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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 2
ACTSP Study Guide
Author
Mohamed N. ElGuindy
BSc. CS. Trinity University, USA
MCSE, MCT
IEEE Computer Society Member
British Computer Society Member
IWA & HWG Member
Member of Experts Exchange
Member of ELearning Guild
Member of WAOE
Chief Information Officer
ASK PC, USA
ASKPC
The Largest Arabic Technical Support Community in association with
Microsoft
Symantec
Winternals
Sysinternals
Contact the Author
admin@askpc.com
naguib@computer.org
Many Thanks to:
Muataz Khataan
(Bachelor of Art Education, Professional Graphic Artist, Diploma in Art Education)
For his contribution to the layout and graphic for this study guide.
Tamer Solieman
(BSc. CS, Ain Shams University)
For his notes.
This book is protected by international copyright law
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com All rights reserved
Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 3
ﺘﻘــــــﺩﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ" ﺍ ﻭ ACTSP ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ "ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺍ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﻤﻥ ASK PC
ﻟﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ
ﻟﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻴﻨﻤﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺭﺭﻨـﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻘـﺩﻡ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ
ﻤﻨﺎﻫﺠﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻌﻠـﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ
ﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻨﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ.
ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺒﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـﺼﻠﺒﺔ Hardware ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ
ﻭﺤﻠﻭل ﻻﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎ ﺕ Software
ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ.
ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻴـﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺴـﻴﻬﺎ
ﻻﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺸـﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻨـﻲ ﺸﻬﺎ ﺩﺓ A+ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ
ﻟﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ. Symantec.
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com All rights reserved
Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 4
A؟
A C
C T ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ S P
T S
ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻓﻲ ASK PC ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ASKPC Certified ﻜﺩﻟﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯﻙ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨـﻲ ﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ
ﺍﻱ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺠﻠﺔ Technical Support Professional
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل .Microsoft
ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﺠﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻥ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺨـل
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻨﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻨﻘـل
ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﺀﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺘﻁﺭﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻ ﺒﺎﺫﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﺨﺎﻟﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﺨـﺹ
ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ .ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻻﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com All rights reserved
Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 5
Computer Hardware Organization Fundamentals
ﻫـﻭ ﻓـﺭﻉ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ Hardware Organization ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴـﻭﻑ Computer Science
ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
M
M oo tt h
h ee rr b
b oo aa rr d oo r M
M aa ii n B
B oo aa rr d
ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻘـل ﺍ ﻟـ Processor ﺒﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺠـﺯﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔـﺼﻴل ﻟﻠﺫﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ Memory Modules ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 6
ﺍﺸﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ Motherboard ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ
ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ.
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺴﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻤﺤﺘـﺭﻑ
ﺍﻭ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ، ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ Power Supply ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟـﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﻔـﻲ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔـﻙ Power supplies ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟــ Power Supply ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩٥ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﺍﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜـﻥ Processor ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Memory Modules
ﻜﺎﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻬل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍ ﻭ Expansion Slots ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ
ﺸﻲﺀ. ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻜل Motherboard ﺒﺎ ﻟـ Power Supply ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﺼل ﺍ ﻟـ
:Baby AT ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍ
ﻀﺢ.
:ATX Power Supply ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ
ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Power Supply ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﻨﺎ
،Motherboards ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺒﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Motherboard ﻭﻫﻲ ATX ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ AT ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺴﻠﺴﺔ Pentium Pro ﻭﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ INTEL
.Motherboard
ﻜﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻭﺍ ﻟـ ATX
ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻤﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬ ﺎ AT ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ATX
ﻋـﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ Processor ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ
ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘـﻴﺢ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﻭﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﺭﺏ ﺍ ﻟـ Power Supply ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 7
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ AT ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻟﻠﻁﺎ ﻗﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ 20 PIN Power Connector ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ATX ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺼﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ! ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ AT
ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ٣,٣ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ATX ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺒـﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ AT ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ Power Supply ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ٥ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ٣,٣ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭ Regulator
ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ Soft Switch ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ ATX ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻲﺀﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ AT ﻤﺜﻼ Software
Soft switch ﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Power ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ Standby ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﻭﺒﻜل ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ! ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ
ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻁﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ Servers ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻱ Hot Swappable ﺍﺴﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺨﻼ ﻓﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ
ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺒﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ! ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻨﺘـﺸﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﻠـPower Supply ﺍﻻﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 8
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ Case ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Power Supply ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ.
ﻓﻠﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻓﻬـﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ Power Supply ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ
C
C ee n
n tt rr aa l P
P rr oo cc ee ss ss ii n
n g U
U n
n ii t ( C
C P
P U )
ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜـﺭ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ Processor ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ Central Processing Unit
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻔﺎﻀﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻻﻫﻤﻴﺘـﺎ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 9
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻠﻨﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫـل ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻫﺭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺎﺕ ﻫﻤـ ﺎ Pentium ﻭ Celeron ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻨـﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﻫﻨ ﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ Intel ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓـﻲ Athlon ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻤ ﺎ AMD ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ Motherboard ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻴﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Memory
ﺘـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻻ ﺍ ﻥ AMD ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍ ﻥ Intel ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻭﺭﻏﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ.
ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻰ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘـﻪ ﺍﻭ
ﻜﻜل ﻻﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ System ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻴﻀﺎ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻴﻌﻤـل Cache ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜل ﻴﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻜل ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﻁﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ L1 cache ﺍ ﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ Level 2 cache ﻭﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻻﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Processor ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ Cache ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ ﻟـ
L1 ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Processor ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٢ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍﻤ ﺎ L2 Cache ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٢٥٦ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ cache
ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ FSB ﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻩ Front Side Bus ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ ﻜﻜل
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 10
ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻲ FSB ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﺘل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ:
M in transistors= Million
ﺍﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Celeron ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻻﻥ L2 cache ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺞ Pentium ﻴﺤﻭﻱ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ٢٥٦ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ ﺍﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ Celeron ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ L2 cache ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ٢ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ
ﻻﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ Pentium ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ ﺕ Intel ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻥ Celeron ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ
Pentium ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒـﺎ ﻭﻤﻌـﺎ ﻟﺞ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺞ Celeron ﻴﺤﻭﻱ L2 cache
ﻴﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍﻕ، ﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺞ Celeron ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ! ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺠﻌل ﻴﺤﻭﻱ Cache
Land Grid ﻭﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠ ﻴﺯﻴـﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ LGA ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎ ﻟﺞ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻻ ﻥ Intel
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 11
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ Pins ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Array
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ. Socket
ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟــ Sockets ،LGA ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒـ 775K ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ
ﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺭﻫـﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘ ﺎ LGA 775 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ Processor
ﻭﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻥ.
