kt hp
vi nhau to thnh mt tn hiu ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin, nu loi b
loi n{y v{ cho cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c th c lp vi
nhau th ta c mt s iu mi gi l{ iu bin cu phng iu ch bin
sng mang QAM (iu ch bin gc) . s iu ch ny, sng mang b
iu ch c bin ln pha. iu ch QAM l{ c u im l{ tng dung lng
truyn dn s.
Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM, M mc (M-QAM) c x|c nh nh sau:
) 0 ( ); 2 sin(
2
) 2 cos(
2
) (
0 0
T t t f b
T
E
t f a
T
E
t S
c i c i i
s s = t t
(2.15)
Trong :
E0 : nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht.
ai , bi : cp s nguyn c lp c chn ty theo v tr bn tin.
Tn hiu sng mang gm hai thnh phn vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp
hp bn tin tn hiu ri rc. V th c tn l{ " iu ch tn hiu vung gc".
C th phn tch Si(t) thnh cp h{m c s:
u1(t) =
0 t T (2.16)
u2(t) =
0 t T (2.17)

S(t)= u1(t)sin(2fct) + u2(t) cos(2fct) (2.18)

36

Hnh 2.3 Biu khng gian tn hiu 16-QAM [1]
- xc sut li k t trn mt sng mang Psc

) (2.19)
- M = S lng ca cc k t trong iu ch chm sao
- Eb = Nng lng mi bit.
- Es = Nng lng cho mi k t = kEb vi k bit mi k t.
- N0 = mt ph cng sut nhiu ( W / Hz ).
- Pb = X|c sut li bit.
- Pbc = X|c sut ca bit li cho mi sng mang.
- Ps = X|c sut ca li k t.
2.3. X l tn hiu trong SC-FDMA
Cu trc ca SC-FDMA tng t nh cu trc ca OFDM, 2 cu trc ny
ch khc nhau ch, trong cu trc ca SC-FDMA c thm b bin i DFT v
cn khc nhau v v tr ca cc b IDFT v DFT trong mi h thng . Khi tin
m ha DFT trong SC FDMA nhm to ra tn hiu mang c tnh ca iu ch
n sng mang, v sau khi bin i DFT s to ra cc k t min tn s, trong
mi sng mang con mang ton b cc k t min thi gian. Hnh 2.4 m t cu
trc ca SC-FDMA, cn hnh 2.5 m t tn hiu min tn s ca SC-FDMA vi
OFDM.

37

Hnh 2.4 Cu trc b thu v pht SC-FDMA [8]

Hnh 2.5 Tn hiu min tn s ca SC-FDMA vi OFDM
2.3.1. Khi iu ch
Tn hiu vo ca my pht v tn hiu ra ca my thu l cc k t iu ch
phc tp. Cc h thng thc t thch nghi mt cch ng vi cc k thut iu ch
theo cht lng knh truyn. i vi cc knh tn hiu yu th ngi ta s dng
phng php iu ch kha dch pha nh phn (BPSK) v i vi cc knh mnh th
c th s dng iu ch cu phng 16-QAM hoc 64-QAM. Cc khi d liu bao
gm M k t iu ch phc c to ra ti tc R
s
symbols/s. Khi bc iu ch
tng th hiu qu bng thng tng, nhng nng lng cung cp cho tn hiu cng
c nng ln tng ng. V vy, ty theo iu kin knh truyn v thit b chn

38

c kiu iu ch tn hiu ph hp cho h thng hot ng mt cch hiu qu
nht.
2.3.2. Khi DFT
Sau khi tn hiu qua b iu ch, php bin i Fourier ri rc M im to ra
M k t trong min tn s iu ch M k t trn bn ngoi N sng mang con trc
giao tri trn mt bng thng
W
c
=N.f
0
[Hz] (2.20)
Trong : f
0
[Hz] l khong cch sng mang con. Tc truyn ca knh s l
R
c
=
[symbol/s] (2.21)
Nu gi Q l h s m rng bng thng, th

(2.22)

Hnh 2.6 B to cc k t truyn trong SC-FDMA
H thng SC-FDMA c th x l ti Q tn hiu ngun trc giao vi mi ngun
chim dng mt phn khc nhau ca M sng mang con trc giao. Trong hnh 2.6
gm x
m
(m=0, 1, 2, . . ., M-1) m t cho cc k t ngun c iu ch v X
k
( k=0,
1, ,M-1) m t cho M mu ca php bin i DFT ca x
m
. Y
l
( l = 0, 1, . . ., N-1)
c trng cho cc mu min tn s sau khi qua b nh x sng mang con v y
n

(n=0, 1, . . . , N-1) l cc k t knh min thi gian c pht i c tng hp t
php bin i Fourier ngc IDFT.
Thc hin DFT ca chui tn hiu x[m] nh sau:

X[k] =
(2.23)

DFT
(M-im)
nh x sng
mang con
IDFT
(N-im)
{x
m
}
{X
k
} {Y
l
}
{y
n
}
M
M
N
N

39

Sau khi nh x sng mang con, kch thc tn hiu vo b IDFT s l N im, vi
N>M.
Y[n] =
(2.24)
2.2.3. Khi nh x sng mang con
Trong khi ny s lm nhim v gn M k t iu ch min tn s vo cc
sng mang con. Trong k thut SC-FDMA c hai cch thc thc hin gn k t
iu ch vo trong sng mang con l nh x sng mang con phn tn (DFDMA)
v nh x sng mang con cc b LFDMA. i vi phng thc DFDMA th cc k
t c phn b u nhau trn ton b bng thng, cn i vi LFDMA th cc k
t c phn b trn cc sng mang con lin k nhau. Hnh 2.7 m t 2 phng
thc trn nh sau:

Hnh 2.7 Hai phng php nh x sng mang con: phn tn v cc b
Trong c hai trng hp, b IFFT trong b pht s g|n bin Zero cho N
M sng mang con trng. Trng hp m{ N=Q.M i vi phng thc DFDMA
m cc sng mang con chim gi c cc khong c|ch u nhau th ngi ta gi
l nh x sng mang con xen k IFDMA. IFDMA l{ trng hp c bit ca SC-
FDMA, n rt hiu qu cho php my pht c th iu ch tn hiu mt cch
hon ton trong min thi gian m khng cn s dng DFT v IDFT. Gi s, ta
c M=3 k t cho mi khi, c N=9 sng mang con c x l trong SC-FDMA.
Qu trnh thc hin nh x sng mang con trong 3 cch thc DFDMA, LFDMA
v IFDMA s l:

40

x0 x1 x2

Hnh 2.8 M hnh 3 cch thc nh x sng mang con
Vi php bin i DFT:

(2.25)
2.3.4. Khi chn CP
Cng nh trong h thng OFDM, SC-FDMA cng chu nh hng ca nhiu
xuyn k t ISI. V vy, hn ch nhiu ISI th trong h thng SC-FDMA c thm
khi chn cyclic prefix (CP). Nhiu xuyn k t ISI cng c hn ch hon ton
bng cch chn thm khong bo v cho mi k t. Ngoi ra, CP di hn p ng
knh cn thit chuyn i t chp tuyn tnh thnh chp vng. Chiu di ca
khong CP c chn sao cho n phi ln hn thi gian tr ca tn hiu fading. CP
l s m rng cc k t iu ch, bng cch sao chp cc mu cui cng ca k t
iu ch chn vo trc mi k t .

