ALL THE CHARACTARE ARE IN THIS TIPS ARE REFERED FROM THE RECOGNISED

NOTES UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF MY GODFATHER (VIKAS DESHMUKH).

IF THERE IS ANY DOUBT REGARDING TO THIS PLEASE GO TO HELL (ITS VERY
EASY TO UNDERSTAND YAAR! ).
DEDICATED TO
MR. VINAYAK GARAD 09423!""2
(MY P#$%&'&%(%)
ALL THE RIGHTS TO CHANGE ARE RESERVED TO
(N) *++, () -&.+ /++, 01'2 1( 32#4*+%5
6-71&5.')78)
HUNK IS SHANK (VICE VERSA)
KHUNE S L
CELL PLAN TECH. PVT. LTD. PUNE. (INDIAN MULTINATIONAL).
HAND OVER
HAND OVER IS THE PROCESS IN 9HICH: THE SERVICE TO THE
SUBSCRIBER IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE SERVING CELL TO
THE ANOTHER CELL DURING ACTIVE MODE OF MS AND THE
CALL 9ILL CONTINUE TILL MS DISCONNECT THE CALL.
9HY HAND OVER;
A< IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE BETTER LINK =UALITY TO THE
SUBSCRIBERS.
B< MANAGE THE TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION AMOUNG THE CELLS
OF THE NET9ORK.
OR
TO MAINTAIN =U=LITY AND CONTINUETY OF CALLS.
2 CELL SI>E CONTROL IN ORDER TO MINIMI>E TOTAL
INTERFERENCE IN THE NET9ORK.
NOTE? HO IS THE EFFECT OF FRE=UENCY HOPPING
GIVE THE SPECIFIC REASON FOR HANDOVER (H.O.);
REASONS?
RECIEVER(R@) SIGNAL =UALITY
RECEIVER SIGNAL LEVEL
INTERFERANCE
PO9ER BUDGET
CONGESTION
R@ =UAL.? IF THE R@ LEVEL BAD AND R@ =UAL.IS ALSO BAD
THEN H.O. IS DUE TO R@ =UAL.
R@.LEVEL? IF THE R@ LEVEL IS BAD R@ =UAL. IS GOOD THEN
HO IS DUE TO R@.LEVEL.
INTERFERANCE? IF THE RECIEVER LEVEL IS GOOD AND THE
R@ =UAL. IS BAD THEN H.O. IS DUE TO INTERFERENCE.

(R+'+&.+A 5+.+5 &% *)(#&*- 04( #)B 74'# 17)4*( (#+ %&-*15
%(A+*-(# $)4 -+(.)
(R+'+&.+A C415&($ &% *)(#&*- 04( (#+ .)&'+ C415&($ B#&'# B+ -+(
,4A&*- '155.)
(I*(+A/+A+*'+ &% *)(#&*- 04( (#+ ,&%(4A01*'+ )A 4*B1*(+, %&-*15)
LEVEL =UALITY H.O
GOOD BAD INTERFERENCE
BAD BAD R@ =UAL.
BAD GOOD R@ LEVEL
9HAT ARE THE SHORT COMING IN HAND OVER;
CALL DROP
2 FAR A9AY CELL EFFECT
3 PING PONG H.O.
9HAT IS PING PONG HO;
PING HO IN 9HICH (UNNECSESARY) NET9ORK TAKING
CONTINIOSLY H.O.
LET US SUPPOSE 4 SITES. ARE SERVING IN ANY ONE AREA
THEN THEIR 9OULD BE SUCH TYPE OF POINT AT THEIR ALL 4
SITES ARE GIVING THEIR O9N SIGNALS .SO 9HEN U ENTER ON
THAT SPOT FIREST HO IS GIVEN TO 2DND NO. SITE SIGNALS
:AFTER IMMEDIATELY RECIVEING THE 2DND NO.SITE 3:RD NO
9ILL TAKE HO :AFTER 4DTHEEAFTER DST EE..2:ND SO
ONEEE
SECOND REASON OF PING PONG IS PARTIAL CABLE S9AP. (SEE
AT CABLE S9AP FOR DETAIL)
HO9 IT CAN BE AVOID;
SO AL9AYS GIVE THRESHOLD VALUE ACCORDING TO
PLANNER OR FI@ THE THRESHOLD VALUE.
OA
A,F4%( (#+ 7+'#1*&'15 1*, +5+'(A&'15 (&5(.
(C#))%+ )*+ )/ (#+ 10).+ %)54(&)* 0+'14%+ &(% ,+G+*,% )* (#+
'54((+A)
I/ '54((+A &% ,+*%+ (#+* '#))%+ (&5( %)54(&)* 0+'14%+ &/ B+ 1,F4%(
(#A+%#)5, (#+* )4A =UALITY B)45, 0+ ,+'A+1%+.
9HAT IS THE BAD EFFECT OF PING PONG HO;
NET9ORK =UALITY IS BAD.
9HAT IS INTELLIGENT HO;
NEAURAL NET9ORK
2 FU>>Y LOGIC
9HAT IS INTERNAL H E@TERNAL HO;
INTERNAL HO:
INTER BTS:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEEN TWO CHANNELS (TIME SLOT) IN
SAME CELL.
INTRA BSC:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEN BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF
SAME BSC.
EXTERNAL HO:
INTER BSC (BSC - BSC):
1 CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN THE BTS UNDER THE
CONTROL OF DIFF. BSC.
INTER MSC (MSC - MSC):
CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN CELLS UNDER THE
CONTROL OF DIFF. MSC.
9HAT IS INTRACELL HO;
IT IS BASED ON THE UPLINK IDLE CHANNEL
INTERFRENCE MEARSURMENT CAN EFFICIENTLY AVOID
UPLINK INTERFERANCE 9HEN THE NET9ORK LOAD IS
REASONABLE.