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ :
:Socket 370 ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ ﺕ Intel Pentium III
ﺍﻨﺘل ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 2GHz ﻭﺍ ﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺏ Socket 478 :Socket 423 ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ
for (FSB)
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ PGA ﺍ ﻭ Pin grid array ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ ﺕ Xeon ﻭﻫﻭ :Socket 603
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨﻜﻤـل ﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ
C
C M
M O
O S
ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﻁـﻕ SeeMOS ﻫﻲ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻐﺯﻴﺘﻬـﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ System Password ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻓﺭﻏﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ CMOS
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ CMOS ﻻﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻋﻠﻰ F1 ﺍ ﻟﻨﻘﺭ
ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴـﻎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ Jumper ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺠﺩ CMOS ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺒﺎﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺩ ﺍ ﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 12
ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟـ
ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ Jumper
ﺍﻟـCMOS
ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟـ
Motherboard
ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻘﺭ Del ﺍ ﻭ F2 ﺍﻟﻜل ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ CMOS ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ BIOS
ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟـ CMOS ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻥ
B
B II O
O S
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺅل ﻋـﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻰBasic Input/Output System ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺨـﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟــ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍ ﻟـ CMOS ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ COMM Ports ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ Hardware
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻜـل ﻤـﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ BIOS ﺒـFirmware ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ Flash Bios ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻ ﻥ ﺒﻔﻀل
ﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ BIOS ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﻠﻴﺔ ﺒــ Firmware Upgrade ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل Upgrade ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 13
ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻤـﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ BIOS ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍ ﻟـ Motherboard ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
Power ﺍ ﻱ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ POST ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل
ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟــ BIOS ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ On Self Test ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل Check
Hard Disk ﻟﻠﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﺭﺍﻡ ﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟــ CMOS
ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﺯﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﻡ
B
B U
U S
S E
E S
ﺍﻭ ﻨـﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Motherboard ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ Buses ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻔﻬـﻡ ﺍ ﻥ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ Buses ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﺒﺼﺩﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻜﻔـﻲ
ﻭﺍﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .Data Bus
Processor
System Bus
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ
PCI Slots
ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕPCI
ﺍ ﻭ .Data Buses ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨ ﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ System Buses ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺅل ﻋـﻥ ﺸﻘﻴﻥ Front Side bus ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ FSB/BSB
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ .RAM CPU ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒـﺎﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺼل ﺍ ﻟـ CPU ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﻠﻙ ﺍﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻤ ﺎ BSB
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻜل ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ ﺍ ﺴﺭﻉ BUS ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ RAM ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ FSB
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 14
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ BUSES ﻫﻭ I/O BUSES
ﺒﻁﻲﺀ. ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﻫﻭ Mouse ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Keyboard ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ Expansion Slots ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺴﻤﻌﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ISA
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ .Industry Standard Architecture
ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩٣ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Intel ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ ﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Slots ﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ PCI Slots
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ Peripheral Component ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ Buses ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ
.Interconnect
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 15
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل 32 bit ﺍ ﻭ 64 bit ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 33MHz ﻴﻨﻘل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ ﻥ PCI ﻭﻴﺠﺏ
PCI ﻭﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ PCI ﺫﺍ ﺕ 64 Bit ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘل 66MHz ﻨﺎﻗﻼ ﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘـل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ PCI ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺠﺩﺍ X
ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴـﺴﺕ MHz ﻻﺤﻅ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ ﺕ 66, 133, 266, 533 Mega Transfer/sec (MTS).
PCI X ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ ﺨﺭ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ PCI ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٣٢ﻤﺭﺓ
10 ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ PCI X ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ ﺴﺭﻉ 2.0
ﻫـﻲ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ PCI X "ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ" ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﺜ ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ GB ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ Fiber Optics
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠـﺩﺍ ﻋـﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ PCI X Cards ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
.AGP
ﻤﺜﻴﻼﺘﻬ ﺎ
ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ ﺭ Accelerated Graphic Port ﻭﻫﻭ Slots ﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ AGP
ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺨﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍ ﻟــ
Video ﻨﺎﻗل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎ ﺭﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ AGP
ﻓـﻲ PCI ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ 66MHz ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Memory
ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ. PCI ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
Hardware ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟــ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 16
II R
R Q
ﻤﺜـل ﻟﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍ ﻭ ﻤـﻥ Hardware ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ Hardware ﻟﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Network card
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﺍﻗـﺏ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ Processor ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ
ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ Hardware ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware
Interrupt ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ ﺭ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﺍ ﻭ IRQ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻜل Hardware
.Request
D
D M
M A
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ ﺭ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ Direct Memory Access ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﻟﻠﺫﺍ ﻜﺭﺓ RAM ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware ﻟﻠﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ
ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺨﻔﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺏﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻙ
ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﺘﺸﺒﻬﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ IRQ ﻭ DMA ﻭ I/O Address ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍ ﻭ Hardware ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻜل IRQ ﻭ DMA
ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ: IRQ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 17
12 PS/2 Mouse
13 Math Coprocessor
14 Primary IDE 170h
15 Secondary IDE 1F0h
ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﺕ 32 Bit ﺍﻻﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل Motherboards ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻭﺤـﺎ ﺕ ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ 64 Bit ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﻜﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻨﻙ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨـﺭ ﻤـﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ
ﻤﺜـل ﺍﺸﻴﺎ ﺀ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ 64 Bit ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﻻﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ.
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 18
System Memory
ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ
ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼل ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ L2 cache ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺨﻁـﻭﺓ ﺨﻁـﻭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍ ﻱ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ RAM ﻭ ROM ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﺎ ﺒﻠﻭ ﻤﻊ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻌـﺩﻴل ﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺍ ﻟــ BIOS ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ROM
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻗـﺩ ﺍ ﻟـ Firmware ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل Bios
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM
ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻤﺜـل ﻤﺜـل
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘ ﺎ. ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ FSB ﻤﺜﻼ ﻤﻊ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ Buses ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ
R
R A
A M
M
ﺘﻨﻘـﺴﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻭﺭﻜﺯ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ:
RAM
DRAM SRAM
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 19
ﻭﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ ﻻﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍ ﻥ ﺘﺘﻌـﺭﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ DRAM ﺘﻌﻨﻲ Dynamic RAM
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Data ﺍﻭ ﺍﻨﻌﺎﺵ ﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻻ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ Refresh
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ Capacitors ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻰ 0 ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍ ﻟـ 1 ﻴﺘﻡ ﺸﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎ
ﺍﺫﺍ ﺴﻤﻌﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﺎ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻤﺜﻼ 1 GIGA byte ﺒـ .data corruption ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻨﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ. ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ DRAM ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM ﻭﻫﻭ SRAM ﺍ ﻱ Static RAM ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍ ﻟﻰ Refresh ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﻭﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ DRAM ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ DRAM
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ L2 cache ﻭﻟﻠــ SRAM ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل
ﺍﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻭﻫـﻭ NVRAM ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ
ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ Flash Memory ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ DRAM ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ Memory Stick
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ. Battery ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﺘﺼل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟـ SDRAM
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 20
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﺯﻋﺎﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﺸﺎ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: DRAM
DRAM
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)
SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate SDRAM)
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate2 SDRAM)
)DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate3 SDRAM
SIMM (Single inline memory module) DIMM (Dual inline memory module)
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ RAM ﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ ﻥ DIMM ﻭ SIMM ﺍﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ
ﺒﺤﺠـﻡ 32 PIN ﺍﻭ 72 ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ SIMM ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻟــ PIN ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻡ ،32 Bit data bus ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ DIMM
ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍ ﻉ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ،64 Bit data bus ﺒﺎﺤﺠ ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ 72 PIN ﺤﺘـﻰ 240 PIN RAM ﻭﻫﻲ
Small outline ﺍ ﻱ DIMM ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ SODIM ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ DDR
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ. DIMM
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 21
ﻗﺭﺏ: ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ـﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ــ ـﻡ ﻤـ
ـﺙ ﺘـ
ﺤﻴـ ــDDR SDRAM
ﺒـ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﻗل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ ﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ Bandwidth
ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺎ ﺕ PC66 ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ SDR SDRAM ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ
ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ 400533
DDR2 ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ ﺕ 667800
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ ﺕ 1066 ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ DDR3
ﺤﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ!
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 22
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ DDR ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Rambus
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺼـﺎﺤﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴـﺎ ﺯ ﻭﻫـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ. Motherboards ،Rambus ﺒﻼﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻻ RAM ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺘﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
Video ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺎ ﺴـﻴﺔ ﻤﺜـل
ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟــ AGP Cards ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ RAM
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ AGP ﺘﺴﻬل ﻋﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺫﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ.
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻜـﺎﺭﺕ
H
H aa rr d D
D ii ss k
k s
ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ Hard Disk ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍ ﻟــ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 23
ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻌـل ﺭﺅﺱ ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ IBM ﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٥٠ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍ ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ Hard Disk ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﺘﺴﺠل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍ ﻟـ Heads
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎ ﺕ ﻤﺜل Seagate ﻭ .Western digital
ﻫﻭ ﻭﺨـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ Hard disk ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺸﻜل
. ﺒﻪ Hard Disk ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎ ﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻭﻓـﻲ Platters ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ ﻟـﺼﻠﺒﺔ Hard Disk ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ ،Platter ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ
Magnetic ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍ ﻟـ Platters
ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ Tracks ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ Heads ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Platter
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ. ﻤﻥ Sectors ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻥ ﻟﻠـHard ﻫﻭ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍ ﻟـ Platter ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Sector ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ
ﻴﺴﺠل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺠل ﻓﻘﻁ ٥١٢ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 24
ﻻﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ Hard ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ Track ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ Sector ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـ
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ Platters ﺒﺎﻟـ Heads ﻻﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟـ
ﺍﺫﺍ Platter ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ Tracks ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ Cylinder ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟـ
FM (Frequency Modulation)
ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ
ﺕ. ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Floppy ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ Hard Disk
)MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 25
ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ.
ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface)
.Hard Disk
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺕ ﻜﻭ ﺍﺒل ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ 34 PIN ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ٢
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٨٨ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺍ ﺕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ
.40 PIN
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺫﺍ ﺕ ATA
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻱ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻭ ﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Western Digital ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ Transfer Rate
AT ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﻭﺍﺩﺕ ﺍ ﻟـﻰ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ IDE ﻭﺍ ﺼﺒﺤﺕ Standard ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
)IDE PIO (Programmed Input Output
ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻤـﺭ Hard ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒـﻁﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺸـﻐل Processor ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎ
ﻟﺞ.
Ultra DMA
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﻻ ﺘـﺸﻐل ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ DMA ﻫﻭ Direct Memory Access ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ
ﻜﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺜـﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ 16 MB/s ﻭﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍ ﺕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ DMA ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 26
Small ﺍ ﻭ SCSI ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺒﺸﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟــ Standard ﻫﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍﻻ ﻥ ATA ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ
ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ Hard Disk ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ﺒـﺭﺒﻁ ﺍ ﻟــ Computer system Interface
ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ IDE ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍ ﻥ ATA ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻏﻼﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ Jumpers
ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ CDROM Drive
ﺍﻟـDATA
ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ
ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍ ﻟــ Hard Disk ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ Maxtor ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﺘﺠـﺩ ﺍﻤ ﺎ Master ﺍ ﻭ Slave ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ Jumper
ﺍﺨـ ﺭﻯ ﻟــHard Disk ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﺨﺭ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 27
ﻫﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺒل ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍ ﻥ Cable Select
ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻴﻬﻤ ﺎ Master ﻭﺍﻴﻬﻤ ﺎ Slave ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
:SATA ﻫــ
ـﻲ (Serial ATA)
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ ﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 28
ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻐﻔـل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﻭل ﺒﻜﺜﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺒل ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ١٢ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﻴـﺩﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ SCSI
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ .Hard Disk ١٦ SCSI Controller
Hard ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻓﻠﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟــ
:Disk
ﺍﻭ ل ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ LBA ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ Motherboard ﻭﻓـﻲ Cylinder
.ZERO
ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻫﻭ Sector
MBR (Master Boot Record)
ﻭﻴﻌﻤـل ﺍﻭ ل Sector ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ Hard Disk ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻓـﻲ Hard Disk ﺍ ﻭ CDROM ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒـﺩﺀ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻭ ،Boot ﻭﻴﻭﺠـﺩ
ﺍﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺠـﺩﻭل Partition Table ﻫﻲ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ MBR ،Floppy ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺜـﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟــ Boot ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Active Partition ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل: MBR ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
Invalid Partition Table
Missing Operating System
Error loading operating System
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤـﺴﺢ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺎ ﺴﻡ MBR Virus ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ
ﻟﻘﺭﺹ.ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﺍ ﻟـ MBR
RAID (redundant array of inexpensive / independent disks)
ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ ﻜﺜﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟـ Servers ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻥ Hard Disk
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺹ ﺍ ﻟـ Mirroring ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻭ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻴﻭﺩ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺒﺒﺴﺎ ﻁﺔ Copy ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻻﻨﻪ
ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ
ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ Motherboard ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺍ ﻟـ Servers ﻗﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 29
ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ RAID
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ.
ﻓﻨﻜﻤل ﻤﻌﺎ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﻻ ﻴﺤـﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼـﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺎ ﻟــ
ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻤﺩﻙ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩﻙ ﻜﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ Hardware
ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 30
ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻼﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ
Floppy ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ ﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ Removable ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ
.F
F ll oo p
p p
p y D ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ D rr ii vv e
D ii ss k D
ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﺭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Floppy Disk Drive ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ
ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺭﻥ Floppy Disk ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Floppy Disk Drive ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺠل ﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺒﻭﺼﺔ. ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟـ 5.25" ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ 3.5" ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
Power ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ DATA ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ Floppy Disk drive ﺸﻜل ﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 31
C
C D R aa n
n d C R W ، C
C D R C D R
R O
O M D
D R ﺍ ﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ V E
R II V ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ
ﺍ ﻭ
ﻴﻌــﺘـﺒـﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ CDROM
Compact Disk Read Only
Memory ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍ ﻟـ CDROM Drive ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﻭﻻ ﻭPhilips
ﻟﻘـﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍ ﻭ head ﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﺍ ﻟﻤـﻀﻐﻭﻁ CD ﻟﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ Motor ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ.
ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﻴـﺯﺭ ﺍﻭ Leaser ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ CDDrive ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻓﺎ ﻟـ
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Sectors ﻟﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ beam
ﻜﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 32
CDR
Compact Disk Write Once Read Many
ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟــ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ CDR ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل
ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻼﺴـﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ CDR ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ
Zero & ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻭﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻤﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ
CDR
ﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﻉ
ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ
X ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻭﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍ ﻟـ X ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﺍﻱ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﻤـﺜﻼ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ 2X ﺍ ﺨﺘﻠﻕ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 33
ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ 7500 KB/s = ١٥٠ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻱ × ٥٠ 50X
ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻬ ﺎ:
CLV (Constant Linear Velocity)
CAV (Constant Angular Velocity)
ﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻔﺭﻕ؟
ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻴـﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ transfer rate
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Tracks ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﻙ ﺘﺭﻯ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ head ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻔﻜﺭﻭﻥ ﻫل ﻨﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻭ ﻨﻴﺜﺒﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﻜـﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ
ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ؟، ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ transfer rate ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍ ﻟـ head ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ ،CAV ﻓﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎ ﻥ CLV ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﺸﺎ ﻫﺫﺍﻥ
ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻗل ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺭﺍﺱ CLV
ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻭ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻴـﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻅل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﻤ ﺎ CAV
ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻤل X ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ head
ﻫـﻲ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﺎﻉ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ X ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺎ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻨﻙ ﺘﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﺨـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺭﺠﻲ Outside track
ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍ ﺠﻬـﺯﺓ CDROM DRIVES ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ!!! ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ
ﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ. ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ
CDRW
CDRewriteable Disk
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺤﻭﻫـﺎ ﻭﺍﻋـﺎﺩﺓ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍ ﻟـ CDR ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ
ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡ CDR ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ
ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ CDRW ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ .ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 34
ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻥ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ Flat ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍ ﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ 100% ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻠﻥ
CDROM / CDRW Drives Interfaces
Motherboard ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﺸﻐﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
IDE (ATAPI)
Hard Disk ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ ﻟـ
SCSI
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻓـﻲ
USB ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎ ﺭ IEEE1394
External ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﺎ ﺒل USB ﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل
ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٦٥٠ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ، CDR 650 MB
.Audio Tracks
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٧٤ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٧٠٠ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ CDR 700 MB
ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٨٠ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍ
ﺼل. ﺘﺴﺠﻴل Digital Audio Tracks
ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ٩٠٠ﻤﻴﺠﺎﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ CDR 900 MB
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 35
ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ Over Burn ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﻫﻲ DRIVE ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ. ﻓﻠﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ DVD ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺭﺨﺹ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻘـﺎ ﺱ 3.5" ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ CDR Mini 150 MB
ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ١٥٠ﻤﻴﺠﺎﺒﺎﻴ
ﺕ.
DVDDrive
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻗﺭ ﺍﺹ DVD ﺍ ﻭ Digital Versatile (Video) Disk
Single ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ DVD ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ ﻟــ CD Drive ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﻐل
ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ Frequency Red Laser ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ DVDR ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍ ﻟــ DVD
ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘـﻴﻥ ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ DVD ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ 2.6 GB ﺍ ﻜﺜﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻟﻜـﻥ CD ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺕ CDR ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺍ DVD Drive
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍ ﻟـ DVD ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ DVD ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ Drive
ﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍ ﻕ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ Combo Drive ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﺤـﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Drives ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ
،CDRW + DVD ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﻴـ ﺩﻋﻰ Reader
ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ 15GB ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺍ ﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ DVD ﻟﺘﺠﻌل Blue Laser
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ!.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 36
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 37
ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ
Peripheral Devices
ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ
Peripheral Devices
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒـﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘـﺔ
Serial
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻟﻼﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـل ﻋـﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺍﺴـل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﺭﺴﺎ ل Bit ﻁﺭﻴﻕ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ Full Duplex ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ HalfDuplex ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻘـل ،Modem ﻭﻫﻨـﺎ ﻙ Protocols ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Serial ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟـ
Synchronous ﻭ Asynchronous ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Serial Peripherals ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
.
