Originile Crestinismului

3VMKMRMPI
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM
'946-27: %FVIZMIVM TIRXVY GV'MPI &MFPMIM. 5
-RXVSHYGIVI. 4IRXVY S MWXSVMI E SVMKMRMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM.7
3VMKMRMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM #M GIVGIXEVIE MWXSVMG.7
(I PE -SER &SXI^XSVYP PE -MWYW. 14
-IVYWEPMQYP S GSQYRMXEXI GEVI HIZMRI &MWIVMG.21
4EZIP MYHIYP #M RIEQYVMPI.25
&MWIVMGM R HMWMHIR'.28
(I PE HMWMHIR' PE EYXSRSQMI (120-P50).34
,V'M.41
-IVYWEPMQYP FMFPMG.43
4EPIWXMRE R XMQTYP SGYTE'MIM VSQERI.45
'PXSVMMPI QMWMSREVI EPI PYM 4EZIP, TSXVMZMX *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV.46
4PERYP 5YQVERYPYM.50
8EFIP GVSRSPSKMG.
4EVXIE RXM 1. 92-8%8) "- (-:)67-8%8).59 1. -YHEMWQIPI R WIGSPYP -.61
8IRWMYRMPI MHIRXMX'MM MYHEMGI.61
'YVIRXIPI MYHEMWQYPYM TEPIWXMRMER, HYT *PEZMYW .SWITLYW.62
3 VIEPMXEXI VIPMKMSEW #M QEM ZEVMEX.64
6SPYP HMEWTSVIM. 8.6
%PI\ERHVME, GIRXVY GYPXYVEP EP HMEWTSVIM.67
'VI#XMRMWQYP, YR GYVIRX EGGITXEFMP.68
2E#XIVIE MYHEMWQYPYM VEFMRMG.70
9R MYHEMWQ JV ETSGEPMTWI.70 2. 'MRI IVE *PEZMYW .SWITLYW# 72
3 XVEKIVI PE WSV'M.72
4VSTEKERHMWX EP PYM 8MXYW.73
'PEVZ^XSV WEY XVHXSV.74 3. 4VMQYP V^FSM MYHEMG QTSXVMZE 6SQIM.75
9R IIWX RM Z.
3 QM#GEVI GSRZIVKIRX R HMVIG'ME -IVYWEPMQYPYM.7
8YPFYVVM PE 6SQE, WGYVX VKE^ PE -IVYWEPMQ.7
%WIHMYP -IVYWEPMQYPYM #M MRGIRHMIVIE 8IQTPYPYM.78 4. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW
TSZIWXMRH HIWTVI 1EWEHE.79
7MXYE'ME YRYM .SWITLYW XVIGYX HI TEVXIE HY#QERYPYM.79
3 VJYMEP GY KVYTYVMPI HI VI^MWXIR'.80
(IWGVMIVIE JSVXVI'IM #M VIPEXEVIE EWIHMYPYM.80
3 WMRYGMHIVI PMXIVEV M^FYXMX.81
%QFMKYMXEXIE TSZIWXMVMM PYM .SWITLYW.82
%HIZVYP MWXSVMG EP YRYM SQ E4EX R QMI^YP RXQTPVMPSV.82 5. *YRG'MMPI
WMREKSKMM ERXMGI.84
0IGXYVE #M WXYHMYP 8SVIM.84
*YRG'MM QYPXMTPI TIRXVY GSQYRMXEXI.85
)HM3GMM JV TIGIXI VIPMKMSEW.86
3 IZSPY'MI KVEHEX HYT HVQEVIE-8IQTPYPYM.86
&MWIVMGMPI RYQIVSEWI: S TVSZSGEVI TIRXVY MYHIM.87
9R GIRXVY ZMXEP TIRXVY YR TSTSV PMTWMX HI TYXIVI.87 6. 'I PMQFM WI
ZSVFIEY R XMQTYP PYM -MWYW# 8
-MWYW ZSVFIE IFVEMGE WEY EVEQEMGE# 8
:SVFIEY YRMM YGIRMGM IPMRE# 89 RHVITXEVI WGVMWI TI TETMVYWYVM# 90 7. 9R
MYHEMWQ HI I\TVIWMI KVIEG.91
0SGYMXSVM, HEV RY GIX'IRM.91
7ITXYEKMRXE, 0IKIE GMZMG E MYHIMPSV HMR )KMTX.92
7GVMMXSVM MYHIM HMR %PI\ERHVME.93
9RMZIVWEPMWQ MYHIY #M YRMZIVWEPMWQ VSQER.94
4SWXIVMXEXIE WTMVMXYEP E MYHEMWQYPYM EPI\ERHVMR.96 8. 7ITXYEKMRXE W-E
RWGYX PE %PI\ERHVME.98
7ITXYEKMRXE -RXVI PIKIRH #M MWXSVMI.98
6IZM^YMVMPI MYHEMGI EPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM.9
(I PE GSRWMQ'MVI PE VIWTMRKIVI.9
%PI\ERHVME, GVIYÎX EP GYPXYVMPSV.10
3VMKMREPMXEXIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM.101
6SPYP #M MR4YIR'E 7ITXYEKMRXIM.102
%RI\I.103 9. 'VI#XMRMM #M 7ITXYEKMRXE.105
9R G#XMK GVYGMEP TIRXVY GVI#XMRM: ZSGEFYPEVYP 7ITXYEKMRXIM.106
(SY MRXIVTVIXVM HMJIVMXI..107
*IGMSEVE ZE RE#XI.108
'I ZIVWMYRM EPI &MFPMIM GMXIE^ 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX.108
&MFPME 4VMR'MPSV &MWIVMGMM.109
'YQ WXEY PYGVYVMPI GY XI\XIPI QIWMERMGI# 10 10. 4EWXIPI
MRXIVXIWXEQIRXEV.1
'EVXIE .YFMPIIPSV WEY 4EWXIPI PE 5YQVER.1 PIÎGLMIP XVEKMGYP WEY
TVE^RMGYP WVFXSVMM PE %PI\ERHVME.13
*MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME: *IVMGMXE 8VIGIVI TIRXVY GMXMXSVMM IPMRM.14
'EVXIE %RXMGLMX'MPSV &MFPMGI: S WVFXSEVI E TIPIVMRENYPYM.15
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW WEY NYWXM3GEVIE VMXYEPYVMPSV MYHEMGI.16
8EVKYQYVMPI, TVMQIPI GSQIRXEVMM VEFMRMGI.17 2. 5916%2.19 1.
*VEKQIRXI GY QMMPI.121
3 YMQMXSEVI HIWGSTIVMVI.121
9R YVME# TY^^PI.12
-RXIVTVIXVM #M TSPIQMGM.123
3 QEM FYR GYRSE#XIVI E VHGMRMPSV RSEWXVI VIPMKMSEWI.124 12. R
GYXEVIE XI\XIPSV TMIVHYXI.125
9R QIXMGYPSW NSG HI GSRWXVYG'MI.125
*VEKQIRXI TI ZIGM QMWXIVMSEWI.126 13. 1EVMPI FXPMM R NYVYP
5YQVERYPYM.127
(I GRH HEXIE^ QERYWGVMWIPI# 127
'YM W 3I EXVMFYMXI# 128
'MRI EVI EGGIW PE QERYWGVMWI# 130
3 MHISPSKMI WIGXEV# 131
'EVI WYRX TIVWTIGXMZIPI HI GIVGIXEVI# 13 14. /LMVFIX 5YQVER: YR WMX
IRMKQEXMG.134
6I#IHMR' HI MEVR WYF VIKMM LE#QSRIM# 134
)WIRMIRMM #M ETPMG QEVGE PSV HMWXMRGXMZ.135
5YQVER WYFWXMXYXYP 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ.136
'PHMVIE TVMRGMTEP #M JEMQSWYP WGVMTXSVMYQ.136
2IZSMPI HI ET EPI GSQYRMX'MM.137
%XIPMIVIPI RIGIWEVI TVITEVEXMZIPSV VMXYEPI.137
0E RSVH, S QTVINQYMVI GYPXYEP GY EPXEV TIRXVY NIVXJI.138
1MWXIVMSEWE QIRMVI E IHM3GMYPYM ZIWXMG.138
7EPE SJVERHIPSV: WXPTMM WYRX EPXEVI.139
)WTPEREHE WYHMG: YR WTE'MY RGLMW GY KVMN.140 15. RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM
#M -MWYW.141
)TSGE QEGEFIMG (180-P30 . ,V.).141
)TSGE LE#QSRIMG (130-37 . ,V.).143
)TSGE MVSHMER (37 . ,V. 68 H. ,V.).146
-MWYW.148 16. 1ERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 1EVIE 1SEVX #M 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX.150
9R VIKI HI TI YVQ GY XMXPYVM QIWMERMGI (45246).150
*IVMGMVMPI (45525).151 RXSEVGIVIE PYM -PMI, REMRXIQIVKXSV EP PYM
1IWME.153
8MQTYVMPI QIWMERMGI #M RZMIVIE (45521).154
2SYXEXIE VEHMGEP E QIWENYPYM PYM -MWYW.15 3. -3%2 &38)>83690 "-
-797.157 17. )VE -SER &SXI^XSVYP IWIRMER# 159
4VSVSGYP WMRKYVEXMG: YR UYQVERMER I\GPYW# 159
9R FSXI^ GY XSXYP HMJIVMX HI EFPY'MYRMPI IWIRMIRI.160
%#XITXEVIE IWLEXSPSKMG.161 18. -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M FETXMWQEPMM.163
&ETXMWQEPMM: S PYQI TIWXVM'.163
0E RGITYXYVMPI QM#GVMM FETXMWQEPI.164
3 HI#XITXEVI E TVSJIXMWQYPYM #M E IWLEXSPSKMIM.165
7-E RHSMX REMRXIQIVKXSVYP# 16 19. -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M -MWYW R
)ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI.167
9R ZIWXMXSV TVSVSGMX HMR XMQTYVM WXVZIGLM.167 0 EQFMKYMXEXI
RXVI'MRYX.168
4VIGEY'MM TIRXVY HIPMQMXEVIE GPEV E VSPYVMPSV.168
%WTIGXYP GSRXVEHMGXSVMY IWXI RXVMX HI 1EXIM.169
6IPE'MMPI HMRXVI FETXMWQEPM #M GVI#XMRM.170
1EVXMVMYP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, PYQMREX HI GLMTYP PYM -PMI.170 20. -^ZSEVIPI
PMXIVEVI EPI ZMI'MM PYM -MWYW.172
(SGYQIRXIPI GERSRMGI.172
)ZERKLIPMMPI ETSGVMJI.172
-^ZSEVIPI TEXVMWXMGI.174
-^ZSEVIPI MYHEMGI.174
-^ZSEVIPI QYWYPQERI.176 21. -MWYW #M QVXYVME )ZERKLIPMMPSV.17
2E#XIVIE #M QSEVXIE.17
%RMM GSTMPVMIM #M EM IHYGE'MIM.178
3 WGYVX I\MWXIR', MXMRIVERX #M HI TVSTSZHYMVI.179
%VIWXEX #M VWXMKRMX.181 2. -MWYW R JE'E TYXIVMM TSPMXMGI.183
*VQRXVM R VRHYP TSTSVYPYM.183
&MVYP GXVI 'IÊV: YR VWTYRW HIVYXERX.184
*E' GY VIKM#SVYP -VSH %RXMTE.185 23. -RWGVMT'ME PYM 4MPEX.187
8MFIVMIYQ-YP.187
4VIVSKEXMZIPI PYM 4MPEX.18 24. R GYXEVIE PYM -MWYW GIP MWXSVMG.190
'YZMRXIPI #M KIWXYVMPI PYM -MWYW.191
(I HSY HIGIRMM, S RSY GYXEVI E PYM -MWYW.193
4EVXIE E HSYE 1. -)697%0-190.197 25. -IVYWEPMQYP #M 4EPIWXMRE RXVI GIPI
HSY V^FSEMI.19
9R SVE# HI KEVRM^SER.20
3 HSQMRE'MI QEM JIVQ EWYTVE 'VMM.20
)ZSPY'ME MYHEMWQYPYM.201
6IZSPX PE MYHIMM HMR )KMTX.202 26. 'MRI WYRX TVMQMM GVI#XMRM PE -IVYWEPMQ#
203
4IXVY #M 'SVRIPME.204
-EGSZ, SGVSXMXSV EP MYHIS-GVI#XMRMPSV.205
3VMKMRIE TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM.206 27. 4IVWSRENIPI HMR )ZERKLIPMI RYQMXI
-EGSZ.208
-EGSZ GIP 1MG.208
-EGSZ GIP 1EVI.209
*VEXIPI (SQRYPYM.210 28. "M XVIGRH 4IXVY TI PE XS'M.21
'PXSVME PE 'IÊVIIE.21
7MRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ.212 QTSXVMZMVIE PYM 4EZIP.212
9R VSP HI TVMQ VERK.213 29. 4IXVY R 'IÊVIIE QEVMXMQ.214
3 RXSVWXYV GETMXEP.214
%HESWYVMPI PYM 0YGE.215
7YXE#YP 'SVRIPMY.216
4VSTSZHYMXSVYP HMR 7EVSR# 217
3Q EP XVER^M'MIM.218 30. 'SVRIPMY, TVMQYP TKR GSRZIVXMX.219
(YLYP 7JRX E G^YX TIWXI IM, GE #M TIWXI RSM PE RGITYX.20
4VSFPIQE QIWIM GSQYRI.20
3 IXET GVYGMEP R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV.21 31. 4IXVY PE 6SQE.2
8GIVIE )TMWXSPIPSV.2
4IVWIGY'ME RIVSRMER.23
(EXI EPI XVEHM'MIM HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY.24
4SZIWXMVM PIKIRHEVI.24
8VSJIIPI GIPSV GEVI EY RXIQIMEX EGIEWX &MWIVMG.25 32. 4IXVY R XVEHM'ME
MSERIMG.26
4IXVY JV YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX.26
7MQSR 4IXVY #M YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX.28
4IXVY R -SER 21.29 3. 7MRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ.231 34. 'VI#XMRMM HI
SVMKMRI MYHEMG RXVI WIGSPIPI - #M EP -:-PIE.234 2. 4%:)0.243 35. 'I WI #XMI
EWX^M HIWTVI 4EZIP# 245
'VSRSPSKMI.245
9R MYHIY JEVMWIY HMR 8EVW# 247
0-E GYRSWGYX 4EZIP TI -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX# 248
'YQ HEXQ RXIQIMIVIE &MWIVMGMPSV R )YVSTE# 248
'I W-E GSRZIRMX PE -IVYWEPMQ# 249
3 E XVIME GPXSVMI QMWMSREV# 249
% RXIQIMEX 4EZIP &MWIVMGM R -PMVME# 250
'EVI M-EY JSWX YPXMQIPI TVSMIGXI QMWMSREVI# 250
% JSWX TVMQMX GSPIGXE PYM 4EZIP# 251
'I WI #XMI HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP WY# 251 R PIKXYV GY YPXMQIPI STX GETMXSPI
EPI *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV.252 36. +QPMIM.254
+QPMIM MRXIVZMRI R JEZSEVIE %TSWXSPMPSV.254 RZ'EX HI +QPMIM RXVY
T^MVIE EQRYR'MX E 0IKMM.25
3 WXVERMI, XGIVI E PYM 4EZIP.25
3 PYRK #IHIVI PE -IVYWEPMQ.256 37. 4EZIP YR VEFMR# 258
8ILRMGM EPI I\IKIÎM VEFMRMGI.258
4VEGXMGEVIE 0IKMM #M EPMTMVIE PE GVIHMR'.260
'I RWIEQR TIRXVY 7JRXYP 4EZIP VIWTMRKIVIE PYM -WVEIP.260 38. 4EZIP #M
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV.262
9R MWXSVMG ERXMG.263
8MXPYP HI ETSWXSP.263
'LIQEVIE.264
4SZIWXMVMPI PE TIVWSERE -, TPYVEP.264
1IM S EPY^MI PE ITMWXSPI.264
'PXSVMMPI PYM 4EZIP.264
(M3GMPE QYRG E MWXSVMGYPYM.265
4VSFPIQ HI QIXSH.26 39. R GI PYQI E GPXSVMX 4EZIP# 267 0 PYQI
RGLIKEX #M TIWXVM'.267
9R QSÊMG HI GIX'M.268
7XEXYXI MRHMZMHYEPI #M PMFIVXEXI GIX'IRIEWG.269
(MZIVWMXEXI #M GSI^MYRI.270 40. 4EZIP TI HVYQYP (EQEWGYPYM.273
4EZIP, TIVWIGYXSVYP TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM.273
'E YRYM RWGYX REMRXI HI ZVIQI, QM 7-E EVXEX #M QMI.274
3 I\TIVMIR' TSZIWXMX HI XVIM SVM R *ETXI.275
+IRMYP PMXIVEV TIRXVY XVEHYGIVIE MRI\TVMQEFMPYPYM.275 R HIWGIRHIR'E
QEVMPSV TVSJI'M.276 41. 4EZIP PE (EQEWG.27 RXVY WPYNMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM.278
&SXI^YP PE (EQEWG.278
3 JYK HIWXYP HI VY#MRSEW.279 42. &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME.280
7MXYE'ME IQYRMX'MM MYHEMGI.280 RXIQIMIVIE GSQYRMX'MM GVI#XMRI.281
3VKERMÊVIE GSQYRMX'MM.281
'SRXVMFY'ME HSGXVMREP E %RXMSLMIM.282
(MWTYXE HI PE %RXMSLME (+E 2, P-P4).283
)ZERKLIPME HMR %RXMSLME: 1EXIM.285
(MHELME.286
-KREMI EP %RXMSLMIM, QMWXMGYP YRMX'MM.286
1MWXMGE QEVXMVMYPYM.28 43. 4EZIP #M &EVREFE, ETSWXSPM EM 'MTVYPYM.289
&EVREFE, QEVXMV EP 'MTVYPYM.290
'SR4MGXYP HI EYXSVMXEXI GY %RXMSLME.291 4. 7JV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP PE
6SQE.292
-TSXIÎ PIKEXI HI GVMXIVMYP EHIZVYPYM #M EP MWXSVMGMX'MM.292
(EXIPI XI\XYPYM ETYWIER.293
4IVWTIGXMZE GV'MM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV.293
7JV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE, TSXVMZMX XVEHM'MIM.294 45. 4EZIP, RXIQIMIXSV EP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM# 296
%HIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM# 296
3 TIVWSREPMXEXI GSTPI#MXSEVI.297
-QTSVXERX, HEV RY RXIQIMIXSV.298
3 GVIE'MI GSPIGXMZ.30
4VSWPZMVIE PYM 4EZIP.30 46. 4EZIP #M -MWYW YRE #M EGIIE#M VIPMKMI# 302
'EVI IWXI MQEKMRIE TEYPMR HIWTVI -MWYW# 302
(I PE RZ'XSV PE YGIRMG.304
9R TEVGYVW SVMKMREP.305
0SKMGE QMWMSREV.306
'XVI S TVSTSZHYMVI YRMZIVWEP.307
4EVXIE E XVIME )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909-
1. 631%.31 47. -WXSVMGYP R JE'E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM: GXIZE VI4IG'MM.313 48.
'SQYRMX'MPI MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE.315
3VKERMÊVIE EHYRVMPSV MYHEMGI.315
2MGM S PIKXYV RXVI WMREKSKMPI VSQERI.316
-RZMHME EPXSV QMRSVMX'M.316 49. (MEWTSVE MYHEMG HMR 6SQE.318
"ETXI QMPMSERI HI MYHIM R -QTIVMYP 6SQER# 318
(VITX FEKEN YR WRST HI 3R.319
'IX'IRM HI VERKYP HSM.320
7VGMI GYPXYVEP #M VIPMKMSEW.321 50. 0E 6SQE, GYPXI ZIRMXI HMR
3VMIRX.32
'9 QEM QYPXI TVSTXIPI HMZMRI.323
9R ÎY ZIRMX HMR 4IVWME.323
3 PMXYVKLMI E QIWIM QTVX#MXI.324
1MXLVE, VMZEPYP PYM ,VMWXSW# 325 51. 'EXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE.327
4VMQE HIWGSTIVMVI R XYJYP HMR 1SRXIZIVHI.327
:MKRE 6ERHERMRM: S GEXEGSQF GSQTPI\.327
7GIRI TKRI GEVI RI TYR TI KRHYVM.328
:MPE 8SVPSRME: RSM HIWGSTIVMVM.329
'EXEGSQFI MYHEMGI #M GEXEGSQFI GVI#XMRI.30
6QR QYPXI RXVIFVM.31
%RI\.32 52. 'EXEGSQFIPI: QMXYVM, QMWXIVI #M. 6IEPMX'M.3
3VMKMRIE GEXEGSQFIPSV.3
)\XMRHIVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV #M GYPXYP QEVXMVMPSV.34
4VWMVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV #M WXVQYXEVIE QSE#XIPSV.35
6IHIWGSTIVMVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV.36 53. 'EXEGSQFE HMR :ME 0EXMRE: RXVI
&MFPMI #M QMXSPSKMI.37 54. 4IVWIGY'MMPI: XVMFYXYP &MWIVMGMM HMR 6SQE.39
4IVWIGY'ME RIVSRMER, GE YVQEVI E MRGIRHMIVMM 6SQIM.340
(SQM'MER PSZI#XI R TVSTVME WE JEQMPMI.340 R WIGSPYP EP -,-PIE, YRMVI
WJRX R NYVYP QTVEXYPYM.341
'ETMM &MWIVMGMPSV HITSVXE'M WEY QEVXMVMÊ'M.341
2MGM RKHYMR', RMGM EWTVMQI TIWXI QWYV TIRXVY VIRIKE'M.342
)HMGXYP PYM +EPMIR MRWXEYVIE^ QMGE TEGI E &MWIVMGMM.342
4IVWIGY'ME WYF (MSGPI'MER.343
&MWIVMGE 6SQIM MIWI RXVMX HMR RGIVGVMPI WEPI.343 2. '6)"8-2-7190
0% 631% "- 2 -14)6-9.345 5. 'XVI -QTIVMYP GVI#XMR.347 56. 3 XRV
&MWIVMG R HMWTYXI 1. 'YXEVIE YRIM R'IPITGMYRM.350
'YPXYP 'MFIPIM, 1EVIE 1EQ E >IMPSV.350
9R GYPX ZIRMX HMR )KMTX: QMWXIVIPI PYM -WMW.351
'YPXYP PYM 1MXLVE: S HMWGMTPMR QMPMXEV.351
7YGGIWYP #GSPMPSV 3PSWS3GI.351
-HIRXMXEXIE GVI#XMR R TPMR XVEZEPMY.352
7MRKYVE 3PSWS3I WMKYV #M GY JSPSW.352
8E'MER #M TYRI WY4IXYP PE #GSEPE PYM (YQRIÎY.353 57. 3 XRV
&MWIVMG R HMWTYXI 2. 0E VWGVYGI HI HVYQYVM.35
)VI^MMPI #M WXEXYXYP 0IKMM QSÊMGI.35
4XSPIQIY: S RSY PIGXYV E :IGLMYPYM 8IWXEQIRX.356
,IVEGPISR: )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER R PIGXYVE KRSWXMGMPSV.357
1EVGMSR: YR GVI#XMRMWQ JV VHGMRM MYHEMGI# 357
(YQRIÎMVIE PYM ,VMWXSW, RIKEX HI 8ISHSX.358
6IEG'ME KRHMXSVMPSV GVI#XMRM.358
(EXE 4E#XIPYM: HMJIVIR'I #M YRMXEXI.359
,MTSPMX, KRHMXSV KVIG TI XVQ PEXMR.360
+RHMXSVYP KVIG 4PSXMR: YR QMWXMG TKR.361
3 &MWIVMG RZIHIVEX PEXMR.362 58. 'VI#XMRMM PE %PI\ERHVME: JSGEV HI
GYPXYV GVI#XMR.363
-R4YIR'E PYM *MPSR..363
'YVIRXIPI KRSWXMGI.363
(I PE 4ERXIR PE 'PIQIRX.364
4IRXVY S KRS^ SVXSHS\.365
-QIRWE STIV E PYM 3VMKIR.365
3VMKIR, MRXIVTVIX EP XEMRIPSV 7GVMTXYVMM.36
3 WMRXI^ XISPSKMG.367
3 GSRXVMFY'MI PE KRHMVIE GVI#XMR.368 59. 8IVXYPMER, YR TKR 4VMRXI
EP &MWIVMGMM.369
0E MHIM RSM, GYZMRXI RSM.370 60. (VIETX-GVIHMR' #M IVI^MM R TVMQIPI
WIGSPI.372
2Y I\MWX YQFV JV GSVT.372
%RXIVMSVMXEXIE IVI^MIM JE' HI SVXSHS\MI.373
&MWIVMGE VSQER #M-EV 3 MQTYW SVXSHS\ME.373
(VIETX-GVIHMR', S GSR3KYVEVI XVITXEX.374
8VEHM'ME ETSWXSPMG XVERWQMW HI ITMWGSTM.374
7MQFSPYP %TSWXSPMPSV: YR GEHVY RSVQEXMZ.375 61. 1IHMMPI KRSWXMGI
GVIEXSEVI HI )ZERKLIPMM.376
-VMRIY HMR 0]SR GVMXMG S )ZERKLIPMI E %HIZVYPYM.376
)ZERKLIPME HIWZV#MVMM: YR HIÊWXVY HIWZV#MX.37
'SQYRMX'M KRSWXMGI, GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI.378
3 QIHMGMR E WY4IXYPYM.378 62. 3VMKMRMPI PYM -MWYW R PMXIVEXYVE GVI#XMR
ETSGVMJ.380
4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM PEGSZ.380
9VGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -WEME.381
%TSGEPMTWE PYM %HEQ.382 63. 4IPIVMRMM TVMQIPSV WIGSPI PE &IXPIIQ.384
QTVXIEWE )PIRE.384
4IPIVMRM HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE.385
3 MIWPI HI EVKMRX.385
'PYKVM #M IVIQM'M.386
&E^MPMGE PYM -YWXMRMER.386
'VY'EX QYP'YQMX QEKMPSV.387
)TMWGSTYP KEPMG %VGYPJ.387 64. 8VMYQJYP GEPIRHEVYPYM GVI#XMR.38
4VMQIPI WVFXSVM GVI#XMRI.389
'SRWXERXMR MRWXMXYMI VITEYWYP HYQMRMGEP.390
8MQTYP 'VGMYRYPYM.391
-RXIKVEVIE IPIQIRXIPSV JIWXMZI TKRI.392 65. %VXE #M GSRZIVXMVIE
6SQIM.394
%VX #M EHIZV.395
3 QS#XIRMVI IVIXMG# 395
3WQS^ WEY NY\XETYRIVI# 397
%REGVSRMWQI #M EREPSKMM.398
:MR RSY R FYVHYJYVM ZIGLM.39
%()2(%.
'SPEFSVEXSVMM.403
&MFPMSKVE3I KIRIVEP.405
-RHI\.409
-RXVSHYGIVI.
4IRXVY S MWXSVMI E SVMKMRMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM.
*MIGEVI GSRWMHIV G, TVMR XVEHM'MI VIPMKMSEW SVM GYPXYVEP, HI'MRI
GYRS#XMR'IPI IWIR'MEPI HIWTVI MWXSVME JSEVXI XMQTYVMI E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. 4IRXVY
YRMM, EGIEWX MWXSVMI WI VI^YQ PE IZSGEVIE GXSVZE TIVWSRENI -RGITRH GY
-MWYW #M YGIRMGMM WM #M E GXSVZE RXQTPVM HIWTVMRWI HMR )ZERKLIPMM WEY HMR
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, PE EQMRXMVIE ZVIYRSV ZSVFI HIZIRMXI TMPHI WEY E YRSV
WXVZIGLM TSZIWXMVM GY QYGIRMGM. 4IRXVY EP'MM, GEVI EY GMXMX XI\XIPI, MWXSVME YRYM
WIGSP #M NYQXEXI HI GVI#XMRMWQ RY TSEXI 3 WGLM'EX HIGX YVQVMRH GEREZEYE
TVSTYW HI EGIWXI XI\XI, GIE GEVI E HEX RE#XIVI XVEHM'MSREPIM MWXSVMM W3RXI. "M
TI FYR HVITXEXI, GGM RMGM YRMM, RMGM GIMPEP'M RY HMWTYR R JETX HI EPX
MRJSVQE'MI HIGX EGIIE E HSGYQIRXIPSV PMXIVEVI TVSHYWI HI GVI#XMRMWQYP
RWY#M, 3I G I ZSVFE HI WGVMIVMPI GERSRMGI, 3I HI GIPI ETSGVMJI (HMR GEVI
MGSRSKVE3E YPXIVMSEV E SJIVMX TVMZMVMM, R GLMT MQTVIWMSRERX, WGIRIPI GIPI QEM
IQS'MSRERXI, QEM HVEQEXMGI WEY QEM RGVGEXI HI FMVYMR'). 3V, EYXSVMM
GVI#XMRM EM EGIWXIM ITSGM RY IVEY TVISGYTE'M HI KVMNE HI E PWE QS#XIRMVI
TSWXIVMX'MM S HSGYQIRXE'MI GY GEVEGXIV MWXSVMG, GM HI E QVXYVMWM HIWTVI
GVIHMR'E TI GEVI S QTVX#IEY. (I EPXJIP, E TSZIWXM MWXSVME GVIHMR'IM GVI#XMRI
E JSWX RXSXHIEYRE QEM PE RHIQR HIGX E HE WIEQ HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
MWXSVMG HIWTVI RE#XIVIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM.
3VMKMRMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM #M GIVGIXEVIE MWXSVMG.
8VIFYMI W VIGYRSE#XIQ G I\MWX S TVSFPIQ R PIKXYV GY SVMKMRMPI
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RXVYGX QYP'M IVYHM'M JEG VIJIVMVI PE IE. %GIEWX HIGPEVE'MI, GY
GEVI EGYQ #EMÎGM HI ERM WI HIWGLMHIE GYVWYP HI -WXSVMI E VIPMKMMPSV PE
'SPPIKI HI *VERGI, VQRI EGXYEP. 0YGVVMPI XVEXRH HIWTVI -MWYW, HIWTVI
4EZIP, HIWTVI PYQIE R WRYP GVIME W-E HI^ZSPXEX GVI#XMRMWQYP WI RQYP'IWG,
WYF MQFSPHYP HIWGSTIVMVMM E RSM HSGYQIRXI, EP YRIM I\IKIÎ HMR GI R GI QEM
TXVYR^XSEVI WEY EP JSVQYPVMM YRSV MTSXIÎ YRISVM VMWGERXI. 8SXY#M, JETXYP G
RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RG VITVI^MRX S TVSFPIQ TIRXVY MWXSVMGYP HI E^M
WI I\TPMG, JV RHSMEP, TVMR EGIIE G, TYRRH TVSFPIQE SVMKMRMPSV (E GIIE
GI 6IRER RYQIE WXVERME IQFVMSKIRMI E MWXSVMIM VHGMRMPSV GVI#XMRI), WI
3\IE^ S 'MRX GY RITYXMR' HI EXMRW: SVMKMRM, HIFYX, RE#XIVI XSX EX'ME
XIVQIRM GEVI HI^ZPYMI S GYXEVI HMWTIVEX E YRYM RGITYX EFWSPYX, E YRIM
RSYX'M IQIVKIRXI, GY XSEXI G R PSG HI RXIQIMIVI WEY GVIE'MI, MWXSVMGYP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RY VIQEVG, TI RXMRHIVIE YRIM TIVMSEHI HEXI, HIGX YR
ERWEQFPY HI JIRSQIRI TYRGXYEPI, I\XVIQ HI HMZIVWI. 4YRRHY-PI R VIPE'MI,
GSRWXEX 3PME'MM #M QSHM3GVM, GSRXMRYMX'M #M WGLMQFVM, TIVQERIR'I #M
XVERWJSVQVM #M GLMEV EHIZVEXI QIXEQSVJSÎ RW HMR TIVWTIGXMZE PYM HI
MWXSVMG, IP RY WI KWI#XI RMGMSHEX R JE'E YRIM RRSMVM VEHMGEPI. 4SZIWXIE RY I
RSY #M WI GYRSWG TVIE FMRI JSVQYPIPI, JEMQSEWI PE XMQTYP PSV, GEVI EY
RGIVGEX W HIE WIEQ HIWTVI EGIEWX TS^M'MI GVMXMG. 'IE E PYM 6IRER,
FYRSEV, 'VI#XMRMWQYP IWXI YR IWIRMERMWQ GEVI E M^FRHMX TI HITPMR
IWXI S KIRIVEPMÊVI TIWXI QWYV E YRIM SFWIVZE'MM GSVIGXI: TVMQYP QIWEN
GVI#XMR WX WYF WIQRYP GYVIRXYPYM ETSGEPMTXMG MYHEMG. &YXEHE PYM 0SMW] VI^YQE
#M IE S IZMHIR': -MWYW ZIWXMWI QTV'ME #M E ETVYX &MWIVMGE. 'Y WMKYVER',
RW GE YVQEVI E YRIM TVIJEGIVM RHIPYRKM, GVIME GMRI-P GYRSE#XI GMPI# "M
RG: 4EZIP IWXI EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, W-E QEM WYW'MRYX.
'YQ WI I\TPMG EXYRGM GZEWM-EFWIR'E KRHMVMM TEYPMRI XMQT HI GXIZE HIGIRMM,
RGITRH HMR WIGSPYP -# -RWY3GMIRX R'IPIKIVI HMR TEVXIE GIPSV GEVI S
GYRS#XIEY# 0MTW HEXSVEX LEÊVHYPYM HI HSGYQIRXI WEY QVXYVMM TI GEVI
W WI FM^YMI S HVIETX NYHIGEVI E JIRSQIRYPYM#
2Y IWXI HI QMVEVI, R GSRWIGMR', G MWXSVMGYP %RXMGLMX'MM RY ZSVFI#XI
HIGX GY TVYHIR' HIWTVI GVI#XMRMWQ TR R ERYP 180 EP IVIM RSEWXVI, R
QWYVE R GEVI EGIWXE EFME TEVI W 3 I\MWXEX #M, R SVMGI GE^, W 3 GRXVMX R
MWXSVME HI ERWEQFPY E PYQMM KVIGS-VSQERI, HI-E PYRKYP E QEM FMRI HI YR WIGSP.
'IPI GXIZE QVXYVMM EPI EYXSVMPSV VSQERM (GSVIWTSRHIR'E PYM 4PMRMY GY 8VEMER,
XI\XIPI YRSV 8EGMX WEY 7YIXSRMY), QIVIY MRZSGEXI, RI MRJSVQIE^ QEM GY
WIEQ GY TVMZMVI PE EXMXYHMRIE EYXSVMX'MPSV VSQERI R QSQIRXYP R GEVI S
GSQYRMXEXI GVI#XMR WEY EPXE PI VMHMGE TVSFPIQI. 8EGMX, HI TMPH, GY TY'MR
REMRXI HI ERYP 120, M QIR'MSRIE^ IJIGXMZ TI GVI#XMRM (RM#XI SEQIRM YV'M
TIRXVY XMGPS#MMPI PSV, TI GEVI QYP'MQIE M RYQIE nGVI#XMRM~) R IZSGEVIE
MRGIRHMIVMM 6SQIM (R 64) HI GXVI 2IVS, GEVI PI-S MQTYX, M NYHIG #M M
I\IGYX TIRXVY IE. 7GVMMRH %REPIPI HYT QEM FMRI HI GMRGMÎGM HI ERM HI PE
IZIRMQIRXI, 8EGMX GYRSE#XI E#EHEV GLMEV R ZVIQIE WE GE #M 4PMRMY, GY G'MZE
ERM QEM HIZVIQI, R &MXMRME I\MWXIR'E YRSV KVYTYVM VIPMKMSEWI GVI#XMRI, HEV
XIVQIRMM TI GEVI M YXMPMÎE^ R PIKXYV GY IPI WYRX EGIME#M GY GIM HI GEVI
YÎE^ EPX HEX TIRXVY E-P HMWGVIHMXE TI MYHIM: WYTIVWXM'MI HYRXSEVI,
RIPIKMYMVMPI QIQFVMPSV #M YVE PSV JE' HI WTM'E YQER. RXV-EXX IVE HI KVIY
TIRXVY YR VSQER W JEG, TR #M PE EGIE HEX, HISWIFMVIE RXVI YRMM #M GIMPEP'M!
23-0) ->:3%6) (3'91)28%6). 1ENSVMXEXIE TYFPMGE'MMPSV EGXYEPI GEVI
XVEXIE^ RE#XIVIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM MRWMWX TI HVITX GYZRX EWYTVE QFSK'MVMM,
R YPXMQMM GMRGMÎGM HI ERM EM WIGSPYPYM <, E HSGYQIRXE'MIM EXX EVLISPSKMGI, GX
#M PMXIVEVI R HSQIRMY. R TVMRGMTEP, EGIWXIE ZMÎE^ MYHEMWQYP 3I GIP
ERXIVMSV, 3I GIP GSRXIQTSVER GVI#XMRMWQYPYM #M KRHM-VIE KRSWXMG, YPXIVMSEV
WGVMIVMPSV GVI#XMRI GEVI ZSV HIZIRM GERSRMGI. R GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI TI MWXSVMGMM
PYQMM VSQERI, EGI#XME RI-EY QFSK'MX GSRWMHIVEFMP GYRS#XMR'IPI HIWTVI
QIHMYP TSPMXMGS-VIPMKMSW R WRYP GVYME W-E HI^ZSPXEX KRHMVIE GVI#XMR.
%) 1EM RXM, GY TVMZMVI PE MYHEMWQ: (IWGSTIVMVIE E#I^VMM #M, VIWTIGXMZ, E
FMFPMSXIGMM HI PE 5YQVER EY VITVIÎRXEX S GSRXVMFY'MI JV TVIGIHIRX PE
TIVGIT'ME TI GEVI S EZIEQ HIWTVI IWIRMERMWQ, EGIEWX E XVIME #GSEP
3PSWS3G MYHEMG, HYT GYQ S RYQI#XI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW. 3 HEX HIT#MXI
QEVMPI HMWTYXI PIKEXI HI MHIRXM3GEVIE PSGYVMPSV #M E XI\XIPSV, HI GVSRSPSKMI #M
HI HM3GYPX'MPI HI TYFPMGEVI E QERYWGVMWIPSV, VQR QYPXI EPXI RXVIFVM:
E#I^QRXYP IWI-RMIRMPSV HI TI 'VQYP 1VMM 1SEVXI HIT#IE, TVSFEFMP,
KVERM'IPI WXVMQXI EPI WMXYPYM HI PE 5YQVER; R GI TVMZI#XI QERYWGVMWIPI, WI
TYRI TVSFPIQE TVSZIRMIR'IM PSV (GEVI HMRXVI IPI ETEV'MR I\GPYWMZ WIGXIM# 'EVI
WYRX GIPI TVMQMXI GE QS#XIRMVI# %Y WPYNMX KVSXIPI #M GE EWGYR^XSVM TIRXVY
QERYWGVMWI, GEVI RY XSEXI WYRX HI SVMKMRI IWIRMER#). R WJV#MX, GI TYXIQ
WTYRI GY TVMZMVI PE PIKXYVMPI HMRXVI IWIRMERMWQ #M GVI#XMRMWQ, #XMMRH G WIGXE
R4SVIE R GLMEV XMQTYP PYM -MWYW #M G ZE GSRXMRYE W I\MWXI TR R ERYP 68# R
TVMZMR'E EGIWXYM HMR YVQ EWTIGX, XVIFYMI W VIGYRSE#XIQ G HIWXYPI MTSXIÎ
GEVI WYW'MR S MR4YIR' HMVIGX E IWIRMERMWQYPYM EWYTVE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP
(YR HMWMHIRX IWIRMER#), EWYTVE PYM -MWYW WEY 4EZIP WYRX QEM TY'MR HIGX
TVSFEFMPI #M GY RITYXMR' HI HIQSRWXVEX. R WGLMQF, RYQIVSEWI GSRGIT'MM,
EHIWISVM VITIVEFMPI HYT QSHYP R GEVI WYRX I\TYWI #M GLMEV HYT XIVQIRMM
YXMPMÊ'M HI WGVMIVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM TVMQMXMZ, HSZIHIWG JSV'E #M HMRYMVIE
HSGXVMRIPSV IWIRMIRI R VRHYP TVMQIPSV KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI, 3I G I ZSVFE HI
SVKERMÊVI SF#XIEWG, HI VIKYPM IXMGI, HI IWLEXSPSKMI, TVIHIWXMREVI, HI
GVIHMR'I GY TVMZMVI PE 1IWME WEY HI JSPSWMVIE 4SVMPIKMMPSV WGVMTXYVMWXMGI. 'YQ
TSEXI 3 MRXIVTVIXEX EGIWX JIRSQIR# 'LIWXMYRIE IWXI GSQTPI\, MEV TIRXVY
MWXSVMG TVSFPIQE VQRI HIWGLMW. 4SEXI G IWIRME-RMWQYP XVIFYMI TVMZMX GE S
QM#GEVI GY QYPX QEM ZEWX, RXMR^RHY-WI TR R HMEWTSVE (GE R GE^YP
GSPSRMIM XIVETIY'MPSV HMR )KMTX, TI GEVI S HIWGVMI *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME) #M GVIME
5YQVERYP M-EV 3 GIE HMRXM #M GIE QEM M^FYXMX I\TVIWMI. R SVMGI GE^, RY ZSQ
YMXE G WGVMFMM GVI#XMRM, GLMEV RIGY-RSWGRH QERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 5YQVER, EY
VIGSTMEX #M XVEHYW QMRY'MSW WGVMIVMPI TWIYHSITMKVE3GI MYHEMGI EPI GVSV
RYQIVSEWI E3RMX'M GY XI\XIPI IWIRMIRI RY QEM XVIFYMI HIQSRWXVEXI
WEPZRHY-PI EWXJIP HI PE HMWTEVM'ME TI GEVI S ERXVIRE EFERHSREVIE PSV HI GXVI
MYHEMWQYP VEFMRMG.
4IRXVY GIPIPEPXI HSY #GSPM MYHEMGI E WEHYGLIMPSV #M E JEVMWIMPSV RY
HMWTYRIQ HI HSGYQIRXI RSM, GY I\GIT'ME, R GE^YP GIPIM HI-E HSYE, E YRSV
HIWGSTIVMVM EVLISPSKMGI: VYMRI #M MRWGVMT'MM GEVI EXIWX I\MWXIR'E YRSV WMREKSKM
R 4EPIWXMRE #M R -QTIVMY. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, QM#GEVIE JEVMWIMG E WIGSPYPYM -
VQRI SFMIGXYP GIVGIXVMPSV IVYHMXI, GI VIMRZIWXM-KLIE^ TVMRGMTEPIPI HSY
M^ZSEVI R HSQIRMY: TI HI TEVXI, MRJSVQE'MMPI JYVRMÊXI HI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW
JEVMWIY, HYT TVSTVMMPI WTYWI, RG HI PE ZVWXE HI RSYWTVIÎGI ERM; TI HI
EPX TEVXI, XVEHM'MMPI SVEPI GYPIWI HI GVXYVEVM #M GSHM3GEXI R 1M#RE PE WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE. )WXI KIRIVEP VIGYRSWGYX G )ZERKLIPMMPI RY GSRWXMXYMI S
WYVW 3EFMP TIRXVY R'IPIKIVIE E GIIE GI VITVIÎRXE JEVMWIMWQYP R 'EVE PYM
-WVEIP. *V RMGM S RHSMEP, -MWYW E RXPRMX JEVMWIM, E XVIFYMX W VWTYRH
RXVIFVMPSV PSV #M W-#M EXVEK SWXMPMXEXIE YRSVE HMRXVI IM. RW TSVXVIXYP TVIE
TY'MR QKYPMXSV TI GEVI )ZERKLIPMMPI P JEG JEVMWIMPSV IWXI QEM HIKVEF
SKPMRHMVIE HMWTYXIPSV QEM XV^MM HMRXVI GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI #M GIPI MYHEMGI #M
WI RZIGMRIE^ EHIWISVM GY GEVMGEXYVE. R JETX, GYRSE#XIQ MQTIVJIGX MWXSVME
JEVMWIMPSV RXVI QSQIRXYP R GEVI TMIVH TYXIVIE (67 . ,V.) #M MRWYVIG'ME HMR ERYP
6 H. ,V. 7MKYV IWXI G JEVMWIMM EY HSVMX W JEG TSWMFMP, TIRXVY SVMGI MYHIY
IZPEZMSW, QTPMRMVIE 0IKMM PYM 1SMWI, WYW'MRRH IKEPE EYXSVMXEXI E XVEHM'MIM SVEPI
EM GVIM TWXVXSVM WI GSRWMHIVEY #M E GIPIM WGVMWI. 7XYHMYP 8SVIM #M EP
HMZIVWIPSV IM MRXIVTVIXVM IWXI, TVMR YVQEVI, TVMRGMTEPE #M GSRWXERXE PSV
RHIPIXRMGMVI, QTPIXMX GY S TVEGXMG VMKYVSEW. %HYRE'M R QMGM GSQYRMX'M, IM
YVQIE^ XSEXI VIKYPMPI JSVQYPEXI HI RZ'XSVM, HIS-WIFMRHY-WI EWXJIP HI
VIWXYP TSTSVYPYM, GEVI M WSGSXI#XI HVITX QSHIPI HI GYGIVRMGMI. 4VSZIRM'M R
KIRIVEP HMR TSTSV, EY EWYTVE EGIWXYME S TYXIVRMG MR4YIR' #M, HI#M QMRSVMXEVM
(GXIZE QMM, HYT *PEZMYW .SWITLYW), VIY#IWG W MQTYR TVIS'MQMM
MIVYWEPMQMXIRI VIKYPMPI HI GYV'MI GIPI QEM WXVMGXI. "M XSXY#M, RZ'XSVMM JEVMWIM
RY WYRX PE YRMWSR R XSEXI MRXIVTVIXVMPI PSV, QIVIY WYTYWI HI^FEXIVMM, TVMR
MRZSGEVIE YRSV XVEHM'MM SVEPI HMJIVMXI. %WMWXQ EWXJIP, PE RGITYXYP IVIM RSEWXVI,
PE RE#XIVIE E HSY #GSPM GEVI EHSTX EWYTVE YRYM EWTIGX WEY EPXYME TS^M'MM QEM
QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR VMKSVMWXI.
6WTRHMVIE MYHEMWQYPYM R EJEVE 4EPIWXMRIM RI IWXI #M IE QEM FMRI
GYRSWGYX. 'IVGIXEVIE EVLISPSKMG E GSR3VQEX TVIÎR'E YRSV GSQYRMX'M
MYHEMGI GEVI EY PWEX YVQI R RYQIVSEWI SVE#I EPI FE^MRYPYM QIHMXIVERIER, R
-QTIVMYP 6SQER, HMEWTSVE RYQVE QEM QYPXI QMPMSERI HI MYHIM, FYGYVRHY-WI
HI YR WXEXYX ETEVXI, GEVI PI TIVQMXIE TWXVEVIE SFMGIMYVMPSV VIPMKMSEWI #M
EYXSVMÊ GSPIGXEVIE MQTS^MXYPYM TIRXVY 8IQTPYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. (MEWTSVE #M
EZIE GIRXVIPI GIPI QEM HI ZE^ PE %PI\ERHVME #M %RXMSLME, 3MRH, R EGIPE#M XMQT,
TYXIVRMG MQTPERXEX R %WME 1MG #M GLMEV PE 6SQE. %4EX R GSRXEGX TIVQERIRX
GY GMZMPMÊ'ME IPIRMWXMG, HMEWTSVE E EHSTXEX KVIEGE HVITX PMQF GYVIRX #M E
XVEHYW &MFPME IFVEMG R KVIGI#XI. (YT QSHYP R GEVI, R WIGSPYP -, *MPSR HMR
%PI\ERHVME MRXVSHYGI I\IKIÊ EPIKSVMG #M KRHMVIE TPEXSRMGMER R
GSQIRXEVMMPI WEPI PE 4IRXEXIYL, TYXIQ ETVIGME MQTSVXER'E HSFRHMX HI
GYPXYVE KVIEG TR #M R LIVQIRIYXMGE XI\XIPSV W3RXI. %GIWX MYHEMWQ IPIRMÊX
M-E TIVQMW GY WMKYVER' GVI#XMRMWQYPYM W-#M ME EZRX R PYQIE KVIGS-VSQER,
RGITRH GY GSQYRMX'MPI MYHEMGI #M TR PE RIGMVGYQGM#MM XIQXSVM HI
(YQRIÎY GEVI KVEZMXEY R NYVYP EGIWXSV GSQYRMX'M. R WJV#MX #M QEM GY
WIEQ, XVEHYGIVIE KVIEG (R HMZIVWIPI IM ZIVWMYRM) E XI\XYPYM IFVEMG EP
7GVMTXYVMPSV I GIE GEVI E WPYNMX HVITX VIJIVMR' TIRXVY RXVIEKE PMXIVEXYV
GVI#XMR TVMQMXMZ, QEM ETSM TIRXVY 73R'MM 4VMR'M KVIGM #M, XSXSHEX, GIE GEVI
PI-E JYVMX PMQFE VIPMKMSEW.
(SY WGYVXI VIQEVGM WYRX EMGM RIGIWEVI: %RWEQFPYP EGIWXSV QM#GVM
VIPMKMSEWI RY RWYQIE^ HIGX S QMG TEVXI E TSTSVYPYM MYHIY HMR 4EPIWXMRE.
3 TYXIVRMG QENSVMXEXI, RHISWIFM 'VRIEWG, VIWTIGX JYRHEQIRXYP 0IKMM,
HEV VQRI WXVMR HI GLIWXMYRMPI VMHMGEXI HI TEVXMHIPI VIPMKMSEWI. 0E JIP W 3I
SEVI #M R HMEWTSVE QIHMXIVERIER#
2Y #XMQ. (EXI 3MRH PIKXYVMPI TIVQERIRXI RXVI WMREKSKMPI HMWTIVWEXI
#M 4EPIWXMRE, W 3 JSWX MYHIMM IPIRMÊ'M RM#XI JEVMWIM HI WXVMGX EWGYPXEVI WEY W 3
MRWXEYVEX S JSVQ HI JEVMWIMWQ TSXVMZMX GY WMXYE'ME PSV#
2MGM EGIEWXE R-S #XMQ. -EX WY3GMIRXI QSXMZI TIRXVY E RY I\XMRHI PE
MYHEMWQ, R ERWEQFPYP WY, GIIE GI GYRSE#XIQ HMR HSEV GXIZE IPIQIRXI EPI
WEPI.
7 3I SEVI MYHEMWQYP HMR WIGSPYP - WJVXIGEX, JVQM'EX, HMZMÊX RXV-
EXX RGX R-EV QEM XVIFYM W ZSVFMQ HIGX HI MYHEMWQI, GYQ S JEG HINE YRMM
WEY EP'MM# 'Y WMKYVER', RY. R EXEVI GSRHM'MM, EV XVIFYM W ZSVFMQ HI EGYQ
REMRXI HI GEXSPMGMWQI, WYF TVIXI\XYP G &MWIVMGE 'EXSPMG, %TSWXSPMG #M
6SQER EHTSWXI#XI PE WRYP WY IPEFSVVM XISPSKMGI HMZIVWI, JSVQI HI
WTMVMXYEPMXEXI HMJIVMXI #M TVEGXMGM GYPXYEPI IXIVSKIRI# R JETX, MYHEMWQYP IWXI
YV^MX HMR PIKXYVM HI ETEVXIRIR' QEM TYXIVRMGI HIGX XSEXI HMJIVIR'IPI
PMRKZMWXMGI #M XSEXI HMZIVKIR'IPI HI STMRMI GEVI P WXVFEX. (MZIVWMXEXIE PYM, GIE
VIEP, IWXI EGIIE E SVMGVIM WSGMIX'M YQERI HI SEVIGEVI RXMRHIVI: WYVW HI
HMWGSVHMI, GEVI TSEXI PYE JSVQI ZMSPIRXI, HEV #M WIQR EP FSK'MIM WEPI.
9RMXEXIE MYHEMWQYPYM WI WMXYIE^ EPXYRHIZE, R VIKYPMPI HI GSRHYMX GSQYRI
GEVI HIGYVK HMR 8SVE, E GVIM EYXSVMXEXI RY IWXI RMGMGRH TYW R HMWGY'MI.
'SRXVSZIVWIPI HI MRXIVTVIXEVI RY EJIGXIE^ RMGMSHEX RHITPMRMVIE SFPMKE'MMPSV
JYRHEQIRXEPI: GMVGYQGM^ME, WEFEXYP, VIWTIGXEVIE TVEGXMGMPSV EPMQIRXEVI,
TV^RYMVIE QEVMPSV WVFXSVM, TIPIVMRENYP PE 8IQTPY, IZMXEVIE GWXSVMIM GY
WXVMRM. R 3RI, E 3 MYHIY RWIEQR #M E 3 TEVXI E YRYM TSTSV PIKEX HI YR
TQRX. %GIWX WIRXMQIRX HI ETEVXIRIR' IWXI TYXIVRMG R 4EPIWXMRE, HEV #M R
HMEWTSVE, TIRXVY GEVI -IVYWEPMQYP #M 8IQTPYP WY VQR, TR R ERYP 70,
WMQFSPYP MHIRXMX'MM VIPMKMSEWI #M RE'MSREPI.
&) R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI KRSWXMGMWQYP: 8I\XIPI KRSWXMGI HIWGSTIVMXI PE 2EK
,EQQEHM TIWXI GMRGMÎGM, HMRXVI GEVI TEXVYÎGM RIGYRSWGYXI TR EXYRGM
TVI^MRX YR HYFPY MRXIVIW TIRXVY MWXSVME GVI#XMRMWQYPYM TVMQEV. 4I HI S TEVXI,
RI TIVQMX W R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI GI E VITVIÎRXEX EGIWX GYVIRX HI KRHMVI
GEVI WI VIZIRHMG HI PE S RSY GYRSE#XIVI #M GEVI W-E HI^ZSPXEX R -QTIVMYP
6SQER R ZIEGYVMPI EP --PIE #M EP --PIE. 3V, #XMEQ HINE G S JSVQ GVI#XMR E
EGIWXIM KRHMVM E JSWX TVIHEX R &MWIVMGE 6SQIM, XMQT HI HSYÎGM HI ERM
(140-P60), HI GXVI :EPIRXMR, XISPSK, 3PSWSJ #M I\IKIX ZIRMX HI PE %PI\ERHVME.
'Y GI WYGGIW, RY GYRSE#XIQ, RW :EPIRXMR ENYRKI W WI VYT HI GVI#XMRMWQ.
4I HI EPX TEVXI, YRIPI HMRXVI EGIWXI XI\XI WYRX TVIÎRXEXI GE RM#XI
)ZERKLIPMM, *ETXI WEY %TSGEPMTWI EXVMFYMXI YRSV HMZIV#M ETSWXSPM. )PI HSZIHIWG
GSRXMRYMXEXIE WGVMIVMM ETSGVMJI, MEV YRIPI HMR IPI, TVIGYQ )ZERKLIPME PYM 8SQE,
RI TSX PQYVM EWYTVE TVSGIHIIPSV HI GVIEVI, XVERWQMXIVI #M XVERWJSVQEVI E
XVEHM'MMPSV, TI GEVI PI-EY GYRSWGYX #M XI\XIPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX.
(3'91)28%&-% 0-8)6%6 '6)"8-2. R RGIVGEVIE HI E EFSVHE MWXSVME
PYM -MWYW #M E TVMQIPSV KIRIVE'MM HI GVI#XMRM, WMRKYVIPI RSEWXVI M^ZSEVI WYRX HI
SVMKMRI GVI#XMR: XI\XIPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, PMXIVEXYVE ETSGVMJ #M GXIZE WGVMIVM
HMR WIGSPYP -. 6IGVYHIWGIR'E WXYHMMPSV GY TVMZMVI PE *PEZMYW .SWITLYW M-E
HIXIVQMREX TI YRMM EYXSVM W VIGSRWMHIVI QVXYVME I\XVIQ HI GSRXVSZIVWEX E
MWXSVMGYPYM MYHIY HIWTVI -MWYW GE 3MRH IWIR'MEP TIRXVY MWXSVMI. 'LMEV HEG
EGIEWX QVXYVMI IVE EYXIRXMG PYGVY HI GEVI RI TYXIQ RHSM, R TS3HE
XIRXEXMZIPSV EGXYEPI HI E SJIVM S ZIVWMYRI ITYVEX HI RIZIVSWMQMPMX'MPI IM IE
RY RI ZE RZ'E RMQMG HMR GI RY #XMEQ HINE: #M ERYQI G YR RZ'XSV MYHIY GY
RYQIPI HI -MWYW, JGXSV HI QMRYRM #M GSRHEQREX TI GVYGI, EV 3 JGYX QYP'M
EHIT'M, EXX MYHIM, GX #M KVIGM. -WXSVMGYP RY EVI, TVMR YVQEVI, PE HMWTS^M'MI HIGX
XI\XI GVI#XMRI, GEVI RY TSX 3 EFSVHEXI JV E 3 WYTYWI EGIPIME#M PIGXYVM GVMXMGI
GE SVMGI EPX WYVW HSGYQIRXEV. RXV-EHIZV, EYXSVMM EGIWXSV XI\XI EQ QEM
WTYW-S RY EZIEY EQFM'ME HI E WGVMI MWXSVMI, R WIRWYP R GEVI S R'IPIKIQ E^M,
GM HI E-#M E3VQE GVIHMR'E, HI E PI-S RXVM TI E GIPSV GVSVE PM WI EHVIWEY, HI E
HE RZ'XYV, HI E GSQFEXI, HI E IPEFSVE MRXIVTVIXVM, YRISVM GSRXVEHMGXSVMM.
'VMXMGE WI E4 R JE'E YRIM QYPXMXYHMRM HI TVSFPIQI: RHSMEP GY TVMZMVI PE
EXVMFYMVIE XVEHM'MSREP E ERYQMXSV XI\XI YRYM ERYQI EYXSV; HITIRHIR'
PMXIVEV E XI\XIPSV RXVI IPI; HEXVM GSRXVSZIVWEXI; EYXIRXMGMXEXIE XI\XIPSV GEVI
RI-EY TEVZIRMX TIRXVY E RY GMXE HIGX TVMQIPI RXVIFVM TI GEVI #M PI TYRI
SVMGI GMXMXSV TIVWTMGEGI. %GIWXI XI\XI, SFMIGX EP YRSV RIMWXSZMXI GIVGIXVM, EY
GSRWXMXYMX QYPX ZVIQI HSQIRMYP I\GPYWMZ EP RZ'E'MPSV GVI#XMRM. 7I GYZMRI W
EHYGIQ GMRWXMVIE RSEWXV GIPSV GI, HI-E PYRKYP ZIEGYVMPSV, EY XVEXEX, GY
VMKSEVIE #XMMR'M3G E XMQTYPYM PSV, HSGYQIRXI GEVI VITVIÎRXEY EVLMZIPI
TVSTVMIM PSV GVIHMR'I, HIWGLM^RH EWXJIP GEPIE YRIM EFSVHVM GVMXMGI. %#E EY JSWX,
RXVI QYP'M EP'MM, 3VMKIR, GEVI E ETPMGEX 7GVMTXYVMPSV QIXSHIPI 3PSPSKMGI EPI
GVXYVEVMPSV EPI\ERHVMRM, WEY SVEXSVMERYP* 6MGLEVH 7MQSR, GY E WE ,MWXSMVI
GVMXMUYI HY2SYZIEY 8IWXEQIRX (1689). R YPXMQIPI HSY WIGSPI W-EY HI^ZSPXEX
HMWGMTPMRI WTIGMEPMÊXI (GVMXMGE HI XI\X, 3PSPSKME, I\IKIÊ, GVMXMGE M^ZSEVIPSV),
VE3REXI #M TYWI R WPYNFE GVMXMGMM XI\XIPSV HMR 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX HI GXVI XISPSKMM
R#M#M WEY HI GXVI GIM TI GEVI M-EY JSVQEX. 1IXSHIPI MWXSVMIM JSVQIPSV PMXIVEVI
#M E XVEHM'MIM, QIXSHIPI VIHEGXVMM #M VIGITXVMM, HI I\IQTPY, EY JSWX, R WIGSPYP
EP <-PIE, STIVE I\IKI'MPSV KIVQERM GEVI TVIHEY R JEGYPX'MPI HI XISPSKMI
TVSXIWXERX, RGIXYP GY RGIXYP, GYGIVMVMPI MWXSVMIM GVMXMGI W-EY MQTYW R JE'E
XYXYVSV WTIGMEPM#XMPSV R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX #M E MWXSVMGMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM TVMQEV. 'Y
I\GIT'ME GXSVZE RYER'I PE YRMM WEY PE EP'MM, I\MWX YR PEVK GSRWIRW EWX^M GY
TVMZMVI PE GEVEGXIVMWXMGMPI EGIWXIM PMXIVEXYVM HMWTEVEXI, PE QMNPSEGIPI HI GEVI
XVIFYMI YÊX R WXYHMYP IM, HEXI 3MRH GYRS#XMR'IPI TI GEVI PI HI'MRIQ HIWTVI
GIPIPEPXI PMXIVEXYVM EPI %RXMGLMX'MM. 4EVEHS\EP RW, GSRWIRWYP WI QERMJIWX #M
GY TVMZMVI PE HM3GYPXEXIE, PE RITYXMR'E YRISVM, HI E VIKWM MWXSVME, GY I\GIT'ME
GXSVZE HEXI TVIGMWI. R GIP QEM FYR GE^, WI VQRI PE RMZIPYP MTSXIÎPSV
TPEY^MFMPI, HI YRHI #M TVYHIR'E GEVI WI QERMJIWX R WXMPYP I\IKI'MPSV:
EGYQYPEVI HI GSRHM'MSREPI, HYFPEX HI JSVQYPI I\TVMQRH TVIGEY'ME:
TVSFEFMP, EQ TYXIE GVIHI, RY I MQTSWMFMP #M, TIRXVY E GYGIVM EHI^MYRIE
GMXMXSVYPYM, VMXYEPMGYP #M HI3RMXMZYP RMQMG RY RI QTMIHMG W GVIHIQ G..
'MXMXSVYP IWXI RIHYQIVMX, 3MRH GSR#XMIRX G MWXSVME, R WJV#MX VIKWMX, RY E
ENYRW EWXJIP HIGX TVMRXV-S WYGGIWMYRI HI MTSXIÎ GEVI WI RPR'YMI. )WXI YR
JIRSQIR TI GEVI MWXSVMGMM P GYRSWG FMRI, HEV GEVI ETEW, R EGIWX GE^, GY S
KVIYXEXI HISWIFMX EWYTVE XISPSKYPYM,
1IQFVY EP WSGMIX'MM HI TVIS'M R3MR'EXI HI 4MIVVI HI &IVYPPI R WIGSPYP EP
<:--PIE, WYF RYQIPI HI 3VEXSVMYP PYM -MWYW WEY 3VEXSVMYP *VER'IM. 9PXIVMSV,
WSGMIXEXIE E MRGPYW R VRHYVMPI WEPI XISPSKM, I\IKI'M, TVIHMGEXSVM #M 3PSWS3. %
JSWX EGXMZ MQTPMGEX R JEMQSEWIPI HMWTYXI HMR NYVYP NERWIRMWQYPYM #M UYMIXMW-
QYPYM (R.X.).
%XYRGM GRH SJIV TYFPMGYPYM GSRGPY^MMPI GIVGIXVMM WEPI. RXV-EHIZV, IP
#XMI G, I\TYRRHY-#M RHSMIPMPI PIKMXMQI GY TVMZMVI PE QEM QYPXI EWTIGXI EPI
TVSTVMIM HSGYQIRXE'MM, TSEXI ERXVIRE R SVMGI GMXMXSV 3I VIWTMRKIVIE SVMGVIM
PIGXYVM GVMXMGI, 3I S RHSMEP KIRIVEPMÊX.
%GIWXE I, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI, EXYRGM GRH
I\IKIXYP XISPSK EFERHSRIE^ EREPMÊ WTMRSEW E GXSVZE VRHYVM HI XI\X #M WI
EZIRXYVIE^ TI XVQYP MWXSVMIM, M WI RXQTP YRISVM W YXMPMÎÎ XI\XIPI GE #M
GYQ, S HEX RGLIMEX XVEZEPMYP GVMXMG, EGIWXE EV TYXIE 3 PWEX HISTEVXI. %WXJIP
WI I\TPMG HI GI, PE RXSVWXYVE YRIM JVEÎ TVMZMXSEVI PE MHIRXMXEXIE PYM -MWYW GE
TIVWSREN MWXSVMG, WI ZE JEGI VIJIVMVI PE QEM QYPXI ^MGIVM EPI PYM, GYPIWI PE JIP HI
FMRI HMR )ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI, GE #M HMR )ZERKLIPME E TEXVE. 8SXY#M, I\IKIXYP
HMR IP #XMI FMRI G RY EVI RMGM S GIVXMXYHMRI HIWTVI JSVQE MRM'MEP E GYZMRXIPSV
PYM -MWYW #M #M JEGI S HEXSVMI HMR E HIWTV'M RXSXHIEYRE LVMWXSPSKME WMRSTXMGIPSV
HI LVMWXSPSKME MSERIMG. (EG EGIWX I\IKIX WGVMI R GEPMXEXI HI XISPSK, EXYRGM
RMQIRM RY-P TSEXI VITVS#E G TVIME TSVXVIXYP QYPXMJSVQ EP PYM -MWYW, TI GEVI M-P
^YKVZIWG IJIGXMZ WGVMIVMPI GERSRMGI GIIE GI JEGI #M MWXSVMGYP, TIRXVY E MPYWXVE
HMZIVWIPI TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI HMR EGIWXI WGVMIVM HEV R RMGM YR GE^ WMQTPE
EGYQYPEVI E TYRGXIPSV HI ZIHIVI RY TIVQMXI GETXEVIE MWXSVMIM YRYM TIVWSREN,
GY XSEXI G HMZIVWMXEXIE TSVXVIXIPSV TI GEVI M PI HI'MRIQ M QFSK'I#XI MWXSVME
VITVIÎRXVMPSV. 9R EPX I\IQTPY, RG #M QEM JVIGZIRX, HEXSVEX JV RHSMEP
ÎPYPYM TIHEKSKMG, HEV GEVI HI^ZPYMI #M RXSEVGIVIE SVMGRH TSWMFMP E YRIM
PIGXYVM RSR-GVMXMGI: ETSWXSPYP 4EZIP IWXI HIWXYP HI PEGSRMG GY TVMZMVI PE TVSTVME-
P ZME': TIRXVY E-P VIGSRWXMXYM FMSKVE3E, W-E VIGYVW PE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, RY
JV TVYHIR', 3MRHG RY I\MWX GSRGSVHER' GVSRSPSKMG RXVI GIIE GI WGVMI
4EZIP #M GIIE GI VIPEXIE^ *ETXIPI. 7 GIVGIXQ GE^ GY GE^. 'YQ WI TSEXI
WGVMI E#EHEV HYT GYQ WTYRI 4EZIP R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, JGRHY-WI
VIJIVMVI PE YR HMWGYVW EXVMFYMX ETSWXSPYPYM HI GXVI EYXSVYP *ETXIPSV# 3VMGMRI
#XMI G EGIWXE HMR YVQ E WGVMW PE HSYÎGM HI ERM HYT QSEVXIE PYM 4EZIP S
ETVEVI #M S MPYWXVEVI E EGIWXYME, GSQTYRRH HMWGYVWYVM HI S JVYQSEW 'MRYX
PMXIVEV, HEV TI GEVI 4EZIP RY PI-E VSWXMX RMGMSHEX. 'LMEV HEG WYRX HI GIP QEM
QEVI MRXIVIW GE QVXYVMI E YRIM ERYQI 3HIPMX'M JE' HI TEYPMRMWQ, IPI RY
RKHYMI GY RMGM YR GLMT TYRIVIE PSV R EGIPE#M TPER GY YR ZIVWIX EP ZVIYRIM
ITMWXSPI TEYPMRI.
7 GPEVM3GQ PYGVYVMPI. 6IGYVKIVIE PE S XVEXEVI GVMXMG E HSGYQIRXIPSV -#M
IPI WYRX HI KIRYVM I\XVIQ HI HMJIVMXI RYQEM TIRXVY 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX RY JEGI
W ETIWI S WYWTMGMYRI KIRIVEP EWYTVE MWXSVMIM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM TVMQEV. 2EXYVE
RW#M E EGIWXSV HSGYQIRXI I GIE GEVI S GIVI. *MIGEVI WIVMI HI HSGYQIRXI
TYWI PESPEPX TIRXVY WXYHMYP YRIM ERYQMXI TVSFPIQI WEY TIVMSEHI WI TVI^MRX
GE \\RTY^^PI HMR GEVI YRIPI TMIWI PMTWIWG. %GIWXIE WYRX GYXMMPI RIKVI EPI
MWXSVMGYPYM. 4SVRMRH HI PE EGIWXI TMIWI, WI EY R ZIHIVI HMZIVWI VIGSRWXMXYMVM,
QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR ZEWXI: IPI RY TSX #M RMGM RY XVIFYMI W YQTPI RIETVEX
KSPYVMPI, GM W PI WIQREPIÎ GPEV: EMGM, RY GYRSE#XIQ. (EG WI TVSTYRI S
WSPY'MI, IE XVIFYMI W VQR WYF WIQRYP RXVIFVMM: EMGM, EZERWQ S MTSXI^
GEVI IWXI HMWGYXEFMP. "M, QEM HIKVEF HIGX W ^YKVZMQ QEVM JVIWGI
SEVIGYQ EVXM3GMEPI, I QEM TVS3XEFMP W HIWGLMHIQ HSWEVI VIWXVRWI, GEVI W
3I WYTYWI HI^FEXIVMPSV WEY WMRXIÎPSV TVIGMWI. )WXI GIIE GI ZE #M KWM GMXMXSVYP
R GSRXVMFY'MMPI VIYRMXI R ZSPYQYP HI JE'.
R WJV#MX, XVIFYMI W VIEQMRXMQ G XSEXI HSGYQIRXIPI ENYRWI PE RSM WI
E4 PE GETXYP YRIM PYRKM MWXSVMM HI XVERWQMXIVI QEXIVMEP. %XYRGM GRH I\IKI'MM
3\IE^ HEXE VIHEGXVMM YRIM WGVMIVM, HEX YRISVM ETVS\MQEXMZ, HEV FEÊX TI S
WSPMH EVKYQIRXE'MI, RY RWIEQR G XI\XYP WGVMIVMM TI GEVI S GMXMQ IWXI
GSRJSVQ GY WXEVIE PYM SVMKMREP. 7 PYQ I\IQTPYP ITMWXSPIPSV PYM 4EZIP.
'SQYRMX'MPI GVSVE PI IVEY HIWXMREXI PI-EY GSRWIVZEX, JV RHSMEP; PI-EY
GSTMEX, TSEXI, WTVI E PI JEGI GYRSWGYXI EPXSV GSQYRMX'M-WYVSVM. %FME GXVI ERYP
140 EZIQ RW TVMQE QVXYVMI HIWTVI EPGXYMVIE YRYM GSVTYW EP ITMWXSPIPSV PYM
4EZIP. 3V, WGVMWSVMPI EGIWXYME RY EY, R TIVMSEHE VIWTIGXMZ, RMGM YR GEVEGXIV
GERSRMG, MEV R YRIPI HMRXVI IPI TYXIQ HMWXMRKI GXIZE MRXIVTSPVM, YR EQEPKEQ
HMR HMZIVWI WGVMWSVM WEY S GSQFMRE'MI E QEM QYPXSV RWIQRVM. 3 EPX MPYWXVEVI
E VMWGYPYM HI GEVI I TRHMX XVERWQMXIVIE HSGYQIRXIPSV, GE #M E PINIVMX'MM GY
GEVI IVEY XVEXEXI, WI VIJIV PE XI\XYP )ZERKLIPMMPSV. 6WTYR^RHY-P PYM 'IPWYW,
GEVI EGYÊ GVI#XMRMM HI QSHM3GEVIE XI\XYPYM SVMKMREP EP )ZERKLIPMMPSV HI XVIM
WEY TEXVY SVM, FE GLMEV QEM QYPX, TIRXVY E TYXIE RVYM EVKYQIRXE'ME GIPSV GI M
GVMXMGEY, 3VMKIR GSRWXEX, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE: ) YR JETX RZIHIVEX
EWX^M G I\MWX TVMRXVI QERYWGVMWI S QEVI JIPYVMQI, 3I HMR TVMGMRE RITYVXVMM
HI KVMN E WGVMFMPSV, 3I HMR TVMGMRE RHV^RIPMM HI#R'EXI E SEQIRMPSV GEVI
RHVIETX WGVMIVIE, WEY GLMEV HMR GEY^ G WYRX YRMM GEVI S RQYP'IWG WEY S
QTY'MRIE^ HYT ZSME PSV, VRHYMRHY-WI GSVIGXSVM GY HI PE IM TYXIVI.