9HEN THE LOAD IS HIGH IN THE NET9ORK: THE GAIN
OF INTRACELL HO IS LO9.
9HEN THE LOAD IS LO9 THEN THE GAIN IS GOOD.
IN CASE OF HANDOVER DEFINE BUT HANDOVER 9OULD
NOT TAKE PLACE;
CHECK FOR?
) CHECK NEIGHBOUR DEFINED OR NOT;
FIRST SEE IN NET MONITER OR TEMS IF YES THEN
FOLLO9 2DND STEP IF NOT THEN CALL MSC AND TELL
THEM TO DEFINE.
2) IS FRE=UENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM)
3) CHECK IS THAT FRE=.ON 9HICH HO 9ILL TAKE
DEFINED IN MBCCH FRE=UENCY LIST OR NOT;
(CALL MSC AND ASK)
4) CHECK NCC PARA (PARAMETER) IS SET OR NOT;
(CALL MSC AND ASK)
2) IS FRE=UENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM)?
AT BELO9 SEE "42 IS FRE=. AND (43) BSIC 9HERE 4 IS
NCC 3 IS BCC.FRE=. AND BSIC IS SAME DOES NOT MEAN
TO CHECK "42 AND 43 IS SAME!
IT MEANS THE SITE 9ITH SAME FRE=.AND BSIC PAIR
SHOULD NOT BE IN THE I KM OR 20 KM RADIUS
.BECAUSE IF THIS HAPPENED: THEN THERE IS
INTERFERENCE DUE TO FRE=. HIT AND 9E CANDT FIND
IT: DUE TO SAME PAIR 9E CANT FIND 9HICH T9O FRE=.
ARE HITTING .
THE RADIUS IS ALSO DEPEND ON TERRION.
9HAT IS BASIC;
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE 9HERE IN
THE FIRST DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT
INDICATES BCC.
NCC? NET9ORK COLOUR CODE
BCC? BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM O TO !
NCC? THE NCC IS FI@ED FOR AN OPERATOR: SIGNIFYING
AT ANY GIVEN POINT THERE CAN BE MA@IMUM OF "
OPERATORS IN AN AREA.
BCC? BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.9HICH MEANS A
GROUP OF " CLUSTERS CARRY UNI=E IDENTITY 9HICH
ARE USED FOR ANOTHER GROUP OF " AND SO ON.
E@. IF BSIC IS JI THEN J IS NCC AND I IS BCC
IF BSIC IS II AND FRE=.IS II THEN HO 9OULD NOT
TAKE PLACE.
9HAT IS CLUSTER;
GROUP OF FRE=. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO
PATTERNS OF CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN 9HICH ALL
AVAILABLE FRE=. HAVE BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY
ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE
SAME AS THE RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL
RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.
MBCCH FRE=?
MBCCH NO. IS THE BCCH ALLOCATION (BCCH Allocation (BA) List is a
list of BCCH frequencies that every Idle mobile in a cell is supposed to
monitor. The list can be of to types ! Idle BA List and "edicated BA
List. Idle is used by Idle mobiles hile "edicated BA List is used by
"edicated #obiles. $ou alays don%t need to ma&e to BA lists' it
depends on your plannin( process hether you ill be usin( sin(le BAL
or BAL rotation or "ual BAL. )e can use one BAL for all the mobiles
(idle * dedicated).)
i.e. IT INDICATES TO THE MS THE FREQ.MUST BE MONITERED AND
MEASURED IN IDLE .ACTIVE OR BOTH MODES.THIS NO. IS SENT TO MS
IN THE SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES ON THE BCCH CHANNEL IN
IDLE MODE AND ON THE SACCH IN ACTIVE MODE.
UPTO 32 BCCH CARRIERS CAN BE DEFINED BY
SPECIFAYING THEIR ARFCN.
DEEP CONCEPT OF HO?
THE MEASUREMENT REPORT FROM THE MS IS SENT TO THE
BSC ON THE SACCH INDICATING THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND
=UALITY OF THE SERVING LINK AND THE
SIG.STRENGTH: FRE=.AND BSIC FROM THE
SI@ BTS 9ITH STRONGEST SIGNAL STRENGTHS.
ONLY MEASURMENTS FROM THE NEIGHBOURING CELLS THAT
FULLFILL THE RE=UREMENT BY BCCH HAS A FRE=. AS
INDICATED BY MBCCH NO.
IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE MEASURED CELL IS DEFINED AS
THE NEIGHBOUR OF THE SERVING CELL .
UPTO J4 DIFF. CELLS CAN BE DEFINED AS NEIGHBOUR.
HO PROCESS MAY BE TRIGGERED BY =UAL.: FIELD
STRENGTH OR DISTANCE VALUES FALL BELOL9 K
E@CEED THEIR THRESHOLD PERIODIC CHANGES.
HO ALGORITHUM?
T#+ 5)'1(&*- 15-)A&(#7? 9)A2% )4( (#+ 01%&% /)A
#1*,).+A ,+'&%&)*% .I( &% &7G5+7+*(+, &* (#+ 01%+
%(1(&)* ')*(A)55+A. I( &% (#+ 15-)A&(#7 /)A '+55 %+5+'(&)*
/)A 1'(&.+ 7)0&5+ %(1(&)*% (&.+. )*-)&*- ')**+'(&)*) 1/(+A
&77+,&1(+ 1%%&-*7+*(.
INPUT?
THE IKP TO THE ALGORITHUM IS SIGNAL STRENGTH AND
=UALITY MEASUREMENT FROM THE MS AND FROM THE
BASE STATION CURRENTLY SERVING THE CONNECTION.