Hnh 2.9 Chn CP
X0 X1 X2
X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0 0
X0 0 X1 0 X2 0 0 0 0
X0 X1 X2 0 0 0 0 0 0
{ x
m
}
{ X
k
}
DFT
IFDMA
DFDMA
LFDMA
{ Y
l
}
copy
Tn s f
CP Symbol

41

2.3.5. Khi S/P v P/S
Khi chuyn i song song sang ni tip (P/S): Nhm chuyn i lung d
liu song song thnh lung d liu ni tip. Cn khi thc hin ngc li so vi
khi P/S l khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song (S/P).
2.3.6. Khi FFT v IFFT
Nh cp trong phn khi nim v SC-FDMA, ta bit SC-FDMA l k
thut iu ch n sng mang, trong d liu c truyn trn cng mt sng
mang con. lm c iu ny, c mi knh ph, ta cn mt my pht sng sin,
mt b iu ch v mt b gii iu ch. Trong trng hp s knh ph l kh ln
th cch lm trn khng hiu qu, nhiu khi l khng th thc hin c. Nhm gii
quyt vn ny, khi thc hin chc nng bin i DFT/IDFT c dng thay
th ton b cc b to dao ng sng sin, b iu ch, gii iu ch dng trong mi
knh ph. FFT/IFFT c xem l mt thut ton gip cho vic thc hin php bin
i DFT/IDFT nhanh v gn hn bng cch gim s php nhn phc khi thc hin
php bin i DFT/IDFT v gip tit kim b nh.
Ta quy c : Chui tn hiu vo X(k) , 0 k N-1 ,
- Khong cch tn s gia cc sng mang l : f
- Chu k ca mt k t SC-FDMA l : T
s

- Tn s trn sng mang th k l f
k
= f
0
+ kf
Tn hiu pht i c th biu din di dng :

, 0 t T
s

(2.26)
Trong :
l tn hiu bng gc.

bng gc:

42

+Nu ly mu tn hiu vi mt chu k T
s
/N, tc l chn N mu trong mt
chu k tn hiu, phng trnh (2.26) c vit li nh sau :

(2.27)
+Nu tha mn iu kin
, th cc sng mang con s trc giao vi

nhau, lc ny, phng trnh (2.27) c vit li :

= N.IDFT{X(k)} (2.28)
Phng trnh trn chng t tn hiu ra ca b IDFT l mt tn hiu ri rc cng c
chiu di l N nhng trong min thi gian. Ti b thu, b DFT c s dng ly
li tn hiu X(k) ban u.

(2.29)
y, hm ) ( k m o l hm delta, c nh ngha l :

=
=
=
0 0
0 1
) (
n khi
n khi
n o (2.30)


43

2.3.7. Bin i cao tn RF, DAC v ADC
Cc tn hiu a ra c|c mu phc, cc mu n{y sau s c sp xp
theo th t trong min thi gian v{ c chuyn i sang tn hiu tng t.
Nhim v chuyn cc tn hiu t s sang tng t c thc hin bi b DAC.
Khi ADC s lm nhim v ngc li vi khi DAC ti m|y thu chuyn tn
hiu t tng t sang min s. Mt kh|c, tn hiu c th truyn c i xa
v t b suy hao th sng mang phi c tn s cao. Tn hiu ra khi cc b x l
trn mi ch l tn hiu bng tn c bn nn cn phi nng tn trc khi a
n anten truyn i nh b bin i cao tn RF.
2.4. Biu din trong min thi gian ca cc tn hiu SC-FDMA
2.4.1. Cc k t min thi gian ca IFDMA
i vi IFDMA, th s phi hp ca khi DFT v{ IDFT trong m|y ph|t ~
l{m n gin qu trnh nhn mi k t u vo bi mt s phc vi ln mt
n v v qu trnh lp chui u vo vi Q ln quay pha thch hp, vi Q l h
s m rng bng thng. Php nh}n tng ng vi mt php quay ca mi k
t iu ch phc trong khi truyn. hiu vn trn cn quan tm ti hai
c tnh ca php bin i DFT v php bin i ngc ca n:
- Cc mu c|ch u nhau trong mt min th tng ng l mt chui lin
tc trong min khc.
- Nu dch mt khong r n{o trong min tn s th tng ng vi mt
s quay pha ca mi mu thi gian.
Qu trnh quay pha trong cc mu c thc thi bng cch nhn mi mu
vi
, trong N l{ s im trong php bin i IDFT, r l khong tn

s b dch, n l s lng mu u ra trong min thi gian.
Cho tn hiu v{o nh sau: { xm: m=0, 1, 2, . . ., M-1}, qua bin i DFT th ph
ca n s l { Yl :l=0, 1, 2, . . . , N-1}. Trong IFDMA, ph tn hiu c M cc thnh
phn khc khng c khong c|ch u nhau, vi cc mu lin k nhau c

44

ngn c|ch bi Q 1 mu trong min tn s. Tn hiu min thi gian tng ng
l { yn: n=0, 1, 2, . . . , N-1} tun hon vi Q bn sao phn b hn n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
M 1 ln v vi s quay pha l
. Gi s rng, tn hiu vo { xm: m=0,

1, 2, . . ., M-1} nm trong cc sng mang con l = 0, Q, 2Q, . . . , (M-1)Q. Chu k pht
tn hiu thi gian tng ng vi tri ph ca tn hiu c lin tip { x0/Q, x1/Q, . .
., xM-1/Q}, c lp li Q ln. Cho mt tn hiu t mt thit b kh|c a ti, (vm:
m=0, 1, 2, . . . , M-1), tn hiu c iu ch vi cc thit lp tip theo ca cc
sng mang con n = 1, Q+1, 2Q+1,. . ., (M - 1)Q +1. Ph ca n s l { Ul :l=0, 1, 2, .
. . , N-1}. Ul tng t nh Yl nhng vi cc thnh phn kh|c khng ~ dch i
mt sng mang con. Dch trong min tn s tng ng vi nhn trong min
thi gian vi
. Do , chui trong min thi gian ph|t i l{ u0/Q,

u1.
/Q, . . ., uM-1.
/Q, c lp Q ln vi s quay pha tng ng.

V d v tn hiu IFDMA.
x0, x1, x2 X0, X1, X2

Hnh 2.10 Tn hiu trong IFDMA
Phng trnh to|n hc m t cc k t Yl trong min tn s:

(2.31)
V{: 0 l N -1, N=Q.M. t n = M.q + m; (0 q Q 1, 0 m M - 1).
X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0 0
0 X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2 0
0 0 X0 0 0 X1 0 0 X2
Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
5
Y
6
Y
7
Y
8
Tn s
Thit b cui 1, r =0
Thit b cui 2, r =1
Thit b cui 3, r =2
DFT

45

yn = yMq + m
(2.32)
Khi s phn b cc sng mang con bt u t sng mang th r (0 < r Q - 1),
th phng trnh ton hc m t ph ca n s l:

(2.33)
Cc k t trong min thi gian s l:

(2.34)
2.4.2. Cc k t min thi gian ca LFDMA
Cho tn hiu vo l {xn: n=0, 1, 2}, qua nh x sng mang con kiu LFDMA
th cc k t s l:
x0, x1, x2 X0, X1, X2

Hnh 2.11 Tn hiu trong LFDMA
X0 X1 X2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 X0 X1 X2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 X0 X1 X2
DFT
Y
0
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
5
Y
6
Y
7
Y
8
Tn s
Thit b cui 1, r =0
Thit b cui 2, r =1
Thit b cui 3, r =2

46

By gi ta xt n trng hp tng qut khi tn hiu vo l chui tn hiu { xm:
m=0, 1, 2, . . . , M-1}.
Vy cc mu trong min tn s sau khi nh x sng mang con {Yl} c m t
nh sau:

(2.35)
t n=Q.m + q, trong 0 m M 1, 0 q Q 1, v N = Q.M
Cc mu min thi gian ca tn hiu LFDMA c vit tng qu|t nh sau:
yn = yQm + q
=
(2.36)
Nu q = 0, th

(2.37)
Nu q 0, v
nn phng trnh (2.36) s c khai trin

nh sau:
yn = yQ.m + q
=


47

=
(
,
(2.38)

(2.39)
T phng trnh 2.39 ta thy rng, tn hiu LFDMA trong min thi gian
c cc bn sao hon chnh ca cc k t min thi gian u vo vi h s t l l
1/Q ti cc v tr mu l bi s nguyn ca Q. Cc gi tr trung gian l tng
trng s ca tt c cc k t thi gian trong khi u vo.
2.5. So snh gia SC-FDMA vi OFDM
Nh ~ ph}n tch trn, m hnh k thut SC-FDMA tng t vi k thut
OFDM. Mt kh|c, OFDM l{ c s ca k thut OFDM nn SC-FDMA v OFDM
cng c mi tng t nh vi OFDM. Do c tnh ca mi k thut m{ ngi ta
chn mt trong hai p dng vo h thng cho hiu qu. Nhng c tnh
tng ng v khc bit ca hai phng ph|p c m t nh sau:
Ging nhau:
- S iu ch v s truyn ca d liu cc khi bao gm M k t iu ch.

48

- S phn chia ca bng thng v{o trong c|c sng mang con vi thng tin
c mang i trn c|c sng mang con ri rc.
- u s dng CP chng nhiu xuyn k t.
Khc nhau:
S kh|c nhau c bn ca SC-FDMA v{ OFDM i iu ~ c ni qua
da vo tn ca hai k thut. Vi SC-FDMA th s dng n sng mang
truyn d liu, trong khi OFDM li truyn d liu trn a sng mang. Vic s
dng a sng mang ~ l{m cho OFDM c h s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh tn hiu PAPR cao hn so vi SC-FDMA.