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻔـﺱ Synchronous
ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺒﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍ
ﺤﺩ.
ﻫﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻤـﻥ Asynchronous
ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـل ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘـﺔ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 38
ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻱ Serial ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻘل ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
.keyboard
ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Mouse ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟـ
Parallel
ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻘل 8 Bit ﻜل ﻤـﺭﺓ ﺒـﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻭ Bandwidth ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ Serial ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟــ ﻁﺎﺒﻌـﺎ ﺕ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ 12Mb/s
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﻠـﻕ ﺍ ﻟـ Scanners ﻭﺒﻌﺽ Printers
ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ، External Hard Drives ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ Dongle
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺨﺎﺹ
ﺒﺫﻟﻙ.
USB
ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍ ﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻟﻠـ Serial ﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ Parallel ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ ﺭ Universal Serial Bus ﻫﻭ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼ ﻗﺔ ﻤﺜـل Compaq ﻭ Microsoft ﻭ IBM ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ
ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟـ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Low Bandwidth ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ
ﻟﻜﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ Printers ﻭﺍ ﻟـ ﺍ ﻟـ Mouse ﻭ keyboard
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍ ﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل CD ROM Drives ﻭ External Hard Drives
ﺍﻱ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ Hot Swapping ﻫﻭ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍ ﻟـ USB
ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ ١٢٧ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ USB ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ USB 1.1 ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ
ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒـﻪ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ 12Mb/s ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل
ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ 480 Mb/s ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻫﻭ 10m ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ USB 2.0
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎ ﺭ
IEEE 1394 or FireWire
ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﻼﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Apple ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ ﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل
ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺠﺩ ﺍ High Bandwidth Devices ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜـﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺒﺩﻋﻡ 400Mb/s ٦٣ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﺔ
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ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍ ﻟﻘﻭﻱ USB 2.0 ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ FireWire ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ IBM
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ ﻟـ . External hard Disks
Wireless Peripherals
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ،ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻀﻤﺤﻼل ﺒﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫ ﺎ Infrared ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ
Wireless ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ Radio ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒـBluetooth
keyboard ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ ،Wireless Mouse ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ IrDA ﺍﻭ Infra Red Data
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟـﺔ PDA ﺍﻭ Personal ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ Association
ﻻﺤـﻅ ﺍ ﻥ Mb ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ 12Mb/s ،Device Assistance ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘل
ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤـﻥ Mega Bit ﻭﻟﻴﺱ Mega Byte ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍ ﻟـ IrDA
ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ.
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Ports & Connectors
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻟﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺱ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل
ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻜل ﻤﻘﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺹ ﺒﻪ Monitor ﺍ ﻟـ
Cables & Interfaces
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Cables & Interfaces
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 43
Modem Device
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ Serial ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Modem ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺍ ﻟــ Digital Data ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻋﻜﻠﻴﺔ Modulation
ﺍﻤـﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔـﻭﻥ ﺍ ﻭ Analogue Data ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻘل ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﺴـﻼﻙ
External USB Modem Internal PCI Modem
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 44
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎ ﺕ Printers
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺍ ﺝ Output Devices ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ
Impact Printers
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺯﺍل ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ
Inkjet Printers
ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻨﺎﻓﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒـﺭ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Epson ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل Piezoelectric ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺨﺭﻯ
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺤﺒـﺭ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ Head ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ Piezo crystal
ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 45
Photosensitive ﻭﺨﺭﻁﻭﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ Head
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒـﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴـﺩﺍ Drum
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻴﻔﻜﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل
Cleaning .١
Conditioning .٢
Writing .٣
Developing .٤
Transferring .٥
Fusing .٦
ﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﻠـﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍ ﻟـ Drum ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻱ Toner ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ Cleaning .١
ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
ﺒﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ. Conditioning .٢ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍ ﻟـDrum
ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ Writing .٣
ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻌـﺭﺽ Drum ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Drum ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 46
Toner ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ Drum ﺒﺎ ﻟـ Toner ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻕ ﺍ ﻟـ Developing .٤
ﻟﻪ ﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ .Drum
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ Transferring .٥
Toner ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺍ ﻟــ Transfer Corona
ﻻﻥ ﺸﺤﻨﺘﻪ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ. Drum ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺭﻗﺔ Toner ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺍ ﻟـ Fusing .٦
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﺘﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ. Toner ﻭﺍ ﻟـ
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Multimedia Devices or A/V
ﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻭﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟـﺼﻭﺕ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤ ﺎ Multimedia ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ Audio ﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ Video
ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻫل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺸﻬﺩﻩ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ
ﻟﻴﻭﻡ.
Video Cards
ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ PCI ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ PCI X ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ AGP ﻤﺎ ﺘﻴﻡ
ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ ﺸﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ Pixel ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻌل ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ DPI ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ـﺴل
ﺒﻜـ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎ ﻫــﻙ ﻫــﻲ 640 X 480 ـﺕ
ـﻲ ﺘﻠﻔـ
ـﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺘـ
ـﺎﻡ ﺸـ
ـﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﻗـ
ـﻥ ﺍﻜﺜـ
ﻤـ
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ. ﻭﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺘﻬ ﺎ 1024 X 768
GPU ﺒـ
Video Memory
ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ
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ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Color Depth ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ
32 Bit ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻙ ﻜﺎ ﻨﺕ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ 256 Color ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ
ﻟﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﻀﻊ ﺍﻱ ﺤﻭﺍ ﻟﻲ 4,294,967,296 ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ colors ﺍ ﻱ True Colors
ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻭ Video card ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ
ﻀﺎ Video
ﻴﺩﻋﻰ GPU ﻭﺍﻴـ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍ ﻟﺼﻭﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ Video Memory ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ Bios
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ RMDAC ﺍ ﻭ RAM Digital To Analog Converter
ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ.
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ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
Computer Monitor
ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻜـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬـﺎ ﻻﻥ
Pixel ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ RGB ﺍﻭ Red Green ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍ ﻭ ﺸﺎﺸـﺎ ﺕ CRT ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ Blue
ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ cathode ray tube
ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ؟ ﻭﻫﻲ DOT PITCH
ﻫﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﻫـﻲ
ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻥ 80 to 85Hz ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻀﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎ ﺱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﺭﺍ ﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻥ
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ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻭﺕ
Sound Cards
ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ .
ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ADC ﺍ ﻭ Analogue to Digital converter ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎ ﻟﺞ DAC ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ Digital to Analogue Converter
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﺫﻨﻴﻙ.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ،ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ADC ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
Audio ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟــ Sample Rate
.Sample rate 44.1 KHz
ﺘﺴﺘﺨ ﺩﻡ
ﻫﻲ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ MIDI
ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ ﺭ Musical Instrument Digital Interface ﻭﻫﻲ
.Joystick
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ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ BuiltIn ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺭﻜـﺏ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ PCI slot ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎ ﺭﺝ USB External Sound Card
ﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ Multimedia ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻡ
ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻜﺜـﺭ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺜل Satellite Cards ﻭ Digital Video Box ﻴﺭﺩ
ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻜل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ
Workshop ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ.
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ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎ ﺕ
Networking
ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﻉ ﺒﺎﻜﻤﻠﻪ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.
ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻠﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺸـﺒﻜﺔ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺼل ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺎﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻨﻙ
ﻟﻠﺩﺨﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻻﺍﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ Modem ﻜﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻙ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻭ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻥ LAN ﺍ ﻭ Local Area Network ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻨـﺯل ﺍﻭ
ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺸﻲﺀ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘـﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯﻙ ﺒـﺸﺒﻜﺔ
ﻭﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ NIC Card ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻴﻜﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﻭﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍ
ﺨﺭﻯ.