OUTPUT?
THE OUTPUT IS THE LIST OF CELLS THAT THE
ALGORITHUM LUDGES TO BE POSSIBLE CANDIDATES
FOR HANDOVER .THE CELLS IN THE LIST IS RANKED
AND STORED IN DESCENDING ORDER OF PREFERENCE
FOR HANDOVEAR.
THE ALGORITHUM 9ORKS CONTINUESLY: COMPLETING
A CALCULATION CYCLE IN GENERAL EVERY 4"0 7%.
MOST FRE=UENTLY THE ALGORITHUM 9ILL
RECOMMEND NOT TO PERFORM A HANDOVER.
HANDOVER CRITERIA ARE BASED ON
THREE TYPES OF MEASUREMENT

< FIELD STRENGTH (SIGNAL STRENGTH AND OR PATH
LOSS) OF THE CONNECTION AND OF THE
BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL CARRIERS
FOR NEIGHBOURS.
2< SIGNAL =UALITY OF THE CONNECTION (BIT ERRROR
RATE ESTEMATION MAPPED ON ALGORITHUM SCALE)
3< TIMING ADVENCE USED BY THE MS.
9HAT IS TIMING ADVANCE;
IT IS A SOLUTION SPECIALY DESIGNED TO COUNTERACT
THE PROBLM OF TIME ALLIGNMENT .ITS 9ORKED BY
INSTRUCTING THE MIS ALIGNED MS TO TRANSMIT ITS
BURST EARLIER OR LATER THAN IT NORMALLY 9OULD.
IN GSM TA INFORMATION RELATES TO BIT TIMES
.THUS :AN MS MAY BE INSTRUCTED TO COMMENCE ITS
TRANSMISSION A CERTAIN NO OF BIT TIMES EARLIER
OR LATER :RELATED TO PREVIOUS POSITION TO REACH
ITS TIMESLOT AT THE BTS IN RIGHT TIME.


9HAT IS THE DIFF. BET9EEN CELL RESELECTION AND
HANDOVER;
HAND OVER HAPPENED IN DEDICATED MODE AND
CELL RESELECTION IN IDLE MODE.
FRE=UENCY HOPPING
C155 &% (A1*%7&((+, (#A)4-# %+.+A15 /A+C4+*'&+% &* )A,+A
()
A.+A1-+ (#+ &*(+A/+A+*'+:
M&*&7&M&*- (#+ &7G1'( )/ /1,&*-.
OR
I( &% ,+/&*+, 1% %+C4+*(&15 '#1*-+
)/ '1AA&+A /A+C4+*'$ )* (#+ A1,&)
5&*2 0+(B++* (#+ 7)0&5+ 1*, 01%+
%(1(&)*.
A,.1*(1-+ )/ /A+C4+*'$ #)GG&*-?
FA+C4+*'$ ,&.+A%&($
I*(+A/+A+*'+ 1.+A1-&*-
H)B &* /A+C4+*'$ #)GG&*- (#+A+ &% +*#1*'+7+*( )/
*+(B)A2 ;
FH &7G5+7+*( B&55 +*105+ 7)A+ 1--A+%%&.+ /A+C4+*'$ A+4%+
G1((+A* (#1( 5+1,% () 0+((+A %G+'(A47 +//&'&+*'$.
2 I( '1* 1,, 7)A+ (A1*%'+&.+A% &* (#+ +N&%(&*- %&(+: B#&5+
71&*(1&*% (#+ *+(B)A2 C415&($ .
3 /A+C. #)GG&*- ')7GA+%%&*- (#+ 1.1&5105+ %G+'(A47 () 712+
A))7 /)A +N(A1 /A+C.
FA+C4+*'$ A+4%+%;
FRE=UENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FRE=.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE
BET9EEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL
INTEREFERENCE.
D+/&*+ 155 (#+ G1A17+(+A &* /A+C4+*'$ #)GG&*-;
F)55)B&*- 1A+ (#+ G1A17+(+A &* FH
MOBILE ALLOCATION (MA)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDE@ (MAI)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDE@ OFFSET (MAIO)
HOPPING SE=UENCE NO. (HSN)
MOBILE ALLOATION?
IT IS THE SET OF FRE=. T#+ 7)0&5+ 155)B+, () #)G+ ).+A
.71N&747 )/ J3 /A+C. '1* 0+ ,+/&*+, &* MA 5&%(.

MOBILE ALLOCATION INDE@ (MAI)?
I( &% (#+ *). A1*-&*- /A)7 M+A) () (#+ *). )/ /A+C. &* (#+ MA
5&%( %40(A1'(+, 0$ )*+.
It is the output of hopping sequence algorithms.
HOPPING SE=UENCE NO. (HSN)?
I( ,+(+A7&*+% (#+ #)GG&*- )A,+A 4%+, &* (#+ '+55 .&( &% G)%%&05+
() 1%%&-* J4 ,&//.%+((&*- .B#+* HSN O 0 GA).&,+% '$'5&'
#)GG&*- (G1((+A*).
HSN O TO J3GA).&,+% .1A&)4% G%+4,) A1*,)7 #)GG&*-.
I* GSM (#+A+ 1A+ J4 ,&//.G1((+A*% )/ FH.
O*+ )/ (#+7 &% 1 %&7G5+ '$'5&' )A %+C4+*(&15 G1((+A*.
T#+ A+71&*&*- J3 1A+ 2*)B* 1% G%+4,) A1*,)7 G1((+A*%
B#&'# 1* )G+A1()A '1* '#))%+ /A)7 (#+ MA 5&%(.
9HERE 9E USE CYCLIC AND RANDOM PATTERN;
CYCLIC? IT IS USED IN THE AREA 9HERE THE ITERFERENCE
IS NOT A PROBLEM.