(I PE -SER &SXI^XSVYP PE -MWYW.
%GIWXI HSY TIVWSRENI WYRX WXVRW PIKEXI R RXVIEKE XVEHM'MI
IZERKLIPMG. 0E JIP EY JSWX #M R MWXSVMI, RW PIKXYVE PSV RY WI RWGVMI R
KVERHMSWYP HMTXMG GY GEVI 0YGE #M HIWGLMHI )ZERKLIPME: ZIWXMVIE HYQRIÎMEWG
E ^QMWPMVMM PSV HI GXVI HSY ZIVM#SEVI, RE#XIVMPI TEVEPIPI EPI GIPSV HSM 3M, YRYP
HMRXV-S GEWX TVIS'IEWG, GIPPEPX RY, HYFPE TVSVSGMVI GY TVMZMVI PE HIWXMRIPI PSV.
0YGE XVEXIE^ ETVSTMIVIE HMRXVI GIM HSM ZMMXSVM IVSM R XIVQIRM HI VYHIRMI #M,
TVSGIHRH EWXJIP, #M GSRWXVYMI#XI TVSTVME XISPSKMI E MWXSVMIM: -SER IWXI YPXMQYP
VITVIÎRXERX EP XMQTYVMPSV ZIGLM, -MWYW TVMQYP EP YRIM IVI RSM. 4VS\MQMXEXIE
TSEVX HIGM #M QEVGE YRIM HIWTV'MVM. 'MRI E JSWX -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M GEVI E JSWX
VIPE'ME PYM GY -MWYW# 0YRH R GSRWMHIVEVI GIIE GI RI VIPEXIE^ *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW R PIKXYV GY -SER #M IPIQIRXIPI TI GEVI RM PI JYVRMÎE^ TVMR XY#I
WYGGIWMZI XVEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG, MEX GI TYXIQ EZERWE: -SER HYGI S ZME' HI
EWGIX R TYWXMY #M ERYR' ZIRMVIE MQMRIRX E PYM (YQRIÎY WTVI E-#M NYHIGE
TSTSVYP. 4IRXVY E-#M EXVEKI FYRZSMR'E HMZMR (HYT .SWITLYW), TIRXVY E
JYKM HI QRME GI ZE W 3I (HYT 1EXIM #M 0YGE), IP RHIEQR PE GSRZIVXMVI #M
PI TVSTYRI XYXYVSV YR FSXI^ EP TSGMR'IM, RXVY MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV (HYT
1EVGY). *PEZMYW .SWITLYW TVIGMÎE^, HMQTSXVMZ, G EGIEWX FEMI RY XVIFYMI
TVMQMX R WGSTYP MIVXVMM ERYQMXSV KVI#IPM, GM TIRXVY GYV'MVIE XVYTYPYM, HYT
GI Z-E'M GYV'MX QEM REMRXI WY4IXYP TVMR JETXI HI HVITXEXI. 1YP'MQMPI QIVK PE
-SER TIRXVY EGIEWX TYVM3GEVI RIGIWEV WZV#MX JV NIVXJ #M R EJEVE
8IQTPYPYM WTVI E WI VIGSRGMPME GY (YQRIÎY REMRXIE NYHIG'MM.
-MWYW ZMRI PE FSXI^YP PYM -SER, GEVI, TSXVMZMX )ZERKLIPMMPSV, EV 3 JGYX YR
NYVQRX HI GVIHMR' JE' HI -MWYW: EWTIGX PIKIRHEV GGM -SER &SXI^XSVYP
ERYR'E ZIRMVIE PYM (YQRIÎY, RY E YRYM TVSVSG HEV KVMXSV. RXV-EHIZV,
TSXVMZMX GIPIM HI-E TEXVE )ZERKLIPMM, -MWYW #M VIGVYXIE^ TVMQMM HSM HMWGMTSPM,
%RHVIM #M 4IXVY, HMR GIVGYP HMWGMTSPMPSV &SXI^XSVYPYM, ETSM, HYT S WGYVX
#IHIVI R +EPMPIIE, VIZMRI R -YHIIE, YRHI FSXIE^ (WEY #M PEW YGIRMGMM W
FSXIÎ) MRHITIRHIRX HI -SER, EXVKRHY-#M QEM QYP'M HMWGMTSPM HIGX EGIWXE,
PYGVY GEVI M RKVMNSVIE^ TI EHIT'MM &SXI^XSVYPYM. % I\MWXEX, R QSH GEXIKSVMG,
S VMZEPMXEXI RXVI GIPI HSY KVYTVM. 7 3 HEXEX IE HMR TIVMSEHE EGIIE HI
RGITYX# 2-S TYXIQ E3VQE GY GIVXMXYHMRI; )ZERKLIPME E TEXVE TSEXI PE JIP HI
FMRI W 'MR WIEQE, RXV-YR QSH EREGVSRMG, HI GSR4MGXIPI HMRXVI GVI#XMRM #M
FETXMWQEPM*, RXVYGX RYQIVSEWI M^ZSEVI EXIWX JETXYP G KVYTVM
GSRXIQTSVERI GEVI P ZIRIVEY TI &SXI^XSV #M P GSRWMHIVEY, YRIPI HMRXVI IPI,
HVITX 1IWME, EY GSRXMRYEX #M EY TVIPYRKMX TSPIQMGE: GMRI, RXVI -MWYW #M -SER,
IWXI GIP QEM QEVI# -SER, R GSRXMRYEVI, IWXI RXIQRM'EX HI -VSH %RXMTE.
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW RI JYVRMÎE^ QSXMZIPI EGIWXIM EVIWXVM: 1YP'MQMPI IVEY
ZVNMXI HI GPHYVE GYZRXVMPSV PYM -SER. 0YM -VSH M W-E JGYX JVMG. 7I XIQIE GE
RVYVMVIE YVME# E EGIWXYM SQ EWYTVE TSTSVYPYM W RY-P QTMRK W YRIPXIEWG
ZVIS V^QIVM'. ?.A 2IRGVI^XSV, -VSH E TSVYRGMX GE -SER W 3I HYW, PIKEX R
PER'YVM, PE JSVXVIE'E 1EGLEIVYW (1EGLIVSRXI). %GSPS E #M TYW W 3I SQSVX.
%GIEWX WGYVX TSZIWXMVI, QEM TY'MR WTIGXEGYPSEW HIGX GIE HMR )ZERKLIPME
HYT 1EVGY, VITPEWIE^ QM#GEVIE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP R MWXSVMI, EGIIE E
V^QIVM'IPSV HI XSEXI WSMYVMPI, MWGEXI HI V^ZVXM'M GE -YHE +EPMPIERYP PE
QSEVXIE PYM -VSH GIP 1EVI (XEXP PYM -VSH %RXMTE), WEY HI TVSVSGM ZM^MSREVM GEVI
E''EY QYP'MQMPI R E#XITXEVIE YRSV QMRYRM, SVM GLMEV HI SFWGYVM TVIXIRHIR'M PE
HSQRMI. (EX 3MRH I\TIVMIR'E PSV HI JEQMPMI, -VS^MM TVIJIVEY W PI-S ME REMRXI
XYVFYPIR'MPSV. (YT EVIWXEVIE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, -MWYW WI RXSEVGI R
+EPMPIIE; TVMR ZIRMVIE PYM R TVIENQE PYM -SER, M RGYZMMR'EWI HIQIVWYP. 4VMR
YVQEVI, #M RGITI EGXMZMXEXIE TYFPMG, TVSTSZHYMRH YR QIWEN EWIQRXSV GY
EP PYM -SER: 7-E QTPMRMX ZVIQIE #M W-E ETVSTMEX QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY.
4SGM'M-Z #M GVIHI'M R )ZERKLIPMI, JV E GLIQE XSXY#M PE ZVIYR JIP HI FSXI^.
-SER WI ZE 3 RIPMRM#XMX GE QSEVXIE PYM W RY TYR GETX SVMGVIM TSWMFMPMX'M HI
VYTXYV. 'X TVMZI#XI XVEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG, IE P-E MRWXEPEX HI3RMXMZ TI
&SXI^XSV R VSPYP REMRXIQIVKXSVYPYM, GVYME M WI EHYGI GMRWXMVI, WXEFMPMRH R
EGIPE#M XMQT TVIIQMRIR'E MVIZSGEFMP E PYM -MWYW. R EJEV HI E 3 PWEX G'MZE
YGIRMGM RSWXEPKMGM HYT ZVIQYVMPI GRH #M RXSZV#IEY RZ'XSVYP R TYWXMI,
PYGVEVIE PYM -SER WI RGLIMI GY YR I#IG.
:IWXMVIE XMQTYVMPSV GIPSV HI TI YVQ TIRXVY KIRIVE'ME HI EXYRGM,
GYV'MVIE MRMQMM, TIGIXPYMX TVMRXV-YR VMX FETXMWQEP EGIWXE E JSWX TVSMIGXYP PYM
-SER, PE GEVI -MWYW E EHIVEX S ZVIQI. )P WI RWGVME HISTSXVMZ R *V. FETXMWXIW,
GY WIRWYP HI YGIRMGM EM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP (R.X.).
1M#GEVIE FETXMWQEP GEVI WI HI^ZSPXE R 4EPIWXMRE, 7MVME #M HMEWTSVE
(HYT GYQ S HSZIHI#XI YR XI\X MYHEMG HMR 3VEGSPIPI WMFMPMRI), TVIGYQ #M R
GYVIRXYP ETSGEPMTXMG GEVI WXVFEXI MYHEMWQYP EGIWXIM ITSGM. 3V, IWIRMIRMM
TEVXMGMT PE EGIWXI HSY GYVIRXI #M SVMGMRI WI KRHI#XI HIRHEX PE 5YQVER,
EXX HI ETVSTMEX R EGIWX HI#IVX EP PYM -YHE. (I^FEXIVIE IWXI HIWGLMW HI
GMRGMÎGM HI ERM #M E#E XVIFYMI W #M VQR, 3I #M RYQEM R ZMVXYXIE
HMWTVSTSV'MIM HMRXVI HSGYQIRXE'ME HI TVSZIRMIR' UYQVERMX, EFYRHIRX #M
MRXIVR #M GIE, I\XIVR #M EXX HI WYF'MVI, HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ GY TVMZMVI PE
WGYVXE EZIRXYV E QM#GVMM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP. 3 MRXYM'MI NYWX, EXYRGM GRH
RY TSEXI 3 KEVRMWMX HIGX GY GSQTEVE'MM JSEVXI KIRIVEPI, RY TIVQMXI WGVMIVIE
MWXSVMIM YRIM 3PME'MM.
-797. R GMYHE RYQVYPYM QEVI HI XI\XI ZIGLM EZRHY-P GE TVSXEKSRMWX
TI -MWYW WEY HSEV ZSVFMRH HIWTVI IP R JVYRXIE GVSVE XVIFYMI TPEWEXI WGVMIVMPI
GI RY ZSV PYE RYQIPI HI )ZERKLIPMM HIGX PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE GIIE
GI TYXIQ EZERWE GE JETXI GEVI M NEPSRIE^ ZME'E WI VIHYGI PE TY'MRI PYGVYVM.
-YHIY HMR 4EPIWXMRE, RWGYX R 6 WEY 7 REMRXIE IVIM RSEWXVI, EVI RNYV HI
XVIMÎGM HI ERM EXYRGM GRH ETEVI R GIVGYP YGIRMGMPSV PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M
ETSM R +EPMPIIE, YRHI WI WMXYIE^ QSQIRXYP GVYGMEP EP YRIM WGYVXI GEVMIVI HI
YR ER #M GIZE SVM TY'MR QEM QYPX HI HSM ERM. 7I RGSRNSEV HI G'MZE HMWGMTSPM #M
WXVFEXI 'MRYXYP, TVSTSZHYMRH #M WZV#MRH ZMRHIGVM #M I\SVGMWQI. )WXI TVMQMX
GY FYRZSMR' TSTYPEV, HEV XVIÎ#XI #M RIRGVIHIVIE EYXSVMX'MPSV. 'Y SGE^ME
4E#XIPYM, ZMRI PE -IVYWEPMQ GXVI ERYP 30, IWXI RXIQRM'EX, GSRHEQREX #M
VWXMKRMX, 4SR'MY 4MPEX 3MRH TI EXYRGM TVSGYVEXSVYP TVSZMRGMIM -YHIIE.
0% 2')498 % *378 86%(-&-% 36%0. %Q WYFPMRMEX HINE HM3GYPXEXIE HI
E XVEXE R QSH GVMXMG HSGYQIRXIPI HI SVMKMRI GVI#XMR R KIRIVEP. 7YRX
RIGIWEVI YRIPI TVIGM^VM R PIKXYV GY )ZERKLIPMMPI, TI GEVI -YWXMR PI
HI3RI#XI, GXVI ERYP 150, GE EQMRXMVMPI ETSWXSPMPSV. )PI GLMEV WYRX VI^YPXEXYP
YRYM IJSVX HI QIQSVMI, YRE GEVI ZE VQRI HSEV SVEP TVI' HI ERM
RHIPYRKE'M. %XYRGM GRH TVMQMM XSZEV#M EM PYM -MWYW W-EY RGVIHMR'EX G
RZ'XSVYP PSV E RZMRW QSEVXIE #M G IWXI ZI#RMG ZMY, TVMQE PSV KVMN E JSWX W
PI QTVX#IEWG ZIVFEP EGIEWX GVIHMR' #M EPXSVE #M RY W-#M XVERWGVMI
EQMRXMVMPI HIWTVI YR XVIGYX VIGIRX. 7YRX GY XS'MM MYHIM #M HMWTYR HINE HI S
7GVMTXYV PE GEVI WI VETSVXIE^: 0IKIE, 4VSJI'MM #M 7GVMIVMPI. 8VIFYMI VIQEVGEX
G EGIEWX WMXYE'MI ZE HYVE TR PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE: EXYRGM GRH
-VMRIY ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI 7GVMTXYV, WI VIJIV RXSXHIEYRE PE 7GVMTXYVMPI MYHEMGI,
HI#M GYRSE#XI #M GMXIE^ )ZERKLIPMMPI, RXVI EPXI WGVMIVM. 4VSTSZHYMVIE TVMQMPSV
QEVXSVM VQRI E#EHEV YRE SVEP, GE #M EGIIE E RZ'XSVYPYM PSV, GY EXX QEM
QYPX GY GX WI E4 R E#XITXEVIE ETVSTMEXIM PYM VIZIRMVM. R XMQTYP E#XITXVMM,
EQMRXMVMPI WI RQYP'IWG, GMVGYP HI PE YR KVYT HI GVIHMRGMS#M PE EPXYP #M WI
GSRXYVIE^, PYRH JSVQE YRIM QIQSVMM GSPIGXMZI SVEPI, QEM RXM VIJIVMXSEVI PE
QSEVXIE PYM -MWYW #M PE QVXYVMMPI HIWTVI RZMIVIE WE IZIRMQIRX JSRHEXSV EP
RSMM GVIHMR'I HEV #M TVMZMXSEVI PE RZ'XYVE #M JETXIPI PYM -MWYW, 3IGEVI
IPIQIRX TYXRH 3 GYPIW R JIPYVMXIPI WEPI JSVQI. 1IQSVME GSPIGXMZ SVEP WI
HITPEWIE^ R WTE'MY (I HI ENYRW YR WMRKYV GPXSV E4EX R ZM^MX RXV-S EPX
GSQYRMXEXI) #M R XMQT (EXYRGM XVIFYMI XVERWQMW HI PE FXVRM PE GIM QEM XMRIVM,
HI PE TVMQE PE E HSYE KIRIVE'MI). 8SXY#M, YRIPI XVEHM'MM WI TSX XVERWTYRI R
WGVMW, 3I TIRXVY Y^ HMHEGXMG, 3I TIRXVY Y^ PMXYVKMG. 'IPI QEM ZIGLM XVIM I\IQTPI
HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ RI WYRX SJIVMXI HI XI\XIPI PYM 4EZIP. 4VMQYP, HEXRH HMR ERYP
50, IWXI S RZ'XYV PIKEX HI RZMIVIE QSV'MPSV (1 8IW 4, 15-P7), MRXVSHYW
HYT GYQ YVQIE^: 'GM EGIEWXE Z WTYRIQ, HYT GYZRXYP (SQRYPYM, HMR
GEVI RY VIKWMQ RW RMGM S YVQ R EPX TEVXI. %P HSMPIE XI\X IWXI TSZIWXMVIE
YPXMQIM GMRI E PYM -MWYW, RXV-S JSVQYPEVI PMXYVKMG HINE WXEFMP (1 'S 1, 23-25),
GEVI ZE 3 VIPYEX HI )ZERKLIPME HYT 0YGE. 4EZIP MRXVSHYGI WGIRE TVMR
QIR'MYRIE: 'GM IY HI PE (SQRYP EQ TVMQMX GIIE GI Z-EQ HEX #M ZSY, GEVI
XVIFYMI R'IPIEW: EQ TVMQMX S XVEHM'MI GEVI ZMRI HI PE (SQRYP #M Z-EQ
XVERWQMW-S ZSY. R WJV#MX, R YPXMQYP XI\X, 4EZIP VIEQMRXI#XI GSR'MRYXYP
FMRIZIWXMVMM WEPI GY TVMZMVI PE QSEVXIE, RQSVQRXEVIE #M RZMIVIE PYM -MWYW,
TVIGM^RH, HYT 3IGEVI XIVQIR, HYT 7GVMTXYVM, ETSM, JGRH ETIP PE
QIQSVME ZMI E QEVXSVMPSV, M IRYQIVE TI XS'M GIM GEVI EY EZYX TEVXI HI S
EVXEVI E PYM -MWYW. "M R EGIWX GE^, HIGPEV: :-EQ HEX ?.A GIIE GI #M IY EQ
TVMQMX (1 'S 15, 3-8). )TMWXSPE IWXI HEXE-FMP R ERYP 56. -EX, TVMR YVQEVI,
GYQ WI WXEFMPI#XI PER'YP XVERWQMXIVMM TIRXVY TVMQE KIRIVE'MI, RXVI S QIQSVMI
E 7GVMTXYVMPSV #M S QIQSVMI ZMI. 3 FYR TEVXI E QIQSVMIM VQRI XSXY#M
XVERWQMW TI GEPI SVEP #M, GY XVIGIVIE XMQTYPYM, PER'YP ME TVSTSV'MM. 9RMM
GSRWMHIV, FE^RHY-WI TI TVEGXMGMPI QIQSVMIM HMR %RXMGLMXEXI #M HMR PYQIE
MYHEMG R WTIGMEP, G XVERWQMXIVIE SVEP RY EPXIVIE^ JSRHYP #M RMGM JSVQE
GYZRXYPYM XVERWQMW. %P'MM WYRX QEM TY'MR GEXIKSVMGM, HYT GYQ I ZSVFE HI
^MGIVM M^SPEXI, HI TSZIWXMVM, HI EQMRXMVM 3\EXI TVMR I\IVGM'MY PMXYVKMG. *V
RHSMEP, XVIFYMI W I\EQMRQ 3IGEVI GE^ R TEVXI. 3VMGI XVERWQMXIVI
GSQTSVX YR VMWG HI HIZMIVI, HI EFEXIVI. REMRXI HI E HIZIRM XI\X EP
)ZERKLIPMMPSV, QIQSVME ZMI E JSWX TRHMX HI EGIWX TIVMGSP HI XVIM SVM: R
XVERWQMXIVIE WE SVEP, R XVERWTYRIVIE WE R WGVMW, TEV'MEP WEY JVEKQIRXEV
(GYZMRXIPI PYM -MWYW, EQMRXMVIE YRSVE HMRXVI JETXIPI WEPI) #M, R WJV#MX #M GY
TVIGHIVI, R VIHEGXVMPI HMZIVWI #M WYGGIWMZI GEVI EY GYPQMREX GY XI\XYP,
VIPEXMZ 3\, EP )ZERKLIPMMPSV. 'IIE GI RY M-E QTMIHMGEX TI WGVMMXSVMM GVI#XMRM HMR
KIRIVE'MMPI YVQXSEVI W GSRJIG'MSRIÎ YRISVM, WTVI E GSRJIVM QEM QYPX
EYXSVMXEXI TVSTVMYPYM HMWGYVW, VRHYVM HI XVEHM'MM GEQ TVIE HMVIGXI, GEVI ZSV 3
TVSZIRMRH HI PE ZVIYR ETSWXSP WEY TIVWSREN GI EV 3 GYRSWGYX GRHZE YR
ETSWXSP.
):%2+,)0- 746) 70%:% 09- -797. (EG QIQSVME GSPIGXMZ SVEP E JSWX
HIGPER#EX HI RGVIHMR'EVIE JIVQ G -MWYW VWXMKRMX IVE ZMY #M HEG EGIEWX
GVIHMR' IVE SFMIGXYP HI GTXM EP TVSTSZHYMVMM ETSWXSPMPSV, XVIFYME TVMR
YVQEVI GE EGI#XME RY HSEV W I\TYR JETXIPI #M W WI EVEXI IM R#M#M GE QEVXSVM
EM ETEVM'MMPSV PYM ,VMWXSW, GM W #M EVKYQIRXIÎ, W RWGVMI IZIRMQIRXYP MI#MX HMR
GSQYR RXV-S MWXSVMI QEM PYRK, GYRSWGYX EYHMXSVMPSV PSV, W-P EGSVHI
RZ'XSVYPYM PSV YR WXEXYX PE RP'MQIE MRXIVZIR'MIM HMZMRI GI EZYWIWI PSG R
JEZSEVIE PYM. -YHIM EHVIWRHY-WI EPXSV MYHIM R PIKXYV GY YR MYHIY WTR^YVEX
TI PIQR IM HMWTYRIEY HI EGIWX PSG EP QIQSVMIM GSQYRI GEVI IVEY
7GVMTXYVMPI, GY EPEMYP PSV HI SEQIRM EM PYM (YQRIÎY #M GY EVLMZIPI PSV HI
SVEGSPI TVSJIXMGI, MEV ETSM, QEM HITEVXI, GY XSEXI WTIGYPE'MMPI QIWMERMGI
IPEFSVEXI R HIGYVWYP E HSY WYXI HI ERM HI PE 'EVXIE PYM (ERMIP.
7GVMTXYVMPI GSRWXMXYMEY YR XIÊYV HI QIQSVMI HMWTSRMFMP R GEVI, PE
RGITYX, QIQSVME ZMI E WGSXSGMX WTVI E-#M QFSK'M TSZIWXMVIE. (YT EGIIE,
EZIE W WI HIWJ#SEVI YR EWIQIRIE XVEZEPMY GSRXMRYY EP QIQSVMIM WGVMT-
XYVMWXMGI, HIGIPEFMP R RYQVYP HI VIJIVMR'I I\TPMGMXI WEY EPY^MZI, RGX ZE PYE
RE#XIVI YR EHIZVEX WMWXIQ HI MRXIVTVIXEVI HIWTVI GEVI GSRWXEXQ G RY
TSEXI 3 GSRZMRKXSV HIGX TIRXVY MRXIVPSGYXSVM HI'MRRH EGIIE#M QIQSVMI
WGVMTXYVMWXMG. 2YQEM MYHIMM IVEY GETEFMPM W TIVGIET EVKYQIRXE'ME: -MWYW,
GYZMRXIPI #M JETXIPI WEPI, HEV QEM GY WIEQ QSEVXIE RNSWMXSEVI #M RZMIVIE PYM
WYRX RGYRYREVIE YRYM TPER ERYR'EX TVSJIXMG. -MWYW, HIZIRMX ,VMWXSW #M (SQR,
IWXI QTPMRMVIE 7GVMTXYVMPSV.
R XMQTYP ZMI'MM, -MWYW E TYXYX 3 WSGSXMX YR TVSVSG, YR RZ'XSV EP
R'IPITGMYRMM WEY YR YMQMXSV XQHYMXSV. 2MGMYRE HMRXVI EGIWXI IXMGLIXI RY IVE
RW TI TSXVMZE 'IPYM RZMEX. )VE I\GPYW W WI JEG EPY^MI PE ZVIS JYRG'MI VIKEP,
HYT QIR'MYRIE HI VIKI EP MYHIMPSV RWGVMW TI XMXYPYW GE QSXMZ EP
GSRHEQRVMM WEPI: EV 3 RWIQREX S TVSZSGEVI. %YXSVYP GV'MM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV
E EPGXYMX YR HMWGYVW, VSWXMX HI 4IXVY, GEVI MPYWXVIE^, TVMRXV-S WYMX HI XMXPYVM,
QYPXI EPXI ST'MYRM TSWMFMPI: -MWYW I RYQMX EMGM 7PYNMXSVYP (PYM (YQRIÎY), 'IP
WJRX, 'IP HVITX, RGITXSVYP ZMI'MM, 1IWME TXMQMXSVYP, ,VMWXSWYP XVMQMW RXM PE
ZSM, 4VSVSG (GE 1SMWI #M TVIZIWXMX HI EGIWXE: (SQRYP (YQRIÎY ZE VMHMGE
ZSY ?.A TVSVSG GE QMRI) (*% 3, 13-26). R TVEGXMG, XMXPYP HI 1IWME, HI ,VMWXSW,
IWXI GIP GEVI E JSWX RYQEM-HIGX RWY#MX, R GMYHE IGLMZSGYPYM WY, RXV-S
TIVMSEH R GEVI WI VMHMGEY EX'ME JEP#M QIWME; R WGLMQF, EZIE EZERXENYP HI E
3 YR EHNIGXMZ (9RW) GEVI JGIE XVMQMXIVI PE SVMGI RZIWXMXYV TIRXVY S QMWMYRI
HMZMR #M WI ETPMGE TVMR YVQEVI #M PYM -MWYW, GSRWMHIVEX XVMQMW EP PYM (YQRIÎY.
-MWYW ZE QEM 3 RW RYQMX R QSH JVIGZIRX #M (SQRYP (ETIPEXMZ HMZMR R
MYHEMWQ), TIRXVY E WIQRM3GE JETXYP G ZE QTVE'M #M HYT QSEVXI #M QEM
ZM^MFMP R WMRXEKQE ,VMWXSW (SQRYP, WMQFSP EP RSMM GVIHMR'I: ,VMWXSW IWXI
(SQRYP, R WJV#MX, RG HMR ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP, ,VMWXSW ETEVI GE *MY EP PYM
(YQRIÎY. %GIEWX VETMH #M MRGSQTPIX VIGETMXYPEVI RI ZE TIVQMXI, TSEXI,
W R'IPIKIQ YR JIRSQIR IWIR'MEP: QSHM3GEVIE MQIHMEX #M GSQTPIX E
VITVIÎRXVMM TI GEVI S EY HMWGMTSPMM EWYTVE EGIPYM -MWYW EPXYVM HI GEVI EY XVMX.
)M RY QEM TSX ZSVFM HIWTVI IP HIGX TVMR ZM^MYRIE TI GEVI S EY HI-EGYQ
HIWTVI (SQRYP GIP WPZMX. %GIEWXE IWXI KVMPE PSV HI MRXIVTVIXEVI E XVIGYXYPYM
VIGIRX #M IE QIXEQSVJSÎE^ QIQSVME ZMI: HEG TSZIWXIWG HIWTVI GIIE GI
IVE -MWYW, YGIRMGMM S JEG R JYRG'MI HI GIIE GI IWXI IP TIRXVY IM R TVIÎRX.
%XYRGM GRH, XVIMÎGM WEY TEXVYÎGM HI ERM QEM XV^MY, QIQSVME GSPIGXMZ
VITVIPYGVEX ZE 3 TYW WYF JSVQ HI IZERKLIPMI, TVSGIWYP E ENYRW PE GETX #M
MRXIVTVIXEVIE GEVI XVIFYMI HEX RXVIKMM PYGVVM IWXI GSRWMQ'MX JV KVIYXEXI,
HYT GEVI I TIGIXPYMX. (VITX I\IQTPY, )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EVGY, RGITRH GY
EGIWXI GYZMRXI: RGITYXYP )ZERKLIPMIM PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW, *MYP PYM
(YQRIÎY (1G 1, 1), P TYRI TI -MWYW W VIGYRSEWG IP RWY#M, GE VWTYRW PE
RXVIFEVIE TYW HI EVLMIVIY (QEVIPI TVISX), G IWXI RXSGQEM ,VMWXSWYP, *MYP
'IPYM FMRIGYZRXEX (1G 14, 6P-62), MEV TI WYXE# W S GSR3VQI, PE QSEVXIE PYM
-MWYW: 'Y EHIZVEX, SQYP EGIWXE IVE *MYP PYM (YQRIÎY! (1G 15, 39). RXV-YR
QSH EWIQRXSV, )ZERKLIPME HYT 0YGE ZIWXI#XI TVMR RKIVYP +EZVMMP, REMRXI
GLMEV HI RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW, G *MYP PYM (YQRIÎY WI ZE GLIQE (0I 1, 35) #M
RGLIMI R GLMT GYVMSW KIRIEPSKME EWGIRHIRX E PYM -MWYW: 3YP PYM 7IX, 3YP PYM
%HEQ, 3YP PYM (YQRIÎY (0I 3, 38).
%GIWXI GXIZE SFWIVZE'MM I\TPMG TS^M'ME MWXSVMGYPYM R JE'E EGIWXSV XI\XI:
RMGM S VIGSRWXMXYMVI, QGEV TEV'MEP, GEVI W RY 3I EPIEXSVMI; RXVITXVYRHIVI
GSRWXERX, R )ZERKLIPMMPI WGVMWI GY QEM QYPXI HIGIRMM HYT IZIRMQIRXI, RXVI
YR XVIGYX TSZIWXMX #M YR TVIÎRX MRXIVTVIXEXMZ; REVE'MYRI JSEVXI IPEFSVEX, HEV
HIGSRIGXEX HI PSGYVMPI EG'MYRMM, QMQRH IJIGXI HI VIEP RXV-S XIQTSVEPMXEXI
HIGEPEX. 3 VITVIÎRXE'MI XIEXVEP, W-EV WTYRI, EPI GVIM WGIRI WYGGIWMZI RY
HI^ZPYMI EHIZVEXE MRXVMK, R XMQT GI YR GSV MRXIVZMRI WTVI E-P GSRJIVM
GSIVIR', WGERHRH: -EX GYQ XVIFYMI R'IPIWI PYGVYVMPI!. 0E WGIRE 3REP,
MWXSVMGYP WI STVI#XI; VIGYRSE#XI GVIHMR'E R RZMIVIE PYM -MWYW GE TI YR JETX HI
MWXSVMI, HEV RZMIVIE RW#M WI WYWXVEKI MWXSVMIM. 'IP TY'MR, TSEXI WTYRI G, HI#M
QIWENYP IWXI GPEV, XVERWTYRIVIE PYM R TSZIWXMVI, QIRMX XSXY#M W HIE XIQIM
QVXYVMMPSV, VQRI TVSFPIQEXMG. (I I\IQTPY, XI\XYP GIP QEM ZIGLM, GMXEX QEM
REMRXI (1 'S 15, 3-8) IWXI, TVMR JSVQE WE, YR XI\X HINE XVEHM'MSREP, VIPYEX HI
4EZIP. 1EVXSVM RG ZMM, TI GEVI )ZERKLIPME RY-P GYRSE#XI, WYRX EMGM QIR'MSRE'M
#M, VIGMTVSG, 4EZIP RY EVI GYRS#XMR' HIWTVI QEM QYPXI TSZIWXMVM GY ETEVM'MM EPI
PYM -MWYW, GYRSWGYXI RW )ZERKLIPMMPSV. 'YQ WI I\TPMG# 8VIFYMI SEVI W RI
MQEKMRQ, RXVI -IVYWEPMQ #M 4EZIP, S VYTXYV R XVERWQMXIVIE YRSV XVEHM'MM EXX
HI LSXVXSEVI TIRXVY GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR# RXV-EXX HI WXVMR W 3I 4EZIP HI
HSGYQIRXIPI-QIQSVMEP TI GEVI PI-EY YXMPMÊX IZERKLIPM#XMM# 7 RY 3I YRIPI
TSZIWXMVM HIWTVI ETEVM'MMPI LVMWXMGI HIGX RM#XI GSRWXVYGXI PMXIVEVI#
"- 8389"- -797# 'YXEVIE PYM -MWYW R MWXSVMI RY E JSWX RW EFERHSREX.
7-E JGYX S TVSTYRIVI VI^SREFMP, 'MRXMRH W HMWGIEVR RY ZME'E YRYM -MWYW
MWXSVMG, GM ERYQMXI GEVEGXIVMWXMGM EPI GYZMRXIPSV #M JETXIPSV WEPI GEVI M-EV TYXIE
WYFPMRME WMRKYPEVMXEXIE: RIVI'MRIVIE, HMR QEXIVMEPYP XVEHM'MSREP, HIGX E GIIE GI
RY WI VIKWI#XI R MYHEMWQYP XMQTYPYM WY #M E GIIE GI RY VI4IGX LVMWXSPSKME
#M TVISGYTVMPI GSQYRMX'MPSV GVI#XMRI. %GIEWXE TVIWYTYRIE W WI QMÎÎ TI
HMJIVIR', HEV #M TI S IZIRXYEP GSRXMRYMXEXI RXVI -MWYW #M QIWENYP TI GEVI
RWI#M EGIWXI GSQYRMX'M P TSEVX HI-E PYRKYP )ZERKLIPMMPSV. 'IVGIXVMPI GEVI
EY HIGYVW HMR EGIWX HIQIVW EY JSWX WIVMSEWI #M MRXIVIWERXI, R XMQT GI
GSRGPY^MMPI EY VQEW, GYQ WI #M GYZMRI, MTSXIXMGI. %TSM, HSGYQIRXE'ME
VIRRSMX EWYTVE GEHVYPYM MWXSVMG R GEVI E XVMX -MWYW E JGYX W VIZMR R TVMQ-
TPER RY HMJIVIR'IPI, GM EWIQRVMPI. (MRXV-S HEX, VEQE E ENYRW W 3I HMR RSY
TSPIMX, RW XEFPSYP RY E JSWX VIWXEYVEX HSEV HMRXV-EXX: RY W-E JGYX HIGX W
WI TVSMIGXIÎ EWYTVE XEFPSYPYM YR VI4I\ WEY EPXYP HMR PYQMRE VEQIM. -MWYW IWXI
GRH GSRWMHIVEX QEM ETVSTMEX HI RZ'XSVMM JEVMWIM HIGX HI SVMGEVI EP'MM, GRH
IWXI XVEW I\EKIVEX HI TEVXIE 5YQVERYPYM #M E IWIRMIRMPSV. R WJV#MX, HI ZVIS
GMRGMWTVIÎGI ERM, YR ZEWX TVSMIGX RXVITVMRW R 7XEXIPI 9RMXI HI WTIGMEPM#XM
VIGYRSWGY'M E VIPYEX GLIWXMYRIE GYZMRXIPSV PYM -MWYW, TSVRMRH HI PE YR GSVTYW
PVKMX, TI FYR HVITXEXI, PE XI\XIPI ETSGVMJI GVI#XMRI (#M, R TVMQYP VRH, PE
)ZERKLIPME PYM 8SQE), GY EQFM'ME HI E QWYVE KVEHYP HI ZIVSWMQMPMXEXI
MWXSVMG E GYPIKIVMPSV HI WIRXMR'I EXVMFYMXI PYM -MWYW _PSKME). 2Y WI TYRI
TVSFPIQE W I\TYRIQ EMGM QIXSHIPI YXMPMÊXI #M RMGM GVMXMGMPI RSEWXVI PE EHVIWE
ETPMGVMM PSV. 7 WTYRIQ HSEV G PYGVVMPI RWGYXI HMR EGIEWX GIVGIXEVI, HEV
GEVI RY-P ERKENIE^ HIGX TI EYXSVMM PSV #M RY TI XS'M QIQFVMM TVSMIGXYPYM,
WGLM'IE^ R GSRGPY^ME EREPMÎPSV RM#XI TSVXVIXI EPI PYM -MWYW GIP TY'MR
HIVYXERXI, VIMI#MRH, IZMHIRX, HMR EGIPI GYZMRXI EPI PYM -MWYW, HYT XSEXI
ETEVIR'IPI, MWXSVMGI TI GEVI PI-EY PYEX R GSRWMHIVEVI. 4SXVMZMX YRIME HMRXVI
PYGVVM, IP EV 3 JSWX YR 'VER KEPMPIER EP GVYM QIWEN EV 3 QEM ETVSTMEX HI GIP EP
3PSWS3PSV GMRMGM KVIGM; TSXVMZMX EPXIME, -MWYW EV 3 QEM GYVRH YR RZ'XSV EP
R'IPITGMYRMM HIGX ZIWXMXSVYP QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY. 3VM^SRXYP IWLEXSPSKMG
IWXI IWXSQTEX, HEG RY GLMEV MRI\MWXIRX. %Q Z^YX G, TSXVMZMX PYM 1EVGY, -MWYW
#M-EV 3 RGITYX EGXMZMXEXIE TYFPMG TVMR ZIWXMVIE YRYM QIWEN ETVSTMEX HI GIP EP
&SXI^XSVYPYM: ETVSTMEX, HEV RY MHIRXMG; RY ZMRI R YVQE QIE 'IP GI IWXI., GM
W-E ETVSTMEX QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY.; R TPYW, )ZERKLIPME E HSYE WI
GSRWEGV W EVEXI G WIQRIPI EGIWXIM QTV'MM WYRX HINE TVIÎRXI EXX R
HMWGYVWYP, GX #M R JETXIPI PYM -MWYW, RÎWXVEX GY S EYXSVMXEXI TI GEVI S HI'MRI
R ZMVXYXIE PIKXYVMM WEPI GY (YQRIÎY, TI GEVI P RYQI#XI XEX EP WY. "M
EXYRGM, RZ'XSV EP R'IPITGMYRMM WEY ZIWXMXSV HMZMR# -WXSVMGYP WI QVKMRI#XI PE
GXIZE VIQEVGM.
%XYRGM GRH -MWYW RI IWXI TVIÎRXEX GE ZSVFMRH GY EYXSVMXEXI, TI XIQE
8SVIM QEM GY WIEQ, TEVI G TSEXI 3 RWGVMW RXV-S XVEHM'MI TVSJIXMG, QEM
HIKVEF HIGX R HIWGIRHIR'E XPGYMXSVMPSV 0IKMM. -YHIY TI HI-E-RXVIKYP, IP RY
TYRI R HMWGY'MI 0IKIE WGVMW HI GTXM #M VI'MRI RSVQE JSVQYPEX HI
0IKIE RW#M: -EX! &M-EQ TYW EWX^M HMREMRXI ZME'E #M FMRIPI, QSEVXIE #M VYP.
(MWXMRG'ME RXVI TYV #M MQTYV, GSR'MRYX R 0IKI, XVIFYMI HIGM VIWTIGXEX. (EV
GYQ W QTPMRI#XM S JETX GYVEX GRH EM S MRMQ VIE; GYQ, R RYQIPI
GYV'MIM #M EP VIWTIGXVMM TVIGITXYPYM, W VIJY^M KIWXYP GEVI QRXYMI#XI# 7I
TSEXI GE -MWYW W 3 TVIPYEX WEY W 3 VIKWMX PMRME TVSJIXMG TIRXVY GEVI WMQTPE
QERMJIWXEVI I\XIVMSEV E YRYM VMX WEY E YRYM TVIGITX IVE WY3GMIRX,
EPXYVRHY-WI EWXJIP TS^M'MIM EPXSV RZ'XSVM MYHIM EM ITSGMM PYM.
1EM I\MWX YR GVMXIVMY TIRXVY E VITIVE, GIP TY'MR, TYRGXIPI EWYTVE GVSVE
XVEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG E TYXYX TWXVE GY SEVIGEVI #ERWI HI 3HIPMXEXI ERYQMXI
EWTIGXI EPI RZ'XYVMM WEY EPI TYVXVMM PYM -MWYW. (I GI E VETSVXEX EGIEWX
XVEHM'MI GYZMRXI #M HEXMRM GEVI RY EY JSWX GSR3VQEXI HI JETXI WEY TI GEVI
GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI RY PI-EY VIWTIGXEX# 7 HQ HSY I\IQTPI. 1)
)ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI VIPEXIE^, TEXVYÎGM WEY #EMÎGM HI ERM QEM XV^MY,
HIGPEVE'MM EPI PYM -MWYW GY TVMZMVI PE WJV#MXYP PYQMM #M PE .YHIGEX, ZIWXMXI TIRXVY
KIRIVE'ME ZVIQMM. 7JV#MXYP RY E ZIRMX, RW E#XITXEVIE PYM E VQEW ZMI TVMRXVI
TVMQIPI KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI (4EZIP QVXYVMWI#XI HIWTVI IE). (I GI M-EV 3 EXVMFYMX
XVEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG PYM -MWYW S TVIZIWXMVI GEVI RY E JSWX GSR3VQEX, VMWGRH W
JEG HMR IP YR TVSVSG QMRGMRSW# 2) 'IPI TEXVY )ZERKLIPMM E3VQ PESPEPX G
-MWYW WI HIWIQRE IP RWY#M GE *MY EP 3QYPYM, GRH R WIRWYP SFM#RYMX EP
GYZRXYPYM, GRH, QEM HIW, TVMR VETSVXEVI PE TIVWSRENYP GIPIWX HMR 'EVXIE PYM
(ERMIP, RYQEM HEG RY ZE 3 ZSVFMX GYQZE YRISVM HIWTVI S EPX 3KYV GI EZIE
W ZMR. 3V, RMGM GSQYRMX'MPI ZIGLM, RMGM &MWIVMGE HI HYT IPI RY EY
RXVIFYMR'EX I\TVIWME TIRXVY E ZSVFM HIWTVI -MWYW WEY HIWTVI ,VMWXSW. (MR HSY,
YRE: WEY XVEHM'ME SVEP IVE EXX HI FMRI WXEXSVRMGMX RGX )ZERKLIPMMPI R-EY
JGYX HIGX W S XVERWQMX, WEY )ZERKLIPMMPI EY EPIW W-P TVI^MRXI EWXJIP TI
-MWYW R PMTWE SVMGVIM XVEHM'MM, FE GLMEV QTSXVMZE SFMGIMYPYM GSQYRMX'MM. 'IIE
GI EV 3 WXVERMY. R EQFIPI GE^YVM, TYXIQ GIP TY'MR HIWPY#M KVIYXEXIE GY GEVI E
GRXVMX VITVIÎRXEVIE HERMIPMG #M TIVWSRENYP WY IWLEXSPSKMG QSHIP EP
EXXSV EPXSV WGIRI HMR XI\XIPI ETSGEPMTXMGI WGVMWI R HIGYVWYP E TIWXI HSY
WIGSPI.
-IVYWEPMQYP S GSQYRMXEXI GEVI HIZMRI &MWIVMG.
0E QSEVXIE PYM -MWYW, PYGVEVIE EGIWXYME TEVI W 3 GSRHYW PE YR I#IG.
8SXY#M, GVIHMR'E R RZMIVIE PYM, E3VQEX R RYQIPI ETEVM'MMPSV PE GEVI YRMM WYW'MR
G EY JSWX QEVXSVM, EHYR GVIHMRGMS#M PESPEPX YGIRMGMM WM, GXIZE JIQIM,
QIQFVMM TVSTVMIM JEQMPMM. )M M ZSV GSRXMRYE STIVE, PE TSVYRGE RM WI WTYRI
'IPYM RZMEX. 8SXYP WI TIXVIGI PE -IVYWEPMQ #M RY HMWTYRIQ, TIRXVY XSEX
EGIEWX TIVMSEH HI RGITYX, HI EPX M^ZSV HIGX GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV,
PYGVEVI GI VIGSRWXVYMI#XI MWXSVME GE TI S ITSTII E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM YRMX, EM GVIM
IVSM #XMY W VI^SPZI GY R'IPITGMYRI SVMGI VMWG HI HMJIVIRH RXVI IM #M W-#M
GSRNYKI IRIVKME WTVI E ZIWXM RSYE IZERKLIPMI: ,VMWXSW E RZMEX, QSEVXIE #M
RZMIVIE PYM WYRX QTPMRMVIE E GIIE GI EY TVI^MW RWI#M 7GVMTXYVMPI, GY GSRHM'ME
HI E #XM W PI GMXMQ. -RJSVQE'MMPI TI GEVI RM PI SJIV *ETXIPI XVIFYMI TVMZMXI, TVMR
YVQEVI, GY QYPX TVYHIR'. 2I ZSQ PMQMXE EMGM PE GXIZE EWTIGXI IWIR'MEPI
TIRXVY S MWXSVMI GEVI WI QIR'MRI TVSFPIQEXMG.
3 +694%6) -9(%-' 2 '967 () 36+%2->%6). 4VMQE RIHYQIVMVI: HI
GI ZMR KEPMPIIRMM W WI E#IÎ PE -IVYWEPMQ# %V EZIE, HSEV, QEM QYPXI VMWGYVM HI
RJVYRXEX EMGM. 7 3I SEVI HISEVIGI GETMXEPE YVQIE^ E 3 PSGYP IZIRMQIRXIPSV
IWLEXSPSKMGI TVIZ^YXI HI -MWYW# 7EY PSGYP TI GEVI P ZE EPIKI -MWYW TIRXVY
RXSEVGIVIE PYM R WPEZ# 2MQMG RY RI-S TVIGMÎE^, RW TIRXVY EYXSVYP
*ETXIPSV, EGIWXE IWXI JV RHSMEP PSGYP MHIEP, HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI WMQFSPMG #M
TVEGXMG, HMR GEVI WI ZE VWTRHM RSYE GVIHMR'.
+VYTEVIE WI SVKERMÎE^. 'XIZE RWIQRVM RI MRHMG #M GYQ ERYQI:
TYRIVIE R GSQYR E FYRYVMPSV, ETSM ZRÊVIE PSV, TIRXVY E WEXMWJEGI
XVIFYMR'IPI XYXYVSV (W 3 JSWX EGIWXE YR PYGVY HI TVMQ RIGIWMXEXI TIRXVY RM#XI
TVSZMRGMEPM GEVI WI MRWXEPIE^ R GIXEXI, MEV QEM ETSM S VIKYP#), RZ'XYVE
ETSWXSPMPSV, VYKGMYRIE, QIWIPI PYEXI R GSQYR, TVIÎR'E ^MPRMG PE 8IQTPY PI
VMXQIE^ I\MWXIR'E. 2SMM EHIT'M WYRX EHQM#M R KVYTYP W3R'MPSV TVMRXV-YR FSXI^
R RYQIPI PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW. *V RHSMEP, YGIRMGMM HI TVMQ SV RY EY GYXEX
EPX VMX HI MRXVEVI R KVYTYP PSV VIWXVRW HIGX EGIWX FSXI^, TI GEVI P
GYRSWGYWIV R XSZV#ME PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP (PIKIRHE YPXIVMSEV ZE EXVMFYM
EGIEWX TVEGXMG 'IPYM RZMEX). (I EPXJH, IWXI.GY RITYXMR' W VIGYRSE#XIQ R
EGIWXI RGITYXYVM MR4YIR'E VIEP E KVYTYPYM #M E QVXYVMIM WEPI: *ETXIPI SJIV
GMJVE RIZIVSWMQMP HI XVIM QMM, ETSM HI GMRGM QMM HI RSM GVIHMRGMS#M R WTE'MYP E
HSEV GXIZE ^MPI, QEM XV^MY TSQIRMRH HI S QYP'MQI HI TVIS'M. )WXI QEM
TVSFEFMP GE RYQVYP EHI^MYRMPSV W 3 JSWX QEM QSHIWX #M GE QMGE SF#XI W RY
WI 3 PVKMX HIGX XVITXEX. 7 SFWIVZQ R XVIEGX IPIQIRXIPI GEVI EY PWEX W
WI RXVIZEH MHIIE YRIM SVKERM^VM, HIWMKYV QEM TY'MR WXVMGXI, HI XMT IWIRMER:
TVEGXMGE FETXMW-QEP, FYRYVMPI R GSQYR, QEWE GSQYR, GSRHYGIVIE EWMKYVEX
HI HSMWTVIÎGI FVFE'M (HYT RPSGYMVIE PYM -YHE GY YR SFWGYV 1EXME).
RXV-EHIZV, GIM (SMWTVIÎGI YGIRMGM HIZIRM'M ETSWXSPM, EHMG XVMQM#M,
QTYXIVRMGM'M HI 'IP RZMEX, RXVYGX P-EY YVQEX R XMQTYP ZMI'MM PYM #M P-EY Z^YX
HYT VIZIRMVIE PE ZME' GSRHYG KVYTYP. *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV P E#E^ R TVMQ-
TPER TI 4IXVY: IP I GIP GEVI ZSVFI#XI, GEVI EHQMRMWXVIE^, GEVI RXVYGLMTIE^
JYRG'ME ETSWXSPMG. -SER ETEVI EPXYVM HI IP R QEM QYPXI VRHYVM, YR QEVXSV
RXSXHIEYRE XGYX. 7EVGMRE HI GTXM IWXI TVSTS-ZHYMVIE R EJEVE GIVGYPYM HI
GVIHMRGMS#M, TI GEVI *ETXIPI P RYQIWG HIWXYP HI KVEFRMG &MWIVMGE (HI PE YR
GYZRX KVIG HIWIQRRH EHYREVIE GIX'IRMPSV R GIX'MPI IPMRI, YXMPMÊX #M R
7ITXYEKMRXE TIRXVY E XVEHYGI IFVEMGYP EHYREVIE PYM -ELZI, EHMG EHYREVIE
TSTSVYPYM -WVEIP R HI#IVX). 4SZIWXMVMPI *ETXIPSV RI HIWGVMY YR 4IXVY QEVI
SVEXSV, GYVENSW, XIQIVEV GLMEV, RGLMW S HEX GY -SER, VMHMGRH KPEWYP R JE'E
7MRIHVMYPYM, FMGMYMX GY ZIVKM GE #M XSZEV#YP WY. 6IMIWI HMR EGIWX XEFPSY G
4IXVY ZE 3 EZYX, TVSFEFMP, YR VSP WTIGMEP, RXVYGX ETEVI GE WMRKYVYP HMRXVI
ETSWXSPM GEVI E MI#MX HMR -IVYWEPMQ TIRXVY S ZM^MX HI MRWTIG'MI R GQTME HI
GSEWX. 1EM VI^YPX G TVSTSZHYMVIE RSMM IZERKLIPMM E JSWX JGYX GY HIWXYP
RHV^RIEP RGX W EXVEK QSEVXIE ZMSPIRX E QYPXSVE.
)0)2-"8-. %GIWX KVYT ETEVI RY WI #XMI GRH R SF#XIE MIVYWEPMQM-XIER.
R TVMQE TSZIWXMVI GEVI PI IWXI RGLMREX, EGI#XM MYHIM IPIRMÊ'M #M IPIRSJSRM,
TVSZIRM'M HMR HMEWTSVE #M ZIRM'M PE GVIHMR'E R ,VMWXSW, EV 3 EZYX YR HMJIVIRH GY
IZVIMM, PIKEX HI YR MRGMHIRX QMRSV: RIKPMNEVIE ENYXSVYPYM GYZIRMX ZHYZIPSV
EGIWXSVE. 4SZIWXIE IWXI KVEFRMG WSPY'MSREX: PM WI RGVIHMR'IE^ WPYNMVIE PE
QIWI. 6IEPMXEXIE E JSWX, JV RHSMEP, GY XSXYP EPXE, MEV GSR4MGXYP QYPX QEM
EHRG. RXV-EHIZV, IPIRM#XMM WI HSZIHIWG E 3 TVSTSZHYMXSVM GY MHIM VEHMGEPI,
TI GEVI GIM (SMWTVIÎGI RY PI TYXIEY QTVX#M. "XIJER, YRYP HMRXVI IPIRM#XM,
EGYÊX HI EP'M MYHIM HMR HMEWTSVE HI FPEWJIQMI QTSXVMZE PYM 1SMWI #M
QTSXVMZE PYM (YQRIÎY, EV 3 JSWX HYW R JE'E 7MRIHVMYPYM, YRHI W-EV 3 HIHEX
YRIM GVMXMGM EXX HI ZMSPIRXI QTSXVMZE NIVXJIPSV #M E 8IQTPYPYM, RGX EV 3 JSWX
EVYRGEX EJEV #M PETMHEX. 2YQEM HEG EGIEWX TYRIVI R WGIR RY E JSWX GYQZE
JEFVMGEX HI EYXSVYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV, TIRXVY E I\TYRI, RXV-YR PYRK HMWGYVW
HMR QMRXIE PYM, GIIE GI #XME HIWTVI TS^M'ME IPIRM#XMPSV, GE^ R GEVI "XIJER EV 3
JSWX HSEV PMR#EX. 6IEG'ME EYXSVMX'MPSV MYHII, TVIWYTYW E WI 3 EFXYX EXYRGM
EWYTVE &MWIVMGMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, RY-P EJIGXIE^ R JETX HIGX TI IPIRM#XM, GEVI WI
QTV#XMI #M GEVI #M ZSV GSRXMRYE EGXMZMXEXIE R 7EQEVME #M -YHIIE. 'X HIWTVI
ETSWXSPM, IM VQR PE -IVYWEPMQ, RIJGRHY-#M KVMNM. %GIEWX TVMQ VYTXYV,
HI^ZPYMX TVMRXV-S RJVYRXEVI RXVI MYHIM #M HMEWTSVE, TIVQMXI W WI RXVIZEH
GSRWXMXYMVIE XIRHMR'IPSV HMZIVWI R WMRYP GSQYRMX'MM HI RGITYX.
R TS3HE YRIM GVIHMR'I GSQYRI, TS^M'ME IPIRM#XMPSV IVE MRGSQTEXMFMP GY
GIE E JVE'MPSV PSV TEPIWXMRMIRM #M ERYQI HMRXV-YR QSXMZ GETMXEP: MYHIM #M YRMM #M
EP'MM, RY EZIEY EGIIE#M GSRGIT'MI HIWTVI GIIE GI RWIQRE VIPMKME PSV GSQYR:
TVMQE QERMJIWXEVI E YRIM HMZIVKIR'I GEVI ZE M^FYGRM HMR RSY PE WGYVX ZVIQI.
+69496- 146"8-%8). %TVYXI HI TI YVQE EGXMZMX'MM IPIRM#XMPSV WEY
EPGXYMXI HMR GVIHMRGMS#M REMRXI HI TVWMVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM, QMGM KVYTYVM HI
HMWGMTSPM WI R3VMTIE^ R 7EQEVME #M R -YHIIE. &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ M XVMQMXI
TI 4IXVY #M -SER R 7EQEVME, YRHI GIM HSM ETSWXSPM S3GMEPMÎE^ GSRZIVXMVMPI
WZV#MXI HI IPIRMWXYP *MPMT. 'IZE QEM XV^MY, 4IXVY ZE ZM^MXE W3R'MM HMR 0MHE,
ETSM HMR -STI, YRHI ZE VQRI GXZE XMQT. %GSPS P TVMQI#XI TI YR WYXE#
XIQXSV HI (YQRIÎY, GEVI PSGYME PE 'IÊVIIE #M TI GEVI S GLIQEVI P
JGYWI W ZMR W GIEV RZ'XYV. 4SXVMZMX *ETXIPSV, S ZM^MYRI P-E TVIKXMX, HMR
JIVMGMVI, TI 4IXVY W-#M RZMRK VI'MRIVMPI HI E EZIE YR GSRXEGX GY YR RIMYHIY.
4VMR YVQEVI, QIVKI PE WYXE# #M, EFME GI #M RGLIMI I\TYRIVIE HIWTVI GVIHMR',
G (YLYP 7JRX WI #M GSFSEV EWYTVE EWGYPXXSVMPSV, TI GEVI 4IXVY RY EVI
RGSXVS #M M FSXIE^. 8SX TSXVMZMX *ETXIPSV, 4IXVY EV 3 EWXJIP TVMQYP GEVI E JGYX
W TXVYRH R VRHYP W3R'MPSV YR RIGMVGYQGMW, HMQTVIYR GY XS'M GEWRMGMM
PYM, PYGVY TIRXVY GEVI 4IXVY ZE XVIFYM W HIE RHIPYRK WSGSXIEP PE RXSEVGIVI.
3FWIVZQ G *ETXIPI EY KVMN W JEG HMR &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ GIRXVYP GEVI
GSRXVSPIE^ RXVIEKE EGXMZMXEXI. (EV, QEM QYPX HIGX EXX, EYXSVYP GV'MM ZVIE
W HSZIHIEWG TVMR EGIEWX TSZIWXMVI G TVSTSZHYMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM R VRHYP
RIMYHIMPSV IWXI YR TPER GEVI ZMRI HI PE (YQRIÎY, TIRXVY GEVI 4IXVY IWXI YR
MRWXVYQIRX. 2Y-P TYXIQ VITVS#E, TVMR YVQEVI, PYM 4EZIP G JEGI GIIE GI 4IXVY
JGYWI HINE REMRXIE PYM.
890&966- 2 &-7)6-'% -)697%0-1909-. *V E M WI GYRSE#XI QSXMZYP
I\EGX, -VSH %KVMTE -, VIKI EP -YHIMM #M 7EQEVMIM HMR ERYP 41, E HMWTYW XMIVIE
GETYPYM YRYME HMRXVI GIM (SMWTVIÎGI, -EGSZ, JVEXIPI PYM -SER, VITIXRH EWXJIP
KIWXYP XEXPYM WY JE' HI &SXI^XSV. 4YRI ETSM W 3I RXIQRM'EX 4IXVY, GEVI,
IPMFIVEX R GLMT QMVEGYPSW, HMWTEVI. 2Y WI QEM E4 R JVYRXIE &MWIVMGMM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ #M TEVI W RY WI QEM VIRXSEVG EMGM HIGX TIRXVY EHYREVIE RGLMREX
TVSFPIQIM EHQMXIVMM RIIZVIMPSV R &MWIVMGM. (I EGYQ REMRXI, -EGSZ, JVEXIPI PYM
-MWYW, IWXI GSRHYGXSVYP &MWIVMGMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ. R EGIWX WIRW, WI ZSVFI#XI TI
FYR HVITXEXI HIWTVI S WYGGIWMYRI HMREWXMG, TVIPYRKMX HI EPXQMRXIVM #M HYT
-EGSZ. 3 XVEHM'MI TWXVEX HI )YWIFMY P HIWGVMI GE TI YR EWGIX T^MRH GY
W3R'IRMI 0IKIE, EHQMVEX HI TSTSV TIRXVY GYGIVRMGME WE. (I-E PYRKYP GIPSV
STXWTVIÎGI ERM R GEVI #M-E I\IVGMXEX JYRG'ME, W-E WXVHYMX, FM^YMRHY-WI TI YR
KVYT HI FXVRM, W QIR'MR YRMXEXIE XYXYVSV &MWIVMGMPSV PSGEPI, EP GVSV
RYQV GVI#XIE #M E MQTYW GY JIVQMXEXI VIGYRSE#XIVIE EYXSVMX'MM &MWIVMGMM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ. (EG E EGGITXEX ZVIYR GSQTVSQMW R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI GSRHM'MMPI GI
XVIFYMEY TYWI PE GSRZIVXMVIE GIPSV RIGMVGYQGM#M, E JSWX S I\GIT'MI, TIRXVY E
RPIWRM MRXIKVEVIE YRIM QMRSVMX'M R GSQYRMX'M QENSVMXEV MYHEMGI. 7-E HSZIHMX
RW RIRHYTPIGEX JE' HI SVMGI JVQ HI GSQTVSQMW, EXYRGM GRH
QMRSVMXEXIE E HIZIRMX QENSVMXEXI. 7-E RXQTPEX R GE^YP %RXMSLMIM, YRHI 4IXVY
#M &EVREFE EY GSRWMQ'MX W QRRGI PE EGIIE#M QEW GY RIMYHIM, WGLMQ-
FRHY-#M RW EXMXYHMRIE WYF TVIWMYRIE XVMQM#MPSV PYM -EGSZ, HYT GYQ
MWXSVMWI#XI 4EZIP (+E 2, P-P5). 'Y EXX QEM QYPX RY-#M TYXIE RGLMTYM -EGSZ
GSQYRMX'M RKHYMRHY-#M W MKRSVI VIKYPMPI WXEXSVRMGMXI! 1SEVXIE PYM, R ERYP
62, IWXI GSRWIQREX HI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M, QEM XV^MY, HI )YWIFMY, HYT
1IQSVMMPI PYM ,IKIWMT. 4SXVMZMX PYM .SWITLYW, -EGSZ E JSWX GSRHEQREX HI
WMRIHVMY TIRXVY RGPGEVIE 0IKMM QSÊMGI, ETSM SQSVX GY TMIXVI, QTVIYR GY
EP'M G'MZE. &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ IVE HI^SVKERMÊX. 4VIZIRM'M HI YR SVEGSP,
QIQFVMM IM WTYRI )YWIFMY EY TVWMX GIXEXIE RG REMRXI HI V^FSM,
VIJYKMMRHY-WI PE 4IPPE, R (IGETSPI. (YT HMWXVYKIVIE SVE#YPYM, VIJYKME'MM EY
VIZIRMX PE -IVYWEPMQ #M, TSXVMZMX EGIPYME#M )YWIFMY, EY RYQMX YR ZV EP PYM -MWYW
GE WYGGIWSV EP PYM -EGSZ. :VIQYVMPI WI WGLMQFEWIV RW, MEV &MWIVMGE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM RY #M-E QEM VIKWMX RMGM MR4YIR'E, RMGM EYXSVMXEXIE EWYTVE
GIPSVPEPXI &MWIVMGM.
%GIEWX XVIGIVI R VIZMWX PEW R WYWTIRWMI HIWXYPI GLIWXMYRM: 9R PYGVY
I GIVX: RMQIRM RY W-E KRHMX, R VWXMQTYP EGIWXSV HSYÎGM #M GMRGM WEY XVIMÎGM
HI ERM HI RGITYX, W MRWXMXYMI QM#GEVIE RWGYX HMR GVIHMR'E R -MWYW RXV-S
RSY JSVQ VIPMKMSEW. )E IWXI TIVGITYX #M XVMX GE YR GYVIRX MYHIY RXVI
QYPXI EPXIPI. 2Y IWXI HISGEQHEX RMGM QGEV S HMWMHIR'. 'LMEV HEG I
EHIZVEX G PE %RXMSLME PM W-E HEX EHIT'MPSV EGIWXIM QM#GVM RYQIPI HI
GVI#XMRM, RY WI TSEXI ZSVFM HI GVI#XMRMWQ, RMGM QGEV HI GVI#XMRMWQ MYHIY.
R WGLMQF, IWXI YR GYVIRX GEVI EGSTIV S QEVI HMZIVWMXEXI. )P VIYRI#XI,
RXV-EHIZV, IZVIM TEPIWXMRMIRM, KEPMPIIRM #M HMR -YHIIE, TVIGYQ #M IZVIM SVMKMREVM
HMR HMJIVMXI PSGYVM EPI HMEWTSVIM; YRIPI GIVGYVM WI GSRWXMXYMI R JYRG'MI HI
GSQYRMXEXIE HI SVMKMRI, HI XVIGYX, HI GYPXYV, HI PMQF, HI EPMTMVIE WEY RY PE
YR EWTIGX WEY EPXYP EP TVEGXMGMM VIPMKMSEWI. (I EPXJIP, EGIWXI GIVGYVM RY WYRX
WXEFMPI: GSRJVYRXEXI GY S HM3GYPXEXI, GY S TVSFPIQ RSY, KVYTVMPI WI JEG #M WI
HIWJEG, TVSZSGRH EPMER'I TVSZM^SVMM WEY HIWTV'MVM HI3RMXMZI. R WJV#MX, YRIPI
KVYTYVM WYRX PIKEXI HI TVMRGMTEPMM PSV GSRHYGXSVM, WTVMNMRMRHY-P, HEV #M
VIZIRHMGRHY-WI HI PE EYXSVMXEXIE PSV, GE R GE^YP FXVRMPSV HMR NYVYP PYM
-EGSZ. 4IXVY E JSWX WYW'MRYX HI EP'M ETSWXSPM. 4EZIP E EZYX #M IP TEVXMÊRMM PYM. 7-E
TYW RXVIFEVIE HEG XGIVIE WXVYMXSEVI E PYM -SER, HYT GYQ VIMIWI HMR
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, RY EWGYRHIE I\MWXIR'E YRYM KVYT GEVI M-EV 3 JSWX ETVSTMEX
#M GEVI W-EV 3 'MRYX R YQFV.
)PIRM#XMM, JSRHEXSVMM &MWIVMGMM HMR %RXMSLME, RY EPGXYMIWG RMGM IM YR KVYT
SQSKIR: HSEV YRMM HMRXVI IM W-EY EHVIWEX QEM RXM YRSV RIMYHIM. 1ENSVMXEXIE
TEV W 3 JSWX WIRWMFMPM PE STMRMMPI ZIRMXI HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. &EVREFE, GEVI PYGVEWI
EPXYVM HI 4EZIP, WI HSZIHI#XI QEM ETVSTMEX HI 4IXVY HIGX HI 4EZIP R
GLIWXMYRIE QTVX#MVMM QIWIM GY GIM RIGMVGYQGM#M.
7 3 HI'MRYX 4IXVY VSPYP TI GEVI M-P EXVMFYMI GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV#
'LMEV HEG EWTIGXYP I JSV'EX, I HI GVI^YX G TVMQYP RYGPIY EP GSQYRMX'MM HI PE
-IVYWEPMQ W-E JSVQEX R NYVYP YGIRMGMPSV PYM -MWYW. 4IXVY, -EGSZ #M -SER, 3MM PYM
>IZIHIY, EY TVIPYEX GSRHYGIVIE EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M. -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM,
RY M-E YVQEX EGIWXYME: EHIVEVIE PYM IWXI XV^MI, IP RY WI ZE MQTYRI HIGX TY'MR
GXI TY'MR #M R ZMVXYXIE QTVINYVVMPSV, QEM GY WIEQ EXYRGM GRH WI ZSV
HI^FEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ GSRHM'MMPI HI MRXVEVI E RIMYHIMPSV R &MWIVMGM.
%HIVEVIE RIMYHIMPSV PE GVIHMR'E R ,VMWXSW EV 3 RXQTMREX R SVMGI GE^, R
&MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ, GE #M R EPXIPI, SWXMPMXEXIE MYHIMPSV GVI#XMRM GIPSV QEM
I\MKIR'M R QEXIVMI HI TEÊ 0IKMM. 'VIHMR'E GIPSV GSRZIVXM'M RY MRXV R HMWGY'MI,
3IGEVI RY EVI HIGX W WI FYGYVI HI IE. 6IXMGIR'E GVIME M WI H KPEW IWXI
QEM HIKVEF WIQRYP YRIM PYGMHMX'M JE' HI TSWMFMPMXEXIE RY HI E GVIHI
QTVIYR, GM HI E XVM R GSQYR RXV-S &MWIVMG E GIPSV GMV-GYQGM#M #M,
HISTSXVMZ, E GIPSV RIGMVGYQGM#M, 3MRHG EV I\MWXE S MRIKEPMXEXI RXVI
TEVXMGMTER'M, R HIJEZSEVIE GIPSV GMVGYQGM#M. 'GM XMIVIE QTVINYV ZHI#XI
ETEVXIRIR'E PE 0IKQRX (R IFVEMG WI WTYRI 0IKQRXYP XMIVMM QTVINYV),
MEV GSRZIVXMVIE PE GVIHMR'E R ,VMWXSW WIQRM3G MRXVEVIE RXV-S QM#GEVI
IZVIMEWG. QTSXVMZE PSKMGMM EGIWXYM VE'MSREQIRX WI ZE V^ZVXM 4EZIP. R
VMXYEPYVMPI HI PYEVI E QIWIM WI TSX KWM GSQTVSQMWYVM, MEV 4EZIP #XMI W PI
EGGITXI, GY GSRHM'ME W WI TWXVIÎ TVMRGMTMYP YRIM QIWI GSQYRI, R XMQT GI
EP'MM R^YMIWG PE QIWI WITEVEXI.
4EZIP MYHIYP #M RIEQYVMPI.
'E TVMRGMTEP M^ZSV HSGYQIRXEV, HMWTYRIQ HI YR ERWEQFPY HI
XVIMWTVIÎGI WGVMWSVM EXVMFYMXI PYM 4EZIP. "ETXI HMRXVI IPI WYRX GSRWMHIVEXI HI
GVMXMG HVITX EYXIRXMGI, GY XSEXI G ZIVMHMGMXEXIE YRSVE HMR IPI IWXI RG
HI^FXYX. 'EVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV RGLMR GMRGMWTVIÎGI GETMXSPI TSZIWXMVMM
GPXSVMMPSV QMWMSREVI EPI PYM 4EZIP. %V XVIFYM E#EHEV W 3Q TIVJIGX MRJSVQE'M
EWYTVE ZMI'MM EGIWXYME. 3V 4EZIP RY H HIGX JSEVXI TY'MRI EQRYRXI
EYXSFMSKVE3GI. 7 PYQ EQMRXI: RY JEGI RMGM S EPY^MI R WGVMWSVMPI WEPI RMGM PE
8EVW, SVE#YP WY HI FE#XMR, RMGM PE GIX'IRME WE VSQER, RMGM PE +QPMIM, TI
GEVI P-EV 3 EZYX GE RZ'XSV. )WXI QEM QYPX HIGX HMWGVIX EWYTVE GSRZIVXMVMM
WEPI #M, GRH TVIGMÎE^ G #M-E TIXVIGYX XVIM ERM HMR ZME' R %VEFME, RY WY4 S
ZSVF HIWTVI GI EV 3 JGYX EGSPS. &MSKVE3MPI GYVIRXI EPI PYM 4EZIP GSQFMR
HIGM XSEXI IPIQIRXIPI, MRHMJIVIRX HI TVSZIRMIR'E PSV, HEV QEM EPIW YQTPY
KSPYVMPI. (I TMPH, TIRXVY XS'M FMSKVE3M WM, 4EZIP W-E HYW R %VEFME TIRXVY E
JEGI RGIVGVM HI TVSTSZHYMVI WEY TIRXVY E ZIWXM )ZERKLIPME. 2Y #XMQ RMQMG
GY GIVXMXYHMRI HIWTVI EGIWXI PYGVYVM. 4YXIQ GLMEV WYW'MRI G 4EZIP RI PEW RXV-
S MKRSVER' ETVSETI XSXEP GY TVMZMVI PE GIM GMRGMWTVIÎGI ERM HI HYT
GSRZIVXMVIE WE, GY I\GIT'ME TSQIRMVMM PSGYVMPSV TVMR GEVI XVIGI WEY R GEVI
PSGYMI#XI. (EG RI VETSVXQ PE *ETXI, ZIHIQ G IWXI S TIVMSEH R GYVWYP
GVIME 4EZIP WI E4 RXV-S KSER GSRXMRY: PE (EQEWG, WGET, JYKMRH TIWXI
RSETXI, HI YR GSQTPSX TYW PE GEPI HI MYHIMM HMR SVE# #M TPIEG PE -IVYWEPMQ.
%MGM, IPIRM#XMM WYRX GIM GEVI-P HSVIWG QSEVXIE; JVE'MM P RWS'IWG R 'IÊVIIE #M
P QFEVG WTVI 8EVW, YRHI #M ZE TIXVIGI G'MZE ERM. RXV-YRE HMR ITMWXSPIPI
WEPI, 4EZIP TSZIWXI#XI, WTVI HISWIFMVI I *ETXI, G E JYKMX HI PE (EQEWG
RXVYGX IXREVLYP PYM %VIXE, VIKI EP %VEFMIM, GYXE W-P EVIWXIÎ. 'I W 3
WZV#MX SEVI R %VEFME, RGX W 3I YVQVMX TR PE (EQEWG# (I GI JETX
JYKIE#
)VE RXV-EHIZV YVQVMX# 7 RI MRHYG *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV R IVSEVI,
QIR'MSRRH EP'M TVMKSRMXSVM# )VEY MYHIMM HMR (EQEWG #M IPIRM#XM# 4Y'MRYP GEVI W-
EV TYXIE WTYRI IWXI G 4EZIP, RG HI PE RGITYX, RY I FMRI TVMQMX, SVMYRHI W-
EV HYGI.
