Microsoft - MS SQL

Oracle - PL SQL
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Data Definition Language (DDL)-CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and TRUNCATE.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)-SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Transaction Control Language (TCL)-COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
Data Control Language (DCL)-GRANT and REVOKE.
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CREATE TABLE table_name(column_name1 datatype, column_name2 datatype, ... column
_nameN datatype );
CREATE TABLE Dept(DeptNo NUMBER(2), DeptName VARCHAR2(10) CreateDate DATE DEFAUL
T sysdate);
CREATE TABLE temp_employee as SELECT * FROM employee
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE employee ADD experience number(3);
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN location;
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE employee MODIFY salary number(15,2);
RENAME old_table_name To new_table_name;
RENAME employee TO my_emloyee;
DROP TABLE table_name;
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
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SELECT column_list FROM table-name[WHERE Clause][GROUP BY clause][HAVING clause]
[ORDER BY clause];
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME [ (col1, col2, col3,...colN)] VALUES (value1, value2, val
ue3,...valueN);
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
INSERT INTO employee (id, name, dept, age, salary location) SELECT emp_id, emp_n
ame, dept, age, salary, location FROM temp_employee;
UPDATE table_name SET column_name1 = value1,column_name2 = value2, ...[WHERE con
dition]
UPDATE employee SET location ='Mysore' WHERE id = 101;
UPDATE employee SET job_id =(SELECT job_id FROM emp1 where empid=100),
salary =(SELECT salary FROM emp2 where e
mpid=200)
WHERE empid = 50
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
DELETE FROM employee WHERE id = 100;
DELETE FROM employee WHERE Deptid = (SELECT deptid FROM dept WHERE DeptName LIKE
'%Public%')
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COMMIT:
DELETE FROM Dept WHERE DeptID IN (10,20)
UPDATE Emp SET DeptID = 80 WHERE empID = 100
COMMIT;
ROLLBACK:
DELETE FROM Dept WHERE DeptID IN (10,20)
ROLLBACK;
SAVEPOINT:
UPDATE...
SAVEPOINT Update_Done;
INSERT...
ROLLBACK TO Update_Done;
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GRANT: GRANT SELECT ON employee TO user1;
REVOKE: REVOKE SELECT ON employee FROM user1;
ROLE: CREATE ROLE Test [IDENTIFIED BY PWD];
DROP ROLE Test;
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LOWER: Lower('SQL Course') = sql course
UPPER: Upper('SQL Course') = SQL COURSE
INITCAP: InitCap('SQL Course') = SQL Course
CONCAT: Concat('Hello','World') = HelloWorld
SUBSTR: Substr('HelloWorld'1,5) = Hello
LENGTH: Lenght('HelloWorld') = 10
INSTR: Instr('HelloWorld','W') = 6
LPAD: Lpad(Salary,10,'*')=*****24000
RPAD: Rpad(Salary,10,'*')=24000*****
REPLACE: Replace('Jack and Jue','J','BL') = Black and Blue
TRIM: Trim('H' from 'HelloWorld') = elloWorld
ROUND: Round(45.926,2) = 45.93
TRUNC: Trunc(45.926,2) = 45.92
MOD: MOD(1600,300) = 100
MONTHS_BETWEEN: Months_Between('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94') = 19.677
ADD_MONTHS: Add_Months('11-JAN-94',6) = '11-JUL-94'
NEXT_DAY: Next_Day('01-SEP-95','Friday') = '08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY: Last_Day('01-Feb-95') = '28-Feb-95'
LIKE: SELECT first_name, last_name FROM student_details WHERE first_na
me LIKE 'S%';
BETWEEN AND:SELECT first_name, last_name, age FROM student_details WHERE age BET
WEEN 10 AND 15;
IN: SELECT first_name, last_name, subject FROM student_detai
ls WHERE subject IN ('Maths', 'Science');
ORDER BY: SELECT column-list FROM table_name [WHERE condition][ORDER BY co
lumn1 [, column2, .. columnN] [DESC]];
SELECT name, salary FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT name, salary FROM employee ORDER BY 1, 2;
COUNT: SELECT COUNT (*) FROM employee WHERE Dept = 'Electronics';
DISTINCT: SELECT DISTINCT Dept FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT name) FROM employee;
MAX: SELECT MAX (salary) FROM employee;
MIN: SELECT MIN (salary) FROM employee;