RANDOM? IT IS USED IN THE AREA 9HERE INTERFERENCE IS
A PROBLEM.(HIGH TRAFFIC AREA).
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDE@ OFFSET (MAIO)?
D+(+A7&*+% &*%&,+ (#+ FH %+C4+*'+ B#&'# /A+C. (#+ 7)0&5+
%(1A(% ,) (A1*%7&( )*.
T#+ .154+ )/ MAIO A1*-+% 0+(B++* M+A)% () NP.
9#+A+ N &% (#+ *).)/ /A+C.,+/&*+, &* (#+ MA 5&%(.
PA+%+*(5$ MAIO &% %+( )* G+A '1AA&+A 01%&%.
9#1( 1A+ (#+ ($G+% )/ FH 1*,; 9#1( &% ,&/.0+(B++* (#+7;
TB) ($G+% )/ /A+C. #)GG&*-.
B1%+ 01*, FH (BBH)
S$*(#+%&M+, FH (SFH)
D&//.?
BBH? IN BBH *). )/ #)GG&*- /A+C. %17+ 1% *).)/ TR@. (TRU)
SFH? N). )/ #)GG&*- /A+C. '1* 0+ &* (#+ A1*-+ )/ () J3.
! here the A+,C- ud be more than the no. .f T+/0T+1 in bts.also
e have better hoppin( (ain here.* also e need not to (o for ne
frequency scheme hen e add ne tr2s to the site as this is to be
do done in Base band hoppin(.
"efinition of 3,H A-" A#+4
SFH & AMR IS different terms
3,H is synthesi5er freq hoppin( and A#+ is adaptive multirate. These
to terms are in all different from each other. .ne defines the ay of
usin( feer frequencies more efficiently and other defines the ay of
controllin( the quality of call in ,1LL +AT6 as ell as HAL, +ate so as
to increase capacity indirectly ith controlled quality.
9#1( &% (#+ +//+'( )/ /A+C. #)GG&*-;
H1*, ).+A
2 C155 %+( 4G
3 FA17+ +A1%+A A1(+ (FER)
T#+%+ 1A+ (#+ +//. )/ FH.
9#1( &% FER;
IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACCH FRAMES COMPARED TO
ALL THE RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
I( &% (#+ A&-#( 7+1%4A+ )/ .)&'+ C415&($.
I( &% G+A/)A7+, )* %G++'# 1*, %&-*15&*- /A17+.
FFR 0 () 4 Q -)),
4 () I Q %5&-#(5$ ,+-A1,+
GA+1(+A (#1* I Q
FORMULA?
Q OF FER O (NO.ERASED BLOCKSRTOT.NO.
OF BLOCKS) S 0O
D++G ')*'+G(?
MAIO?
I( &% 1 G1A17+(+A (#1( B&55 155)B (#+ )G+A1()A () %G+'&/$ 1 5&%( )/
4G () 32 MAIO .154+% &* )A,+A &* B#&'# (#+$ 1A+ () 0+ 155)'1(+, ()
1 '#1**+5 -A)4G. T#&% G1A17+(+A %+( () ,+/145( B#&'#
A+7).+% (#+ 71*415 MAIO 5&%( &* /1.)A /)A (#+ ,+/145( MAIO 5&%(.
T#+ *). )/ MAIO .154+% &* 5&%( %(A+('#+% /A)7 M+A) 4G () )*+ 5+%%
(#1* *). )/ /A+C. &* (#+ HFS.
EN. 9(0 () ") /A+C. (#+&A (#1* 71&) 5&%( B&55 0+ 0 () !.
T#+ 1'(415 MAIO .154+% () 0+ 4%+, /)A 1 '#1**+5 -A)4G
,+G+*, )* (#+ *). )/ TR@ &* (#+ '#1**+5 -A)4G.
D+/145( 5&%(?
I* )A,+A )/ (#+ MAIO .154+% &* (#+ ,+/145( 5&%( &% 1AA1*-+, &* 1
3/&A%( +.+* (#+* ),,.8 MAIO .154+% 71**+A.
T#&% 7+1*% (#1( (#+ 0+-&**&*- )/ (#+ 5&%( B&55 ')*%&%( )/ 155 (#+
+.+* .154+% &* 1%'+*,&*- )A,+A.
A/(+A (#+ +.+* .154+% 155 (#+ ),, .154+% 1A+ 1AA1*-+, 1*
1%'+*,&*- )A,+A.
EN.
F)A #)GG&*- -A)4G B&(# 9 /A+C. (#+ ,+/145( 5&%( B&55 0+ 0: 2: 4: J: :
3: I 1*, !.
MA? MA LIST IS A LIST OF HOPPING FRE=. TRANSMITTEED TO
A MOBILE EVERY TIME .IT IS ASSIGNIED TO HOPPING
PHYSICAL CHANNEL.
THE MA LIST IS A SUBSET OF CA LIST.
T9HAT IS CA LIST;
THE MA LIST IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED
IF THE BASEBAND HOPPING IS USED.
IF THE NET9ORK UTILISES THE RF HOPPING
THE MA LIST HAVE TO BE GENERATED FOR
EACH CELL BY THE PLANNER.
T#+ MA 5&%( &% 105+ () G)&*( (#+ J4 )/ /A+C. ,+/&*+, &* (#+ CA
5&%( .H)B+.+A (#+ BCCH /A+C. &% 15%) &*'54,+, I* (#+ CA 5&%( :%)
(#+ GA1'(&'155$ 71N.*). O/ /A+C. &* (#+ MA 5&%( &% J3.