NIC Card ﺍ ﻭ Network Interface Card
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ LAN ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻭ ﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ PCI Slot
ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ LAN ﻭﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺎ ﻡ BuiltIn
ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 54
RJ45
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ LAN ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌـﺭﻑ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺍ ﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ Cable Network
.Wireless Network
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺤﻘ ﺎ
Ethernet
ﻫﻲ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﻤﺘـﺸﻌﺒﺔ
ﻨﻘـل ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﺕ 10Mb/s ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ Ethernet ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ .ﻭﺍ ﻟـ
. ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ fast Ethernet ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 100Mb/ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍ ﺨﺭ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 55
Network Cables
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻭ Network Cables ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻﻴـﺎ ﻡ ﻭﻫـﻲ UTP ﺍ ﻭ Unshielded Twisted ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـ ﺎ Category X ﻭﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ Pair
ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ Category 5 ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻜﺎ ﺒل ﺍﻟﻜﺎ ﺒل ﻓﻤﺜﻼ CAT 5 ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍ ﻟـ X
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ .UTP ﺸﺒﻜﺎ ﺕ Fast Ethernet ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 100Mb/s ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ
ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻙ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻜل ﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻼﻙ ﻤﻠﺘـﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ UTP
ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻟﻨﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻓﻠﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻗﺒـل ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﻘﺼﺩ. Jack ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ RJ45 ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ Terminal
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 56
ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻌـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ 100Mb/s ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻱFast Ethernet ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒل ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍ
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟـﻙ ﺍﻫـﻡ 100m ﻟـ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍ
Cable
Speed Length Nodes # of Pairs Category
Type
10BaseT 10Mbit 100 meters 1024 2 3
100BaseT 100Mbit 100 meters 1024 2 5
1000BaseT 1000Mbit 100 meters 1024 4 7
ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ
ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻀﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ
ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ Fiber optics ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ،Satellite ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟـ Coaxial Cables ﺘﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
.ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ
500 m per
10Base5 Coax 10 Mb/s
segment
185 m per
10Base2 Coax 10 Mb/s
segment
100 m per
10BaseT UTP 10 Mb/s
segment
10BaseF Fiber 4 Km 10 Mb/s
100 m per
100BaseT UTP 100 Mb/s
segment
100Base
Varies with cable 100 Mb/s Fast
VGAnyLan UTP/STP
type Ethernet
4 pair Cat 3, 4, or 100 m per
100BaseT4 100 Mb/s
5 UTP segment
100 m between the
2 pair Cat 5 UTP or 100 Mb/s Fast
100BaseTX hub and network
Cat 1 STP Ethernet
node
100 Mb/s Fast
100BaseFX Fiber 2 Km
Ethernet
100 m, including 10 Mb/s Ethernet,
Category 3 UTP
patch panel and 4 & 16 Mb/s Token
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 57
patch cables Ring and
VGAnyLan at 16
MHz
90 m (100 m
100 Mb/s Fast
including patch
Category 5 UTP Ethernet at 100
panels and patch
MHz
cables)
Table 19: Additional Details for Coaxial Ethernet
ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 58
ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ
Wireless Network
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟـﺕ
ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻟﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤـﺸﺎﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ
ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬـﺎ
ﻋﻠـﻰ PCI Slot ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
.PC card
ﺍﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ
!Error
!Error
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 59
.DLink
ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ Point
Network Topology
ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 60
Mesh Topology
Start Topology
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 61
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟىﻥ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـ ﻟﻙ Star Topology ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ
ﺍﻭStar ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ Nodes ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟـ Hub ﺍﻭ Switch
Protocols
ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﺸـﻬﺭ
ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ MultiPlayer ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻓﻘـﻁ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ IPX ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ Sequence Packet Exchange
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺨﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻔﺼﻼ
ﻥ.
TCP/IP
Internet ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻻ ﺨـﺭ ﻫـﻭ ﻫﻤـﺎ Transmission Control Protocol
ﻜﺘﻌﺭﻴـﻑ
Protocol
ﺍ ﻭ Tools ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ TCP/IP ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
ﻟﻠـBinary System
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 62
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻜﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻫـﻲ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻴل ﺍﻻﻥ ﻜﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴـﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ IP
ﺒﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ،ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻜـﺭﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺘﺎﺨﺫ ﺭﻗﻤـﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ IP
ﺍﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﺎ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺼل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻥ
ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻭ IPS ﻭﺍﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﻔﻌـل DNS ﺍﻭ D omain ﺍﻟﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻜـ www . ask pc . com
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ. Name Server
.Network Interface Card
ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘ ﺎ NIC
ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤـﺼل ﺍﻱ MAC Address
ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺎ ﻤﻌﻨـ ﺎﻩ Media Access ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻀﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ Control
ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻁﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ!
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻴـﻀ ﺎ MAC Address ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ ROM ﻭﻴﺨﺯﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
.Physical Address
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 63
Hardware Troubleshooting
Problems & Solutions
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﻠﻭﻻ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ. ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware
B
B oo oo t P
P rr oo b ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﺯ m s
b ll ee m ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺒﺩﺀ ﺘﺸﻐل
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ POST ﺍ ﻭ Power on self test ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﻠل ﻤﺎ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻌﻤل Check ﺍ ﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ
ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺼﻭﺘﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺤـﻥ
ﻫﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺍ.
Long Beep
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ .RAM ﺍﻟـ System Memory ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل RAM ﺍﻟﺤل :ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻟـ
Parity ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ RAMS ﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـ RAM ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ Bank ﺠﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ
Long Beep then Two Short beeps
ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ Video card ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ
Long Beep then 3 Short beeps
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎ
ﺒﻘﺔ.
Continues Beep
ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 64
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ Motherboard ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ
ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺠﺎﻫﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ .ﻭﻻﺤـﻅ ﺍﻨﻨـﺎ
)(Sector not found, general failure, etc.
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل
Hard ﺍﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺘﺎﻟﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ MBR ﺍﻭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ Bad Sector ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
.Disk
Physical Error ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻼﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Hard Disk ﺍﻟﺤل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ :ﻟﻼﺴﻑ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟـ
ﻋﻠﻰ Hard ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺠﺭﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ Partition Table ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ Boot Record ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ Bad Sector ﺍﻱ
ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ Bootable CD ROM ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Bootable Disk ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل
Cannot load COMMAND.COM, system halted
ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ DOS ﻭ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻊ Windows 95 ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ
Error loading drive c
ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـFile system ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Hard Disk ﻭﻫﻲ
Invalid drive specification
ﻭﻻ ﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ Partition table ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
ﺍﻭ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل FDisk ﻭﻫﻲ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل Drive Letter
ﻟﻪ. ﺍ ﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﻘﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل Format
Western Digital ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺜل Hard ﺍﻟﺤل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ :ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ. Windows ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻭﻓﻭﺭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ data life guard
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 65
Not ready reading drive x
CD Rom ﻭ Floppy ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ Removable Media ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ
ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻡ Floppy ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ Hard Disk ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ Disk
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠـﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ Hard ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻁﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻁـﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺍﻥ
ﺍﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻪ – ﺍﻓـﺢ – ﺍﻓﺤﺹ ﺍ ﻟـ power supply ﺘﺨﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ )ﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ
ﻓﻲ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺠـﺭﺏ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟـﻡ ﻴﻌﻤـل Processor ﻗﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍ ﻟـ Processor ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﺨﺭ. Power Supply
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒـﻪ ﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻭﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺔ
ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻠﺢ ﺍﻱ ﺤل ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻭﺭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ Motherboard
ﺠﺭﺏ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ. ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـMonitor
ﺍﻭ ﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻗـﻡ ﺒﺘﻨـﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻟـ RAM ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺒﺎ ﻟـ RAM ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ .ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ MBR ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﻤل Restart ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـ Virus ﻴﻘﻭﻡ
ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﺨﺭ .ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ .ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ Power Supply ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 66
ﺍﻭ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺍ ﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ Processor Fan
ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬ ﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﻤل Restart ﺴﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻭﻗﻡ
: HD ﻭﺍﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ POST ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟـ
ﺒﻪ ﻋﻁل ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨـﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ HD ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ
ﻻﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ .ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ HD ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ Power cable ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻪ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 67
Software Troubleshooting
In depth knowledge of Operating System
ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻅﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻨﺤـﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺴـﻭﻑ
ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل Windows XP ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻙ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬـﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻻﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ.