AVG: SELECT AVG (salary) FROM employee;
SUM: SELECT SUM (salary) FROM employee;
GROUP BY: SELECT location, Dept, SUM (salary)FROM employee GROUP BY locati
on, dept;
HAVING: SELECT Dept, SUM (salary)FROM employee GROUP BY dept HAVING SUM
(salary) > 25000
ANY: SELECT EmpID, LastName, JobID, Salary FROM Employees
WHERE Salary < ANY (SELECT Salary FROM Employees WHERE J
obID='IT')
< ANY means less than Max Salary in return salar
ies
> ANY means more than Min Salary in return salar
ies
= ANY means IN
ALL: SELECT EmpID, LastName, JobID, Salary FROM Employees
WHERE Salary < ALL (SELECT Salary FROM Employees WHERE J
obID='IT')
< ALL means less than Min Salary
> ALL means more than Max Salary
NVL: IF Commission NULL, replace value.
NVL(Commission,0)
NVL(Hire_Date,'01-JAN-97')
NVL(Job_ID,'No JOB')
NVL2: IF Commission NULL, 1stValue else 2ndValue
NVL2(Commission,'2ndValue','1stValue')
NULLIF: Compares and if values/expressions are equal, returns NULL.
NULLIF(Length(FirstName),Length(LastName))
COALESCE:IF Manager_ID Not NULL use it else use commission and if Commission NUL
L use -1.
COALESCE(Manager_ID,Commission,-1)
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A]PRIMARY KEY -
Column level: Column name datatype [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE employee( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
Name char(20),salary number(10),location char(10));
CREATE TABLE employee( id number(5) CONSTRAINT e
mp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY,Name char(20),salary number(10),location char(10));
Table level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY (column_name1,column_na
me2,..) // Multiple columns denotes composite primary key
CREATE TABLE employee( id number(5),Name char(20
),salary number(10),location char(10),CONSTRAINT emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (id));
B]FOREIGN KEY or Referential Integrity -
Column level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] REFERENCES Referenced_Table_name(co
lumn_name)
CREATE TABLE product
(product_id number(5) CONSTRAINT pd_id_pk PRIMAR
Y KEY
product_name char(20),
supplier_name char(20),
unit_price number(10));
CREATE TABLE order_items
(order_id number(5) CONSTRAINT od_id_pk PRIMARY
KEY,
product_id number(5) CONSTRAINT pd_id_fk REFEREN
CES product(product_id),
product_name char(20),
supplier_name char(20),
unit_price number(10));
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
mgr_id number(5) REFERENCES employee(id),
salary number(10),
location char(10))
Table level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] FOREIGN KEY(column_name) REFERENCES
referenced_table_name(column_name);
CREATE TABLE order_items
(order_id number(5) ,
product_id number(5),
product_name char(20),
supplier_name char(20),
unit_price number(10)
CONSTRAINT od_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(order_id),
CONSTRAINT pd_id_fk FOREIGN KEY(product_id) REFE
RENCES product(product_id));
C]NOT NULL - [CONSTRAINT constraint name] NOT NULL
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5),
name char(20) CONSTRAINT nm_nn NOT NULL,
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10));
D]UNIQUE KEY -
Column level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10) UNIQUE);
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10) CONSTRAINT loc_un UNIQUE);
Table level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE(column_name)
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
salary number(10),
location char(10),
CONSTRAINT loc_un UNIQUE(location));
E]CHECK CONSTRAINT -
Column level: [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] CHECK (condition)
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
gender char(1) CHECK (gender in ('M','F')),
salary number(10),
location char(10));
Table level:
CREATE TABLE employee
( id number(5) PRIMARY KEY,
name char(20),
dept char(10),
age number(2),
gender char(1),
salary number(10),
location char(10),
CONSTRAINT gender_ck CHECK (gender in ('M','F'))
);
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SQL JOINS-
A]SQL Equi Joins:
1)SQL Inner Join-
NATURAL JOIN:
SELECT EmpID, EmpName, DeptID, LocationID
FROM Emp
NATURAL JOIN Dept
USING:
SELECT EmpID, EmpName, DeptID, LocationID
FROM Emp
JOIN Dept
USING (DeptID)
ON:
SELECT EmpID, EmpName, DeptID, LocationID
FROM Emp E
JOIN Dept D
ON E.DeptID = D.DeptID
-SELECT O.order_id, P.product_name, P.unit_price FROM pr
oduct P, order_items O WHERE O.product_id = P.product_id;
2)SQL Outer Join-
Left Outer Join:
- SELECT e.LastName, d.DeptId, d.DeptName
FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN Department d
ON (e.DeptId = d.DeptId)
- SELECT O.order_id, P.product_name, P.unit_price
FROM product P, order_items O WHERE O.product_id(+)= P.product_id;
- SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orde
rs.OrderNo FROM Persons LEFT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Pe
rsons.LastName
Right Outer Join:
- SELECT e.LastName, d.DeptId, d.DeptName
FROM Employee e RIGHT OUTER JOIN Department d
ON (e.DeptId = d.DeptId)
- SELECT O.order_id, P.product_name, P.unit_price
FROM product P, order_items O WHERE O.product_id = P.product_id(+);
- SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orde
rs.OrderNo FROM Persons RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY P
ersons.LastName
Full Outer Join:
- SELECT e.LastName, d.DeptId, d.DeptName
FROM Employee e FULL OUTER JOIN Department d
ON (e.DeptId = d.DeptId)
- SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orde
rs.OrderNo FROM Persons FULL JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Pe
rsons.LastName
3)SQL Self Join-
SELECT A.sales_person_id, A.name, A.manager_id, B.sales_
person_id, B.name FROM sales_person A, sales_person B WHERE A.manager_id = B.sal
es_person_id;
B]SQL Non Equi Joins:
SELECT O.order_id, P.product_name, P.unit_price FROM product P,
order_items O WHERE O.product_id != P.product_id;
C]Cross Joins: Returns Cartesian Product (m x n) from 2 tables
Select EmpNo, EmpName, Job, DeptNo,DeptName from Emp CROSS JOIN
Dept;
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AUTO INCREMENT a Field:
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_person
MINVALUE 1
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
CACHE 10
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,FirstName,LastName)VALUES (seq_person.
nextval,'Lars','Monsen')
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CASE Expression:
SELECT LastName, Salary,
(CASE WHEN Salary<5000 THEN 'LOW'
WHEN Salary<10000 THEN 'Medium'
WHEN Salary<15000 THEN 'High'
ELSE 'EXcellent'
END) Qualified Salary,
CASE Job_ID When 'IT_PROG' THEN 1.10*Salary
When 'ST_CLERK' THEN 1.15*Salary
When 'SA_REP' THEN 1.20*Salary
ELSE Salary
END "Revised Salary"
FROM Employee;
DECODE Expression:
SELECT LastName, Salary,
DECODE(Job_ID, 'IT_PROG', 1.10*Salary,
'ST_CLERK', 1.15*Salary,
'SA_REP', 1.20*Salary,
Salary) "Revised Salary"
FROM Employee;
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COUNT:
COUNT(*)
COUNT(expr)
COUNT(Distinct expr)
GROUP Functions:
SELECT Column, Group_Function
FROM Table
[Where Condition]
[GROUP BY Grou_By_Expression]
[Having Group_Condition]
[ORDER BY Column]
SELECT Dept_ID, Avg(Salary)
FROM Employees
WHERE EmpName Not Like '%abc%'
GROUP BY Dept_ID;
HAVING Avg(Salary) > 5000
ORDER BY Dept_ID;
SELECT Dept_ID, Job_ID, Sum(Salary)
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Dept_ID, Job_ID
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UNION:
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM Employees
UNION
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM JobHistory
SELECT EmpId, To_Number(NULL), HireDate FROM Employees
UNION
SELECT EmpId, JobId, To_Date(NULL) FROM JobHistory
SELECT EmpId, JobId, Salary FROM Employees
UNION
SELECT EmpId, JobId, 0 FROM JobHistory
UNION ALL:
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM Employees
UNION ALL
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM JobHistory
INTERSECT:
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM Employees
INTERSECT
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM JobHistory
MINUS:
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM Employees
MINUS
SELECT EmpId, JobId FROM JobHistory
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VIEWS:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFoRCE] VIEW viewname [(alias[,alias
]...)]