T#+ /A+C. &* (#+ MA 5&%( &% A+C4&A+, () 0+ &* &*'A+1%+, )A,+A
0+'14%+ )/ (#+ ($G+ )/ %&-*15&*- 4%+, () (A1*%/+A
(#+ MA 5&%(.
HOPPING %+C4+*'+ 15-);
I*G4(? T#+ #)GG&*- %+C. 15-). T12+% HSN H
FN (/A+C.*).) 1% 1* &*G4(.
O4(G4(? M)0&5+ 155)'1(&)* &*,+N (MAI) &% (#+
OKP.
MAIO?
9HERE THERE ARE MORE THAN ONE TR@ IN THE BTS USING THE SAME LIST
THE MOBILE ALLOCATION INDE@ OFFSET IS USED TO ENSURE THAT EACH
TR@ USES AL9AYS AN UNI=UE FRE=.
EACH HOPPING TR@ IS ALLOCATED A DIFF. MAIO.
MAIO IS ADDED TO MAI 9HEN THE FRE=. TO BE USED DETERMINED FROM
THE MA LIST.
MAIO AND HSN ARE TRANSMITTED TO
A MOBILE STATION TOGETHER 9ITH
MAIO LIST.
HSN DEFINES 9HICH HOPPING SE=UENCE TO BE USED.
MAIO DECIDES STARTING POINT OF HOPPING.
9HAT IS SLO9 FRE=.HOPPING AND 9HAT IS FAST
FRE=.HOPPING;
THE PRINCIPAL OF FRE=UENCY HOPPING USED
9ITHIN GSM IS THAT?
3SUCESSIVE TDMA BURST OF CONNECTION IS
TRANSMITTED VIA. DIFF. FRE=.8
THAT FRE=. BELONGING TO A RESPECTIVE CELL
ACCORDING TO NET9ORK PLANNING. THIS METHOD
IS CALLED SLO9 FRE=. HOPPING.
SINCE TRANSMISSIOMN FRE=. REMAIN CONSTENT
DURING ONE BURST.
IN CONTRAST FAST FRFE=. HOPPING 9HERE THE
TRANSMISSION FRE=. CHANGES 9ITHIN THE ONE
BURST.
DETAILS OF FRAME ERASER RATIO?
IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL THE
RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
A SPEECH FRAME IS GENERALLY DISCARDED IF AFTER THE DECODING AND
ERROR CONNECTION PROCESS ANY OF THE CATEGORY A BIT IS FOUND TO
BE CHANGED BASED ON THE THREE PARITY BITS FOLLO9ING THEM IN A
SPEECH FRAME.
FER IS MEASURE OF HO9 SUCESSFUL THE SPEECH FRAME 9AS RECIVED
AFTER THE ERROR CORRECTION PROCESS AND IT IS THUS A BETTER
INDICATION OF THE SUBLECTIVE SPEECH =UALITY COMPARED TO THE LINK
=UALITY IN TERMS OF BER .THE RECIEVER =UALITY DOES NOT INDICATE
HO9 THE BIT ERRORS 9ERE DISTRIBUTED IN A SPEECH FRAME.
3THE BIT ERROR DISTRIBUTION AFFECTS
THE ABILITY OF THE CHANNEL DECODING
TO CORRECT THE ERRORS8.
A BLOCK IS ERASED 9HEN PARITY CHECK FAILED.
BIT ERROR RATE?
IT IS THE RATIO OF THE NO. OF ERRORNEOUS BIT RECIEVIED TO THE TOTAL
NO.OF BITS RECEIVED.
RESIDUAL BIT ERROR RATE?
IT IS PERFORMED ON DEMODULATED SPEECH FRAMES THAT
ARE NOT MARKING CORRECT.
9HAT HAPPENS 9HEN SPEECH FRAMES DISCARDED IN FER;
ANS? SYSTEM 9ILLS INTERPOLUTE.
SPEECH =U=LITY INDE@ DEPENDS ON FER AND
BER.
SPECCH =UALITY IS DEPENDING ON BER.
TROUBLSHOOTING
9HAT IS CABLE S9AP AND PARTIAL CABLE S9AP;
THERE ARE T9O TYPES OF CABLE S9APKSECTOR S9AP.
FIRST CABLE S9APKSECTOR S9AP AND ANOTHER IS PARTIAL
S9A9P.
CABLE S9AP IS NOTHING BUT 9HEN T9O 9IRES 9HICH IS COMING
FROM GSM AND CONNECTED IN TR@KTRU IN BTS 9IL CONNECT
9RONGLY. MEANS FIRST SECTOR T9O CABLE (POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE) CONNNECTED IN SECOND SECTOR TRUKTR@ OR SECOND
SECTOR T9O CABLE CONNNECTED IN THIRD OR THIRD SECTOR IN
FIRST .
9HAT IS THE SOLUTION OF TCH OR CALL
DROP;
BOTH PROBLEMS 9OULD BE OCCURRED DUE TO THE POSSIBILITY OF CABLE
S9AP OR FRE=UENCY HIT.
CABLE S9AP ? T9O 9IRES CAME FROM THE GSM AND LOIN AT THE TR@ IN
BTS ROOM. 9HILE CONNCTING THESE 9IRE THEIR COULD BE MISMATCH OR
S9APPING.BECAUSE FROM THESE T9O 9IRES ONE 9IRE IS OF
TRANSMETER SECTION (U SIGN ON THAT CABLE ) AND ANOTHER SIGN IS OF
RECIEVER ( P SIGN IS ON THAT CABLE).SO THERE SHOULD BE CHANCES
THAT U 9IRE 9OULD BE ATTACHED TO P AND VICE VERSA.
T9O SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF CABLE S9AP 9E 9ANT TO SEE 9HETHER
THESE CONNECTION IS E@ACT OR NOT.