Hnh 2.12 S khi ca OFDM v SC-FDMA
T hnh 2.12 ta cng thy rng trong OFDM th thc hin s b v tch tn
hiu c thc hin ring trn mi sng mang con. Trong khi , SC-FDMA
thc hin b trn ton b bng thng knh. Sau , tn hiu c a qua b
IFFT chuyn tn hiu ca mt thit b u cui sang min thi gian trc
thc hin qu trnh tch cc k t iu ch. Thc hin IFFT trc l cn thit ti
v, ngoi tr IFDMA, tn hiu pht bao gm mt tng trng s ca tt c cc k
DFT
nh x
sng
mang
Equalizer
Equalizer
Equalizer
.
.
Detect
Detect
Detect
.
.
.
.
OFDM
DFT
nh
x
sng
mang
Equalizer
.
.
IFFT
.
.
.
.
SC-FDMA
.
.
.
Detect
.
.

49

t trong mt khi. B IFFT thc hin khi phc cc d liu gc t tn hiu hn
hp. Bi v, SC-FDMA c nh hng m rng trn mi k t iu ch trn ton
b bng thng ca knh. SC-FDMA t nhy vi fading la chn tn s hn
OFDM. Mt trong nhng li th ca OFDM so vi SC-FDMA l knh thch nghi
sng mang con v cng sut ti l kh d.
2.6. Kt lun chng
Qua ton b chng, ta ~ bit c mt s phng ph|p iu ch tn
hiu c s dng trong h thng thng tin hin nay. Mt khc, ta bit rng
trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE th i vi ng ln th s dng k thut
SC-FDMA cho hiu qu tt hn so vi vic s dng OFDM. Trong , k thut
SC-FDMA c ba kiu nh x sng mang con kh|c nhau l{ LFDMA, DFDMA v{
IFDMA. Ba cch thc ny c kiu thc thi khc nhau, cho ra hiu qu khc nhau.
i vi DFDMA th cc k t c nh x vo cc sng mang con nm cch ri
khng u nhau, trong khi i vi LFDMA th cc sng mang con li nm lin k
nhau. IFDMA l{ trng hp c bit ca DFDMA khi cc k t c nh x vo
cc sng mang con phn b u nhau trn bng thng ca knh truyn, nn
trong chng n{y ch i nghin cu v hai phng ph|p |nh x sng mang con
l LFDMA v IFDMA. Vic s dng cc k thut iu ch tn hiu bng gc cng
rt quan trng. Vic s dng phng ph|p iu ch no th cn ch ti hiu
qu s dng bng thng, nng lng tn hiu, xc sut xut hin li. i vi
mng LTE th iu c{ng c ch t}m hn, do bng thng th c hn nhng
yu cu truyn tn hiu nhanh, n nh, h tr nhiu ngi dng hn m{ bc
iu ch tng th hiu qu bng tn tng, nhng li yu cu mc nng lng cao
hn. V vy, cn tm ra s cn bng h thng hot ng hiu qu nht.

Chng 3: SC-FDMA trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE

50

CHNG 3
SC-FDMA TRONG H THNG THNG TIN DI NG LTE

3.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong h thng di ng hin nay, s lng ngi s dng i cng vi cc
nhu cu dch v di ng kh|c nhau ang tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Ngi
s dng in thoi by gi khng n thun ch lin lc vi mt ngi, m h
c nhu cu tng t|c vi nhiu ngi. Thm v{o , c|c ng dng cho in
thoi di ng ng{y c{ng tng do nhu cu ca ngi s dng mun lm vic, gii
tr, duyt web hay tham gia cc mng x hi ngay trn in thoi ca h. Vi
nhng s lng ngi s dng tng, c|c dch v di ng tng nn i hi mng
di ng cn |p ng c cc yu cu . }y, i hi phi |p ng c
nhu cu v lng ngi s dng trong mt khng gian cht hp l bao nhiu,
tc truy cp d liu cam kt, cht lng tn hiu cam kt vi khc hng.
Trong h thng di ng LTE i hi tc d liu nh i vi ng xung l
100Mps v{ 50Mps cho ng ln nm trong bng thng 20Mhz. i vi thu
bao ang di chuyn th ti u khi tc 0 15km/h, h tr hiu sut cao
15-120km/h v h tr thu bao di chuyn vi tc 350-500km/h. |p
ng c yu cu trn, t chc 3GPP ~ sut s dng k thut SC-FDMA cho
ng ln v{ OFDM cho ng xung trong h thng di ng t bo LTE.
Trong chng n{y s i nghin cu cc tiu chun ca SC-FDMA trong
LTE, cc thng s |nh gi| cht lng ca k thut SC-FDMA v{ phng ph|p
cn bng knh min tn s MMSE.


51

3.2. Qu trnh thc thi SC-FDMA trong mng LTE
3.2.1. Cc knh v cc lp giao thc
Trong qu| trnh trao i thng tin gia my pht v my thu vi cc lp
giao thc th cn tri qua ba thnh phn ca cc knh truyn l{: Cc knh
vt l, cc knh vn chuyn, v cc knh logic. SC-FDMA v{ OFDM l{ c|c nh
dng tn hiu trong cc knh vt l.

Hnh 3.1 Cu trc giao thc ca 3GPP LTE
Cc tiu ch k thut LTE s dng thnh phn c|c knh logic tham
chiu n c|c im truy cp dch v cho truyn ti thng tin gia lp con iu
khin tuyn radio (RLC) trong lp 2 v lp con MAC. Lp con MAC n nh cc
knh s dng bi lp con iu khin tuyn radio thuc lp 2 ti mt trong
nhng knh vn chuyn. Thng tin ngi dng v{ thng tin iu khin c
mang i trn c|c knh vt l. Lp vt l truyn hai loi tn hiu tham chiu
Radio Resource Control
(RRC)
Radio Link Control
(RLC)

Medium Access Control
(MAC)
Physical layer
(PHY)
Transceiver
Lp 3
Lp 2
Lp 1
Knh vt l
Knh vn chuyn
Knh logic

52

trong ng ln: cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch c s dng bi cc
trm gc cho gii iu ch kt hp tuyn ln v cc tn hiu tham chiu d
khng bt buc c s dng cho kh nng c lng cht lng knh tuyn
ln trong vic thit lp knh tuyn ln ph thuc m hnh . Cc tn hiu tham
chiu d yu cu ngn c|ch c|c ngun truyn ti.
Bng 3.1 Cc knh vt l
Knh vt l Vit tt Downlink Uplink
Knh pht tn rng PBCH x
Knh ch th nh dng iu
khin
PCFICH x
Knh iu khin tuyn xung PDCCH x
Knh ch th ARQ lai PHICH x
Knh chia s tuyn xung PDSCH x
Knh multicast PMCH x
Knh iu khin tuyn ln PUCCH x
Knh chia s tuyn ln PUSCH x
Knh truy cp ngu nhin PRACH x

Bng 3.2 Cc knh vn chuyn
Knh vn chuyn Vit tt Downlink Uplink
Knh pht tn rng BCH x
Knh chia s tuyn xung DL-SCH x
Knh phn trang PCH x
Knh multicast MCH x
Knh chia s tuyn ln UL-SCH x
Knh truy cp ngu nhin PACH x

53

Knh chia s DL-SCH l kh nng mang thng tin t tt c cc knh logic
ngoi tr knh iu khin phn trang, n c knh vn chuyn ring ca mnh
l{ PCH. Lu lng multicast t MTCH c th mang knh chia s tuyn xung
hoc trong mt knh vt l multicast MCH.
Bng 3.3 Cc knh logic
Knh logic Vit tt Knh iu
khin
Knh lu
lng
Knh iu khin pht tn rng BCCH x
Knh iu khin phn trang PCCH x
Knh iu khin chung CCCH x
Knh iu khin multicast MCCH x
Knh iu khin chuyn dng DCCH x
Knh lu lng chuyn dng DTCH x
Knh iu lu lng multicast MTCH x

Tt c thng tin ngi dng tuyn ln v{ thng tin iu khin mng c
mang trn knh vn chuyn chia s tuyn ln UL-SCH. Mc ch ca knh truy
cp ngu nhin l{ gi cc yu cu ca trm gc cho cc ngun chuyn giao
trn knh chia s. Knh vt l chia s tuyn ln (PUSCH) mang thng tin ngi
dng v{ thng tin iu khin nhn trn knh vn chuyn chia s tuyn ln (UL-
SCH). Knh vt l iu khin tuyn ln (PUCCH) mang thng tin iu khin
tuyn ln nhn trn UL-SCH khi khng c s chuyn giao trong PUSCH. Knh
vt l truy cp ngu nhin pht mt tin t vng CP v mt chui cc k t nhn

54

c t knh vn chuyn truy cp ngu nhin. Mc ch ca n l pht mt yu
cu cho ngun truyn dn trn mt trong cc loi knh khc ca knh vt l.