:W
W ii n
n d
d oo w ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ X P
w s X
ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﺴﻬل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ Windows XP Professional ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ
ﻭﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺎ ﻡ XP ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ
ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻠﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﻟﻼﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 68
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌـﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ
ﺭﻜـﺯ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ FAT ﺍ ﻭ File Allocation Table ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل
ﺍ ﻭ ﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﺍ ﻟــ ME ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻭل
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺍﺨـل Millennium ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩﺝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ DOS
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ FAT16 ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﺒـ NTFS 5 ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ
ﻻﺤﻘﺎ.
ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺩﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ GUI ﺍ ﻭ Graphical User Interface ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ
ﻻﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋـﻥ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ CDI ﺍ ﻭ Command Driven Interface ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻟـﻙ ﻤـﻥ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 69
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 70
Operating System Features
ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﻲ
Windows XP ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
Pro
ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ.
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ Remote Desktop
ﺍ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 71
O
O S C
C oo m
m p
p oo n ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ n tt s
n ee n ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ
ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ٣ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻡ:
R
R ee gg ii ss tt rr y
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﻭﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻀـﻔﺎﺕ ﺘـﺘﻡ ﻤﻥ Software ﻭ Hardware
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﻔﻴـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ Control Panel
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ
ﺜﻡ ﺍ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻ ﻤﺭ regedit.exe ﺍ ﻨﻘﺭ Start<Run ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ Registry ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺙ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ
ﻜﻜل!
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 72
HKEY_CLASSE
S_ROOT
ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ
ﻭﺨﻼ
ﻓﻪ. ﻤﺜل OLE
HKEY_CURREN
T_USER
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍ ﻟــ hardware ﻤـﻥ Drivers ﻭ
ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ Devices
HKEY_USERS
User Profiles ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 73
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟـ Hardware Profile
REG_BINARY
.Hexadecimal
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ
REG_DWORD
.Hardware
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ 4byte ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠـ
REG_EXPAND_SZ
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ. ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨ ﺎﺕ Variable ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ
REG_MULTI_SZ
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬ ﺎ.
REG_SZ
.Fixed String
ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺜﺎ ﺒﺕ
REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒ ﺎﻟـ Drivers ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒ ﺎﻟـ Hardware
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 74
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ: ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ Entries ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ
ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤل ﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺘـﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﻤل Backup ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺢ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻜل ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 75
ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍ ﻀﻴﺔ
Virtual Memory
ﻨﻬﺎ Physical
ﺍ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺒــ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟــ Virtual Memory ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ Swapping
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل. PhotoShop ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍ ﻟﻰ 4 Giga
ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ:
ـﺎﻟﺞ ﺍ ﻭ
ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ
ﻓـ Registers ﺍ ﻟـ
ــ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 76
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ ﺕ
File System
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻴﻁ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺼـﻭﺭ ﺍﻭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ..
ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜل Sectors ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ ﻟـ
D
D ii ss k F
F ii ll e ss yy ss tt ee m
ﺍﻟـﺦ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎ ﻥ Hard Disk ﺍ ﻭ CDROM ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫـﻡ MBR ﺍﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺍ ﻟـ FAT ﻫﻭ File Allocation Table ﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻨـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ HD ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ .HD
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 77
N
N ee tt w oo rr k F
F ii ll e S
S yy ss tt ee m
ﺒﻨﻅـﺎ ﻡ DFS ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻭDistributed File System
.Shared File System
ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒـ
D
D aa tt aa b
b aa ss e F
F ii ll e S
S yy ss tt ee m
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ hierarchy ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ.
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨـﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍ ﻥ FAT ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ ﺕ FAT ﻭ NTFS ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺤﺠـﻡ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ ﻟﻠــ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ FAT 16 ﻨﻭﻉ
ﻭﺒـﺩﺍ NTFS ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ ﻟــ HD ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﻭﺠ ﺩ FAT 32 ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Sector
ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـ ﺔ Security ﻭﺒـﺩﺍ ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ NT ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻭ ﻤﻊ NTFS ﺍ ﻟـ
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Interface ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
Windows Explorer
ﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ
Internet ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﺌﻠـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺼﻔﺤﺎ ﺕ HTML ﻭﻫﻭ Explorer
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﺕ ﻤﻥ .IE
My Computer
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻴﻘﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
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C
C oo n
n tt rr oo l P
P aa n
n ee ll
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 80
Accessibility
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤـﺸﺎﻜل
ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺍ
ﻟﺦ..
Add Hardware
ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﺠﻬ ﺎﺯ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ Hardware ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻱ ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻭ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻴـﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻋـﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ Wizard ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ
Add/Remove Programs
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ
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Administrative Tools
ﺍﻭ ﻤﺴﺅل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ System Administrator ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ
ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﻤـﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ System Security ﻭﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ System Performance ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
OS ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻨﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ ﻟــ
ﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ Interface
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺒﻬ ﺎ.
Date & Time
.Bios
ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﺍ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
Display
ﻭ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺨﻼ
ﻓﻪ. ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎ ﺕ Wallpapers ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ
Folder options
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ
.Folder Option
ﺘﺨﺘﺎ ﺭ
Fonts
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻟﻠﺨﻁﻭﻁ.
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Game Controllers
Joystick ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌـﺏ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎ ﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ Games ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ
Internet Options
ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﻭﻁـﺭﻕ ﻋـﺭﺽ
Keyboard
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺘـﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺎﺘﻴﺢ
ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬ ﺎ
Mouse
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍ
ﺕ.
Network Connections
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ LAN ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ
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Phone & Modem Options
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﺱ ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺘـﺼﺎﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨـﺕ
ﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ.ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡModem
Power Options
ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ
ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﺠﻬـﺯﺓ UPS ﺍﻭ Uninterruptible power ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺠﻬﺎ
ﺯﻙ. supply
Printers & faxes
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭﻓﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻀـﺎﻓﺔ
ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻤﺒﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎ ﺭ
Regional & Language Settings
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل ﻋـﺭﺽ
ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ.
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Scanners & Cameras
ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻬـﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ Scanners ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺤﺎﺕ
Security Center
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴـﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻓﻲ Windows XP SP2 ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ
Automatic ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻ ﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ Firewall
،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬ ﺎ update
.Enable or Disable
Sound & Audio Devices
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل.ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍ
Speech Setting
ﺴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﺼـﺎﺩﺍﺭ
ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ. ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ
System
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻻﺤﻘـﺎ ﻻﻨـﻪ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭ ﻻﺴـﻡ
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Taskbar & Start menu
ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤﺔ start ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ
User Accounts
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺩل ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ Administrator ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﻼ ﻓﻪ
C
C oo m
m p
p u
u tt ee r M
M aa n
n aa gg ee m
m ee n
n t C
C oo n
n ss oo ll ee
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﻜـل ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴـ ﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ Local Computer ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ Administrative tools
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ٣ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻓـﺭﻉ Remote Computer
ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
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Management consol
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ
ﺘﺤﺘﻪ.
S
S yy ss tt ee m T
T oo oo ll s
Event Viewer
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ Security logs ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Events ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ
Shared folders
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ ﻓـﻲ Sharing ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ
Performance logs & Alerts
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـ System
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﻭﻴﺨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﺩﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟﺠﺯﺀ
Device Manager
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤﺔ System ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 87
S
S tt oo rr aa gg e
ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ: ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ
Removable storage
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻘﻠﻬـﺎ ﻤﺜـل
.CD
Disk Defragmenter
ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍ ﻟــ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل Defrag ﻟﻠـ HD ﻭﻫﻲ
HD
Disk management
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ HD ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺨﻼ ﻓﻪ
S
S ee rr vv ii cc ee s & A
A p
p p
p ll ii cc aa tt ii oo n
n s
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻓﺭﻉ
ﻫﻲ:
Services
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 88
WMI Control
ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ
ﻡ. Windows management instrument ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ
Indexing Services
ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻼﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ OS Interface ﻤﺎﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒـ
ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻙ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ Workshop ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﻟﺘﻘﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ. Workshop ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 89
A
A cc cc ee ss ss oo rr ii ee s & S
S yy ss tt ee m T
T oo oo ll s
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋـﺩﺓ ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤﺔ Programs ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﺠﺯﺍ ﺀ
Accessibility
ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻨﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ
ﺸﺔ.
Communications
Remote ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻ ﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻋـﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩ
.Access
Entertainment
ﻟﺼﻭﺕ.ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻭﻤﺴﺠل ﺍ
System Tools
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ System restore ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ
Address Book
Outlook ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻬـﺎ ﻤﺜـل
.Express
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤﺔ Accessories ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ
ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ.