DUE TO CABLE S9AP THERE 9OULD BE CHANCES OF CALL DROP.
SECOND CASE?
FRE=UENCY HIT? THIS MEANS ADLUCENT FRE=UENCY 9OULD BE HIT
TO9ARDS AREA.
SOLUTION OF THIS CASE GIVES DO9N TILT TO OUR GSM.
9HAT IS PARTIAL CABLE S9AP;
THERE ARE T9O TYPES OF CABLE S9AP ONE IS ABOVE AND SECOND IS
PARTIAL CABLE S9AP.
IN FIRST CABLE S9AP T9O 9IRES ARE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR IS
CONNECTED IN ANOTHER SECTOR TR@KTRU .BUT IN PARTIAL CABLE S9AP
ONLY ONE 9IRE 9OULD BE S9AP MEANS ONE 9IRE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR
AND ANOTHER 9IRE FROM ANY OTHER SECTOR IS CONNECTED AT ONE
TR@KTRU.
9HAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM OF UPLINK;
SEE AROUND YOUR SITE ANY CDMA SITE IS PRESENT IF YES THEN USE
CDMA FILTER.
IF NOT THEN SEE IS THEIR SECTOR E@PANTION PRESENT THEN CHECK FOR
THE ORIENTATION OF BOTH E@PANSION ANTEENA AND MAIN ANTENA IS
DIFF. OR SAME.
9HAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR DO9NLINK PROBLEM;
THE SOLUTION FOR THE DO9NLINK IS SAME FOR THE TCH KCALL DROP.
9HAT IS TH E SOLUTION FOR SD DROP;
IF SD DROP INCREASED THEN ASSIGN ONE MORE TIME SLOT BY USING
PLANNER.
)HAT I3 TH6 +6A3.- ,.+ 3"CCH "+.78
1>high interference of freq., like co-channel
>sdcch time slot fa!lt"
#>$oor %R& '( q!alit"
)>hard*are fa!lt like antenna or d!$le+er malf!nction
,>ma" -e feeder ca-le and connectors are fa!lt".
.>site taking calls from a /er" far distance.
0>Bad +adio lin& quality (any sort of interference' if hi(hly) Bad +adio
lin& quality (any sort of interference' if hi(hly destructive)
9:Could be a problem at -33 end
and ma" -e some other reasons....
3" drop happens after 3" is assi(ned' and if TCH is not free but 3" is
assi(ned and there is no directed retry' then in that case hat
happens8 3" aits for a timer value and then also if it doesn;t find a
TCH it can;t hold 3"' so drops<<<<<<..
9HAT IS VS9R;
VOLTAGE 9AVE STAND RATIO?
IT IS THE RATIO OF FOR9ARD PO9AR TO THE REFLECTED PO9ER.V(PRO9)K
(URO9)<IT THE PROBLEM OF LOOSE CONNECTOR OR DUST OR SHARE
BENDING OR RAIN 9ATER . DUE TO THIS PROBLEM THERE IS LESS
COVERAGE IN THAT AREA.
9HENEVER THIS PROBLEM OCCURRED THERE IS ALARM FOR THIS IS IN
MSC.
THERE ARE LOTS OF TYPE OF ALARMS ANOTHER IS IF BTS DOOR IS OPEN
THEN THERE IS ALSO ALARM 9ILL OCCURD IN MSC.
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF VS9R PROBLEM 9E CONNECT TIGHTLY (LOOSE
CONNECTOR) ALL CONNECTORKCABLE 9HICH ARE LOOSE.


ABOVE TEMS J. SK9 IS COMPITABLE 9ITH INSTRUMENTS(MOBILE) TJ0.
9HAT IS TEMS;
TEST E=IPEMENT MOBILE SYSTEM IS A TESTING TOOL USED TO READ AND
CONTROL THE INFORMATION SENT OVER AIR INTERFACES BET9EEN BASE
STATION AND THE MOBILE STATION .IT CAN BE USED FOR RADIO
COVERAGE MEASUREMENS.IN ADDITION TO FIELD
MEASUREMENT AND POST PROCESSING.
ALL KIT CONSIST OF MOBILE STATION 9ITH SPECIAL SOFT9ARE: A
PORTABLE PC AND OPTIONALLY A GLOBAL POSITONING SYSTEM
RECIEVER.THE PC IS USED FOR PRESENTATION :CONTROL AND
MEASUREMENT STORAGE .
MS IS USED IN ACTIVE OR IDLE MODE.
9HICH 9INDO9 9E NEED TO CHECK IN DRIVE TEST;
< CURRENT CHANNEL
2<SERVING NEIGHBOUR
3<RADIO PARAMETER
4<CKI
I< CKA
TELL US ABOUT DETAILS;
< CURRENT CHANNEL?
CELL NAME
CGI (MCC NCC LAC (BSC) CI)
BAND 900K"00K900
CHANNEL TYPE
CHANNEL MODE
SPEECH CODEC
CIPHERING ALGORITHUM
SUB CHANNEL NO.
HOPPING CHANNEL
MAIO
HSN
2<SEERVING NEIGHBOUR? FULL SUB
HERE THE DEFINED NEIGHBOUR 9ILL APPEAR.
3<RADIO PARAMETER ? FULL SUB
A< R@ LEVEL RANGE P0 TO P20
P0 TO P!0 BEST
P ! TO P"0 GOOD
P9 TO P20 BAD PURPOSE NE9 SITE AT THIS AREA.
B< R@ =UALITY (ITS DEPEND ON INTERFERENCE ) RANGE 0 TO !
0 TO 3 GOOD
4 TO I AVG.
J TO ! BAD
C< FER ACTUAL
D< BER ACTUAL
E< S=I
2 TO 30 OK
ABOUT S=I ?IF BSIC AND FRE= ARE SAME THEN S=I GOES NEGATIVE.