%983&-3+6%*-). )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM I GIE GEVI RI SJIV GIPI QEM
QYPXI MRJSVQE'MM, RY RXSXHIEYRE Y#SV HI MRXIVTVIXEX. 1EM RXM, GSRZIVXMVIE PYM
4EZIP PE (EQEWG: (EV GRH E FMRIZSMX (YQRIÎY, 'EVI Q-E EPIW HMR
TRXIGIPI QEQIM QIPI #M Q-E GLIQEX TVMR LEVYP 7Y, W HIWGSTIVI TI *MYP
7Y RXVY QMRI, TIRXVY GE W-0 FMRIZIWXIWG PE RIEQYVM. (+E 1, 15-P6). (R EPX
TEVXI, 4EZIP I\TVMQ EGIEWX VIZIPE'MI R XIVQIRMM YRIM ZM^MYRM: -EV PE YVQE
XYXYVSV ?.A QM 7-E EVXEX #M QMI.; 2-EQ Z^YX IY TI -MWYW, (SQRYP RSWXVY#.)
(MRGSPS HI VIÎVZE EWYTVE YRYM IZIRMQIRX PE JIP HI MRXMQ TI GX HI HIGMWMZ,
IWXI HI VIQEVGEX G 4EZIP #M QTMRKI HIFYXYP QMWMYRMM PE GLMEV QSQIRXYP R
GEVI M-E JSWX HVYMX VIZIPE'ME. )P GSRXMRY: RHEX RY EQ TVMQMX WJEX HI PE XVYT
#M HI PE WRKI, RMGM RY Q-EQ WYMX PE -IVYWEPMQ, PE %TSWXSPMM GIM HMREMRXI HI
QMRI, GM Q-EQ HYW R %VEFME #M Q-EQ RXSVW MEV#M PE (EQEWG. %TSM, HYT XVIM
ERM, Q-EQ WYMX PE -IVYWEPMQ, GE W-P GYRSWG TI 'LIJE #M EQ VQEW PE IP
GMRGMWTVIÎGI ^MPI. -EV TI EPXYP HMR ETSWXSPM R-EQ Z^YX, HIGX RYQEM TI -EGSZ,
JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM. 0E GMVGE HSYÎGM HI ERM HYT RXQTPVM, EGIEWX EHYGIVI-
EQMRXI EVI GIZE RHYMS#XSV: HMR GIIE GI E TVIWYTYW WMRKYVXEXIE TI GEVI
4EZIP S EPIWIWI HI XIEQ G W-EV 3 TYXYX W RY 3I EGGITXEX HI GIM TI GEVI M
YVQVMWI GY VZRE WE, IP JEGI EGYQ YR EVKYQIRX TIRXVY KEPEXIRM, WTVI E-#M
WYFPMRME XSXEPE MRHITIRHIR' JE' HI EYXSVMX'MPI MIVYWEPMQMXIRI. (YT EGIIE
EQ ZIRMX R 'MRYXYVMPI 7MVMIM #M EPI 'MPMGMIM. 7MVME IWXI, JV RHSMEP, %RXMSLME,
YRHI E JSWX ZIWXMX )ZERKLIPME TIRXVY TVMQE SEV, YRSV KVIGM, HYT GYQ
E3VQ *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV. 'X TVMZI#XI 'MPMGME, XVIFYMI W 3I ZSVFE HIWTVI
8EVW, YRHI 4EZIP VQRI TVI' HI XVIM ERM, JV W EZIQ ZVIS PQYVMVI EWYTVE
E GIIE GI E RXVITVMRW EGSPS.
6)%4%6-&-% 09- 4%:)0. 8VMQMW HI -IVYWEPMQ W WI EWMKYVI G MRXVEVIE
RSMPSV GVIHMRGMS#M KVIGM R &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME RY TVSZSEG HI^SVHMRM,
&EVREFE ZMRI W M WI EPXYVI PYM 4EZIP R 8EVW. 0YGVIE^ QTVIYR XMQT HI YR
ER, ETSM WYRX XVMQM#M R QMWMYRI HI &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME. 4IRXVY 4EZIP, EGIWXE
IWXI RGITYXYP YRIM EGXMZMX'M GEVI RY ZE QEM GYRSE#XI VKE^. %V 3 PMTWMX HI
MRXIVIW W VIPYQ EMGM GMVGYMXIPI WXVFXYXI HI 4EZIP, E#E GYQ PI WXEFMPIWG
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV. 7 RSXQ G, ZVIQI HI HSYÎGM #M TEXVY HI ERM,
TIVIKVMRVMPI PYM P ZSV HYGI HMR GI R GI QEM HITEVXI HI TYRGXYP HI TPIGEVI, GE
#M GYQ EGIWX MYHIY HMR HMEWTSVE EV 3 QWYVEX HI PE FYR RGITYX TSWMFMPMX'MPI
HI HIWGLMHIVI SJIVMXI HI PYQIE VSQER TIRXVY ZIWXIE QRXYMVMM, TI GEVI
(YQRIÎYP PYM -WVEIP XSGQEM S HVYME TSTSVYPYM WY #M, HMRGSPS HI IP, XYXYVSV.
1EM VQRIE HI PQYVMX GYQ #M HI GI RGITIE S ITSG R GEVI XVIFYME W GEH
XSEXI FEVMIVIPI GEVI M HIWTEVX TI SEQIRM YRMM HI EP'MM, TI HI S TEVXI #M TI
SEQIRM HI (YQRIÎY, TI HI EPX TEVXI. 0IGXYVE ITMWXSPIPSV TEYPMRI EVEX G
4EZIP PYGVIE^ PE EGIWX EWTIGX JV RGIXEVI, GLMEV EXYRGM GRH XVIFYMI W
VWTYRH YRSV TVSFPIQI JSEVXI GSRGVIXI, VMHMGEXI HI ZVIS GSQYRMXEXI, WEY
YRSV EXEGYVM GI VMWG W TYR R GEY^ IZERKLIPME PYM. )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM
JEGI YR FMPER' EP EGIWXIM VI4IG'MM, IPEFSVEXI HI-E PYRKYP RXVIKMM WEPI TIVMSEHI
HI RZ'XYV. 4IRXVY E HYGI PE FYR WJV#MX EGIWX YVME# TVSMIGX, 4EZIP EZIE
RIZSMI HI WTVMNMRYP &MWIVMGMPSV #M, QEM EPIW, HI VIGYRSE#XIVIE QMWMYRMM WEPI HI
GXVI &MWIVMGE -IVYWEPMQYPYM. )P TSZIWXI#XI GYQ, PE RXSEVGIVIE HMRXV-S
GPXSVMI, YVG PE -IVYWEPMQ, RWS'MX HI &EVREFE #M HI 8MX YR IPMR RIGMVGYQGMW
TIRXVY E PI I\TYRI QEM-QEVMPSV &MWIVMGMM GSR'MRYXYP TVSTSZHYMVMM WEPI GXVI
TKRM. R GMYHE JVE'MPSV QMRGMRS#M GEVI ZIRMWIV, JYVM#RHY-WI, 8MX RY IWXI
SFPMKEX PE GMVGYQGM^MI #M EVI PSG S RZSMEP: 4IXVY ZE QIVKI ?W TVIHMGIA PE GIM
GMVGYQGM#M, MEV 4EZIP PE GIM RIGMVGYQGM#M (+E 2, P-P0).
()746&-6)%. 4EZIP W-E RXSVW QYP'YQMX PE %RXMSLME: EZIE QR PMFIV.
8SXY#M, PE WGYVX XMQT HYT EGIIE (JV RHSMEP, R ERYP 50), 4IXVY ZMRI #M IP PE
%RXMSLME, MEV 4EZIP ME TEVXI PE S WGIR TI GEVI S VIPEXIE^ EWXJIP: 'GM REMRXI
HI E ZIRM YRMM HI PE -EGSZ, ?4IXVYA QRGE GY GIM HMRXVI RIEQYVM; HEV GRH EY
ZIRMX IM, WI JIVIE #M WI SWIFIE, XIQRHY-WI HI GIM HMR XMIVIE QTVINYV. "M,
QTVIYR GY IP, W-EY J'VRMGMX #M GIMPEP'M MYHIM, RGX #M &EVREFE E JSWX EXVEW R
J'VRMGME PSV ?.A EQ ^MW PYM 'LIJE, REMRXIE XYXYVSV: (EG XY, GEVI I#XM MYHIY,
XVMI#XM GE TKRMM #M RY GE MYHIMM, HI GI WMPI#XM TI TKRM W XVMEWG GE
MYHIMM#. %GIEWXE IWXI HIWTV'MVIE HI 4IXVY, HI &EVREFE #M HI &MWIVMGE
%RXMSLMIM, TVIGYQ #M, MRIZMXEFMP, HI -EGSZ #M HI &MWIVMGE -IVYWEPMQYPYM. 4EZIP WI
ZIHI WMRKYV #M QEVKMREPMÊX. (I EGYQ, #M ZE EPIKI #M MRWXVYM XSZEV#MM, ZE
RXIQIME, R TVSZMRGMMPI %WMIM, EPI +EPEXMIM, 1EGIHSRMIM #M %LEMIM, R NYV HI ÎGI
&MWIVMGM HI RIGMVGYQGM#M, GEVI RY QEM WYRX PIKEXI HI WMREKSKM. 7SGSXMRH G RY
QEM EVI GQT HI EG'MYRI, TPRYMI#XI W QIEVK R 7TERME, XVIGRH TVMR 6SQE,
HYT GYQ WGVMI R ITMWXSPE TI GEVI S EHVIWIE^ VSQERMPSV. (EV QEM REMRXI,
HSVI#XI GE, R XSZV#ME YRIM HIPIKE'MM E &MWIVMGMPSV WEPI, W YVGI PE -IVYWEPMQ
TIRXVY E HYGI JSRHYVMPI GSPIGXIM TI GEVI E SVKERMÊX-S #M, QEM GY WIEQ, W
RGIVGI HMR RSY E-#M JEGI VIGYRSWGYX PYGVEVIE HI GXVI &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
9VQEVIE RY RI I GYRSWGYX HIGX TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV. %FME
WSWMX R GIXEXI (TVSFEFMP R ERYP 58), IWXI TVMQMX HI -EGSZ #M HI FXVRM, GEVI
M GIV W-#M QERMJIWXI EXE#EQIRXYP JE' HI 0IKI TVMR QTPMRMVIE YRYM VMX HI
TYVM3GEVI PE 8IQTPY. R GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI TI TKRMM HIZIRM'M GVIHMRGMS#M, RY
I RMQMG RW HI RIKSGMEX: PM W-EY WGVMW HINE LSXVVMPI PYEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ. )#IGYP
IWXI XSXEP. 4EZIP QIVKI PE 8IQTPY, IWXI VIGYRSWGYX #M ETVSETI PMR#EX. 7EPZEX
HI WSPHE'MM VSQERM, IWXI RXIQRM'EX. :E ENYRKI PE 6SQE HSEV GE TVM^SRMIV.
%GSPS ZE #M QYVM (TVSFEFMP GXVI ERYP 64).
8VIFYMI W ZIHIQ SEVI R EGIEWX VYTXYV MRHMGMYP YRIM HIWTV'MVM E
QM#GVMM GVI#XMRI HI MYHEMWQ# 'Y WMKYVER', RY. RHITVXEVIE PYM 4EZIP TSEXI
QEVKMREPMÊ S ZVIQI &MWIVMGMPI EPGXYMXI HSEV HMR RIGMVGYQGM#M, HEV RY PI TSEXI
I\GPYHI HMR GSQYRMXEXIE JV'IEWG. %GIWXI &MWIVMGM WI TSX #M WYTYRI WSQE'MIM
HI ETPMGEVI E LSXVVMPSV PYEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ, TIRXVY E VI^SPZE TVSFPIQE QIWIM
PYEXI R GSQYR: RJVREVIE HI PE GVRYVMPI NIVX3XI MHSPMPSV #M HI PE GIPI
WYKVYQEXI; EF'MRIVIE HI PE GSRXVEGXEVIE YRSV RWS'MVM RIPIKMXMQI (EGIWXE I
WIRWYP TVSFEFMP EP MRXIVHMG'MIM HI JE').
RXV-YR GYZRX, EGIWXI SFPMKE'MM RY WYRX EXX HI QTSZVXSEVI. 2Y 4EZIP
PI WTYWIWI GSVMRXIRMPSV, R PIKXYV GY GVRYVMPI NIVX3XI MHSPMPSV (1 'S 8, P-P3),
G VIKYPE IWXI GE QEM FMRI W WI RJVRIÎ HIGX W WQMRXIEWG YR JVEXI#
4SEXI G -EGSZ W-E HSZIHMX YR 3R HMTPSQEX, EVFMXVRH RXVI TS^M'MM I\XVIQI
TIRXVY E IZMXE MQTYRIVIE GMVGYQGM^MIM.
8VIFYMI W WTYRIQ HMR RSY EMGM G I\MWXIR'E ZEVMMPSV XIRHMR'I #M E
HMWIRWMYRMPSV MRXIVRI RY WGSEXI QM#GEVIE PYM -MWYW HMR WTE'MYP VIPMKMSW GEVI
IWXI MYHEMWQYP. 2MGM -EGSZ, RMGM 4IXVY, RMGM 4EZIP, RMGM GIMPEP'M MYHIM HIZSXE'M
GVIHMR'IM RY WI GSRWMHIV EPXGYQZE HIGX MYHIM R XSEX VIKYPE, GEVI GVIH R
,VMWXSW. )M QIVK PE 8IQTPY, MEY GYZRXYP R WMREKSKM #M WI EHYR R FMWIVMG, PE
JIP GYQ JEVMWIMM QIVK PE 8IQTPY #M WI EHYR R WMREKSK. (IWMKYV, MRXVEVIE
RIEQYVMPSV R GSQYRMX'M VMHMG TVSFPIQI: WXEXYXYP GI YVQIE^ E PM WI LSXV
IWXI TVMPIN HI KVEZI HMZIVKIR'I. (EV WMREKSKMPI HMR HMEWTSVE EY GYRSWGYX,
TR #M IPI, EGIPIE#M KVIYX'M. 3VMGYQ, TS^M'ME GSRWIGZIRX E PYM 4EZIP IWXI G
GVIHMR'E WE R ,VMWXSW WI RWGVMI 3VIWG #M RIGIWEV R 3HIPMXEXIE JE' HI
(YQRIÎYP WXVQS#MPSV WM #M JE' HI XVEHM'ME MYHEMG #M G PE JIP WI RXQTP #M
R GE^YP GIPSV TI GEVI M-E GPY^MX WTVI ,VMWXSW. 3 WTYRI HI QEM QYPXI SVM, WYF
HMJIVMXI JSVQI: 'IM GEVI GVIH WYRX 3M EM PYM %ZVEEQ. )WXI #M RZ'XYVE TI GEVI
E HEX-S XYXYVSV &MWIVMGMPSV RXIQIMEXI WEY ZM^MXEXI HI IP #M GY KVIY RI TYXIQ
RGLMTYM G IPI EV 3 TYXYX W S YMXI FVYWG. :IRMVIE TEKMRMPSV PE GVIHMR'E R
,VMWXSW, MRXVEVIE PSV RXV-S GSQYRMXEXI RY WYRX TSWMFMPI HIGX 3MRHG QEM RXM
I\MWX MYHEMWQYP #M ETSM 3MRHG HI PE -WVEIP E M^ZSVX ,VMWXSW. %XYRGM GRH, R
ITMWXSPE WE GXVI VSQERM, 4EZIP #M I\TYRI RHIPYRK HSGXVMRE RHVITXVMM TVMR
GVIHMR' EPXJIP WTYW, (YQRIÎY EGSVH KVEXYMX MIVXEVI SVMGVYM GVIHMRGMSW
JEGI HMR EGIEWXE SFMIGXYP RWY#M EP IZERKLIPMIM TI GEVI S ZIWXI#XI:
)ZERKLIPME PYM ,VMWXSW, TIRXVY G IWXI TYXIVI E PYM (YQRIÎY WTVI QRXYMVIE
E XSX GIPYM GEVI GVIHI, MYHIYPYM RXM #M IPMRYPYM. 'GM HVITXEXIE PYM (YQRIÎY
WI HIWGSTIV R IE HMR GVIHMR' WTVI GVIHMR', TVIGYQ IWXI WGVMW: -EV HVITXYP
HMR GVIHMR' ZE 3 ZMY. RXV-YR EPX XEFPSY EP EGIPIME#M ITMWXSPI, 4EZIP
GLMF^YMI#XI GYQ WI JEGI G -WVEIP RY E TVMQMX :IWXMVIE GIE &YR #M I\TPMG:
HEG -WVEIP W-E TSXMGRMX, RY ZE 3 PITHEX. 4SXMGRIEPE PYM HIWGLMHI YR MRXIVZEP HI
XMQT GEVI PI RKHYMI TEKMRMPSV W EGGIEH PE )ZERKLIPMI. (EV PE WJV#MX,
RXVIKYP -WVEIP ZE 3 QRXYMX: GY TVMZMVI PE EPIKIVI, IM WYRX MYFM'M, HMR GEYÊ
TVMR'MPSV; GGM HEVYVMPI #M GLIQEVIE PYM (YQRIÎY RY WI TSX PYE RETSM.
&MWIVMGM R HMWMHIR'.
2IR'IPIKIVMPI MRXIVRI RY WI E4 XSXY#M PE SVMKMRIE XYPFYVVMPSV TI GEVI PI
ZSV WYJIVM &MWIVMGMPI R TIVMSEHE GEVI YVQIE^.
%2- 86%+-'-. RGITRH GY ERYP 58, 4EZIP IWXI GETXMZ, MEV &MWIVMGMPI TI
GEVI PI-E JSRHEX WXEY R E#XITXEVIE YRSV ZI#XM HI PE IP. :SV E4E RXV-S ^M G E
QYVMX PE 6SQE. 2Y #XMQ R GI QTVINYVVM, JV RHSMEP HYT TVSGIWYP TI GEVI
P WSPMGMXEWI, R ERYP 64 WEY QEM HIZVIQI. ) RG R ZME' EXYRGM GRH, R 62,
-EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, IWXI PETMHEX R GSRHM'MMPI TI GEVI PI-EQ TSQIRMX.
&MWIVMGE -IVYWEPMQYPYM IWXI PMTWMX HI GSRHYGXSVYP WY. 7 WI 3 VMWMTMX
GSQYRMXEXIE RHEX HYT QSEVXIE PYM -EGSZ# 2Y #XMQ, E#E GYQ RY #XMQ
EHIZVEXE EGYÊ'MI EHYW EGIWXYME: GPGEVIE 0IKMM, WTYRI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW,
GIIE GI RY GSRGSVH GY VITYXE'ME HI QEVI TMS#IRMI TI GEVI M-S GSRWIQRIE^
EGIPE#M .SWITLYW. (YT ,IKIWMT, M W-EV 3 GIVYX PYM -EGSZ W-P VIRIKI TI ,VMWXSW,
MEV IP EV 3 VWTYRW: 4IRXVY GI Q MWGSHM'M HIWTVI *MYP 3QYPYM# 7X E#IÊX R
GIVYVM, PE HVIETXE 4YXIVMM GIPIM 1EVM., HIGPEVE'MI GEVI EV 3 EXVEW YGMHIVIE PYM. R
3RI, )YWIFMY, GEVI VITVSHYGI TSZIWXMVIE PYM ,IKIWMT, EVI TVSTVME-P ZM^MYRI
EWYTVE PYGVYVMPSV: HYT GI 4EZIP E WGTEX HMR GETGERE RXMRW HI EHZIVWEVMM WM
(VWGSEPE HMR 8IQTPY #M XIRXEXMZE HI PMR#EN), EGI#XME HMR YVQ #M RHVITXEV
QRME QTSXVMZE PYM -EGSZ #M, R JE'E RXVIKMM QYP'MQM, M GIVYV W WI PITIHI HI
GVIHMR'E R ,VMWXSW. RXV-YR GYZRX, EXMXYHMRMPI WYFZIVWMZI EPI PYM 4EZIP M-EV 3
VMHMGEX TI MYHIMM ÎPS#M QTSXVMZE GVIHMR'IM GVI#XMRI R KIRIVEP, 3I IE RXVYTEX
RXV-YR MYHIY EXX HI GYGIVRMG TVIGYQ -EGSZ #M, TVMR YVQEVI, GSRXRH QEM
TY'MR GI EGYÊ'MI M WI EHYGIE. 7XVERMI VWXYVREVI HI WMXYE'MI, WYKIVEX HI
)YWIFMY: E#EHEV -EGSZ, GEVI W-E QTSXVMZMX PYM 4EZIP, WYW'MRRH QIR'MRIVIE
TVEGXMGMPSV MYHEMGI R XSEXI &MWIVMGMPI, QSEVI R PSGYP EGIWXYME. 7I WXMRKI PE
-IVYWEPMQ, R 8IQTPY (TSXVMZMX PYM ,IKIWMT) #M HI QRE JVE'MPSV PYM MYHIM (W
GYXI^Q E QIVKI QEM HITEVXI#), R XMQT GI 4EZIP WJV#I#XI R GETMXEPE YRYM
MQTIVMY TKR, HI QRE EGIPSV TKRM GXVI GEVI WI WSGSXIE XVMQMW.
-EGSZ IVE YRYP HMR WXPTMM &MWIVMGMM, GYQ WGVME 4EZIP. R XSMYP EGIWXIM
GVMÎ, YRHI WI E4 GIMPEP'M HSM WXPTM, 4IXVY #M -SER# (IWTVI 4IXVY RY EZIQ RMGM
S MRJSVQE'MI TVIGMW. 8VEHM'MM YPXIVMSEVI #M GEVI GSMRGMH QIR'MSRIE^ QSEVXIE
PYM 4IXVY PE 6SQE (R 64 WEY R 67#). 4IXVY W-EV TYXIE E4E E#EHEV R GETMXEP
RG HMR 62 (JV W 'MRIQ HIPSG WIEQE HI PIKIRHIPI GEVI M EXVMFYMI S #IHIVI
HI HSYÎGM #M GMRGM HI ERM PE 6SQE). (IWTVI -SER RY GYRSE#XIQ RMQMG
VIJIVMXSV PE EGIEWX TIVMSEH. 0E WJV#MXYP ZIEGYPYM EP --PIE, -VMRIY HI 0]SR, HI
SVMKMRI EWMEX, WIQREPIE^ S XVEHM'MI TSXVMZMX GVIME -SER XVME RG PE )JIW R
ZVIQIE HSQRMIM PYM 8VEMER (98-P7). 0MTWMX HI ETSWXSPM #M GSRJVYRXEX GY
KVEZMXEXIE IZIRMQIRXIPSV, &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ E JSWX EXX HI HI^SVMIRXEX
RGX, TSXVMZMX PYM )YWIFMY, GEVI IWXI EMGM WMRKYVE RSEWXV WYVW, GIM GI EY
WGTEX XIJIVM EY E#XITXEX STX ERM TR W-P HIE YR WYGGIWSV PYM -EGSZ, R
TIVWSERE PYM 7MQSR, GSRWMHIVEX ZV EP (SQRYPYM.
9GMHIVIE PYM -EGSZ JEGI TEVXI HMRXV-YR RXVIK GSRXI\X HI ZMSPIR'I GEVI
EKMX -IVYWEPMQYP HI QEM QYP'M ERM. (YT GYQ WGVMI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, R
ZVIQIE R GEVI *IPM\ IVE TVSGYVEXSV EP -YHIMM (52-60), EVLMIVIMM (QEVMM TVIS'M) EV
3 MWGEX XYPFYVVM QTSXVMZE TVIS'MPSV #M JVYRXE#MPSV TSTSVYPYM, SVE#YP G^RH
TVEH EREVLMIM. +IWWMYW *PSVYW, WYGGIWSV EP PYM *IPM\, RFY# S VWGSEP,
VWXMKRMRHY-P TI MYHIM (6). 8YVFYPIR'IPI GYTVMRH 'IÊVIIE, ETSM RXVIEKE 'EV,
MEV R WITXIQFVMI 6, PE -IVYWEPMQ WI MRWXEYVIE^ S WXTRMVI MRWYVIG'MSREP.
%GIWXE IWXI RGITYXYP V^FSMYPYM MYHIMPSV, TSZIWXMX TI PEVK HI *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW. %TVSETI XVIM ERM M WYRX RIGIWEVM PYM :IWTEWMER TIRXVY E VIGYGIVM
+EPMPIIE, ETSM GQTME HI GSEWX #M ZEPIE -SVHERYPYM (R GEVI MRXVE #M 5YQVERYP,
HYT GYQ S EXIWX EVLISPSKME PSGYPYM) #M, R WJV#MX, -YHIIE. 6WGYPE'MM #M
QIR'MR TS^M'MMPI PE -IVYWEPMQ #M R XVIM JSVXM3GE'MM: -VSHMSR, 1EWEHE #M 1EGLEIVYW.
-IVYWEPMQYP IWXI EWIHMEX. RXVYGX :IWTEWMER HIZMRI QTVEX, PYM 8MXYW M VIZMRI
RGIVGYMVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM, R GEVI MRXV TEXVY PYRM QEM XV^MY, R ZEVE PYM 70.
6SQERMM RY ZSV TXVYRHI PE 1EWEHE HIGX R ERYP 74, HYT WMRYGMHIVIE
YPXMQMPSV IM ETVXSVM. &EVE I ZPKYMX: QSV'M RIRYQVE'M, TVM^SRMIVM GY QMMPI,
SVE#YP R VYMR, 8IQTPYP MRGIRHMEX, SHSEVIPI W3RXI QVXYVMWMRH PE 6SQE
XVMYQJYP RZMRKXSVMPSV (R 71), XIÊYVYP TVHEX, WEXIPI TYWXMMXI.
7 VIQEVGQ G &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ E WXEX PE HMWXER'. (EG E TVWMX
RXV-EHIZV SVE#YP, GYQ WTYRI )YWIFMY, REMRXI HI V^FSM ?.A, EWXJIP RGX
FVFE'MM W3R'M EY PWEX GY XSXYP GETMXEPE VIKEP E IZVIMPSV #M RXVIK 'MRYXYP
-YHIMM, RWIEQR G GVIHMRGMS#MM PYM ,VMWXSW W-EY HIWSPMHEVMÊX HI WSEVXE
TSTSVYPYM PSV. (IWTVI &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME RY EZIQ HEXI GEVI W RI EVEXI
GYQ W-E GSQTSVXEX R EGIPI ^MPI. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW VIPEXIE^ G, HYT
MRWYVIG'MI, R XSEX 7MVME, R 3IGEVI SVE#, TSTYPE'ME MYHII E JSWX QEWEGVEX.
)WXI TSWMFMP GE SF#XIE GVI#XMR, RXIQIMEX HI MYHIMM IPIRMÊ'M, W RY 3 JSWX
HMJIVIR'MEX HI VIWXYP TSTYPE'MIM IZVIMI#XM. 'EVI E JSWX VIEG'ME R JE'E EGIWXYM
TVTH KIRIVEP# 'Y TY'MR REMRXI GE RIRSVSGMVIE W ENYRK PE ETSKIY, YR XERE
(QEIWXVY) JEVMWIY, YRYP HMR RZ'XSVMM XVEHM'MIM SVEPI, RYQMX -SLERER FIR
>EOEM, GEVI HIÊTVSFE RHVNMVIE EHYGXSEVI HI QSEVXI E VWGYPE'MPSV,
VIY#I#XI W TVWIEWG -IVYWEPMQYP #M SF'MRI HI PE :IWTEWMER R GEPMXEXI HI
EPMEX EYXSVMÊ'ME HI E QIVKI R SVE#YP -EFRI, YRHI I\MWXE HINE YR GIRXVY HI
WXYHMY. -SLERER P XVERWJSVQ RXV-S EGEHIQMI TI GEVI R G'MZE ERM M^FYXI#XI
W S HI^ZSPXI EWXJIP RGX W HIZMR PSGYP HI WYTVEZMI'YMVI EP YRIM EYXSVMX'M R
QEXIVMI HI 0IKI TIRXVY RXVIKYP MYHEMWQ. %WXJIP ME RE#XIVI R TQRXYP -YHIMM
YR GSRGMPMY GEVI TVIME R TEVXI VSPYP 7MRIHVMYPYM #M GEVI ENYRKI XVITXEX W
VIKPIÎ TVEGXMGE VIPMKMSEW MYHEMG HYT XVEHM'ME JEVMWIMG, GI WI VIZIRHMG HI
PE TVSJI'M, TVMR (VITXYP 7MQSR #M 1EVIE %HYREVI. 9PXIVMSV, RYQIVSEWI
EGEHIQMM, GY TVIGHIVI KEPMPIIRI (7EJIH), ZSV PYE TEVXI PE VITYRIVIE R SVHMRI
E XVEHM'MMPSV #M PE 3\EVIE TVIWGVMT'MMPSV. 0E -EFRI WI ZE EHIVE TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE
PE MRXIVTVIXVMPI QEM WYTPI EPI PYM ,MPIP R QEXIVMI HI LEPELE (ERWEQFPY HI
VIKYPM HI GSRHYMX R ZME'E SFM#RYMX, VIPMKMSEW #M NYVMHMG). 4I WGYVX, S HEX GY
MRM'MEXMZE PYM -SLERER FIR >EOEM, MYHEMWQYP XVIGI PE VIJEGIVIE GY VFHEVI E
YRMX'MM WEPI 8IQTPYP RIQEM3MRH GIRXVYP TVMR I\GIPIR' R NYVYP TVIHVMM #M
TVEGXMGVMM 8SVIM, R WTIGMEP EPI 8SVIM SVEPI.
'YQ EY JGYX JE' RSMM WMXYE'MM GSQYRMX'MPI QM#GVMM PYM -MWYW# 2MGM YR
HSGYQIRX RY RI-S WTYRI, HI#M XSEXI GSQYRMX'MPI WYRX ETVSTMEXI HI
WMREKSKMPI HMR HMEWTSVE (IWXI WY3GMIRX W E#I^Q LEVXE E#I^VMPSV GVI#XMRI
TIWXI GIE E WMREKSKMPSV HMR ITSG, TIRXVY E ZIHIE G IPI WI WYTVETYR
ETVSETI R XSXEPMXEXI). 8SXY#M, YR IZIRMQIRX MQTSVXERX E EZYX PSG, HITEVXI HI
XYPFYVVMPI HMR -YHIIE, TSEXI PE 6SQE #M REMRXI HI ERYP 70: YR SQ E RGITYX
W TYR R WGVMW GIIE GI #XME HMR QVXYVMMPI HIWTVI -MWYW. (MWTYRI HI GI E EY^MX
HMR RZ'XYVE TVMQMX HI JVE'MM WM GVI#XMRM, HI EQMRXMVMPI ETSWXSPMPSV GEVI WI
E4EY TVMRXVI IM, TSEXI GLMEV HI ZVIS QVYRX WGLM' HIWTVI YPXMQIPI ^MPI EPI PYM
-MWYW. 4YRI TY'MR SVHMRI R XSEXI EGIWXIE #M PI TSZIWXI#XI 3P GY 3P. )PMRE PYM
I EWTV; RY GSQTYRI GE YR PMXIVEX #M RY #XMI G I TI TYRGXYP HI E RWGSGM S
WGVMMXYV HI XMT RSY, GEVI RY 'MRI RMGM HI VSQER, RMGM HI MWXSVMI: WMQTPE
HITS^MXEVI E YRIM QIQSVMM, GIE E GVIHMR'IM YRIM KIRIVE'MM. 3 HEX RGLIMEX
XI\XYP, WI TSEXI W 3 JSWX QSHM3GEX MGM-GSPS, RHVITXEX, EHYKMX TY'MR
GSRXIE^. %XYRGM GRH GVXMGMGE EGIEWXE WI ZE VWTRHM, M WI ZE HE GE XMXPY
)ZERKLIPMI, TSXVMZMX GSR'MRYXYPYM IM #M M ZE 3 EXVMFYMX PYM 1EVGY,
FMRIGYRSWGYX GE E 3 JSWX XSZEV#YP PYM 4EZIP #M EP PYM &EVREFE, HEV HMR GEVI
XVEHM'ME E JGYX #M WIGVIXEVYP #M XPQEGMYP PYM 4IXVY, TR W ZEH R IP TI
TVMQYP ITMWGST EP %PI\ERHVMIM. 4VMQMVIE #M HMJYÊVIE EGIWXYM STYWGYP EY
RXQTMREX HIWXYP MRXIVIW R VRHYP W3R'MPSV TIRXVY GE #M EP'MM W TVIME
TVSMIGXYP.
8')6), %43- 2*036-6) 0-8)6%6 (70-P20). 'IIE GI IWXI RXV-EHIZV
M^FMXSV R TIVMSEHE GEVI YVQIE^ WYRX GIM GMRGMWTVIÎGI WEY HSYÎGM HI ERM R
HIGYVWYP GVSVE GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI RY EY TVSHYW RMGM S STIV GX HI GX
MQTSVXERX. 7MRKYVIPI MRJSVQE'MM TI GEVI PI EZIQ WYRX HI WYVW XEVHMZ #M WI
VIJIV PE WYGGIWMYRMPI HI ITMWGSTM R JVYRXIE &MWIVMGMPSV GYRSWGYXI. 2Y TYXIQ,
IZMHIRX, XVIGI GY ZIHIVIE HMWTEVM'ME YRSV PYGVVM, GYQ I GIE E PYM 4ETMEW, R
GMRGM GV'M, MRXMXYPEX 8PGYMVM PE GYZMRXIPI (SQRYPYM, GYRSWGYX PYM -VMRIY #M PYM
)YWIFMY. (I EWIQIRIE, JV RHSMEP G &MWIVMGMPI XVIFYMEY QEM RXM W WI
SVKERMÎÎ TIRXVY E WYTVEZMI'YM IZIRMQIRXIPSV #M TMIVHIVMM RXIQIMIXSVMPSV PSV,
W-#M GSRXMRYI PYGVEVIE HI EQMRXMVM, W-#M 'IEW PIKXYVM MRXIVVIKMSREPI #M W-
#M VIGSRWMHIVI VIPE'MMPI GY WMREKSKMPI. 7I E4, HIWMKYV, RXV-S WXEVI HI
HMWMHIR', HEV HI HMWMHIR' MYHEMG, HEXI 3MRH GSQTSRIR'E PSV (QYP'M HMRXVI
QIQFVMM EGIWXSV &MWIVMGM WYRX MYHIM GVI#XMRM) #M TVSTSZHYMVIE HIQSRWXVEXMZ
(GEVI WI RXIQIME^ TI 7GVMTXYVMPI MYHEMGI): S TVSFPIQ HI MHIRXMXEXI EWYTVE
GVIME ZSQ VIZIRM. R YRIPI PSGYVM, GVI#XMRMM W-EV 3 TYXYX GLMEV KRHM G WMXYE'ME
RIE#XITXEX R GEVI WI KWIEY MYHIMM TIVQMXIE EXVEKIVIE YRSVE HMRXVI IM GXVI
)ZERKLIPMI.
%TSM, WTVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM #M PE RGITYXYP GIPYM YVQXSV, EWMWXQ L
ETEVM'ME E GMVGE HSYÎGM HI WGVMIVM HI QEM QMG WEY QEM QEVI RWIQRXEXI,
M^ZSVXI HMR HMZIVWI VIKMYRM EPI -QTIVMYPYM. 'IP TY'MR E#E VIMIWI HMR WXYHMMPI
IJIGXYEXI EWYTVE SVMKMRMM, HEXIM #M EXVMFYMVMM 3IGVYME HMR EGIWXI XI\XI ZVIYRYM
EYXSV, QGEV G XVIFYMI TWXVEXI RY TY'MRI WIQRI HI RXVIFEVI. 7 PYQ HSEV
YR I\IQTPY I\XVIQ: )TMWXSPE RXM E PYM 4IXVY, VIWGVMW HI 7MPZER, WIGVIXEVYP
WY, GMXEX R WGVMWSEVI, EV TVSZIRM RXV-EHIZV HI PE 4IXVY RWY#M, GEVI EV 3
I\TIHMEX-S HI PE 6SQE, REMRXI HI TIVWIGY'ME RIVSRMER (R 64). )WXI STMRME
YRYM ERYQMX RYQV HI GVMXMGM, R ZVIQI GI EP'MM ZH R ITMWXSP S WGVMIVI
TWIYHSITMKVEJ, SVMKMREV HMR QIHMMPI TIXVMRI, XVMQMW HI PE 6SQE R XMQTYP
HSQRMIM PYM (SQM'MER (8P-96). %VKYQIRXIPI (TI GEVI RY PI I\TYRIQ EMGM) YRSVE
#M EPI GIPSVPEP'M EY PE JIP HI QYPX KVIYXEXI #M JEG GE TVSFPIQE HEXVMM W
VQR RIPQYVMX. 7-EV TYXIE GE EYXSVYP RWY#M W 3 HEX WGVMWSVMM WEPI GXVI
&MWIVMGMPI HMR TVSZMRGMMPI %WMIM 1MGM EGIEWX XYVRYV EXIQTSVEP, TSXVMZMX YRIM
IRGMGPMGI. 7 SFWIVZQ HSEV R XVIEGX G, TVIE EHIWISVM, GVMXMGE EWSGME^ GIE
QEM QMG EPY^MI PE MRNYVMM, GEPSQRMM, RGIVGVM #M WYJIVMR'I YRSV TIVMSEHI HI
TIVWIGY'MI: R XMQTYP HSQRMIM PYM 2IVS, GRH RYQEM GVI#XMRMM WYRX RZMRYM'M HI
MRGIRHMIVIE 6SQIM, GX ZVIQI, HI JETX, MYHIMM RY JYWIWIV RIETVEX
HMJIVIR'ME'M HI MYHIMM GVI#XMRM; WYF (SQM'MER (95), GRH MYHEMWQYP E JSWX ZMÊX
ERYQI, JV GE EYXSVMX'MPI W HMWGIEVR RXVI VSQERMM GSRZIVXM'M PE MYHEMWQ
WEY PE GVI#XMRMWQ. (MR JIVMGMVI, RY PE JIP WI RXQTP GY GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI E
WGVMIVMPSV, GY XSEXI G WI TWXVIE^ S QEVN MRIZMXEFMP HI MRI\EGXMXEXI (WI
TVSTYRI, R KIRIVEP, RXVI ERYP. "M ERYP.), PE GEVI WI EHEYK HM3GYPXEXIE
GPEWVMM R JYRG'MI HI GYRSE#XIVIE WEY HI GMXEVIE YRIM WGVMIVM HI GXVI S EPXE.
(I I\IQTPY, HEG YR HSGYQIRX GMXIE^ %TSGEPMTWE, XVIFYMI SEVI W QTMRKIQ
REMRXI HEXE %TSGEPMTWIM WEY W S RXSEVGIQ R XMQT TI GIE E HSGYQIRXYPYM GI
S GMXIE^, R GSRHM'MMPI R GEVI HMWTYRIQ HI FYRI MRHMGMM TIRXVY S HEXEVI HIWXYP
HI I\EGX E VIWTIGXMZYPYM HSGYQIRX# %NYRKIQ EXYRGM PE YRIPI EQFYXIMENI
TI GYTVMRWYP YRSV TIVMSEHI WGYVXI, E#E GYQ ZSQ ZIHIE R GE^YP HSQRMIM PYM
(SQM'MER. R SVMGI GE^, MEX YR WGYVX XEFPSY EP EGIWXIM I\TPS^MM PMXIVEVI,
GPEWM3GEX R JYRG'MI HI PSGYP #M HI QIHMYP HI SVMKMRI EPI WGVMIVMPSV, YVQRH HI
GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM TS^M'MMPI KIRIVEP VI'MRYXI HI GVMXMG (QIR'MYRIE
TWIYHSITMKVEJ MRHMG JETXYP G WGVMIVIE IWXI E#IÊX WYF RYQIPI YRYM
TIVWSREN GEVI RY M IWXI EYXSVYP): 6SQE: )TMWXSPE RXM E PYM 4IXVY (TSWMFMP
TWIYHSITMKVEJ, HEX MRGIVX); ERWEQFPYP 0YGE-*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (GXVI
80-90, 6SQE 3MRH PSGYP TSWMFMP EP WGVMIVMM, QIHMYP TEYPMR); )TMWXSPE GXVI
'SVMRXIRM, EXVMFYMX PYM 'PIQIRX, ITMWGST EP 6SQIM (GXVI 95, GIP QEM
HIZVIQI); % HSYE ITMWXSP ITMKVEJ E PYM 'PIQIRX (SQMPMI HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE,
EYXSV RIGYRSWGYX); 4WXSVYP PYM ,IVQE (EYXSV RIGYRSWGYX; GXVI 140).
7MVME-4EPIWXMRE: )ZERKLIPME ^MW HYT 1EXIM (90-95; 7MVME, TSEXI
%RXMSLME); )TMWXSPE TWIYHSITMKVEJ E PYM -EGSZ (80-90; TSEXI 4EPIWXMRE);
(MHELME (WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -; 7MVME ETYWIER); )TMWXSPE TWIYHSITMKVEJ E PYM
-YHE (GXVI 90; TSEXI 4EPIWXMRE); )TMWXSPE TWIYHSITMKVEJ E PYM &EVREFE (125-
P50).
%WME: E HSYE #M E XVIME ITMWXSP TWIYHSITMKVEJI EPI PYM -SER (HEX
MRGIVX); )TMWXSPE RXM TWIYHSITMKVEJ E PYM -SER (TSWXIVMSEV GIPSV HI
HMREMRXI; GXVI 90); %TSGEPMTWE ^MW E PYM -SER (9P-96; %WME 1G); )ZERKLIPME
^MW HYT -SER (10-P0; %WME 1MG); WGVMWSVMPI PYM -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM (EPGXYMVI
GSRXVSZIVWEX E GSVTYWYPYM, TSWMFMP MRXIVZIR'MI E YRYM GSVIGXSV, HEXE TVSTYW:
107-P08); WGVMWSEVIE PYM 4SPMGEVT HMR 7QMVRE GXVI *MPMTIRM (TY'MR HYT
TVIGIHIRXIPI).
1IHMYP IPIRM#XMPSV TEPIWXMRMIRM: SVMKMRIE TSWMFMP E )TMWXSPIM GXVI )ZVIM
(RXVI 86 #M 96).
1IHMYP TEYPMR: 0YGE #M *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, ZI^M QEM WYW; ITMWXSPI
TEWXSVEPI (GXVI 85-90; PSGYP RIGYRSWGYX, QIHMYP TEYPMR; HIWXMREXI &MWIVMGMPSV
TEYPMRI, E GVSV WMXYE'MI W-E WGLMQFEX RGITRH HI PE 4EZIP); )TMWXSPE GXVI
)JIWIRM (GXVI 85-90; QS#XIRMXSEVIE TEYPMRMWQYPYM, E GVYM IGPI^MSPSKMI S
HI^ZSPX).
R WJV#MX, W QEM QIR'MSRQ #M E HSYE ITMWXSP TWIYHSITMKVEJ E PYM
4IXVY (GXVI 125), GEVI EV TYXIE 3 S VIIHMXEVI VIZ^YX #M EHYKMX E ITMWXSPIM
PYM -YHE.
'I SFWIVZE'MM TYXIQ I\XVEKI HMR EGIWX QMG GEXEPSK# 4I HI S TEVXI, YR
RYQV GSRWMWXIRX HI WGVMIVM, VI'MRYXI QEM XV^MY HI XVEHM'MI R GSPIG'ME GEVI ZE
EPGXYM 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, GMVGYP R EGIPE#M XMQT GY EPXIPI GEVI RY ZSV QTVX#M
EGIIE#M WSEVX. R SVMGI GE^, RMQIRM RY WGVMI PE EGIE HEX GY KRHYP HI E MRXVE
RXV-YR GERSR, E GVYM I\MWXIR' RY IVE RMGM QGEV RXVI^VMX. 4I HI EPX TEVXI,
QENSVMXEXIE EGIWXSV WGVMIVM WYRX STIVE GIPIM HI-E HSYE KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI #M WI
E#E^ WYF TEXVSRENYP YRSV 3KYVM ETEV-'MRRH KIRIVE'MIM ETSWXSPMPSV, E GVSV
EYXSVMXEXI IWXI QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI HMWGY'MI #M EWMKYV ZEPMHMXEXIE E GIIE GI WI
WGVMI (TWIYHSITMKVE3E IWXI S TVEGXMG SFM#RYMX R MYHEMWQ #M R %RXMGLMXEXI R
KIRIVEP). R WJV#MX, XSEXI VIKMYRMPI WEY ETVSETI XSEXI WYRX VITVIÎRXEXI (GY
I\GIT'ME -IVYWEPMQYPYM -PYGVY HI R'IPIW #M E )KMTXYPYM, GIIE GI WYFPMRME^ #M
I\TPMG R TEVXI XSXEPE RSEWXV PMTW HI GYRSE#XIVI EWYTVE RGITYXYVMPSV
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM IKMTXIER, HMR GEVI WI ZSV MZM XSXY#M 4VMR'MM EPI\ERHVMRM); XSEXI
VIKMYRMPI #M, HI EWIQIRIE, XSEXI GYVIRXIPI GEVI WI JGIEY WMQ'MXI R TVMQIPI
HIGIRMM: TEYPMR, TIXVMR, MYHEMÊRX (IPIRM#XMM, XSXY#M, PMTWIWG PE ETIP; GEVI PI-EY
JSWX GSRXMRYEXSVMM#). )PI EY QS#XIRMXSVM, HEV EHIWIE PMTWM'M HI ZMKSEVIE KRHMVMM
QEI#XVMPSV HMWTVY'M; YRMM M VITIX, VTMRHY-PI HMR WEZSEVI, EP'MM XMRH W
QSVEPMÎÎ GEQ WXVMGX, EP'MM WI ZH EQIRMR'E'M HMR XSEXI TV'MPI HI EHZIVWEVM HI
XIQYX. 7 PWQ HISTEVXI GIPI XVIM )ZERKLIPMM GEVI WI WXVHYMIWG EWYTVE
RGITYXYVMPSV MWXSVMIM PSV #M GEVI, GY XVIGIVIE XMQTYPYM, R'IPIK XVIGYXYP R
PYQMRE RGPI#XVMPSV PSV TVIÎRXI. 0YGVEVIE EXVMFYMX PYM 0YGE WI TVISGYT HI
GEHVYP XISPSKMG GEVI XVIFYMI GSRJIVMX EGIWXIM MWXSVMM #M, 3HIP ZM^MYRMM TEYPMRI
EWYTVE QRXYMVMM GI XVIFYMI ZIWXMXI RIMYHIMPSV, M TSZIWXI#XI GMXMXSVYPYM HI
PMQF IPMR QTPMRMVIE EGIWXIM M^FZMVM. )ZERKLIPME E TEXVE, TVSFEFMP VI^YPXEX EP
YRIM MWXSVMM RHIPYRKEXI, VIGMXI#XI QIWENYP MRM'MEP R GSRXI\XYP GSRXVSZIVWIPSV TI
GEVI PI GYRSE#XI GSQYRMXEXIE EWMEX GY WMREKSKE (JEMQS#MM MYHIM HMR
)ZERKLIPME HYT -SER), GY GIVGYVMPI FETXMWQEPI ZIGMRI, GEVI WXVYMIWG R
TSPIQMGE PSV GY GVI#XMRMM #M, R WJV#MX, GY GIM GEVI RIEK HMZMRMXEXIE PYM ,VMWXSW
WEY M YMX HITPMRE RXVYTEVI. 'X TVMZI#XI )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM, IE GYRSE#XI
JSEVXI FMRI MYHEMWQYP, GY RSYE-P RJ'M#EVI HSFRHMX PE -EFRI: HI YRHI #M
WXVYMR'E IZERKLIPMWXYPYM HI E HIRYR'E, PE EGI#XM JEVMWIM TI GEVI-P RXPRI#XI,
TVEGXMGMPI JSRHEXI TI XVEHM'MM GI VMWG W-P EXVEK TI EGIM MYHIM WEY WMQTEXMÊR'M
GEVI XVIFYMI G#XMKE'M RXVY ,VMWXSW SVM TWXVE'M R GSQYRMXEXI. (SZEH, HEG
QEM IVE RIZSMI, G PE EGIP QSQIRX GVI#XMRMM WI E4 XSGQEM R EGIE JSVQ HI
HMWMHIR' R GEVI HMWTYXE, MRZIGXMZE, ZMSPIR'E GLMEV, E VIPE'MMPSV RWIEQR G
PIKXYVMPI, HI#M WPFMXI, RY WYRX VYTXI, R GMYHE QWYVMPSV HI I\GPYHIVI PYEXI
HI WMREKSKM JE' HI MYHIMM GVI#XMRM, HIWTVI GEVI QVXYVMWI#XI )ZERKLIPME E
TEXVE (-R 9, 2). (EG &MRIGYZRXEVIE QMRMQ-PPSV*, MRGPYW R GIPI
3TXWTVIÎGI FMRIGYZRXVM VSWXMXI ^MPRMG R WPYNFE WMREKSKEP, RY-P ZMÎE^ R
TVMQYP VRH TI GVI#XMRM, IE M-E MRGPYW R QSH WMKYV R VRHYP QMRMQ-PPSV GIP
XV^MY PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -.
*. 1MRMQ (IVIXMGM); EGIEWX VYKGMYRI (FMRIGYZRXEVI) MQTPSVE
^HVRMGMVIE TPERYVMPSV QEPI3GI QTSXVMZE TSTSVYPYM IZVIY (R.X.).
(I PE HMWMHIR' PE EYXSRSQMI (120-P50) R VWXMQTYP EGIWXIM WGYVXI
TIVMSEHI, ERYQMXI IZIRMQIRXI I\XIVRI #M GSR#XMIRXMÊVIE TIVMGSPIPSV MRXIVRI
M-EY JGYX TI GVI#XMRM, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, W-#M VIGSRWMHIVI WMXYE'ME. R
EJEV, E EZYX PSG QEM RXM TVFY#MVIE MYHEMWQYPYM PE %PI\ERHVME #M R )KMTX, R
XMQTYP RFY#MVMM WRKIVSEWI E YRIM VWGSEPI (15-P7); ETSM, GIE HI-E HSYE
VIZSPX HMR -YHIIE, RXVITVMRW HI 7MQSR &EV-/SOLFE #M ^HVSFMX RIQMPSW HI
-YPMYW 7IZIV (132-P35). 4MIV EXYRGM QMM HI MYHIM, -IVYWEPMQYP IWXI VIFSXIÊX
%IPME 'ETMXSPMRE, MYHIMPSV PM WI MRXIV^MGI W QEM MRXVI R SVE# #M IWXI RP'EX YR
WERGXYEV TKR. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, &MWIVMGMPI EWMWX PE ETEVM'ME R MRXIVMSVYP PSV E
YRSV QM#GVM GEVI WI HI^ZSPX VETMH TR R QEVMPI SVE#I #M EPI GVSV
RZ'XYVM TYR R TVMQINHMI QIWENYP IZERKLIPMG.
R XMQTYP RSMPSV RIRSVSGMVM GEVI PSZIWG TSTSVYP MYHIY, GVI#XMRMM RY TEV W
WI 3 EVXEX QEM WSPMHEVM GY IP HIGX R ERYP 70. -YWXMR, HI I\IQTPY, ZE VI'MRI
QEM GY WIEQ JETXYP G MYHIMM, S HEX R TPYW, M-EY TIVWIGYXEX TI GVI#XMRM: R
YPXMQYP V^FSM EP -YHIMM, WGVMI IP R TVMQE WE ETSPSKMI, &EV-/SOLFE,
GSRHYGXSVYP VIZSPXIM, M WYTYRIE TI GVI#XMRM #M RYQEM TI GVI#XMRM PE GIPI QEM
QEVM GLMRYVM, HEG RY XKHYMEY #M RY LYPIEY RYQIPI PYM ,VMWXSW. R TPYW,
EGIEWX RSY YQMPMVI E TSTSVYPYM IZVIY RY TYXIE HIGX W-P RXVIEWG TI
GVI#XMRM RXVI GEVI -YWXMR, GEVI S WGVMI I\TPMGMX R MHIIE G IE IVE IJIGXYP
YRIM TIHITWI HYQRIÎMI#XM #M G HSEV PSV, GVI#XMRMPSV, PI IVE HEX W EWMKYVI
QS#XIRMVIE VIZIPE'MIM HMZMRI. 4R EXYRGM, PYTXEWIV TI HSY JVSRXYVM, GY
MYHEMWQYP #M GY -QTIVMYP #M EV 3 JSWX QYP'YQM'M W RY QEM EMF HI RJVYRXEX
HIGX YRYP. R GI-P TVMZI#XI TI MWXSVMG, EGIWXE ZIHI QEM GY WIEQ HMWTVRH R
EKMXE'ME ZVIQMM YPXMQIPI GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI, GEVI RXVI'MRIEY VETSVXYVM
GSRWXERXI, GLMEV HEG GSR4MGXYEPI, GY MYHEMWQYP HMR EGIEWX VIKMYRI E PYQMM
VSQERI. #M TYRI, HI EWIQIRIE, RXVIFEVIE HEG FI^RE GEVI RZPYMI
RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRI R )KMTX RY I GYQZE PIKEX HI GEVEGXIVYP MYHEMÊRX EP
EGIWXIM &MWIVMGM, GEVI EV 3 QTVX#MX EWXJIP WSEVXE MYHEMWQYPYM IKMTXIER.
1%6'-32 "- :%0)28-2 0% 631%. (SY I\IQTPI ZSV 3 HI ENYRW TIRXVY
E MPYWXVE RIPMRM#XMPI &MWIVMGMPSV R JE'E YRIM TVMQINHMM HI XMT RSY, TI GEVI
GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER E I\TIVMQIRXEX-S VRH TI VRH. 'XVI 135, WSWI#XI PE
6SQE YR GVI#XMR RYQMX 1EVGMSR. 3VMKMREV HMR 7MRSTI, HI TI QEPYVMPI 1VMM
2IKVI, IWXI EVQEXSV. 8EXP WY, ITMWGSTYP PSGYPYM, P-E I\GPYW HMR GSQYRMXEXI HMR
QSXMZI XISPSKMGI. 1EVGMSR RY RXV^MI W TVI^MRXI &MWIVMGMM VSQERI HSGXVMRE WE,
GEVI TSEXI 3 VI^YQEX R GXIZE GYZMRXI. 7GVMTXYVMPI MYHEMGI, TI GEVI VIJY^
W PI MRXIVTVIXIÎ EPIKSVMG, HI^ZPYMI YR HYQRIÎY GY WIRXMQIRXI SQIRI#XM,
KIPSW, GVYH, TI HIEWYTVE #M GVIEXSVYP YRIM PYQM MQTIVJIGXI. 'YQ RY HI'MRI
RMGMYRYP HMR EXVMFYXIPI (YQRIÎYPYM HIWGSTIVMX TVMR ,VMWXSW, XVIFYMI
VIGYRSWGYX, TVMR YVQEVI, I\MWXIR'E E HSY HMZMRMX'M: YR HYQRIÎY MRJIVMSV,
GVIEXSV #M YR (YQRIÎY WYTIVMSV #M QRXYMXSV; TVMQYP IWXI GYRSWGYX HI 1SMWI,
MEV EP HSMPIE, VQEW RIGYRSWGYX, RY W-E VIZIPEX HIGX R ,VMWXSW.
(IWGSTIVMRHY-#M R 4EZIP WMRKYVE GPY^ R QEXIGMI HI XISPSKMI, 1EVGMSR
VIWTMRKI 0IKIE, GY XSEXI G IE IWXI HVIETX, HEX 3MRH VWTPEXE TI GEVI S
TVIWYTYRI. 'IMPEP'M ETSWXSPM P-EY PYEX TI -MWYW HVITX 1IWME HYQRIÎYPYM
MRJIVMSV. (I EGIIE, ,VMWXSW P-E GLIQEX TI 4EZIP TIRXVY E VIWXEFMPM EHIZVYP. 4I
HI EPX TEVXI, 1EVGMSR WI HIHMG YRIM WEVGMRM I\XVIQ HI HIPMGEXI EPGXYMVIE
YRYM GSVTYW HI WGVMTXYVM R GSRJSVQMXEXI GY PSKMGE WE: JV RMGM YR XI\X MYHIY,
GSR'MRRH S WMRKYV IZERKLIPMI, E PYM 0YGE GIE QEM ETVSTMEX HI GIIE GI
4EZIP RYQI#XI IZERKLIPME QIE ITYVEX HI SVMGI VIJIVMR' PE :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX, PE GEVI EHEYK XVIMWTVIÎGI ITMWXSPI TEYPMRI, GYV'EXI #M IPI HI
RYQIVSEWIPI PSV MRXIVTSPVM MYHEMÊRXI. 4I FEÊ EGIWXSV WGVMIVM, VIZ^YXI #M
GSVIGXEXI GSRXMRYY HI 1EVGMSR #M HMWGMTSPMM WM, WI TSEXI GSRWXVYM EHIZVEXE
RZ'XYV: -MWYW TPXI#XI TI GVYGI TVI'YP GEVI VWGYQTV SQIRMVIE HI PE
HYQRIÎYP MRJIVMSV, WTVI E S RETSME (YQRIÎYPYM WYTVIQ. :ME'E SQIRIEWG
IWXI VRHYMX HYT EGIPE#M TVMRGMTMY: JIVMGMVIE #M FSK'ME WYRX ZEPSVMPI
HYQRIÎYPYM GVIEXSV; YQMPMR'E #M WVGME, EPI (YQRIÎYPYM PYM ,VMWXSW. 4I
WGYVX, 1EVGMSR, GEVI RY EVI RMQMG HMRXV-YR KRSWXMG, VE'MSRIE^ WXVMGX PSKMG #M
HYT S PSKMG QTMRW PE I\XVIQ. %XYRGM GRH, GSRWMHIVRHY-WI RIR'IPIW,
TVWI#XI &MWIVMGE R ERYP 14 #M #M RXIQIME^ TVSTVME GSQYRMXEXI, TIRXVY
GEVI E 3\EX VIKYPM EWGIXMGI (TSWXYVM, RJVREVI HI PE GEVRI, ZMR #M PIKXYVM
XVYTI#XM), 1EVGMSR WI FYGYV HI EWIQIRIE WYGGIW RGX, ÎGI ERM QEM XV^MY,
-YWXMR VIPEXIE^ G SF#XMPI QEVGMSRMXI EY GYTVMRW XSEX SQIRMVIE: %WME 1MG,
'SVMRX, 'VIXE, %RXMSLME, %PI\ERHVME, 6SQE, 0]SR #M 'EVXEKMRE. 9R QEVI RYQV
HI QEVGMSRM'M EY WJV#MX QEVXMVM R XMQTYP TIVWIGY'MMPSV, WTSVMRHY-#M EWXJIP
VIRYQIPI HI GVI#XMRM HIWZV#M'M. 1EVGMSRMWQYP EZIE W XVMEWG QYPX ZVIQI
R GSQTIXM'MI GY &MWIVMGMPI GVI#XMRI HMR ITSG. :E QEM 3 GSQFXYX HI 4VMR'MM
&MWIVMGMM R WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, R 6WVMX, R VIKMYRMPI HI PMQF WMVMEG. *V
RHSMEP, GETMM GSQYRMX'MPSV GVI#XMRI #M ZSV 3 HEX WIEQE GY EGIEWX SGE^MI G
IVE TVMQINHMSW W RY TWXVIÎ EGIEWX YPXMQ PIKXYV GY MYHEMWQYP #M ERYQI
VETSVXEVIE PE 7GVMTXYV. (EV QEM IVE IE SEVI S 7GVMTXYV GSQYR#
%P HSMPIE I\IQTPY ZMÎE^ WSWMVIE PE 6SQE, GXVI ERYP 140, E PYM
:EPIRXMR, IKMTXIER HI SVMKMRI, HMR %PI\ERHVME. )WXI TVMQMX R &MWIVMG, YRHI #M
I\TYRI RSYE GYRSE#XIVI EP GVIM HI'MRXSV IWXI. (MRGSPS HI QMXYVMPI
EHIWISVM HM3GMP HI R'IPIW, EWGYPXXSVMM WM TSX HMWXMRKI QIWENYP TI GEVI P EHYGI
EGIEWX KRS^: PYQIE IWXI VY RXSGQMX, MEV SQYP IWXI RIJIVMGMX. )P XVIFYMI
W RZI'I W GYRSEWG HI YRHI ZMRI #M GYQ WI TSEXI RHVITXE WTVI YR EPX
HIWXMR. 4IRXVY E WI WYWXVEKI PYQMM QEXIVMEPI, R GEVI WI E4 GETXMZ, WY4IXYP #M
ZE KWM M^FZMVIE RXV-S RP'EVI GI VITVSHYGI GSFSVVIE WZV#MX HI
1RXYMXSVYP ZIRMX W P IPMFIVIÎ. %XYRGM KRSWXMGYP WI ZE EPXYVE HMR RSY PYQMM
GIVI#XM, GE WTMVMX HITPMR TYVM3GEX. %GIEWX ZIVWMYRI GVI#XMR E HMWGYVWYPYM
KRSWXMG EVEX GX IWXI IP HI GSRGIRXVEX EWYTVE SQYPYM: (YQRIÎY IWXI EXX
HI XVERWGIRHIRX, RGX IWXI MREGGIWMFMP. )\MWX, HMRGSPS HI PYQIE *EGIVMM #M EPXI
PYQM TIVGITXMFMPI, MEV (YQRIÎYP FMFPMG RY IWXI HIGX YR HYQRIÎY MRJIVMSV.
1RXYMXSVYP ZMRI HI QEM WYW #M HI QEM HITEVXI.
:EPIRXMR E VQEW HSYÎGM HI ERM PE 6SQE, ETSM E WJV#MX TVMR E WI VYTI
HI &MWIVMG, HMR QSXMZI GEVI RI WYRX RIGYRSWGYXI. 2I HQ WIEQE GI EPX VMWG
TRHIE GVI#XMRMWQYP, EXX XMQT GX RSM GSRZIVXM'M, TVSZIRM'M HMR VRHYP
TEKMRMPSV, WI EVXEY VIGITXMZM JE' HI EGIWXI WMWXIQI XISPSKMGI RSM. 'YQ WI
TSEXI VMZEPMÊ GY HSYÎGM HI ERM HI RZ'XYV EM PYM :EPIRXMR, EGIWX XISPSK HI
TVMQ VERK, EGIWX I\IKIX EZMÊX, EGIWX 3PSWSJ HI EZERKEVH GEVI E RHITPMRMX
JYRG'MM HI GTIXIRMI R WRYP GSQYRMX'MM #M GEVI IVE PE YR TEW HI E ENYRKI
ITMWGST# 'VI#XMR, RIRHSMSW, HEV YRYP GEVI WI TVIXMRHI QS#XIRMXSV EP YRIM
RZ'XYVM WIGVIXI E PYM ,VMWXSW! 4VSTSZHYMVIE XVEHM'MSREP E )ZERKLIPMIM, E PYM
,VMWXSW GY EHIZVEX 3Q, E VETSVXVMM PE 7GVMTXYV, E (YQRIÎYPYM YRMG, TSEXI
IE FMVYM S RZ'XYV MRM'MEXMG# 2Y I PYGVY PE RHIQR W XI E4M R JVYRXIE
YRIM &MWIVMGM PE EGIE ZVIQI.
-978-2. 'Y EXX QEM QYPX, GY GX #M EP'M GVIHMRGMS#M EY WIRXMQIRXYP G E
ZIRMX XMQTYP W VIZM^YMEWG VETSVXYVMPI TI GEVI GVI#XMRMWQYP PI RXVI'MRI GY
MYHEMWQYP, TVIGYQ #M GY TYXIVIE. -YWXMR IWXI YRYP HMRXVI EGI#XME. )P, GEVI EZIE
W WJV#IEWG QEVXMV R ERYP 165, W-E RWGYX PE 2ETPY^ (*PEZME 2IETSPMW), R
7MVME TEPIWXMRMER. *MPSWSJ GY XIRX TPEXSRMGMER, EGIWX TKR GSRZIVXMX PE
GVI#XMRMWQ WGVMI YR (MEPSK GY 8VMJSR, R GEVI RGIEVG W-P HIQSRWXVIÎ YRYM
VEFMR G ,VMWXSW IWXI HINE TVIZIWXMX R 7GVMTXYV, GY GSRHM'ME W #XMM W S GMXI#XM
TR R GIP QEM QVYRX HIXEPMY EP YRIM XVEHYGIVM HMWGYXEFMPI. *MVI#XI, VEFMRYP
RY WI PEW GSRZMRW, GY XSEXI G -YWXMR IWXI GIP GEVI QRYMI#XI TERE #M JEGI HMR
8VMJSR YR VEFMR GEPQ #M I\XVIQ HI R'IPIKXSV. 2Y EVI-E JEGI: IWXI TIRXVY
TVMQE SEV GRH YR GVI#XMR #M TKR PE SVMKMRI TI HIEWYTVE, ETEVI R
PMXIVEXYV R VSPYP RZ'XSVYPYM MRWXVYMRH YR VEFMR R TVSTVME-P WTIGMEPMXEXI. )WXI
S PYQI VWXYVREX, S 3G'MYRI PMXIVEV, HIWMKYV, RW KVMXSEVI R GIIE GI
TVMZI#XI WGLMQFEVIE YRIM WXVM HI WTMVMX. "XMY GIIE GI #XM'M, TEVI W WTYR
-YWXMR, HEV #XMY #M GIIE GI RY #XM'M. 'Y S EQFM'MI RIQWYVEX, GVI#XMRYP WI
MQTYRI EWXJIP RGX HMEPSKYP WI XVERWJSVQ R EGX HI EGYÊVI QTSXVMZE
MYHIYPYM, MRGETEFMP W R'IPIEK. R VIEPMXEXI, MYHEMWQYP VEFMRMG, GEVI E #XMYX W
VIWXEFMPIEWG WMXYE'ME HYT 70 #M GEVI S ZE QEM JEGI #M HYT 135, RY EVI
RMGMHIGYQ E WI XIQI HI EXEVI GSRGYVIR' GSTMPVIEWG. R EPX ^SR E G#XMKEX
#M ZE GSRXMRYE W G#XMKI XIVIR GVI#XMRMWQYP: TVIPYRH GPMIRXIPE TKR HI PE
MYHEMWQYP IPIRMÊX.
'Y EGIIE#M GYXIÊR' WI QERMJIWX -YWXMR R JE'E QTVEXYPYM %RXSRMR GIP
4MSW #M R JE'E 7IREXYPYM VSQER, TVMR HSY ETSPSKMM: MEX GI WYRXIQ, GMRWXMXSVM EM
9RYPYM, EHIZVEXYPYM (YQRIÎY #M EM *MYPYM WY; WYRXIQ GIX'IRM GY QSVEP
JV TEX, 3PSWS3E RSEWXV IWXI QEM FYR HIGX SVMGI 3PSWS3I E SEQIRMPSV. 7
3Q NYHIGE'M HYT GIPI GI WYRXIQ, RY HYT HIPE'MYRMPI JV XIQIM. (I EWX
HEX, 3G'MYRIE PMXIVEV RY IWXI PMTWMX HI VMWGYVM: -YWXMR E JSWX RXIQRM'EX R
YVQE YRYM HIRYR'. -YWXMR RY IWXI YR I\IQTPY M^SPEX. REMRXIE PYM, 5YEHVEXYW
HMR %XIRE EHVIWEWI S ETSPSKMI PYM ,EHVMER #M PYM %VMWXMHI, S EPXE PYM %RXSRMR GIP
4MSW; HYT IP, 1IPMXSR HI 7EVHIW #M ZE TYFPMGE WGVMWSEVIE GXVI 1EVG %YVIPMY.
%GIWXI QERMJIWXVM WYRX #M WIQRYP ZSMR'IM HI E-#M HIGPEVE EYXSRSQME: RSM RY
WYRXIQ MYHIM #M RY RI EHTSWXMQ PE YQFVE WXEXYXYPYM VIGYRSWGYX EP EGIWXSVE R
-QTIVMY.
6IMIWI G EGIEWX HSVMR' HI EYXSRSQMI, GEVI WI ZE QERMJIWXE #M QEM
ETWEX R GSRXMRYEVI, IWXI PIKEX, TVSFEFMP, HI JETXYP G MYHEMWQYP, ETEVIRX
WPFMX HI EXXIE RGIVGVM #M QEWEGVI, IVE, GIP TY'MR R SGLMM GVI#XMRMPSV HI
SVMKMRI TKR, TI GEPI HI E 3 QEVKMREPMÊX. 3 MPY^MI, JV RHSMEP, GEVI RY-P
QTMIHMGE TI -YWXMR W GMXIÎ ZIGLMPI TVSJI'MM MYHEMGI, EXYRGM GRH M WI EHVIWE
PYM %RXSRMR. R QSH GSR#XMIRX WEY RY, EGIEWXE RWIQRE G RMGM GVI#XMRYP, RMGM
GVI#XMRMWQYP RY #M TYXIEY HIGPMRE MHIRXMXEXIE JV E JEGI VIJIVMVI PE MYHIM #M PE
XVEHM'MMPI PSV QMPIREVI. 3 TVSFPIQ HI MHIRXMXEXI, JV HSEV #M TSEXI: RG HI PE
RGITYX, GIM GEVI TVSGPEQ )ZERKLIPME PYM ,VMWXSW RY S TSX JEGI HIGX XSGQEM
R ZMVXYXIE JETXYPYM G WYRX MYHIM. 4KRMM GEVI EY QFV'M#EX RSYE GVIHMR' RY
ETEV'MR RW RMGM EGIWXIM RE'MYRM, RMGM EGIWXYM TSTSV. 1IQSVME GEVI PI IWXI
XVERWQMW #M-E RWY#MX XVIGYXYP #M QIQSVME MYHEMWQYPYM, TI GEVI PI-E
VIMRXIVTVIXEX, HI^ZSPXRHY-PI. %TVSTVMIVIE 7GVMTXYVMPSV MYHEMGI W-E JGYX
XVITXEX. 0E RGITYX, IPI RY VITVI^MRX HIGX TVIZIWXMVIE #M TVI3KYVEVIE 1IWMIM
GVI#XMR. (YT EGIIE, ,VMWXSW #M ETSWXSPMM WYRX RWGVM#M R WYGGIWMYRIE TVSJI'MPSV
HIWTVI GEVI XVEHM'MMPI MYHEMGI TSZIWXIEY G JYWIWIV VIWTMR#M, TIVWIGYXE'M WEY
SQSV'M. 3 EPX GEPI TSWMFMP GSRWXE R E PI EXVMFYM R#M#M TVSJI'MPSV MYHIM S
VIZIPE'MI I\TPMGMX E 1IWMIM GVI#XMR (XI\XIPI ETSGVMJI M JEG W QSEV HI QRE
MYHIMPSV TI -WEME #M -IVIQME, HMR TVMGMR G EY HI^ZPYMX ZM^MYRIE TI GEVI EV 3
EZYX-S HIWTVI *MYP PYM (YQRIÎY). R WJV#MX, YR ETSGVMJ HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE P
XVERWJSVQ TI )^HVE R TVSVSG GEVI TVI^MGI HMWTEVM'ME XSXEP E PYM -WVEIP, R
JEZSEVIE TSTSVYPYM RSY GEVI WYRX GVI#XMRMM, GVSVE PI WYRX HEXI PIKQRXYP,
JKHYMR'IPI, TVSVSGMM, XSX GIIE GI VITVI^MRX KPSVME PYM -WVEIP. R GIPI HMR YVQ,
VIMRXIVTVIXEVIE GVI#XMR E 7GVMTXYVMPSV E JSWX QTMRW EXX HI HITEVXI, RGX YR
HMEPSK TVIGYQ GIP TI GEVI P GSRWXVYMI#XI -YWXMR HINE RY QEM IVE GY TYXMR' R
VIEPMXEXI. -YWXMR I\TYRI YRE HMR MRXIVTVIXVMPI WEPI, HEV IWXI MVMXEX GRH 8VMJSR
RHV^RI#XI W WI QMVI: 'YQ, ZSM WYRXI'M -WVEIPYP#. %FME HI IVEY TSWMFMPI
GSRWYPXVM RXVI RZ'E'M, GY TVMZMVI PE QSHYP HI R'IPIKIVI EP ZVIYRIM I\TVIWMM
IFVEMGI SVM PE EHIGZEVIE ZVIYRIM ST'MYRM JGYXI HI XVEHYGXSVMM 7ITXYEKMRXIM.