Hnh 3.2 Cc knh tuyn ln
3.3. Cu trc tn s v thi gian tuyn ln
Bng thng ca tiu chun LTE tri trn di tn s t 1.4 MHz ti 20 MHz
v{ c chia u trn 6 knh. Mi knh c phn chia thnh cc di tn s 15
kHz, mi tn s l mt sng mang con. LTE h tr c ch song cng FDD v
TDD cho qu trnh truyn ti ph cp v ph n. C|c tn hiu LTE nhn nh
thi ca chng t tn s xung hot ng 30.72 MHz, l{ khong nh thi
yu cu cho 2048 im ri rc ca php bin i DFT bng thng knh
20MHz. M mi bng con l{ 15kHz, nn 15 kHz x 2048=30.72MHz. Khong thi
gian c bn trong mt knh vt l LTE l mt chu k xung ca khong thi gian
trn.Ts = 1/ 30.72 MHz 32.255 ns cho mi chu k xung.
Qu trnh truyn ti tuyn ln v tuyn xung LTE c sp xp vo
trong c khung v tuyn vi khong thi gian mi khung l Tf =307200 x Ts
10ms. Trong khong thi gian Tf bao gm 20 khe, mi khe chim 0.5ms thi
gian cho cc qu trnh truyn song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Mt cp
khe lin tip bt u bng mt khe chn c xem l khung con. Khong thi
gian 1ms ca khung con l khong thi gian truyn ca LTE. Vi truyn ti
song cng FDD th cc khe c th mang cc knh vt l tuyn ln hoc cc tn
hiu tham chiu.

55

10ms

Hnh 3.3 Cu trc khung FDD
Truyn ti song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) phc tp hn so vi FDD
bi v qu trnh truyn tuyn ln v tuyn xung s dng chung bng tn s.
Cu trc khung TDD c m t hnh 3.4 di }y:
10 ms
1ms

1 khe=0.5 ms
Hnh 3.4 Cu trc khung TDD
Trong : khung con 0 v{ 5 lun d{nh cho c|c knh vt l tuyn xung,
khung con 1 v 6 mang tn hiu ng b. Cn cc khung khc c th phc v
cho c cc knh vt l tuyn ln hoc tuyn xung. GP l khong chu k bo v,
UpPTS l khe thi gian hoa tiu cho tuyn ln, DwPTS l khe thi gian hoa tiu
tuyn xung. i vi knh con 1 v 6 lun lun bao gm GP v mt l UpPTS
hoc DwPTS ph thuc vo chiu pht l tuyn ln hay xung. K t D trong
#0 #1 #2 #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #18 #19
#0

#2 #3 #4 #5 #7 #8 #9
0.5ms
Subframe = 1ms
DwPTS GP UpPTS
DwPTS GP UpPTS

56

DwPTS l m t cho downling hay tuyn xung, cn U trong UpPTS m t cho
cc knh con phc v tuyn ln v{ S m t cho c|c khung con c bit vi ba
trng UpPTS, GP v DwPTS. Chiu di ca 3 trng trn c cho trong bng
3.4 sau:
Bng 3.4 Chiu di ca DwPTS, GP v UpPTS [5]

3.4. Cc khi ngun pht LTE trong min tn s
Chun LTE n nh cc ngun truyn ti cc knh vt l trong c|c n v
min tn s c gi l cc khi ngun. Mt khi ngun c khong thi gian l
0.5 ms v mt bng thng tng ng l 180 kHz. Mt knh vt l chim mt
bng tn bao gm mt hoc nhiu khi ngun lin k nhau. Bng thng ca cc
knh vt l l bi s ca tn s 180 kHz v lp vt l LTE thc thi FDMA kiu
nh x. Trong min thi gian, mi khe tuyn ln mang su hoc by k t SC-
FDMA. Mt k t SC-FDMA bao gm cc mu u ra phc ca mt php bin i
IFFT v mt tin t vng CP. Chun LTE s dng cc khe vi su k t trong cc
ln khng k nh hng ln ca nhiu xuyn k t do tri tr a ng. Cc
trn yu cu mt tng quan vi tin t vng di, gi l tin t vng m rng.
Cn chun LTE s dng cc khe vi by k t trong cc nh hn th yu cu c
m tin t vng bnh thng. Khong thi gian ca mt tin t vng m rng l

57

512 chu k xung ng h hay 512 x TS = 16.67s. Trong cc khe vi 7 k t,
khong thi gian ca mt tin t vng bnh thng l{ 160 chu k xung ng h,
hay 160 x TS=5.21s i vi k t u tin v{ 144 chu k xung ng h hay 144
x TS= 4.69s i vi 6 k t tip theo. Chun LTE nh danh ti cc s phc to
bi php bin i IFFT v cc s phc trong tin t vng gi l cc mu. Bng
3.5 sau tm tt c|c c trng ca khi ngun.
Bng 3.5 C|c c thng s c trng ca khi ngun
Bng thng knh [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
S khi ngun (
) 6 15 25 50 75 100
S sng mang chim 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Kch thc
FFT(Tx)/IFFT(Rx)
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Tc mu [MHz] 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72
S mu cho mi khe 960 1920 3840 7680 11520 15360

Kch thc ca IFFT cho mi bng thng knh ln hn s lng sng
mang iu ch. Cc sng mang con cn li trong IFFT c ln bng 0 v cu
thnh mt bng bo v trong min tn s chng li bc x ngo{i bng.
3.5. C|c bc x l tn hiu c bn ca my pht SC-FDMA
Tn hiu SC-FDMA bn my pht c cc khi x l nh sau trc khi a
ra anten ph|t i.

Modulation
S/P
Subcarrier mapping
IFFT
Add CP/Pulse shaping
P/S
DFT

58

Hnh 3.5 S cc khi trong my pht SC-FDMA
- Trong khi iu ch (Modulation) th ty thuc vo cht lng knh, ta
c th s dng iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM hay 64-QAM.
- Khi bin i tin m~ ha tng ng vi php bin i FFT. Trong mt
knh chia s ng ln vt l, kch thc b tin m~ ha FFT tng ng
vi s lng sng mang con d kin s dng cho s truyn dn knh
chia s tuyn ln vt l trong mt k t SC-FDMA. Gi kch thc tin m
ha FFT l
v kch thc ny phi tha m~n iu kin sau

bin i FFT c hiu qu:

(3.1)
Vi: 2, 3 v{ 5 l cc s nguyn dng khng }m;

: l s sng mang con trong mi khi ngun.

- Hot ng nh x cc thnh phn ngun tng ng vi vic nh x sng
mang con trong n nh u ra b FFT ti cc sng mang con trong khi
ngun c s dng bi knh vt l.
- To k t SC-FDMA bao gm mt chui bn qu| trnh trong hnh 3.5
l: IFFT, bin i P/S, chn cc k t tin t vng CP v chuyn i DAC.
Kt qu s l tn hiu lin tc sl(t). Khong thi gian ca sl(t) l khong
thi gian ca mt thnh phn trong khi ngun: hoc s l{ 0.0833 ms i
vi s truyn dn s dng tin t vng m rng v 0.0714 ms nu s
dng tin t vng thng thng. Trong sl(t), l l ch s thi gian ca
thnh phn trong khi ngun: 0 l 6 i vi tin t vng thng
thng, v{ 0 l 5 i vi tin t vng m rng. Cui cng, tn hiu lin
DAC/ Radio frequency

59

tc sl(t) iu ch sng mang tn s v tuyn c chuyn ti thit b di
ng qua anten pht. Hnh 3.6 m t mt b trn cn bng sng mang
thc hin chuyn i ln tn s v tuyn, b lc RF trong hnh n{y tng
ng vi b lc hnh dng xung.