AS SubQuery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint]]
CREATE VIEW vwSalary
AS SELECT empID,empName,salary*12 AnnSal
FROM Employees
WHERE deptNo = 10
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vwDept (Name, MinSal, MaxSal, AvgSal)
AS select d.deptName, MIN(e.salary), MAX(e.salary), AVG(e.salary
)
FROM Employees e JOIN Department d
ON (e.deptNo = d.deptNo)
GROUP BY d.deptName
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vwemp
AS SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE deptNo = 10
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT EMP_CK // It allows to update only
records in WHERE condition
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vwemp
AS SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE deptNo = 10
WITH READ ONLY // Read only no updates allowed
DESC vwSalary;
SELECT * FROM vwSalary;
DROP VIEW vmemp;
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SEQUENCE:
CREATE SEQUENCE seqName
[INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCLE | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]
CREATE SEQUENCE SeqEmp
INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 100
MAXVALUE 1000
INSERT INTO emp (EmpID,Name,Location) VALUES (SeqEmp.NEXTVAL,'A'
,'Pune')
SELECT SeqEmp.CURRVAL FROM emp
SELECT SeqEmp.NEXTVAL FROM emp //Increments at each execution an
d can be used in any other table
ALTER SEQUENCE SeqEmp
INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 500 //START WITH can't be altered
DROP SEQUENCE SeqEmp;
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INDEXES:
UNIQUE INDEX: Automatic created When defined PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE key c
onstraint.
NONUNIQUE INDEX: User creates when defined e.g FOREIGN KEY
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name1,column_name2...);
DROP INDEX index_name;
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SYNONYMS:
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name
FOR object;
// Table, view, sequence, stored procedure, function, package, m
aterialized view, Java class schema object, user-defined object, synonym
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM dept
For alice.dept_sum_vu;
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM dept;
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DATA DICTIONARY VIEW:
SELECT * FROM DICTIONARY :
Shows all Table_Name and Comment.
Table_Name Includes ALL_xxxxx, USER_xxxxx,DBA_xxxx,V$_xxx. e.g
USER_OBJECTS
USER_TABLES
USER_TAB_COLUMNS
USER_CONSTRAINTS
USER_CONS_COLUMNS
USER_VIEWS
USER_SEQUENCES
USER_SYNONYMS
SELECT * FROM USER_OBJECTS - Shows Object_Name, Object_Type
like Tables,Views,INDEX,SEQUENCE,synonym.
SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES - Shows user specific table list
SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_COLUMNS - Shows user specific table list and its
columns
SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS - Shows user specific table list and its
Constraints
SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS - Shows user specific table list and its
Constraints with minimal details
SELECT * FROM USER_VIEWS - Shows user specific views
SELECT * FROM USER_SEQUENCES - Shows user specific Sequences
SELECT * FROM USER_SYNONYMS - Shows user specific Synonyms (Private
Synonyms only)
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ADD/VIEW COMMENTS TO TABLE OR COLUMN:
TABLE:
COMMENT ON TABLE Employees
IS 'Employee Information'
COLUMN:
COMMENT ON TABLE COLUMN Employees.EName
IS 'Employee Name'
VIEW COMMENTS BY:
SELECT * FROM ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
SELECT * FROM USER_TAB_COMMENTS
SELECT * FROM ALL_COL_COMMENTS
SELECT * FROM USER_COL_COMMENTS
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