R EGIWX QIHMY EP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, GVI#XMRMWQYP (YR GYZRX JSEVXI
VIGIRX, TI GEVI -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM P-E RXVIFYMR'EX TIRXVY TVMQE SEV, R
GSVIWTSRHIR'E WE) #M HSFRHMWI S VIPEXMZ EYXSRSQMI, JV GE XSXY#M W-#M 3
XMEX XSEXI TYR'MPI HI PIKXYV GY GIMPEP'M. 'VI#XMRMWQYP RY EVI, PE HVITX
ZSVFMRH, S HEX E RE#XIVMM. 'SR3KYVEVIE PYM XVITXEX E HYVEX QEM QYPX HI YR
ZIEG TVMR ZVXINYVMPI MWXSVMIM, TR PE EGIEWX RGIVGEVI HI IQERGMTEVI, EGIWX
HMZSV' GEVI RY ZE 3 RMGMSHEX TVSRYR'EX, R GMYHE I\GSQYRMGVMPSV VIGMTVSGI
(GGM WI ZSV KWM RXSXHIEYRE GVI#XMRM KEXE W TVEGXMGI GYPXYP MYHEMG). %YXSVMM
GVI#XMRM ZSV GSQTYRI XVEXEXI %HZIVWYW .YHEISW, MEV MYHEMWQYP RY ZE RGIXE W
RIPMRM#XIEWG &MWIVMGE TR R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE. 2Y I\MWX S HEX GEVI W
QEVGLIÎ WGLMQFVM FVY#XI. 8VERWJSVQVMPI RY WI VIQEVG HIGX R XMQT, PE
GETXYP YRSV MRXIVZEPI PYRKM. 2Y RI E4Q E#EHEV HIGX R EGIP QSQIRX
XVIGXSV GRH GVI#XMRMM RGIEVG, TVMR PYVMPSV PSV TYFPMGI HI TS^M'MI, W-#M
QERMJIWXI MHIRXMXEXIE GVI#XMR, JV EPX ETEVXIRIR' VIPMKMSEW. 7 YMXI IM
SEVI G JVE'MM PSV GVI#XMRM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG WI RYQV TVMRXVI GSQYRMX'MPI
GVI#XMRI #M G RG PI WX S PYRK MWXSVMI REMRXI# -YWXMR RY S YMX, RW EXYRGM
GRH S QIR'MSRIE^ R ETSPSKME WE, S JEGI TIRXVY E TVIGMÊ G EGI#XME WYRX
GVI#XMRM HI VERKYP HSM: 'VI#XMRMM ZIRM'M HMR TKRMWQ WYRX QEM RYQIVS#M #M QEM
WMRGIVM HIGX GIM HI SFV#MI MYHEMG SVM WEQEVMXIER. 'YVMSEW VWXYVREVI HI
WMXYE'MI, GRH XI KRHI#XM PE WXEXYXYP TKRS-GVI#XMRMPSV R GSQYRMX'MPI HMRXM!
1ENSVMXEVMM XMRH RXSXHIEYRE W-P HIWGSRWMHIVI TI QMRSVMXEVM.
'I VI^YPX HMR EGIWX QSQIRX XVIGXSV, TIRXVY YR SFWIVZEXSV HMR EJEVE
ITSGMM# 4SEXI G WIQRYP GIP QEM ZM^MFMP EV 3 G HI EGYQ REMRXI HMWTYXIPI
HMRXVI GVI#XMRM #M MYHIM RY ZSV QEM 3 TIVGITYXI GE RM#XI GIVXYVM MYHIS-PYHEMGI,
GM GE S RJVYRXEVI RXVI GSQYRMX'M VIPMKMSEWI HMWXMRGXI. 6QR, R WGLMQF, QEM
QYPXI RXVIFVM GY TVMZMVI PE EXMXYHMRIE GVI#XMRMPSV R JE'E TYXIVMM VSQERI HMR
HMZIVWI TIVMSEHI. 4IRXVY GIE GEVI RI MRXIVIWIE^, W PYQ GE^YP PYM -YWXMR. )P
GIVI W 3I VIGYRSWGYX HVITX GIX'IER #M WI XVYHI#XI W HIQSRWXVIÎ G, HEG
IWXI YR FYR GIX'IER, I TIRXVY G IWXI GVI#XMR, EHMG EHITXYP YRIM 3PSWS3M
GEVI MQTYRI S TYVXEVI QSVEP MVITVS#EFMP. 7I VIZSPX ETSM QTSXVMZE JETXYPYM
G TS'M 3 HIRYR'EX, EVIWXEX WEY GSRHEQREX TIRXVY WMQTPYP QSXMZ HI E 3
GVI#XMR. 3V, IP #XMI TVIE FMRI G, HEG GVI#XMRMM WYRX ZRE'M, RY I TIRXVY
QSVEPMXEXIE WEY MQSVEPMXEXIE PSV, GM TIRXVY G ETEV'MR YRIM GSRJVIVMM
GSRWMHIVEXI MPMGMX, GGM I HI RSXSVMIXEXI JETXYP G EGI#XME VIJY^ W EHYG
NIVXJI (-YWXMR RWY#M S VITIX), EHMG W RHITPMRIEWG KIWXYP TI GEVI SVMGI
PSGYMXSV EP -QTIVMYPYM, GY I\GIT'ME MYHIMPSV, IVE SFPMKEX W-P JEG R WIQR HI
3HIPMXEXI JE' HI -QTIVMY, HI QTVEX #M HI ÎMM PSV TVSXIGXSVM. (I EGYQ, -YWXMR
TSEXI TVSXIWXE SVMGX, MRZSGRH WMRGIVMXEXIE VYKGMYRMPSV GVI#XMRI TIRXVY
QTVEX RY-P WPYNI#XI PE RMQMG. 8I\XYP PYM -YWXMR TSEXI 3 TIVGITYX GLMEV GE S
TVSZSGEVI, GGM I QIRMX W HSZIHIEWG R JE'E EYXSVMX'MPSV VSQERI QEM
HIKVEF EHIZVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM HIGX RIZMRSZ'ME GVI#XMRMPSV, HMWGYVWYP PYM
3MRH R EGIPE#M XMQT S GVMXMG E VIPMKMIM, E GVIHMR'IPSV #M E SFMGIMYVMPSV TSTSVYPYM
VSQER. 0E JIP HI FMRI WI TSEXI W RY 3 JSWX WGVMW HIGX TIRXVY E 3 VWTRHMX
TVMRXVI GVI#XMRM. 8VMQMW PE TEPEXYP MQTIVMEP, RMGM YPXMQYP WPYNFE# EP
WIGVIXEVMEXYPYM, PE GMXMVIE YRSV TEKMRM RXVIKM HI WGVMIVM MYHEMGI, QTREXI GY
GSQIRXEVMYP PSV GY XSX, RY M-EV 3 HEX GY WMKYVER' GYVW GXVI QTVEX #M RMGM
QGEV GXVI FMVSYP HI EVLMZI. 2Y XS'M ETSPSKI'MM EY RW QRE EXX HI KVIE.
7GVMMRHY-P PYM 1EVG %YVIPMY, 1IPMXSR HI 7EVHIW IRYQIVE QEM RXM ZMSPIR'IPI HI
XSX WSMYP GVSVE PI WYRX ZMGXMQI GVI#XMRMM HMR %WME, WI MRXIVIWIE^ HEG EGIWXIE
WI TIXVIG HMR SVHMRYP QTVEXYPYM, MEV HEG EY PSG JV HI #XMMR'E PYM, M GIVI W
MRXIVZMR. %YXSVYP VIGYVKI PE S GETXE'MS FIRIZSPIRXMEI: %M HIZIRMX
QS#XIRMXSVYP HSVMX ?EP -QTIVMYPYMA #M ZIM VQRI EWXJIP, HMQTVIYR GY 3YP XY,
TVSXINRH 3PSWS3E GEVI E GVIWGYX S HEX GY -QTIVMYP #M GEVI E RGITYX S HEX
GY %YKYWXYW #M TI GEVI #M WXVQS#MM XM EY GMRWXMX-S RXVI GIPIPEPXI VIPMKMM. "M IWXI
S QEVI HSZEH E HIWZV#MVMM IM JETXYP G RZ'XYVE RSEWXV E TYXYX R4SVM R
EGIPE#M XMQT GY JIVMGMXYP RGITYX EP -QTIVMYPYM #M G RMGM S RIRSVSGMVI RY W-E
RXQTPEX HI PE HSQRME PYM %YKYWXYW RGSEGI, GM HMQTSXVMZ, XSXYP E JSWX
WXVPYGMXSV #M KPSVMSW, HYT VYKGMYRMPI XYXYVSV. %GIEWX WGVMWSEVI IWXI S
VYKQMRXI QSHIVEX, GEVI PEW WYWTIRHEX TVSFPIQE WXEXYXYPYM GVI#XMRMPSV R
-QTIVMY. 'LMEV GVIHI 1IPMXSR G WI TSEXI JEGI ETIP HI PE YR QTVEX TVSWX
MRJSVQEX PE YRYP FMRI MRJSVQEX# 'SRWMQ'MVIE PE -QTIVMY W 3I S GSRHM'MI E
WXMPYPYM# 'X EY GRXVMX R TYVXEVIE GVI#XMRMPSV, GLMEV R XMQTYP QEVMPSV
TIVWIGY'MM HMR ZIEGYP EP --PIE, MRWXVYG'MYRMPI ETSWXSPMGI GY TVMZMVI PE WYTYRIVIE
JE' HI EYXSVMX'M# %GIWXI RXVIFVM VQR ZEPEFMPI R GE^YP QYPXSV EYXSVM GE
1IPMXSR; C
(I-E PYRKYP TIVMSEHIM PE GEVI RI VIJIVMQ, GVI#XMRMM, FMRI RVHGMRE'M R
-QTIVMY, RG RY #M-EY RJTXYMX YRMXEXIE. 2Y #M-EY PMQTI^MX HI3RMXMZ VIPE'MMPI GY
MYHEMWQYP. 'IE QEM RWIQREX VIY#MX E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM IWXI PMXIVEXYVE WE.
'VI#XMRMWQYP W-E GSRWXVYMX GSRWXVYMRHY-#M PMXIVEXYVE. %GIEWXE I QEVIE STIV E
EGIPSV KIRIVE'MM. )PI EY MRZIRXEX KIRYP RYQMX IZERKLIPMI #M-EY GSRJIG'MSREX
MWXSVME WGVMMRH-S, EY GSTMEX, MQMXEX #M RP'EX YR EHIZVEX QIQSVMEP PMXIVEV, PWEX
QS#XIRMVI KIRIVE'MMPSV YVQXSEVI, GEVI, TVMR PIGXYV, #M RHITPMRIWG HEXSVME
HI E 'MRI QMRXI, HEV TI GEVI MWXSVMGYP XVIFYMI W P ZM^MXIÎ TIRXVY E TYRI R
ZEPSEVI TVIVSKEXMZIPI MWXSVMIM.
8SEX PYQIE #XMI G MWXSVME IWXI #XMMR'E TEVXMGYPEVYPYM. 0E PIGXYVE EGIWXSV
TEKMRM HI MRXVSHYGIVI, GMXMXSVYP EV TYXIE 3 WYWTMGMSW, RXV-EXX XVIGIVIE R
VIZMWX E S WYX HSYÎGM HI ERM RY TSEXI 3 HIGX S RGIVGEVI HI TYRIVI R
SVHMRI, QIVIY MRGSQTPIX. )\MWX, HMR JIVMGMVI, QYPXI EPXI QSHYVM HI E JEGI
MWXSVMI. -WXSVME RY GSRWX R WXEFMPMVIE ERYQMXSV JETXI MWXSVMGI GE
SFMIGXMZI. 'Y 3IGEVI STIVE'MI IJIGXYEX (WXVRKIVIE M^ZSEVIPSV
HSGYQIRXEVI, WXYHMIVIE 3IGVYME HMRXVI IPI, VIKVYTEVIE, WMRXIÊ TEV'MEP IXG),
MWXSVMGYP MRXIVZMRI, JEGI EPIKIVM #M HIGM RHITVXIE^ IPIQIRXI, MRXIVTVIXIE^.
4I WGYVX, IP GSRWXVYMI#XI SFMIGXYP TI GEVI P WXYHME^ #M RGIEVG W R'IPIEK.
*MIGEVI HMR GSPEFSVEXSVMM PE EGIWX ZSPYQ E YVQEX EGIWX HIQIVW TIRXVY
WYFMIGXYP TI GEVI P-E XVEXEX, HEV E JGYX #M YR TEW R TPYW: E RGIVGEX W
R'IPIEK #M E JGYX-S TIRXVY RSM, GMXMXSVMM.
4MIVVI +ISPXVEMR :IGLMYP SVE# EWX^M *SVXVIE'E %RXSRME 'LMZSXYR - PYM
;MPWSR -C`
>MHYP -< ETYWIER) .$
()FYWV0/7GEV M+LMS 8YRIPYP; PYM -IÎGLME 36%"9-8 () .37@TEV
7TXYVMPI C HI PE 3TLIPC
:EPIE +LIIRIM (4SEVXE KYRSMYPYM)
-IVYWEPMQYP FMFPMG :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX 3VMKMRMPI -IVYWEPMQYPYM WI E4 R
WYH-IWXYP SVE#YPYM ZIGLM, TI RP'MQIE GEVI HSQMR ZEPIE 'LIHVSRYPYM:
EGIEWXE IWXI GIXEXIE PYM (EZMH, YRHI WYRX ZM^MXEXI GY TVIGHIVI TEXVY WMXYVM.
7TXYVMPI HI PE 3TLIP EY WGSW PE PYQMR VQ#M'I HI GEWI EVWI R XMQTYP
EWIHMYPYM FEFMPSRMER HMR 587 #M GXIZE ZIWXMKMM EPI SVE#YPYM GERERIER -IFYW
(WIGSPYP EP <:--PIE). 7I ZM^MXIE^ ETSM TY'YP PYM ;EVIR (HYT RYQIPI
HIWGSTIVMXSVYPYM WY), GI VITVI^MRX ZIGLMYP EGGIW WYFXIVER PE M^ZSVYP +LMLSR.
(MR JYRHYP ZMM WI QEM TSEXI ZIHIE #M EGGIWYP HMVIGX GXVI M^ZSV, RW XYRIPYP
PYM -IÎGLME, GEVI HYGI ETE HI PE +LMLSR PE WGPHXSEVIE 7MPSEQ (YR GEREP HI
512 Q, WTEX R XMQTYP PYM -WEME), XSX RY IWXI EGGIWMFMP.
4I GSEQE WXRGSEW, R WJV#MX, HSY GEZMX'M TEVEPIPI TEV E 3 QSVQMRXI
VIKEPI, 3MRHG HSEV VIKMM IVEY RLYQE'M R MRXIVMSVYP SVE#IPSV. 8IQTPYP PYM
7SPSQSR IVE GSRWXVYMX TI PSGYP R GEVI WI E4 EGYQ 'YTSPE 7XRGMM*, MEV
TEPEXYP EGIWXYME QEM PE WYH, TI S GYPQI QEM NSEW.
2SYP 8IWXEQIRX (MR SVE#YP TI GEVI P-E GYRSWGYX -MWYW (VIGSRWXMXYMX R
KVHMRMPI LSXIPYPYM ,SP]PERH), WYTVEZMI'YMIWG QEM QYPXI ZIWXMKMM. (MR 8IQTPY,
VIGSRWXVYMX #M I\XMRW HI -VSH GIP 1EVI RGITRH GY 20 . ,V., ETVSETI G RY WI
QEM ZH HIGX TVMQIPI WXVEXYVM HI ^MHVMI PI >MHYPYM ETYWIER HI WYW'MRIVI
(/SXIPZIGLMYP >MH EP 4PRKIVMM), GY TVIPYRKMVMPI PYM WTVI RSVH (GLMZSXYP PYM ;MPWSR
#M XYRIPYP GEVI MIWI ETVSETI HI 0MXSWXVSXSW) #M QEM GY WIEQ WTVI WYH
(WTXYVM). R EGIEWX TEVXI WYHMG, WI ZM^MXIE^ RHISWIFM 1EVIE 7GEV HI
EGGIW PE TSEVXE HYFP #M PE GIE XVMTP E 8IQTPYPYM, GY WGPHXSVMPI TIRXVY
EFPY'MYRM HI HMREMRXI HI 70.
6IWXYVM EPI JSVXVI'IM %RXSRME WYRX ZM^MFMPI R RSVHYP IWTPEREHIM, QEM NSW
HI #GSEPE 3QEVM]]I #M PE 0MXSWXVSXSW (1RWXMVIE )GGI ,SQS E 1EMGMPSV HMR
7MSR). 7GPHXSVMPI EY JSWX WTEXI TIRXVY RIZSMPI HI ET EPI 8IQTPYPYM #M EPI
SVE#YPYM, R WTIGMEP FE^MRYP HYFPY :MXI^HE WEY 7GPHXSEVIE 4VSFEXMG (R
7IQMREVYP 4VMR'MPSV %PFM, EPXYVM HI &MWIVMGE 7JRXE %RE).
(MR 4EPEXYP PYM -VSH, EGXYEPQIRXI 'MXEHIPE, VQRI FEÊ YRYM XYVR GY
FPSGYVM MQTVIWMSRERXI. 2YQIVSEWI QSVQMRXI HMR WIGSPYP - WYRX ZM^MFMPI R
ZEPIE 'LIHVSRYPYM, MEV EPXIPI R +LIIRE, RXVI GEVI GIP EP JEQMPMIM PYM -VSH, WEY
VMWMTMXI TI MGM, TI GSPS; GIP QEM WTIGXEGYPSW IWXI GIP EP )PIRIM HMR %HMEFIRI,
RYQMX 1SVQRXYP 6IKMPSV (HIZIRMX TVSTVMIXEXI E 6ITYFPMGMM *VERGIÎ!).
'YTSPE 7XRGMM, GYRSWGYX #M GE 1SWGLIIE PYM 3QEV, TVMQYP QSRYQIRX
MWPEQMG, GSRWXVYMX TI JSWXE IWTPEREH E 8IQTPYPYM HI GXVI GEPMJYP %FH EP-1EPMO
RXVI 68 #M 691 (R.X.).
%PXMXYHMRI WYF 30. 1 4XSPIQEMW..
%OOS) 20 Q 4EPIWXMRE R XMQTYP SGYTE'MIM VSQERI 4EPIWXMRE R XMQTYP
SGYTE'MIM VSQERI R ERYP 63 . ,V., KIRIVEPYP VSQER 4SQTIM SGYT -YHIIE #M S
ERI\IE^ TVSZMRGMIM VSQERI E 7MVMIM. R 40 . ,V., 3GXEZMER, 3YP EHSTXMZ EP PYM
-YPMYW 'IÊV #M ZMMXSV QTVEX %YKYWXYW, RGVIHMR'IE^ -YHIIE YRYM TVMRGMTI HMR
-HYQIIE ()HSQ): -VSH GIP 1EVI. %GIWX TKR GVYH #M WRKIVSW IWXI HIXIWXEX
HI MYHIM. RXVITVMRHI PYGVVM ZEWXI, RXVI GEVI QVMVIE 8IQTPYPYM. 0E QSEVXIE
PYM, R ERYP 4 . ,V., VIKEXYP IWXI QTV'MX RXVI 3MM WM: +EPMPIIE M VIZMRI PYM -VSH
%RXMTE (GIP GEVI P-E XVMQMW PE QSEVXI TI -SER &SXI^XSVYP), RSVH-IWXYP PYM *MPMT,
MEV -YHIIE PYM %VLIPEY. R ERYP 6, -YHIIE IWXI HMVIGX EHQMRMWXVEX HI YR
TVSGYVEXSV GY VI#IHMR'E PE 'IÊVIIE; RXVI 26 #M 36, EGIEWX JYRG'MI I
RHITPMRMX HI 4SR'MY 4MPEX, WYTYW EP QTVEXYPYM 8MFIVMY (14-37). -MWYW I TSWMFMP
W WI 3 RWGYX GXVI ERYP 6 REMRXI HI IVE RSEWXV. %GXMZMXEXIE PYM TYFPMG WI
HIWJ#SEV RXVI ERMM 28 #M 30.
2IVS HIGPER#IE^ TVMQIPI TIVWIGY'MM QTSXVMZE GVI#XMRMPSV HMR 6SQE
(QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY R 64#). 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV M^FYGRI#XI R 6 (R XMQTYP PYM
2IVS); HYT GI-P RJVRKI TI MYHIM, :IWTEWMER HIZMRI QTVEX, MEV 3YP WY 8MXYW
GYGIVI#XI -IVYWEPMQYP R EYKYWX 70. (YT HMWXVYKIVIE 8IQTPYPYM, MYHEMWQYP WI
VISVKERMÎE^ HEXSVMX VEFMRMPSV JEVMWIM VIYRM'M PE -EFRI (80-90). %GI#XME
LSXVWG I\GPYHIVIE HMR WMREKSKM E REÊVMRIRMPSV, YGIRMGMM PYM -MWYW HMR
2EÊVIX. R 132 M^FYGRI#XI S RSY MRWYVIG'MI MYHII, GSRHYW HI &EV-/SOLFE.
,EHVMER P RZMRKI R 135; JEGI HMR -IVYWEPMQ YR SVE# VSQER, %IPME 'ETMXSPMRE #M
EPYRK XS'M MYHIMM HMR -YHIIE.
'PXSVMMPI QMWMSREVI EPI PYM 4EZIP, TSXVMZMX *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV 4VMQE
GPXSVMI IWXI TSZIWXMX HI 0YGE R *% 13-P4. 4SVRM'M HMR %RXMSLME (R RSVHYP
7MVMIM HI E^M), 4EZIP #M &EVREFE QIVK R 'MTVY, ETSM ENYRK R %WME 1MG. #M
GSRXMRY HVYQYP TR R %RXMSLME 4MWMHMIM, HI YRHI ZSV 3 EPYRKE'M, VIPYRHY-#M
MXMRIVEVYP TVMR -GSRMY, 0MWXVE #M (IVFI. (YT EGIIE JEG GEPI RXSEVW, TIRXVY E
WI QFEVGE R %XEPME #M E VIZIRM PE %RXMSLME.
R XMQTYP GIPIM HI-E HSYE GPXSVMM, GMXEXI R GETMXSPIPI 15, 36 18 #M 2
HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, 4EZIP WI RXSEVGI PE (IVFI, 0MWXVE #M -GSRMY, YRHI E
RXIQIMEX GSQYRMX'M. 8VEZIVWIE^ +EPEXME, *VMKME #M 1MWME TR R TSVXYP 8VSE,
HI YRHI ME GSVEFME WTVI 1EGIHSRME. *SRHIE^, PE *MPMTM, S GSQYRMXEXI HI GEVI
ZE VQRI JSEVXI PIKEX. :E PSGYM ZVIQI RHIPYRKEX PE 'SVMRX. 4I HVYQYP HI
RXSEVGIVI, VQRI PE )JIW, REMRXI HI E HIFEVGE PE %RXMSLME, TIRXVY E VIZIRM
PE 'IÊVIIE.
% XVIME GPXSVMI E PYM 4EZIP IWXI QEM QYPX S ZM^MX JGYX &MWIVMGMPSV TI
GEVI PI-E JSRHEX. 8VIGI HMR RSY TVMR +EPEXME #M *VMKME, REMRXI HI #IHIVIE PE
)JIW, TI GEVI ZE 3 WMPMX W-P TVWIEWG. 6IZMRI R 1EGIHSRME, ETSM PE 'SVMRX.
(IGMHI W WI RXSEVG PE -IVYWEPMQ GY GSVEFME #M JEGI IWGEP PE 8VSE #M PE 1MPIX,
YRHI 0YGE M TPEWIE^ HMWGYVWYP HI VQEW-FYR EHVIWEX TVIS'MPSV )JIWYPYM.
'PXSVME WI RGLIMI PE -IVYWEPMQ, YRHI ETSWXSPYP ZE 3 RXIQRM'EX.
:S . W S 2 8 E 7 8EFIP GVSRSPSKMG -WXSVMI KIRIVEP 64: PE %RXMSLME, 4SQTIM
VIHYGI 7MVME PE WXEXYXYP HI TVSZMRGMI VSQER.
4: EWEWMREVIE PYM 'IÊV.
%RXSRMY R 6WVMX, 3GXEZMER R %TYW.
31: 3GXEZMER XVMYQJ EWYTVE PYM %RXSRMY R FXPME REZEP HI PE %GXMYQ.
29: 3GXEZMER QTVEX (RGITRH HMR 27, WYF RYQIPI HI %YKYWXYW)
TR R ERYP 14 H. ,V.
7MVME TVSZMRGMI MQTIVMEP.
24: -VSH TVMQI#XI R GYWXSHMI 8VELSRMXMHE, &EXERIIE #M %YVERMXMHE, ETSM
4ERIEW.
7JV#MXYP ERYPYM 4 . ,V.: %YKYWXYW GSR3VQ XIWXEQIRXYP PYM -VSH, HEV JV
XMXPYP HI VIKI TIRXVY %VLIPEY. 4 . ,V. 6 H. ,V.: %VLIPEY IXREVL EP -YHIMM #M
7EQEVMIM.
4 . ,V. 39 H. ,V.: -VSH %RXMTE XIXVEVL EP +EPMPIMM #M 4IVIMM. 4 . ,V. 34 H.
,V: *MPMT XIXVEVL EP +EYPERMXMHIM, &EXERIMM #M %YVERMXMHIM, TVIGYQ #M EP
HMWXVMGXYPYM TERIER (-XYVIIE).
-WXSVMI VIPMKMSEW 63: 4SQTIM GYGIVI#XI -IVYWEPMQYP. 4VSJEREVIE
8IQTPYPYM: WSPHE'MM QEWEGVIE^ TVIS'MM TI EPXEV, MEV 4SQTIM TXVYRHI R
MRXIVMSVYP WERGXYEVYPYM. 50: WMXYE'MI XYPFYVI R 4EPIWXMRE: ,MVGER EP --PIE IWXI
QEVI TVISX, RW QMRMWXVYP WY %RXMTEXIV (MHYQIER) I GIP GEVI GSRHYGI 'EVE.
40: MRZE^MI TEVX: %RXMKSR, 3Y EP PYM %VMWXSFYP EP --PIE, IWXI VIKI #M QEVI
TVISX; PYTXI MRXIVRI. 37: -VSH GIP 1EVI, 3Y EP PYM %RXMTEXIV, GYGIVI#XI
-IVYWEPMQYP #M HSQRI#XI TR R ERYP 4 . ,V.
-EVRE PYM 20-P9: RGITI VIGSRWXVYG'ME 8IQTPYPYM.
'XVI 13: RE#XIVIE PYM *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME.
'XVI 7-6: RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW.
R ERYP 4, WJV#MXYP PYM QEVXMI-RGITYXYP PYM ETVMPMI: QSEVXIE PYM -VSH PE
-IVMLSR.
4, HI 4E#XI (1 ETVMPMI): %VLIPEY VITVMQ S V^QIVM' PE -IVYWEPMQ, ETSM
QIVKI PE 6SQE TIRXVY E TVMQM RZIWXMXYVE HMR TEVXIE PYM %YKYWXYW. 6IZSPXE PYM
-YHE +EPMPIERYP 9J. *% 5, 37) #M E JEVMWIYPYM 7EHSG (&EHSG) (SVMKMRIE ÎPS'MPSV,
TSXVMZMX PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW).
-WXSVMI KIRIVEP 6 H. ,V.: %YKYWXYW P HIWXMXYMI TI %VLIPEY #M P I\MPIE^ PE
:MIRRE (+EPME). 6-41: -YHIIE TVSZMRGMI GSRHYW HI YR TVSGYVEXSV (GY GETMXEPE
PE 'IÊVIIE). 19 EYKYWX, ERYP 14: QSEVXIE PYM %YKYWXYW; 8MFIVMY QTVEX:
14-37. 26-36: 4SR'MY 4MPEX TVIJIGX.
*MPMT QSEVI JV QS#XIRMXSV #M 8MFIVMY EHEYK XIXVEVLME EGIWXYME PE
TVSZMRGME 7MVMIM.
8SEQRE PYM 36: GLIQEVIE PYM 4SR'MY 4MPEX PE 6SQE.
'EPMKYPE QTVEX.
37: 'EPMKYPE M RGVIHMR'IE^ PYM %KVMTE -, 3Y EP PYM %VMWXSFYP, XIXVEVLMMPI
GIX'MPSV *MPMTM #M 0MWMRMEW, S HEX GY XMXPYP HI VIKI (37-4).
'PEYHMY QTVEX. M EGSVH PYM %KVMTE - -YHIIE #M 7EQEVME. *VEXIPI
EGIWXYME, -VSH, HIZMRI VIKI EP 'EPGMWYPYM (4P-48) #M S ME R GWXSVMI TI &IVIRMGI
(3MGE PYM %KVMTE).
4VMQZEVE ERYPYM 4: PE QSEVXIE PYM -VSH %KVMTE -, -YHIIE VIHIZMRI
TVSZMRGMI TVSGYVEXSVMER (4-46).
:IRHMHMYW 'YQERYW TVSGYVEXSV. 48-53: %KVMTE EP --PIE, 3YP PYM %KVMTE -,
VIKI EP 'EPGMWYPYM.
49: 'PEYHMY M EPYRK HMR 6SQE TI MYHIMM GEVI JVIEQX PE RXVXEVIE
PYM 'LVIWXSW (7YIXSRMY). 'J. *% 18, 2. 50-60: %RXSRMYW *IPM\ TVSGYVEXSV; JVEXI
EP PMFIVXYPYM 4EPPEW. 3 ME R GWXSVMI TI (VYWMPE, WSVE PYM %KVMTE EP ,-PIE, JSWX
WS'MI E PYM %^M^, VIKIPI )QIWYPYM (GJ. *% 24, 24).
-WXSVMI VIPMKMSEW RXVI 5 #M 10 H. ,V.: RE#XIVIE PYM 4EZIP, PE 8EVW.
8SEQRE PYM 27: TVSTSZHYMVIE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M RGITYXYP WPYNMVMM PYM
-MWYW (GJ. 0I 3, 2).
4EWXIPI ERYPYM 30 WEY 31, 14 SVM 15 RMWER: -MWYW IWXI SQSVX.
1EVXMVMYP PYM "XIJER #M HMWTIVWEVIE GVI#XMRMPSV IPIRM#XM. 'SRZIVXMVIE PYM
4EZIP. 4EZIP R %VEFME.
'XVI 39: 4EZIP JYKI HI PE (EQEWG (2 'S 1, 32 #M YVQ. "M JEGI S TVMQ
ZM^MX GETMPSV &MWIVMGMM (+E 1, 18 #M YVQ.). 'XVI 43: 4EZIP #M &EVREFE PE
%RXMSLME, GEVI HIZMRI GIRXVYP GVI#XMRMPSV IPIRM#XM.
43 WEY 4, REMRXIE 4E#XIPYM, %KVMTE - HMWTYRI HIGETMXEVIE PYM -EGSZ,
JVEXIPI PYM -SER.
RXVI 45 #M 49: TVMQE QMWMYRI E PYM 4EZIP, *% 13, 1.
'XVI 47: QSEVXIE PYM *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME, E GVYM FSKEX STIV E JSWX
WGVMW R TVMQE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM -.
'XVI 48: JSEQIXI R -YHIIE.
7MRSHYP (%HYREVIE) HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, *% 15, 5 #M YVQ.
58: EP HSMPIE 7MRSH HI PE -IVYWEPMQ#).
52: E HSYE QMWMYRI E PYM 4EZIP. -EVRE PYM 50-ZEVE PYM 52, PE 'SVMRX: R 51,
TVMQE )TMWXSP GXVI 8IWEPSRMGIRM. R TVMQZEVE ERYPYM 52, 4EZIP GSQTEVI R
JE'E PYM +EPMSR (*% 18,12). :EVE 8%&)0 '632303+-' -WXSVMI KIRIVEP 52:
+EPMSR, JVEXI EP PYM 7IRIGE, TVSGSRWYPYP %LEMIM.
53: 'PEYHMY M SJIV PYM %KVMTE EP --PIE, R WGLMQFYP 'EPGMWYPYM, XIXVEVLMMPI
GIX'MPSV *MPMTM #M 0MWMRMEW (53-93). 54-68: 2IVS QTVEX.
5: 2IVS EHEYK VIKEXYPYM PYM %KVMTE S TEVXI HMR +EPMPIIE #M 4IVIIE.
4SVGMYW *IWXYW TVSGYVEXSV.
0YGGIMYW %PFMRYW TVSGYVEXSV.
-YPMI 64: MRGIRHMIVIE 6SQIM #M TVMKSRMVIE GVI#XMRMPSV. 64-6: +IWWMYW *PSVYW
TVSGYVEXSV.
2IVS M HIWIQRIE^ TI :IWTEWMER #M TI 3YP EGIWXYME, 8MXYW, W
VIWXEFMPIEWG SVHMRIE R 4EPIWXMRE.
%TVMPMI 68: +EPFE QTVEX.
-WXSVMI VIPMKMSEW PYM 52: 4EZIP WI HYGI PE -IVYWEPMQ (*% 18, 2), ETSM PE
%RXMSLME.
58: E XVIME QMWMYRI E PYM 4EZIP (*% 18, 23). %TSPPS PE )JIW, ETSM PE 'SVMRX.
57: ZIRMX TVMR +EPEXME #M *VMKME, 4EZIP VQRI HSM ERM #M XVIM PYRM PE )JIW
(*% 19, 10). R 56 (#), )TMWXSPIPI GXVI 'SVMRXIRM #M )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM.
)TMWXSPE GXVI *MPMTIRM. -EVRE 57-58 (#): PE 'SVMRX, *% 20, 3 (GJ. 1 'S 16,
6). )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM. 4EWXIPI HMR 58: PE *MPMTM (*% 20, 6), ETSM TI QEVI, PE
'IÊVIIE. :EVE PYM 58: PE -IVYWEPMQ. -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, R JVYRXIE
GSQYRMX'MM MYHIS-GVI#XMRI.
'MRGMÎGMQIE HMR 58: RXIQRM'EVIE PYM 4EZIP PE 8IQTPY #M RJ'M#EVIE R
JE'E PYM %RERME #M E 7MRIHVMYPYM. (YW PE 'IÊVIIE, GSQTEVI R JE'E PYM *IPM\.
58-60: 4EZIP GETXMZ R 'IÊVIIE. 60: 4EZIP GSQTEVI R JE'E PYM *IPM\ #M JEGI
ETIP PE 'IÊV. #M TPIHIE^ GEYÊ R TVIÎR'E PYM %KVMTE EP --PIE #M E WYVSVMM
EGIWXYME, &IVIRMGI. 8SEQRE 60: GPXSVME PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE. 6P-63: 4EZIP PE
6SQE, WYF TE^ QMPMXEV. 62: QEVIPI TVISX %RER TYRI W 3I PETMHEX -EGSZ,
JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM. 7MQSR M YVQIE^ PYM -EGSZ R JVYRXIE &MWIVMGMM -IVYWEPMQYPYM
()YWIFMY). 64 (WEY 67): QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY, PE 6SQE.
RXVI 65 #M 70: )ZERKLIPME 7JRXYPYM %TSWXSP 1EVGY.
:EVE PYM 6: PE -IVYWEPMQ, *PSVYW M VWXMKRI#XI TI MYHIM. 8YPFYVVM PE
'IÊVIIE: VITVIWMYRIE JEGI QMM HI ZMGXMQI. 7ITXIQFVMI 6: KYZIVREVIE
MRWYVIG'MSREP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. 0E %PI\ERHVME, VWGSEPE MYHIMPSV GVRGIR
RFY#MX. 67: :IWTEWMER VIGYGIVI#XI +EPMPIIE.
68: :IWTEWMER SGYT GQTME QEVMXMQ #M ZEPIE -SVHERYPYM (HMWXVYKIVIE
5YQVERYPYM).
-WXSVMI KIRIVEP -WXSVMI VIPMKMSEW -YRMI 68: WMRYGMHIVIE PYM 2IVS. 68-69:
:IWTEWMER QTVEX; P RWVGMRIE^ TI 8MXYW GY EWIHMYP -IVYWEPMQYPYM.
7JV#MXYP PYM 70: -YHIIE TVSZMRGMI MQTIVMEP. 'IÊVIIE GSPSRMI
VSQER.
0YGMPMYW &EWWYW PIKEX EP -YHIMM. 73: *PEZMYW 7MPZE PIKEX EP -YHIMM.
8MXYW QTVEX.
(SQM'MER QTVEX. *VEXI EP PYM 8MXYW.
2IVZE QTVEX. 98-P7: 8VEMER QTVEX.
,EHVMER QTVEX.
%RXSRMR QTVEX. 16P-P85: 1EVG %YVIPMY QTVEX.
70: :IWTEWMER WYTYRI -YHIIE; VWGYPE'MM STYR VI^MWXIR' PE -IVYWEPMQ,
HEV #M PE -VSHMSR, 1EWEHE #M 1EGLEIVYW (1EGLIVSRXI).
4EWXIPI ERYPYM 70: 8MXYW RGIVGYMI#XI -IVYWEPMQYP GY TEXVY PIKMYRM. 29
EYKYWX 70: GYGIVMVIE TMI'IM MRXIVMSEVI E 8IQTPYPYM #M EVHIVIE EGIWXYME. 70-P0:
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M WGVMI STIVE: 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV (76-79) %RXMGLMX'M MYHEMGI
(HYT 93) 'SRXVE PYM %TMSR (93-96) %YXSFMSKVE3I (GXVI 10). :EVE PYM 71: PE
6SQE, XVMYQJYP PYM :IWTEWMER #M 8MXYW. %VGYP PYM 8MXYW. 4EWXIPI HMR 73: EWIHMYP
1EWEHIM HI GXVI *. 7MPZE. )PIEÊV #M TEVXMÊRMM PYM TVIJIV W-#M XEMI KXYP YRMM
EPXSVE HIGX W WI TVIHIE.
6EFMRYP -SLERER FIR >EOEM JSRHIE^ EGEHIQME HI PE -EFRI (-EQRME).
'XVI 80: )ZERKLIPME 7JRXYPYM %TSWXSP 1EXIM, )ZERKLIPME 7JRXYPYM %TSWXSP
0YGE, *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (#). RXVI 80 #M 90: )ZERKLIPME 7JRXYPYM %TSWXSP PSER
#M )TMWXSPIPI EGIPYME#M. 'XVI 95: %TSGEPMTWE.
'PIQIRX 6SQERYP, )TMWXSPE GXVI 'SVMRXIRM.
15: WGVMWSVMPI PYM -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM.
17: VIZSPX MYHEMG R 'MVIREMGE #M PE %PI\ERHVME.
135: VIZSPXE MYHEMG HMR -YHIIE, GSRHYW HI &EV-/SOLFE, ^HVSFMX HI
-YPMYW 7IZIV. -IVYWEPMQYP IWXI VIFSXIÊX %IPME 'ETMXSPMRE. -YHIMPSV PI IWXI
MRXIV^MW W QEM MRXVI R GIXEXI. )WXI GSRWXVYMX EMGM YR WERGXYEV TKR.
'XVI 135-P4: 1EVGMSR TVSTSZHYMI#XI PE 6SQE.
'XVI 140: KRSWXMGYP :EPIRXMR #M I\TYRI RZ'XYVE PE 6SQE.
165: QEVXMVMYP PYM -YWXMR, EYXSV E HSY %TSPSKMM #M EP (MEPSKYPYM GY 8VMJSR.
4EVXIE RXM 92-8%8) "- (-:)67-8%8) M M 1 -YHEMWQIPI R WIGSPYP -
-YHEMWQYP WIGSPYPYM - RY IWXI XSGQEM S VIPMKMI EGIWX XIVQIR, R WIRWYP WY
QSHIVR, RY IWXI GYRSWGYX HI M^ZSEVIPI RSEWXVI GM YR TSTSV E GVYM
TEVXMGYPEVMXEXI WI I\TVMQ R TVEGXMGM #M WMQFSPYVM. 6IKYPE VQRI ZEPEFMP #M
EXYRGM GRH WXVMRMM ZMR W WI EWMQMPIÎ HI FYRZSMI TSTSVYPYM IZVIY: WYRX
WSGSXM'M HYT HIWGIRHIR'E HMR %ZVEEQ, HMR -WEEG #M -EGSZ (WXVQS#YP GIPSV
HSYWTVIÎGI XVMFYVM). (SEV IM WYRX SFPMKE'M W XVMEWG HYT 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI,
YR JETX VIGYRSWGYX (HI#M RIKYWXEX) HI EHQMRMWXVE'ME VSQER.
:IGLMQIE 0IKMM PYM 1SMWI VITVI^MRX QRHVME MYHEMWQYPYM, RW IE EXVEKI
#M S QEVI HMZIVWMXEXI R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI TVEGXMGMPI GSRGVIXI. 4VMRXVI WMQFSPYVM
3KYVIE^ QEM GY WIEQ GV'MPI 8SVIM, TVIÎRXI R 3IGEVI WMREKSK, QIRSVE,
EQMRXMRH HI MRXIVMSVYP 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, PYPEFYP (YR QRYRGLM
GSR'MRRH #M S VEQYV HI TEPQMIV) #M IXVSKYP (GLMXVE), GEVI ETEV'MR
SVREQIRXE'MIM HI 7VFXSEVIE 'SVXYVMPSV. )PI EPGXYMIWG S PIKXYV HIWXYP HI
TYXIVRMG, GI TYRI R VIPE'MI GYPXYP WMREKSKMPSV, EGIWXI PGE#I HI VYKGMYRI
VWTRHMXI R PYQIE RXVIEK #M GYPXYP YRMG #M I\GPYWMZ EP 8IQTPYPYM. 7ERGXYEVYP
IVE R GYVW HI GSRWSPMHEVI #M HI I\XMRHIVI, PE MRM'MEXMZE PYM -VSH - GIP 1EVI #M E
WYGGIWSVMPSV WM.
(YT VYTXYVE GY WEQEVMXIRMM #M VIWTMRKIVIE ZMSPIRX E XIRHMR'IPSV HI
IPIRMÊVI #M HI EHETXEVI PE TSPMXIMWQ GEVI EY ^KYHYMX EP HSMPIE WJIVX EP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE . ,V, VIJY^YP SVMGVYM GSQTVSQMW GY VIPMKME KVIEG, TR #M R
MRXIVTVIXEVIE IM GIE QEM 3PSWS3G, E RXVMX HI3RM'ME IXRMG E MYHEMWQYPYM.
)WXI, GIP TY'MR, GE^YP -YHIMM; GIZE QEM HITEVXI, ZSQ IZSGE #M HMEWTSVE MYHEMG.
8IRWMYRMPI MHIRXMX'MM MYHEMGI R TQRXYP -YHIMM, XYPFYVVMPI R NYVYP
IPIRM^VMM -IVYWEPMQYPYM QEV-GEWIV S VYTXYV R GLMEV WRYP GPEWIM WEGIVHSXEPI.
9R QEVI TVISX PIKMXMQ, HIWXMXYMX HMR QSXMZI TSPMXMGI, WI VIJYKMEWI R )KMTX,
YRHI, GY EGSVHYP VIKIPYM 4XSPIQIY EP :P-PIE, VMHMGEWI PE 0ISRXSTSPMW, R (IPX,
YR XIQTPY MYHIY WGLMWQEXMG, GEVI E WYTVEZMI'YMX GLMEV HSM ERM R TPYW JE' HI
GIP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ; PSGYP IWXI #M EGYQ GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI HI 8IMM IP-
0ELYHMIL. 0E -IVYWEPMQ, RXVI XMQT, YRKIVIE QEVMPSV TVIS'M, TVIZ^YX HI 8SVE,
E JSWX RPSGYMX GY S RZIWXMXYV.
%YXSRSQME TSPMXMG HI GEVI WI FYGYVE -YHIIE HI PE ZMGXSVMMPI
QEGEFIMGI #M TR R ERYP 63 . ,V., GRH 4SQTIM E TYW GETX YRYM V^FSM
JVEXVMGMH GEVI JGIE VEZEKMM GSQTVSQMWIWI VSPYP QEVMPSV TVIS'M. 6IKMM #M-P
EVSKEWIV, XVERWJSVQRHY-P RXV-YR XMXPY TSPMXMG (1 1EG 10, P-21). 1EM XV^MY,
-VSH -, ZEWEP EP VSQERMPSV, ZE RYQM QEVM TVIS'M #M-P ZE HIWXMXYM HYT FYRYP WY
TPEG. %GIEWX TVEGXMG ZE 3 TVIPYRKMX HI GXVI TVIJIG'MM VSQERM #M HYT
HMWTEVM'ME PYM (4 . ,V.).
*EVMWIMM TXVYRH TI WGIRE MWXSVMIM XSGQEM GSRXIWXRH S3GMEP PIKMXMQMXEXIE
YRYME HMRXVI VIKMM-TVIS'M, %PI\ERHVY -ERIY (*PEZMYW .SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M
MYHEMGI <-, 28-298; GJ. 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV -, 67; 8EPQYH, /MHY#MR 6 E). R ZVIQIE
PYM -MWYW, XSXY#M #M-EY EZYX TEVXIE PSV HI JSPSEWI HMR WXEVIE PYGVYVMPSV #M PI-EY
PWEX IWIRMIRMPSV VSPYP HI TVSXIWXER'M. 7IGSPYP - IWXI TVMR YVQEVI S ITSG HI
XIRWMYRM TYXIVRMGI #M TIVWMWXIRXI. 4R R TIVMSEHE HI TVIIQMRIR' VEFMRMG,
RY ZE QEM I\MWXE YRMJSVQMXEXI MYHEMG.
% ZSVFM HIWTVI HMZIVWMXEXIE MYHEMWQYPYM HMR EGIE ZVIQI RWIEQR E
HIWGVMI HMZIVWIPI IJSVXYVM HI E XVM 8SVE R RSM GMVGYQWXER'I, HMJIVMXIPI
XIRXEXMZI HI EGXYEPMÊVI E GSQERHEQIRXIPSV QSÊMGI. 4IRXVY E-#M GSRWSPMHE
MR4YIR'E, RSFMPMM HMR JEQMPMMPI WEGIVHSXEPI EY JSWX RGPMRE'M W EGGITXI
GSQTVSQMWYVM GY TYXIVIE WXVMR. % JSWX GE^YP WEHYGLIMPSV. *EVMWIMM, HI
TVSZIRMIR' QEM GYVRH SV#IRIEWG, EHSTXEY S PMRMI QEM VMKMH, HEV
YVQVIEY VIKPIQIRXEVIE QEM EPIW E ZMI'MM TVMZEXI #M JEQMPMEPI. 'X TVMZI#XI
TSTYPE'ME, EGIEWXE PI TYXIE YVQE WJEXYVMPI #M MHIEPYVMPI, TYXIE VQRI
MRHMJIVIRX WEY HIZIRM VEHMGEP; EY I\MWXEX KVYTYVM, RHISWIFM R +EPMPIIE, GEVI
RY EZIEY RMQMG HI TMIVHYX (GVIHIEY IPI) HMR HIGPER#EVIE YRYM V^FSM
QIWMERMG: W-E RXQTPEX R GE^YP ÎPS'MPSV.
'YVIRXIPI MYHEMWQYPYM TEPIWXMRMER, HYT *PEZMYW .SWITLYW 4IRXVY E PI
HIWPY#M GMXMXSVMPSV WM VSQERM HMZIVWMXEXIE MYHEMWQYPYM, *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, TVISX
HMR -IVYWEPMQ VIJYKMEX PE 6SQE, GSQTYRI S WGLIQ YXMP, RW WMQTPM3GEXSEVI.
)P HMWXMRKI R GEHVYP MYHEMWQYPYM HMR ZVIQIE WE XVIM IVI^MM, HIGM XVIM #GSPM
3PSWS3GI, HYT WIRWYP TVIGVI#XMR EP XIVQIRYPYM LEMVIWMW (GJ. %RXMGLMX'M <-,
17P-P73; 18, P-2; 6^FSMYP -, 19-P6; %YXSFMSKVE3I 10-P2 IXG.): WEHYGLIMM, JEVMWIMM
#M IWIRMIRMM. 'MXMXSVYP 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX PI GYRSE#XI TI TVMQIPI HSY (GJ. 1G
12, 13 #M YVQ. "M, VIWTIGXMZ, 12, 18 #M YVQ. "M PSG. TEVEPIPI; *% 23, 6-P0);
IWIRMIRMM, GEVI WI 'MRIEY HISTEVXI #M RY TEVXMGMTEY RMGM PE WVFXSVMPI
8IQTPYPYM, RMGM PE HIGM^MMPI TSPMXMGI, RY GSRXIE^ TIRXVY WGVMMXSVMM 2SYPYM
8IWXEQIRX.
9RISVM, .SWITLYW QIR'MSRIE^ S E TEXVE ST'MYRI: VEHMGEPMM ZMSPIR'M. R
GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI, IP WI HIGPEV YR JEVMWIY EPIW, GIIE GI RY P-E QTMIHMGEX, R
GE^ HI GSR4MGX #M HI EQIRMR'EVI E TVSTVMIM TIVWSERI, W EHSTXI YR TYRGX HI
ZIHIVI XMTMG WEHYGLIY.
7EHYGLIMM EPGXYMEY RSFMPMQIE WEGIVHSXEP, RYQMX EWXJIP HYT
HIWGIRHIR'E WE HMR JEQMPME EEVSRMX E PYM 7EHSG (WEY &EHSG). )E MRGPYHI QEM
GY WIEQ GPERYP QEVMPSV TVIS'M, HMR VRHYP GVSVE TYXIVIE TSPMXMG EPIKIE
QEVIPI TVISX. (I PE JVQRXVMPI TSPMXMGI #M VIPMKMSEWI HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE .
,V., EGIWXI JEQMPMM IVEY GYRSWGYXI TIRXVY GSQTVSQMWYVMPI PSV GY TYXIVIE R
JYRG'MI.
.SWITLYW (6^FSMYP -, 16) PI EXVMFYMI QSVEZYVM QEM TY'MR FPRHI HIGX
GIPI EPI JEVMWIMPSV. 7 SFWIVZQ GY EGIWX TVMPIN TEVEHS\YP G 3KYVE GIRXVEP E
MYHEMWQYPYM, QEVIPI TVISX, RY WI VIQEVGE RIETVEX TVMR GYGIVRMGMI SVM TVMR
QTPMRMVIE GSRZMRKXSEVI E MHIEPYVMPSV GSRWXMXY'MIM QSÊMGI. 3 EPX KVYTEVI, RY
RIETVEX WEGIVHSXEP, HEV GSQTYW HMR WMQTEXMÊR'M #M GSPEFSVEXSVM EM TSPMXMGMM
HI IPIRMÊVI #M HI WYTYRIVI JE' HI 6SQE -TI GEVI E HYW-S HMREWXME MVSHMER
IVE HIWIQREX GE MVSHMER (GJ. 1G 3, 6 #M 12, 13; .SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M <-:,
450). 'YRSE#XIQ R WTIGMEP JEQMPME YRYM SEVIGEVI &SIXLYW, RYQMX QEVI TVISX
HI GXVI -VSH - (.SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M <:, 320-32) #M GEVI R 8EPQYH IWXI
HIJMQEX GE RYQ-VRHY-WI TVMRXVI GIM QEM VM ITMGYVMIRM.
)WIRMIRMM JEG HSZEHE YRIM VYTXYVM MVIQIHMEFMPI. 7GLMWQE HMR GEVI TVSZMR
YVG TR R WIGSPYP EP --PIE . ,V., TIVMSEH E VISVKERM^VMM WSGMIX'MM IZVIMI#XM
R YVQE ZMGXSVMMPSV QEGEFIMGI. 7I TEVI G YR EEVSRMX GEVI R^YME PE QEVIE
TVIS'ME WEY HIG^YX HMR EGIWX VERK, EV 3 RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM HMR WGVMIVMPI HI
PE 5YQVER. R SVMGI GE^, IP #M-E EVSKEX HVITXYP HI E-P GVMXMGE R WGVMW TI QEVIPI
TVISX R I\IVGM'MY #M E HSVMX W-P MRWXVYMEWG EWYTVE EHIZVEXIPSV WEPI RHEXSVMVM.
0E SVMKMRIE IWIRMERMWQYPYM RY W-E E4EX, TVMR YVQEVI, S QM#GEVI ETSGEPMTXMG, GM
S WGLMWQ WYVZIRMX R MRXIVMSVYP GIVGYVMPSV WEHYGLIMGI.
(I PE TYFPMGEVIE 7GVMWSVMM LEPELE HI PE 5YQVER (4518), HMWTYRIQ R
WJV#MX HI IPIQIRXI GY TVMZMVI PE EHIZVEXIPI QSXMZI EPI EGIWXIM WIGIWMYRM,
PIKEXI HI GLIWXMYRM TYV VMXYEPI #M NYVMHMGI: HI I\IQTPY, GYQ W 3I 3\EX ^MYE
HMR WTXQR R GEVI XVIFYME W EMF PSG GYPIWYP SV^YPYM TIRXVY TVMRSWYP YRYM
SQIV HI JMR; XVIFYME IZMXEX TVIWXEVIE EGIWXIM QYRGM R ^MYE HI WEFEX# 2Y
XVIFYME TVIZIRMX EGIWX MRGSRZIRMIRX TVMR ZEPMHEVIE YRYM GEPIRHEV PYREV,
TVII\MPMG# QTSXVMZMVIE JEVMWIMPSV W-E XVE HYW R PMXYVKLMI TVMR GYPIWYP WEGVY, HI
WEFEX, E GLMEV EGIWXYM QRYRGLM HI SV^ (1M#RE, 1IRELSX 10, 3, YRHI QYPX
ZVIQI RY W-E QEM R'IPIW MRWMWXIR'E EWYTVE EGIWXYM HIXEPMY).
4YFPMGEVIE TVEGXMG RGLIMEX E XI\XIPSV HI PE 5YQVER RI SFPMK W
GSVIGXQ XIÊ, QYPX XMQT ZILMGYPEX, GSRJSVQ GVIME QIWMERMWQYP WEY EPXI
IPIQIRXI ETSGEPMTXMGI EV 3 WXEX PE FEÊ WGLMWQIM IWIRMIRI. 7YRXIQ RIZSM'M W
GSRWXEXQ G MHIMPI WEY XIRHMR'IPI ETSGEPMTXMGI RY EY GEVEGXIVMÊX #M RMGM RY
EY HMZMÊX ZVISHEX MYHEMWQYP, GIP TY'MR TI XMQT HI TEGI. R WGLMQF, R ERMM
V^FSMYPYM GZEWM-QIWMERMG GEVI E GSRJVYRXEX -IVYWEPMQYP GY TYXIVRMGMM PYQMM,
GSR4MGXYP MHIMPSV VIPMKMSEWI RXVI ÎPS'M #M EVMWXSGVE'ME WEGIVHSXEP E ENYRW W
MR4YIR'IÎ 3VYP IZIRMQIRXIPSV. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW TEVI W WI VY#MRIÎ E ZSVFM
HIWTVI EGIEWXE GMXMXSVMPSV WM VSQERM (ZI^M XSXY#M 6^FSMYP -:, 158-P61). %GIEWXE
RI JEGI W TVIWYTYRIQ G WITEVEVIE HI GVI#XMRM RY WI ZE TVSHYGI PE RMZIPYP
GLIWXMYRMM EHIZVEXYPYM 1IWME, GM QEM HIKVEF R TVSFPIQE EHIZVEXYPYM GYPX #M
E NIVXJIM HIWZV#MXI #M ZEPEFMPI.
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW M ^YKVZI#XI WIGXIM IWIRMIRI S MQEKMRI I\XVIQ HI
JEZSVEFMP; IP M EGSVH QEM QYPX WTE'MY HIGX EPXSVE (6^FSMYP -, 19-P61). 3
GSQTEV GY TMXEKSVIMGMM (%RXMGLMX'M <:, 371), E#E GYQ TI JEVMWIM M EWIEQR
GY WXSMGMM (%YXSFMSKVE3I 2). 4PMRMY GIP &XVR (-WXSVME REXYVEP :, 73) M
QIR'MSRIE^ TI IWIRMIRM GY S WMQTEXMI TI GEVI RMGM GLMEV V^FSMYP MYHIMPSV (E
GVYM VIXVSWTIGXMZ S JEGI) RY E TYXYX W S RFY#I. *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME, PE
VRHYP WY, M XVEXIE^ TI IWIRMIRM, GEVI M WYRX GYRSWGY'M HEXSVMX TVIÎR'IM
PSV R ETVSTMIVIE PEGYPYM 1EVISXMW (RY HITEVXI HI %PI\ERHVME), HVITX QSHIP
I\IQTPEV HI GSQYRMXEXI VIPMKMSEW. -RXIVTVIXEVIE PYM E JGYX HMR EGIEWX SF#XI
S TYRXI RXVI TMXEKSVMWQ #M GVI#XMRMWQYP GI EZIE W ZMR; XVEXEXYP WY (IWTVI
ZME'E GSRXIQTPEXMZ WI E4 PE SVMKMRIE PIKIRHIM MRXVSHYGIVMM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R
)KMTX, HI GXVI 1EVGY.
3 VIEPMXEXI VIPMKMSEW #M QEM ZEVMEX 'ETMXSPYP 12 HMR 1EVGY #M PSG.
TEVEPIPI (1X 2, 0I 20) RJ'M#IE^ YR -MWYW GSRZSVFMRH GY VITVIÎRXER'MM E
HMZIVWI MYHEMWQI: JEVMWIM, MVSHMIRM (R GE^YP HI JE', RIRZVNFM'M) #M WEHYGLIM.
7-E TYW RXVIFEVIE HI GI IWIRMIRMM PMTWIWG HMR )ZERKLIPMM, EWXJIP G RY WYRX
TSQIRM'M RMGMSHEX. 7I #XMI G TVIÎR'E PSV RY IVE PMQMXEX PE E#IÊVIE HI PE
5YQVER; PE -IVYWEPMQ I\MWXE GLMEV S TSEVX E IWIRMIRMPSV. 2Y QTVX#IE
-MWYW EGIPIE#M MHIM ETSGEPMTXMGI GE #M IM, GIP TY'MR R TEVXI, RIX %TSGEPMTWE
WMRSTXMG (1G 13 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI) TSEXI 3 GSQIRXEX GY ENYXSVYP TVSJI'MMPSV
VIWGVMWI, KWMXI PE 5YQVER (45T2EL, 45T,EF IXG.)# 2Y QTVX#IE YRISVM
-MWYW VEHMGEPMWQYP IWLEXS-PSKMG GEVI STYRI S QTV'MI E PYQMRMM YRIM QTV'MM
E RXYRIVMGYPYM#
9RMM EYXSVM EQIVMGERM W-EY FYGYVEX HI YR QEVI WYGGIW QIHMEXMG TVIWY-
TYRRH G XGIVIE )ZERKLIPMMPSV EWYTVE IWIRMIRMPSV WI HEXSVIE^ JETXYPYM G
-MWYW RWY#M EV 3 JSWX IWIRMER. 4VIKRERXI MHIM IWLEXSPSKMGI KWMQ RW #M PE
JEVMWIM, MEV VMKSVMWQYP GY GEVI IWIRMIRMM, GY QYPX QEM QYPX HIGX JEVMWIMM,
GVIHIEY G XVIFYMI QTPMRMX 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI, RY IVE GY RMGM YR GLMT QTVX#MX
HI -MWYW. R PSG W EHEYKI 8SVIM, GE #M IM, TVIGM^VM GY GEVEGXIV HI PIKI, -MWYW S
VIHYGI TVEGXMG PE YR WSM HI RYGPIY. 0E JIP HI RIJSRHEX, W-E HSVMX W WI
WXEFMPIEWG S TEVEPIP RXVI -SER &SXI^XSVYP, EWGIXYP GEVI P-E FSXIÊX TI -MWYW
#M EWGIXYP &ERY#, RZ'XSV EP PYM .SWITLYW (%YXSFMSKVE3I 1), TIRXVY E WI XVEKI
GSRGPY^MM TVMZMRH IWIRMERMWQYP PYM -MWYW. .SWITLYW, WMRKYVE RSEWXV WYVW HI
MRJSVQEVI GY TVMZMVI PE &ERY#, RY P TVIRYQV RMGM S GPMT TVMRXVI IWIRMIRM. R
TPYW, MYHEMWQYP HMR ITSGE PYM ,VMWXSW IWXI QEM ZEVMEX HIGX WGLIQE
GZEHVMTEVXMX WYKIVEX HI .SWITLYW.
*EVMWIMM VITVI^MRX QM#GEVIE GIE QEM ETVSTMEX HI -MWYW EGIWXE I #M
QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI WI GMSGRI#XI GIP QEM EHIWIE HI IM. 'IVGIXEVIE M
GSRWMHIV TI EWMHIM (1 1EG 2, 42; 7,13 #M 2 1EG 14, 6), STS^M'MI TMIXMWX PE
TSPMXMGE HI IPIRMÊVI, GE TVIHIGIWSVM EM JEVMWIMPSV. %YXSVYP ERSRMQ EP 'V'MM PYM
(ERMIP EV 3 TYVXXSVYP PSV HI GYZRX R ITSGE IPIRM^VMM RGIVGEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ.
0M WI EXVMFYMI HISTSXVMZ #M 'EVXIE -YHM'IM, GIE E PYM 8SFMX #M 4WEPQMM PYM
7SPSQSR, VIQEVGEFMPM RHISWIFM TIRXVY QIWMERMWQYP TSPMXMG I\TVMQEX R 18-P9.
1: 75
*EVMWIMM ZMÊY QEM EPIW W3R'MVIE ZMI'MM PEMGI E MYHIMPSV. 4IRXVY E WXEXSVRMGM
GIIE GI 8SVE PWEWI R WYWTIRWMI, RY #SZMEY W 3I RM#XI RSZEXSVM: .SWITLYW
(%RXMGLMX'M <-, 408), HI TMPH, ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI VRHYMIPM TI GEVI PI-EY HEX
JEVMWIMM, JETX QVXYVMWMX HI 1M#RE R 1EEWIV WIRM 5, 15; 7SXEL 9, 10 IXG. 7GSTYP
EGIWXSV MRSZE'MM TEVI W 3I EGIPE HI E JEGI HMR RSY 8SVE TVEGXMGEFMP. RXV-YR
JIP, JEVMWIMM IVEY RM#XI YQERM#XM. 7I WXVHYMEY W TYR 8SVE PE RHIQRE
SEQIRMPSV HMR ITSGE PSV. RVYX'MRH-S R RYQIVSEWI HIXEPMM, EY TVIZ^YX S
WGYXMVI JSVQEP HI ERYP WEFEXMG (TVSWFYP-YP). 9R EPX WSM HI HMWTIRW IWXI
GVMXMGEX HI -MWYW R 1G 7, 1 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI (YXMPM^RHY-WI XIVQIRYP GSVIGX,
GSVFER*). R KIRIVEP, (IYXIVSRSQYP IWXI QSHIPYP HI GYGIVRMGMI EP JEVMWIMPSV, R
XMQT GI 0IKIE W3R'MVMM (0Z 17-26) QSHIPIE^ IZPEZME IWIRMIRMPSV. 9R I\IQTPY:
WEFEXYP IWXI JGYX TIRXVY SQ WEY SQYP TIRXVY WEFEX# RXVIFEVIE VIXSVMG TYW
HI -MWYW R 1G 2, 27 RY GEVEGXIVMÎE^ HIJIP JEVMWIMWQYP, E#E GYQ P GYRSE#XIQ
HMR TVSTVMMPI WEPI M^ZSEVI; IWIRMERMWQYP W-E EVXEX VMKMH EWYTVE EGIWXYM EWTIGX:
E WI ZIHIE (SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG, XI\X IWIRMER (10, 13 #M YVQ.), TIRXVY
YR VWTYRW I\TPMGMX RIKEXMZ.
)\MWX S GSRGYVIR' VIQEVGEFMP RXVI WEHYGLIM #M JEVMWIM GY TVMZMVI PE
HVITXYP HI E RZ'E TSTSVYP GYQ W TVEGXMGI 8SVE: EGIWX HVITX WEY, QEM
HIKVEF, EGIEWX HEXSVMI, QIRMX TVIS'MPSV HI RW#M 8SVE, E JSWX HMR GI R GI
QEM Y^YVTEX HI JEVMWIM, S QM#GEVI PEMG.
2Y XVIFYMI W-P GSRWMHIVQ XSXY#M TI JEVMWIM GE YR QSRSPMX: 1M#RE RI
EZIVXMÎE^ R RIRYQVEXI VRHYVM HIWTVI HMWIRWMYRMPI EHRGM HMRXVI #GSEPE
PYM ,MPIP #M GIE E PYM "EQEM. 1M#RE GIVI GE EQFIPI STMRMM STYWI W 3I GMRWXMXI
HVITX 'YZRXYP PYM (YQRIÎY, RPXYVRH-S ETVSETI RXSXHIEYRE HMR TVEGXMGE
TVSTVMY-^MW TI GIE E PYM "EQEM, QEM WIZIV. )WXI HI SFWIVZEX, R 3RI, G
SFMGIMYP JEVMWIMPSV HI E RY-#M VIHEGXE VRHYMIPMPI (IZSGEXI R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX GE
HEXMRMPI FXVRMPSV) E JSWX GSRXMRYEX, TR GXVI 20 H. ,V., HI GXVI VEFMRM.
4SEXI G RY WI HSVIE W WI JEG GSRGYVIR' 8SVIM WGVMWI.
R WJV#MX, WI E4EY SEVI JEVMWIM #M R HMEWTSVE# 4Y'MR TVSFEFMP, R TS3HE
ZIVWIXYPYM HMR *% 23, 6, GEVI TEVI W 3I YR JIP HI RIR'IPIKIVI E PYM *PT 3, 5.
'YV'ME MI#MX HMR GSQYR TI GEVI S MQTYRIE JEVMWIMWQYP RY TYXIE 3 ETPMGEX R
GSRHM'MMPI GSQTVSQMWYVMPSV GI IVEY RIGIWEVI ZMI'YMVMM R QMNPSGYP GIX'MPSV
IPIRMWXMGI.
R VIWGVMIVIE 6^FSMYPYM, MRGPYW R %RXMGLMX'M <:--<, .SWITLYW EHEYK PE
WGLIQE GIPSV XVIM 3PSWS3M S E TEXVE, ETVYX R GLMEV ERYP VIGIRWQRXYPYM
VSQER 6 H. ,V.
'RH -YHIIE E HIZIRMX TVSZMRGMI VSQER, MEV 'STSRMYW TVMQYP IM
TVSGYVEXSV (6^FSMYP -, 17 #M YVQ.; GJ. 43). )P GMXIE^ YR ERYQI -YHE HMR
+EPMPIIE GE MRWXMKEXSV EP YRIM VIZSPXI. R 18, 23-25 R 3RI, M-P EWSGME^ TI
JEVMWIYP 7EHSG. R EGIEWX EQFMER' XVIFYMI TPEWEXI IZIRMQIRXIPI VI^YQEXI
GY YR GSPSVMX EYXIRXMG, R GMYHE EREGVSRMWQIPSV R PIKIRHIPI HI 'VGMYR HMR
TVMQIPI GETMXSPI EPI PYM 1EXIM #M 0YGE. 6SQERMM, HIWMKYV, RY EY #SZMX RMGMSHEX
W RFY#I RIRXV^MEX SVMGI WGRXIMI HI MRWYVIG'MI ETVYX R TVSZMRGMMPI PSV.
(YT -YHE +EPMPIERYP,
* 'SVFER, R KV. HEV WEY SJVERH RGLMREX (SQRYPYM (R.X.).
1YP'M EP'M PMHIVM EM VI^MWXIR'IM EVQEXI ZSV ZIRM HMR EGIIE#M VIKMYRI. 'Y
XS'MM ZSV 3 HIWGIRHIR'M EM EGIPIME#M JEQMPMM, GIE E YRYM SEVIGEVI -IÎGLME.
%GIWXIE 3MRH WTYWI, MTSXIÊ YRIM TVIÎR'I GSRXMRYI E ÎPS'MPSV R -YHIIE TR
PE M^FYGRMVIE 1EVIPYM 6^FSM EV 3 I\EKIVEX. 'E #M VSQERMM, .SWITLYW M GEPM3G
HVITX XPLEVM TI RYQIVS#MM MRWXMKEXSVM PE VI^MWXIR' EVQEX. -WXSVME GYRSE#XI
S PYRK PMWX E PSV. 'IIE GI RY TSQIRI#XI HIPSG .SWITLYW WYRX E#XITXVMPI
QIWMERMGI PIKEXI HI EWXJIP HI MRWYVIG'MM.
9RE HMR TVMQIPI KVMNM EPI VIZSPY'MSREVMPSV VIPMKMS#M E JSWX WYTVMQEVIE
VIKMQYPYM WEHYGLIY: R ERYP 6 H. ,V., EWEWMRM WTIGMEPMÊ'M, HIRYQM'M WMGEVM
(SEQIRM GY TYQREPI), RGIT SWXMPMX'MPI MRXIVRI, YGMKRHY-P TI QEVIPI TVISX
(.SWITLYW, 6^FSMYP -, 254). )M VITVI^MRX YRYP HMR GIPI HSY TEVXMHI E4EXI R
V^FSM; GIPPEPX P EVI HI GSRHYGXSV TI 7MQSR FEV +LMSVE, YR KLIVEWMER (HIGM
HMR 8VERWMSVHERME). 1YPX ZVIQI STYWI YRYP EPXYME, EGIWXIE ZSV EZIE R GIPI
HMR YVQ G#XMK HI GEY^ EWYTVE RSFMPMQMM WEGIVHSXEPI. %XVEKIVIE SVMGVYM
RSY-ZIRMX R V^FSMYP QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV (.SWITLYW, 6^FSMYP -:, 135-P37)
TSEVX WIQRIPI YRIM MHISPSKMM E V^FSMYPYM TSTYPEV. 9R KEPMPIER, -SER HMR
+LMWGEPE, PMHIV EP ÎPS'MPSV, E XVMYQJEX EWYTVE WJEXYVMPSV QEM QSHIVEXI EPI
EVMWXSGVE'MPSV, TVMRXVI GEVI WI RYQVE #M .SWITLYW. 1EVIPI TVISX E JSWX EPIW TVMR
XVEKIVI PE WSV'M, MEV RY HYT VERK, GIIE GI E TVSZSGEX XIVMFMPE MRHMKREVI E PYM
.SWITLYW, TVISX #M EVMWXSGVEX XSXSHEX (6^FSMYP -:, 15P-P57). RXV-S WMXYE'MI QEM
TVMIPRMG #M-EV 3 HITYW, JV RHSMEP, TVSTVME GERHMHEXYV; #XME TVIE FMRI GYQ
WI TVSGIHIE^; HSEV IP JYWIWI TWXVXSVYP 8SVIM SVEPI, RY WERGYPS'MM ZIRM'M
HMR +EPMPIIE. 1IWMERMWQYP TSPMXMG WI HSZIHIE HMR GI R GI QEM QYPX E 3 S
GLIWXMYRI E TXYVMPSV GIPSV QEM TSTYPEVI (GJ. 6^FSMYP -, 9, 2-4; 1, 1; 12, 3 #M
YVQ.; 14, 2 #M YVQ.). (I GYVRH W-E HITVMRW SFMGIMYP HI E RYQM 1EVIE
6IZSPX GIIE GI .SWITLYW VIPEXIE^ WYF XMXPYP HI 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV. RW RMGM S
QVI'MI #M RMGM YR IVSMWQ RY TSX SGYPXE JETXYP G IJSVXYP HI E VYTI GY TYXIVIE
HI SGYTE'MI RY E MRWXEYVEX YRMXEXIE R WRYP TSTSVYPYM MYHIY; W-E RXQTPEX
QEM HIKVEF GSRXVEVMYP.