Hnh 3.6 B trn cn bng
3.6. B lc hnh dng xung pht
B lc xung pht }y s dng b lc RRC (square-root raised cosine ) v
raised cosine RC vi h s roll-off .
Phng trnh min thi gian v tn s ca b lc RC v RRC l:
||
, *
(||
)+-
||

||

(3.2)
)
(
)
.(
/
(3.3)

)
(
(3.4)

60

(3.5)

3.7. Cn bng knh tuyn tnh min tn s
}y l{ c|c b lc tuyn tnh c cu trc n gin vi mc ch nhm o
ngc knh, n nhm lm gim s nh hng ca nhiu xuyn k t. Trong b
cn bng knh tuyn tnh, ngi ta thng s dng hai loi l{ khi cn bng
ZF (Zero Forcing) v MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error).
3.7.1. Phng ph|p c}n bng Zero Forcing
ZF l cu trc b cn bng n gin nht, n s dng cc h s ca b lc
nhm c gng cng bc hm truyn trong knh l mt hng s.
Gi s tn hiu ti u vo b cn bng knh l:
Y = H.X+ W (3.6)
Mc tiu ca b cn bng }y l{ tm ra cc h s sao cho
khi
N0=0, vi N0 l mt ph cng sut nhiu. H s FZF c x|c nh theo
phng trnh:
FZF=1/H (3.7)
Tn hiu sau khi qua cn bng knh s l:

(3.8)
H l{ |p ng knh, trong |n n{y th H ~ c bit hon ho my thu.
Nhn vo (3.8) ta thy, Zero-forcing l{ phng ph|p l tng loi b
nhiu ISI. Tuy nhin, trong thc t Zero-Forcing s khng hiu qu nu tnh
hiu l chui 0 hay fading su. Lc ny, ZF s nh b khuch i nhiu do hm

61

truyn ca b cn bng s l FZF =1/ H, khi tn hiu ca nhng tn s nh i v{o
th H 0 th h s FZF tin ti v cng. tm ra s cn bng gia loi b nhiu
ISI v{ tng cng nhiu, ngi ta sut phng ph|p kh|c l{ MMSE.

3.7.2. Phng ph|p c}n bng MMSE
Gi s tn hiu vo b cn bng l:
Y = HX + W (3.9)
Vector |p ng knh H=[H(0), H(1),., H(N-1)]
T
v vector nhiu W=[W(0),
W(1),., W(N-1)]
T
.
Ma trn ng cho X = (
), l{ c|c k t ca N sng mang con.

Ma trn phng sai:
E{YX
*
} = E{(H.X + W)X
*
} = H.E{X.X
*
} = H (3.10)
E{YY
*
} = E{(H.X + W)(X
*
H
*
+ W
*
)}
= H.E{X.X
*
}.H
*
+ E{WW
*
} = HH
*
+ No (3.11)
Li trung bnh bnh phng nh nht c x|c nh nh sau:
c = E{|
} = {
}
= {
(3.12)
Ly o h{m ring phng trnh (3.12) theo FMMSE ta c:

= 0 (3.13)

62

T phng trnh (3.13) ta c:
FMMSE = H
*
( HH
*
+ N0)
-1
(3.14)
Tn hiu sau cn bng knh s l:

(3.15)
Phng ph|p MMSE trong thc t c |nh gi| hiu qu hn ZF, ti v
i vi MMSE th ta s c lng sai lch ti gi tr nh nht {|
}
i vi nhiu N0 c gi tr gii hn.
3.8. T s cng sut nh tn hiu trn cng sut trung bnh tn hiu
|nh gi| hiu sut cng sut ca m|y ph|t ngi ta s dng mt thng
s l{ t s cng sut nh tn hiu so vi cng sut trung bnh tn hiu
(PAPR). Trong h thng, khi s khuch i tuyn tnh t ti im bo ha th
h thng c hiu sut cng sut ln nht. Phng trnh (3.16) m t mi quan
h gia PAPR[dB] vi hiu sut cng sut pht.

(3.16)
Trong : hiu sut cng sut,
hiu sut cng sut ln nht.

Vi b khuch i cng sut hot ng lp A th
, cn nu hot
ng lp B th
[3]. Nh ~ ni c|c chng trc, SC-

FDMA c u im hn so vi OFDM cho ng ln mng LTE l n c PAPR
thp hn. Trong ng ln th cc thit b di ng ng vai tr l{ m|y ph|t, nu
t s PAPR cao tc yu cu my pht phi c ngun nui ln, iu ny l bt li
cn trnh trong thit k cc thit b di ng hin nay.
Gi s: {xm : m=0, 1, 2, . . . ,M-1} l cc k t ~ c iu ch, sau khi qua php
bin i FFT th cc mu min tn s ca {xm} l {Xk : k=0, 1, 2, . . . ,M-1}, {Xl: l=
0, 1, 2, . . . , N-1} l cc mu min tn s sau khi nh x sng mang con v cc

63

my min thi gian sau khi bin i IFFT s l{ {xn : n= 0, 1, 2, . . . , N-1}. Di
thng phc truyn tn hiu x(t) SC-FDMA l:

(3.17)
Vi: c l tn s sng mang ca h thng, p(t) l b lc hnh dng xung c th
l b lc RRC hoc RC.
Tc: l khong thi gian ca k t ca k t pht

T s PAPR ca tn hiu ph|t x(t) c nh ngha nh sau:
PAPR=

||
||
(3.18)
Nu khng c b lc hnh dng xung, tc ly mu s c t s PAPR nh trong
trng hp tng t. T s PAPR s l:
PAPR=

|
(3.19)
3.9. Kt lun chng
Qua ton b chng ~ cho bit c|c bc trong qu| trnh trao i thng
tin gia my pht v my thu vi cc lp giao thc trong mng LTE th cn tri
qua ba thnh phn ca cc knh truyn trong mng l{: c|c knh vt l, cc
knh truyn ti, v cc knh logic. Vic x l tn hiu ti my pht cn c a
qua b lc hnh dng xung, vic lc hnh dng xung gip ci thin t s cng sut
nh i vi cng sut trung bnh tn hiu PAPR, gim phc tp khi to xung
pht ti my pht, tit kim ph tn s dng cho pht tn hiu. Nhm loi b
nhiu ISI, trong h thng c thm thut ton cn bng knh, vic p dng cn
bng knh gip ci thin cht lng tn hiu thu do ~ hn ch nhiu ISI. Trong
n ny, em s dng hai thut to|n l{ Zero Forcing (ZF) v Minimum

64

Mean Square Error (MMSE) vi iu kin c lng knh truyn ~ bit hon
ho ti my thu.

CHNG 4
M PHNG SC FDMA TRONG TUYN LN H THNG THNG
TIN DI NG LTE
4.1. Gii thiu chng
Qua ba chng u, ta ~ l{m r v k thut a truy cp phn chia theo
tn s n sng mang. Trong chng n{y s m phng h thng SC-FDMA
trong h thng thng tin di ng LTE theo hng ng ln. K thut nh x
sng mang con trong k thut SC-FDMA s s dng 2 thut ton l: nh x sng
mang con cc b (LFDMA) v nh x sng mang con xen k (IFDMA). Cc kiu
iu ch tn hiu c s dng l 4-QAM, 16-QAM, v 64-QAM. Chng cng
m phng so snh v h s PAPR gia k thut SC-FDMA vi OFDM. Thut ton
cn bng knh c s dng l k thut cn bng knh MMSE v c m phng
so snh vi k thut Zero - Forcing. Qua chng m phng ny s chng t v
sao 3GPP li chn k thut SC FDMA cho tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng
LTE thay v s dng OFDM hay OFDMA.

Chng 4: M phng SC FDMA trong tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng
LTE

65

4.2. Lu thut ton

Bt u
To chui bit pht
iu ch M-QAM
Thit lp gi tr SNR
i <= length(SNR)
Bin i FFT tn hiu
nh x sng mang con
Bin i IFFT tn hiu
Chn CP
Y
N
Tnh
PAPR
LTE

66

Thm h s tn hiu a ng
Thm nhiu trng AWGN
Gii nh x sng mang con
Loi b CP
Bin i FFT tn hiu
Thc hin cn bng knh MMSE
Bin i IFFT tn hiu
Gii iu ch M-QAM
Tnh s bit li
i = i+1
Tnh BER
a
a
b
b
c
c
d
d
LTE

67

4.3. Cc thng s m phng
Bng 4.1 C|c iu kin truyn sng trong mi trng truyn a
ng[4]
ITU Pedestrian A
Speed 3km/h
ITU Vehicular A
Speed 120km/h
Relative delay
[ns]
Relative Mean
Power [dB]
Relative delay
[ns]
Relative Mean
Power [dB]
0 0 0 0
110 -9.7 310 -1
190 -19.2 710 -9
410 -22.8 1090 -10
1730 -15
2510 -20

4.4. Cc kt qu m phng
4.4.1. Bng thng s m phng
Bng 4.2 Cc thng s m phng
Bng thng knh 20MHz
Kiu iu ch d liu 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Tin t vng 80
Kch thc IFFT 2048
Khong cch sng mang con 9.765kHz
Kt thc
V cc kt qu
LTE

68

Kch thc khi d liu 512 k t
c lng knh hon ho
Phng ph|p c}n bng knh MMSE, ZF

4.4.2. M phng vi cc k thut iu ch khc nhau
4-QAM
Thit lp thng s m phng M=4, N=1000, Num_block=2,
symbol.size=512, DFT.size=2048, CP=80, s dng cn bng knh MMSE.