4<CKI (9ORST KBEST) RANGE I TO 2I
I AVG.
0 TO I
I TO 0 BAD
MS PO9ER CONTROL LEVEL
DT@
TA
TA O I007
(RECEIVING LEVEL)RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MIN)
RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MA@)
MS BEHEVIOR MODIFIED
I< CKA
ANOTHER NET9ORK PROBLEM?
CKI?CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE RATIO
IT IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO BET9EEN THE LEVEL OF THE RECIVED
DESIRED SIGNAL TO THE LEVEL OF RECIVED UNDESIRED SIGNAL.
CKI IS DEPENDENT ON THE INSTANTANEOUS POSITION OF THE MOBILE
STATION AND IS AFFECTED BY TERREIN DETAILS AND VARIOUS
SHAPES:TYPES AND NO.OF LOCAL SCATTERS.
OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS ANTENNA TYPE DIRECTIONALITY AND HEIGHT
:SITE ELEVATIONS :POSITIONS AND THE NO. OF LOCAL SOURCE OF
INTERFERENCE ALSO EFFEECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CKI RATIO IN A
SYSTEM .
CKA? CARRIER TO ADLUCENT RATIO

IT IS DEFINED AS THE RELATION IN DB IN SIGNAL STRENGTH BET9EEN THE
SERVING AND AN ADLUCENT FRE=.
COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE?
FRE=UENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FRE=.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE
BET9EEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL
INTEREFERENCE.
SOLUTION?TO REDUCE CO CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CO CHANNEL CELLS
MUST BE PHYSICALLY SEPERATED BY A MINIMUM DISTANCE IN ORDER TO
PROVIDE SUFFIECIENT ISOLATION.
9HAT IS BASIC;
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE 9HERE IN THE FIRST
DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC .
NCC ?NET9ORK COLOUR CODE
BCC? BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM AN O TO !
NCC? THE NCC IS FI@ED FOR AN OPERATOR :SIGNIFYING AT ANY
GIVEN POINT THERE CAN BE MA@IMUM OF " OPERATORS IN AN
AREA.
BCC ? BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.9HICH MEANS A GROUP OF "
CLUSTER CARRY UNI=E IDENTITY 9HICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF " AND SO ON.
E@. IF BSIC IS JI THEN J IS NCC AND I IS BCC
IF BSIC IS II AND FRE=.IS II THEN HO 9OULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
9HAT IS CLUSTER;
GROPU OF FRE=. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS
OF CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN 9HICH ALL AVAILABLE FRE=.
HAVE BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS
THE RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL
LEVEL.
TA1*%7&%%&)* GA)05+7?
P1(# 5)%%? P1(# 5)%% )''4A% B#+* (#+ A+'+&.+, %&-*15 0+')7+% B+12+A 1*,
B+12+A ,4+ () &*'A+1%&*- ,&%(1*'+ 0+(B++* MS 1*, BTS :+.+* &/ (#+A+ 1A+ *)
)0%(1'5+% 0+(B++* (#+ (A1*%7&((&*- 1*, A+'+&.&*- 1*(+**1 .
T#+ G1(# 5)%% GA)05+7 %+5,)7 5+1,% () 1 ,A)GG+, '155 0+'14%+ 0+/)A+ (#+
GA)05+7 0+')7+% +N(A+7+ 1 *+B (A1*%7&%%&)* G1(# &% +%(105&%#+, .&1 1*)(#+A
BTS .
S#1,)B&*-? S#1,)B&*- )''4A% B#+* (#+A+ 1A+ G#$%&'15 )0%(1'5+%
&*'54,&*- #&55% 1*, 04&5,&*- 0+(B++* (#+ BTS 1*, MS .T#+ )0%(1'5+% 'A+1(+ 1
%#1,)B&*- +//+'( B#&'# '1* ,+'A+1%+% (#+ A+'+&.+, %&-*15 %(A+*-(# .
B#+* (#+ MS 7).+% (#+ %&-*15 %(A+*-(# /54'(41(+% ,+G+*,&*- )* (#+
)0%(1'5+% 0+(B++* (#+ MS 1*, BTS .
FADING DIPS? A %&-*15 &*/54+*'+, 0$ /1,&*- .1A&+% &*
%&-*15 %(A+*-(# .
DA)G% &* %(A+*-(# 1A+ '155+, /1,&*- ,&G%.
M45(&G1(# /1,&*- ? I( )''4A% B#+* (#+A+ &% 7)A+ (#1*
)*+ (A1*%7&%%&)* G1(# () (#+ MS )A BTS .T#&% 71$ 0+
,4+ () 04&5,&*- )A 7)4*(1&*% +&(#+A '5)%+ () )A /1A /A)7
(#+ A+'
d1i, d1d,d1m
dB itself is a measure of poer on lo(arithmic scale.....hen e tal&
abt dBi (one more thin( i ant add here is dBd )' these indicate (ain of
a (iven antenna ith respect to isotropic and Lambda0= dipole antenna
respectively....isotropic antenna is a non e2istent ideal antenna and
Lambda0= as it indicates is half!avelen(th antenna.' here iso.. is an
omni directional antenna hile Lambda...is a directional antenna ..
)hen e measure (ain rt iso..Antenna'.(ain is more bco5 it radiates
lesser in distance ..bt its less ith Lambda0= antenna ... bco5 its
radiation is directional hence more. Here is the relation...
dBi ((ain of the (iven antenna rt Isotropic antenna)>dBd(?ain rt
Lambda0= antenna @=.AB dB).

READ THIS AFTER LEARN THE DT FOR 0 DAYS!
