BIO Review

Evolution and Population Genetics-

Natural Selection- Charles Darwin aboard the Beagle...
One of the prime motives for all species is to reproduce and survive, passing on the genetic
information of the species from generation to generation. When species do this they tend to
produce more offspring than the environment can support.
The lack of resources to nourish these individuals places pressure on the size of the species
population, and the lack of resources means increased competition and as a consequence, some
organisms will not survive.
The organisms who die as a consequence of this competition were not totally random, Darwin
found that those organisms more suited to their environment were more likely to survive.
This resulted in the well known phrase survival of the fittest, where the organisms most suited
to their environment had more chance of survival if the species falls upon hard times.
Descent With Modification- Evolution with long-term change(Ex: Giraffe Necks)
4 Main Evidences of Evolution- Fossil record, comparative anatomy, biochemical evidence, and
biogeography.
Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium- Gradualism is selection and variation that happens more
gradually. Over a short period of time it is hard to notice (slow, constant, and consistent.) In punctuated
equilibrium, change comes in spurts. There is a period of very little change, and then one or a few huge
changes occur, often through mutations in the genes of a few individual or environmental change
-Natural Selection results in the development of behavioral/physical characteristics to ensure
survival(Camouflage, Long Neck, Padded Feet, Instincts, etc)
Gene Flow- Transfer of Genes from one population to another
Genetic Drift- Change in the frequency of an allele/gene in a population randomly
Mutation- Change in the Nucleotide sequence of an organism (Deletion, Substitution, Insertion)
Recombination- Two DNA molecules exchange genetic information
Hardy-Weinberg- No mutations or natural selection, an infinitely large population with all of the
population breeding, random mating with each "family" producing an equal number of offspring, and no
in or out migration
Directional- Average of the Phenotype is Favored (Middle)
Stabilizing- One extreme is favored
Disruptive- Both Phenotype Extremes are Favored
Defense-
Microorganism role in homeostasis of organism and environment-
Maintaining- Decomposition, nitrogen fixation/gentrification, E-coli, etc
Disrupting- Diseases(Ringworm, Athletes foot), poison, etc
Viruses- Non-living organisms that require infecting a host cell to reproduce, can be prevented through
antibiotics- Lytic- Activates immediately, Lysogenic- Lays Dormant
Retrovirus- Contains RNA and Reverse transcriptase
HIV- Caused by a virus attacking the helper T-cells
Aids- >200 Helper T-cells per nL
Opportunistic Infections- >500 Helper T-cells per nL
Influenza- Attacks the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract (Throat Cells)
Lines of Defense-
First- Physical/Chemical Barriers- Mucus, Vomiting, Cilia/ Lysozymes, Saliva (Innate Immunity)
Second- Nonspecific/Inflammatory Response- Macrophages, Fever, Inflammation(Attracts more white
blood cells) (Innate Immunity)
Third-Specific Response- Macrophages activate Helper T- Cells- Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells/B-cells
Cytotoxic Pathway- Recognize antibodies and secrete toxins that destroy infected cells
B-Cell Pathway- Plasma B-cells are formed, they produce antibodies(Mark the pathogens), and
memory B-cells (In case the same cells show up again)
T-Cell Pathway- Produces suppressor t-cells to stop the immune response
Passive/Active Response- Receiving antibodies/defense from an injection(Vaccines)(Usually
Temporary)/ Body develops the necessary defense by itself(Permanent)
Taxonomy-
The branch of science concerned with classification- Important because otherwise, we would not be
able to identify organisms by one name, we take it for granted
Binomial Nomenclature- Carolus Linnaeus- Identifies an organism by one name by stating is genus with
the first letter capitalized, then the species itself all in lowercase (Erythroxylum coca, Ursus arctos)
Hierarchal Classification- Organisms are placed into successively more inclusive groups based on
similarities that they share with other organisms. These taxonomic groups are as follows, in order from
least specific to most specific: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Cladograms- Displays Evolutionary Relationships among organisms, always has at least 1 common
ancestor
Plants-
Bryophytes- nonvascular plants so they dont have specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients.
Their life cycles depend on water for reproduction. The sperm swim to reach the eggs ( Mosses,
Liverworts, Hornworts)
Primitive Vascular- No seeds, still depend on water for reproduction ( Horntails, Ferns) Advancement-
Contain Vascular Tissue
Gymnosperms- Seeds are contained in cones, Most ancient surviving seed plants, contain
xylem(Water/Nutrients) and phloem(Food), (Conifers, Pines,etc) Advancement- Does not need water to
reproduce, seeds
Angiosperms- Advancement-Contain flowers, hold seeds in fruits
Monocot/Dicot-
Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons
Pollen with single furrow or pore Pollen with three furrows or pores
Flower parts in multiples of three
Flower parts in multiples of four or
five
Major leaf veins parallel

Major leaf veins reticulated
Stem vascular bundles scattered

Leaf cross section- Less gaps in the
structure

Stem vascular bundles in a ring
Leaf Cross Section- Xylem and
Phloem contained in a ringed circle
Roots are adventitious/Fibrous(Huge
ring in center)

Roots develop from radical/
Taproot(Small "X" ring in center)
Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present

Tropisms-
Phototropism- Growth in response to light
Gravitropism- Growth in response to gravity
Thigmotropism- Growth in response to touch
Chemotropism- Response to Chemicals
Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins- Apical, Lateral growth(Stem Elongation), Apical
preservation freshness of leaves/fruits, promotes cell division in plant roots

Chloroplasts- Site of light dependent and independent
reactions, dependent requires light(Photosynthesis)






Ecology-
Products of Photosynthesis=Reactants of Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis is to Thykalioid as Cellular Respiration is to Stroma
Photosynthesis requires light but cell respiration does no
Mitochondria- Kerb's cycle takes place, takes in oxygen and oxidizes food (Glucose Especially), Carbon
Dioxide is the product, also produces ATP
Know the 3 basic element cycles (Water, Carbon, Nitrogen)
In a food web, 10% of the energy is transferred to each level(Rest used in body processes)
Symbiosis- Interaction between 2 or more organisms
Paratism- One benefits, one is harmed (Tapeworm and Grasshoppers)
Commensalism- One benefits, the other doesn't care (Whale and Barnacles)
Mutualism- Both benefit (Bioluminescent Bacteria and Angler Fish)
Good Luck!!! :) And remember, The environment impacts almost everything!!