Hnh 4.1 SC-FDMA dng iu ch 4-QAM
- Nhn xt:
- T hnh trn ta thy rng, cng mt gi tr SNR th LFDMA ca knh
truyn Pedestrian c gi tr BER tt nht, trong khi IFDMA trong knh
truyn Vehicular c gi tr BER t nht. Trn hnh 4.1 ta thy, t
c t s BER = 10
-5
th i vi LFDMA khi thu bao di chuyn chm
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Simulation SC-FDMA using MMSE equalization
SNR (dB)
B
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

IFDMA on Pedestrian A 4-QAM
LFDMA on Pedestrian A 4-QAM
IFDMA on Vehicular 4-QAM
LFDMA on Vehicular 4-QAM
LTE

69

3km/h ch yu cu t s SNR 12dB, trong khi LFDMA ca thu bao i
chuyn tc cao 120km/h th SNR 17dB.
- 2 trng hp trn khi thu bao di chuyn tc 3km/h v thu bao di
chuyn vi tc 120km/h th k thut LFDMA cho kt qu tt hn khi
so snh vi IFDMA. i vi trng hp thu bao di chuyn vi tc
120km/h th vi LFDMA t t s BER = 10
-4
th ch yu cu SNR
=16dB, trong khi vi IFDMA l 18dB. LFDMA c t s BER tt hn c
gii thch l do khi thc hin nh x sng mang con, ph tn hiu ca
LFDMA tp trung gn nhau nn nhiu kh t|c ng v{o. Trong khi ,
vi IFDMA th ph tn hiu phn b trn ton b bng thng nn nng
lng b phn tn nn d b nhiu t|c ng hn.
16-QAM

Hnh 4.2 SC-FDMA s dng iu ch 16-QAM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
B
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

LTE

70

- Nhn xt:
- T kt qu m phng ta thy rng, k thut nh x sng mang con
LFDMA hiu qu hn k thut IFDMA trong cng iu kin.
- So snh vi iu ch 4-QAM th trong iu ch 16-QAM yu cu t s SNR
ti m|y thu cao hn t c cng mt t s BER, nhng tc
truyn d liu ca 16-QAM cao hn so vi 4-QAM. V t c tc
truyn d liu cao hn trong mt bng thng cho trc th yu cu bc
iu ch cn c nng ln, bc iu ch c{ng tng th yu cu v t s
SNR ti my thu phi ln hn.
64- QAM

Hnh 4.3 SC-FDMA dng iu ch 64-QAM
- Nhn xt:
- T kt qu m phng h thng SC-FDMA s dng kiu iu ch 4-QAM,
16-QAM v 64-QAM ta thy rng, khi bc iu ch tng th li knh
gim, nhng hiu qu s dng bng thng li tng do trong mt khe thi
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
B
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

LTE

71

gian th 4-QAM ch ph|t c 2 bits, trong khi 16-QAM l 4 bit, 64-QAM
l 6 bit. Mt khc, t mt t s BER yu cu th t s SNR i hi cao
hn i vi bc iu ch ln tc nng lng cho tn hiu yu cu phi
ln hn so vi bc iu ch thp hn. Cn nu xt cng mt t s SNR th
tc li bit ca 64-QAM cao nht, th hai l 16-QAM v cui cng l 4-
QAM. iu n{y c gii thch l do khi bc iu ch tng th s im
trn chm sao tng, tc l{ c|c im gn nhau hn. Khi ph|t tn hiu, ch
cn mt lch pha nh ca tn hiu ny s b thay i ti my thu, lc
ny bit li s cao hn hay t s BER ca bc iu ch ln s c BER cao
khi xt cng t s SNR.
- Qua cc kt qu 4-QAM, 16-QAM v 64-QAM ta thy rng khi thu bao di
chuyn vi tc cao 120km/h th cht lng tn hiu thay i nhiu so
vi cc thu bao di chuyn vi tc chm 3km/h. Nguyn nhn do tnh
cht hiu ng a ng thay i nhanh do thu bao di chuyn tc
cao nn gy nn nhiu ISI nng ti tn hiu, mt khc do hin tng dch
tn s Doppler cng g}y ra nhiu i vi tn hiu thu ti my thu. Ti v,
khi c dch tn s th tn hiu thu ~ b lch so vi tn hiu ph|t i, lc
ny tn hiu ~ b li.
4.4.3. So snh gia hai phng ph|p: MMSE vi Zero Forcing
symbol.size=512, DFT.size=2048, CP=80, iu kin knh truyn l Vehicular.
LTE

72

Hnh 4.4 Kt qu m phng so snh gia MMSE vi Zero Forcing
- Nhn xt:
- Kt qu m phng cho thy rng, vic s dng phng ph|p c}n bng
knh MMSE cho hiu qu tt hn so vi Zero Forcing. Trong hnh 4.4 ta
thy rng, t c t s BER = 10
-5
th nu s dng MMSE, t s SNR
ti my thu ch l{ 27dB trong khi s l 28dB nu dng Zero Forcing.
Vic MMSE hiu qu hn Zero Forcing l{ v trong h s cn bng knh th
i vi Zero Forcing l FZF=1/H, lc ny khi c fading su th Zero
Forcing tr thnh b tng cng nhiu. Trong khi FMMSE = H
*
( HH
*
+
N0)
-1
tc l cho d c fading su th MMSE hn ch s tng cng nhiu,
gim nhiu ph hy tn hiu.

Vy khi thit k b cn bng cn ch s
cn bng gia suy gim ISI v s tng cng nhiu.

4.4.4. Khi khng p dng cn bng knh
symbol.size=512, DFT.size=2048, CP=80, khng dng cn bng knh.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Simulation SC-FDMA compare between MMSE vs ZF equalization
SNR (dB)
B
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

IFDMA using Zero-Forcing equalization
IFDMA using MMSE equalization
LTE

73

Hnh 4.5 SC-FDMA khi khng s dng cn bng knh
- Nhn xt:
- T kt qu m phng trn ta thy rng, khi khng p dng cn bng
knh loi b nhiu ISI th vi ng truyn a ng th tn hiu thu
rt t. Do khi thu bao di chuyn th tnh cht tr a ng thay i
nhanh, m tr a ng l nguyn nhn gy ra tnh mt trc giao gia
cc sng mang. Khi tnh trc giao mt i th tn hiu s b nhiu do ISI.
Khng nhng vy, khi thu bao di chuyn th s xy ra hin tng dch
tn s Doppler gy ra ph hy tn hiu ti my thu do vic dch tn s
trong min tn s th tng ng vi s quay pha trong min thi gian,
lc ny tn hiu gc ~ thay i hay tn hiu thu l tn hiu ~ b li. Vy,
thu c tn hiu tt th cn thc hin cc bin ph|p loi b nhiu,
nh c}n bng knh l mt phng ph|p.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Simulation SC-FDMA without using equalization
SNR (dB)
B
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e

(
B
E
R
)

LTE

74

4.4.5. M phng so snh t s PAPR ca SC-FDMA vi OFDM
symbol.size=512, DFT.size=2048, CP=80, s dng b lc xung RRC.

Hnh 4.6 Kt qu so snh PAPR gia SC-FDMA vi OFDM.
- Nhn xt:
- T kt qu m phng ta thy rng, xt ring trong h thng SC-FDMA th
t s PAPR trong phng ph|p |nh x sng mang con LFDMA cao hn so
vi IFDMA. T s PAPR gia hai phng ph|p chnh lch nhau gn
2.5dB. Ti v, do phng ph|p |nh x sng mang con cc k t ca
LFDMA nm st nhau v nm v tr u ca chui sng mang con nn
khi thc hin bin i IFFT th nng lng ca cc k t ny s ln hn
so vi cc k t IFDMA m{ c sp xp u nhau trn ton b bng
thng.
- So snh gia SC-FDMA v OFDM th t s PAPR trong SC-FDMA lun thp
hn so vi OFDM cho d s dng phng ph|p |nh x sng mang con
LFDMA hay IFDMA. chnh lch v PAPR gia OFDM vi LFDMA l
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPRo [dB]
P
r
(
P
A
P
R
>
P
A
P
R
o
)