6SPYP HMEWTSVIM (I PE VSFME FEFMPSRMER #M GLMEV HI QEM REMRXI, EY
I\MWXEX GSPSRMM MYHEMGI R RYQIVSEWI PSGYVM HMR 3VMIRX. %GIWX JETX RY RYQEM G
E HYW PE RGIVGEVIE HI E RXIQIME XIQTPI R EPX TEVXI (R WTIGMEP GIP HI PE
%WWYER, HMWTVYX HYT WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE . ,V.), HEV QEM GY WIEQ E TIVQMW
ETEVM'ME YRIM RSM MRWXMXY'MM, E GVIM QSHIVRMXEXI W-E HSZIHMX E 3 YR QEVI
EZERXEN: R3MR'EVIE YRSV PSGYVM HI VYKGMYRI (R KVIGI#XI, TVSWIYOLEM) WEY
WMREKSKM, EP GVSV GYPX VIRYR'E PE NIVXJI, QVKMRMRHY-WI HSEV PE YXMPMÊVIE
GYZRXYPYM -GYZRX HI VYKGMYRI, HI PIGXYV, HI RZ'XYV. 0YGVY GEVI M-E
SJIVMX MYHEMWQYPYM GYPXYP GIP QEM QSHIVR TI GEVI P ZE 3 GYRSWGYX PYQIE
ERXMG. )P WI MRWXEYVIE^ GLMEV #M R -YHIIE, TR WYF ^MHYVMPI 8IQTPYPYM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ (GJ. 1X 4, 23; 1G 1, 21; 6, 2; 0I 4, 15-31; 6, 6; 13, 10; R 6, 59; 18,
20 IXG).
'YPXYP WMREKSKEP IVE TYFPMG. %WIQREVIE PYM GY #GSPMPI HI 3PSWS3I E JSWX
VIQEVGEX HI WGVMMXSVMM ETSPSKIXMGM EM MYHIMPSV, R WTIGMEP HI *MPSR HMR
%PI\ERHVME, GEVI IXMGLIXIE^ GYPXYP MYHIY HVITX 3PSWS3I. &MWIVMGE GVI#XMR ZE
MQMXE GYPXYP WMREKSKEP, MRGPYWMZ WXVYGXYVE PYM, GSRWXRH R VYKGMYRM, PIGXYVM TI
WIVMM HI TIVMGSTI #M S TVIHMG.
4VSÎPMXMWQYP MYHIY TVS3XE HMR TPMR HI EGIEWX MRSZE'MI. 'LMEV GIM GEVI
RY IVEY TVIKXM'M W WI MRXIKVIÎ R TSTSVYP MYHIY TVMR VMXYVMPI
GSVIWTYR^XSEVI, RXVI GEVI 3KYVE GY TVIGHIVI GMVGYQGM^ME, TYXIEY HSFRHM
YR WXEXYX VIGYRSWGYX HI XIQXSVM HI (YQRIÎY. )ZERKLIPME HYT 0YGE,
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, TVIGYQ #M RYQIVSEWI MRWGVMT'MM HMR WMREKSKM HITYR
QVXYVMI R EGIWX WIRW.
R WIGSPYP -, QMRSVMX'MPI MYHEMGI IVEY TVIÎRXI ETVSETI TVIXYXMRHIRM R
-QTIVMYP 6SQER. 7I FYGYVEY HI TVMZMPIKMM EGSVHEXI HI QIHMYP IPIRMWXMG R GEVI
XVMEY: NYVMWHMG'MI TVSTVMI PMQMXEX, ETVSZM^MSREVI WITEVEX. 4YXIVIE VSQER
VIWTIGXE QSRSXIMWQYP MYHIMPSV, VIRYR'RH E WI QEM JEGI TVIEQVMX HI IM.
)VEY WGYXM'M HI WIVZMGMYP QMPMXEV (HMR TVMGMRE WEFEXYPYM), MEV XVERWJIVYP
MQTS^MXYPYM TIRXVY 8IQTPY WI IJIGXYE WYF KEVER'MI VSQER (GJ. 'MGIVS, 4VS
*PEGGS 6 #M YVQ.). 0YGM^M #M VIEPM#XM, VSQERMM 'MRIEY WIEQE HI JETXYP G
ETVS\MQEXMZ S #ITXMQI HMR TSTYPE'ME -QTIVMYPYM IVEY MYHIM. 7I VIKWI#XI R
EGIEWX GMJV YR IJIGX EP 0IKMM QSÊMGI, GEVI MRXIV^MGI RKVHMVIE TVSGVIE'MIM.
8SXY#M, MQTIVEXMZYP HI E XVM HYT 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI RXV-S PYQI RIMYHEMG
E TYW RYQIVSEWI TVSFPIQI (GJ. 2 1EG 6, 2-P5). 'EVXIE E XVIME E 1EGEFIMPSV
(6,10) HITPRKI JETXYP G, TVMR VSFMVIE R 'EV WXVMR, RI-EQ RXMREX ZME'E GY
JVHIPIKM. &PIWXIQEX ?7ITXYEKMRXE, GMXEX HI 4EZIP R +EPEXIRM 3, 10,
RXVI#XI: n#M MEV FPIWXIQEX~A IWXI SVMGMRI RY WXVYMI RXVY GIPI WGVMWI
?7ITXYEKMRXE: nXSEXI GIPI WGVMWI~A R GEVXIE 0IKMM, GE W PI JEG. 'IIE GI
RVYX'IE WMXYE'ME HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI VIPMKMSW IVE FPIWXIQYP QTV#XMIVMM, EP
HMWTIVWVMM ((X 27, 26): E WI ZIHIE 0IZMXMGYP 26, 3REPYP 0IKMM W3R'MVMM (GMXEX R 3
1EG 6) #M (IYXIVSRSQYP 28, 58-65. *MPSR, I\IKIX MYHIY EPI\ERHVMR, GEVI
ERYR' S I\IKI^ GSQTPMGEX E EGIWXSV TEWENI R E WE (I TVEIQMMW IX TSIRMW,
XVIGI (X 27, 26 #M 28, 64 WYF XGIVI.
4I HI EPX TEVXI, QYPXI TVIWGVMT'MM EPI 0IKMM RY IVEY ZEPEFMPI HIGX R
&EVE 7JRX, RHISWIFM RXVIEKE PIKMWPE'MI EKVMGSP. -^ZSEVIPI RY RI TIVQMX W
E3VQQ RW HEG HMEWTSVE VIWMQ'IE ZVIS Y#YVEVI HMR EGIWX QSXMZ.
%PI\ERHVME, GIRXVY GYPXYVEP EP HMEWTSVIM %PI\ERHVME E WPYNMX HVITX GIRXVY
GYPXYVEP MYHIMPSV ZSVFMXSVM HI IPMR, QEM QYPX HIGX SVMGI EPX GIXEXI E PYQMM
KVIGS-VSQERI. 2Y E I\MWXEX RMQMG EWIQRXSV TIRXVY MYHIMM HMR %WME 1MG, RMGM
GLMEV PE 6SQE (YRHI PMTWIE S WMREKSK GIRXVEP). (SEV %RXMSLME, IZIRXYEP, EV
3 TYXYX JEGI SEVIGEVI GSRGYVIR' %PI\ERHVMIM; IWXI TSWMFMP GE E TEXVE 'EVXI E
1EGEFIMPSV, YR HMWGYVW HI S WEZSEVI GY XSXYP IPMR, W 3I S GSQTS^M'MI
ERXMSLMER (HISEVIGI EMGM IVEY ZIRIVEXI QSVQMRXIPI QEVXMVMPSV QEGEFIM, TI
GEVI GEVXIE M GIPIFVIE^). %TSKIYP IHYGE'MIM KVIGI#XM R VRHYP MYHIMPSV P-E
VITVIÎRXEX, XSXY#M, %PI\ERHVME. 7 TVIGM^Q: EGIE %PI\ERHVMI E TXYVMPSV
RWXVMXI, GVSVE PI ETEV'MRIE *MPSR, QIQFVY EP YRIM JEQMPMM JSEVXI EZYXI.
)JSVXYP MYHIMPSV EPI\ERHVMRM FSKE'M #M GYPXMZE'M HI E MRXVE R VRH GY KVIGMM
HMR EGIWX SVE# PI-E EXVEW YVE EGIWXSVE HMR YVQ, TVIGYQ #M E IKMTXIRMPSV,
HIJEZSVMÊ'M. %#E GYQ WI ZE RXQTPE QYPX QEM XV^MY PE &IVPMR WEY 2I[ =SVO,
S HYFP MHIRXMXEXI IVE TI GEPI W ME RE#XIVI. RW YR WYGGIW EP MYHIMPSV HMR
%PI\ERHVME EV 3 RWIQREX YR GYQYP HI TVMZMPIKMM, KVIGI#XM #M IZVIMI#XM, GIIE GI
QTVE'MM R-EV 3 TYXYX XSPIVE RMGMSHEX.
R EGIWX SVE# RXIQIMEX HI %PI\ERHVY GIP 1EVI, YRYP HMR GIPI GMRGM
GZEVXEPI IVE HIWXMREX MYHIMPSV. 7MREKSKE TVMRGMTEP IVE GIE QEM QEVI TI GEVI
E GYRSWGYX-S PYQIE ERXMG: 'IP GI R-E Z^YX WMREKSKE HMR %PI\ERHVME, R-E
Z^YX WTPIRHSEVIE PYM -WVEIP, ZE WTYRI 8SWIJXE (S WGVMIVI VEFMRMG), QYPX HYT
HMWXVYKIVIE PGE#YPYM.
*SPSWMVIE PMQFMM IPMRI RY IVE VIÎVZEX RYQEM MYHIMPSV HMR HMEWTSVE. "M PE
-IVYWEPMQ WI ZMRHIEY GV'M FMFPMGI R KVIGI#XI (*% 8, 28): HI PE WEHYGLIM, E4E'M
R ZVJYP MIVEVLMIM, TR PE RIKY'XSVMM HI TI WXVEH, XSEX PYQIE WI TVMGITIE
QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR W YXMPMÎÎ EGIEWX PMQF. (SM HMR GIM HSMWTVIÎGI
YGIRMGM EM PYM -MWYW TSEVX RYQI KVIGI#XM #M RY RXQTPXSV WPYNIWG HI XPQEGM
R VIPE'MMPI GY IPMRMM (-R 12, 20-2). 3 FYR TEVXI E PMXIVEXYVMM IZVIMI#XM
MRXIVXIWXEQIRXEVI WI JSPSWI#XI QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR RHIQREXMG HI KVIEG
GY IPIKER', R GE^YP PYM *MPSR #M EP ERYQMXSV WGVMIVM R ZIVWYVM (GYQ WYRX
3VEGSPIPI WMFMPMRI), RXV-YR WXMP QEM VYWXMG, R GE^YP YRSV TSZIWXMVM (HI I\IQTPY
8IWXEQIRXIPI GIPSV HSMWTVIÎGI TEXVMEVLM).
-YHEMWQYP IPIRMÊX EPI\ERHVMR E TVSHYW S PMXIVEXYV EFYRHIRX, R GEVI
WI RWGVMI #M STIVE PYM *MPSR, GEVI GSVIWTYRHI GIP QEM FMRI KYWXYPYM KVIG,
HISTSXVMZ 3PSWS3G #M PMXIVEV. R TS3HE 3HIPMX'MM JE' HI 8SVE, GPEQEX
RISFSWMX, I\TVIWME MRXIKVEP IPMR E EGIWXIM 3HIPMX'M E HIXIVQMREX MYHEMWQYP HMR
WIGSPIPI EP --PIE #M EP --PIE W EFERHSRIÎ XSEX EGIEWX XVEHM'MI. 'VI#XMRMM WYRX
GIM GEVI, R I\GPYWMZMXEXI, RI-EY XVERWQMW GIIE GI HI'MRIQ EWX^M HMR IE. %GIWX
MRZIRXEV GYTVMRHI XSEX XVEHYGIVIE KVIEG E :IGLMYPYM 8IWXEQIRX
(7ITXYEKMRXE) GY I\GIT'ME E HSEV GXIZE JVEKQIRXI, HIWGSTIVMXI PE 5YQVER.
'VI#XMRMWQYP, YR GYVIRX EGGITXEFMP 3 HEX GY QM#GEVIE PYM -MWYW, E ETVYX
R MYHEMWQ YR RSY GYVIRX GEVI, TIRXVY MYHEMWQYP QENSVMXEV, TGXYME RY EXX
TVMR JETXYP G P EHSVE TI -MWYW RZMEX, GM TVMR EGIPE G EHQMXIE R QMNPSGYP PYM S
EVMT RIMYHEMG. R PSG W VIWSEVF TVSÎPM'M WYTYRRHY-P YRSV VMXYVM MYHEMGI,
SVM GLMEV W RGYVENIÎ EHIVEVIE GIPSV XIQXSVM HI (YQRIÎY, IVE HI EGYQ
EGGITXEX E3PMIVIE GY HVITXYVM HITPMRI E QIQFVMPSV TKRM, JV GE EGI#XME W
HIZMR QEM REMRXI MYHIM. 'EVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (GETMXSPIPI 10-P) HIWGVMI
EGIEWX LSXVVI; R GETMXSPYP 15, IE IWXI GSRW3R'MX HI YR WSM HI WMRSH.
(IGM^ME E EHYW EXMRKIVI GYV'MIM VMXYEPI E TSTSVYPYM 0IKMM #M EGIEWXE R TS3HE
YRIM RGIVGVM (RIVSHRMGI, HI EPXJIP) HI E MQTYRI GVI#XMRMPSV HI SFV#MI TKR
GIP TY'MR TEXVY VRHYMIPM HI GTXM EPI GYV'MIM (ZI^M *% 15, 29). 1EVGY 13, 9
(#M PSG. TEVEPIPI) #M 2 'SVMRXIRM 1, 24 TVI^MRX S IXET ERXIVMSEV, QIR'MSRRH
WERG'MYRM WMREKSKEPI ETPMGEXI GVI#XMRMPSV, HEV RY RG I\GPYHIVM. 'LMEV XIVQIRYP
EPIW R -SER 16, 2 RY IWXI XIVQIRYP XILRMG EP YRIM GSRHEQRVM WEY EP YRIM
'MRXYMVM TVSTVMY-^MWI PE WXPTYP MRJEQMIM (LIVIQ). 9VE JE' HI MYHIM, HIWTVI GEVI
QVXYVMWI#XI -SER 8, 4, PEW W WI HIWPY#IEWG HYVIVIE TI GEVI E MWGEX-S S
HIWTV'MVI RIHSVMX. %GIIE#M TVIWYTYRIVI IWXI ZEPEFMP #M TIRXVY HIÊQKMVIE
ETVMK I\TVMQEX HI 4EZIP R 1 8IWEPSRMGIRM 2, 15. 0E JIP WI RXQTPE GY YVE
JEVMWIMPSV (YR XIVQIR GEVI ZE ZMÊ HI EGYQ VEFMRMM), GVIME M H KPEW 1EXIM
23, YR GETMXSP RGVGEX HI TSPIQMG.
3 TVSFPIQ QYPX HI^FXYX GSRWX R E WXEFMPM R GI QWYV GYZMRXIPI #M
TYVXEVIE PYM -MWYW EY GSRXVMFYMX PE ETEVM'ME EGIWXIM VYTXYVM. R GEPMXEXIE WE HI
GIE QEM ZIGLI MQEKMRI E PYM -MWYW, -^ZSVYP 5 EHYGI S JVQ HI VWTYRW R
EGIWX WIRW. 'IIE GI TVIGMÎE^ WYVWIPI VEFMRMGI IWXI G WI ENYRWIWI, PE
RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, R WMXYE'ME HI E-P GSRHEQRE, RXV-S VYKGMYRI
VITIXEX R QSH VIKYPEX, TI QMRMQ-P (WEY WIGXER'M), TSQI-RMRHY-P S HEX GY IM
#M TI RE^SVIIRM (E HSYWTVIÎGIE HMR GIPI STXWTVIÎGI VYKGMYRM
WMREKSKEPI). (EV JSVQYPEVIE GEVI RM W-E XVERWQMW EV TYXIE 3 HINE HSZEHE YRSV
TIVWIGY'MM ZIRMXI HMR TEVXIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM.
2M WI TSEXI TVIE TEVEHS\EP JETXYP G &MWIVMGE ZE 3 JSWX, R GSQTEVE'MI
GY GIPIPEPXI GYVIRXI EPI MYHEMWQYPYM, QEM TY'MR VEHMGEP HIGX IWIRME-RMWQYP,
EP GVYM GEVEGXIV IZVIMIWG RY E JSWX XSXY#M RMGMSHEX TYW R HMWGY'MI. 'IIE GI E
JSWX VIWMQ'MX GE KVEZ IWXI EFERHSREVIE HI GXVI &MWIVMG E 8SVIM VMXYEPI, WYF
GIPI HSY EWTIGXI TVMRGMTEPI EPI WEPI: VIKYPMPI HI GYV'MI (HI I\IQTPY,
QRGRH EPXYVM HI GVI#XMRMM TVSZIRM'M HMR TKRMWQ, RY QEM IVEY VIWTIGXEXI
VRHYMIPMPI EPMQIRXEVI #M GIVIQSRMEPI) #M QMNPSEGIPI HI VIGSRGMPMIVI (RY WI QEM
'MRIE PE MRXIKVEVIE R TSTSVYP WJRX TVMR WIQRYP GMVGYQGM^MIM #M/WEY
GYJYRHEVI GIPIFVRHY-WI RW YR GYPX EP GVYM TYRGX GYPQMRERX, WJRXE GMR,
IVE ETX W RPSGYMEWG NIVXJIPI VRHYMXI: ZI^M 6Q 3, 25). ,VMWXSW RWY#M IVE
GSRWMHIVEX QMIP TEWGEP (1 'S 5, 7 VWTRHMRH WMQFSPMWQYP W3RXIM GMRI).
1IWMERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW, R WGLMQF, GEVI NYGEWI YR ERYQMX VSP R QSQIRXYP
GSRHEQRVMM WEPI PE QSEVXI (HEG IWXI W NYHIGQ HYT 1G 14, 6P-63; 15,
2-26 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI), RY IVE EXX HI GIRXVEP TIRXVY EYXSHI3RMVIE MYHEMG. 7I
TYXIE VIRYR'E PE SVMGI E#XITXEVI QIWMERMG (EWIQIRIE WEHY-GLIMPSV) WEY
GLMEV GSRJYRHE EHIZVEXYP 1IWME (EWIQIRIE VEFMRYPYM %OMFE, ZI^M QEM
HITEVXI), JV GE EGIEWXE W ERXVIRIÎ TMIVHIVIE WXEXYXYPYM HI FYR MYHIY.
R JETX, )ZERKLIPMMPI XVEXIE^ GLIWXMYRIE QIWMERMX'MM PYM -MWYW GY S
ERYQMX VI'MRIVI (ZI^M 0I (5) 7, 18-23 #M 1G 15, 2 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI). -MWYW,
ERYR'RH QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY, TVIME QIWMERMWQYP GYVIRX R EGIIE#M
QWYV R GEVI P GSRXVE^MGI. )P HITPEWIE^ TVSFPIQE R EJEVE GEHVYPYM TSPMXMG,
RIKRH I\MWXIR'E YRIM TSPMXMGM W3RXI.
3 HEX GY WJRXE GMR, IP HIZMRI TIRXVY GVIHMRGMS#M XVYTYP #M WRKIPI
YRIM RSM NIVXJI TEWGEPI, MEV RGITRH GY TV^RYMVIE RZMIVMM PYM, HYQMRMGE JEGI
GSRGYVIR' WEFEXYPYM. 6YTXYVE RXVI MYHEMWQ QEM GY WIEQ MYHEMWQYP
YRM3GEX HYT 70 #M &MWIVMG RY IWXI R'IPIEW EXX GE S HMWIRWMYRI EWYTVE
GLIWXMYRMM EHIZVEXYPYM 1IWME, GX GE S GSRGYVIR' E QMNPSEGIPSV HI
VIGSRGMPMIVI (QTGEVI).
2E#XIVIE MYHEMWQYPYM VEFMRMG (YT HMWXVYKIVIE 8IQTPYPYM R ERYP 70,
V^FSEMIPI QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV #M EPXI HIÊWXVI HMR ZIEGYVMPI - #M EP --PIE,
HMZIVWIPI GYVIRXI EPI MYHEMWQYPYM EY HMWTVYX, VIHYGRHY-WI PE YRYP WMRKYV:
MYHEMWQYP VEFMRMG.
4SXVMZMX PIKIRHIM VEFMRMGI, YRYP HMRXVI R'IPIT'MM GIM QEM VIGYRSWGY'M R
ITSG, VEFFER (RZ'XSVYP RSWXVY) -SLERER FIR >EOEM, WI PEW XVERWTSVXEX
RXV-YR WMGVMY R#IPRH EWXJIP KV^MPI ÎPSXI R EJEVE -IVYWEPMQYPYM EWIHMEX,
TIRXVY E GIVI MREQMGMPSV VSQERM RKHYMR'E HI E JSRHE S #GSEP HI HVITX #M HI
TMIXEXI QSÊMG PE -EQRME (-EFRI), SVE# TI NYQXEXI MYHIY, TI NYQXEXI
TKR, WMXYEX R ZIWXYP -IVYWEPMQYPYM. :IVWMYRIE GIE QEM ZIGLI #M GIE QEM
I\EGX E EGIWXIM RXQTPVM M ETEV'MRI XSXY#M PYM .SWITLYW (6^FSMYP -:, 4): IP
RI JEGI GYRSWGYX (JV E-P QIR'MSRE TI -SLERER) G QEM-QEVMM VSQERMPSV EY
LSXVX W-P MRXIVRIÎ PE QEVKMRIE -YHIMM WEY GLMEV HMRGSPS HI IE, TI XS'M EGIME
GEVI PM W-EV 3 TVIHEX HI FYRZSMI. %GIEWX HIGM^MI E JSWX PYEX RG HMR ERYP
68, GLMEV REMRXI GE V^FSMYP W ENYRK PE TEVS\MWQ. -^ZSEVIPI VEFMRMGI
VIGYRSWG, TVMR YVQEVI, YRYM KVYT HI HIÎVXSVM QIVMXYP HI E 3 MRWXMXYMX YR RSY
MYHEMWQ, JV ENYXSVYP EVQIPSV WEY EP WSPHE'MPSV QIXSH WSGSXMX GSVIGX.
-SLERER #M XSZEV#MM PYM EY QTPMRMX ZM^MYRIE YRYM MYHEMWQ JSRHEX I\GPYWMZ TI
EWGYPXEVIE 0IKMM, RXV-S MRXIVTVIXEVI TEGM3WX, ETVSTMEX HI JEVMWIMWQ. 'Y
EWIRXMQIRXYP VSQERMPSV #M WYF TVMZMVMPI PSV, EGIWX KVYT HI R'IPIT'M E TYW
XIQIPME MYHEMWQYPYM HIZIRMX HI EXYRGM GPEWMG: MYHEMWQYP VEFMRMG. %GIWX TVSGIW,
GEVI ZE HYVE QEM QYPXI HIGIRMM, ZE ENYRKI W WXEXSVRMGIEWG GIPI STXWTVIÎGI
VYKGMYRM WMREKSKEPI (GY GSRHEQREVIE QQMQ-PPSV) #M GERSRYP 7GVMTXYVMPSV
IFVEMGI, TVIPYEX QEM XV^MY HI TVSXIWXER'MM HMR )YVSTE #M HMR PYQI.
9R MYHEMWQ JV ETSGEPMTWI 0E -EFRI, RHIPIXRMGMVIE TVMRGMTEP S ZE
GSRWXMXYM HI EGYQ RGSPS RZ'EVIE 0IKMM RE'MSREPI: IE ZE LSXV ZME'E
TEVXMGYPEV E MYHIMPSV, TVIGYQ #M NYVMWHMG'ME PSV MRXIVR, JV E MRXIVJIVE GY
HVITXYP #M EHQMRMWXVE'ME VSQERMPSV. %XYRGM GRH W-E WXEFMPMX RXMRHIVIE I\EGX E
7GVMTXYVMPSV W3RXI #M E XVEHM'MMPSV WXVQS#I#XM, HIRYQMXI HI EGYQ 8SVE SVEP,
W-E EPIW W 3I RHITVXEX XSX GIIE GI IZPEZME TSTYPEV, MRGPYWMZ IWIRMERMWQYP
#M GVI#XMRMWQYP, XVERWQMWIWIV WEY GSRXMRYEY W XVERWQMX GE VIZIPE'MM HVYMXI
PYM %HEQ, )ZIM, PYM )RSL, )^HVE IXG. -SLERER E LSXVX W RGIET GYPIKIVIE
HI XVEHM'MM GI XVIFYMEY VIWTIGXEXI GY RZ'XYVMPI PYM ,MPIP #M "EQEM.
6EFMRMWQYP E TVIPYEX QYPXI HMRXVI MHIEPYVMPI JEVMWIMWQYPYM, EWXJIP RGX E
JSWX GSRWMHIVEX YR JIP HI TVIPYRKMVI E JEVMWIMWQYPYM HMR ZVIQIE GIPYM HI-EP
HSMPIE 8IQTPY. 'IIE GI RY TVIME IP IWXI RW ETSGEPMTXMGE. 6EFM %OMFE (GIE 45-
P35) E JSWX YPXMQYP GEVI E TVSGPEQEX GE ZMMXSV 1IWME YR GSRHYGXSV QMPMXEV
MYHIY EP GIPIM HI-E HSYE VIZSPXI QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV, 7MQSR &EV-/SOLFE.
4SWXIVMXEXIE VEFMRMG RY M-E TYVXEX XSXY#M VERGLMYR, VIGYRSWGRH R IP YR
I\GIPIRX WTIGMEPMWX EP 8SVIM SVEPI.
*SPOIV 7MIKIVX 'MRI IVE *PEZMYW .SWITLYW#
7XVERMI, HIGSRGIVXERX 3KYV EGIWX .SWITLYW 8MXYW *PEZMYW .SWITLYW,
GE W-P HIWIQRQ GY RYQIPI GEVI M-E EXVEW FYRZSMR'E PYM :IWTEWMER #M
HVITXYP HI GIXEXI VSQER EGSVHEX HI EGIWX QTVEX. 4Y'MRI TIVWSRENI MWXSVMGI
EY JGYX SFMIGXYP YRSV NYHIG'M EXX HI GSRXVEHMGXSVMM: XVHXSV EP TSTSVYPYM
WY WEY TEXVMSX EFMP EWXJIP P TYXIQ ZIHIE GEPM3GEX VRH TI VRH. )WXI GY EXX
QEM HM3GMP HI JSVQYPEX EWYTVE PYM S NYHIGEX IGLMXEFMP, GY GX XSX GIIE GI #XMQ
HIWTVI IP TVSZMRI HMR TVSTVMYP GSRHIM.
2WGYX R 37-38 H. ,V. RXV-S JEQMPMI HMR REPXE EVMWXSGVE'MI WEGIVHSXEP #M
EZRH, TVMR QEQ, EWGIRHIR' LE#QSRII, JEGI QEVI GE^, R EYXSFMSKVE3E
TYFPMGEX GLMEV PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, HI EGIEWX WXMVTI EPIEW. %
TVMQMX S IHYGE'MI VEFMRMG, E#E GYQ WI GHIE R JEQMPMMPI RHIWXYPEXI. %VI S
JSEVXI FYR TVIVI HIWTVI RÎWXVVMPI WEPI MRXIPIGXYEPI: +VEFRMGIPI QIPI
TVSKVIWI R WXYHMY QM-EY EHYW JEMQE YRIM QIQSVMM #M YRIM MRXIPMKIR'I
WYTIVMSEVI. 2IE4RHY-Q RG HIGX PE MI#MVIE HMR GSTMPVMI, GXVI EP
TEMWTVIÎGIPIE QIY ER HI ZME', XSEX PYQIE Q-E JIPMGMXEX TIRXVY HVEKSWXIE
QIE HI GEVXI, RXVYGX R XSX XMQTYP QEVMM TVIS'M #M SEQIRMM HI ZE^ EM GIX'MM
ZIRIEY W Q ZEH, WTVI E RZ'E HI PE QMRI ZVIYR EWTIGX HISWIFMX EP PIKMPSV
RSEWXVI.
7YFPMRME^, HI EWIQIRIE, R QEM QYPXI SGE^MM #M GY EGIIE#M ETVSETI
GERHMH ZERMXEXI, WXVPYGMXIPI WEPI GEPMX'M HI HMTPSQEX, HI GSRHYGXSV QMPMXEV
#M HI MWXSVMG. 7I WMQXI EXVEW VRH TI VRH HI 3IGEVI HMR GIPI XVIM #GSPM GEVI
HSQMREY TI EXYRGM MYHEMWQYP: WEHYGLIMM, IWIRMIRMM #M JEVMWIMM. %GIWXIM HMR YVQ
EWGYPXVM M WI ZE EPXYVE R GIPI HMR YVQ.
3 XVEKIVI PE WSV'M 'YVRH E JSWX HMVIGX MQTPMGEX R KVEZIPI IZIRMQIRXI
GEVI EY ^HVYRGMREX 4EPIWXMRE RGITRH GY ERYP 6 #M TI GEVI PI-E VIPEXEX R
HIXEPMY R 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV, TVEGXMG WMRKYVE RSEWXV WYVW GY TVMZMVI PE EGIWX
GSR4MGX. (I#M TSXVMZRMG HMR TVMRGMTMY, E3VQ IP, SVMGVIM QM#GVM MRWYVIG'MSREPI
RHVITXEXI QTSXVMZE 6SQIM #M RGVIHMR'EX G S EWIQIRIE V^ZVXMVI RY TYXIE
WJV#M HIGX R HIÊWXVY, E EGGITXEX XSXY#M WEVGMRE HI E SVKERMÊ VIZSPXE R
+EPMPIIE. (YT S VI^MWXIR' HI ETVSETI HSY PYRM R SV#IPYP -SXETEXE #M PE
GETXYP YRIM HMWTYXI HVEQEXMGI GY GMVGE TEXVYÎGM HI WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM EM
EWIHMYPYM, TIRXVY E LSXV HEG XVIFYMEY W WI TVIHIE VSQERMPSV WEY W WI
SQSEVI RXVI IM WTVI E WGTE HI TVM^SRMIVEX, QENSVMXEXIE EY STXEX TIRXVY E
HSYE WSPY'MI. 3 XVEKIVI PE WSV'M, QIRMX W WXEFMPIEWG SVHMRIE R GEVI YVQEY
W-#M TYR VIGMTVSG GETX ZMI'MM, P-E HIWIQREX TI .SWITLYW TIRXVY G 3I
RSVSGYP, 3I 4VSZMHIR'E HMZMR E ZVYX W 3I EWXJIP W TMEV YPXMQYP, EPXYVM HI
YR EPXYP, TI GEVI E VIY#MX W P RHYTPIGI, HYT QGIPYP GEQEVE^MPSV PSV, W
EPIEK QTVIYR GY IP ZME'E. )WXI KVIY HI #XMYX GI RGVIHIVI QIVMX W EZIQ
R EWIQIRIE TSZIWXI. 2Y IWXI I\GPYW GE .SWITLYW W 3 HEX S QMG QR HI
ENYXSV RSVSGYPYM WEY 4VSZMHIR'IM R EVERNEVIE XVEKIVMM PE WSV'M. 'IVX IWXI G, R
EGIWXI QTVINYVVM TY'MR KPSVMSEWI, .SWITLYW E ENYRW PE :IWTEWMER, GEVI
GSQERHE EVQEXIPI VSQERI. --E TVIZIWXMX G ZE 3 VMHMGEX R GYVRH PE VERK
MQTIVMEP #M G 3YP WY 8MXYW M ZE YVQE PE XVSR. %GIEWX TVSJI'MI E JSWX VITIHI
GSR3VQEX HI VIEPMXEXI: :IWTEWMER E JSWX TVSGPEQEX QTVEX R ERYP 69, PE
%PI\ERHVME, R XMQT GI 8MXYW P RPSGYME R JVYRXIE XVYTIPSV GSRGIRXVEXI R
4EPIWXMRE.
4VSTEKERHMWX EP PYM 8MXYW RGITRH HI EXYRGM, HIWXMRYP PYM .SWITLYW IWXI
TVSJYRH RHEXSVEX 6SQIM. -RXIVTVIX EP PYM 8MXYW R VIPE'ME GY VIFIPMM, E RGIVGEX R
ÊHEV W M GSRZMRK TI EGI#XME W RGIXIÎ S PYTX PMTWMX HI WTIVER'. 2Y E
VIY#MX HIGX W-#M EXVEK YVE PSV RIGVY'XSEVI, JV GE EWXJIP W TSEX RFY#M,
WTYRI IP, FVYQE HI RIRGVIHIVI TI GEVI VSQERMM GSRXMRYEY W S RYXVIEWG
JE' HI IP. 3 HEX HSFRHMX ZMGXSVME, .SWITLYW P YVQIE^ TI 8MXYW PE 6SQE,
EWMWX PE XVMYQJYP TVMRGMTMPSV RZMRKXSVM #M #M RGLIMI GSRJSVXEFMP ZME'E R
GETMXEP, WYF SFPHYMVIE WYGGIWMZ E PYM 8MXYW #M GLMEV E PYM (SQM'MER, MRWXEPEX
RXV-S VI#IHMR' E QTVE'MPSV #M RÎWXVEX GY S TIRWMI S3GMEP.
%GIWXI GMVGYQWXER'I JEG WYWTIGX, GLMEV E TVMSVM, TVIÎRXEVIE TI GEVI
.SWITLYW RI-S TVSTYRI GY TVMZMVI PE RM#XI JETXI R GEVI E JSWX EXX HI
RHIETVSETI MQTPMGEX. 1EVXSV HMVIGX, IWXI #M YR QEVXSV XIRHIR'MSW, KVMNYPMY W-
#M RJ'M#IÎ TVSTVMYP VSP R GIE QEM FYR PYQMR. 4SZIWXIE PYM QYWXI#XI HI
GSRXVEHMG'MM, HI EQFMKYMX'M, FE GLMEV, R QWYVE R GEVI S TYXIQ WXEFMPM, HI
IVSVM. 4YFPMGEX PE SVHMRYP PYM 8MXYW #M GY FYRYP HI XMTEV EP EGIWXYME, 6^FSMYP
MYHIMPSV IWXI S WGVMIVI HI TVSTEKERH S3GMEP GEVI TVIEQVI#XI, JV GIP QEM
QMG EGGIRX GVMXMG, TYXIVIE VSQER #M TI GEVI S ERMQ S EZIVWMYRI JYRGMEV
JE' HI RE'MSREPMWQYP I\EWTIVEX EP ÎPS'MPSV, RZMRYM'M HI GEXEWXVSJ. 'LMEV
WTIVER'E QIWMERMG, RWY4I'MRH R ITSG, WI TEVI, QENSVMXEXIE TSTSVYPYM
MYHIY, IWXI HIXYVREX HI .SWITLYW HI PE JSVQE IM XVEHM'MSREP. 8VMQMWYP
(SQRYPYM RY ZE 3 YR TVMR' MYHIY GEVI EV ZIRM W-#M IPMFIVIÎ TSTSVYP HI
WXTRMVIE WXVMR. (MQTSXVMZ, QTVEXYP VSQER RWY#M, R TIVWSERE PYM
:IWTEWMER, IWXI GIP GLIQEX W QTVXIEWG TIWXI RXVIK YRMZIVWYP.
'PEVZ^XSV WEY XVHXSV %XMXYHMRMPI PYM .SWITLYW RY P QTMRK, JV
RHSMEP, W JEPWM3GI JYRHEQIRXEP VIEPMXEXIE JETXIPSV, GM M HIZME^ R QSH
WYTVXSV MRXIVTVIXEVIE. 3TSVXYRMWQYP JV WGVYTYPI EP MWXSVMGYPYM RSWXVY IWXI
ETVSETI MRGSRXIWXEFMP. )P TSEXI W RY 3I RW HIGX SKPMRHMVIE YRIM GPEVZM^MYRM
MI#MXI HMR GSQYR. 2Y I PMTWMX HI JSPSW W VIEQMRXMQ EMGM G YRYP HMR GIM QEM
MPY#XVM RZ'XSVM EM ZVIQMM, -SLERER FIR >EOEM, W-E HIWSPMHEVMÊX #M IP HI GEYÊ
V^ZVXM'MPSV. 6IY#MRH W WGETI HMR -IVYWEPMQYP EWIHMEX, E QIVW, GE #M .SWITLYW
RW PMFIV W-P RXPRIEWG TI :IWTEWMER. 0YM M-E EXVMFYMX XVEHM'ME MYHEMG HI
QEM XV^MY TVIZIWXMVIE GY GEVI WI QTYRIE^ .SWITLYW. 3V, HITEVXI HI E-P
GSRWMHIVE YR XVHXSV, MYHEMWQYP RY E RGIXEX W-P WSGSXIEWG TVMRXVI
RZ'XSVMM WM GIM QEM ZIRIVE'M. (IQIVWYP GIPSV HSM FVFE'M IWXI R IWIR'
EGIPE#M. -SLERER RW P QTPMRI#XI GY KVMNE HI E WEPZE ZMMXSVYP MYHEMWQYPYM,
HIWTVMR^RHY-P HI S GEY^ TMIVHYX. "M VIY#I#XI, RXIQIMRH, GY RGYZMMR'EVIE
PYM :IWTEWMER, EGEHIQME HI PE -EFRI (WEY -EZRI). .SWITLYW, HMR GSRXV, WI
TYRI R RXVIKMQI R WPYNFE RZMRKXSVYPYM #M TEVI W RY WI TVISGYTI HIGX HI
TVSTVME 3MR'.
%GIEWX MQTVIWMI WXRNIRMXSEVI XVIFYMI W 3I, XSXY#M, RYER'EX PE PIGXYVE
GIPSVPEPXI STIVI EPI PYM .SWITLYW, WGVMWI GY KVMNE ZHMX HI E WPYNM GEYÎM
MYHEMWQYPYM JE' GY HIXVEGXSVMM PYM #M GY RIR'IPIKIVIE WEY MKRSVER'E TEKMRMPSV.
'SRXVE PYM %TMSR P EXEG HMVIGX TI YRYP HMRXVI GEQTMSRMM ERXMWIQMXMWQYPYM
EPI\ERHVMR, GVYME .SWITLYW WI WXVHYMI#XI W-P VIWTMRK EXEGYVMPI, QM^RH R
WTIGMEP TI HIQSRWXVEVIE QEVMM ZIGLMQM E TSTSVYPYM MYHIY. (I EWIQIRIE, GY S
MRXIR'MI GIP TY'MR ETSPSKIXMG #M-E WGVMW GIE QEM MQTSVXERX HMRXVI PYGVVM,
%RXMGLMX'M MYHEMGI, TYFPMGEX R 93-94 #M GEVI VIPEXIE^ MWXSVME RE'MYRMM MWVEIPMXI
HI PE SVMKMRMPI WEPI GIPI QEM RHITVXEXI TR PE RGITYXYP V^FSMYPYM HMR
-YHIIE. 7I WMQXI, RIRHSMSW, TVSJYRH RVHGMREX R TSTSVYP WY. (EG R
GMVGYQWXER'I HISWIFMX HI HVEQEXMGI W-E HIWSPMHEVMÊX HI VWGYPE'M, WJV#MXYP
GSR4MGXYPYM M-E HEX HVITXEXI. 4SPMXMGMER GY VSP EQFMKYY, GYVXIÊR WPYKEVRMG,
GEVEGXIV RIZVIHRMG HI WXMQ GY WMKYVER'. (EV M TYXIQ VITVS#E SEVI JETXYP
G, R JE'E YRIM RJVYRXVM QYPX TVIE MRIKEPI, E JSWX QEM GPEVZ^XSV HIGX
QEWE GSQTEXVMS'MPSV PYM#
1EVGIP 7MQSR 4VMQYP V^FSM MYHEMG QTSXVMZE 6SQIM 4VMQE VIZSPX E
MYHIMPSV QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV, GEVI M^FYGRI#XI R ERYP 6, TYRI R QM#GEVI
QEVIE QE#MR HI V^FSM VSQER. :E 3 RIZSMI XSXY#M HI TEXVY ERM TIRXVY GE
EGIEWX RIQMPSEW VITVIWMYRI W HYG PE GHIVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM #M PE RVYMVIE
HMR REPXYP WY E 8IQTPYPYM, GEVI HMWTEVI TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE R 4GVM.
6IZSPXE MYHIMPSV #M EVI SVMKMRIE R WYFMXE GSRZIVKIR' E QEM QYPXSV
JEGXSVM. 4VMQYP HMRXVI EGI#XME IWXI TVIÎR'E WXVMR. (I PE QSEVXIE PYM -VSH (4 .
,V.), 4EPIWXMRE E WYJIVMX RYQIVSEWI ZMXVIKMM TSPMXMGI #M, R ERMM 60 H. ,V.,
XIVMXSVMMPI ZIGLMYPYM VIKEX GY I\GIT'ME TSWIWMYRMPSV PYM -VSH %KVMTE EP --PIE,
WMXYEXI TI 'VQYVMPI PEGYPYM 8MFIVMEHIM #M TI EGXYEPYP TPEXSY +SPER WI E4 WYF
EHQMRMWXVEVIE HMVIGX E 6SQIM, EM GVIM TVSGYVEXSVM WYRX EHIWISVM RIMRM'ME'M R
GIIE GI TVMZI#XI TEVXMGYPEVMWQYP MYHEMG. R TPYW, GSR3WGVMPI STIVEXI R GSRXYP
3WGYPYM MQTIVMEP, HYFPEXI HI S TVSEWX GSRNYRGXYV IGSRSQMG, TEV W 3 EXVEW
S WVGMVI GEVI PSZI#XI QEM GY WIEQ TXYVMPI TSTYPEVI.
7I GSRWXEX, RGITRH HI EXYRGM, S VIGVYHIWGIR' E FERHMXMWQYPYM #M, R
TEVEPIP, S HI^ZSPXEVI E QM#GVMPSV TVSJIXMGI, GEVI RXVI'MR S EKMXE'MI
TIVQERIRX, IRIVKMG VITVMQEX, HI EPXJIP, HI GXVI EYXSVMX'MPI VSQERI.
9R KIWX EP TVSGYVEXSVYPYM ETVMRHI FYXSMYP GY TYPFIVI (SQRME PYM 2IVS
(54-68) WI GEVEGXIVMÎE^ TVMRXV-S QTSZVEVI E 3WGEPMX'MM, EHRGMX #M HI
PYGVVMPI HI VIGSRWXVYG'MI E 6SQIM, R YVQE HMWXVYKXSVYPYM MRGIRHMY HMR ERYP
64. (I JETX, GEYÊ MQIHMEX E VIZSPXIM MYHEMGI TEVI W 3I XSGQEM S GSRXIWXEVI
E XVMFYXYPYM HEXSVEX VSQERMPSV. 'RH TVSGYVEXSVYP +IWWMYW *PSVYW HMWTYRI
GSR3WGEVIE E #ETXIWTVIÎGI XEPER'M HMR XIÊYVYP 8IQTPYPYM, M^FYGRIWG
V^QIVM'I ZMSPIRXI, TI GEVI GIPI GXIZE JSV'I HI SVHMRI WI HSZIHIWG
RITYXMRGMSEWI E PI HSQSPM, MEV KYZIVREXSVYP IWXI WMPMX W-#M IZEGYIÎ XVYTIPI
HMR TVSZMRGMI (MYRMI 6). 6IKPVMPI HI GSRXYVM E GVSV WGIR IWXI EXYRGM
-IVYWEPMQYP #M EVHIVIE GVIER'IPSV EVEX HMR TPMR G VIFIPMYRIE QTSXVMZE 6SQIM
IWXI HYFPEX #M HI S ZMI RIQYP'YQMVI WSGMEP. 0IKEXYP 7MVMIM, 'IWXMYW +EPPYW,
GEVI VITVI^MRX EYXSVMXEXIE XYXIPEV E TVSGYVEXSVYPYM, MRXIVZMRI R XSEQR,
QTVIWYVRH -IVYWEPMQYP GY S PIKMYRI, RW HMR QSXMZI MRWY3GMIRX PQYVMXI,
EFERHSRIE^ EWIHMYP R RSMIQFVMI, TPIGRH HMR RSY GXVI %RXMSLME, R
GERXSREQIRX HI MEVR. 3 EQFYWGEH TYW PE GEPI HI WMGEVMM PYM 7MQSR FEV
+LMSVE XPLEVM E GVSV EVQ TVIHMPIGX IVE WMGE (TYQREPYP) R XVIGXSEVIE
&IXL-,SVSR, M XVERWJSVQ VIXVEKIVIE RXV-S EHIZVEX HIFERHEH. 3 HEX
EWXJIP EPYRKE'M VSQERMM HMR 4EPIWXMRE, VWGYPE'MM WI TSX GSRWMHIVE WXTRM TI
WMXYE'MI. 'YGIVIWG RXVMXYVM HI'MRYXI HI KEVRM^SERIPI VSQERI: 1EWEHE,
']TVSW*, 1EGLEIVYW.
4SXVMZMX MWXSVMGYPYM MYHIY *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, VI^MWXIR'E W-EV 3 TVIKXMX
TIRXVY S VMTSWX HMR TEVXIE VSQERMPSV, VITEVXM^RH TVMRGMTEPIPI WIGXSEVI
KISKVE3GI RXVI HMJIVMXI GTIXIRMM; .SWITLYW RWY#M EV 3 TVMQMX R KVMN +EPMPIIE.
8SXY#M, RYQIVSEWI MRHMGMM EVEX G S EWIQIRIE SVKERMÊVI RY W-E VIEPMÊX
RMGMSHEX; HMR GSRXV, GLMEV HI PE RGITYX, VIFIPMM TEV TVSJYRH HI^FMRE'M HI
GPMZENIPI WSGMEPI #M HI VMZEPMXEXIE JEG'MYRMPSV ÎPS'M, TVIS'M, WMGEVM GEVI WI
RJVYRX TIRXVY GSRHYGIVIE QM#GVMM WEY EY RIR'IPIKIVM GY TVMZMVI PE
EXMXYHMRIE TI GEVI EV XVIFYM W S EHSTXI JE' HI 6SQE.
:IWTEWMER #M ME QMWMYRIE HI E GYV'E +EPMPIIE R EGIEWX MEVR E PYM 6
WTVI 67, 2IVS WI E4 R +VIGME GRH E4 HIWTVI HYVIVSWYP I#IG EP PYM 'IWXMYW
+EPPYW. -M RGVIHMR'IE^ GSRHYGIVIE V^FSMYPYM PYM :IWTEWMER, YR GSRHYGXSV
QMPMXEV RGIVGEX, TI GEVI P RÎWXVIE^ GY XVIM PIKMYRM RXVMXI GY XVYTI EY\MPMEVI
#M GY S 4SXMP TI GSEWXE QIHMXIVERIER, RWYQRH GMVGE GMRGMÎGM HI QMM HI
SEQIRM.
(YT GI #M-E GSRGIRXVEX JSV'IPI PE 4XSPIQEMW (ZMMXSVYP 7J. -SER HMR %GVE),
:IWTEWMER EXEG R +EPMPIIE, MKRSVRH HISGEQHEX -IVYWEPMQYP #M -YHIIE. 1EM
QYPXI QSXMZI I\TPMG EGIEWX EPIKIVI: R TVMQYP VRH, VIPEXMZE WPFMGMYRI E
XVYTIPSV VSQERI RY-P TIVQMXIE W EMF R ZIHIVI YR EXEG GSQFMREX R QEM
QYPXI TYRGXI #M, 3HIP YRIM WXVEXIKMM ZIVM3GEXI, :IWTEWMER #M GSRGIRXVIE^
IJSVXYP EWYTVE YRYM WIGXSV, TIRXVY E-P QTR^M #M ETSM GYV'E; QEM QYPX, YR
JSGEV HI EKMXE'MI R +EPMPIIE, RZIGMREX PE RSVH GY TVSZMRGME 7MVMIM, TVI^MRX
VMWGYVM HI QSPMTWMVI GEVI IWXI QEM FMRI W 3I RFY#MXI HMR XMQT. 8SXY#M QEM
HIKVEF E XVEW, TIWIQRI, RZ'QMRXI HMR RIVIY#MXE PYM 'IWXMYW +EPPYW #M RY
E ZVYX W-#M EWYQI VMWGYP HI E WI RJYRHE R -YHIIE, HITEVXI HI FEÎPI WEPI,
PWRH R YVQ-P S VIKMYRI RIWYTYW.
(YT GI E HSXEX 7ITTLSVMWYP, SVE# JEZSVEFMP VSQERMPSV, GY S KEVRM^SER
GEVI W-P TVSXINIÎ, :IWTEWMER EXEG +EFEVE. 0MTWMX HI JSVXM3GE'MM, GIXEXIE
IWXI GYGIVMX HI PE TVMQYP EWEPX, TSTYPE'ME IM QEWGYPMR QEWEGVEX JV QMP,
XSEXI WEXIPI HMR QTVINYVMQM HIZEWXEXI #M PSGYMXSVMM ZRHY'M GE WGPEZM. %GX HI
GVY^MQI GEVI #M ZE KWM NYWXM3GEVIE R EJVSRXYVMPI TI GEVI +EFEVE M PI-EV 3
EHYW PYM 'IWXMYW +EPPYW. (YT EGIIE, VSQERMM RXVITVMRH EXEGYP EWYTVE
-SXETEXIM. *V E EZIE YR VIEP MRXIVIW WXVEXIKMG, PSGYP GSRWXMXYMI 3VE# JSVXM3GEX,
R ETVSTMIVIE -IVMLSRYPYM (R.X.).
1EM GYVRH YR VIJYKMY KVIY EGGIWMFMP: VSQERMM XVIFYMI W REP'I S VEQT
HI EWEPX TIRXVY E TYXIE QERIZVE EMGM YR FEXMY EGSTIVMX GY GEVI W WI ETVSTMI
HI QIXIVIÎ #M ZSV EZIE RIZSMI HI TEXVYÎGM #M #ETXI HI ^MPI TIRXVY E GYGIVM
TS^M'ME (20 MYPMI 67). R EGIPE#M XMQT, STIVE'MYRM WIGYRHEVI TIVQMX QTV#-
XMIVIE QYP'MQMPSV HI^SVKERMÊXI, VIJYKMEXI TI RP'MQMPI +EVM^MQYPYM #M EPI
8EFSVYPYM #M EWMKYVEVIE EGGIWYPYM PE ZEHYP 7GMXSTSPMW #M PE TSVXYP -STI. R
XSEQR, :IWTEWMER TSVRI#XI STIVE'MYRM QTSXVMZE JSGEVIPSV HI MRWYVIG'MI GEVI
W-EY HI^ZSPXEX R XIVMXSVMMPI PYM -VSH %KVMTE EP --PIE: 8MFIVMEHE #M 8EVMLIIE, TI
'VQYP ETYWIER EP PEGYPYM 8MFIVMEHIM, +EQEPE HMR +SPER; R RSMIQFVMI, 3YP WY
8MXYW SF'MRI GETMXYPEVIE +LMWGEPIM R +EPMPIIE WYTIVMSEV. %WXJIP, PE GETXYP
GEQTERMIM HMR 67, +EPMPIIE IWXI RMQMGMX; STIVE'MYRMPI WYRX STVMXI TI XMQTYP
MIVRMM. 4VMQMM TVM^SRMIVM WYRX XVMQM#M R +VIGME WTVI E PYGVE PE WTEVIE GEREPYPYM
'SVMRX, TSVYRGMX HI 2IVS.
3 QM#GEVI GSRZIVKIRX R HMVIG'ME -IVYWEPMQYPYM R TVMQZEVE PYM 68,
:IWTEWMER SVHSR S ZEWX STIVE'MYRI GSRZIVKIRX WTVI -IVYWEPMQ: 'IVMEPMW,
YRYA HMRXVI PIKE'MM WM, TPIEG HMR 'IÊVIIE QEVMXMQ GXVI )QEYW, YRHI
MRWXEPIE^ S XEFV TIVQERIRX #M TPEWIE^ KEVRM^SERI R XSEXI E#I^VMPI HMR
RSVH-ZIWXYP -IVYWEPMQYPYM. R EGIPE#M XMQT, 8VEMER (XEXP ZMMXSVYPYM QTVEX GY
EGIPE#M RYQI) TVWI#XI 7GMXSTSPMWYP, XVEZIVWIE^ -SVHERYP #M WYTYRI 4IVIIE,
ETSM ENYRKI HMR RSY R -YHIIE TVMR ZEHYP -IVMLSRYPYM, HMWXVYKRH R XVIGIVI
E#I^QRXYP HI PE 5YQVER (MYRMI 68). :IWTEWMER, PE VRHYP WY, XVIGI TVMR
7EQEVME, JGRH NSRG'MYRIE GY 8VEMER PE -IVMLSR. %#EHEV, PE RGITYXYP ZIVMM,
VWGYPE'MM RY QEM GSRXVSPEY HIGX -IVYWEPMQYP, &IXPIIQYP #M -VSHMSRYP, TVIGYQ
#M JSVXVI'IPI M^SPEXI HMR 1EWEHE #M 1EGLEIVYW.
8YPFYVVM PE 6SQE, WGYVX VKE^ PE -IVYWEPMQ R EGIWX QSQIRX, :IWTEWMER
MRXIR'MSRIE^, TVSFEFMP, W EXEGI -IVYWEPMQYP #M W SF'MR YR HI^RSHQRX
VETMH EP V^FSMYPYM, HEV WMXYE'ME TSPMXMG HI PE 6SQE P WMPI#XI W WYWTIRHI XSXYP:
GE YVQEVI E VIZSPXIM KEPMPSV, 2IVS -HIG^YX HMR VERK IWXI GSRWXVRW W WI
WMRYGMH, MEV 7IREXYP P TVSGPEQ R PSGYP PYM TI +EPFE, KYZIVREXSVYP 7TERMIM
(MYRMI 68). (YT QYPXI PYRM HI #SZMIPM, 8MXYW TPIEG PE 6SQE TIRXVY E-#M
TVIÎRXE SQEKMMPI QTVEXYPYM, RW ENYRW R +VIGME, E4 HIWTVI EWEWMREVIE PYM
+EPFE (MERYEVMI 69) #M WSGSXI#XI QEM TVYHIRX W WI RXSEVG R 4EPIWXMRE. R
XMQT GI 7IREXYP P VIGYRSE#XI GE QTVEX TI 3XLS, EVQEXE 6MRYPYM P TVSGPEQ
TI :MXIPPMYW; HYT GXIZE PYRM HI V^FSM GMZMP, :MXIPPMYW VQRI, R ETEVIR',
WXTRYP RIGSRXIWXEX EP -QTIVMYPYM (ETVMPMI 69).
R EGIWX VWXMQT, R GEVI #M-E WYWTIRHEX STIVE'MYRMPI QTSXVMZE
MIVYWEPMQYPYM, :IWTEWMER RY E WXEX HIKIEFE: YR ZEWX GSQTPSX VIYRMRHY-P 4I
KYZIVREXSVYP 7MVMIM, TI GIP EP )KMTXYPYM #M EVQEXIPI (YRVMM M TIVQMXI -
. W 3I EGPEQEX QTVEX HI PIKMYRMPI 3VMIRXYPYM (MYPMI 69). 0WRH
GYV'IRME R WIEQE TEVXMÊRMPSV WM, :IWTEWMER WI MRWXEPIE^ PE %PI\ERHVME.
R TVMQZEVE PYM 70, WI QFEVG WTVI 6SQE, RGVIHMR'RHY-P PYM 8MXYW KVMNE HI E
GSRXMRYE QERIZVIPI QTSXVMZE -IVYWEPMQYPYM. R XMQTYP EGIWXSV PYRM HI
WMKYVER' MPY^SVMI, VWGYPE'MM EY GSRXMRYEX W WI WJ#MI RXVI IM. %VMWXSGVE'ME,
HMWTYW W RIKSGMIÎ S TEGI SRSVEFMP, W-E XVI^MX RGIXYP GY RGIXYP IPMQMREX
HI VEHMGEPMM QM#GVMM, GEVI WI HSZIHIWG XSXY#M MRGETEFMPM W WI YRIEWG: R
MEVRE 69-70, )PIEÊV #M ÎPS'MM W-EY EHTSWXMX R WERGXYEV #M R TMI'IPI PYM
MRXIVMSEVI, R ZVIQI GI -SER HMR +LMWGEPE PI WXTRI#XI TI GIPI I\XIVMSEVI;
7MQSR FEV +LMSVE #M WMGEVMM GSRXVSPIE^ SVE#YP HI WYW, S TEVXI HMR SVE#YP HI NSW
#M HMWTYR HI ENYXSEVI R -HYQIIE, PE -VSHMSR #M 1EWEHE.
%WIHMYP -IVYWEPMQYPYM #M MRGIRHMIVIE 8IQTPYPYM 4PIGEX HMR )KMTX R
TVMQZEVE PYM 70, 8MXYW TYVGIHI PE EWIHMIVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM: GERXSRIE^ S
PIKMYRI TI 1YRXIPI 1WPMRMPSV, E#E^ EPXI HSY R RSVHYP ^MHYPYM HI ETVEVI #M
S E TEXVE R JE'E 'MXEHIPIM (JSWXYP TEPEX EP PYM -VSH). 6SQERMM RGIT TVMR
IJIGXYEVIE YRSV PYGVVM HI XIVEWE-QIRX RIGIWEVI TIRXVY EGSTIVMVIE #ER'YVMPSV
#M TIRXVY REMRXEVIE QE#MRMPSV HI V^FSM. R JE'E VI^YPXEXIPSV QIHMSGVI EPI
LIPITSPIPSV (YR WSM HI XYVRYVM QSFMPI GEVI PI TIVQMXIEY W ENYRK TR PE
QIXIVIÎ), 8MXYW RGITI W GSRWXVYMEWG XYVRYVM HI EWEPX, GSRGIRXVRHY-#M
IJSVXYVMPI EWYTVE TV'MM HI RSVH; PE 25 QEM, GYGIVI#XI TVMQYP ^MH #M VEHI
GEVXMIVYP &IÎXE (:MXI^HE). 0E RGITYXYP PYRMM MYRMI, TYRI WXTRMVI TI EP HSMPIE
^MH #M SVHSR EWEPXYP WMQYPXER EWYTVE TEPEXYPYM PYM -VSH #M XYVRYPYM %RXSRME, GEVI
HSQMR 8IQTPYP.
0E WJV#MXYP PYRMM MYPMI, %RXSRME IWXI R GIPI HMR YVQ GYGIVMX, MEV NIVXJE
TIVQERIRX ?GEVI WI S3GME R 8IQTPYA IWXI RXVIVYTX; HYT PYTXI GVR-GIRI,
ETVXSVMM WYRX PE GETXYP TYXIVMPSV, MEV 8IQTPYP GEHI TVEH 4GVMPSV PE 30
EYKYWX. %VQEXE WI RXSEVGI GXVI SVE#YP HI NSW, ETSM RMQMGI#XI GEW GY GEW
SVE#YP HI WYW, GEVI IWXI MRGIRHMEX PE 25 WITXIQFVMI. 8MXYW TSEXI MRXVE EXYRGM
ZMGXSVMSW RXV-S GIXEXI E4EX R VYMR. 2Y QEM VQR HIGX GXIZE FEWXMSERI
EPI VI^MWXIR'IM, -VSHMSRYP, 1EGLEIVYW (HMWXVYWI R 71) #M 1EWEHE. %RYP YVQXSV,
:IWTEWMER #M 8MXYW #M WVFXSVIWG XVMYQJYP GSQYR EWYTVE -YHIMM; PE WJV#MXYP
GIVIQSRMIM, 7MQSR FEV +LMSVE IWXI I\IGYXEX, R XMQT GI -SER HMR +LMWGEPE IWXI
GSRHEQREX PE RGLMWSEVI. R TVSGIWMYRIE XVMYQJEP, VITVIÎRXEX TI EVGYP PYM
8MXYW HI PE 6SQE, RZMRKXSVYP #M IXEPIE^ TVEHE GETXYVEX HMR 8IQTPYP HI PE
-IVYWEPMQ: WJI#RMGYP GY #ETXI FVE'I (QIRSVE), 1EWE GY TMRMPI TYRIVMM REMRXI,
ZEWIPI GY XQMI #M XVQ-FM'IPI HI EVKMRX. %GIWXI SFMIGXI ZSV 3 HITYWI R
8IQTPYP 4GMM, RGLMREX R ERYP 75 GSQIQSVVMM ZMGXSVMIM PYM 8MXYW.
'LVMWXMERI 7EYPRMIV *PEZMYW .SWITLYW TSZIWXMRH HIWTVI 1EWEHE 3VMGI
MWXSVMG WI MQTPMG R STIVE WE, TVMR JETXIPI TI GEVI PI XVIGI WYF XGIVI, GE #M
TVMR GIPI TI GEVI PI WGSEXI R VIPMIJ. 'YQ XVIFYMI NYHIGEX TSZIWXMVIE PYM
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW HIWTVI GYGIVMVIE 1EWEHIM #M GYQ XGIVIE MWXSVMGMPSV PEXMRM#
'YQ TSEXI 3 IZMXEX GSRGSVHMWQYP GEVI WMPI#XI HEXIPI EVLISPSKMGI W
HSZIHIEWG WTYWIPI PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW#
R ZEVE PYM 67, XRVYP .SWITLYW, HYT GI E SVKERMÊX VI^MWXIR'E R
+EPMPIIE #M HYT GI E 'MRYX TMITX QYPX ZVIQI EWEPXYPYM VSQERMPSV R SV#IPYP
-SXETEXE, W-E HYW R GIPI HMR YVQ PE :IWTEWMER.
7MXYE'ME YRYM .SWITLYW XVIGYX HI TEVXIE HY#QERYPYM (I EGYQ RGITRH,
WSEVXE PYM HIZMRI XVMFYXEV 6SQIM: RGIEVG R ZER W-P GSRZMRK TI VWGYPE'M
W RGIXIÎ PYTXE, MEV S HEX HSFRHMX ZMGXSVME, M YVQIE^ PYM 8MXYW PE 6SQE,
EWMWX PE XVMYQJYP PYM #M WI MRWXEPIE^, RÎWXVEX GY S TIRWMI S3GMEP, RXV-S GEW
ETEV'MRRH QTVEXYPYM. R GIE HI-E #ETXIE #M YPXMQ GEVXI E 6^FSMYPYM
MYHIMPSV, .SWITLYW YVQVI#XI GEVMIVE PYM :IWTEWMER #M E PYM 8MXYW HYT GYGIVMVIE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM #M WI TVISGYT, HI PE HMWXER', HI GHIVIE YPXMQIPSV XVIM
JSVXVI'I MYHEMGI. 2SXIE^ YVQXSEVIPI: (YT PYEVIE 1EWEHIM, 7MPZE #M-E PWEX
EGSPS S KEVRM^SER #M W-E VIXVEW PE 'IÊVIIE, 3MRHG RY QEM VQWIWI TMGMSV
HI HY#QER R XSX 'MRYXYP (6^FSMYP :-, 407).
)WXI EHIZVEX G, RG HMR 71, 8MXYW #M-E WVFXSVMX XVMYQJYP, MEV 6SQE E
FXYX QSRIHI GSQIQSVRH RJVRKIVIE -YHIMM. 4IRXVY MWXSVMGMM S3GMEPM EM
-QTIVMYPYM, TSZIWXIE 1EWEHIM, RXQTPEX R 73 WEY 74, RY I HIGX S YPXMQ
GYV'IRMI GEVI RY XVIFYMI W RXYRIGI ZMGXSVME VITYVXEX; HI EMGM #M XGIVIE
PSV. 4IRXVY .SWITLYW, IZIRMQIRXYP IGLMZEPIE^, HMR GSRXV, GY YR WMQFSP
XVEKMG. 'E HSZEH, EGIEWX TEVEPIP PMXIVEV, HIWISVM MRZSGEX: PE -SXETEXE,
GIXEXIE KEPMPIER YRHI P ZSV GETXYVE VSQERMM, .SWITLYW H KPEW YRYM HMWGYVW
GEVI RGIEVG R ÊHEV W QTMIHMGI WMRYGMHIVIE XSZEV#MPSV WM HI EVQI. 0E
1EWEHE, GETYP VWGYPE'MPSV VSWXI#XI HSY GYZRXVM GI ZSV HYGI PE S WMRYGMHIVI
GSPIGXMZ (6^FSMYP -, 362-382).
%YXSVYP RSWXVY TSEXI JEFYPE GY EXX QEM QYPX TI WIEQE HVEQIM
JSVXVI'IM, GY GX RY M IWXI QEVXSV HMVIGX, RXVYGX WI E4 PE 6SQE HMR ERYP 71.
R TPYW, GEVXIE E :MP-E E 6^FSMYPYM WY EV GSRWXMXYM, HYT YRIPI MRHMGMM, YR
ETIRHMGI VIHEGXEX R XMQTYP HSQRMIM PYM (SQM'MER (8P-96), GRH .SWITLYW #M
HIWGSTIV, TY'MR GXI TY'MR, YR WY4IX GIZE QEM TEXVMSX #M WMQTEXMM JEVMWIMGI, R
VIEPMXEXI, TSZIWXMRH HIWTVI 1EWEHE, .SWITLYW WI TSZIWXI#XI TI WMRI.
0 VJYMEP GY KVYTYVMPI HI VI^MWXIR' 'LMEV HI PE RGITYXYP MWXSVMWMVMM WEPI
(6^FSMYP :-, 252-274), .SWITLYW M TVI^MRX TI ETVXSVMM 1EWEHIM GE 3MRH
WMGEVM. R EVLMZIPI VSQERI, EGIWX XIVQIR RKPSFIE^ XSEXI GEXIKSVMMPI HI
XIVSVM#XM. .SWITLYW TVIGMÎE^ RW MHIRXMXEXIE GSRHYGXSVYPYM PSV: )PIEÊV
(3YP PYM -EMV), S VYH E PYM -YHE +EPMPIERYP. %GIWXE HMR YVQ WI MPYWXVEWI, PE
RGITYXYP IVIM RSEWXVI, TVMR STS^M'ME WE JE' HI VSQERM #M JE' HI SVMGI EPX
TYXIVI HIGX GIE E PYM (YQRIÎY. 2Y JSRHEWI RMGM YR TEVXMH WEY HMREWXMI,
GYQ TVIXMRH YRMM. (VEKSWXIE PYM HI PMFIVXEXI GY SVMGI TVI' MRWTMVEWI QEM
HIKVEF YR GYVIRX I\XVIQMWX GEVI, RXVI'MRYX HI YVQE#MM PYM, E VFYJRMX JSEVXI
HIZVIQI R PYTXE GSRXVE 6SQIM. .SWITLYW YV#XI EGIEWX QM#GEVI #M S
RYQI#XI GY HMWTVI' E TEXVE #GSEP. )E RY XVIFYMI GSRJYRHEX GY KVYTEVIE
ÎPS'MPSV, GEVI, R GIIE GI S TVMZI#XI, RY EVI RMQMG HI-E JEGI GY TSZIWXIE
1EWEHIM. 1IQFVMM EGIWXIM E TEXVE #GSPM WYRX GIM GEVI M ZSV HMWPSGE TI VSQERM
HMR 1EWEHE, GLMEV HI PE RGITYXYP EWIHMYPYM EWYTVE -IVYWEPMQYPYM, R ERYP 6.
RXVYGX IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI GIE HMR YVQ VIHYX E VI^MWXIR'IM MYHEMGI,
.SWITLYW QMKPI#XI EMGM YR YPXMQ EXEG QTSXVMZE XYXYVSV KVYTYVMPSV MYHEMGI HI
VI^MWXIR', TSXVMZMX XIÎM TI GEVI E ETVEX-S TI TEVGYVWYP PYGVVMM WEPI. 4VMR
YVQEVI, ZE WTYRI IP, EGIWX V^FSM WI HEXSVIE^ GXSVZE PMHIVM JEREXMGM GEVI M-EY
QTMRW TI MYHIM W WI V^FSMEWG RXVI IM WEY M-EY IPMQMREX TI GIM GEVI WI
QTSXVMZIEY EZIRXYVMM PSV. )M M-EY WMPMX TI VSQERM W VMTSWXIÎ R GSRWIGMR';
RW TWXVXSVMM XVEHM'MIM MYHEMGI (JEVMWIMM, WEHYGLIMM, IWIRMIRMM) RY IVEY HI
TEVXIE PSV. 1GMREX HI EGIWX KRH, EYXSVYP ENYRKI W-P RJ'M#IÎ TI -SER
)WIRMERYP GE TI S GTIXIRMI E MRWYVIG'MIM, XVIGRH RW WYF XGIVI TVSFEFMPE
TEVXMGMTEVI E IWIRMIRMPSV PE PYTX. %WXJIP, XIÎPI PYM .SWITLYW RY TIVQMX W WI
#XMI GI WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM EM EPXSV KVYTVM 1 W-EY EPXYVEX PYM )PIEÊV PE 1EWEHE, R
XMQT GI, TSXVMZMX QERYWGVMWIPSV IWIRMIRI KWMXI PE JE'E PSGYPYM, TVIÎR'E
IWIRMIRMPSV (#M GLMEV E JEVMWIMPSV) WI HSZIHI#XI TPEY^MFMP.
(IWGVMIVIE JSVXVI'IM #M VIPEXEVIE EWIHMYPYM (YT IZSGEVIE MRWXEPVMM
XEFIVIPSV #M E EQIRENVMM ^MHYVMPSV HI JSVXM3GE'MI HI GXVI VSQERM, XI\XYP WI
QMRYRIE^ HI EZERXENIPI REXYVEPI SJIVMXI HI 1EWEHE #M HI KMKERXMGIPI PYGVVM,
HEXSVEXI PYM -VSH, GEVI I\TPMG TVSZM^MMPI IRSVQI #M GMWXIVRIPI PSGYPYM (6^FSMYP
:-, 275-303). 8SEXI EGIWXI EQRYRXI GSRGSVH GY VI^YPXEXIPI WTXYVMPSV.
8SXY#M, TIRXVY JVYQYWI'IE ITSTIMM, EYXSVYP YMX G ETVSZM^MSREVIE TVSZMRI QEM
TY'MR HI PE -VSH HIGX HI PE VSQERMM GI SGYTEWIV 'MRYXYVMPI, ETSM HI PE
VWGYPE'MM R#M#M, GEVI, HYT WTYWIPI PYM .SWITLYW, TVHEY VIKMYRIE.
'SRWXVYMVIE VEQTIM HI EWEPX, FVI#E TVEGXMGEX R QIXIVI^, VI^MWXIR'E
^MHYPYM MQTVSZMÊX PE EWEPXYVMPI FIVFIGYPYM XSEXI EGIWXIE TVMQIWG KMVYP
EVLISPSKMPSV, GE #M MRGIRHMYP (6^FSMYP :-, 304-319). %GIWX JSG, GEVI PE RGITYX
M EQIRMR' TI EWIHMEXSVM, RXSVGRHY-WI ETSM QTSXVMZE GIPSV EWIHME'M, WPYNI#XI
XIÎPI PYM .SWITLYW. 'E YR RSY -IVIQME, IP PI-E TVIZIWXMX EHIWISVM VIFIPMPSV G
(YQRIÎY 'MRIE TEVXIE HY#QERYPYM. -EX-P HIGM TI VSQERM FYGYVRHY-WI HI
ENYXSVYP (SQRYPYM, QYP'YQMRHY-WI GY EGIWX MRGIRHMY RXV-YR WMRKYV TYRGX EP
QIXIVI^YPYM #M EQRRHY-#M WXVMKXYP HI M^FRH TI E HSYE ^M, GE #M GYQ EV 3
PWEX EWIHME'MPSV VKE^YP HI E-#M QSRXE WGIRE HI 3REP.
3 WMRYGMHIVI PMXIVEV M^FYXMX 4EKMRMPI GEVI YVQIE^ TVI^MRX HYFPYP
HMWGYVW EP PYM )PIEÊV #M TSZIWXMVIE WMRYGMHIVMM HMR XEFVE GIPSV EWIHME'M
(6^FSMYP :-, 320-341). %MGM, .SWITLYW HSÎE^ WYFXMP RSFMPIPI WIRXMQIRXI EPI
SVEXSVYPYM #M JYVME YRYM EGX HMWTIVEX. &MRIR'IPIW, WMRYGMHIVIE WSPHE'MPSV TIRXVY
E WGTE HI WIVZMXYXI JE' HI RZMRKXSVM TEVI S TVEGXMG SFM#RYMX R
%RXMGLMXEXI. 8SXY#M, JIQIMPI #M GSTMMM RY IVEY WEGVM3GE'M HIGX R YPXMQE TEVXI E
PYTXIM, R XMQT GI, R TYRIVIE R WGIR E 1EWEHIM, PYTXE IWXI EQREX TIRXVY
E HSYE ^M. (I EPXQMRXIVM, GYQ EV 3 TYXYX TVIXMR#MM WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM, GYMFVM'M R
GMWXIVRE PSV (HSY JIQIM #M GMRGM GSTMM QMGM), W QIQSVIÎ HSY TMIWI
SVEXSVMGI, WXMPMÊXI GY EXXE QMKEP#
4VMQYP HMWGYVW TYRI R KYVE YRYM WMGEV HI VY#MRI XISVME PYM .SWITLYW
HIWTVI HI#IVXGMYRIE EGIWXYM V^FSM: IWXI ZVIQIE TVMQMVMM GYZIRMXIM TIHITWI
HYQRIÎMI#XM. 'IM GEVI #M-EY YGMW EX'ME GSQTEXVMS'M ZSV XVIFYM W-P YGMH TI
GIM GEVI PI WYRX GIM QEM HVEKM. 3V, GVYH MVSRMI, EGIEWX TVSTYRIVI E YRYM
LSPSGEYWX HI FYRZSMI RY RXVYRI#XI EHI^MYRIE XYXYVSV.