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 90
Command Line Interface
ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ DOS ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒ ﺎﺴﻡ CLI ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺴﺅل
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻟﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل
N
N ee tt w
w oo rr k P
P ll aa cc ee s
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ LAN ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ
ﺍ ﻟـ .IP
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 91
T
T aa ss k
k b
b aa r & S
S yy ss tt ee m T
T rr aa y
ﻤـﺎ System
ﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ Taskbar
ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﻴﻘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ Tray
ﺍﻻ
ﺨﺭﻯ.
Start Menu
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻕ
ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤـﺔ Start ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻻﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
C:\Documents and settings\username\start menu\
ﺍﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ username ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـ Account ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎ ﺌﻤﺔ Start ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 92
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D ee vv ii cc e M
M aa n
n aa gg ee r
ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬ ﺎ Drivers ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻁﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﺼﻼﺤﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻭﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ OS Interface ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒـ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ Workshop ﻤﻁﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ
ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 93
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S yy ss tt ee m F
F ii ll ee s & D
D ii ss k P
P aa rr tt ii tt ii oo n
n s
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍ ﻭ Disk Partitions ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ Windows NT ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ Windows 2000 ﻭ Windows XP ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻓﻲ Windows 95 ﻭ Windows 3.11 ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺨﺭﻯ
.NT
Boot.ini
،OS ﻤﺜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍ ﻭ Defaults ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ
BOOTSECT.DOS
ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ.
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NTDETECT.COM
Hardware ﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴـ Hardware ﻟــ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻌﻘﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺤـﺙ ﻋـﻥ ﺍ
.Detect
NTLDR
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎ
.ﻜﻤﻠﻪ
NTOSKRNL.EXE
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎ
.ﻡ
HAL.DLL
.Hardware Abstraction Layer
ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍ Hardware ﻟـ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍ
OSLOADER.EXE
Reduce Instruction Set Computer ﻭ ﺍRISC ﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
.IBM
ﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍ
NTBOOTDD.EXE
ﻭ ﺍ Removable Media ﺎﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
.SCSI
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ﻭﻟﻨﺎﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟـﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ
ﺍ ﻟﻔﻨﻲ
BOOT.INI
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ
Boot loader
Operating systems
Boot loader
Timeout
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤـﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻱ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ
ﻟﻭﻗﺕ.
Default
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ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻱ ﺨﻴـﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎ
ﺌﻤﺔ.
Operating Systems
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ
ﻴﺤـﺩﺩ HD ﺤﻴﺙ n ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻥ multi(in) ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻻﺤﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ partition(n) ﺤﻴﺙ n ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ
ﻫﻭ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ SCSI ﻭ \path ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ rdisk(n) ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻭ
ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل.ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ
NTLDR
ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ Removable Media ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ
ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ NT ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ ﻟﻰ NTDETECT.COM ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل
ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ BOOTSECT.DOS ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍ ﺨﺭ
ﺍﻭ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺎ ﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻑ .NTDETECT.COM ﺍﻟﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ NT ﻟﻭ ﺍﻥ
NTDETECT.COM
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻨﻅ ﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﻔﻲ Hidden File ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻠـﻑ Hardware ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Root ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻜـﺎ ﻥ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ Registry ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ NTLDR ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ Hardware
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
ﻭﻟﻭﺤـﺔ BUS ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻠﻑ NTDETECT.COM ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ
NTUSER.DAT
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ﻤﻠﻑ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
Registry Data Files
ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ 2000 ﻭ NT ﻭ ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ
:ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
Security
System
Default
Sam
Software
System.dat
Ntuser.dat
:ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ Registry ﻟـ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ
Startà Runà regedit
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 98
Disk Partitions
ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩ ﺍﻡ Fdisk ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ
ﻟﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻤـل ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍ ﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل Partitions ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻱ Hard Disk ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ
.٢ﻟﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻜل.
ﻤﺜـل ﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ HD .٣ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻜﺱ.
.٤ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ.
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ﺍﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ ﻟــ DOS ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ FDISK
ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡ FDISK ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻌﻤل Boot ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻡ Bootable
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺠـﺩﻴﺎ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡ Hard Disk ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺠﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺠـﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ FDISK ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ FDISK
ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ٢٠ﺠﻴﺠﺎ ﻤﺜﻼ! ﻓﻲ Hard Disk ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ ﻤﺭ
ﻭﻜل ﻗﺭﺹ ﻟـﻪ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠـﻪ Hard Disk ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﻤـﻥ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ Western Digital ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ ل Data Life Guard ﻤﻥ
ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺭﻥ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻓﻭﺭﻤـﺎ ﺕ ﻋﻤل Partition
ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ. Format
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻋﻤل Format ﺸﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل Partition ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺜﻡ
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍ ﻟــ
Primary Extended
Partition Partition
Physical Logical
Drive Drives
C: Drive Drives from
Or Partition D to Z
ﻴﺎ ﺨـﺩ C ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍﻥ Physical Drive ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ
،Logical ﻤﻥ D ﺤﺘﻰ Z ﻭﻴﻁﻠـﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ Drives ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺎ ﺨﺫ ﻭﺍ ﻱ Drive ﺍ ﻭ Partitions
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ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ Active Partition ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﻋﻠـﻰ Hard Disk ،Drive ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ ﻟــ C ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ Drive
ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩ ﺍﻡ Management ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ ﺨﺭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ Windows XP
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ ﺍ ﻟـﺸﻬﻴﺭ HD ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ Consol
HD ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺼﻨﻌﻴﻪ ﻤﺜـل Western Digital ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ Partition Magic
ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻟﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ.
Large Drives ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻤﻥ FDISK ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻻﻨـﻪ ﻻ HD ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ 137 GB ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻱ ﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺍ ﻟـ Large Drives ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
Windows XP SP2 ﻓﻲ
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ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ ﺕ
File Systems
ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﻟـﻙ ﻨﻅـﺭﺓ
ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٥١٢ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Sector ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Sectors ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
Sector ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟـ
F
F A
A T 11 6
ﻤـﻥ ﻴﻘـﺭ ﺍ 16 bit ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻀﺎ Windows
ﻗﺒل DOS ﻭﺍﻴ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ ﻤﻥ
Partitions ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ Large Clusters .٤ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎ ل Cluster = (n) sector ﺤﻴﺙ n ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
. 4 K cluster = 8 sectors
.٥ﻻﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ ﺕ .Security
.Partition
.٦ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻁﺌﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
F
F A
A T 33 2
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡ 32 bit ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ Partition ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ ﺤﻭﺍ ﻟﻲ 2048 MB ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ
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N
N T
T F
F S 4
ﻴﺼل ﻟﻠـ Partition ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ ﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل OS/2 ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺤﺠﻡ
N
N T
T F
F S 5
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﺸﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ٢٠٠٠ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜـﻥ ﻓـﻲ
ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻪ:
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Directory Structure
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺤﻨﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ
ﺒﺩﺍ ﺨﻠﻪ
Directory= many Files
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ ﻫل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻡ ﻤﻠﻑ File Attribute byte
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﻪ
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ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻻﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻓﻜـل
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻭ Extensions ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍ
ﺕ:
EXE
ﺍﻭ Executable File ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ
DLL
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻏل ﺍﻭ Dynamic Link Library ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ
Drv
ﺍﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ ﻟـ Hardware ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ Driver
Sys
ﻤﻠﻑ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ
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Read Only
ﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺫﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘـﺭﻯ
Hidden
.Show Hidden Files
ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺨﻔﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻼ ﺨﺎ ﺼﻴﺔ
System
ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ.