PAPR of IFDMA
PAPR of LFDMA
7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPRo [dB]
P
r
(
P
A
P
R
>
P
A
P
R
o
)

PAPR of OFDM
LTE

75

2.3dB, v vi IFDMA l 3.5dB. Do tnh cht ca iu ch n sng mang
nng lng khng thay i trong cc chu k k t, trong khi OFDM l{
s chng chp ca cc tn hiu khc nhau, mang tnh cht ca a sng
mang.
4.5 Kt lun chng
Qua chng m phng ny, em ~ m phng v{ rt ra c cc kt qu v
k thut SC FDMA trong tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng LTE. Trong k
thut SC FDMA th k thut LFDMA cho hiu qu tt hn so vi IFDMA, tuy
nhin, IFDMA li cho t s PAPR thp hn so vi LFDMA. Ta cng thy c
hiu qu ca vic p dng cn bng knh MMSE, Zero Forcing. Trong hai
phng ph|p trn th MMSE cho hiu qu tt hn so vi Zero Forcing. V
cng qua kt qu m phng cho thy rng, k thut SC-FDMA cho t s PAPR
thp hn so vi OFDM. Vi t s PAPR thp hn, SC-FDMA ~ mang ti mt
hng tip i kh|c cho tuyn ln mng di ng. Thay v s dng OFDM vi
nhc im t s PAPR cao, dn ti gi| th{nh tng, cng sut tiu t|n tng ti
my pht, trong khi tuyn ln th thu bao di ng ng vai tr l{ m|y ph|t m{
trong thit k thit b di ng hin nay cn trnh nhng vn trn. Vy, SC-
FDMA l k thut ti u cho tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng LTE.
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI
KT LUN:
Qua ton b |n ~ cho thy c c|c u, nhc im ca h thng a
truy cp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang SC-FDMA trong h thng thng
tin di ng. Vi u im c h s PAPR thp do tnh cht n sng mang, li
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

76

phn tp tn s nn SC-FDMA ~ c t chc 3GPP chn l k thut c s
dng cho tuyn ln mng thng tin di ng LTE. Trong h thng SC-FDMA c ba
phng ph|p |nh x sng mang con l: FDMA nh x (LFDMA), FDMA phn
tn (DFDMA) v FDMA xen r (IFDMA). Nhm loi b nhiu ISI do tr a
ng, trong n ny em ~ |p dng hai phng ph|p cn bng knh l{
Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) v Zero Forcing (ZF), trong , MMSE
cho hiu qu tt hn so vi Zero Forcing. Vic chn SC-FDMA mang li u
im PAPR thp lm gim chi ph sn sut ca my pht, gim nng lng tiu
tn gip tit kim nng lng. H thng di ng LTE c u im l tc
truyn ti d liu cao, kh nng h tr thit b ang di chuyn vi tc cao,
h tr cng lc nhiu ngi dng trong cng cell hn. M th h in thoi di
ng LTE hin nay vi yu cu thit k p, dung lng PIN ln |p ng yu
cu s dng nhiu ng dng hn trong khi gi| c phi ph hp. iu ~
gy ra mu thun, trong khi cn nhiu nng lng chy cc ng dng nhng
li yu cu PIN khng c qu ln, s lm nh hng ti thm m ca my. V
vy, vic p dng SC-FDMA cho tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng LTE ~
lm gim phc tp ca b khuch i cng sut ti my pht, dn ti gim
gi thnh ca my pht, m }y thit b di ng cm tay ng vai tr l{ m|y
pht. Mt khc, SC-FDMA vi kh nng chng li tt fading su, t nhy cm vi
tn s sng mang offset. Vi nhng u im trn, SC-FDMA ~ c 3GPP chn
lm k thut cho tuyn ln h thng thng tin di ng LTE thay v s dng k
thut OFDM hay OFDMA.

HNG PHT TRIN TI:
Trong qu| trnh l{m |n n{y, em ~ s dng c lng knh hon ho.
Nhng, trong thc t kh bit c |p ng knh mt cch hon ho. V vy,
cho ti thc t hn cn thc hin c lng knh truyn. Do h thng m
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

77

phng ch cho mt ngi dng, nn tng hiu qu s dng bng tn th cn
m rng h thng cho nhiu ngi dng hn. Mt khc, nng cao hiu qu
h thng, c th pht trin thm cc thut ton tin m ha nh Tomlinson-
Harashima hay mt s thut ton tin m ha khc. Mt kh|c, m bm cht
lng theo tiu chun ca mng LTE th cn thm cc k thut m~ ha nh m~
ha Turbo nng cao cht lng tn hiu.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS. Nguyn L Hng, B{i ging thng tin di ng.
[2] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge 2005.
Ti liu tham kho

78

[3] Cripps, S.C., RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications, Artech
House, 1999.
[4] ETSI TS 125 101 V7.7.0 (2007-03) Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (FDD)
(3GPP TS 25.101 version 7.7.0 Release 7), B.2.2 Multi-path fading propagation
conditions.
[5] ETSI TS 136 211 V8.4.0 (2008-11) LTE;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA);Physical channels and modulation (3GPP TS 36.211 version
8.4.0 Release 8).
[6] Hyung G. Myung, David J. Goodman Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air
Interface for Long Term Evolution, 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[7] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim, David J. Goodman; PEAK-TO-AVERAGE
POWER RATIO OF SINGLE CARRIER FDMA SIGNALS WITH PULSE SHAPING,
The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and
Mobile Radio Communications.
[8] IXIA, SC-FDMA Single Carrier FDMA in LTE, Rev A November 2009.
[9] T. S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications Principles & Practice", IEEE
Press, New York, Prentice Hall, pp. 169-177, 1996.
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/.

PH LC
%%
clear all;
SNR=[0:2:40];
N=10^3;% lan lap
Num_block=2;
CP=80;
Ph lc

79

DFT.size=2048;%kich thuoc IFFT va FFT, 512 tai bang tan 5MHz, 2048 voi
bang tan 20MHz
symbol.size=512; %kich thuoc du lieu
Q=DFT.size/symbol.size;% he so trai pho
M=16;%so luong diem dieu che
B=log2(M);
sig_power = signal_power_computation(M);%nang luong tin hieu
% Channels based on 3GPP TS 25.104.
pedAchannel = [1 10^(-9.7/20) 10^(-19.2/20) 10^(-22.8/20)];
pedAchannel = pedAchannel/sqrt(sum(pedAchannel.^2));
% pedBchannel = [1 10^(-0.9/20) 10^(-4.9/20) 10^(-8/20) 10^(-7.8/20)
10^(-23.9/20)];
vehAchannel = [1 0 10^(-1/20) 0 10^(-9/20) 10^(-10/20) 0 0 0 10^(-15/20)
0 0 0 10^(-20/20)];
vehAchannel = vehAchannel/sqrt(sum(vehAchannel.^2));
% kieu can bang
equalizerType = 1;% 0 neu la Zero forcing, 1 la MMSE
%%
%============================Create PAPR=============================
rolloffFactor = 0.1999999; % Rolloff factor for the raised-cosine filter.
Fs = 20e6; % System bandwidth.
Ts = 1/Fs; % System sampling rate.
Nos = 8; % Oversampling factor.
psFilter = rrcPulse(Ts, Nos, rolloffFactor);% Root raised-cosine filter.
papr_ifdma = zeros(1,N); % Initialize the PAPR results.
papr_lfdma = zeros(1,N);
%%
for mode=0:1
if mode==0
channel = pedAchannel;
elseif mode==1
channel = vehAchannel;
end
H_channel = fft(channel,DFT.size);
BER_IFDMA = zeros(1,length(SNR)); % initial contain bit error rate
values
BER_LFDMA = zeros(1,length(SNR));
%============================modulation==============================
for ik=1:length(SNR)
No = sig_power/( 10^( SNR(ik)/10 ) ); % noise sample variance or
noise power
for k=1:N
input=rand(1,Num_block*B*symbol.size)>0.5;
input_mod=MQAM_modulator(reshape(input,B,Num_block*symbol.size)); %
ma tran tin hieu input_mod(1,symbol.size)
input_mod=reshape(input_mod,symbol.size,Num_block);
%============================DFT=====================================
data_DFT = zeros(symbol.size,Num_block);
data_DFT = fft(input_mod);
%===========================anh xa song mang =======================
sample_IFDMA=zeros(DFT.size,Num_block);
sample_LFDMA=zeros(DFT.size,Num_block);
%==================Mapping===============================
for u=1:Num_block
sample_IFDMA(1:Q:DFT.size,u)=data_DFT(:,u);
sample_LFDMA([1:symbol.size],u)=data_DFT(:,u);
end
%===========================IFFT=====================================
Ph lc