)PIEÊV XVIGI EXYRGM PE EVKYQIRXI QEM 3PSWS3GI, HIWTVI RIQYVMVIE
WY4IXYPYM #M HIWTVI MRYXMPMXEXIE VI^MWXIR'IM GSRXVE TYXIVMM 6SQIM. 1SEVXIE RI
IPMFIVIE^ WY4IXIPI, ^MGI IP. %GIWX QSXMZ #M EPXIPI EWIQIRIE WI MRWTMV HMR
ETSPSKMMPI WYMGMHYPYM, HIZIRMXI PSGYVM GSQYRI PE WXSMGM #M PE GMRMGM, HI TI
ZVIQIE 4LEMHSR-YPRM PYM 4PEXSR. 8VIFYMI VIEQMRXMX EMGM YR IPIQIRX WTIGM3G
ITSGMM: *PEZMIRMM (:IWTEWMER, 8MXYW, (SQM'MER) M TVMKSRIEY TI WXSMGM #M TI GMRMGM,
HEX 3MRH G QYP'M HMRXVI EGI#XME WI STYRIEY VIKMQYPYM MQTIVMEP. )M JGIEY
IPSKMYP WYMGMHYPYM TSPMXMG, KPSVM3GRHY-P TI 'EXS, WXSMG GEVI, PYRHY-#M ZME'E, M
VTMWI PYM 'IÊV TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E WI V^FYRE EWYTVE PYM.
%QFMKYMXEXIE TSZIWXMVMM PYM .SWITLYW 4VMR MWXSVMWMVIE WE EQFMKY,
VIJIVMXSEVI PE WJV#MXYP 1EWEHIM, .SWITLYW GEYX W-#M G#XMKI GMXMXSVMM HI SVMGI
SVMIRXEVI. 2Y PI WTYWIWI IP MYHIMPSV GEVI QFV'M#EY MHIIE HI V^FSM G IVE,
HMR GETYP PSGYPYM, S EG'MYRI WMRYGMKE# #M G (YQRIÎY 'MRIE GY VSQERMM#
%GIEWX WMRYGMHIVI IVE HEXEX RW R E GMRGMWTVIÎGIE ^M E PYRMM \ERXLMGSW.
:VIE GYQZE EYXSVYP W PI WYKIVIÎ MYHIMPSV QM#GE'M HI EGIWX LSPSGEYWX ZVIS
PIKXYV GY 15 RMWER, WVFXSEVIE 4E#XIPYM# )GLMZEPIE^ SEVI IZIRMQIRXYP GY
S NIVXJ VITEVEXSVMI WEY, HMQTSXVMZ, GY S TIHIETW TIRXVY NEJYP TI GEVI
SHMRMSEV EGI#XM WMGEVM P-EY WZV#MX QTSXVMZE JVE'MPSV PSV MYHIM HMR )R-+LIHM,
RXV-S ^M E %^MQIPSV (6^FSMYP -:, 402)#
*E' HI QTVE'M, MVMXE'M HI TVSTEKERHE WXSMG, MWXSVMWMVIE PYM .SWITLYW
VITVI^MRX YR EGX HI GVIHMR'. )P RWY#M, TVMRW PE -SXETEXE, RY E KWMX GY GEPI
W-#M GEYXI WGTEVI R WMRYGMHIVI, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI RIGLMF^YM'MM HI PE
1EWEHE, RIGYRSWGXSVM EM GPIQIR'IM MQTIVMEPI. (EV EYXSVYP RY-#M RIKPMNIE^
RMGM TYFPMGYP 3PSWS3PSV. 'GM, TSZIWXMVIE PYM S WYKIVIE^, RY I\MWX RMQMG
GSQYR RXVI EYXSHMWXVYKIVIE YRSV SEQIRM WXTRM'M HI YR MQFSPH HI
RIWXZMPMX, TVEH TSWIHVMM (6^FSMYP :-, 389) #M WMRYGMHIVIE WIRMR E
WXSMGYPYM: R'IPITXYP RY JYKI HI ZME', WGVMI 7IRIGE, IP S TVWI#XI.
4VSZSGEX YR MRGIRHMY QEVI #M WI ZSV 3 WXVHYMX W TVSXINIÎ TVSZM^MMPI,
GEVI, HYT ZMGXSVMI, YVQEY W PI VIZMR PSV.
)WXI HI GVI^YX, HI EWIQIRIE, G E EZYX PSG S PYTX #M G, HEG YRMM
HMRXVI EWIHME'M W-EY WMRYGMW RXV-EHIZV, EP'MM #M-EY GYXEX ZVIS EWGYR^XSEVI:
WGLIPIXIPI HIWGSTIVMXI R KVSXE WYHMG, PE GEVI WI ENYRKI EXX HI KVIY, TSX 3
EPI EGIWXSV JYKEVM, QSV'M HI JSEQI; HEG EGIWXI SWIQMRXI EY JSWX VZ#MXI
IWXI TIRXVY G VIJYKMYP PSV E JSWX YPXIVMSV ZM^MXEX. 'X TVMZI#XI RYQVYP QMG HI
WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM TI GEVI M TSQIRI#XI TSZIWXMVIE, HMWTVSTSV'ME HI JSV'I HMR
XMQTYP GSRJVYRXVMM IWXI WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E-P I\TPMGE: S QMI HI EWIHME'M GMJV
SJIVMX HI TSZIWXMVI GSRXVE RSY TR PE GMRGMWTVIÎGI QMM HI EWIHMEXSVM,
TSXVMZMX GIVGIXXSVYPYM =EHMR.
%VLISPSKYP M XVERWQMXI MWXSVMGYPYM YR ERYQMX RYQV HI HEXI, FEÊXI TI
JETXI QEXIVMEPI. -WXSVMGYPYM M VIZMRI RW QMWMYRIE HI E-P MRZMXE TI EVLISPSK PE
TVYHIR' EXYRGM GRH HMWGIVRI, RXV-S TSZIWXMVI GI WI ZVIE MWXSVMG, MQTPMGEVIE
WGVMMXSVYPYM. 3V, IZIRMQIRXIPI TI GEVI PI VIPEXIE^ *PEZMYW .SWITLYW M-EY
EJIGXEX TVSJYRH HIWXMRYP TIVWSREP.
'PEYHI 8EWWMR %HIZVYP MWXSVMG EP YRYM SQ E4EX R QMI^YP RXQTPVMPSV
%HIZVYP MWXSVMG TI GEVI P I\XVEKIQ HMR TSZIWXIE PYM .SWITLYW HIWTVI 1EWEHE
IWXI, REMRXI HI XSEXI, EHIZVYP HIWTVI YR SQ MQTPMGEX R IZIRMQIRXI HIGMWMZI
TIRXVY WSEVXE TSTSVYPYM WY #M TIRXVY E WE TVSTVMI; YR SQ GEVI, TSZIWXMRH
TVFY#MVIE YPXMQIM JSVXVI'I MYHEMGI, #M PIKMXMQIE^ ERKENEVIE R MWXSVMI.
%XX XMQT GX .SWITLYW HIWGVMI PSGYVMPI #M WXVEXIKME EWIHMYPYM, EVLISPSKME
M GSR3VQ MRHMGE'MMPI. 8ISVMMPI PYM WMQTPM3GEXSEVI RW, HINE RI QTMIHMG W
E4Q GY I\EGXMXEXI GMRI EY JSWX GIM RSY WYXI #EMÎGM HI YPXMQM ETVXSVM EM
GIX'MM.
1SRXEVIE WGIRMG HI 3REP VMHMG #M QEM QYPXI TVSFPIQI. %VLISPSKME
EXIWX YR MRGIRHMY HI QEVM TVSTSV'MM. (EV MWXSVMGYP WI RXVIEF: IWXI HI GVI^YX
G VSQERMM W-EV 3 VIXVEW TR E HSYE ^M, JV E I\TPSEXE WMXYE'ME, HYT GI EY
MRGIRHMEX S FVI## 7EY G EWIHME'MM RY W-EY PYTXEX GXY#M HI TY'MR# 9R HIXEPMY
HMR HMWGYVWYP PYM )PIEÊV EXVEKI EXIR'ME #M ERYQI LSXVVIE HI E MRGIRHME
XSXYP, QEM TY'MR HITS^MXIPI HI TVSZM^MM. 7TXYVMPI GSR3VQ G S TEVXI HMR
QEKE^MM EY WGTEX HI 4GVM. .SWITLYW S #XME. 7 3I EGIWX EGX HSEV S XVEKMG
FVEZEH# R SVMGI GE^, EGIWXI HIXEPMM MRWSPMXI WI EVQSRMÎE^ RXV-S WSPY'MI QEM
WMQTP: PYGVY SFM#RYMX, VSQERMM ZSV 3
a! J; * T-., BM, B. )P,.:; " . - *,; " S, /nZMM B) V: N; M;:;
.
;: %M : ; -BV -J-; ~
- Z 5.: -B: *YRG'MMPI WMREKSKMM ERXMGI RG HI PE SVMKMRIE WE, PE
RGITYXYP TIVMSEHIM GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE 8IQTPY (GXVI 50 . ,V.), WMREKSKE E NYGEX
YR VSP GIRXVEP R GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG. (MQIRWMYRIE IM VIPMKMSEW #M WTMVMXYEP
RY EZIE, MRM'MEP, HIGX S MQTSVXER' WIGYRHEV. R JETX, TR PE HMWXVYKIVIE
8IQTPYPYM R 70 H. ,V., WMRKYVE EGXMZMXEXI VIPMKMSEW HI SF#XI GEVI WI WZV#IE
EMGM GY VIKYPEVMXEXI IVE GMXMVIE HMR 8SVE, XVEHYGIVIE IM R PMQFE ZIVREGYPEV,
PIGXYVE HMR TVSJI'M #M, GY TVMPINYP WEFEXYPYM #M EP ^MPIPSV HI WVFXSEVI, 'MRIVIE
YRIM TVIHMGM. 4EVI G EGIEWX EGXMZMXEXI YVG TR R ITSGE PYM )^HVE, ZIRMX PE
-IVYWEPMQ GE XVMQMW EP VIKIPYM 4IVWMIM GXVI ERYP 450, WTVI E I\IVGMXE JYRG'ME HI
NYHIGXSV #M WTVI E-P RZ'E 0IKIE TI MYHIMM GI PSGYMEY 'MRYXYP (1 )^V 7, 25).
'IPI QEM ZIGLM M^ZSEVI GSRZIVK XSEXI R EGIEWX HMVIG'MI.
0IGXYVE #M WXYHMYP 8SVIM -RWGVMT'ME PYM 8ISHSX (WIGSPYP - H. ,V.), HIWGSTIVMX
PE -IVYWEPMQ, QIR'MSRIE^ WXYHMYP 8SVIM #M QTPMRMVIE 0IKMM GE 3MRH TVMRGMTEPIPI
EGXMZMX'M EPI WMREKSKMM.
0E VRHYP WY, .SWITLYW WYFPMRME^ MQTSVXER'E HI GTXM E PIGXYVMM HMR
7GVMTXYV #M E WXYHMYPYM, TVEGXMG TI GEVI S HEXIE^ RG HI TI ZVIQIE PYM
1SMWI: )P SVRHYM GE 0IKIE W 3I JSVQE GIE QEM FYR #M QEM XVIFYMRGMSEW
HI MRWXVYG'MI, TSVYRGMRH RY W 3I EY^MX S HEX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE SVM HI HSY
SVM, R JIPYVMXI SGE^MM, GM GE, R 3IGEVI WTXQR, SEQIRMM W-#M TVWIEWG
GIPIPEPXI RHIPIXRMGMVM #M W WI EHYRI W EWGYPXI 0IKIE, WTVI E HSFRHM S
HITPMR #M I\EGX GYRSE#XIVI E IM, SFMGIM GEVI WI TEVI G E JSWX RIWSGSXMX HI
GIMPEP'M PIKMYMXSVM ('SRXVE PYM %TMSR -, 175). 'Y XSEXI G .SWITLYW RY S
QIR'MSRIE^ I\TPMGMX, IWXI WMKYV G EZIE R ZIHIVI WMREKSKE (GIP TY'MR TIRXVY
ITSGE PYM) HVITX GEHVY EP YRIM EWIQIRIE EGXMZMX'M.
%YXSVYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV WXEFMPI#XI S EWXJIP HI VIPE'MI R QSHYP GIP
QEM VWTMGEX: 'GM 1SMWI EVI HMR XMQTYVM ZIGLM TVMR XSEXI GIX'MPI
TVSTSZHYMXSVMM WM, 3MRH GMXMX R WMREKSKM R 3IGEVI WQFX (*% 15, 21).
*YRG'MM QYPXMTPI TIRXVY GSQYRMXEXI 2Y IWXI QEM TY'MR EHIZVEX G, HI PE
RGITYX GLMEV, WMREKSKE E VITVIÎRXEX QEM QYPX HIGX YR PSGE# HI GYPX: R
VIEPMXEXI, E JSWX YR GIRXVY SF#XIWG GI RHITPMRIE YR QEVI RYQV HMR JYRG'MMPI
YRYM GIRXVY GSQYRMXEV HMR ^MPIPI RSEWXVI #M EPXI GXIZE TI HIEWYTVE.
%GXMZMX'MPI GIP QEM HIW TSQIRMXI WYRX YVQXSEVIPI: 7XYHMYP. %GIWXE TYXIE
QFVGE RYQIVSEWI JSVQI: #GSPM TIRXVY GSTMM, PIGXYV #M VI^YQEX EP 7GVMTXYVMM
R XMQTYP WPYNFIPSV, #IHMR'I VIKYPEXI HI WXYHMY TIRXVY EHYP'M WEY, R PMTWE YRIM
EGEHIQMM, TIRXVY R'IPIT'MM PSGEPM (%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 2, 4; 1G 1, 21; 1MHVE# 6EF
HIWTVI *EGIVI 65: 2; 8EPQYHYP HMR -IVYWEPMQ, 1IKLMPEL 3, 1: 73 H).
1IWIPI W3RXI. .SWITLYW, PMXIVEXYVE VEFMRMG #M MRHMGMMPI EVLISPSKMGI
QVXYVMWIWG XSEXI HIWTVI TVEGXMGE SWTI'IPSV R WMREKSK. %GIWXI JIWXMZMX'M
IVEY, TVSFEFMP, EWSGMEXI GY WEFEXYP WEY GY WVFXSVMPI, HEV IWXI TSWMFMP W 3
EZYX PSG #M GY EPXI TVMPINYVM. 9R XVMGPMRMY (WEY WEP HI QIWI) IWXI QIR'MSREX R
MRWGVMT'MMPI WMREKSKMPSV HMR 'IÊVIIE #M 7XSFM (-YKSWPEZME) (%RXMGLMX'M <-:, 10,
8; 16, 6, 1; 1G 12, 39; 1X 23, 6).
8IÊYV TIRXVY JSRHYVMPI SF#XI#XM. 7MREKSKE WPYNIE HI WTE'MY TIRXVY
QMPSWXIRMMPI SF#XI#XM, EHYREXI R 3IGEVI ER TIRXVY 8IQTPY. )VEY TWXVEXI R
WMREKSKE PSGEP, TR GRH IVEY XVERWJIVEXI RXV-S FERG VIKMSREP, HI YRHI
IVEY XVERWTSVXEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ (1X 6, 2; 8SWIJXE, 8IVYQSX 1, 10 #M 7EFEX 16, 2).
0SG HI NYHIGEX. 8VMFYREPIPI SF#XI#XM #M EZIEY WIHMYP R WMREKSK #M
RYQIVSEWI M^ZSEVI IRYQIVE TIHITWIPI GEVI WI EFXIEY EWYTVE
GSRXVEZIRMIR'MPSV R MRGMRXE WMREKSKMM (1X 23, 24; *% 2, 19; 1M#RE, 1EGSX 3,
12).
7TE'MY HI EHYREVI. 4VMRGMTEP MRWXMXY'MI GSQYRMXEV, WMREKSKE WIVZIE #M
GE PSG HI RXVYRMVI. R HIWGVMIVIE GSPSVEX TI GEVI RI-S SJIV HIWTVI
HI^FEXIVMPI XYQYPXYSEWI HMR 8MFIVMEHE, R 6-67 H. ,V., WTVI E WI LSXV HEG
XVIFYME MRXVEX R PYTX GY 6SQE, .SWITLYW IZSG JIPYVMXIPI #IHMR'I TSPMXMGI GEVI
W-EY 'MRYX R WMREKSKE SVE#YPYM, YRIPI HMRXVI IPI 3MRH TVIZ^YXI E WI HIWJ#YVE
MQIHMEX HYT WPYNFIPI VIPMKMSEWI HI WEFEX (%YXSFMSKVE3I, 54).
0SG HI K^HYMVI. 7MREKSKMPI IVEY JSPSWMXI #M GE PSGYVM HI GEÊVI 4IRXVY
GPXSVMM MYHIM. 0E -IVYWEPMQ GLMEV, IVEY HI YR ENYXSV RITVI'YMX, SJIVMRH EHTSWX
ÎGMPSV HI QMM HI TIPIVMRM GEVI MRZEHEY SVE#YP HI QEM QYPXI SVM TI ER.
7MREKSKMPI HMR EJEVE -IVYWEPMQYPYM RW, GE #M GIPI HMR HMEWTSVE, IVEY, WI TEVI,
TVIZ^YXI GY RGTIVM VIÎVZEXI WVEGMPSV, GPXSVMPSV #M RIKYWXSVMPSV MYHIM (GJ.
MRWGVMT'ME PYM 8ISHSX; 8EPQYHYP HMR &EFMPSR, 4IWELMQ 10 F-P01 E).
0SGYMR' TIRXVY WPYNFE#MM WMREKSKMM. (SGYQIRXIPI VEFMRMGI #M EVLISPSKMGI
HSZIHIWG G YR JYRG'MSREV EP GSQYRMX'MM (LEÊR) PSGYME EHIWISVM R MRXIVMSVYP
GSQTPI\YPYM WMREKSKEP.
)HM3GMM JV TIGIXI VIPMKMSEW 'Y XSEXI G ZIWXMKMMPI EVLISPSKMGI HMR
EGIEWX TIVMSEH WYRX VEVI, IPI TEV W GSR3VQI EGIWX XEFPSY EP WMREKSKMM HMR
XMQTYP GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE 8IQTPY #M ERYQI HI MRWXMXY'MI R TVMQYP VRH
SF#XIEWG, JV QEVG VIPMKMSEW HISWIFMX. 'SRWXVYG'MMPI WMREKSKEPI HMREMRXI
HI ERYP 70 (1EWEHE, -VSHMSR, +EQEPE #M (IPSW) WYRX WMRKYVIPI IHM3GMM TYFPMGI
HMR PSGEPMX'MPI VIWTIGXMZI. 2MGMYRYP HMRXVI IPI RY TSEVX S EQTVIRX VIPMKMSEW
ZM^MFMP, 3I G IWXI ZSVFE HI SVMIRXEVI, HI TPER WEY HI SVREQIRXMG. R GE^YP
(IPSWYPYM #M EP 1EWEHIM, HSEV MRWGVMT'MMPI WEY WYPYVMPI GY QERYWGVMWI MRHMG
JETXYP G IHM3GMYP R GEY^ EZIE S HIWXMRE'MI VIPMKMSEW. 0E 1EWEHE W-EY KWMX
JVEKQIRXI HMR GEVXIE (IYXIVSRSQYP #M HMR 'EVXIE PYM -IÎGLMIP, MEV PE (IPSW
MRWGVMT'MM VIJIVMXSEVI PE S TVSWIYGLI (GEW HI VYKGMYRI). %GIWXI TEXVY PSGE#YVM
IVEY R QSH ZHMX TVMRGMTEPIPI PSGYVM HI EHYREVI EPI GSQYRMX'MM #M I TVSFEFMP
GE XSEXI XVIFYVMPI TYFPMGI IRYQIVEXI QEM WYW W 3 JSWX HI^FXYXI EGSPS.
3 IZSPY'MI KVEHEX HYT HVQEVIE 8IQTPYPYM (YT HMWXVYKIVIE
8IQTPYPYM, GEVEGXIVYP VIPMKMSW EP WMREKSKMM E HIZIRMX QEM TVSRYR'EX. )ZSPY'ME E
JSWX XVITXEX #M RY E ENYRW PE ETSKIY HIGX R TIVMSEHE FMÊRXMR, R WIGSPIPI
EP :P-PIE #M EP :PP-PIE. 1SXMZIPI EGIWXIM QYXVM HI EGGIRX WYRX RYQIVSEWI #M
MRGPYH HISTSXVMZ JEGXSVM HI SVHMR MRXIVR #M I\XIVR. 9R IPIQIRX LSXVXSV P-E
GSRWXMXYMX, JV RHSMEP, HMWXVYKIVIE 8IQTPYPYM R ERYP 70. (EXMRMPI GI JYWIWIV
MRM'MEP PIKEXI HI WERGXYEVYP HMR -IVYWEPMQ EY JSWX EGYQ XVERWJIVEXI R GEHVYP
WMREKSKMM: WYREXYP HMR #SJEV HI %RYP 2SY, GRH EGIWXE GSMRGMHIE GY WEFEXYP;
JSPSWMVIE PYPEF-RPYM (QMVX #M WEPGMI, PIKEXI GY J#MM HI JVYR^ HI TEPQMIV), TI
HYVEXE RXVIKMM WVFXSVM HI 7YGSX; VIGMXEVIE YRSV TEWENI HMR &MFPMI, GE "IQE
((X 6, 1; 2Q 15) #M ,EPIM (4W 13-P8), GEVI JGIEY HI EGYQ TEVXI HMR PMXYVKLME
WMREKSKEP.
R TPYW, R EGIEWX TIVMSEH HI HYT ERYP 70, GYPXYP WMREKSKMM E RKPSFEX
RYQIVSEWI IPIQIRXI QIRMXI W TWXVIÎ ZMI QIQSVME 8IQTPYPYM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ: VIGMXEVIE, HI WEFEX #M R ^MPIPI HI WVFXSEVI, E YRIM WPYNFI
WYTPMQIRXEVI (QYWEJ) RGLMREXI NIVXJIPSV TVIZ^YXI TIRXVY EGIEWX SGE^MI;
GMXMVIE YRSV TEWENI HMR 8SVE R ^MPIPI HI WVFXSEVI, EQMRXMRH NIVXJIPI EHYWI
8IQTPYPYM; #M, R WJV#MX, MRGPYHIVIE VMXYEPYPYM GSXMHMER EP NIVXJIM R SFM#RYMXIPI
VYKGMYRM ^MPRMGI.
-QTSVXER'E GETMXEP E IPIQIRXYPYM VIPMKMSW R WMREKSK E JSWX RXVMX #M
QEM QYPX TVMR JETXYP G VYKGMYRIE SF#XIEWG W-E RWGVMW HI EXYRGM R GEHVYP
WMREKSKEP, R PMXYVKLMMPI WEFEXYPYM #M EPI ^MPIPSV HI WVFXSEVI HINE I\MWXIRXI. R
TPYW, WPYNFIPI ^MPRMGI HI VYKGMYRI W-EY HI^ZSPXEX #M IPI XSX R EGIEWX ITSG.
REMRXI, HYT GYQ EQ Z^YX, WPYNFE VIPMKMSEW HMR WMREKSK KVEZMXE ETVSETI
MRXIKVEP R NYVYP PIGXYVMM HMR 8SVE.
9R EPX JEGXSV GEVI E GSRXVMFYMX RIRHSMSW PE GEVEGXIVYP VIPMKMSW EP
WMREKSKMM R %RXMGLMXEXI, TI XSX GYTVMRWYP -QTIVMYPYM HMR EGIE TIVMSEH
(WIGSPIPI EP ,-PIE #M EP --PIE), E JSWX XIRHMR'E KIRIVEP HI HI^ZSPXEVI E
WTMVMXYEPMX'MM RXV-S HMVIG'MI VIPMKMSEW QEM TVSRYR'EX. RP'EVIE YRSV
QSRYQIRXEPI XIQTPI VSQERI R TVSZMRGMMPI VSQERI HMR 7MVME, 4EPIWXMRE #M
%VEFME E MR4YIR'EX, JV RMGM S RHSMEP #M EXMXYHMRIE #M TVEGXMGE MYHIMPSV.
&MWIVMGMPI RYQIVSEWI: S TVSZSGEVI TIRXVY MYHIM R WJV#MX, EZRXYP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R ZIEGYP EP -:-PIE #M, QEM XV^MY, TS^M'ME WE HSQMRERX EY EZYX
VITIVGYWMYRM EHRGM EWYTVE QYPXSV EWTIGXI EPI ZMI'MM GSQYRMXEVI MYHEMGI.
%WXJIP, IWXI QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI RHSMEP JETXYP G VMHMGEVIE E ÎGM HI FMWIVMGM
R XSEX 4EPIWXMRE E VITVIÎRXEX S TVSZSGEVI TIRXVY GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG,
SJIVMRHY-P QSHIPI EGGIWMFMPI HI E#I^QMRXI VIPMKMSEWI, TI GEVI EGIEWXE PI
TYXIE MQMXE WEY EHETXE. 4YXIQ GSRWXEXE G QENSVMXEXIE WMREKSKMPSV HMR EGIE
ZVIQI YVQIE^ RHIETVSETI XMTEVIPI EVLMXIGXYVEPI #M EVXMWXMGI GVI#XMRI
MRGPYWMZ EXVMYQYP, REVXI\YP, REZE, RESWYVMPI PEXIVEPI, EFWMHE #M FEPYWXVEHE GEVI
RGSRNSEV WERGXYEVYP (GE, HI I\IQTPY, PE &IXL-%PTLE). 'LMEV SVREQIRXE'ME E
RYQIVSEWI WMREKSKM GSRWXMXYMI GSTME WGLIQIPSV RHISF#XI JSPSWMXI R
WSGMIXEXIE FMÊRXMR: GPHMVM TYFPMGI, PSGYMR'I TEVXMGYPEVI #M R WTIGMEP FMWIVMGM.
'YQ IPIQIRXYP VIPMKMSW IVE TVIGYQTRMXSV R FMWIVMG, EGIWXE RY TYXIE W RY
SGYTI YR PSG GIRXVEP #M R WMREKSK.
9R GIRXVY ZMXEP TIRXVY YR TSTSV PMTWMX HI TYXIVI 8SXY#M, EGIEWX
EGGIRXYEVI E HMQIRWMYRMM VIPMKMSEWI RY XVIFYMI W RI JEG W YMXQ G
WMREKSKE E GSRXMRYEX W EHTSWXIEWG, PE JIP GE R XVIGYX, YR RXVIK WTIGXVY HI
EGXMZMX'M WSGMEPI #M SF#XI#XM. 8EPQYHYP E TWXVEX S WYQIHIRMI HI TSZIWXMVM R
GEVI ZIHIQ WMREKSKE WPYNMRH HI #GSEP, XVMFYREP, PSG HI K^HYMVI, PSG HI
EHYREVI IXG. R EGIWX WIRW, R %RXMGLMXEXIE XV^MI WMREKSKE QFV'M#E EGXMZMX'M
QEM GYTVMR^XSEVI HIGX FMWIVMGE. R ZVIQI GI WSGMIXEXIE GVI#XMR EZIE PE
HMWTS^M'MI RYQIVSEWI MRWXMXY'MM MQTIVMEPI, YVFERI #M TEVXMGYPEVI
GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG HITMRHIE ETVSETI R XSXEPMXEXI, TIRXVY S RXVIEK WIEQ
HI EGXMZMX'M WSGMEPI, VIPMKMSEWI #M SF#XI#XM, HI TVSTVMMPI WEPI MRWXMXY'MM, RXVI GEVI
GIE HMRXM IVE WMREKSKE. %WXJIP, HI TMPH, R GSHYVMPI PIKMWPEXMZI FMÊRXMRI
('SHI\ 8LISHSWMERYW, 'SHI\ .YWXMRMERYW), WMREKSKE IWXI WMRKYVE MRWXMXY'MI
MYHEMG HI SF#XI QIR'MSREX (GY I\GIT'ME, TSEXI, E 4EXVMEVLEXYPYM, GEVI E
HMWTVYX GXVI 425 H. ,V.).
R GSRGPY^MI, TI HYVEXE RXVIKMM %RXMGLMX'M, WMREKSKE E VITVIÎRXEX
GIRXVYP ZMXEP R NYVYP GVYME WI SVKERMÊY XSEXI IPIQIRXIPI EGXMZMX'MM EGIWXIM
GSQYRMX'M.
0II - 0IZMRI 'I PMQFM WI ZSVFIEY R XMQTYP
B,: MY[JB.YQ: B PYM -MWYW# .- #.%
% 2I3MRH S VIZIPE'MI I^SXIVMG, )ZERKLIPME E JSWX ZIWXMX R PMQFMPI TI
GEVI PI ZSVFIEY GIM GVSVE PM WI EHVIWEY WPYNMXSVMM 'YZRXYPYM. 4IRXVY MYHIM,
IFVEMGE IVE PMQFE WJRX, PMQFE WERGXYEVYPYM, R GEVI IVEY MRXSRE'M 4WEPQMM #M R
GEVI IVE GMXMX 7GVMTXYVE. 8SXY#M, PIGXYVE HMR 7GVMTXYV IVE RWS'MX HI YR
XEVKYQ EVEQEMG, R WGSTYP XPGYMVMM R'IPIWYPYM IM TIRXVY EGIME GEVI RY QEM
R'IPIKIEY IFVEMGE. R HMEWTSVE IPIRMWXMG, MYHIMM HMR %PI\ERHVME XVEHYWIWIV
8SVE R KVIGI#XI, GY RGYZMMR'EVIE EYXSVMX'MPSV 8IQTPYPYM; JYWIWIV RW
XPQGMXI #M GIPIPEPXI GV'M W3RXI.
R ITSGE RGITYXYVMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, HSY QEVM PMQFM ZILMGYPEVI #M
QTV'IEY PYQIE ETYWIER #M GIE VWVMXIER, WYTVETYRRHY-WI KVEMYVMPSV
PSGEPI: EVEQEMGE R 7MVME #M R 3VMIRX, IPMRE R XSX GYTVMRWYP QIHMXIVERIER #M
TR PE 6SQE. 0E MYHIM, EVEQEMGE IVE ZSVFMX R +EPMPIIE #M GYTVMRWIWI,
TVSFEFMP #M WEXIPI HMR -YHIIE: GYZMRXIPI GMXEXI HI -SER GE IZVIMI#XM WYRX R
VIEPMXEXI EVEQEMGI (-R 5, 1; 19, 13-P7; 20, 16) #M QYPXI HMR IPI HIWIQRIE^
PSGYVM WMXYEXI PE -IVYWEPMQ (:MXI^HE, +EFFEXE, +SPKSXE). (EV IPMRE TXVYRWIWI #M
R -YHIIE, TSVRMRH HI PE GSEWX #M HI PE SVE#IPI IM IPIRMWXMGI ('IÊVIIE). -YHIMM
IPIRM#XM HMR HMEWTSVE EZIEY WMREKSKM PE -IVYWEPMQ (*% 6, 9).
4VMQYP IZIRMQIRX GEVI E ZHMX PYQMM I\MWXIR'E &MWIVMGMM 'MRI HI HSQIRMYP
PMRKZMWXMG: R ^MYE 'MRGMÎGMQMM, FVFE'M GYGIVRMGM HI XSEXI RE'MMPI M EYH TI
ETSWXSPM TVSTSZHYMRH PEYHE (SQRYPYM R TVSTVMMPI PSV PMQFM. 2Y QEM I\MWX
E#EHEV PMQF WJRX: )ZERKLIPME ZE 3 ZIWXMX R XSEXI PMQFMPI, MEV EGIWXIE
ZSV TYXIE R IKEP QWYV W HIE KPEW VYKGMYRMM GVI#XMRI.
-MWYW ZSVFIE IFVEMGE WEY EVEQEMGE#
(I JETX, GYQ W-EY TIXVIGYX PYGVYVMPI# -MWYW FMRIZIWXMWI QTV'ME PYM
(YQRIÎY R HMEPIGXYP EVEQEMG ZSVFMX HI 'VERMM HMR +EPMPIIE. 7I TYXYWI WPYNM
HI IFVEMG, TI GEVI S GYRS#XIE HMR PMXYVKLME WMREKSKEP, R HMWGY'MMPI WEPI GY
WGVMFMM. %TSWXSPMM EY YVQEX XVEHM'ME PYM -MWYW, EHVIWRHY-PM-WI SEQIRMPSV R PMQFE
TSTYPEV. :SVFIEY SEVI IFVEMGE, R GYVW HI IZSPY'MI WTVI S JSVQ HMEPIGXEP#
4VSFPIQE RY IWXI WMQTP, RXVYGX IWXI PIKEX HI GIE E WMXYE'MIM PMQFMPSV HMR
4EPIWXMRE R ITSGE RGITYXYVMPSV GVI#XMRI. +VYTYP RGLMW HI PE 5YQVER RY TSEXI
3 PYEX GE I\IQTPY R EGIEWX TVMZMR', HISEVIGI XVME R EJEVE ^SRIPSV
TSTYPEXI, VIXVEW RXV-YR GSRWIVZEXSVMWQ VEHMGEP, VYTX HI 8IQTPYP HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
2I TYXIQ KRHM RW G RXVIFYMR'EVIE IFVEMGMM R PMXYVKLME 8IQTPYPYM #M R
WMREKSKM M QIR'MRYWI ZMXEPMXEXIE R JEQMPMMPI PIKEXI HI TVIS'MI #M R QIHMMPI
GYPXMZEXI. %VEQEMGE IVE XSXY#M TVIGYQTRMXSEVI, MEV GIM GEVI RY S ZSVFIEY S
TYXIEY R'IPIKI. 9GIRMGMM PYM -MWYW, KEPMPIIRM, EY TYXYX HIGM FMRIZIWXM
)ZERKLIPME PE -IVYWEPMQ R EVEQEMGE. 7I E4EY SEVI TVMRXVI IM YRMM GEVI ZSVFIEY
IFVEMGE, TIRXVY E S ZIWXM R EGIEWX PMQF# )WXI PYGVY RHSMIPRMG, HEG EV 3 W
RI RGVIHIQ R VITYXE'ME TI GEVI S EZIEY R VRHYP QIQFVMPSV 1EVIPYM 7JEX:
SEQIRM JV GEVXI #M WMQTPM (*% 4, 13). 7 3Q EXIR'M: RY EREPJEFI'M, RI#XMYXSVM
HI GEVXI, GM SEQIRM GEVI RY TVMQMWIV RZ'XYVE WTIGMEPMÊX E ZMMXSVMPSV
RZ'XSVM MYHIM.
2I TYXIQ FM^YM HIGM TI S TVMQ ZIWXMVI SVEP E )ZERKLIPMIM R
EVEQEMGE HMR +EPMPIIE, VIGSKRSWGMFMP HYT EGGIRX (GJ. 1X 26, 73), HEV Y#SV HI
R'IPIW R -YHIIE #M PE -IVYWEPMQ.
:SVFIEY YRMM YGIRMGM IPMRE#
7I E4EY RXVI TVMQMM YGIRMGM YRMM GEVI ZSVFIEY IPMRE# 2I TYXIQ TYRI
RXVIFEVIE R GE^YP E HSM HMRXVI IM, GEVI TSEVX RYQI KVIGI#XM: *MPMT #M %RHVIM. M
TYXIQ ZIHIE WPYNMRH GE QMNPSGMXSVM RXVI IPMRM (MYHIM IPIRM#XM WEY TVSÎPM'M#) #M
-MWYW (-R 12, 20-2). 8SXY#M RY IWXI GIVX G WXTRMVIE EGIWXIM PMQFM RWY#MXI,
TVSFEFMP, R WGSTYVM GSQIVGMEPI IVE HI ENYRW TIRXVY E ZIWXM )ZERKLIPME. R
WGLMQF, I\MWXE YR RYQV WY3GMIRX HI YGIRMGM FMPMRKZM TIRXVY E TXVYRHI R
QIHMYP IPIRMWX (ZSVFMXSV HI KVIEG) GLMEV HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. %GIEWXE W-E
RXQTPEX JSEVXI GYVRH. %PIKIVIE KVYTYPYM GIPSV #ETXI ?HMEGSRMA GEVI W-P
RVIKMQIRXIÎ TI IPIRM#XM (*% 6, P-5), TVIHMGE IPMR E PYM "XIJER, VIEG'MMPI TI
GEVI PI WXVRI#XI, TVIGYQ #M QEVXMVMYP TVSTSZHYMXSVYPYM (6, 8; 7, 60) WI
WMXYIE^ REMRXI HI GSRZIVXMVIE 7JRXYPYM 4EZIP. 3V, HEG RI FE^Q TI
GVSRSPSKME )TMWXSPIM GXVI +EPEXIRM #M HEG TPEWQ WMRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ R
ERYP 49, EGIEWX GSRZIVXMVI XVIFYMI W 3 EZYX PSG 3I GY TEMWTVIÎGI (+E 2, 1),
3I GY 14 + 3 ! 17 ERM QEM HIZVIQI (+E 1, 18), GIIE GI S TPEWIE^ GXVI ERYP
35 WEY 32. 4VMR YVQEVI, GSQYRMXEXIE HMR -IVYWEPMQ E HIZIRMX JSEVXI VITIHI
FMPMRKZ. %HYRVMPI, R FMWIVMG, R QWYVE R GEVI TVIWYTYRIEY S PIGXYV HMR
7GVMTXYV, S TVIHMG #M S VYKGMYRI GSQYR GY GRXVM TVSZIRMXI HMR MYHEMWQ
#M VIMRXIVTVIXEXI WEY GY GSQTS^M'MM GVI#XMRI RY WI TYXIEY JEGI HIGX WITEVEX
TIRXVY KVYTYP PMRKZMWXMG WIQMXMG #M TIRXVY GIP KVIG. 8VIFYMI E#EHEV W EZIQ R
ZIHIVI, RG HMR EGIEWX ITSG, S XVEHYGIVI KVIEG E QEXIVMEPIPSV
IZERKLIPMGI JYRHEQIRXEPI, WYF JSVQI EHETXEXI TIRXVY MYHIMM IZVIM #M 4IRXVY
GIM IPIRM#XM. 8VEHYGIVIE RY GSRWXMXYME HIGX S TVSFPIQ QMRSV, RXV-YR
QIHMY MYHIY R GEVI RY TY'MRI IVEY TIVWSERIPI FMPMRKZI. )PI-RM#XMM,
HMWTIVWE'M HYT QSEVXIE PYM "XIJER, EY QTMRW FMRIZIWXMVIE TR R 7EQEVME,
*IRMGME, 'MTVY, %RXMSLME 7MVMIM (*% 8, 4-40; 1, 20).
RHVITXEVI WGVMWI TI TETMVYWYVM#
) PMQTIHI G EGI#XM QMWMSREVM TPMRM HI WVK EZIEY PE HMWTS^M'MI QEXIVMEPI
IZERKLIPMGI MRHMWTIRWEFMPI, 3I WYF S JSVQ SVEP, QIQSVEX GY KVMN (HEV RY
PMTWMX HI ZEVMERXI HI HIXEPMY), 3I WYF JSVQ HI RHVITXEVI WGVMWI, GEVI RY
TYXIEY TVIWYTYRI HIGX 3PI HI TETMVYW Y#SV HI XVERWTSVXEX. %GIWXI
RHVITXEVI I\MWXEY, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI #M R GSQYRMX'MPI HI PMQF
EVEQEMG (WEY, IZIRXYEP, IFVEMG); RY RM W-E TWXVEX RW RMQMG HMR IPI. 'IPI
HI PMQF IPMR, XVERWTYWI R WGVMW PE HEXI HMJIVMXI, EY TVIKXMX ZMMXSEVIPI
WMRXIÎ IZERKLIPMGI EPI GIPSV TEXVY GV'M HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ E^M. 2Y XVIFYMI
I\GPYWI RW RMGM GMVGYPE'ME QEXIVMEPIPSV RXVI GIPI HSY KVYTYVM PMRKZMWXMGI, RMGM
HI^ZSPXEVIE PSV WITEVEX #M TEVEPIP, R ZIHIVIE YRIM IZERKLIPM^VM 3HIPI,
EHETXEXI #M I3GEGI. 'SQIRXEVMMPSV EWYTVE )ZERKLIPMMPSV PI VIZMRI W WXYHMIÎ
EGIEWX GLIWXMYRI, GE^ GY GE^, TIRXVY 3IGEVI XVEHM'MI IZERKLIPMG R TEVXI,
'MRRH WIEQE HEG IWXI TSWMFMP HI GSRI\MYRMPI HMRXVI GIPI HSY PMQFM.
4MIVVI +VIPSX 9R MYHEMWQ HI I\TVIWMI KVIEG 4R PE GYGIVMVMPI PYM
%PI\ERHVY GIP 1EVI, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE . ,V., MYHIMM #M IPMRMM #M IVEY
ETVSETI RIGYRSWGY'M YRMM EPXSVE. 'MVGYP TI XVEWII HMJIVMXI, GY TY'MRI #ERWI HI
E WI RXPRM. 3 HEX GY %PI\ERHVY, XSXYP WI WGLMQF RW: MYHIMM WI E4 R WJIVE
HI MR4YIR' IPMR.
3 PIKIRH MYHEMG, QIR'MSREX HI MWXSVMGYP *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, HIWGVMI S
ZM^MX E PYM %PI\ERHVY PE -IVYWEPMQ, R XMQTYP QEV#YPYM WY WTVI )KMTX TVMR 7MVME-
4EPIWXMRE, R 32 . ,V. 1EVIPI TVISX -EHYW M ZMRI R RXQ-TMREVI, PE TSEVXE
3VE#YPYM 7JRX. %PI\ERHVY RKIRYRGLIE^ R JE'E EGIWXYME #M PI GSR3VQ
MYHIMPSV HVITXYP HI E XVM HYT PIKIE PSV WXVQS#IEWG, 8SVE PYM 1SMWI. 9RMM
IZVIM WI EPXYV EVQEXIM PYM. P ZSV YVQE R )KMTX #M WI ZSV RYQVE TVMRXVI
TVMQMM PSGYMXSVM EM GIX'MM TI GEVI %PI\ERHVY EZIE W S RXIQIMIÎ PE RGITYXYP
PYM 31 . ,V. TI RKYWXE J#MI HI TQRX GI HIWTEVXI 1IHMXIVERE HI PEGYP
1EVMYX. %GIEWXE ZE 3 TVMQE HMEWTSV MYHEMG HMR %TYW #M S TVMQ ZVWX HI
EYV E MYHEMWQYPYM HMR HMEWTSV, REMRXI HI GIE E MYHIMPSV HMR 7TERME, WYF
MQTIVMYP -WPEQYPYM #M HMR -XEPME, R ZVIQIE 6IRE#XIVMM. 3 HEX GY JYRHEVIE
%PI\ERHVMIM, RGITI S RSY ITSG R MWXSVME MYHIMPSV HMR )KMTX #M S RSY
I\TIVMIR' R MWXSVME MYHEMWQYPYM: MYHEMWQYP EPI\ERHVMR, YR MYHEMWQ
RIVEFMRMG (WEY TVIVEFMRMG).
0SGYMXSVM, HEV RY GIX'IRM )\MWXE PE %PI\ERHVME YR GEVXMIV MYHIY, GEVI WI
RYQIE (IPXE. R WIGSPYP - H. ,V., IVE WMXYEX R RSVH-IWX, TI GSEWX, PE
SEVIGEVI HMWXER' HI TSVXYVM. 4IRXVY HY#QERMM MYHIMPSV, RY VITVIÎRXE HIGX
YR GSP' TVTHMX HI TIVM-PIVMI, RW PSGYMXSVMM PYM WSGSXIEY G TS^M'ME TI QEPYP
QVMM #M ETVSTMIVIE HI TEPEXYP VIKEP P JGIEY HISTSXVMZ TPGYX #M VIWTIGXEFMP
('SRXVE PYM %TMSR -, 3 #M YVQ.). (I EPXJIP, MYHIMM PSGYMEY #M EPXI TV'M EPI SVE#YPYM:
S EKPSQIVEVI MYHEMG IWXI EXIWXEX R RSVH-ZIWX, ETVSETI HI TSVXYP ZIWXMG,
YRHI ZE 3 RP'EX QEM XV^MY &MWIVMGE 7JRXYP 8LISREW, MEV 3PSWSJYP *MPSR RI
WIQREPIE^ PSGYVM HI EHYREVI EPI MYHIMPSV EPI\ERHVMRM R 3IGEVI GEVXMIV. R
GMYHE RYQVYPYM PSV GMVGE 180 0 HI WY4IXI, HYT IWXMQVMPI VIGIRXI, EHMG S
XVIMQI HMR XSXEPYP TSTYPE'MIM GETMXEPIM MYHIMM RY IVEY, GY VEVMWMQI I<GIT'MM,
GIX'IRM EM %PI\ERHVMIM. %WXJIP, R E WE )TMWXSP GXVI EPI\ERHVMRM (4. 0SRH :-,
1912 ! '4.YH -, 153; RSMIQFVMI 41 H. ,V.), QTVEXYP 'PEYHMY WTYRIE G
XVMEY RXV-S GIXEXI GEVI RY IVE E PSV. 4Y'MR RWIQRE JETXYP G WI WXEFMPMWIV
EGSPS GY QEM FMRI HI XVIM ZIEGYVM R YVQ!
-YHIMM HMR %PI\ERHVME #M EZIEY FXVRMM #M PMHIVMM PSV, GYQ IVE
IXREVLYP (GSRHYGXSVYP TSTSVYPYM), GEVI EHQMRMWXVE XVIFYVMPI IZVIMI#XM #M
VI^SPZE TVMGMRMPI TI GEPI HI EVFMXVEN. R QSH IVSREX EY TSWXYPEX YRMM WEZER'M
I\MWXIR'E YRIM GSQYRMX'M EYXSRSQI E MYHIMPSV EPI\ERHVMRM _TSPM-XIYQE) GEVI
EV 3 R^YMX PE IKEPMXEXIE R HVITXYVM GY TXYVE GIX'IRMPSV (E#E-RYQMXYPTSPMW
IPMR). 'EHVIPI MRWXMXY'MSREPI GEVI PI TIVQMX MYHIMPSV HMR )KMTX W-#M TWXVIÎ S
MHIRXMXEXI TVSTVMI, R EVQSRMI GY GYPXYVE PSV KVIEG, RY 'MR HI S SVKERMÊVI
SF#XIEWG HYT QSHIPYP GIX'MM IPMRI; IM WI WXVYGXYVIE^ TI FEÊ TVEGXMGMM
WMREKSKEPI, R NYVYP VYKGMYRMM #M GMXMVMM HMR 8SVE.
0IGXYVE HMR 8SVE R WMREKSKMPI HMR %PI\ERHVME, GE #M R XSEXI GEWIPI HI
VYKGMYRI IZVIMI#XM HMR )KMTXYP KVIGS-VSQER, WI JGIE R IPMR, HYT
XVEHYGIVIE RYQMX 7ITXYEKMRXE. 4IRXVY YRMM MWXSVMGM, MRM'MEXMZE XVEHYGIVMM 8SVIM
R PMQFE KVIEG EV 3 ZIRMX HMR TEVXIE WYZIVERYPYM PEKMH. 4IRXVY EP'MM, IE EV
XVIFYM GYXEX R TVEGXMGE WMREKSKEP: MYHIMM GEVI RY QEM R'IPIK IFVEMGE EY
RIZSMI HI S ZIVWMYRI E 7GVMTXYVMPSV TI R'IPIWYP PSV. :IVWMYRIE KVIEG E 8SVIM EV
3 JSWX PE RGITYX YR WSM HI XEVKYQ, EHMG S XVEHYGIVI GI RWS'I#XI PIGXYVE HMR
8SVE. 'IIE GI RYQMQ &MFPME 7ITXYEKMRXE RY EV 3 HIGX S VIHEGXEVI
YPXIVMSEV, YRM3GEX #M S3GMEPMÊX.
7ITXYEKMRXE, 0IKIE GMZMG E MYHIMPSV HMR )KMTX 7XYHMYP HSGYQIRXIPSV
GSRWIVZEXI HI TETMVYWYVMPI KVIGI#XM HMR )KMTX RI TIVQMXI W IPMQMRQ EGIEWX
EPXIVREXMZ, HI^ZPYMRHY-RI R EGIPE#M XMQT YR EWTIGX MQTSVXERX, HEV TY'MR
GYRSWGYX, EP &MFPMIM HI PE %PI\ERHVME: PSGYP WY R VIEPMXEXIE MRWXMXY'MSREP E
QSREVLMIM PEKMHI. %XE#EQIRXYP MYHIMPSV JE' HI 0IKIE PSV GSMRGMHIE GY
SFMIGXMZIPI TSPMXMGMM 0EKM^MPSV, GEVI N XMRHIE W KEVERXIÎ VIWTIGXEVIE XVEHM'MMPSV
RE'MSREPI EPI PSGYMXSVMPSV VIKE-P 8YPYM. 8SVE PYM 1SMWI RY IWXI WMRKYVE GEVXI
WJRX XVEHYW R KVIGI#XI PE %PI\ERHVME, WYF HSQRME PYM 4XSPIQIY EP --PIE
*MPEHIPJYP: 8VEHM'ME WEGIVHSXEP IKMTXIER, GYPIKIVI HI VIKYPM #M VI'IXI
NYVMHMGI EHYREXI HI TVIS'MM EYXSLXSRM, E JSWX #M IE XVEHYW R IPMR R XMQTYP PYM
4XSPIQIY EP --PIE, HYT GYQ S HSZIHI#XI S GSTMI E EGIWXIM XVEHYGIVM,
IJIGXYEX R ITSGE %RXSRMRMPSV (4. 3\] <0:-, 3285).
%GIWXI XPQGMVM EZIEY S QEVI RWIQRXEXI TVEGXMG: JGIEY EGGIWMFMPI
NYHIGXSVMPSV #M SEQIRMPSV VIKIPYM, GEVI RY GYRS#XIEY HIGX KVIEGE, VIKYPMPI
YRYM WMWXIQ NYVMHMG, IZIRXYEP ETPMGEFMP, GSRWIQREXI PE SVMKMRI R EPXI PMQFM.
0IKIE MYHEMG R ZIVWMYRI KVIEG TYXIE 3 HI EGYQ MRZSGEX HI TPIHER'MM MYHIM
R JE'E XVMFYREPIPSV R3MR'EXI HI QSREVLMI TIRXVY TSTYPE'ME IPIRS-JSR.
7ITXYEKMRXE #M-E TVMQMX EWXJIP GSRW3R'MVIE S3GMEP GE PIKI GMZMG E MYHIMPSV
HMR )KMTX.
4IRXVY R'IPIT'MM 8EPQYHYPYM, XVEHYGIVIE 8SVIM R KVIEG E VITVIÎRXEX S
RXVITVMRHIVI RXVY XSXYP TIVQMW #M GLMEV MRWTMVEX, R TS3HE IVSVMPSV; MQTYXEXI
XVEHYGXSVMPSV. 6EFMRYP 7MQSR FIR +QPMIM*, EHQMVEXSV EP R'IPITGMYRMM
KVIGI#XM, ZE QIVKI TR PE E TVSGPEQE TVMZMPIKMYP IPMRIM GE WMRKYVE EPX
PMQF RKHYMX TIRXVY 7GVMTXYV (F. 1IKLMPEL 8 F-9 F). 3TMRME EHZIVW, GEVI
RY EHQMXI HIGX IFVEMGE TXVEX (OXEZ E#YVM) TIRXVY 7GVMTXYV #M TIRXVY GEVI
^MYE GRH E JSWX XVEHYW 8SVE R KVIGI#XI TIRXVY VIKIPI 4XSPIQIY IWXI PE JIP
HI RIJEWX GE EGIIE R GEVI -WVEIP E ^QMWPMX ZM'IPYP HI EYV (1EWGLIX 7SJIVMQ
7-P0), XVIFYMI VIE#IÊX R GSRXI\XYP WY MWXSVMG: IE I\TVMQ S VIÎVZ GY
TVMZMVI PE 7ITXYEKMRXE, RGITRH HMR QSQIRXYP R GEVI EGIEWX XVEHYGIVI,
IJIGXYEX HI MYHIM TIRXVY MYHIM, E HIZIRMX, HYT TVFY#MVIE MYHEMWQYPYM
EPI\ERHVMR, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, I\GPYWMZ &MFPME GVI#XMRMPSV.
7GVMMXSVM MYHIM HMR %PI\ERHVME 8SVE 7ITXYEKMRXE IWXI TVMQYP #M GIP QEM
MPYWXVY VITVIÎRXERX EP PMXIVEXYVMM MYHIS-EPI\ERHVMRI: S RXVIEK PMXIVEXYV R
PMQFE KVIEG, HEV GEVI VQRI MYHEMG TVMR GSR'MRYX #M TVMR SFMIGXMZIPI TI
GEVI #M PI TVSTYRI. (SY STIVI WI PIEK HMVIGX HI 8SVE 7ITXYEKMRXE. 4VMQE,
7GVMWSEVIE PYM %VMWXIY GXVI *MPSGVEX, RI TVSTYRI S TSZIWXMVI VSQER'EX E
XVEHYGIVMM. 4SZIWXIE IWXI WGVMW HI YR MYHIY TIRXVY GEVI, TSXVMZMX JSVQYPIM PYM
:MGXSV 'IVMOSZIV, MYHEMWQYP RY I EPXGIZE HIGX YR IPIRMWQ QFSK'MX GY MHIIE
YRYM (YQRIÎY YRMG. 0YGVEVIE IWXI KVIY HI HEXEX; TSEXI G EV XVIFYM TPEWEX
R E HSYE TEVXI E HSQRMIM PYM 4XSPIQIY EP :9--PIE )ZIVKIXYP - (GXVI 146-P6 .
,V.). %YXSVYP 7GVMWSVMM WI JEGI ETVXSVYP XIÎM HI E M WI EXVMFYM PYM 4XSPIQIY EP
--PIE MRM'MEXMZE XVEHYGIVMM.
%GIIE#M XISVMI IWXI WYW'MRYX #M HI 3PSWSJYP MYHIS-EPI\ERHVMR %VMWXSFYP,
EYXSV EP YRIM PYGVVM I\IKIXMGI HIHMGEXI VIKIPYM 4XSPIQIY EP :-PIE *MPSQIXSV,
GXVI 176-P70 . ,V. (IÊQKMX W RY KWIEWG RMGM S YVQ HMR 8SVE R
KRHMVIE IPMR GPEWMG, HI GEVI I TXVYRW, %VMWXSFYP EXVMFYMI EGIEWX XGIVI
JYVXM#EKYPYM KVIGMPSV #M RY I^MX W E3VQI G 4MXEKSVE #M 4PEXSR W-EV 3 MRWTMVEX
HINE PE ZVIQIE PSV HMR &MFPME MYHEMG; IP TSWXYPIE^, TVMR YVQEVI, MHIIE YRIM
XVEHYGIVM KVIGI#XM, TEV'MEPI GIP TY'MR, ERXIVMSEVI 7ITXYEKMRXIM. 8ISVME IWXI GY
GIVXMXYHMRI LMQIVMG, QGEV G YR TETMVYW HMR 3\]VLMRGLSW (4. 3\] <0-, 294)
WYKIVIE^ EWX^M G XIQI FMFPMGI, R GE^YP HI JE' JEMQSEWE WGIR E NYHIG'MM
PYM 7SPSQSR (3 6K 3, 16-28), IVEY GYRSWGYXI R +VIGME REMRXI HI QSEVXIE PYM
4PEXSR. 'VSRSKVEJYP (IQIXVMSW, GEVI XVME PE %PI\ERHVME R XMQTYP PYM 4XSPIQIY
EP -:-PIE *MPSTEXSV (2-205 . ,V.),
* 7MQSR FIR +QPMIM (WEY +QPMIM EP --PIE, WYTVERYQMX #M +QPMIM HMR
-EFRI) M-E YVQEX PYM -SLERER FIR >EOEM PE GSRHYGIVIE EGEHIQMIM HMR -EFRI.
)VE RITSX EP JEMQSWYPYM +QPMIM GIP &XVR (GJ. GETMXSPYP 36), HI PE GEVI #M-EV
3 TVMQMX 4EZIP IHYGE'ME HI JEVMWIY (*% 2, 3) (R.X.).
* F. IWXI EFVIZMIVIE HI PE FIVEMXSX (RZ'XYVM GEVI EY JSWX I\GPYWI,
I\XIVMSEVI, RIMRGPYWI R 1M#RE #M 8SWIJXE). 7MQSR FIR +QPMIM IWXI EYXSVYP
E WYXI HI EWIQIRIE RZ'XYVM, GEVI EY JGYX HMR IP YR VEFMR JSEVXI
GSRXVSZIVWEX (R.X.).
)WXI TVMQYP MWXSVMG MYHIY HI PMQF IPMR GEVI RI IWXI GYRSWGYX. % WGVMW S
PYGVEVI HIWTVI VIKMM -YHIMM, HMR GEVI RM W-EY TWXVEX #EWI JVEKQIRXI. 7YF
MR4YIR'E PYM )VEXSWXIRI HMR 'MVIRI, (IQIXVMSW VE'MSREPMÎE^ PE I\XVIQ MWXSVME
PYM -WVEIP, TVIÎRXRH-S GE TI S RPR'YMVI HI GMJVI, QIXSH TI GEVI S
GSRWMHIV, JV RMGM S RHSMEP, JSVQE WYTVIQ E HMWGYVWYPYM #XMMR'M3G. )P
YVQVI#XI XI\XYP FMFPMG R ZIVWMYRIE GIPSV "ETXIÎGM ?HI XVEHYGXSVMA, YRMGE PYM
WYVW, GVIME M IWXI #M TVMQYP QEVXSV MWXSVMG. (IQIVWYP WY WI ZVIE VMKYVSW
#XMMR'M3G, EHMG 3PSPSKMG R WIRWYP GVSMX HI )VEXSWXIRI. )WXI TVIGYVWSVYP
GVSRSPSKMIM IZVIMI#XM XVEHM'MSREPI.
0MXIVEXYVE MYHIS-EPI\ERHVMR GYPQMRIE^ GY STIVE 3PSWSJYPYM *MPSR (GXVI
20 . ,V. 40 H. ,V.). (SEV S TEVXI HMR XVEXEXIPI WEPI WXVMGX 3PSWS3GI, R KVIEG
WEY EVEQEMG, EY WYTVEZMI'YMX. 7GVMIVMPI PYM TSPMXMGI ('SRXVE PYM *PEGGYW, 7SPMI
PYM +EMYW) EHYG PQYVMVM HIWTVI MWXSVME MYHEMWQYPYM EPI\ERHVMR HMR WIGSPYP - EP
-QTIVMYPYM #M HIWTVI GIE E WIGXIPSV MYHEMGI (GYQ IWXI GIE E IWIRMIRMPSV #M
XIVETIY'MPSV). 'IE QEM MQTSVXERX WIG'MYRI E EGXMZMX'MM 3PSRMIRI GSRWX R
I\IKIÊ 7GVMTXYVMPSV (R ZIVWMYRIE KVIEG E 7ITXYEKMRXIM), GEVI R^YMI#XI W
HSZIHIEWG TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRIM HIQSRWXVE'MM EPIKSVMGI HIWZV#MXE
GSQTEXMFMPMXEXI E 8SVIM GY VE'MYRIE KVIEG. -R4YIR'E PYM *MPSR EWYTVE 4VMR'MPSV
&MWIVMGMM #M VSPYP PYM HI MRXIVQIHMEV RXVI 3PSWS3E KVIEG #M XISPSKME GVI#XMR
WYRX HI RIXKHYMX, R XMQT GI R'IPIT'MM 8EPQYHYPYM PI XVIG WYF XGIVI.
'IVGIXVM VIGIRXI WI WXVHYMIWG XSXY#M W WGLM'IÎ TEVEPIPI, HEG RY W
WXEFMPIEWG PIKXYVM, RXVI *MPSR #M HSGXVMRE VEFMRMG GSRXIQTSVER.
9RMZIVWEPMWQ MYHIY #M YRMZIVWEPMWQ VSQER 3 HEX GY GYGIVMVIE VSQER
E )KMTXYPYM R ERYP 30 . ,V., HI GXVI 3GXEZMER, ZMMXSV QTVEX %YKYWXYW, TIRXVY
MYHEMWQYP EPI\ERHVMR RGITI S TIVMSEH HI ETSKIY GYPXYVEP, MPYWXVEX GY
WXVPYGMVI HI STIVE PYM *MPSR #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, HI HIGPMR TSPMXMG. 6SQERMM RY EY
GPMRXMX GY RMQMG EYXSRSQME VIPMKMSEW #M TSPMXMG E MYHIMPSV, HEV GYGIVMVIE E
HMWXVYW WXVYGXYVE WSGMEP GEVI PI TIVQMXIE EGIWXSVE W QTEGI TWXVEVIE YRIM
MHIRXMX'M RE'MSREPI GY ETEVXIRIR'E PE YR KVYT HSQMRERX. R )KMTXYP 0EKM^MPSV,
MYHIMM JGIEY TEVXI HMR GSQYRMXEXIE IPMRMPSV, KVYT HSQMRERX EP GYGIVMXSVMPSV
IPIRSJSRM. (YT GYGIVMVIE VSQER, QMGVSWSGMIXEXIE IPMRMPSV W-E HIÊKVIKEX,
MEV HIWGIRHIR'MM EGIWXSVE EY JSWX HMWXVMFYM'M R SVHMRIPI RSXEFMPMPSV TVSZMRGMEPM,
GY ENYXSVYP YRIM TSPMXMGM 3WGEPI GSVIWTYR^XSEVI. (MR QSXMZI VQEWI
QMWXIVMSEWI, MYHIMM EY JSWX RHITVXE'M HMR VRHYP EGIWXSVE. %WXJIP, VIHYGIVIE
)KMTXYPYM PE WXEXYXYP HI TVSZMRGMI VSQER E RWIQREX TIRXVY IM RGITYXYP YRIM
ITSGM HI HM^KVE'MI.
:MSPIR'E RJVYRXVMPSV HMRXVI MYHIM #M KVIGM R %PI\ERHVME WIGSPYPYM - EP IVIM
RSEWXVI WX WYF WIQRYP EGIWXSV JVQRXVM. 3 TVMQ I\TPS^MI W-E TVSHYW R
GYVWYP ERYPYM 38, WYF KYZIVREVIE PYM %. %ZMPMYW *PEGGYW, TVIJIGX EP )KMTXYPYM,
FMRIGYRSWGYX TIRXVY I\GIWIPI WEPI KVE'MI QVXYVMIM PYM *MPSR (-R *PEGGYQ). 'Y
SGE^ME WSPMIM R JVYRXIE GVIME WI HITPEWIE^ PE 6SQE,
*MPSR WI PERWIE^, R JE'E QTVEXYPYM 'EPMKYPE, RXV-S PYTX TIRXVY
ETVEVIE HVITXYVMPSV TSPMXMGI (TSPMXIM) EPI MYHIMPSV (0IKE'MS EH 'EMYQ).
%GIEWX PYTX RY IWXI YRE TIRXVY IQERGMTEVIE WEY TIRXVY IKEPMXEXIE
HVITXYVMPSV GMZMGI, RS'MYRM EREGVSRMGI TIRXVY EGIE ITSG. 4SPMXIM VIZIRHMGEXI
HI MYHIM RY WYRX S GSRWXMXY'MI WEY S GIX'IRMI R WIRWYP TVMQ EP GYZRXYPYM;
WYRX MYHEMXEXIE RW#M, GE WXEXYX MRHMZMHYEP #M GE QSH HI ZME' R GSRJSVQMXEXI
GY TVIGITXIPI 8SVIM.
3 HEX GY RWGYREVIE PYM 'PEYHMY, PE RGITYXYP PYM 41 H. ,V., EWMWXQ PE
YR TVSGIW R GEVI S EQFEWEH MYHEMG RJVYRX PE 6SQE S EQFEWEH KVIEG
HMR %PI\ERHVME, R JE'E XVMFYREPYPYM MQTIVMEP ('EIWEVMERE GSKRM'MS). 9R ERYQI
YRMZIVWEPMWQ IPMR, EP GVYM TYVXXSV HI GYZRX IWXI KMQRE^MEVLYP EPI\ERHVMR
-WMHSVSW, 3Y EP PYM (MSR]WMSW, HIRYR' WTIGM3GMXEXIE MYHEMG, RXVYGLMTEX R
EGIP QSQIRX HI VIKIPI -YHIMM, %KVMTE -. 4VSGIWYP, GYRSWGYX HMR JVEKQIRXI HI
TETMVYW, WI RGLIMI GY S WIRXMR' GETMXEP QTSXVMZE PYM -WMHSVSW #M GSPIKYPYM
WY, KVI3IVYP 0EQTSR. -WMHSVSW HIZMRI EWXJIP EVLIXMTYP TEXVMSXYPYM IVSY, EP
GVYM I\IQTPY ZE 3 YVQEX HI EP'M QEVXMVM TKRM HMR %PI\ERHVME (%GXE
%PI\ERHVMRSVYQ). 'SR4MGXYP WI RVYX'I#XI WYF KYZIVREVIE PYM 2IVS. R 6 H.
,V., S VWGSEP IZVIMEWG M^FYGRI#XI R SVE#; IWXI ^HVSFMX JV QMP HI 8MFIVMY
-YPMYW %PI\ERHIV, RITSX EP PYM *MPSR, GEVI I\IVGMX R EGIE ZVIQI JYRG'ME HI
TVIJIGX EP %PI\ERHVMIM #M )KMTXYPYM. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW ZSVFI#XI R EGIWX WIRW HI
GMRGMÎGM HI QMM HI ZMGXMQI IZVIMI#XM PE %PI\ERHVME (6^FSMYP -, 490-497); GMJVE
IWXI, JV RHSMEP, I\EKIVEX, HEV IWXI GIVX G ERYP 6 E JSWX S RGIVGEVI EWTV
TIRXVY MYHIMM EPI\ERHVMRM, XSX TI EXX GX TSKVSQYP HMR ERYP 38, HEG RY QEM
QYPX.
%GIWXI GSRJVYRXVM ENYRK, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE H. ,V., PE S YPXMQ
TVSF HI JSV', GEVI WI RGLIMI GY HMWXVYKIVIE GSQYRMX'MPSV MYHEMGI HMR
%PI\ERHVME #M )KMTX. 8MQT HI TIWXI HSM ERM, HMR ZEVE PYM 15 H. ,V., WJV#MXYP
HSQRMIM PYM 8VEMER, TR R EYKYWX-WITXIQFVMI 17 H. ,V., RGITYXYP WXTRMVMM
PYM ,EHVMER, YR V^FSM GVRGIR M VMHMG TI MYHIM QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV R
'MVIREMGE #M R )KMTX. &MPER'YP IWXI HIÊWXVYSW TIRXVY MYHEMWQYP EPI\ERHVMR:
RMQMGMVIE XSXEP. )ZIRMQIRXIPI, GEYÎPI #M GSRWIGMR'IPI PSV TSX 3 EWX^M
VIGSRWXMXYMXI QYP'YQMX PYQMRMM TI GEVI EVLISPSKME, R GE^YP 'MVIREMGMM #M
TETMVSPSKME, R GE^YP )KMTXYPYM, S TVSMIGXIE^ EWYTVE VEVIPSV XI\XI PMXIVEVI
TKRI, MYHEMGI #M GVI#XMRI HI GEVI HMWTYRIEQ TR EGYQ. 'IP QEM
MQTSVXERX HMRXVI EGIWXI XI\XI IWXI S RWIQREVI E PYM )YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE,
GEVI WI JEGI IGSYP EYXSVMPSV TKRM HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE WEY EP --PIE, KVIY HI
MHIRXM3GEX TIRXVY RSM (-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -:, 2, P-5). 7YVWE PYM )YWIFMY
ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI KVIGMM GEVI WI VIJYKME^ PE %PI\ERHVME, JYKMRH HI VWGYPE'M #M
GEVI M EGY^ TI MYHIMM EPI\ERHVMRM, QTMIHMGRHY-P WE WI EPXYVI XSZEV#MPSV
PSV HI EVQI. 4ETMVYWYVMPI ENYX PE YVQVMVIE IWGEPEHVMM EGIWXIM V^QIVM'I
WGLM'EXI HI WYVWE PYM )YWIFMY. *VQRXVMPI WI RQYP'IWG R XSEX 'EVE. *SEVXI
GYVRH, GIIE GI RY IVE PE RGITYX HIGX 0 XYPFYVEVI PSGEP HIZMRI YR EHIZVEX
V^FSM. 1EVGMYW 8YVFS, XVMQMW WTIGMEP EP QTVEXYPYM, QEWEGVIE^ GY QMMPI MYHIMM
V^ZVXM'M. R 1IWSTSXEQME, S QMWMYRI EWIQRXSEVI M-E JSWX RGVIHMR'EX PYM
0YGMYW 5YMIXYW, EP GVYM RYQI W-E TWXVEX R V^FSMYP PYM 5YMIXYW (TSPIQSW
#IM 5MXSW) HMR XI\XIPI VEFMRMGI.
4SWXIVMXEXIE WTMVMXYEP E MYHEMWQYPYM EPI\ERHVMR 7JV#MXYP XVEKMG EP
MYHEMWQYPYM IPIRMÊX HMR )KMTX GSRXVMFYMI PE R'IPIKIVIE QMWXIVYPYM GEVI
RZPYMI SVMKMRMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM HMR EGIEWX 'EV. 4VMQIPI HSY ZIEGYVM WYRX
SFWGYVI. %FME PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE M RXPRMQ TVMQYP VITVIÎRXERX
GYRSWGYX HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, ITMWGSTYP (IQIXVMYW, YR GSRXIQTSVER
EP PYM 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP #M EP PYM 3VMKIR, GEVI XVIGI HVITX E 3 JSWX
RXIQIMIXSVYP (MHEWGEPMSRYPYM, VIRYQMX #GSEP HI GEXILI^. %GIEWX
RIE#XITXEX #M VIPEXMZ XV^MI ETEVM'MI E &MWIVMGMM EPI\ERHVMRI M-E MRXVMKEX QYPX TI
MWXSVMGM #M E MWGEX VIEG'MM HMZIVWI.
9RE HMRXVI IPI GSRWX R I\TPMGEVIE XGIVMM HMR NYVYP RGITYXYVMPSV
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R )KMTX TVMR GEVEGXIVYP LIXIVSHS\ EP EGIWXYME: TVMQE &MWIVMG
EPI\ERHVMR EV 3 JSWX S &MWIVMG KRSWXMG #M, HYT XVMYQJYP SVXSHS\MIM, WTVI
WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, IE EV 3 JSWX VIXVSWTIGXMZ GSRHEQREX PE YMXEVI.
%GIEWX XISVMI E JSWX RXQTMREX HI VIEG'ME GVMXMG E TETMVSPSKMPSV #M S EPX
I\TPMGE'MI, QEM GSRZMRKXSEVI, E JSWX EXYRGM TVSTYW: HEG GVI#XMRMWQYP TVMQEV
RY E PWEX HIGX TY'MRI YVQI R )KMTX REMRXI HI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE,
RWIEQR G IP IVE YR MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQ; HMWXVYW R XMQTYP VIZSPXIM HMR 15-P7,
QTVIYR GY RXVIK QIHMYP HMR GEVI WI RWGYWI #M ERYQI GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG
HMR %PI\ERHVME, XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX RPSGYMX HI-E PYRKYP ZIEGYPYM EP --PIE HI YR
GVI#XMRMWQ HI SVMKMRI TKR, KVIEG #M IKMTXIER.