ANALYASING THE LOG FILES;
AFTER HAVING THE ENTIRE NET9OR OR A GIVEN PART OF THE NET9ORK:
THE LOG FILES SHOULD BRE ANAYLIESD .9HEN ANALYISING THE LOG FILES
:THE MAIN THINGS TO LOOK FOR ?
. INTERFERENCE
2. LO9 SIGNAL STRENGTH
3. MISSING NEIGHBOUR
OFTEN: THESE PROBLEMS CAN BE SPOOTEED BY LOOKING AT THE R@=UAL
LEVELS AND KOR DROPPED CALLS.HO9EVER DUE TO LITTLE OR NO TRAFFIC
IN THE SYSTEM: IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPOT ALL THE PROBLEMS THAT
MIGHT OCCUR 9HEN THERE IS MORE TRAFFIC IN THE SYSTEM.FOR E@.
INTERFERENCE FROM THE NON BCCH CARRIERS DOES NOT AFFECT THE
=UALITY .THEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE LOG FILES ARE
CAREFULLY ANYLYSED EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE NO SIGNS OF POOR
=UAL.
POOR =UAL?
THERE ARE THREE MALOR REASONS FOR POOR =UALITY.
INTERFERENCR PROBLEM: LO9 SIG. STRENGTH OR A MISSING NEIGHBOUR.
THE REASON FOR THE POOR =UAL.CAN BE?
. MS DOES NOT ON BEST SERVER
2. INTERFERENCE
3. LO9 SIGNAL STRENGTH
MAKE THE NECERRY CHANGES KADLUSTMENTS DEPEPNDING ON THE
REASON FOR THE POOR =UAL.
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS?
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS DISABLES A HANDOVER AND MIGHT
LEAD TO POOR =UALITY AND EVENTUALLY A DROPPED CALL.
INCLUDING ALL THE BCCH FRE=. IN THE MEASURING LIST DURING THE
INTIAL TUNING: MAKES MISSING REALATIONSHIP EASIER TO DETECT.
NEIGHBOUR THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE NEIGHBOUR LIST ARE NOT
NOT EVALUATED BY LOCATING.
IF HANDOVER IS NOT PERFORMED TO 9HAT SEEMS TO BE THE BEST
SERVER: THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATION.
IF THAT IS NOT THE CASE AND TH E=UAL.IS POOR: HAND OVER HYSTERISIS:
OFFSET: LP CRITERION PARAMETERS (IF USED) AND HCS W PARAMETER (IF
USED) SHOULD BE REVIE9ED TO FIND THE REASON FOR THE MS NOT BEING
ON THE STRONGEST CANDIDATE.
THERE IS SITUATION 9E CAN IMPROVE THE COVERAGE: BY INCREASING
THE OUTPUT PO9ER ANDKOR MAKING ANTENNA ADLUSTMENTS.
OUTPUT PO9ER?
BY INCREASING THE OUTPUT PO9ER:THE DO9NLINK SIGNAL STRENGTH
INCREASE .HO9EREVER :IF THE OKP PO9ER IS TOO HIGH (APPRO@IMATELY
P43 DBM OR MORE):A HIGHER OKP PO9ER 9ILL NOT GREATLY AFFECT THE
OVERALL PERFORMANCE DUE TO THE LACK OF PO9ER BALANCE BET9EEN
UPLINK AND DO9NLINK .
BUT AN INCREASE IN OKP PO9ER MAY LEAD TO HIGHER INTERFERENCE IN
COCHANNEL AND ADLUCENT CHANNEL CELLS.
THE CELL BORDERS ARE ALSO AFFECTED.
ANTENNA ADLUSTMENTS? A HIGHER ANTENNA POSITION GENERALLY
INCREASE THE CELLS COVERAGE AREA .SOMETIMES THE RE W DIRECTION OF
AN ANTENNA MAY HELP THE SITUATION. IF THE ANTENNA IS
DO9NTILTED :A DECREASES OF THE TILT GENERALLY INCREASE THE
COVERAGE AREA.
LUST LIKE THE CHANGING THE OKP PO9ER :AN ANTENNA ADLUSTMENTS
AFFECTS THE ENTIRE CELL PLAN REGARD TO CELL BOARDERS AND
INTERFERENCE.
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
MALOR IINTERFERNSE PROBLEMS RE=UIRE A CHANGE OF FRE=. ON ONE OR
MORE CELLS.
FOR A CELLS SEVERE PROBLEM :ANATENNA DO9NTILTS CAN HELP
SITUATITIONS .
MINOR INTERFERENCE PROBLEM CAN SOMETIMES BE ELIMINATED OR
REDUSED BY PARAMETER CHANGES .MOVIING CELL BOARDER AND KOR
CHANGING THE HANDOVER (E@. SMALLER HANDOVER HYSTERIS AND
SHORTER FITER LENGTHS ) CAN TAKE CARE OF LOCAL INTERFERENCE
PROBLEMS.
ANTENNA ADLUSTMENTS?
ANTENNA ADLUSTMENTS SUCH AS ANTENNA TILT AND HEIGHT AFFECTS
THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND THEREBY THE CELLS BOARDERS AND
INTERFERENCE LEVELS .
BY DOENTILTING THE ANTENNAS :A CALMER BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY
ACHIEVED IN THE NET9ORK .THE SIGANL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE
CONCENTRATED TO THE AREA CLOSE TO THE SITE .DO9NTILTING AN
ANTENNA CAN REDUCE IN INTERFERENCE IN COP CHANNEL OR ADLUSTENT
CHANNEL CELLS AS 9ELL AS IN THECELL ITSELF.
THE MALOR DRA9BACK OF HAVING TOO MUCH DO9NTILT IS THE RISK OF A
LOSS IN OVERALL COVERAGE.