80

sample_IFDMA = ifft(sample_IFDMA);% ma tran (DFT.size,Num_block)
sample_LFDMA = ifft(sample_LFDMA);
%===========================Pulse shaping============================
if ((mode==1)&&(ik==21))
%%
sample_IFDMA_papr = sample_IFDMA;
% Up-sample the symbols.
for ii=1:Num_block
y_oversampled_ifdma(1:Nos:Nos*DFT.size,ii) = sample_IFDMA_papr(:,ii);
% Perform filtering.
result_papr_ifdma(:,ii) = filter(psFilter, 1,
y_oversampled_ifdma(:,ii));
end
%===========================PAPR IFDMA ==============================
trungbinh_ifdma = abs((result_papr_ifdma).^2);
% Calculate the PAPR.
papr_ifdma(k) =
10*log10(max(max(abs(result_papr_ifdma()).^2))/mean_x(trungbinh_ifdma()))
;
%========================================================================
% caculate PAPR for LFDMA
%========================================================================
sample_LFDMA_papr = sample_LFDMA;
y_oversampled_lfdma = zeros(Nos*DFT.size,Num_block);
result_papr_lfdma = zeros(Nos*DFT.size,Num_block);
% Perform pulse shaping.
for l=1:Num_block
y_oversampled_lfdma(1:Nos:Nos*DFT.size,l) = sample_LFDMA_papr(:,l);
% Perform filtering.
result_papr_lfdma(:,l) = filter(psFilter, 1,
y_oversampled_lfdma(:,l));
end
%result_papr_lfdma = sample_LFDMA_papr;
trungbinh_lfdma = abs((result_papr_lfdma).^2);
% Calculate the PAPR.
papr_lfdma(k) =
10*log10(max(max(abs(result_papr_lfdma).^2))/mean_x(trungbinh_lfdma));
end
%%
%===========================Insert CP================================
Tx_sample_CP_IFDMA=Insert_CP(sample_IFDMA,CP);
Tx_sample_CP_LFDMA=Insert_CP(sample_LFDMA,CP);
%===========================Multi-path channel=======================
Rx_sample_CP_IFDMA = zeros(DFT.size + CP,Num_block);
Rx_sample_CP_LFDMA = zeros(DFT.size + CP,Num_block);
for t=1:Num_block
Rx_sample_CP_IFDMA(:,t) = filter(channel,1,Tx_sample_CP_IFDMA(:,t));
Rx_sample_CP_LFDMA(:,t) = filter(channel,1,Tx_sample_CP_LFDMA(:,t));
end
%==========================noise AWGN===============
noise_samples = ( randn(DFT.size+CP,Num_block) +
j*randn(DFT.size+CP,Num_block) );
Rx_sample_AWGN_IFDMA = Rx_sample_CP_IFDMA +
sqrt(No/(2*Q))*noise_samples ;
Rx_sample_AWGN_LFDMA = Rx_sample_CP_LFDMA +
sqrt(No/(2*Q))*noise_samples;
%==============================Remove CP=============================
Ph lc

81

Rx_sample_IFDMA = Remove_CP(Rx_sample_AWGN_IFDMA,CP,DFT.size);%ma
tran (DFT.size,Num_user)
Rx_sample_LFDMA = Remove_CP(Rx_sample_AWGN_LFDMA,CP,DFT.size);
%==============================FFT===================================
Y_IFDMA = fft(Rx_sample_IFDMA,DFT.size);
Y_LFDMA = fft(Rx_sample_LFDMA,DFT.size);
%============================giai anh xa song mang con===================
Y_ifdma = zeros(symbol.size,Num_block);
Y_lfdma = zeros(symbol.size,Num_block);
for v=1:Num_block
Y_ifdma(:,v) = Y_IFDMA(1:Q:DFT.size,v);
Y_lfdma(:,v) = Y_LFDMA([1:symbol.size],v);
end
%%
%============================dap ung kenh=========================
% Find the channel response for the interleaved subcarriers.
H_eff = H_channel(1:Q:DFT.size);
H_eff = H_eff.';
% thuc hien can bang kenh.
if equalizerType == 0
for jj=1:Num_block
Y_ifdma(:,jj) = Y_ifdma(:,jj)./H_eff;
end
elseif equalizerType == 1
for jj=1:Num_block
W_MMSEI = conj(H_eff)./(conj(H_eff).*H_eff + 10^(-SNR(ik)/10));
Y_ifdma(:,jj) = Y_ifdma(:,jj).*W_MMSEI;
end
end
% dap ung kenh cho LFDMA
H_eff1 = H_channel([1:symbol.size]);
H_eff1 = H_eff1.';
% can bang kenh
if equalizerType == 0
for kk=1:Num_block
Y_lfdma(:,kk) = Y_lfdma(:,kk)./H_eff1;
end
elseif equalizerType == 1
for kk=1:Num_block
W_MMSE = conj(H_eff1)./(conj(H_eff1).*H_eff1 + 10^(-SNR(ik)/10));
Y_lfdma(:,kk) = Y_lfdma(:,kk).*W_MMSE;
end
end
%%
%====================IFFT============================================
EstSymbols_ifdma = ifft(Y_ifdma);
EstSymbols_lfdma = ifft(Y_lfdma);
%===================Demulator========================================
EstSymbols_ifdma =
reshape(EstSymbols_ifdma,1,Num_block*symbol.size);
EstSymbols_lfdma =
reshape(EstSymbols_lfdma,1,Num_block*symbol.size);

est_ifdma = MQAM_Demodulator(EstSymbols_ifdma,M);
est_lfdma = MQAM_Demodulator(EstSymbols_lfdma,M);

%====================================================================
Ph lc

82

% Count the number of error bits occuring
BER_IFDMA(ik) = BER_IFDMA(ik) + sum( abs(input-est_ifdma ));
BER_LFDMA(ik) = BER_LFDMA(ik) + sum( abs(input-est_lfdma ));

end

end
BER_IFDMA = BER_IFDMA/(symbol.size*N*B*Num_block);
BER_LFDMA = BER_LFDMA/(symbol.size*N*B*Num_block);
if mode==0
figure(1)
semilogy(SNR,BER_IFDMA,'y*-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,BER_LFDMA,'c^--','LineWidth',2);
grid on
hold on
elseif mode==1
figure(1)
semilogy(SNR,BER_IFDMA,'rs-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(SNR,BER_LFDMA,'bo-','LineWidth',2);
grid on
hold on
end
title('Simulation SC-FDMA using MMSE equalization')
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('Bit error rate (BER)');
legend('IFDMA on Pedestrian A 16-QAM',...
'LFDMA on Pedestrian A 16-QAM',...
'IFDMA on Vehicular 16-QAM ',...
'LFDMA on Vehicular 16-QAM');
end

figure(2)
% Plot CCDF.
subplot(2,1,1);
[U,X] = hist(papr_ifdma, 100);
[T,V] = hist(papr_lfdma, 100);
semilogy(X,1-cumsum(U)/max(cumsum(U)),'b')
hold on
semilogy(V,1-cumsum(T)/max(cumsum(T)),'r')
hold on
grid on
xlabel('PAPRo [dB]');
ylabel('Pr(PAPR>PAPRo)')
legend( 'PAPR of IFDMA',...
'PAPR of LFDMA');
subplot(2,1,2);
paprOFDM();

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1

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

l tn hiu bng gc.

, th cc sng mang con s trc giao vi

, trong N l{ s im trong php bin i IDFT, r l khong tn

. Gi s rng, tn hiu vo { xm: m=0,

. Do , chui trong min thi gian ph|t i l{ u0/Q,

/Q, c lp Q ln vi s quay pha tng ng.

nn phng trnh (2.36) s c khai trin

v kch thc ny phi tha m~n iu kin sau

: l s sng mang con trong mi khi ngun.

), l{ c|c k t ca N sng mang con.

hiu sut cng sut ln nht.

[3]. Nh ~ ni c|c chng trc, SC-

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