8IÊ MYHIS-GVI#XMR I\TPMG QEM FMRI QMWXIVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM
EPI\ERHVMR TVMQEV HIGX XIÊ KRSWXMG. )E WI VI4IGX R XVEHM'ME GSTX GEVI
EXVMFYMI IZERKLIPMWXYPYM 1EVGY RXIQIMIVIE &MWIVMGMM HMR %PI\ERHVME. (I EPXJIP,
GIPI HSY XIÎ RY WI I\GPYH, GLMEV HEG VI'MRIQ MHIIE YRIM WYGGIWMYRM
GVSRSPSKMGI: YRYM MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQ MRM'MEP M-EV YVQE, HYT GEXEWXVSJE HMR 15-P7,
S TIVMSEH HI VIGSRWXVYG'MI TKRS-GVI#XMR, QEVGEX HI S GVM^ KRSWXMG; S
HEX HIT#MXI MWTMXIPI LIXIVSHS\I, GSQYRMXEXIE TKRS-GVI#XMR ZE TYXIE
HIZIRM, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, FEÊ 1EVMM &MWIVMGM. (I EPXQMRXIVM,
TVIÎR'E HSQMRERX E YRIM GSQYRMX'M MYHIS-GVI#XMRI PE %PI\ERHVME RY
I\GPYHI RIETVEX I\MWXIR'E TEVEPIP E GXSVZE JSGEVI TKRS-GVI#XMRI.
R EGIWX GSRXI\X, VWGSEPE HMR ERMM 15-P7, GEVI ERYR' HIWTV'MVIE
MYHEMWQYPYM HI GVI#XMRMWQ, ETEVI R EGIPE#M XMQT GE RSHYP YRIM GSRXMRYMX'M
RXVI YRYP #M GIPPEPX. (EG EHQMXIQ G SF#XIE MYHIS-GVI#XMR HMR %PI\ERHVME
E HMWTVYX R ZPQ#EKYP V^QIVM'IM, S HEX GY RXVIEKE HMEWTSV MYHEMG HMR
)KMTX, EXYRGM ZE XVIFYM GE #M TVMRXVI MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM HMR %PI\ERHVME W GYXQ,
TI PRK GIM G'MZE RSXEFMPM MYHIM, TY'MRMM WYTVEZMI'YMXSVM EM EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M.
0SV PI VIZMRI QIVMXYP HI E 3 WEPZEX HI PE REYJVEKMY STIVIPI QENSVI EPI
TEXVMQSRMYPYM GYPXYVEP MYHIS-EPI\ERHVMR -&MFPME 7ITXYEKMRXE #M STIVE I\IKIXMG
E PYM *MPSR. %GIEWX GSRXMRYMXEXI WTMVMXYEP MRHMWGYXEFMP RI JEGI W WMQ'MQ
RXVIEKE EHRGMQI E EFMWYPYM GEVI, R TPERYP VIEPMX'MPSV YQERI, HIWTEVXI
MYHEMWQYP IPIRMÊX HI GVI#XMRMWQYP KVIGS-IKMTXIER, VIGSRWXMXYMX R NYVYP
TKRMWQYPYM. (IWTVMRW HI PI VHGMRMPI WEPI IP RY ZE RXV^ME W VIZIRHMGI
HSEV TIRXVY WMRI GEPMXEXIE HI %HIZVEXYP -WVEIP.
6IZSPXE HMR 15-P7 E TYW GETX EZIRXYVMM KVIGI#XM E MYHIMPSV HMR )KMTX IE
E GYJYRHEX RXV-S PYRK XGIVI RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM EPI\ERHVMR
-YHEMWQYP EPI\ERHVMR #M XVMWI XVEMYP. 4VSFPIQE TI GEVI S VMHMG VQRI EWX^M
QEM QYPX HIGX SVMGRH, HI EGXYEPMXEXI: GYQ, TR PE GI TVEK #M GY GI TVI'
IWXI GY TYXMR' W 3M TEVXI E HSY GYPXYVM, E HSY YRMZIVWYVM EXX HI HMJIVMXI R
QSHYP PSV HI E GSRGITI PSGYP SQYPYM R PYQI, VIPE'ME GY HMZMRMXEXIE #M GY VIWXYP
GVIE'MIM# 4R YRHI TSX GSRZMI'YM VE'MSREPMWQYP IPMR #M QSRSXIMWQYP MYHEMG#
.SWITL 1IPIÎ-1SHVÎNI[WOM .
7ITXYEKMRXE W-E RWGYX PE %PI\ERHVME 0E %PI\ERHVME E JSWX XVEHYW R
KVIGI#XI &MFPME IFVEMG. 1EM I\MWXEY #M EPXI SVE#I IPIRMWXMGI PSGYMXI HI
GSQYRMX'M IZVIMI#XM, RW RSYE GIXEXI E PYM %PI\ERHVY HIZIRMWI, R WIGSPYP EP
--PIE . ,V., GETMXEPE IGSRSQMG E &E^MRYPYM QIHMXIVERIER, QIXVSTSPE GYPXYVEP
E PYQMM IPIRMWXMGI. R TPYW, TI XIVMXSVMYP WY WI E4E GSPSRME MYHEMG GIE QEM
WIQRM3GEXMZ RYQIVMG HI PE ZIWX HI -YHIIE.
)WXI HM3GMP W GYRSE#XIQ I\EGX SVMKMRIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM #M ÊHEVRMG W
HSVMQ E HMWGIVRI RXVI QSXMZYP S3GMEP WEY GIP TEVXMGYPEV GEVI E KYZIVREX
IJIGXYEVIE XVEHYGIVMM. ' ZE 3 M^ZSVX HMRXV-YR SVHMR EP VIKIPYM PEKMH 4XSPIQIY,
TVISGYTEX W GYRSEWG VIKYPMPI #M SFMGIMYVMPI JIPYVMXIPSV TSTSEVI GI M IVEY
WYTYWI, G ZE 3 JSWX YR VWTYRW PE RIZSMPI PMXYVKMGI EPI ZVIYRIM GSQYRMX'M
ERYQI, XVEHYGIVIE 8FVIM MYHIMPSV R KVIGI#XI E #XMYX, HI FYR WIEQ, W
WEXMWJEG EGIWX HYFPY MRXIVIW. )E JGIE EGGIWMFMPI SVRHYMIPMPI EGIWXIM QMGM
RE'MM IPMRMPSV HIZIRM'M GYVMS#M JE' HI R'IPITGMYRMPI FEVFEVI #M RKHYME
MQMKVER'MPSV MYHIM GI RY QEM GYRS#XIEY IFVEMGE W-#M GMXIEWG XI\XIPI W3RXI R
PMQFE TI GEVI S YXMPMÊY HI EGYQ R VIPE'MMPI PSV GSQIVGMEPI #M, TI PRK
EVEQEMG, R ZME'E HI XSEXI ^MPIPI.
7ITXYEKMRXE RXVI PIKIRH #M MWXSVMI &MFPME KVIEG #M EVI TVSTVME
PIKIRH VIPEXEX R 7GVMWSEVIE PYM %VMWXIY GXVI *MPSGVEX (ZI^M %RI\IPI, MRJVE),
GEVI M-E HEX RYQIPI #M GEVI TSZIWXI#XI IPSKMSW #M IRXY^MEWX RE#XIVIE
QMVEGYPSEW E EGIWXIM TVMQI XVEHYGIVM HEV #M EVI #M MWXSVME IM. 4IRXEXIYLYP,
EHMG TVMQIPI GMRGM GV'M EPI 8SVIM, JYWIWI XVEHYW PE %PI\ERHVME WYF 4XSPIQIY EP
-P-PIE *MPEHIPJYP (285-246) #M, JETX VIQEVGEFMP, PYGVEVIE WI RXMRWIWI TI HYVEXE
E HSY, GLMEV XVIM WIGSPI. *V E TYXIE HIXIVQMRE GY TVIGM^MI HEXE #M PSGYP
XVEHYGIVMM 3IGVIME HMR GIPIPEPXI GV'M, I\EQMREVIE PI\MGYPYM WEY E TVSGIHIIPSV
HI XVEHYGIVI TIVQMXI TVSTYRIVIE YRIM GVSRSPSKMM VIPEXMZI E XVEHYGIVMM #M
WXEFMPMVIE YRIM KISKVE3M TPEY^MFMPI TIRXVY EGIEWXE. 4VMR YVQEVI, HYT 0IKI, EY
JSWX XVEHYWI PE %PI\ERHVME, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE . ,V., 4WEPXMVIE #M,
TVSFEFMP HI GXVI YR EGIPE#M XVEHYGXSV WEY KVYT HI XVEHYGXSVM, 'EVXIE
-IÎGLMIP, GIM (SMWTVIÎGI 4VSVSGM QMGM #M -IVIQME, YVQEXI HI XVEHYGIVIE
GV'MPSV MWXSVMGI (-SWYE 2EZM, .YHIGXSVM #M 6IKM) #M E PYM -WEME. 'IPIPEPXI EY JSWX
XVEHYWI QEM XV^MY, GXVI 150 . ,V., R GE^YP 'V'MM PYM (ERMIP, HI I\IQTPY (WI
I^MX GY TVMZMVI PE PSGYP XVEHYGIVMM), EP 'V'MM PYM -SZ, 4MPHIPSV #M 7MVEGMHYPYM (-WYW
7MVEL). 7YRX WMXYEXI R 4EPIWXMRE, R NYVYP IVIM RSEWXVI, XVEHYGIVIE 'RXVMM
'RXHVMPSV, E 4PRKIVMPSV PYM -IVIQME, E 'V'MM 6YX #M E 'V'MM )WXIVE, ETSM GIE E
)GGPIWMEWXYPYM, HEXSVEX, TSEXI, PYM %UYMPE. (I#M RY XSEXI GV'MPI EY JSWX XVEHYWI
R EGIIE#M ITSG, R EGIPE#M PSG WEY HI EGIME#M XVEHYGXSVM, RYQIPI HI
7ITXYEKMRXE E JSWX EXYRGM I\XMRW PE ERWEQFPYP GV'MPSV IFVEMGI XVEHYWI R IPMR
#M GLMEV PE EPXI WGVMIVM RIEGGITXEXI R MYHEMWQYP TEPIWXMRMER WEY GSQTYWI
HMVIGX R KVIGI#XI: GV'M RXVIKM GE R'IPITGMYRIE PYM 7SPSQSR WEY TV'M EPI YRSV
GV'M, GE EHESWYVMPI PE )WXIVE, -IVIQME SVM (ERMIP.
6IZM^YMVMPI MYHEMGI EPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM 4VMQMM XVEHYGXSVM KVIGM HMWTYRIEY
HI YR XI\X IFVEMG I\GPYWMZ GSRWSRERXMG, JV ZSGEPI #M JV TYRGXYE'MI, TI GEVI
EZIEY W PI 3\IÎ QYPX QEM XV^MY, RGITRH HMR WIGSPYP EP -P-PIE EP IVIM
RSEWXVI #M TR R WIGSPYP EP -<-PIE, R'IPIT'MM MYHIM QEWSVI'M. 3 RXVIEK
TIVMSEH EY GMVGYPEX PMFIV I\IQTPEVI IFVEMGI GY JSVQI ZEVMEXI #M QSHM3GEXI;
QERYWGVMWIPI HIWGSTIVMXI PE 5YQVER RI GSR3VQ TPYVEPMXEXIE XI\XIPSV.
%GIEWXE I\TPMG, JV RHSMEP, R TEVXI, EFEXIVMPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM JE' HI XI\XYP
IFVEMG VIGITX #M NYWXM3G JETXYP G, R QIHMYP MYHEMG, VIZM^YMVIE &MFPMIM HMR
%PI\ERHVME, TIRXVY E S EPMRME PE IFVEMG, E RGITYX JSEVXI HIZVIQI. (EG
TVMQIPI RGIVGVM HI VIZM^YMVI EY HIFYXEX SGE^MSREP R )KMTX, IPI EY HIZIRMX
QEM WMWXIQEXMGI TI TQRXYP PYM -WVEIP, YRHI XVIM HMRXVI IPI EY VQEW GIPIFVI:
GIE E PYM 8LISHSXMSR #M E KVYTYPYM RYQMX /EMKI, VIEPMÊX PE RGITYXYP IVIM
RSEWXVI, GIE E PYM %UYMPE, HEXEX ETVS\MQEXMZ R ERYP 125 #M GIE E PYM
7]QQEGLYW, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE, YPXMQIPI HSY 3MRH GSRWMHIVEXI QEM
HIKVEF ZIVWMYRM RSM.
(I PE GSRWMQ'MVI PE VIWTMRKIVI 1EM XV^MY, R ZIEGYVMPI EP --PIE #M EP -:-PIE
EPI IVIM RSEWXVI, JE' GY HMZIVWMXEXIE HEXIPSV QERYWGVMWI, YRMM VIGIRÎR'M
GVI#XMRM #M-EY TVSTYW W IHMXIÎ GIP QEM FYR XI\X KVIGIWG EP 7ITXYEKMRXIM. R
EGIWX GSRXI\X WI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI VIGIR^ME LI\ETPEV (HI PE,I\ETPIPI PYM
3VMKIR) E XI\XYPYM ERXMSLMER EHIWISVM EXVMFYMX QEVXMVYPYM 0YGMER #M E XI\XYPYM
EPI\ERHVMR, MHIRXM3GEFMP PE 4VMR'MM KVIGM HMR %PI\ERHVME.
4SXVMZMX PIKIRHIM, RGLIMIVIE XVEHYGIVMM 8SVIM R IPMR E JSWX RXQ-4QEX
GY YVEPI HI GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG HMR %PI\ERHVME, MEV *MPSR RI EHYGI PE
GYRS#XMR' G IZIRMQIRXYP IVE WVFXSVMX R 3IGEVI ER R MRWYPE 4LEVSW.
(MWTYRIQ, XSXY#M, HI I\XVIQ HI TY'MRI MRJSVQE'MM EWYTVE RXVIFYMR'VMM EGIWXIM
ZIVWMYRM KVIGI#XM R MYHEMWQYP IPIRSJSR. 'SQYRMXEXIE HI PE 5YQVER, YRHI W-EY
KWMX QEM QYPXI QERYWGVMWI EPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM, XVIFYMI W 3 ETVIGMEX EGIEWX
ZIVWMYRI, GYQ S ZSV JEGI, R WIGSPIPI - #M EP --PIE H. ,V. "M EGIM VEFMRM HMR
4EPIWXMRE JEZSVEFMPM 0IKMM VSWXMXI R PMQFE PYM -EJIX, EHMG R KVIEG. 'Y XSEXI
EGIWXIE, HMR GPMTE R GEVI EGIEWX STIV MYHEMG, WGVMW HI MYHIM #M TIRXVY Y^YP
MYHIMPSV, E JSWX EWMQMPEX HI XRVE WIGX GVI#XMR, 7ITXYEKMRXE E JSWX VIWTMRW,
MEV JSPSWMVIE IM, VITYW R GEY^, ETSM IPMQMREX R ERMM 90-P30. 2Y #M YXMPMÊVIE
PMQFMM IPMRI RW, PIKXYV HI RIRPSGYMX RXVI 4EPIWXMRE #M HMEWTSVE, HISEVIGI
RSMPI ZIVWMYRM KVIGI#XM, R QSH HISWIFMX GIE E PYM %UYMPE, RG QEM IVEY GMXMXI R
WMREKSKM PE RGITYXYP ZIEGYPYM EP :P-PIE EP IVIM RSEWXVI.
%PI\ERHVME, GVIYÎX EP GYPXYVMPSV QTQRXIRMVIE TVMQIPSV GSPSRMM
MYHEMGI R )KMTX IWXI QYPX ERXIVMSEV GYGIVMVMM QEGIHSRIRI. )E YVG TR PE
TIVMSEHE HMWXVYKIVMM WXEXYPYM MYHEMG HI GXVI 2EFYGSHSRSWSV, R MYPMI 587 . ,V.
(EV MQMKVE'ME MYHEMG WI HI^ZSPX #M GYRSE#XI S ZME' RSY S HEX GY WSWMVIE
PYM %PI\ERHVY R )KMTX. 0E %PI\ERHVME, MYHIMM, MRWXEPE'M RHISWIFM R GEVXMIVYP
(IPXE (YRYP HMR GIPI GMRGM GEVXMIVI EPI SVE#YPYM), YRHI I\IVGMX RY QIWIVMM
IZVIMI#XM, GM XSX WSMYP HI RHIPIXRMGMVM, VITVI^MRX S XVIMQI HMR TSTYPE'MI.
%HIVEVIE PSV PE GYPXYVE KVIEG, HIWTVI GEVI WX QVXYVMI EFERHSREVIE
XVITXEX E EVEQEMGMM R JEZSEVIE IPMRIM, RY E EHYW XSXY#M HYT WMRI RMGM
TMIVHIVIE MHIRXMX'MM, RMGM EWMQMPEVIE. 'Y XSEXI G ZSVFIEY KVIEGE R WRYP YRIM
WSGMIX'M KVIGI#XM, MYHIMM HMR )KMTX VQRIEY MYHIM, EHMG QSRSXIM#XM #M EHIT'M
RJSGE'M EM GYPXYPYM MYHEMG.
'Y VEVI I\GIT'MM, EGI#XM MYHIM HMR )KMTX RY WYRX GIX'IRM KVIGM, MEV
I\MWXIR'E YRYM TSPMXIYQE (GSQYRMXEXI EYXSRSQ) EP MYHIMPSV EPI\ERHVMRM
IPIRMÊ'M RY RWIQRE GXY#M HI TY'MR G PM WI EGSVHEY EYXSRSQME #M IKEPMXEXIE
R HVITXYVM GMZMGI GY GIX'IRMM YRYM TSPMW KVIGIWG. R VETSVX GY IKMTXIERYP
TQRXIER, MYHIYP (-SYHEMSW) IWXI YR IPMR, RXSGQEM GE MQMKVERXYP EXIRMER
(%XLIREMSW) WEY QEGIHSRIER (1EOIHSR). *V RMGM S RHSMEP, GYVMS^MXEXIE EXX
HI GEVEGXIVMWXMG E GYPXYVMM EPI\ERHVMRI HMR ITSG #M KVMNE 4XSPIQIMPSV HI E
EWMKYVE WYTVEZMI'YMVIE XVIGYXYPYM #M QIQSVMIM YQERMX'MM WYRX GIPI GI I\TPMG
JETXYP G XVEHYGIVIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM E TYXYX GSRWXMXYM YR EWIQIRIE IZIRMQIRX
R TVSGIWYP HI MRXIKVEVI E MYHIMPSV R )KMTX. %GIWX MRXIVIW EP KVIGMPSV TIRXVY
MWXSVME #M SFMGIMYVMPI VIPMKMSEWI EPI FEVFEVMPSV RY IVE, HIWMKYV, RSY: EHQMVE'ME
RIQWYVEX TIRXVY R'IPITGMYRIE TSTSEVIPSV SVMIRXEPI WYWGMXEWI RYQIVSEWI
GSQIRXEVMM EPI EGIPIM TSI^MM EXVMFYMXI QEKMPSV HMR 'EPHIIE, GEVI EQIWXIG
TVMRGMTMM HI 3^MG KVIEG #M GYRS#XMR'I ^SVSEWXVMIRI HI EWXVSPSKMI #M QEKMI.
7GVMIVMPI IVQIXMGI, TI GEVI PI TVIWYTYRIQ E 3 JSWX XVEHYWI HYT SVMKMREPIPI
LMIVSKPM3GI EPI ÎYPYM IKMTXIER 8LSX, EWMQMPEX PYM ,IVQIW, GMVGYPEY HINE R
ZVIQIE 4XSPIQIMPSV. 4VSHYW XMTMG EP WMRGVIXMWQYPYM EPI\ERHVMR, EGIWX GSVTYW RY
E JSWX VIYRMX HIGX QEM XV^MY, R WIGSPIPI - #M EP --PIE EPI IVIM RSEWXVI, WYF
RYQIPI PYM ,IVQIW 8VMWQIKMWXYP.
4VMRGMTEP WTE'MY EP WGLMQFYVMPSV #XMMR'M3GI MRXIVRE'MSREPI, %PI\ERHVME WI
RÎWXVEWI GY YR EHIZVEX MRWXMXYX HI GIVGIXVM, TI (PMTWE HI) QWYVE (E)
TVSMIGXYPYM PYM 4XSPIQIY 7SXIV -: QYÎYP JSRHEX HI 3PSWSJYP EXIRMER (IQIXVMSW
HMR *EPIVSR EHYRE R FMFPMSXIGE WE GIE QEM ZEWX GSPIG'MI HI GV'M HMR PYQIE
QIHMXIVERIER. 6IXSVM, QEXIQEXMGMIRM, 3PSPSKM R WIRWYP PEVK ZIRIEY W
WXYHMIÎ EMGM #M 3PSWS3M R#M#M 'MRIEY GYVWYVM R KVHMRMPI WEPI, GLMEV HEG %XIRE
E VQEW GIRXVYP RIGSRXIWXEX EP ZMI'MM 3PSWS3GI TR R WIGSPYP - . ,V.
% JSWX RIZSMI, JV RHSMEP, HI EGIWX YMQMXSV GVIYÎX EP GYPXYVMPSV #M HI
EGIEWX JSVJSX MRXIPIGXYEP JV IKEP, TIRXVY E TIVQMXI 7ITXYEKMRXIM W
HIWGLMH &MFPME GXVI PYQI.
3VMKMREPMXEXIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM 7ITXYEKMRXE IWXI S STIV HI HSY SVM
SVMKMREP: TI HI S TEVXI, RXVYGX GYTVMRHI YR ERWEQFPY HI XI\XI QEM PEVK
HIGX GIP EP &MFPMIM IFVEMGI (ZI^M WYTVE) #M GY R'IPIW EHIWISVM HMJIVMX, TI HI
EPX TEVXI, RXVYGX WI E4 PE SVMKMRIE GSQIRXEVMMPSV MYHEMGI #M GVI#XMRI HI
PMQF KVIEG.
:IVWMYRIE IPMR E GV'MPSV WGVMWI PE SVMKMRI R IFVEMG IWXI, MRIZMXEFMP, S
RSY &MFPMI. 'E SVMGI XVEHYGIVI, IE RY IWXI YR WMQTPY GEPG, GEVI EV 3 YR NEVKSR
PMTWMX HI RSMQ TIRXVY GMXMXSVYP RIGYRSWGXSV EP PMQFMM-WYVW. 'IM "ETXIÎGM HI
R'IPIT'M RY EY TYXYX VITVSHYGI MHIRXMG RMGM WMRXE\E IFVEMG, RMGM PI\MGYP, RMGM
VMXQYP GEVI WTVMNMR WIRWYP JVEÎPSV. %WXJIP, R TS3HE RYQIVSEWIPSV KWIPRM'I R
EPIKIVIE IGLMZEPIRXIPSV TSXVMZMXI, XVIGIVIE HI PE S PMQF WIQMXMG PE PMQFE
GMZMPMÊ'MIM IPMRI E QSHM3GEX JSVQE #M R'IPIWYP XI\XYPYM. 7 RI KRHMQ PE
HMZIVWIPI RYQI TVSTVMM EPI (YQRIÎYPYM IZVIMPSV, PE XIXVEKVEQE HI RIVSWXMX
=,;,, PE JSVQIPI )P, )PSEL, )PSLMQ, PE ETIPEXMZIPI )P "EHEM WEY 7EFESXL;
KVIEGE FEREPMÎE^ EGIWXI XMXPYVM W3RXI, RXVIFYMR'RH XIVQIRM HI Y^ GYVIRX R
PYQIE IPMR: XLISW (HYQRIÎY, SVMGI HYQRIÎY), OYVMSW (WXTR),
TERXSGVEXSV (EXSXTYXIVRMG). 4SZIWXIE *EGIVMM: LESWYP MRM'MEP, KSP #M TYWXMY,
XSLY-FSLY, HIZMRI QEXIVME MRZM^MFMP #M RISVKERMÊX E 3PSWS3PSV. &EREPM^VM,
HEV #M EQFMKYMX'M: WY4YP HMZMR, GEVI IWXI #M ZRXYP, TSEVX R KVIGI#XI RYQIPI
HI TRIYQE, GEVI, HIWMKYV, TSEXI HIRYQM ZRXYP, HEV HIWIQRIE^ QEM GY
WIEQ S GSQTSRIRX E WY4IXYPYM SQIRIWG, WTMVMXYP, HYLYP. *SPSWMVIE
GYZMRXIPSV HMR 3PSWS3E GSQYR E ITSGMM IPIRMWXMGI RY ERXVIRIE^ XSXY#M, GYQ
W-EV TYXIE GVIHI, S IPIRMÊVI E &MFPMIM: EGIWXI GYZMRXI 3KYVIE^ R GSRXI\XI R
GEVI WIRWYP FMFPMG IWXI TWXVEX. 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM RY W-EY R#IPEX R EGIEWX
TVMZMR', TVEGXMGRH S PIGXYV E 7ITXYEKMRXIM TVMR 7ITXYEKMRXE #M PYQMRRH
GYZMRXIPI YRIPI TVMR EPXIPI.
R GMYHE KVMNMM TI GEVI S EZIEY, HI E VIHE QSHIPYP JVE^ GY JVE^,
ETVSETI GYZRX GY GYZRX, JV E-P RQYP'M GY KPSWI, E#E GYQ ZSV JEGI
XEVKYQYVMPI EVEQEMGI, XVEHYGXSVMM EY MRXIVTVIXEX &MFPME. (MZIVKIR'IPI
* 8SLY [E-FSLY I\TVIWME IFVEMG TIRXVY RIXSGQMX #M KSP (4I 1,2)
(R.X.).
0SV GY TVMZMVI PE IFVEMG, RI3MRH XSEXI IVSVM HI PIGXYV, RMGM KVI#IPM HI
XVEHYGIVI, TSX 3 I\TPMGEXI R QEM QYPXI JIPYVM: HMJIVIR' RXVI QSHIPYP PSV #M
EGXYEPYP XI\X IFVEMG; S EPX ZSGEPMÊVI E GSRWSERIPSV; TIVQYXEVIE GSRWSERIPSV;
MRKEQFEQIRXYP YRIM TVSTS^M'MM GY YVQXSEVIE; HMZIVWI EGXYEPM^VM; #XIVKIVIE
WEY EXIRYEVIE XYVRYVMPSV GSRWMHIVEXI MQTVSTVMM TIRXVY E ZSVFM HI (YQRIÎY.
8VEHYGXSVMM HMWTYRIEY HI S VIPEXMZ PMFIVXEXI, MEV XVEHM'ME HI PIGXYV E
VHGMRMPSV IFVEMGI RY IVE GSRWXVRKXSEVI. (I EPXQMRXIVM, TVSGIHIIPI
I\IKIXMGI ETPMGEXI HI GIM "ETXIÎGM ZSV 3 QEM XV^MY GSHM3GEXI R XVEXEXIPI
VEFMRMGI.
1YPXI EPXI EFEXIVM GEVI JEG SVMKMREPMXEXIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM EY GE SFMIGX
TYRIVIE XI\XYPYM WEGVY R EVQSRMI GY GSRZMRKIVMPI GSQYRMX'MM HMR ITSG; HI
I\IQTPY, GEVEGXIVYP ZMSPIRX EP TVSJI'MMPSV IWXI RHYPGMX WEY EHETXEX YRSV ZEPSVM
QSVEPI: HEG (YQRIÎY EQIRMR' GY HMWXVYKIVIE, RY S JEGI QTSXVMZE RXVIKMM
SQIRMVM, GM QTSXVMZE RIPIKMYM'MPSV GEVI RY YVQIE^ 0IKIE (YQRIÎY IWXI
QMPSWXMZ. 'E #M EPXI WGVMIVM MYHEMGI HMR EGIWXI ZVIQYVM MRXIVXIWXEQIRXEVI,
7ITXYEKMRXE QVXYVMWI#XI EWXJIP HIWTVI WTIVER'E MYHEMG HMR ITSGE IPIRMWXMG.
6SPYP #M MR4YIR'E 7ITXYEKMRXIM 3VMGI XVEHYGIVI EVI HVITX WGST HI E JEGI
GYRSWGYX YRYM TYFPMG QEM PEVK S STIV GEVI, HMR QSXMZI HI PMQF, M-EV VQRI
EGIWXYME MREGGIWMFMP. 7I TSEXI WTYRI G 7ITXYEKMRXE E EXMRW EGIEWX 'MRX# %
HIWGLMW IE TIRXVY PYQIE IPMR GV'MPI W3RXI EPI MYHIMPSV# ) KVIY HI WTYW,
RXVYGX RY TEVI W 3 JSWX HMJYÊX R PYQIE TKR HIGX GY JSEVXI TY'MRI
I\GIT'MM.
'LMEV HEG #XMQ TY'MRI PYGVYVM HIWTVI JSPSWMVIE IM R PIGXYVE PMXYVKMG HMR
MYHEMWQ, TYXIQ R WGLMQF E3VQE G E I\IVGMXEX S QEVI MR4YIR' EWYTVE QEM
QYPXSV WGVMMXSVM MYHIM HI PMQF KVIEG: E JSWX GY TVIGHIVI XI\XYP HI VIJIVMR'
EP PYM *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME, PE RGITYXYP IVIM RSEWXVI. %GIWX WEZERX, GVIHMRGMSW
XVEHM'MIM WXVQS#MPSV WM #M, HISTSXVMZ, LVRMX HMR 3PSWS3E KVIEG, E GMXMX 8SVE R
ZIVWMYRIE GIPSV "ETXIÎGM, TR R GIPI QEM QVYRXI HIXEPMM EPI VIHEGXVMM
EGIWXIME; HMR IE #M-E I\XVEW EVKYQIRXIPI FSKEXIPSV PYM GSRXVMFY'MM 3PSWS3GI #M
VIPMKMSEWI.
6SPYP 7ITXYEKMRXIM E JSWX LSXVXSV QEM GY WIEQ R JSVQEVIE TVMQIM
PMXIVEXYVM GVI#XMRI. RGITRH GY WGVMIVMPI GI ZSV 3 VIYRMXI WYF RYQIPI HI 2SYP
8IWXEQIRX, VIHEGXEXI R KVIGI#XI, GMXEXIPI HMR TVMQYP 8IWXEQIRX WYRX EMGM
VIHEXI HYT KVIEGE 7ITXYEKMRXIM, YRISVM WYF S JSVQ VIZM^YMX, QEM ETVSTMEX
HI IFVEMG.
1EVMPI E3VQE'MM XISPSKMGI GY TVMZMVI PE (YQRIÎYP YRMG, PE 'YZRXYP
(:IVFYP, 0SKSW-YP) #M PE (YLYP WY (TRIYQE), PE QRXYMVIE EHYW RIEQYVMPSV #M
PE GSRWXMXYMVIE YRIM &MWIVMGM YRMZIVWEPI WI FM^YMI TI JSVQYPI HMR 7ITXYEKMRXE.
8SX IE PI-E JYVRMÊX TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM PMQFE PSV VIPMKMSEW, GLMEV HEG WIRWYP
GYZMRXIPSV IWXI HI EGYQ HIXYVREX HI GSRZMRKIVIE PSV G TVIZIWXMVMPI
QIWMERMGI EY JSWX QTPMRMXI TVMR ZIRMVIE PYM -MWYW #M G RZMIVIE PYM PI H XYXYVSV
WTIVER'E YRIM ZMI'M HI ETSM. 9RMXEXIE GIPSV HSY 8IWXEQIRXI WI VIEPMÎE^
E#EHEV TVMR YRMXEXIE HI PMQF. 'STME 7ITXYEKMRXIM #M E 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX TI YR
EGIPE#M QERYWGVMW HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE KVIGIWGYP 'SHI\ :EXMGERYW 1209
HSZIHI#XI PMQTIHI EGIEWX GSRXMRYMXEXI. %#E EVXE &MFPME &MWIVMGMPSV ZIGLM R
6WVMX, GYQ HI EPXQMRXIVM WI QEM TWXVIE^ #M EWX^M R &MWIVMGMPI HI VMX KVIG.
R HIGYVWYP TVMQIPSV TEXVY ZIEGYVM, 4VMR'MM KVIGM, JSRHEXSVMM HSGXVMRIPSV
#M EM IZPEZMIM GVI#XMRI, RY EY GYRSWGYX EPX WYVW FMFPMG HIGX 7ITXYEKMRXE. R
XI\XYP EGIWXIME #M-EY KWMX HSZI^MPI (XIWXMQSRME) #M YRIPI HMRXVI JSVQYPVM
TIRXVY PYGVVMPI PSV HI HIQSRWXVEVI E EHIZVYPYM IZERKLIPMG, GE #M TIRXVY
IWIYVMPI PSV XISPSKMGI WEY TVIHMGE'ME PSV. 'IM QEM WEZER'M HMRXVI IM, GE 3VMKIR #M
GSRXMRYEXSVMM PYM, EY WXYHMEX EGIWX XI\X GY QEVI GSR#XMMRGMS^MXEXI, GY EHRG
VIWTIGX TIRXVY GVIHMR'E ZIGLMPSV IZVIM, GLMEV HEG S WSGSXIEY HSEV S WMQTP
TVIKXMVI E GVIHMR'IM GVI#XMRI.
'SQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI EY EHSTXEX MRXIKVEP VYKGMYRIE IZVIMEWG, YXMPM-
^RH ZIVWMYRIE KVIEG E TWEPQMPSV R PMXYVKLME WVFXSVMPSV. %WGI'MM, QEVXMVMM #M
QSRELMM #M-EY RWY#MX HMR 7ITXYEKMRXE I\TVIWMMPI GEVI VIHEY HMEPSKYP
TEXVMEVLMPSV #M W3R'MPSV HMR :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX GY (YQRIÎYP PSV.
R %TYW, GIP QEM RWIQREX HMRXVI 4VMR'MM PEXMRM, %YKYWXMR, ZE PYGVE GLMEV
PE S ZIVWMYRI PEXMR E 7ITXYEKMRXIM. -EV EXYRGM GRH -IVSRMQ, HIWGSTIVMRH
HMZIVKIR'IPI HMRXVI EGIEWX ZIVWMYRI #M XI\XYP IFVEMG, ZE TVSTYRI S RSY
XVEHYGIVI HMR PMQFE HI SVMKMRI R GEVI, WTYRI IP, WX EHIZVYP ZE GSRXMRYE
W R'IPIEK WIRWYP WTMVMXYEP EP TVSJI'MMPSV E#E GYQ P-E RZ'EX XVEHM'ME W S
JEG, EHMG HYT 7ITXYEKMRXE.
)ZYP 1IHMY SGGMHIRXEP ZE EHSTXE RGIXYP GY RGIXYP ZYPKEXE PYM -IVSRMQ,
RW 4WEPXMVIE &MWIVMGMM ZE VQRI GIE GEVI JYWIWI XVEHYW, REMRXI HI -IVSRMQ,
HYT 7ITXYEKMRXE. "XMY SEVI GVI#XMRMM HI EWX^M G, HMRGSPS HI PEXMR, HEXSVIE^
GYZMRXIPI VYKGMYRMPSV PSV YRYM XVEHYGXSV IZVIY XVMXSV PE %PI\ERHVME REMRXIE
IVIM GVI#XMRI#
1EVKYIVMXI ,EVP, 'IVMPI (SKRMI^ %2)<) P7GVMWSEVIE PYM %VMWXIY RXV-S
WGVMWSEVI EHVIWEX TVMIXIRYPYM WY *MPSGVEX, %VMWXIY TSZIWXI#XI EWXJIP SVMKMRIE
XVEHYGIVMM KVIGI#XM E &MFPMIM IFVEMGI: PE GIVIVIE VIKIPYM 4XSPIQIY, (IQIXVMSW
HMR *EPIVSR LSXV#XI W EHYRI R QYÎYP HMR %PI\ERHVME XSEXI GV'MPI HMR
PYQI. BSRWXEXRH G FMFPMSXIGE RY HI'MRIE RMGM S GSTMI E 0IKMM IZVIMPSV, VIKIPI
I\TIHME^ 0 WGVMWSEVI QEVIPYM TVISX )PIEÊV HMR -IVYWEPMQ, VYKRHY-P W-P
XVMQMX R )KMTX '1XI #EWI TVIS'M HMR 3IGEVI WIQMR'MI, GYRSWGXSVM EM
EPJEFIXYPYM IFVEMG #M KVIG, 4IRXVY IJIGXYEVIE YRIM XVEHYGIVM. %NYR#M PE
%PI\ERHVME, GIM #ETXIÎGM #M HSM HI EHYGXSVM (HI YRHI #M RYQIPI HI
7ITXYEKMRXE), GEVI JYWIWIV MRZMXE'M PE YR sW4EX, WYRX MRWXEPE'M TI TPENE YRIM
MRWYPI #M, PE GETXYP E #ETXIÎGM #M HSY HI ^MPI, ."M TVIHEY PYGVEVIE.
%GIEWX TSZIWXMVI PIKIRHEV, KEVRMWMX GY RYQIVSEWI EQRYRXI HIWTVI
8IQTPYP HMR -IVYWEPMQ, HIWTVI ZI#QMRXIPI QEVIPYM TVISX WEY HIWTVI RXVIFVMPI
TYWI XVEHYGXSVMPSV HI GXVI VIKI, E JSWX #M QEM RJVYQYWI'EX HI-E PYRKYP
ZIEGYVMPSV: TSXVMZMX PYM *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME, XVEHYGXSVMM EV 3 ENYRW PE S
XVEHYGIVI YRMG, HI TEVG EV 3 JSWX JGYX HYT HMGXEVIE YRYM WY4ISV
RIZ^YX. 9R EYXSV ERSRMQ HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE IZSG, PE VRHYP WY, #ETXIÎGM
#M HSY HI GLMPMM, WMXYEXI RY HITEVXI HI GEVXMIVYP *EVYPYM, YRHI GVXYVEVMM W-EV 3
E4EX M^SPE'M YRMM HI EP'MM, R XMQT GI QVXYVME PYM )TMJERMI GSRWIQRIE^ XVIMÎGM
#M #EWI HI GWY'I R GEVI, HMR ^SVM #M TR-R RSETXI, ^ZSV'M GY GLIME,
XVEHYGXSVMM EV 3 XPQGMX, HSM GXI HSM, XSEXI GV'MPI MYHEMGI.
7GVMWSEVIE PYM %VMWXIY, HSGYQIRX 3GXMZ WGVMW RXVI ERMM 20 . ,V. "M 50 H.
,V., XVIFYMI, FMRIR'IPIW, PYEX GYQKVERS WEPMW R EREGVSRMWQIPI #M JSRHYP IM HI
EHIZV, R VIEPMXEXI, STIVE HI TVSTEKERH E JEPWM3GEXSVYPYM RY EZIE HVITX VSP
HSEV HI E WIQREPE KVIGMPSV WYTIVMSVMXEXIE VIPMKMIM #M E 0IKMM IZVIMI#XM, GM HI E
ETVE 7ITXYEKMRXE EPI\ERHVMR QTSXVMZE EXEGYVMPSV #M XIRXEXMZIPSV HI VIZM^YMVI
HMR TEVXIE EPXSV IZVIM VQE#M R -YHIIE WEY E#IÊ'M R EPXI VIKMYRM EPI
)KMTXYPYM.
2. 7ITXYEKMRXE #M QERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 5YQVER 'YQ WI JEGI G
QERYWGVMWIPI HIWGSTIVMXI RGITRH HMR 1947 PE 5YQVER EY JGYX W
TVSKVIWIÎ R GLMT VIQEVGEFMP GIVGIXVMPI EWYTVE 7ITXYEKMRXIM#
R GSQTEVE'MI GY XI\XIPI IFVEMGI WEY EVEQEMGI, JVEKQIRXIPI KVIGI#XM
KWMXI R HI#IVXYP PYM -YHE WYRX TY'MR RYQIVSEWI (GIPI HMR KVSXE 4 HI PE
5YQVER VITVI^MRX 4IRXEXIYLYP #M WYPYP 2E,EP ,IZIV WEY GIM (SMWTVIÎGI
TVSJI'M QMGM). 7YRX XSXY#M QVXYVMM TVI'MSEWI, RXVYGX ZIGLMQIE PSV S
HIT#I#XI TI GIE E QEVMPSV QERYWGVMWI GEVI RI-EY TWXVEX 7ITXYEKMRXE. 1EM
GY WIEQ HIWGSTIVMVIE WYPYPYM HI TMIPI EP GIPSV (SHIOETVSTLIXSR RI-E
VIZSPY'MSREX R'IPIKIVIE GY TVMZMVI PE MWXSVME 7ITXYEKMRXIM: (. &EVXLIPIQ] E
EVXEX G WI E4E EGSPS RY S EPX XVEHYGIVI, GM S VIZM^YMVI IZVIMEWG, ERXIVMSEV
PYM %UYMPE #M STIVEX R GEHVYP MYHEMWQYPYM TEPIWXMRMER, TIRXVY EPMRMIVIE ZIGLMM
IPMRI PE IFVEMG. 'IVGIXXSVYP TYRIE EWXJIP GETX XIÎM HIWTVI QYPXMTPMGMXEXIE
MRM'MEP E ZIVWMYRMPSV KVIGI#XM #M GSR3VQE JETXYP G VWTRHMVIE 7ITXYEKMRXIM
RY JYWIWI I\GPYWMZ GVI#XMR. 4I PRK EGIEWXE, JSEVXI RYQIVSEWIPI JVEKQIRXI
IFVEMGI HIWGSTIVMXI PE 5YQVER RY EY RWIQREX HSEV S GSRXVMFY'MI LSXVXSEVI
TIRXVY WXYHMYP XI\XYPYM IFVEMG, GYRSWGYX TR EXYRGM HMR QERYWGVMWI HEXRH
HMR )ZYP 1IHMY. 6IZIPRH 4YMHMXEXIE XI\XYPYM &MFPMIM IFVEMGI #M TIVQM'RH
ETVSTMIVM GY SVMKMREPYP IFVEMG EP 7ITXYEKMRXIM, EGIWXI QERYWGVMWI EY QSHM3GEX
VEHMGEP TIVWTIGXMZE GEVI GMVGYPEWI EWYTVE ZIVWMYRMM IKMTXIRI: MHIRXMXEXIE RXVI
ERYQMXI JVEKQIRXI IFVEMGI HI PE 5YQVER #M XI\XYP 7ITXYEKMRXIM HSZIHIE G
HMJIVIR'IPI HMRXVI KVIEG #M IFVEMGE QEWSVI'MPSV, TPYWYVMPI #M QMRYWYVMPI, RY
QEM TYXIEY 3 TYWI WMWXIQEXMG TI WIEQE PMFIVX'MM WEY MRGSQTIXIR'IM
XVEHYGXSVYPYM. +VIEGE HIZIRIE HI EXYRGM YR QEVXSV 3EFMP EP XI\XYPYM FMFPMG,
E#E GYQ GMVGYPEWI WYF JSVQI HMZIVWI, REMRXI HI E 3 GSVIGXEX #M WXERHEVHMÊX
HI WGVMFM, RXVI EPXI HSGYQIRXI RIFMFPMGI HI PE 5YQVER, YRIPI WGVMIVM IWIRMIRI
WEY GSQIRXEVMM (TI#EVMQ) FMFPMGI VMHMG YRISVM TVSFPIQI WMQMPEVI GIPSV TI GEVI
PI TYRI 7ITXYEKMRXE, HI I\IQTPY GY TVMZMVI PE I\TVIWME WTIGM3G E TMIX'MM
IZVIMI#XM WEY PE XIRHMR'E EGGIRXYEX HI EHYGIVI PE ^M E MRXIVTVIXVMM XI\XYPYM
WJRX.
'VI#XMRMM #M 7ITXYEKMRXE 'Y XVIM WIGSPI REMRXI HI TVSTSZHYMVIE PYM -MWYW
2EÊVMRIERYP, MYHEMWQYP E HIWGLMW PYQMM &MFPME, XVEHYGRH 8SVE R KVIGI#XI.
4VSGIHE EWXJIP TI HSW JE' HI GIPIPEPXI VIPMKMM, GEVI RY RKHYMI PIGXYVE
7GVMTXYVMPSV PSV W3RXI HIGX R PMQFE HI SVMKMRI. 4IRXVY GVI#XMRMWQ, I\MWXIR'E
EGIWXIM XVEHYGIVM KVIGI#XM E JSWX HIGMWMZ.
7YF TVIWMYRIE (JSEVXI TVSFEFMP) E TYXIVMM TSPMXMGI PEKMHI, GEVI-#M EZIE
TVSTVMMPI QSXMZE'MM, S TEVXI JSEVXI RWIQREX E HMEWTSVIM IZVIMI#XM E YÊX HI S
&MFPMI R PMQFE IPMR, JV GE TYXIVIE GIRXVEP E 8IQTPYPYM W-P TSEX WXE
GYQZE QTSXVMZ. 8VEHYGIVMPI KVIGI#XM HMR PYGVVMPI FMFPMGI EY JSWX IJIGXYEXI PE
%PI\ERHVME, HYT XI\XI IFVEMGI GEVI WI HISWIFIEY QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR HI
GIP GEVI EZIE W 3I XVITXEX WXERHEVHMÊX #M GERSRMÊX HI GXVI MYHEMWQYP
TEPIWXMRMER. 1EM XV^MY, HI RHEX GI WI S3GMEPMÎE^ S JSVQ E XI\XYPYM IFVEMG
GIIE GI ZE HIZIRM XI\XYP QEWSVIXMG MYHEMWQYP HSVI#XI, PYGVY HI R'IPIW, W
VIQIHMIÎ EFEXIVMPI GEVI I\MWXEY RXVI XI\XYP WY #M XVEHYGIVIE EPI\ERHVMR.
4VMR YVQEVI, RG HI PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM - EP IVIM GVI#XMRI, R 4EPIWXMRE,
XI\XYP WITXYEKMRXMG EP GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI TVSJI'M QMGM IWXI GSVIGXEX HYT
EGIWX XI\X IFVEMG WXERHEVH #M, S HEX GY IP, WYRX VIZ^YXI #M EPXIPI: EGIEWXE
IWXI ZIVWMYRIE PYM 8LISHSXMSR. R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, STIVE'ME HI VIZM^YMVI WI
RHVIETX GLMEV WTVI VIXVEHYGIVM: GIE E PYM %UYMPE IWXI YRE WPYKEVRMG PMXIVEP, R
XMQT GI 7]QQEGLYW SJIV S I\TVIWMI PMXIVEV #M HITSXVMZ 3HIP XI\XYPYM
IFVEMG VIGITX.
7 3Q GPEVM: GIIE GI IWXI IWIR'MEP TIRXVY 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, QEM ETSM
TIRXVY 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM, RY WX WEY WX I\XVIQ HI TY'MR R EGIWXI EFEXIVM
EPI XVEHYGIVMM JGYXI PE %PI\ERHVME. -QTSVXERX IWXI I\MWXIR'E RW#M E YRIM
XVEHYGIVM E &MFPMIM R KVIEG, PMQF HI GSQYRMGEVI E RXVIKYPYM &E^MR
VWVMXIER EP 1IHMXIVERIM; 7ITXYEKMRXE TIVQMXI VWTRHMVIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM
TVMR RJ'M#EVIE 7GVMTXYVMM R JE'E RIGMVGYQGM#MPSV GYPXMZE'M, E XYXYVSV GIPSV GEVI
GMXIWG WEY QGEV R'IPIK PMQFE KVIEG. )WIR'MEP QEM IWXI, R EGIPE#M XMQT,
I\MWXIR'E YRYM ZSGEFYPEV KVIG EWXJIP #PIJYMX, RGX W 4SEX I\TVMQE GVIHMR'E
IZVIMEWG.
9R G#XMK GVYGMEP TIRXVY GVI#XMRM: ZSGEFYPEVYP 7ITXYEKMRXIM 7ITXYEKMRXE
SJIV &MWIVMGMPSV YR GQT PI\MGEP IPEFSVEX, YR ERWEQFPY WXVYGXYVEX HI
GSRGITXI, GEVI ZE NYGE VSPYP WY TR #M R GE^YP :YPKEXIM, XVEHYGIVIE PEXMR
GLIQEX W HIZMR XI\XYP S3GMEP EP &MWIVMGMM HI %TYW. &SK'ME YRYM XIVQIR
IFVEMG TSEXI EWXJIP XVIGI R IGLMZEPIRXYP KVIG EPIW: GYZRXYP OEZSH,
KVIYXEXI, MQTSVXER', WXVPYGMVI, IWXI VIHEX TVMR XIVQIRYP HS\E,
ETEVIR', TVIVI ?FYRA, TVIWXMKMY, HMR GEVI JEGI YR GYZRX GE #M RSY,
HIWIQRRH EHIWIE TI (YQRIÎY #M PYGVEVIE PYM: WPEZ PYM (YQRIÎY..
9RISVM XVEHYGIVIE HYGI, MRZIVW, PE S R'IPIKIVI RSY E XIVQIRYPYM IFVEMG.
'YZRXYP XSVEL, MRWXVYG'MI, RZ'QRX, RY IWXI XVEHYW TVMR IGLMZEPIRXYP
WY KVIG HMHEGLI, GM TVMR RSQSW, PIKI, TVIWGVMT'MI; EWTIGXYP PIKEPMWX EP
ZMI'MM R PIKQRX IWXI EWXJIP EGGIRXYEX GYQ IWXI, HI EPXQMRXIVM #M R XVEHM'ME
R'IPIT'MPSV, E VEFMRMPSV. 8IVQIRMM KVIGI#XM GLVMIMR, E YRKI, E QMVYM #M
GLVMWXSW, YRW, QMVYMX, VIHEY HI SFMGIM GYZMRXIPI EZRH VHGMRE QGLL; HI
HSYÎGM HI WIGSPI RGSEGI, MR4YIR'E PSV IWXI ETVIGMEFMP: WI ZSVFI#XI HI
,VMWXSW, HI GVI#XMRM. )WXI MRXIVIWERX W TVMZMQ 4WEPQYP 4 (45), 9 (8I-E YRW
TI 8MRI (YQRIÎYP 8Y) #M W 61,1 ((YLYP (SQRYPYM IWXI TIWXI 1MRI, G
(SQRYP 1-E YRW), GGM EGIWXI XI\XI WYRX MQTSVXERXI TIRXVY LVMWXSPSKME
RISXIWXEQIRXEV, HYT GYQ S HSZIHI#XI GMXEVIE PSV R 0YGE 4, 18 #M R
)TMWXSPE GXVI )ZVIM 1, 9. *ETXYP G ZIVWMYRIE IPMR E PYM %UYMPE YXMPMÎE^, R
EGIWXI HSY GE^YVM, VHGMRE KVIEG EPIMTLIMR, E YRKI (HI YRHI TVSZMRI
IPIMQQIRSW, YRW), HIRSX G XVEHYGXSVYP MYHIY HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE EP IVIM
RSEWXVI E SGSPMX YR ZSGEFYPEV HIZIRMX GEVEGXIVMWXMG GVI#XMRMPSV. (EV EGI#XME HMR
YVQ W-EV 3 TYXYX TVIE FMRI EGSQSHE GY S &MFPMI KVIEG R GEVI EV 3 JSWX
JSPSWMX XIVQIRYP HI EPIMTLIMR: ZSGEFYPEVYP PI-EV 3 JSWX EXYRGM EPXYP (W-EV 3
ZSVFMX HI -MWYW )PIMQIRYP!), MEV RY GVIHMR'E; #M %UYMPE EV 3 JSWX GIP GI P-EV 3
MRXVSHYW TI GLVMIMR.
R RWY#MVIE 7GVMTXYVMM HI GXVI GVI#XMRM, XIVQIRYP OYVMSW, WXTR,
HSQR, NSEG YR VSP HI JVYRXI. 2IQEM3MRH VSWXMX HIGX GIP QYPX R
QTVINYVVM I\GIT'MSREPI, XIXVEKVEQE HMZMR =,;, IWXI RPSGYMX R PIGXYV GY
XIVQIRYP IFVEMG EHSREM, XVEHYW IP RWY#M TVMR OYVMSW R 7ITXYEKMRXE, GEVI
RXVIFYMR'IE^ EHIWISVM EGIEWX ZSGEFYP JV EVXMGSP, EWIQIRIE YRYM RYQI
TVSTVMY. %GIEWXE TIVQMXI KIRIVE'MIM ETSWXSPMGI W-P ETPMGI PYM ,VMWXSW XI\XYP HMR
-WEME 40, 3, GEVI R IFVEMG P QIR'MSRIE^ TI =,;,: +PEWYP GIPYM GI WXVMK R
TYWXMI: +XM'M GEPIE (SQRYPYM (1G 1, 3). 4VSGIHIYP EGIWXE HIZMRI JSEVXI Y^YEP
PE 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM. 8IXVEKVEQE QEM IWXI YRISVM VIHEX TVMR LS XLISW,
(YQRIÎY. 4I 73R'MM 4VMR'M RY-P HIVERNIE^ RW: R HYEPMXEXIE
HIRSQMRE'MMPSV HMZMRI, IM ZH HIWIQREVIE 8EXPYM (LS XLISW) #M E *MYPYM
(OYVMSW). )\IQTPYP GIP QEM JEMQSW #M GY S RGVGXYV LVMWXSPSKMG WYFWXER'MEP
P VITVI^MRX JSPSWMVIE 4WEPQYPYM 109 (10). %GIWXE RGITI EWXJIP R IFVEMG:
TVSVSGMVIE PYM =,;, HSQRYPYM QIY EHMG VIKIPYM -IVYWEPMQYPYM, PE
RWGYREVI). 7ITXYEKMRXE XVEHYGI: >MW-E (SQRYP (SQRYPYM QIY.. 'MXMRH
EGIWX TWEPQ R EGIEWX ZIVWMYRI (0I 20, 42), -MWYW PEW E WI R'IPIKI G VIKIPI
QIWMERMG TEVXMGMT PE QTV'MVIE PYM (YQRIÎY.
1EM XV^MY, 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM ZSV VIPYE GSTMSW LVMWXSPSKME EWXJIP HIWTVMRW
HMR ZIVWMYRIE EPI\ERHVMR E 4WEPQYPYM 109 (10). 7 VIQEVGQ XSXY#M G RY
EGIEWXE HMR YVQ WI E4 PE SVMKMRIE EGIWXYM WEPX HIGMWMZ, GGM R PIGXYVE #M R
VIGMXEVIE TWEPQYPYM IFVEMG, MYHIMM HMR 4EPIWXMRE P RPSGYMEY TI =,;, GY
EHSREM, HSQRYP. "M EGIPE#M JIRSQIR I\MWXE R PMQFE EVEQEMG.
(I#M HI QEVI MQTSVXER', RY ZSGEFYPEVYP 7ITXYEKMRXIM E JGYX TSWMFMP
GVI#XMRMWQYP. 6I4IG'ME XISPSKMG E EGIWXYME #M VWTRHMVIE PIGXYVMM WEPI
WGVMTXYVMWXMGI W-EV 3 TYXYX VIEPMÊ PE JIP HI FMRI #M GY EPXI ST'MYRM PI\MGEPI.
(SY MRXIVTVIXVM HMJIVMXI 8SVE SVEP, TVMQMX HI 1SMWI TI 7MREM, ETSM
XVERWQMW HI XVEHM'MI, EVI GE VSP EGXYEPMÊVIE 8SVIM WGVMWI (0IKIE) R JYRG'MI HI
VIEPMX'MPI WGLMQFXSEVI EPI I\MWXIR'IM. 3V IZSPY'ME 8SVIM SVEPI HITMRHI
RHIETVSETI HI I\IKIÊ XI\XYPYM FMFPMG. 4IRXVY E I\TVMQE EHIZVYP EWGYRW R
EGIWXE HMR YVQ, I\IKIÊ WI WYTYRI YRSV VIKYPM LIVQIRIYXMGI GSHM3GEXI
XVITXEX HI VEFMRM: GIPI #ETXI VIKYPM EPI PYM ,MPIP (WIGSPYP - REMRXI HI IVE
GVI#XMR), GIPI XVIMWTVIÎGI VIKYPM EPI VEFMRYPYM -WQEIP (GXVI 10-P30), ETSM GIPI
XVIMÎGM #M HSY HI VIKYPM EPI VEFMRYPYM )PMIÎV FIR -SWI LE-+LIPMPM. ) HIWXYP W
VI'MRIQ EMGM YR WMRKYV EWTIGX HI TVMQ SVHMR: VIEPMÊVIE EGIWXIM I\IKIÎ
RIGIWMX XI\XYP IFVEMG; S XVEHYGIVI, GY EXX QEM QYPX YRE RXV-S PMQF
RIWIQMXMG, RY WPYNI#XI GY RMGM YR GLMT EGIWXIM RXVITVMRHIVM.
0E JIP HI QMRY'MSEW #M HI WYFXMP, I\IKIÊ ZIVWMYRMM KVIGI#XM RY
STIVIE^ R EGIPE#M QSH. 2WGYX PE %PI\ERHVME, IE QTVYQYX HI PE 3PSPSKMM
#M 3PSWS3M GEVI M MRXIVTVIXIE^ TI ,SQIV #M ,IWMSH FMFPMMPI PYQMM IPIRMWXMGI
R'IPIKRH, PE VRHYP IM, EPXGIZE HIGX I\TVMQ XI\XYP R GPEV, RIRGMJVEX.
'YXEVIE WIRWYPYM EWGYRW YVQIE^ RW S GY XSXYP EPX GEPI: EGIEWXE, R
WIGSPYP - EP IVIM GVI#XMRI, GETX RYQIPI HI EPIKSVMI. %XYRGM, TIRXVY E
TVIÎRXE S I\TPMGE'MI KPSFEP #M YRM3GEX E 0IKMM PYM 1SMWI R ZIVWMYRIE
7ITXYEKMRXIM, MYHIYP *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME (TVMQE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM -) ETPMG
TVSGIHIIPI EPIKSVM^VMM, WPYNMRHY-WI EWXJIP HI YRIPXI I\XVIQ HI HMJIVMXI HI GIPI
EPI VEFMRMPSV. (SY WIGSPI QEM XV^MY, GVI#XMRYP 3VMKIR VIME EGIPIE#M
MRWXVYQIRXI; GIIE GI P HISWIFI#XI HI *MPSR IWXI ZM^MFMPE WE MRXIVTVIXEVI E
XI\XYPYM 7ITXYEKMRXIM R PYQMRE PYM ,VMWXSW. 8SXY#M, HMWXER'E LIVQIRIYXMG IWXI
QEM QEVI, MEV TVTEWXME QEM EHRG RXVI *MPSR #M VEFMRM HIGX RXVI 3VMKIR #M
*MPSR. )PI TVSZMR HMR PMQFE #M GSRXI\XYP GYPXYVEP R GEVI IWXI GMXMX 7ITXYEKMRXE
#M RY HMR EFEXIVMM# %GIWXIME JE' HI XI\XYP IFVEMG VIGITX (WYVW).
*IGMSEVE ZE RE#XI
%#E GYQ WI VI4IGX R (MEPSKYP GY 8VMJSR, VIHEGXEX HI -YWXMR GXVI ERMM
150-P60, GVMXMGE VEFMRMPSV ZMÎE^ R TEVXI GSR'MRYXYP &MFPMIM (KVIGI#XM) YXMPMÊXI
HI GVI#XMRM. (IHYGIQ EHIWISVM HI EMGM G EFEXIVMPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM JE' HI XI\XYP
IFVEMG VIGITX EY RPIWRMX HMR FIP#YK EZRXYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. R VIEPMXEXI, EGIWXI
EFEXIVM RY EY EHYW EXXE JSPSW &MWIVMGMM ZIGLM TI GX WI GVIHI, R 2SYP
8IWXEQIRX, GE #M PE 73R'MM 4VMR'M, GIP QEM FYR I\IQTPY HI EWIQIRIE EFEXIVI
IWXI FMRI GYRSWGYX: RXVIFYMR'EVIE GYZRXYPYM KVIG TEVXLIRSW, JIGMSEV, R W
7, 14 (7ITXYEKMRXE), GEVI ZE 3 VIPYEX GY S MRXIR'MI XISPSKMG JSEVXI TYXIVRMG
HI )ZERKLIPMMPI QEXIMR #M PYGERMER EPI GSTMPVMIM. (MRXV-S HEX, VEFMRMM HI
PMQF KVIEG ZSV YXMPMÊ R WIGSPYP EP --PIE XIVQIRYP RIERMW, XRV JEX,
TIRXVY E GSRXVE^MGI JETXYP G RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW HMRXV-S JIGMSEV EV 3 JSWX
TVIZIWXMX HI XI\XYP TVSJIXMG. 0IGXYVE (MEPSKYPYM PYM -YWXMR EXIWX G XIVQIRYP
EPIW WTVI E XVEHYGI XI\XYP IFVEMG RY EVI RMQMG HMRXV-S WMQTP GLIWXMYRI HI
HIXEPMY TIRXVY MYHIM, GYQ RY EVI RMGM TIRXVY GVI#XMRM!
4VIGHIVI TI WITXYEKMRXMGYP %QSW 9, P-P2 (HEV RY JV E WI RHITVXE HI
IP!), GGM EGIWXE ZIWXI#XI YRMZIVWEPMWQYP QRXYMVMM, RHITVXRH E#EHEV
TIVWTIGXMZE QEM RE'MSREPMWX GEVI I\MWX R XI\XYP IFVEMG. 2I ZSQ JIVM XSXY#M W
RI RGLMTYMQ G, JV EGIWX ZIVWIX HMR &MFPME IPMR, GSQYRMXEXIE R-EV 3 TYXYX
STIVE EGIEWX QYXE'MI. %Q TYXIE PE JIP HI FMRI W RY HMWTYRIQ HIPSG HI
GMXEXI! (YT EYXSVYP )TMWXSPIM GXVI )JIWIRM, 7GVMTXYVE XVIGI WYF XGIVI
&MWIVMGE R GEPMXEXIE IM HI XVYT EP PYM ,VMWXSW VIYRMRH MYHIM #M RIXME'M QTVINYV;
TIRXVY E I\TVMQE EGIEWX VIEPMXEXI HIVYXERX #M MQTVIZM^MFMP E TPERYPYM PYM
(YQRIÎY, GRH RMGM QGEV RY IWXI TVSVSGMX HI 7GVMTXYVM, )J 3, 3-6 VIGYVKI
TVMR YVQEVI PE GEXIKSVME XEMRIM, QTVYQYXEX HMR (R 2. 'VIHMR'E R RZMIVIE
QSV'MPSV, WYFPMRMEX R 7ITXYEKMRXE, IWXI HIWMKYV IWIR'MEP TIRXVY GVI#XMRM (GE
#M TIRXVY VEFMRM!). R *% 2, 25-31, 4IXVY EVKYQIRXIE^ PYRHY-#M GE TYRGX HI
TPIGEVI 4WEPQYP 15 (16), 8-P HYT 7ITXYEKMRXE. 7 VIQEVGQ XSXY#M G
EPYRIGEVIE HI WIRW GEVI JEGI XVIGIVIE HI PE KVSET (XI\XYP IFVEMG) PE
WXVMGGMYRI IWXI VIPYEX HI XVEHYGIVMPI PYM %UYMPE #M 8LISHSXMSR. RXV-YR QSH
QEM KIRIVEP, XVIFYMI EQMRXMX EGIWX EWTIGX HISWIFMX HI MQTSVXERX: R
GVI#XMRMWQYP TVMQMXMZ, GE #M R MYHEMWQ, GMXEXYP WGVMTXYVMWXMG ZMRI RXSXHIEYRE W
MPYWXVIÎ S GVIHMR' WEY S TVEGXMG SF#XIEWG, HEV IP RY PI MRWXMXYMI RMGMSHEX;
IP PI YVQIE^ HI 3IGEVI HEX.
'I ZIVWMYRM EPI &MFPMIM GMXIE^ 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX IWXI
VIHEGXEX R KVIGI#XI. (EG R GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI GMXIE^ :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX
HYT 7ITXYEKMRXE, RY JEGI XSXY#M HMR EGIEWXE S TVEGXMG I\GPYWMZ. 7 PYQ
EQMRXI PE GIPI HSY )TMWXSPI GXVI 'SVMRXIRM. 4EZIP GMXIE^ EMGM R QSH I\TPMGMX
WGVMTXYVE HI HSYÎGM #M TEXVY HI SVM, GIP QEM HIW HYT &MFPME HI PE %PI\ERHVME.
1EM VEV GMXIE^ XI\XYP IFVEMG, YRISVM EHETXIE^ #M SGE^MSREP JSPSWI#XI S
XVEHYGIVI GEVI M TVI3KYVIE^ TI %UYMPE #M TI 8LISHSXMSR.
1IVMX W I\EQMRQ QSHYP R GEVI -WEME 42, P-4 IWXI GMXEX HI 1EXIM (GIP
QEM PYRK GMXEX WGVMTXYVMWXMG HMR )ZERKLIPME RXM): 1EXIM 12, 18-20 EQIWXIG
XI\XYP IFVEMG VIGITX GY GIP EP 7ITXYEKMRXIM. 9VQEVIE ZIVWIXYPYM 1 E-F R
IFVEMG M RKHYMI W RPXYVI MRXIVTVIXEVIE KIRIVMG E 3KYVMM 7PYNMXSVYPYM
(7PYKMM) #M W-P ETPMGI PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW TVSJI'ME. R WGLMQF, TIRXVY ZIVWIXYP 4 G,
IP YVQIE^ 7ITXYEKMRXE, R ZMVXYXIE YRMZIVWEPMWQYPYM IM. 'X TVMZI#XI GYZRXYP
MYFMXYP (1X 12, 18 F), IP RY TVSZMRI RMGM HMR IFVEMG, RMGM HMR IPMR, GM HI PE
KPEWYP GIP HMR GIVYVM, PE ZVIQIE FSXI^YPYM PYM -MWYW (1X 3, 17).
'MXEXYP HMR -WEME 42, P-4 E JGYX E#EHEV SFMIGXYP YRIM QYRGM I\IKIXMGI
MRXIRWI, GEVI W I\TPSEXIÎ GX QEM FMRI HMZIVWIPI ZIVWMYRM. 'RH W-E WMQ'MX
RIZSME, 1EXIM E EPIW IFVEMGE. )WXI #M GE^YP PYM 1EXIM 2, 15, YRHI JYKE R )KMTX
QTPMRI#XI GYZRXYP TVSJIXMG (MR )KMTX EQ GLIQEX TI 3YP 1IY (3W 1,1).
7ITXYEKMRXE RY IWXI EMGM HI RMGM YR JSPSW, RXVYGX MRXIVTVIXIE^ EGIWX HMR
YVQ XIVQIR RXV-YR WIRW GSPIGXMZ: . %Q GLIQEX TI GSTMMM PYM. R JE'E
WMRSHYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, (*% 15, 16-P7), -EGSZ GMXIE^ GY &MFPME 4VMR'MPSV
&MWIVMGMM R PYQIE KVIEG, 7ITXYEKMRXE IWXI &MFPME GMXMX R PMXYVKLMI #M
GSQIRXEX HI 4VMR'M. R %TYW, EXYRGM GRH KVIEGE IWXI EFERHSREX R
JEZSEVIE PEXMRIM, WI XVEHYGI 7ITXYEKMRXE. %FME GXVI 40 #M RGITI -IVSRMQ,
HI'MRXSV EP ZIVMXEW LIFVEMGE, XVEHYGIVIE PYM PEXMR HYT XI\XYP IFVEMG VIGITX -
GLMEV HEG MRGPYHI RYQIVSEWI HIYXIVSGERSRMGI R PMQFE KVIEG, TVIGYQ #M
ERYQMXI TEVXMGYPEVMX'M EPI 7ITXYEKMRXIM, GYQ EV 3 JIGMSEVE HMR -WEME 7,14.
1EM XV^MY, EGIEWX :YPKEXE HIZMRI RSVQEXMZ TIRXVY &MWIVMGE HI %TYW.
7ITXYEKMRXE IWXI HIGM &MFPME &MWIVMGMM HI RGITYX. 8SXY#M, EGIEWX E3VQE'MI
KIRIVEP W-EV GYZIRM RYER'EX. 'Y XMXPY HI I\IQTPY, MEX HSY WMXYE'MM WTIGMEPI
GEVI WI RXPRIWG PE -YWXMR R NYVYP ERYPYM 160.
%XYRGM GRH EGIWXE PI VITVS#IE^ RZ'XSVMPSV IZVIM G EY XVYRGLMEX
7GVMTXYVMPI, RY WI QYP'YQI#XI W GMXIÎ GIPIFVYP TEWEN HIWTVI JIGMSEV. )P
GMXIE^ TEXVY TVSJI'MM HIWTVI TEXMQMPI PYM ,VMWXSW ((MEPSKYP 7P-72). 3V XVIM HMRXVI
EGIWXI TEXVY XI\XI RY ETEV'MR RMGM XI\XYPYM IFVEMG, RMGM 7ITXYEKMRXIM, RMGM EPXSV
ZIVWMYRM EPI &MFPMIM.
9RE HMR EGIWXI KPSWI GVI#XMRI ZE EZIE S MQTSVXER' GIVX R XVEHM'MI: IE
GMXI#XI HYT GYQ YVQIE^ 4WEPQYP 95 (96), 10: ZIWXM'M RXVI RIEQYVM:
(SQRYP E QTV'MX HMR RP'MQIE PIQRYPYM. (EV GSRXMRYRH W PI VITVS#IÎ
VEFMRMPSV HI E 3 XVYRGLMEX 7GVMTXYVMPI, EGIPE#M -YWXMR SGSPI#XI W EVKYQIRXIÎ
TSVRMRH HI PE GV'MPI HIYXIVSGERSRMGI (TVSTVMM ZIVWMYRMM KVIGI#XM). -EV EXYRGM
GRH M GMXIE^ TI GIM (SMWTVIÎGI TVSVSGM QMGM, S JEGI RY HYT 7ITXYEKMRXE,
GM HYT JSVQE VIZ^YX HI 8LISHSXMSR R ERMM 30-50.
'X TVMZI#XI 'EVXIE PYM (ERMIP, &MWIVMGMPI EHSTX VIZM^YMVIE IM HI GXVI
8LISHSXMSR, GEVI YVQIE^ RHIETVSETI XI\XYP IFVEMG #M GIP EVEQEMG, R
HIXVMQIRXYP ZIGLMM ZIVWMYRM WITXYEKMRXMGI E EGIWXIM GV'M.
'YQ WXEY PYGVYVMPI GY XI\XIPI QIWMERMGI#
1VXYVMWI#XI SEVI 7ITXYEKMRXE HIWTVI S PIGXYV QIWMERMG GI ZE J NYGEX
YR VSP IWIR'MEP R ETPMGEVIE E RYQIVSEWI TVSJI'MM PYM -MWYW#
7 EREPM^Q GMXEXYP HMR (IYXIVSRSQYP 28, 6 TI GEVI P H 3VMKIR R
'SRXVE PYM 'IPWYW (-, 75) TIRXVY E PI VITVS#E MYHIMPSV RIGVIHMR'E R -MWYW: R ZSM
WI QTPMRI#XI TVSVSGMVIE: n:ME'E XE ZE 3 QIVIY R TVMQINHMI REMRXIE SGLMPSV
XM; ZIM XVIQYVE ^MYE #M RSETXIE #M RY ZIM 3 WMKYV HI ZME'E XE~, GGM RY E'M
GVI^YX R :ME'E ZIRMX W WI WP#PYMEWG TVMRXVI SEQIRM. :ME'E P
HIWIQRIE^ TI -MWYW 1RXYMXSVYP, MEV ZIVFYP TMWXIYIMR GETX WIRWYP TYXIVRMG
HI E GVIHI. %GIEWX QIWMERMÊVI E TEWENYPYM RY TVSZMRI HI PE 7ITXYEKMRXE;
IE 'MRI R RXVIKMQI HI GMXMXSVYP-VIGITXSV GVI#XMR. 9R EXEVI JIRSQIR RY IWXI
VEV R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX #M PE 73R'MM 4VMR'M. (EG 1EVKYIVMXI ,EVP E SJIVMX S PMWX
HI ZIVWIXI GEVI HSZIHIWG YR TVSGIW HI QIWMERMÊVI R ZIVWMYRIE KVIEG WEY
GEVI EY RPIWRMX S PIGXYV QIWMERMG, IE E RXSGQMX RG S PMWX E ZIVWIXIPSV
HMR 7ITXYEKMRXE GEVI RY EY JEGMPMXEX S EWIQIRIE PIGXYV. -WEME 9 IWXI YRYP HMR
QEVMPI XI\XI QIWMERMGI. 3V XVEHYGIVIE PYM KVIEG IWXI YR WTPIRHMH I\IQTPY HI
RSR-QIWMERMWQ (RY I WMRKYVYP): EGSPS YRHI, R XI\XYP IFVEMG, XMXYPEXYVE
TVYRGYPYM QTVXIWG GYTVMRHI GMRGM RYQI HI RGSVSREVI, 7ITXYEKMRXE RY
GYRSE#XI HIGX YRYP. R QSH IZMHIRX, XVEHYGXSVYP WEY XI\XYP IFVEMG TI GEVI
P EZIE WYF SGLM E HEX RETSM R JE'E XMXPYPYM HI (YQRIÎY TYXIVRMG,
I\GPYWMZ HMZMR. %GIWX PYGVY M ZE YMQM TVSJYRH TI 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM, GY TVIGHIVI
TI 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ.