Archive
Date ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺒـﺭﻙ ﻤﺘـﻰ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﻌـﺩﻴل ﺍ ﻟﻤﻠـﻑ Archive bit ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ
.modified
Partitions ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎ ﺕ Directories & Files ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ CLI ﺍ ﻭ Command line Interface ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺭﺠـﻰ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟــ
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ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ Workshop
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺒـﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ Flash ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ
ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻨﻲ
Command Line Interface & System Utilities
ﺘﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻘﻨﻬـﺎ ﻜـﺩﺍﺭﺱ
ﺍ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ DOS ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍ ﻟـ
StartàRunàcmd
ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ DOS ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
Copy
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻱ ﻨﺴﺨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﺨﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ:
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]Copy [file path/filename] [destination
ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺨﻪ ﻭ filename ﻫﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍ ﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ file path ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﻭﺍ ﺱ
Del
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ:
]Del [file path / file name
current ﻟﻤـﺴﺢ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎ ﻟﻲ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ del *.*
ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ
.directory
Ren
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ:
]Ren [file path/ old file name] [new file name
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل:
Ren c:name.txt new.txt
DELTREE
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺒﺎﻜﻤﻠﻪ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ
ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ:
DELTREE [Directory name]
DIR
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ
ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ.ﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎ DIR /P
ﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ. DIR /W
ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺘـﺩﺍ ﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻫﻜﺫ ﺍ DIR *.txt ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ
.txt
EDIT
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ .ASCII TEXT
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MD
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ
ﻟﻲ: ﺍﻻ ﻤﺭ Create Directory ﻫﺫﺍ
CD
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ
ل:
PING
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻟــ Node ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻟـﻪ IP ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ PING 192.168.0.1
ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ
ل:
ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ IP ﺍ ﻟﻰ Hostname ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ ﻟـ PING –a 192.168.0.1
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ:
PING www.yahoo.com
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻴﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻱ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺨﺭ: IP ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ ﻓﻘـﻁ ﺍ ﻜﺘـﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﺒـﺎﻻ ﻤﺭ PING ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 109
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻡ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺎل ﺍﺤﺩﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺠـﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻨـﻪ HD ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺍﻏﻠﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺸﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻤـﺎﺫﺍ ﻓﺘﺤﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ Folder ﻜﻠﻤﺎ
ﺘﻔﻌل؟
ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻭﺍ ﻤـﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ ﻡ Disk ﺍ ﻭ CDROM ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﻤل Boot ﻟﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺍﻻ ﺍ ﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ
ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺨـﺭ DOS ﺍﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ Bootable CD
FAT ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻻﻨﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ ﻟــ
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﻼ ﺍﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ.
ﻨﺤـﻥ ﻨـﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ NORTON ﻴﺩﻋﻰ NORTON Commander ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ
ﻓﻬـﻭ DOS ﺘﺎﺨﺫ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻻﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻜﻨﻘل ﻋﺩﺩ
ﻫﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻤﺜﻼ! ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩﻩ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ
S
S yy ss tt ee m U
U tt ii ll ii tt ii ee s ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ
ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل.ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ
NTBACKUP
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻲ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤـﻥ
ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ
ﻟﻲ:
StartàRunàNTBACKUP
ﻟﻪ. ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل Backup ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ
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ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻅـﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﻌﻤل Restore ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ ﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨ ﺎ. Workshop ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻙ ﺸﺭﺤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ
CHKDSK
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴـﺼﻠﺢ ﻋﻴـﻭﺏ HD ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍ ﻟـ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨ ﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ Check Disk ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ SCANDISK ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ
Startà RunàCHKDSK
.Ctrl+ C
ﻭﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
DEFRAG
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒــ
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻪ Command ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ ﻟـ Command line
ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ ﻟــ ﻓـﻲ Accessories ﻓـﻲ System tools ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﻩ
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ﻟﻌﻤل ﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎ ﺡ b ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ ﻥ DRIVE ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: Boot ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ
?DEFRAG.EXE
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ
Disk CLEAN UP
ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ
StartàProgramsàAccessoriesàSystem ToolsàDisk Clean Up
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SCANDISK
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﻤـل ﺘﻔﺤـﺹ
.Tools
ﻤﻨﻬ ﺎ
MSCONFIG.EXE
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل.
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل start up ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ
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REGEDIT
ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻪ Registry ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﻟـ
SYSEDIT
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ System Editor ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ
ﻟﻲStartàRunàsysedit :
ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ
Performance Monitor
ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺅﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺍﺴـﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ
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TASK MANAGER
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻜﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻻﻋﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺯﻋﺎﺠـﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل
ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ ﻟﻨﻘـﺭ Right Click ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﻐل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ
Applications
ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ.
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Process
.ﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ
Performance
.ﺎﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ
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INSTALLING WINDOWS XP PRO
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬـﺎ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜـﺱ ﺒـﻲ
ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨـﻀﻊ ﻟـﻙ Workshop ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ ﻟـ
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺘﻜﻤـل
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺒﻨﺠﺎ ﺡ
A CPU with 300 MHz, Intel Pentium/Celeron family or AMD
Athlon/Duron/K6 family
128MB RAM
1.5GB of free Hard Disk space
Super VGA or Higher Video Adapter
CDROM or DVD
Keyboard or Mouse
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 117
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ Workshop ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ XP ﻓﻀﻼ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ
ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ Workshop ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻭ
IIS ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻤﺜل
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺔ XP ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ
O
O p
p ee rr aa tt ii n
n g S
S yy ss tt ee m T
T rr oo u
u b
b ll ee ss h
h oo oo tt ii n
n g
Most Common Error Messages
ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠـﻪ ﺴـﻭﻑ
ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺴﻭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ
Invalid boot failure
،HDﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ .١ﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ
Inaccessible boot device
.Boot sector Virus .٤
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 118
N
N T
T L ﺒـ D R
L D ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ
NTLDR is missing
Press ctrl+alt+dlt to restart system
ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻤﻠﻑ NTLDR ﺍ ﻭ NTDETECT.com ﺍ ﻭ Boot.ini ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ
Boot can't find NTLDR
ﻗﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺦ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﺍﻭ
Windows failed to star because of missing <DLL name> was not found
ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎ ﺕ DLL ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﺤﺩ
ﺘﺒﺩﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ .Device
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ msconfig ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ DLL ﻭﻟﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ
ﺜﻡ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل Startup ﻭﺘﺯﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ Safe Mode
ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ. Restart
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Failure to start GUI
ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻴﻘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ،ﺍﻭ ﺸﺎﺸـﺔ
Windows Protection Error
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 120
ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻫل ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻡ HARDWARE ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ .٥
ﻻ؟
Invalid Page Fault
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ ﺨـﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓـﻲ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ. RAM ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
Illegal Operation
ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﻊ ﻋﻁل ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ Driver ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍ ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻟﻠـ .HD HD ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻭﺍﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻭ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺴﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
Workshop ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍ ﻥ www . ask pc . com / vbx ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺤﻠﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ
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ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠـﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍ ﻟﻭﺼـﻠﺔ
www . ask pc . com / vbx
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ.
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺤﺙ google ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ
W
W ii n
n d
d oo w
w s N
N ee tt w
w oo rr k ﺍ ﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ n g
k ii n ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﺒﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ Windows XP
ﺘﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺴـﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺒـﻼ ﻋﻨـﺎﺀ ﻭﺴـﻭﻑ
ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ.
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ـﺔ
ـﻀﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـ
ـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـ
ﺍﻟﺠﻬـ
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ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﻙ ﺍ ﻭ IP ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﻗﻤﺎ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ
Subnet Mask
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ ﻭ Network segments ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ
Default Gateway
ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍ ﻭ Gateway ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ Gateway ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻟـ
ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ
ﺍﻜﺜﺭ.
ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺎ ﺕ ﻫـﻲ Sharing ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ
ﻭ ﺍﻟــ ﻭﻫـﻲ Security ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔـﺎ ﺕ ﻨﻅﺎ ﻡ NTFS ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ Sharing ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ ﻟـ
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ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﺍﻴﻀ ﺎ Limits ﻭ Permissions
ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل.
ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺘﻔﻌﻴـل ﺨﺎ ﺼـﻴﺔ Limits ﻭﺍ ﻟـ Permissions ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻟـ
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ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻓـﺴﻭﻑ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ Workshop
ﺘﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺏ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴـﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﺩﺨل
ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻙ ﻭﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺸـﻬﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﺜـل
.Microsoft
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 126
W
W oo rr k ﺍ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ h oo p
k ss h ﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻡ Microsoft ﻭ Symantec ﻭ Winternals ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺩﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻻﻤـﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ .ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ
ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 127
R n cc ee s ﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍ
R ee ff ee rr ee n
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﺭ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ
ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎ
.ﻨﺔ
Computer Hardware Architecture & Organizations, Prentice Hall
Microsoft KB, Microsoft Corp.
Microsoft TechNet, Microsoft Corp.
Hacking Windows XP, Wiley Publishing
Winternals, Administration, Troubleshooting, USA
System Tools, Sysinternals, USA
Dictionary of Networking, Sybex
Network Troubleshooting, O'Reilly
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