R JETX, &MWIVMGE ZIGLI RY EVI RIZSMI HI YR XI\X #M QEM QIWMERMÊX. RG
S HEX: TYRGXYP HI TSVRMVI EP VI4IG'MIM GVIHMRGMSEWI R WIGSPYP -, 3I IE
IZVIMEWG WEY GVI#XMR, RY IWXI XI\XYP WGVMTXYVMWXMG, GM GVIHMR'E GSQYRMX'MM
GMXMXSEVI; WTVMNMRMVIE #M MPYWXVEVIE EGIWXIM GVIHMR'I TVMR VETSVXEVI PE 7GVMTXYV
WYRX PYGVY WIGYRH (HEV RY WIGYRHEV). 4IRXVY PIGXYVE FMWIVMGIEWG, RY GSRXIE^
GI ZIVWMYRI E &MFPMIM M-E WXEX PE FE^, MEV XVEHM'ME GVI#XMR W-EV 3 TYXYX JSEVXI
FMRI HI^ZSPXE RGITRH HI PE YR XI\X QEM ETVSTMEX HI GIP IFVEMG VIGITX. %Q
HEX QEM WYW HSY I\IQTPI STYWI GEVI S HSZIHIWG. 4I HI S TEVXI, MQTSVXER'E
HSFRHMX, R PIGXYVE TEXVMWXMG, HI ERYQMXI KPSWI PMTWMRH EXX HMR XI\XYP
QEWSVIXMG, GX #M HMR GIP EP 7ITXYEKMRXIM WEY HMR ERYQMXI XVEHYGIVM; HI QYPXI
SVM, I\IKIÊ GVI#XMR RY EVI RIZSMI HI YR WYTSVX GSIVIRX TIRXVY E-#M PYE
EZRX. 4I HI EPX TEVXI QEM GY WIEQ JETXYP G -IVSRMQ #M-E GSRWXVYMX
ZIVWMYRIE PEXMR HYT XI\XYP IFVEMG VIGITX (GLMEV GY TVI'YP GXSVZE EHYGIVM HMR
GSRHIM) #M G EGIEWX :YPKEXE ZE HIZIRM RSVQEXMZ TIRXVY &MWIVMGE HI %TYW.
8VEHM'ME GVI#XMR W-EV 3 TYXYX HI^ZSPXE RIWXMRKLIVMX GLMEV TSVRMRH HI PE
YR XI\X KVIGIWG JSEVXI 3HIP XI\XYPYM IFVEMG TI GEVI P GMXMQ EWX^M.
,YKYIW 'SYWMV 4EWXIPI MRXIVXIWXEQIRXEV %V 3 KVI#MX W RI RGLMTYMQ YR
MRXIVZEP RXVI GIPI HSY 8IWXEQIRXI. -MWYW E JSWX MYHIY TR PE GETX. )P E
RXIQIMEX 4EWXIPI RSY, WVFXSVMRH 4EWXIPI IZVIMIWG. 4SVRMRH HI PE 0IKQRXYP
HI TI 7MREM #M HMR HSVMR'E HI E-P QTPMRM TI HI-E-RXVIKYP, E TYW XIQIPME RSYPYM
0IKQRX GY TVSTVMYP WRKI. (MRGSPS HI QSEVXIE PYM, 4EWXIPI GIP RSY #M RSYP
0IKQRX EY HIZIRMX, TIRXVY &MWIVMG, VIEPMX'M MWXSVMGI QYP'YQMX RZMIVMM WEPI.
(EV MYHEMWQYP R QMNPSGYP GVYME E XVMX, GY PIGXYVE 7GVMIVMPSV W3RXI R GEVI -MWYW
#M-E KWMX LVERE GVIHMR'IM, RY IVE HSEV S VIPMKMI E 'V'MM. )P EZIE S XVEHM'MI
ZMI, R GEVI #M -MWYW E JSWX EFWSVFMX. %GIEWX XVEHM'MI QIVMX W 3I GIVGIXEX,
TIRXVY E-P R'IPIKI TI -MWYW RWY#M #M 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX GEVI W-E RWGYX HI TI
YVQE PYM. )E RY RI IWXI GYRSWGYX HIGX TVMR PMXIVEXYVE IZVIMEWG I\XVE-
FMFPMG, TI GEVI XVIFYMI W S I\TPSVQ TIRXVY E #XM R GI QSH IVE EXYRGM
R'IPIW 4EWXIPI. :SQ PWE HISTEVXI RYQEM XI\XIPI HMR PMXIVEXYVE VEFMRMG, GI
ZSV JEGI SFMIGXYP EVXMGSPYPYM YVQXSV.
'EVXIE .YFMPIIPSV WEY 4EWXIPI PE 5YQVER 'IE QEM ZIGLI STIV GEVI, TI
PRK &MFPMI, H S VIKPIQIRXEVI TIRXVY TV^RYMVIE 4E#XIPYM IWXI 'EVXIE
.YFMPIIPSV (GETMXSPYP 49). 4WXVEX R XVEHYGIVI IXMSTMERE #M, R QEM QMG
QWYV, R XVEHYGIVI PEXMR, IWXI EXIWXEX HI QEM QYPXI I\IQTPEVI HMR
JVEKQIRXIPI KWMXI PE 5YQVER. (EXE M VQRI R HMWGY'MI, RW WMXYEVIE IM R
TVIENQE ERYPYM 10 . ,V. )WXI S MTSXI^ TPEY^MFMP. 'SMRGMHIR'IPI WEPI GY
TVEGXMGMPI HI PE 5YQVER, RHISWIFM R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI GEPIRHEVYP, TIVQMX W
3I TVMZMX GE S STIV GSQTYW R WRYP EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M WEY QGEV EP YRIME
ETVSTMEXI. 4EVXMGYPEVMX'MPI PIKMWPE'MIM IM TEWGEPI EV EVXE, TVMR YVQEVI, GYQ WI
GIPIFVE WVFXSEVIE PE 5YQVER WEY GYQ WI R^YME W 3I TV^RYMX. R
GSRWIGMR', GEVXIE TVIME IWIR'E TVIWGVMT'MMPSV HMGXEXI R -I#MVIE 12 (ZIVWIXIPI
4-6; 9-P3; 18; 23; 29-30; 39; 46), EHYKRHY-PI RW GYXYQI HINE MRXVEXI R
XVEHM'ME IZVIMEWG, HEV #M XVERWJSVQRH RXV-YR TYRGX JYRHEQIRXEP ZIGLMYP
QSHIP EP QIWIM HI WVFXSEVI.
(IXEPMMPI EHYKEXI TSZIWXMVMM #M VMXYEPYPYM HMR -I#MVIE 12 GSQTSVX S 4EVXI
HI I\TPMGE'MI XISPSKMG #M S TEVXI HI NYVMWTVYHIR'. )\TPMGE'ME XISPSKMG
I\GPYHI VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXIE PYM (YQRIÎY R XVMQMXIVIE 4MIV^XSVYPYM: R XMQT GI
IZVIMM QRRG 4EWXMPI, XSEXI TYXIVMPI PYM 1EWXIQE ?7EXERE HMR 'EVXIE
.YFMPIIPSVA JYV HI^PR'YMXI WTVI E YGMHI TI XSX RXMYP-RWGYX R TQRXYP
)KMTXYPYM (49, 2). (EV IZVIMM WYRX GVY'E'M, 3MRHG WIQRYP WRKIPYM IVE TI Y#E
PSV (49, 3). 'MXMQ ETSM XSXY#M: TYXIVMPI (SQRYPYM JGYV RXVY XSXYP GI PM WI
TSVYRGMWI HI (SQRYP (49, 4): GLMEV HYLYVMPI VIPI VQR PE HMWTS^M'ME PYM
(YQRIÎY.
4VIGM^VMPI HI NYVMWTVYHIR' EVEX GI XVIFYMI W WI R'IPIEK TVMR
NIVX3VIE QMIMPSV (49, 3 RY QEM IWXI ZSVFE #M HI MI^M): 4EWXIPI IWXI 'MRYX RXVI
WIVM, HMR E XVIME TEVXI E ^MPIM TR R E XVIME TEVXI E RST'MM, GGM HSY TV'M HMR
^M WYRX HVYMXI PYQMRMM, MEV E XVIME, EQYVKYPYM (49, 10). 2I E4Q E#EHEV R
YPXMQE XVIMQI E ^MPIM, REMRXI HI ETYWYP WSEVIPYM: PE ZVIQIE LSXEVYPYM RWIVVMM,
MEV ?4EWXIPIA XVIFYMI QRGEX TI RWIVEXI, TR PE E XVIME TEVXI HMR
RSETXI (49, 12). 2Y QEM I\MWX RMGM YR EPX EHESW TI WIEQE HYVEXIM TVIZ^YXI
TIRXVY WVFXSEVI. RW YR HIXEPMY EP GMRIM IWXI EXIWXEX TIRXVY TVMQE SEV:
-WVEIP WI RKVMNIE W QRRGI 4EWXIPI #M W FIE ZMRYP. (49, 6). %GIWXE IWXI
WIQRYP YRIM WVFXSVM E FYGYVMIM (49, 2). 7I WTYRI RW PQYVMX G SVMGMRI ZE
RIWSGSXM WVFXSEVIE, ZE 3 SQSVX (49, 9).
%GIEWX WVFXSEVI, TSQIRMVI TPGYX R JE'E (SQRYPYM, PI GLI^-
#YMI#XI GIPSV GI ZSV 3 PYEX TEVXI PE QEW G RMGM S TPEK RY ZE ZIRM EWYTVE PSV
W-P SQSEVI #M W-P PSZIEWG, R ERYP R GEVI EY 'MRYX 4EWXIPI PE XMQTYP #M HYT
XSEXI VRHYMIPMPI PYM (49, 15). (EV S TVIGMÊVI MQTSVXERX WXEFMPI#XI PSGYP
GMRIM, R GSRXVEHMG'MI GPEV GY XI\XIPI HMR -I#MVIE 12: 2Y XVIFYMI W QRGE'M
?4EWXIPIA EJEV, R EJEVE 8IQTPYPYM (SQRYPYM, GM R JE', R JE'E 8IQTPYPYM
(SQRYPYM (49, 16). 'YQ GEVXIE I WSGSXMX E 3 JSWX WGVMW R XMQTYP PYM 1SMWI,
WI RXVIZH HSY IXETI R IPEFSVEVIE EGIWXIM VRHYMIPM: ZE 3 JSWX QEM RXM S
TIVMSEH E 'SVXYPYM (WEY E 8EFIVREGSPYPYM), ETSM GIE R GEVI S 'EW E JSWX
HYVEX R RYQIPI (SQRYPYM (49, 19). %MGM MWVEIPM'MM ZSV EHYGI HEV WRKIPI PYM
?EP QMIPYPYM TEWGEPA PE TSEPIPI NIVXJIPRMGYPYM, ETSM ZSV XVIFYM W-P E#IÎ
KVWMQIE TI JSGYP GEVI EVHI R NIVXJIPRMG #M W-P QRRGI GEVRIE JVMTX PE JSG R
GYVXIE GEWIM GEVI E JSWX W3R'MX R RYQIPI (SQRYPYM (49, 20). 4V^RYMVIE
4E#XIPYM IWXI SFPMKEXSVMI, WYF TIHIETWE HI E 3 SQSVX. 'IVIQSRMEPYP RY
IWXI, TVMR YVQEVI, EHETXEX HIGX YRIM GSQYRMX'M VIWXVRWI, EHYREXI R NYVYP
XIQTPYPYM WY. 7GM^MYRIE RXVI GSQYRMXEXIE HI PE 5YQVER #M 8IQTPYP HMR
-IVYWEPMQ TYRI, HMR EGIWX TYRGX HI ZIHIVI, S TVSFPIQ: GYQ WI TVSGIHE EGSPS
TIRXVY E QRGE 4EWXIPI# (SEV HEG SF#XIE RW#M, VIYRMX R E#I^QMRXIPI
WEPI #M WSGSXMRHY-WI HVITX WMRKYVE HVIETX VQ#M' E PYM -WVEIP, RY E
WYFWXMXYMX GYQZE TVSTVME IM I\MWXIR' 8IQTPYPYM TRKVMX TVMRXV-S TVIS'MI
MQTYV. 4IRXVY G IWXI I\GPYW W RY WI 3 QRGEX QMIPYP TEWGEP PE 5YQVER.
3VMGYQ EV WXE PYGVYVMPI, S EPX VIKYP MRHMG ZVWXE QMRMQ E FVFE'MPSV GEVI
XVIFYMI W ME TEVXI PE QEWE HI 4E#XI: *MIGEVI FVFEX, PE ZVIQIE WSVSGMX,
QRRG ?4EWXIPIA R 8IQTPYP (YQRIÎYPYM RSWXVY R JE'E (SQRYPYM, RGITRH
HI PE HSYÎGM HI ERM R WYW (49,17). %GIEWX ZVWX RY GSVIWTYRHI
SFMGIMYPYM HMR ZVIQIE PYM -MWYW (GJ. 0I 2, 42). 7I VIQEVG, R TPYW, G JIQIMPI RY
WYRX QIR'MSREXI: W 3I EGIEWXE VIKYPE MHIEP E YRIM WIGXI# %V 3 PYGVY HI
R'IPIW PE 5YQVER.
8VIFYMI EHYKEX YR IPIQIRX MQTSVXERX R PIKXYV GY HEXE PMXYVKMG E
4E#XIPYM, E GMRGMWTVIÎGIE ^M HMR RXME PYR. 4SZIWXMRH NIVXJE PYM %ZVEEQ (*G 2),
GEVXIE RSXIE^ G R E HSYWTVIÎGIE ^M E PYRMM GIPIM HMRXM E SF'MRYX 1EWXIQE
HI PE (YQRIÎY RGIVGEVIE PYM %ZVEEQ (17, 15). (IR-HEX, (SQRYP P GLIEQ
TI %ZVEEQ #M M TSVYRGI#XI W-P NIVXJIEWG TI -WEEG R QYRXIPI TI GEVI M-P ZE
EVXE (18, P-2). %ZVEEQ QIVKI PE PSGYP MRHMGEX #M RHITPMRI#XI TSVYRGE PE
GETXYP E XVIM ^MPI, HIGM R 15 EPI PYRMM HMRXM. %XYRGM WI WZV#I#XI WEGVM3GMYP R
GEVI -WEEG IWXI PIKEX, ETSM GVY'EX, R ZVIQI GI YR FIVFIG IWXI EHYW R PSGYP
PYM, WTVI EVHIVI HI XSX (18, 12).
"M %ZVEEQ RYQM PSGYP EGIPE n(SQRYP E Z^YX~, EWXJIP G WI WTYRI:
n(SQRYP E Z^YX RWIEQR QYRXIPI 7MSR~ (18, 13).
"M, TI EGIWX QYRXI,
)P TV^RYM EGIEWX WVFXSEVI R XS'M ERMM, XMQT HI GXI #ETXI ^MPI GY
FYGYVMI #M S RYQM 7VFXSEVIE (SQRYPYM (18, 18). "M WX WGVMW TI XFPM'IPI
HMR GIV, TIRXVY -WVEIP #M TIRXVY WIQMR'ME PYM, G XVIFYMI W TV^RYMEWG EGIEWX
WVFXSEVI XMQT HI #ETXI ^MPI R FYGYVMI (18, 19).
7VFXSEVIE HMR 15 EPI PYRMM HMRXM ZE 3 E#EHEV 4EWXIPI, ^M E PIKVMM PYM
-WEEG TI QYRXIPI 7MSR.
-IÎGLMIP XVEKMGYP WEY TVE^RMGYP WVFXSVMM PE %PI\ERHVME 8VEHYGIVIE
KVIEG E XI\XIPSV HMR 4IRXEXIYL TVMZMXSEVI PE 4E#XI IWXI JSEVXI PMXIVEP, R
TS3HE XSRYPYM I\XVIQ HI SWXMP PE EHVIWE )KMTXYPYM GEVI PI QEVGLIE^. 2Y
XVIFYMI, TVMR YVQEVI, W RI E#XITXQ PE QSHM3GVM R GIPIFVEVIE WVFXSVMM, PE
%PI\ERHVME WEY R WEXIPI GY TSTYPE'MI MYHEMG. 4EWXIPI RY TSEXI 3, TIRXVY
GSPSRM#XMM WEY GIX'IRMM MYHIM E#IÊ'M R )KMTX, HIGX S WVFXSEVI ERYEP E
IPMFIVVMM RE'MSREPI, VIPMKMSEW RXVYGX I S EHYGIVI-EQMRXI E -I#MVMM, HEV
MQTVIKREX HI JIVZSEVI RE'MSREPMWX.
3 TYXIQ GSRWXEXE R YRMGE PYGVEVI XIEXVEP IZVIMEWG HMR GEVI )YWIFMY
HI 'IÊVIIE RI-E TWXVEX JVEKQIRXI WYFWXER'MEPI: )\EKSKI WEY -I#MVIE (HMR
)KMTX), HEXSVEX YRYM SEVIGEVI -IÎGLMIP. %YXSVYP EGIWXIM TVMQI HVEQI FMFPMGI
VQRI TIRXVY RSM YR RIGYRSWGYX. )WXI, TVSFEFMP, YR EPI\ERHVMR GYRSWGXSV EP
GPEWMGMPSV KVIGM.
R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI 4EWXIPI, YR TVMQ TEWEN (Z. 132-P74) MRWIVIE^ VMXYEPYP
EGIWXYME RXV-YR HMWGYVW TI GEVI (YQRIÎY M-P EHVIWIE^ PYM 1SMWI, HYT 0
XVIGIVI R VIZMWX E XYXYVSV YVKMMPSV (TPKMPSV) GI ZSV GHIE EWYTVE )KMTXYPYM. 9R
EP HSMPIE TEWEN (Z. 175-P91) VIME EGIIE#M XIQ, GY ZEVMERXI HI HIXEPMY, TIRXVY
E XVERWQMXI TSTSVYPYM TSVYRGMPI PYM (YQRIÎY.
'YZRXYP (SQRYPYM: 0YRE EGIEWXE W 3I TIRXVY ZSM RGITYXYP XYXYVSV
ERMPSV; EXYRGM ZSM GPY^M TSTSVYP GXVI YR EPX TQRX, GIP TI GEVI P-EQ
JKHYMX WXVQS#MPSV MYHIMPSV. :SVFI#XI PE XSEX SF#XIE GE, R PYRE EGIEWXE
HIWTVI GEVI KVMIWG, PE E TEMWTVIÎGIE ^M HI PE GVEM-RSY, HYT GI EY NIVX3X
4EWXIPI (SQRYPYM, W YRK GY WRKI Y#MPI REMRXI HI GHIVIE RST'MM, TIRXVY GE
RKIVYP QIY GYQTPMX W XVIEG HI WIQRYP EGIWXE. :SM RW, R RSETXIE EGIIE,
W QRGE'M GEVRI JVMTX.
9VQIE^ S IZSGEVI VETMH E I\SHYPYM, HYT -I#MVIE 12, 35-36. %TSM
PIKIE GSRXMRY: -EV HYT GI ZI'M MRXVE R TQRXYP ZSWXVY, 3MRHG RGITRH HMR
HMQMRIE'E EGIIE S W JYKM'M, JGRH GEPIE HMR )KMTX R #ETXI ^MPI, TVI' HI XSX
EXXIE, R XS'M ERMM, W QRGE'M E^MQI #M W Z RGLMRE'M (SQRYPYM, NIVX3RHY-P
HSFMXSEGIPI RXM-RWGYXI HI TEVXI FVFXIEWG, GI EY WYTX PE WRYP QEMGMPSV
PSV #M TI GEVI PI-EY ^QMWPMX HMRXM GIPI XMRIVI HI TEVXI JIQIMEWG.
'YZRXEVIE PYM 1SMWI VIME EGIWXI TVIWGVMT'MM, MRXVSHYGRH R IPI
EQRYRXI WYTPMQIRXEVI, I\XVEWI XSEXI HMR 7GVMTXYV. (I EWX HEX, RY RKIVYP
(SQRYPYM, GM 1SEVXIE XVIGI, GVY'RHY-P TI IZVIM (Z. 186). )E PEW XSXY#M W WI
RXVIZEH GEVEGXIVYP TSTYPEV EP YRIM WVFXSVM WXVRW PIKEXI HI TSZIWXMVIE
FMFPMG. ) PYGVY WMKYV G, RGSRNYVE'M HI MYHIM, IKMTXIRMM IPIRM-Ê'M S ZSV 3 TVMZMX
GY XSX EXXE FYRZSMR'.
*MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME: *IVMGMXE 8VIGIVI TIRXVY GMXMXSVMM IPMRM *MPSR (20 . ,V.
50 H. ,V.) RY E MRXVSHYW VMXYEPYP 4E#XIPYM R E WE :ME'E PYM 1SMWI, GY XSEXI G
EGSPS TSZIWXI#XI R HIXEPMY MWXSVME TPKMPSV #M MI#MVIE HMR )KMTX, NYWXM3GRH GLMEV
#M TVHEVIE IKMTXIRMPSV ((I ZMXE 1SWMW -, 94-P80). )P I\TPMG RW R EQRYRX
WVFXSEVIE *IVMGMXIM 8VIGIVM (XE HMEFEXIVME) #M GIE E %^MQIPSV R GSQIRXEVMYP
WY HIWTVI 6RHYMIPMPI HISWIFMXI ((I 7TIGMEPMFYW 0IKMFYW -, 145-P61).
'YZRXYP KVIGIWG GEVI P XVERWTYRI TI GIP EP 4E#XIPYM QIR'MSREX WYF JSVQE
EVEQEMG (4EWOLE) PE RYQVYP 145 H YR R'IPIW RSY YRYM GYZRX FMRI
GYRSWGYX GEVI HIWIQRE NIVXJE EHYW REMRXIE YRIM XVEZIVWVM. 'IIE GI
VIQEVG IP IWXI G: . %GIEWX WVFXSEVI IWXI S TSQIRMVI #M S HSZEH HI
QYP'YQMVI ?PYM (YQRIÎYA TIRXVY I\SHYP JV WIEQR GEVI E JGYX W MEW HMR
)KMTX QEM QYPX HI HSY WYXI HI QMVMEHI* HI FVFE'M #M JIQIM PESPEPX (RV
146).
'X HIWTVI VMXYP RWY#M, *MPSR IWXI PE GYVIRX GY JETXYP G IP RY WI QEM
TVEGXMG HIGX PE -IVYWEPMQ, HMR GEYÊ TVIÎR'IM EGSPS E 8IQTPYPYM. )WXI
QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI WIQREPIE^ S HISWIFMVI RXVI TVMQYP 4E#XI #M GIP HMR
ZVIQIE WE. R TSZIWXMVIE FMFPMG E MI#MVMM HMR )KMTX, WTYRI IP,
3 QMVMEH IVE, R %RXMGLMXEXI, IGLMZEPIRXYP E ÎGI QMM (R.X.).
. 8SEX PYQIE WEGVM3G QEM QYPX HI ÎGI QMM HI NIVXJI, HMR QMI^YP ^MPIM
#M TR-R WIEV, XSX TSTSVYP SEQIRM FXVRM #M SEQIRM XMRIVM 3MRH R ^MYE
EGIIE GMRWXMX GY VERK TVIS'IWG. (I JETX, GY EPXI TVMPINYVM, PIKMPI TVIZH G
TVIS'MM QTPMRIWG NIVXJIPI EXX TYFPMGI, GX #M TEVXMGYPEVI, R XMQT GI EGYQ XSX
RSVSHYP WZV#I#XI, GY QMRMPI GYVEXI #M TI HITPMR RHVMXYMX, S PYGVEVI WJRX #M
TVIS'IEWG (RV. 145).
6IRRSMVIE ERYEP E EGIWXYM KIWX WI JEGI HYT EPXI VIKYPM. (EV VMXYEPYP IM
QEM TSEXI 3 NYWXM3GEX #M TVMR EPIKSVME: *IVMGMXE 8VIGIVI ZSVFI#XI R GYZMRXI
SGSPMXI HIWTVI GYV'MVIE WY4IXYPYM. 7GVMIVMPI WTYR G SQYP MYFMXSV HI
R'IPITGMYRI RY WI RHIPIXRMGI#XI GY RMQMG EPXGIZE HIGX GY XVIGIVIE R EJEVE
XVYTYPYM #M E TEXMQMPSV, GEVI VIZEVW 3IGEVI YR VY TSXSTMXSV, HEG RY PM WI
RFY# #M RY PM WI WXZMPI#XI #YZSMYP TVMR VIKYPMPI ZMVXY'MM (RV. 145).
%XX HIWTVI 4E#XI. -EX R GSRXMRYEVI GI WTYRI *MPSR HIWTVI 7VFXSEVIE
%^MQIPSV, TI GEVI 0IKIE S ETVSTMI HI GIE E *IVMGMXIM 8VIGIVM. )E EVI YR WIRW
YRMZIVWEP, TIRXVY G I PIKEX HI EVQSRME REXYVMM. 4VMQZEVE GI WX W ETEV
EHYGI GY IE S RRSMVI GI EQMRXI#XI HI 'VIE'MI (RV. 150-P5), MEV WVFXSEVIE
IWXI TV^RYMX XMQT HI #ETXI ^MPI, R ZMVXYXIE TVMZMPIKMYPYM GMJVIM #ETXI (RV.
156-P57). (EV IE EVI #M YR R'IPIW ETEVXI TIRXVY TSTSVYP IZVIY, HEXI 3MRH
GSRHM'MMPI R GEVI W-E TIXVIGYX -I#MVIE (GJ. (X 16, 3). *MPSR VIGYVKI, R EGIWX
GSRXI\X, PE XPGYMXSVMM 7GVMIVMPSV W3RXI, EHMG PE XVEHM'ME GSQYR E PYM -WVEIP:
(IQRGEVIE E^MQIM, RIHSWTMX, IWXI YR HEV EP 3VMM, TI GRH HSWTMXYVE IWXI
VSHYP QI#XI#YKYPYM. ?.A RXVYGX WVFXSEVIE TVMQZIVMM IWXI S TSQIRMVI E
JEGIVMM PYQMM #M RXVYGX IVE RIZSMI GE TVMQMM SEQIRM #M YVQE#MM PSV W WI
WPYNIEWG HI HEVYVMPI RITVIJGYXI EPI PYQMM, ?.A 0IKIE E LSXVX LVERE GIE QEM
TSXVMZMX TIRXVY EGIPI XMQTYVM (RV. 159-P60).
:IHIQ G NYWXM3GVMM MWXSVMGI E VMXYEPYPYM, *MPSR RGIEVG W-P EHEYKI S
NYWXM3GEVI VE'MSREP, EGGIWMFMP GMXMXSVMPSV IPMRM, HYT GYQ SJIV #M S I\TPMGE'MI
QSVEP E SFMGIMYPYM HI 4E#XM, RPXYVRH EWTIGXYP RE'MSREPMWX EP EGIWXIM
TSQIRMVM ERXM-IKMTXIRI. (EV R EJEV HI MYHIMM PIKE'M HI MWXSVME #M HI
SFMGIMYVMPI GI PI IVEY VRHYMXI, GMRI WI QEM TYXIE WMQ'M EHIQIRMX HI HEXMRM
EXX HI WXVERMM, RIQEMZ^YXI R RMGM S EPX WSGMIXEXI ERXMG#
'EVXIE %RXMGLMX'MPSV &MFPMGI: S WVFXSEVI E TIPIVMRENYPYM 'EVXIE
%RXMGLMX'MPSV &MFPMGI ('%&), ERXIVMSEV ERYPYM 70 EP IVIM GVI#XMRI "M ETVSTMEX
HI XVEHM'ME WMREKSKEP, VIME RY S HEX TSZIWXMVMPI FMFPMGI WYF 0 JSVQ
EQTPM3GEX, VIYRMRH HEXIPI XVEHM'MSREPI.
3QMXI RW GY HIWZV#MVI W JEG EGIPE#M PYGVY GRH I ZSVFE HI MI#MVIE
HMR )KMTX: HYT R#MVYMVIE TPKMPSV )KMTXYPYM, ENYRKI MQIHMEX PE XVEZIVWEVIE
1VMM 6S#MM ('%& 10, P-2). 4EWXIPI #M %^MQIPI RY JEG SFMIGXYP HIGX E XVIM WGYVXI
EPY^MM: S QIR'MYRI R QSQIRXYP IRYQIVVMM TIPIVMRENIPSV ERYEPI (13, 4, YRHI
WVFXSEVIE IWXI TSQIRMVIE MI#MVMM HMR )KMTX); S MRHMGE'MI GVSRSPSKMG MRIHMX
GI H YR RYQI WVFXSVMM QIR'MSREXI R GEVXIE .YHIGXSVMM 21, 19, RXVSHYGRH
R EGIWX GEHVY XIQYXYP TIVWSREN *MRIIW (4MRIEW: '%& 48, 3); R WJV#MX, S EPX
HEX GVSRSPSKMG GI WMXYIE^ R XMQTYP 4E#XIPYM TIPIVMRENYP XEXPYM PYM 7EQYIP PE
7MPS ('%& 50, 2), WTVI E TYRI ZMMXSEVIE RE#XIVI E PYM 7EQYIP R VIPE'MI GY
WVFXSEVIE. %GIWXI MRJSVQE'MM TEV W 3I WYQEVI. )PI RY HEY RMGM S MRHMGE'MI
EWYTVE TV^RYMVMM R WMRI. (EV GIPI HSY MRXVSHYGIVM EPI 4E#XIPYM RXV-S
GVSRSPSKMI GEVI RY WI VIJIVIE PE IP EVEX MQTSVXER'E TI GEVI EGIEWX
WVFXSEVI E TIPIVMRENYPYM S QFVGE R SGLMM EYXSVYPYM.
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW WEY NYWXM3GEVIE VMXYEPYVMPSV MYHEMGI 0E *PEZMYW .SWITLYW,
R WIGSPYP - H. ,V., WMXYE'ME IWXI HMJIVMX. )\TYRRH %RXMGLMX'MPI MYHEMGI TIRXVY
E JEGI IPSKMYP TSTSVYPYM WY R JE'E GMXMXSVMPSV TKRM, .SWITLYW WI ERKENIE^ R
HSY STIVE'MYRM. 4I HI S TEVXI, IP XVIFYMI W TSZIWXIEWG MWXSVME VIGYVKRH PE
GV'MPI W3RXI, GLMEV HEG PI QTSHSFI#XI GY GXIZE XVEHM'MM I\XVE-FMFPMGI R
WTIGMEP GRH IWXI ZSVFE HI XMRIVI'IE PYM 1SMWI. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, IP XVIFYMI W
TVI^MRXI I\EGX PIKMPI #M VMXYEPYVMPI, TI GEVI PI NYWXM3G TVMR SVMKMRIE PSV #M GVSVE
PI WGSEXI R VIPMIJ GEVEGXIVYP VE'MSREP. %ZIQ EWXJIP HSY QIR'MYRM EPI 4E#XIPYM
#M %^MQIPSV: YRE R TSZIWXMVIE MI#MVMM HMR )KMTX (%RXMGLMX'M -, <-:, 6; RV. 3P-314),
MEV GIEPEPX R TVIÎRXEVIE GEPIRHEVYPYM WVFXSVMPSV (-, -<, 5; RV. 248-249).
6MXYEPYP WYF JSVQ HI TSZIWXMVI TI GEVI P GMXMQ R -I#MVIE 12 IWXI, PE .SWITLYW,
MWXSVMGMÊX HYT QSHIPYP KVIGIWG. %GIEWXE TIVQMXI W 3I I\TPMGEXI SVMKMRIE
WVFXSVMM #M WIRWYP HIRYQMVMM IM, RY JV E WI WYFPMRME TVMQINHME GI TRHI#XI
RXSXHIEYRE RIWYTYRIVIE JE' HI TSVYRGMPI (SQRYPYM: (YQRIÎY ZE EVXE,
TVMRXV-YR YPXMQ 4EKIP, G ZVIE W-P WMPIEWG TI IKMTXIRM W-P PEWI TSTSVYP W
TPIGI. R ZIHIVIE EGIWXIM TPIGVM: . R PYRE TLEVQYXM, RYQMX HI IZVIM RMWER,
MEV HI QEGIHSRIRM \ERXLMGSW ?.A, 1SMWI M-E EHYREX TI IZVIM #M M-E QTV'MX TI
WIQMR'MM ?PMXIVEP: JVEXVMM, WYFHMZM^MYRM EPI XVMFYVMPSVA. %TSM, GRH W-E QTPMRMX E
TEXVYWTVIÎGIE ^M, KEXE HI TPIGEVI, EY EHYW NIVXJE #M #M-EY TYVM3GEX GEWIPI GY
WRKIPI IM, JSPSWMRH VEQYVM HI MWST. (YT GI EY QRGEX, EY EVW VIWXYVMPI HI
GEVRI, GE RM#XI SEQIRM TI TMGMSV HI TPIGEVI. (I EMGM ZMRI SFMGIMYP TI GEVI P
TWXVQ #M E^M, HYT VRHYMEP, HI E EHYGI NIVXJ, RYQMRH EGIEWX WVFXSEVI
4E#XI, GIIE GI RWIEQR XVIGIVI-TI-HIEWYTVE, 3MRHG R EGIE ^M, (YQRIÎY,
XVIGRH-TI-HIEWYTVE ?IZVIMPSVA, M-E PSZMX GY VER SQSVXSEVI TI IKMTXIRM. 'GM
R EGIIE#M RSETXI, VTYRIVIE RXMPSV PSV RWGY'M W-E EFXYX TIWXI IM. (-, <-:,
6; RV. 312-313).
6MXYEPYP IWXI HMR RSY I\TPMGEX R GSRXI\XYP WVFXSVMPSV IZVIMI#XM,
GEPIRHEVYP RGITRH HYT WXMPYP KVIGIWG, GY WVFXSEVIE HI XSEQR (-, <, P-4).
7I ENYRKI EWXJIP PE 4E#XI, YVQEX HI GIPI #ETXI ^MPI EPI %^MQIPSV (-, <, 5;
RV. 248-250). %GIWXE IWXI RGITYXYP ERYPYM TIRXVY MYHIM. .SWITLYW MRXVSHYGI R
EGIWX PSG, TI WGYVX, VRHYMIPMPI TIRXVY NIVXJI QIR'MSREXI R GEVXIE 2YQIVMM (2Q
28, 16-25). R ITSGE R GEVI WGVMI IP, 8IQTPYP RY QEM I\MWX. 4VMR YVQEVI, RY
QEM I GY TYXMR' RMGM EHYGIVIE TVMRSEWIPSV, RMGM NYR-KLMIVIE QMIMPSV TIRXVY
4E#XI. (EV 0IKIE GSRXMRY W WYTVEZMI'YMEWG, MEV MYHIMM WTIV G RXV-S ^M
GYPXYP ZE 3 VIPYEX. .SWITLYW SWXIRI#XI #M IP PE EGIEWXE R JIPYP WY, I\TYRRH
HEXMRMPI IZVIMI#XM TI R'IPIWYP KVIGMPSV #M EP PSGYMXSVMPSV 6SQIM, YRHI #M WGVMI
GV'MPI. 8I\XIPI WEPI VITVI^MRX GSRXVEVMYP GPIZIXIPMPSV TI GEVI EZIE R GYVRH
W PI GSPTSVXIÎ VYZSMXSV YR 8EGMX (-WXSVMM :, 3-5).
8EVKYQYVMPI, TVMQIPI GSQIRXEVMM VEFMRMGI 8EVKYQYVMPI (XEVKYQMQ),
XVEHYGIVM QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR TEVEJVEWXMGI EPI &MFPMIM IFVEMGI, WI E4 RXV-
S TS^M'MI WTIGMEP JE' HI 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX. 6IHEGXEVIE R JSVQE EGXYEP #M
IHMXEVIE PSV RY WI TSEXI W 3 EZYX PSG QEM HIZVIQI HI E HSYE NYQXEXI E
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE EP IVIM GVI#XMRI, GRH EY I\MWXEX #GSPM VEFMRMGI R +EPMPIIE #M
GRH XI\XYP E WYJIVMX EQTPM3GVM #M TVIJEGIVM. 3VHMRIE ETEVM'MIM PSV E JSWX,
TVSFEFMP, YVQXSEVIE: QEM RXM 8EVKYQYP RYQMX TEPIWXMRMER WEY -IVY#EPQM
('SHI\ 2IS3'M - #M 8K JVEKQIRXEV WEY 8. 2); ETSM 8EVKYQYP PYM 3ROIPSW, GEVI E
JSWX VI'MRYX GE HI GTXM R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, R EGEHIQMMPI IZVIMI#XM HMR
&EFMPSRME; R WJV#MX, 8EVKYQYP RYQMX EP PYM 4WIYHS-0SREXER (WEY -IVY#EPQM -),
GEVI PI YVQIE^ EPXIVREXMZ TI GIPIPEPXI HSY, EHYKRHY-PI IPIQIRXI
SVMKMREPI. 'EVEGXIVYP VIPEXMZ XV^MY EP GYPIKIVMPSV RY PI QTMIHMG XSXY#M W
VITVSHYG QEXIVMEPI ZIGLM, GY EXX QEM FMRI TWXVEXI, GY GX IVEY PIKEXI HI
PIGXYVE R WMREKSK E &MFPMIM, TIRXVY E S JEGI MRXIPMKMFMP TIRXVY TSTSV. 4EWENIPI
XEVKYQMGI R GEY^ WYRX PE: -I#MVIE 12, P-30; 0IZMXMGYP 23, 5-P0; 2YQIVMM 28,
16-25 #M (IYXIVSRSQYP 16, P-8.
R 8EVKYQYP PYM 3ROIPSW, XI\XYP IFVEMG IWXI XVEHYW ETVSETI PMXIVEP, JV
EHYKMVM RSXEFMPI, MEV TEVEJVEÎPI WYRX VEVI. R -I#MVIE 12, 23, (YQRIÎY RY
XVIGI PSZMRHY-P TI IKMTXIRM; IP WI EVEX TIRXVY E-P PSZM. %GIWX KIR HI HIXEPMM
RY EVI QEVI MQTSVXER'.
R 'SHI\ 2ISTLMXM -, TIRXVY GIPI TEXVY TEWENI GMXEXI KWMQ KPSWI
I\TPMGEXMZI GEVI RY QSHM3G WIRWYP JYRHEQIRXEP EP XI\XYPYM FMFPMG. %WXJIP, PR*
-I#MVIE 12, GMXMQ: R RSETXIE EGIIE E 4E#XIPYM ZSM XVIGI TVMR 'YZRXYP XIY R
'EVE )KMTXYPYM #M ZSM PSZM TI XSX RXMYP-RWGYX IXG. (12, 12). %TSM, HYT
RZ'XYVE GY TVMZMVI PE WRKIPI QMIPYPYM TEWGEP: ZIHIE-ZSM WRKIPI "M EQ W
XVIG QEM HITEVXI #M TVMR 'YZRXYP QIY EQ W Z SGVSXIWG #M RY ZE L RXVI ZSM
QSEVXI TYWXMMXSEVI. (12, 13). :IVFYP IFVEMGTEWEL TVMQI#XI S HYF GSRSXE'MI
(E XVIGI #M E SGVSXM): RSM 4MIV^XSVYP HIZMRI 1SEVXIE 4IVWSRM3GEX. 8SX
EWXJIP, VITEYWYP HMR TVYRE #M HMR E #ETY JEGI SFMIGXYP YRIM NYVMWTVYHIR'I
TVEGXMGI: 7 RY JEGI'M RMGM YR JIP HI PYGVY, GM HSEV GIPI GI XVIFYMI JGYXI GE W
XVM'M, RYQEM EGIPIE W ZM PI JEGI'M (12, 16). %GIWX KIR HI EHESWYVM WYRX IGSYP
YRSV I\TPMGE'MM WMQTPI, GI TSX 3 JSEVXI ZIGLM.
1ERYWGVMWYP 10 HI PE 4EVMW (&MFPMSXIGE 2E'MSREP E *VER'IM) MRXVSHYGI, R
PIKXYV GY -I#MVIE 12, 2 (PYRE EGIEWXE W Z 3I RGITYXYP PYRMPSV), YR JSEVXI
PYRK EHESW GEVI IWXI GY GIVXMXYHMRI XEVHMZ. )WXI ZSVFE HI S GIEVX TIRXVY
RXMIXEXI E PYRMPSV, TIRXVY E WXEFMPM GEVI HMRXVI IPI W 3I WSGSXMX TVMQE HMR
ER. 8FEXI TYR R IZMHIR' GIPI RXQTPEXI R GYTVMRWYP PSV HI-E PYRKYP MWXSVMIM
W3RXI. 1SMWI PEW YRWTVIÎGI HMR IPI W ZSVFIEWG, ETSM WTYRI: 0YRE RMWER ZE
3 RGITYXYP XYXYVSV PYRMPSV, TIRXVY G EXYRGM E M^FZMX ?WEY VWGYQTVEXA =,;,
TSTSVYP WY, GSTMMM PYM -WVEIP #M XSX EXYRGM M ZE N M^FZM.
-HIIE MQTSVXERX GEVI WI VIQEVG EMGM IWXI ETVSTMIVIE RXVI TVMQE
IPMFIVEVI E TSTSVYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY #M QRXYMVIE PYM 3REP: EGIWXE ZE 3 RSYP
4E#XI _GJ. 0I 2, 14-P6). 4SIQYP GIPSV TEXVY RST'M, MRWIVEX R 8EVKYQ -IVY#EPQM
HIWTVI -I#MVIE 12, 42, S VIEQMRXI#XI JGRH S ETVSTMIVI RXVI RSETXIE
'VIE'MIM, GIE E NIVXJIM PYM %ZVEEQ, GIE E 4E#XIPYM #M GIE E QRXYMVMM 3REPI.
1ERYWGVMWIPI HMR KIRMÊ HI PE 'EMVS EY JYVRMÊX TSIQI (TM]YXMQ) HI XMT
EGVSWXML TI QEVKMRIE -I#MVMM 12. 9R EWXJIP HI I\IQTPY TSEXI 3 GMXMX R 6IZYI
FMFPMUYI HMR 19, T. 4P-65.
8EVKYQYP PYM 4WIYHS-0SREXER E I\XMRW R KIRIVEP KPSWIPI GEVI EQTPM3G
XI\XYP FMFPMG. &YRSEV, GRH (YQRIÎY WI EVEX R XMQTYP RST'MM HI 4E#XI
(GJ. 3ROIPSW), S JEGI TVMR 7PEZE 3MR'IM PYM, EZRH GY WMRI RSYÎGM HI QMM HI
QMVMEHI HI RKIVM EM QSV'MM. )P RMQMGI#XI XS'M MHSPMM )KMTXYPYM, YGMKRH RXMM-
RWGY'M (-I#MVIE 12, 21), R XMQT GI MWVEIPM'MM WYRX PE EHTSWX HI TPEK, RXVYGX
#M-EY YRW Y#MPI, EQIWXIGRH WRKIPI NIVXJIM HI 4E#XI GY WRKIPI XMIVMM
QTVINYV (12, 13). %GIEWX HMR YVQ EWSGMIVI IWXI, WI TEVI, QTVYQYXEX
HMRXV-S I\IKI^ VEFMRMG XEVHMZ (WIGSPYP EP --PIE#).
'IP QEM MQTSVXERX HI VI'MRYX EMGM IWXI G WVFXSEVIE 4E#XIPYM, EQMRXMRH
HI M^FZMVIE HMR )KMTX, H RE#XIVI #M R^YMR'IM HI M^FZMVI 3REP. %GIEWX
WVFXSEVI ZSMSEW VIRRSMI#XI R 3IGEVI ER WTIVER'E GIPSV GI S TV^RYMIWG.
4MIVVI +VIPSX 5916%2 X *VEKQIRXI GY QMMPI (EG IWXI W HQ GVIÊVI
XVEHM'MIM TVMQMXI #M PEVK VWTRHMXI, WYRX GMRGMÎGM HI ERM HI GRH YR XRV HMR
XVMFYP 8EEQMVMPSV ?8EEQMVILA E WGSW PE PYQMR TVMQIPI QERYWGVMWI EWGYRWI HI
HSY QMPIRMM RXV-YRE HMR GEZMX'MPI TIVIXIPYM HI QEVR GI WI REP' HIEWYTVE
WMXYPYM HI PE /LMVFIX 5YQVER, PE ZIWX HI 1EVIE 1SEVX. (EG RWIQRXEXIE
HIWGSTIVMVMM W-E MQTYW VETMH, EGIWX WIQMGIRXIREV SJIV TVMPINYP HI E QWYVE
HVYQYP TEVGYVW HI PE EGIWX IZIRMQIRX, GLMEV HEG GSQSVMPI FMFPMSXIGMM HI PE
5YQVER RY WYRX R TVIÎRX TI HITPMR ITYMÊXI, RMGM TI HITEVXI.
1ERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 1EVIE 1SEVX RI-EY VWXYVREX GSRGIT'MMPI HIWTVI
MWXSVME MYHEMWQYPYM #M GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, R GMYHE ZMGMWMXYHMRMPSV TYFPMGVMM PSV #M R
TS3HE ^SRIPSV HI YQFV GEVI GSRXMRY W RZPYMI REXYVE GSQYRMX'MM HI PE
5YQVER.
3 YMQMXSEVI HIWGSTIVMVI RG HMR TVMQZEVE PYM 1948, HIGPEVE'MMPI
GSRZIVKIRXI EPI TVSJIWSVMPSV ;MPPMEQ *. %PFVMKLX #M )PMIÎV 7YOIRMO, GEVI
I\EQMREWIV, MRHITIRHIRX YRYP HI EPXYP, I#ERXMSERIPI ENYRWI PE %QIVMGER
7GLSSP SJ 3VMIRXEP 6IWIEVGL #M, VIWTIGXMZ, PE 9RMZIVWMXEXIE )FVEMG HMR
-IVYWEPMQ, GSRZMRKIEY PYQIE WEZER'MPSV HI EYXIRXMGMXEXIE #M ZIGLMQIE
HSGYQIRXIPSV I\XVEWI HMR TVMQE TI#XIV HI PE 5YQVER.
R TVMQZEVE YVQXSEVI, GSRXIPI 0MTTIRW, SFWIVZEXSV EP 329, VITIVE
PSGYP HIWGSTIVMVMM #M HIWGLMHIE HVYQYP I\TPSVVMPSV EVLISPSKMGI GSRHYWI HI +.
0EROIWXIV ,EVHMRK, TI EXYRGM RWVGMREX GY (ITEVXEQIRXYP %RXMGLMX'MPSV
-SVHERMIRI #M HI TVMRXIPI 6SPERH HI :EY\, HMVIGXSV EP "GSPMM FMFPMGI #M
EVLISPSKMGI JVERGIÎ HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. RXVI XMQT, 3PSPSKMM W-EY E#XIVRYX TI
GMXMXYP WYPYVMPSV KWMXI HI GPERYP 8EEQMVIL #M RY ZSV RXV^ME W GSQYRMGI
MRJSVQE'MM IWIR'MEPI HIWTVI GSR'MRYXYP PSV. &YRE WXEVI HI GSRWIVZEVI E WYPYVMPSV
I\TPMG EGIEWX VITI^MGMYRI, JV E #XMVFM GY RMQMG RW HMR VIGYRS#XMR'E TI
GEVI S HEXSVQ VZRIM #M KIRIVS^MX'MM EGIPSV TVMQM MRXIVTVI'M .SLR 8VIZIV,
;MPPMEQ ,. &VS[RPII, 1MPMEV &YVVS[W #M )PMIÎV 7YOIRMO GEVI RY EY E#XITXEX W
GSQTMPIÎ XSEXI KPSWIPI TSWMFMPI, REMRXI HI E SJIVM PYQMM XI\XIPI HMR KVSXE 1,
FMFPMGI _'EVXIE PYM -WEME) #M RIFMFPMGI _'SQIRXEVMYP PE 'EVXIE PYM %ZEGYQ,
6IKYPE HI HMWGMTPMR, -QRYVMPI).
%XYRGM E RGITYX S HI^FEXIVI R NYVYP HEXIM I\EGXI E VIHEGXVMM
HSGYQIRXIPSV, E#E GYQ EVLISPSKME #M EPY^MMPI MWXSVMGI EPI XI\XIPSV S PWEY W WI
RXVIZEH #M EWYTVE QIHMYPYM WTMVMXYEP GEVI PI TVSHYWIWI. %GIEWX HMWTYX S
VIMXIVE TI GIE TVSZSGEX, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM, HI HIWGSTIVMVIE R WMREKSKE
GVMX HMR 'EMVS-:IGLM #M TYFPMGEVIE HI GXVI 7EPSQSR 7GLIGLXIV E YRYM XI\X
QIHMIZEP RYQMX TVMR GSRZIR'MI (SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG. 6IMI#IE G RSMPI
HSGYQIRXI ETEV'MRIEY EGIPIME#M QM#GVM VIPMKMSEWI GE EGIP (SGYQIRX TI GEVI
0SYMW +MR^FIVK P EXVMFYME, R 192, YRIM WIGXI IZVIMI#XM RIGYRSWGYXI. )PI
EHYGIEY GXIZE IPIQIRXI GEVI PMQTIÎEY EGIEWX RIGYRSWGYX: VIJIVMR'IPI
MWXSVMGI EPI 'SQIRXEVMYPYM PE 'EVXIE PYM %ZEGYQ TIVQMXIEY TVIWYTYRIVIE YRIM
HEXVM TVI-GVI#XMRI, MEV TVIWGVMT'MMPI HMR 7YPYP 6IKYPMM WYKIVEY YR QIHMY HI
SVMKMRI EZRH E3RMX'M HMRXVI GIPI QEM QEVM GY IWIRMERMWQYP HIWGVMW HI *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW. 'X TI GI W WI WSPHIÎ GY S QENSVMXEXI HI ZSXYVM R JEZSEVIE
MTSXIÎM IWIRMIRI, HI^FEXIVIE E JSWX HYFPEX YRISVM HI S EPXE, RY PMTWMX HI
VIÎVZI, GY TVMZMVI PE WMQMPMXYHMRMPI HMRXVI GVI#XMRMWQ #M EGIWX IWIRMERMWQ.
RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM, ZMGXMQ, TSXVMZMX 'SQIRXEVMYPYM PE %ZEGYQ, E
QERIZVIPSV YRYM TVISX RIPIKMYMX TI GEVI W-E GYXEX R ÊHEV E-P MHIRXM3GE
E JSWX GSRWMHIVEX HI YRMM HVITX TVSXSXMTYP TXMQMXSVYPYM 1IWME EP GVI#XMRMPSV.
%GIEWX TMWX HI GIVGIXEVI EZIE W 3I EFERHSREX EXYRGM GRH MRJSVQE'MM RSM
EY SJIVMX S MHII QEM GSQTPI\ HIWTVI WIGX.
9R YVME# TY^^PI %PXI XIÊYVI HI QERYWGVMWI IVEY EHYWI PE PYQMRE ^MPIM.
'IP QEM FSKEX IVE GIP HMR KVSXE 4, ZM^MXEX HI GIM HMR XVMFYP 8EEQMVIL R 1952.
(MR WYXIPI HI QERYWGVMWI GEVI JYWIWIV HITS^MXEXI EGSPS, RY QEM VQWIWIV
RW HIGX JVEKQIRXI, E GVSV MHIRXM3GEVI #M KVYTEVI RY TYXIEY 3 HIGX
I\XVIQ HI PEFSVMSEWI. )JSVXYP HITYW EXYRGM HI IGLMTE HI IHMXSVM E TVMRXIPYM
HI :EY\, R GEHVYP GVIME W-E VIQEVGEX .SÎJ 8. 1MPMO, MQTYRI EHQMVE'ME. RXV-YR
QMG RYQV HI ERM, GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI E QMWMYRMM EGIWXSVE TEVI E 3 JSWX
RHITPMRMX, HEG IWXI W RI KLMHQ HYT YR EVXMGSP HMR 6IZYI FMFPMUYI, GEVI,
R TVMQYP IM JEWGMGYP HMR 1956, ZSVFIE HIWTVI QYRGE HI IHMXEVI E
QERYWGVMWIPSV HI PE 5YQVER. -RJSVQE'MMPI RYQIVSEWI #M TVIGMWI #M, R IKEP
QWYV, WIHYGXSEVI EPI EVXMGSPYPYM TIVQMXIEY WTIVER'E YRSV TYFPMGVM JIVQI.
R VIEPMXEXI, W-E TYFPMGEX TY'MR R YVQXSVMM XVIMÎGM HI ERM: HSEV HSY PSXYVM HI
QERYWGVMWI RIFMFPMGI EY JGYX SFMIGXYP YRSV IHMXVM S3GMEPI, R XMQT GI
TYFPMGVMPI TVIPMQMREVI, TVMZMRH JVEKQIRXI EPIWI HMR KVSXE 4, WXMQYPEY HSVMR'E
HI E GYRSE#XI QEM QYPX. 4VIWYTYWE ^KVGIRMI E IHMXSVMPSV E GVIEX MQTVIWME G
TI YRHIZE WI R'IPIKIE ^K^YMVIE MRJSVQE'MIM #M RY E RXV^MEX W HIE RE#XIVI
YRSV ^ZSRYVM RIKLMSEFI: MRGMHIRXI GEVI 'MR RHISF#XI HI WPFMGMYRIE SQYPYM
EY JSWX EXVMFYMXI YRIM GSRNYVE'MM SFWGYVERXMWXI. 3VMGYQ EV WXE PYGVYVMPI,
TSTVMVIE MRJSVQE'MMPSV TVSZIRMXI HMR KVSXE 4 IVE GY EXX QEM HITPRW, GY GX
HSGYQIRXIPI HMR KVSXE 1, HIWGSTIVMX R GSRHM'MM EWIQRXSEVI, IVEY
TYFPMGEXI R XIVQIRI QYPX QEM IGLMPMFVEXI.
-RXIVTVIXVM #M TSPIQMGM 9R XI\X HIWGSTIVMX R KVSXE 1 IWXI GIP GEVI E
VIRWY4I'MX HI^FEXIVIE HIWTVI WIGXE HI PE 5YQVER. 6^FSMYP HI #EWI ^MPI HMR
1967 E TIVQMW GE YR WYP QEVI, HI #EMÎGM #M #EWI HI GSPSERI, W ENYRK R
QMRMPI PYM =MKEIP =EHMR, 3YP PYM )PMIÎV 7YOIRMO, IP RWY#M EVLISPSK, 3PSPSK #M
MWXSVMG #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, KIRIVEP R EVQEXE MWVEIPMER. (EX 3MRH GSR'MRYXYP
VYPSYPYM, E JSWX RYQMX 7YPYP 8IQTPYPYM. *VYQSEWE IHM'MI TI GEVI M-E SJIVMX-S, R
197, =MKEIP =EHMR, HSZIHIE EXE#EQIRXYP EYXSVMPSV WM JE' HI TVMRGMTMYP
8IQTPYPYM GVYME M WI TVIÎRXE YR EHIZVEX TVSMIGX HI VIWXEYVEVI #M JE' HI
GYPXYP EGIWXYME, GIIE GI WYKIVE G R3IVEVIE NIVXJIPSV, GEVI VIMI#IE HMR EPXI
HSGYQIRXI, IVE YR EWTIGX HI GSRNYRGXYV #M RY YRYP HI TVMRGMTMY. 7I TYRIE
EWXJIP, GY RSM SWXIRIPM, TVSFPIQE QIHMYPYM HI SVMKMRI E WGVMIVMPSV HI PE 5YQVER
#M E SQSKIRMX'MM PYM. 4YXIE 3 VIHYW XSXYP PE IWIRMERMWQYP RJ'M#EX HI *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW# 2IHYQIVMVIE IVE #M QEM QEVI HMR GEYÊ VWTRHMVMM HMWGVIXI HI
MRJSVQE'MM XSX QEM I\EGXI HIWTVI QERYWGVMWIPI HMR KVSXE 4. %GIWXIE GSR'MRIEY
XI\XYP YRIM WGVMWSVM EHVIWEXI HI YR RZ'XSV EP WIGXIM, TSEXI GLMEV
RXIQIMIXSVYP EGIWXIME, GXVI YR REPX HIQRMXEV EP 8IQTPYPYM #M VIZIRHMGRH
HVITX GEY^ E WGLMWQIM TVISGYTEVIE JE' HI VMKSEVIE R T^MVIE PIKMPSV
GYPXYEPI #M WSGMEPI.
9RIPI HMRXVI TVEGXMGMPI WIGXIM, TI GEVI WGVMWSEVIE PI STYRI PE\MWQYPYM
EHZIVWEVMPSV WM, WI EWIEQR GY GIIE GI GYRSE#XIQ HIWTVI HEXMRMPI WEHY-
GLIMGI TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP WYVWIPSV VEFMRMGI ERXMGI. (I EGIIE, I\IKI'MM EGXYEPM
EXVMFYMI XI\XIPI HI PE 5YQVER #GSPMM WEHYGLIMGI, GY XSEXI G SVMIRXEVIE PSV
IWLEXSPSKMG, VIE3VQEX HI RSMPI HSGYQIRXI, JEG EGIEWX MTSXI^ TY'MR
GSQTEXMFMP GY GIIE GI RI XVERWQMX *PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX GY
TVMZMVI PE WEHYGLIM.
6IETVMRHIVIE GSRXVSZIVWIM R VRHYP 3PSPSKMPSV, GEVI EWX^M TYR GY
TPGIVI R HMWGY'MI SQSKIRMXEXIE WSPY'MMPSV PMXIVEVI, WI RWS'I#XI GY WIQRI HI
RXVIFEVI HMR TEVXIE MWXSVMGMPSV, VIJIVMXSEVI PE SVMKMRIE FMFPMSXIGMM HI PE 5YQVER
#M HMR TEVXIE EVLISPSKMPSV, TVMZMXSEVI PE REXYVE RW#M E WMXYPYM. )WXI TY'MR
TVSFEFMP GE XSEXI QERYWGVMWIPI W 3I WIGXEVI, HEV GYQ W PI VIGYRS#XM TI
GIPI GEVI WYRX HI GIPI GEVI RY WYRX# 9RMM ZH R IPI ZIWXMKMMPI FMFPMSXIGMM
8IQTPYPYM HMWXVYW R ERYP 70. (EG QYP'M GSRXMRY W GVIEH G E#IÊVIE HI PE
5YQVER IVE S PEZV HIWXMREX GIPSV QEM RGPMRE'M WTVI EWGI^ HMRXVI QIQFVMM
YRYM SVHMR VIPMKMSW TEWMSREX HI I^SXIVMWQ, RYQ-VRH RW #M EHIT'M XVMXSVM R
ZIEG, YRMM GIVGIXXSVM ZH R 5YQVER S GSPSRMI EKVMGSP #M GLMEV YR GIRXVY HI
IHMXEVI E QERYWGVMWIPSV.
3 QEM FYR GYRSE#XIVI E VHGMRMPSV RSEWXVI VIPMKMSEWI (I^FEXIVIE WI
ZE QEM TVIPYRKM TVI' HI G'MZE ERM, GLMEV HYT GI WI ZE 3 TYFPMGEX XSX GI WI
TYXIE HMR HSGYQIRXIPI HI PE 5YQVER. 2Y TYXIQ HIGX W RI FYGYVQ HI
EGGIPIVEVIE TVSKVEQYPYM HI TYFPMGEVI. :SQ VIGYRSE#XI G EGIE GEQTERMI
PERWEX R 1985 HI YR ^MEVMWX EQIVMGER, ,IVWGLIP 7LEROW #M GEVI W-E JGYX
TYVXXSEVIE HI GYZRX E GYVMS#MPSV JVYWXVE'M HI PMTWE MRJSVQE'MIM, E EZYX XSXY#M
IJIGXI FIRI3GI. RGITRH HI EXYRGM, IGLMTE IHMXSVMEP E JSWX PVKMX #M E MRGPYW
QIQFVM HMR QEM QYPXI 'VM, JSXSKVE3MPI HSGYQIRXIPSV MRIHMXI EY HIZIRMX
EGGIWMFMPI XYXYVSV, IHM'MMPI S3GMEPI WEY TVIPMQMREVI W-EY RQYP'MX, MPYWXVRH HMR
GI R GI QEM FMRI ZEVMIXEXIE KIRYVMPSV GYPXMZEXI PE 5YQVER. 'YRS#XMR'IPI
RSEWXVI GY TVMZMVI PE IFVEMGE #M PE EVEQEMGE E4EXI R GMVGYPE'MI PE VWTRXME
HMRXVI ITSGM W-EY HI^ZSPXEX, GGM RXPRMQ R XI\XIPI HI PE 5YQVER GIP TY'MR YR
PI\IQ E GVYM I\MWXIR' RY IVE FRYMX TR EGYQ. :IHIQ QEM FMRI EGIEWX
PYQI WIQMXMG TXVYR-^RHY-WI HI QSHYVMPI IPIRMWXMGI HI KRHMVI #M HI
I\TVIWMI: E#E WI JEGI G, R WTEXIPI WGVMIVMPSV RYQMXI WETMIR'MEPI HI PE
5YQVER, WI WMQXI WXMPYP HMEXVMFIM. 4I TPERYP MWXSVMIM VIPMKMSEWI, WI ZIHI G
TVEGXMGE KIRIVEP HI GEVI WIGXE, HMR HSVMR'E HI TIVJIG'MYRI, E HSVMX W WI
IPMFIVIÎ, IWXI HINE GIE E MYHEMWQYPYM GSRW3R'MRH XVMYQJYP JEVMWIMWQYPYM. 4I HI
EPX TEVXI, WI ZIVM3G STMRME IQMW RG R 1950 HI %RHVI (YTSRX-7SQQIV:
2MGMGRH RY M-E JSWX SJIVMX MWXSVMGYPYM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM YR EWIQIRIE #YZSM HI
PYQMR. 7 RI EQMRXMQ RYQEM G MRWXMXY'ME ITMWGSTYPYM #M JSVQYPE IZERKLIPMG
SEQIRM HI FYR-GVIHMR' #M KWIWG ERXIGIHIRXIPI RY R &MFPMI, GM PE
5YQVER. (SYÎGM HI ERM HYT HIWGSTIVMVMPI HI PE 6EW 7LEQVE, GEVI EY
GPEVM3GEX &MFPME IFVEMG #M TVIMWXSVME VIPMKMSEW E PYM -WVEIP, HSM ERM HYT
HIWGSTIVMVIE HI PE 2EK ,EQQEHM #M E GYPIKIVMM WEPI HI PSKME GSTXI 3KYVRH R
)ZERKLIPME PYM 8SRXE, 5YQVERYP ZMRI W RGYRYRIÎ GSRXVMFY'ME I\XVESVHMREV
E YRYM WJIVX HI WIGSP EFSQMREFMP HMR QYPXI TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI -PE GYRSE#XIVIE
VHGMRMPSV RSEWXVI VIPMKMSEWI.
%RHVI. 'EUM R GYXEVIE XI\XIPSV TMIVHYXI (MR TIWXI GIPI STX WYXI HI
QERYWGVMWI HIWGSTIVMXI PE 5YQVER, RYQEM ÎGI WYPYVM WYRX QEM QYPX WEY QEM
TY'MR FMRI TWXVEXI (GYQ WYRX 7YPYP PYM -WEME WEY 6IKYPE 6^FSMYPYM HMR TI#XIVE
1) #M HSEV S J#MI HI TMIPI (45 8IWXMQSRME). (MR XSEXI GIPIPEPXI, JSEVXI
HIXIVMSVEXI, RY VQR HI QYPXI SVM HIGX GXIZE FYG'IPI IWXI GE^YP, R
WTIGMEP, EP GIPSV HMR KVSXE 4, GEVI RY IVEY HITS^MXEXI R YPGMSEVI.
1ENSVMXEXIE TYFPMGE'MMPSV TVI^MRX JVEKQIRXIPI HI QERYWGVMWI R SVHMRIE
HIWGVIWGXSEVI E QVMQMM PSV. 4IRXVY E R'IPIKI QEM FMRI XSEXI EGIWXI XI\XI,
IWXI RIGIWEV S VIGSRWXMXYMVI QEXIVMEP E PSV, EWXJIP RGX W 3I VIKWMX
TS^M'ME I\EGX E JVEKQIRXIPSV R WYPYP HI SVMKMRI. 7I TSEXI EWXJIP VIGYTIVE, R
TEVXI GIP TY'MR, XI\XYP TMIVHYX #M WI TSX HSFRHM MRJSVQE'MM HIWTVI GSR'MRYXYP,
WXVYGXYVE #M XMTYP WY. %ZERXENYP YRIM EWIQIRIE RXVITVMRHIVM IWXI, R EGIPE#M
XMQT, EGIPE HI E IZMXE ETEVM'ME YRSV WTIGYPE'MM EWYTVE XI\XYPYM, GEVI W
GSRXVE^MG HEXIPI QEXIVMEPI EPI QERYWGVMWYPYM!
9R QIXMGYPSW NSG HI GSRWXVYG'MI RG HMR 195, .. 8. 1MPMO E ETPMGEX S
QIXSH HI VIGSQTYRIVI QEXIVMEP R GE^YP E HSY HMRXVI QERYWGVMWIPI
JVQM'EXI HI GEVI WI SGYTE (152 ->MGIVMPI PYM 1SMWI #M P528F 'YPIKIVI HI
&MRIGYZRXVM). )E IWXI GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI HI QIXSHE 7XIKIQERR, HI PE
RYQIPI PYM ,. 7XIKIQERR (+SXXMRKIR), GEVI E HI^ZSPXEX-S R EQRYRX #M GEVI
S TVEGXMG.
%GIEWX XILRMG IWXI HIWXYP HI WMQTP. 'SRWX, R TVMQYP VRH, R
GSQTEVEVIE RXVI IPI E XYXYVSV JVEKQIRXIPSV YRYM QERYWGVMW, JV E EGSVHE
EXIR'MI XI\XYPYM, YVQVMRH HSEV JSVQE #M ETEVIR'E PSV 3^MG. *VEKQIRXIPI
WMQMPEVI WYRX HMWTYWI TI YR TPER SVM^SRXEP. R QWYVE R GEVI, RXV-YR WYP,
JSVQIPI GEVI WI TSXVMZIWG WI VITIX PE MRXIVZEPI VIKYPEXI, HMR I\XIVMSV WTVI
MRXIVMSV, HYT TVMRGMTMYP WTMVEPIM, JSVQE JVEKQIRXIPSV, E nHERXIPVMIM HI TI
QEVKMRMPI QERYWGVMWYPYM, E VYTXYVMPSV WEY E SVMGVSV EPXI YVQI HI HMWXVYKIVI
REXYVEP WI ZSV VITIXE GY S QVMQI GVIWGXSEVI WEY HIWGVIWGXSEVI PE 3IGEVI
VYPEVI E HSGYQIRXYPYM. -EX GYQ TYXIQ 3 MRJSVQE'M GY TVIGM^MI VIJIVMXSV PE
TS^M'MSREVIE YRIM WIGZIR'I E JVEKQIRXIPSV, R PMTWE EVXMGYPE'MMPSV HMVIGXI RXVI
IPI.
(I FYR WIEQ, WI GYZMRI W GYXQ #M QFMRVMPI PSV HMVIGXI, HEV IPI
WYRX EHIWIE HIWXYP HI VEVI, MEV TVMQE IGLMT HI GIVGIXXSVM E VIY#MX HINE W PI
PSGEPMÎÎ TI GIPI QEM QYPXI. R EGIWX WXEHMY, IWXI MRHMWTIRWEFMP W PYGVQ GY
SVMKMREPIPI, PE QYÎY (ETVSETI XSEXI QERYWGVMWIPI JVEKQIRXEVI HI PE 5YQVER
WYRX GSRWIVZEXI PE 1YÎYP 6SGOIJIPPIV, JSWXYP 4EPIWXMRMER %VGLEISPSKMGEP
1YWIYQ HMR -IVYWEPMQ).
(EG JSXSKVE3MPI JGYXI GY PYQMR MRJVEVS#MI RI ENYX QYPX R HIWGMJVEVIE
XI\XYPYM, VIGSRWXMXYMVIE QEXIVMEP RIGIWMX QYPXI MRJSVQE'MM HIWTVI KVSWMQIE,
GYPSEVIE #M PMRMEXYVE JVEKQIRXIPSV (EHIWISVM MRZM^MFMP R JSXSKVE3M), GEVI R
KIRIVEP RY WYRX MRHMGEXI R IHM'MM. -EV YRISVM, EQTVIRXIPI YRYM JVEKQIRX TI
WTEXIPI EPXYME TIVQMX GEPGYPEVIE HMWXER'IM I\EGXI HMRXVI YRYP #M GIPPEPX.
6IGSRWXMXYMVIE QEXIVMEP E YRYM XI\X GSRWIVZEX EHYGI E#EHEV MRJSVQE'MM
MQTSVXERXI HIWTVI WYGGIWMYRIE JVEKQIRXIPSV, HMQIRWMYRIE GSPSERIPSV #M, HI
QYPXI SVM, HIWTVI RP'MQIE #M PYRKMQIE WYPYPYM, GEVI PE 5YQVER ZEVME^ HI PE
QEVIPI QERYWGVMW-QSHIP TR PE WYPYP HI FY^YREV. 'IP QEM FYR QMNPSG HI E
ZIVM3GE HEG S EWIQIRIE VIGSRWXMXYMVI RY IWXI IVSREX GSRWX R E GMXM XI\XYP
GEVI VI^YPX R YVQE IM. 4IRXVY EGIEWXE, GIVGIXXSVYP XVIFYMI W HIWGMJVIÎ GY
KVMN JVEKQIRXIPI, GY ENYXSVYP SVMKMREPYPYM #M EP JSXSKVE3MPSV. 9R QMGVSWGST IWXI
EHIWISVM YXMP, TIRXVY E GMXM YVQIPI MR3QI HI GIVRIEP WEY HYGXYW-YKVE3IM.
*VEKQIRXI TI ZIGM QMWXIVMSEWI 1IXSHE 7XIKIQERR IWXI ETPMGEX QEM GY
WIEQ XI\XIPSV WJVQEXI #M RIGYRSWGYXI. -QRYVMPI HMR KVSXE 1 EY JSWX
VIGSQTYWI TVMR EGIWX TVSGIHIY HI GXVI ). 4YIGL #M ,. 7XIKIQERR. (I QYPXI
SVM IWXI FMRIZIRMX GE IE W WI ETPMGI #M XI\XIPSV HINE GYRSWGYXI TVMR
MRXIVQIHMYP EPXSV GSTMM, RXVYGX I\MWX YRISVM VIGIR^MM HMJIVMXI QEM PYRKM WEY
QEM WGYVXI EPI ERYQMXSV GSQTS^M'MM (E WI ZIHIE, FYRSEV, HMJIVIR'IPI HMRXVI
QERYWGVMWIPI 6IKYPMM 'SQYRMX'MM HMR KVSXE 1 WEY HMR KVSXE 4 #M HMRXVI -QRYVMPI
HMR KVSXE 1 #M GXIZE I\IQTPEVI EPI EGIWXYM XI\X GYPIWI HMR KVSXE 4). 1IXSHE
WI TSEXI, HI EWIQIRIE, HSZIHM HI JSPSW TIRXVY XI\XIPI FMFPMGI: 45 6IKM IWXI
YR I\IQTPY. )E RY IWXI RW VIPIZERX TIRXVY XSEXI XI\XIPI; GSR'MRYXYP
GXSVZE QERYWGVMWI IWXI XSXY#M QYPX TVIE JVEKQIRXEV #M ZE VQRI, JV
RHSMEP, IRMKQEXMG TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE.
1YRG HI FIRIHMGXMR, VIGSRWXMXYMVIE QERYWGVMWIPSV WI HSZIHI#XI E 3 #M
RGVGEX HI GSRWIGMR'I, 3IGEVI VIGSRWXMXYMVI VITVIÎRXRH S GVIE'MI. 9R
I\IQTPY HI VIGSRWXMXYMVI QEXIVMEP TI GX HI R'IPIETX #M TVYHIRX, TI EXX
HI VSHRMG IWXI EGIIE TVSTYW HI )QMPI 4YIGL TIRXVY %TSGEPMTWE QIWMERMG
(45521). )E E TIVQMW VIGYTIVEVIE YRIM WIGZIR'I HI #EWI GSPSERI, XI\XYP
HEXSVRHY-#M GIPIFVMXEXIE QIR'MYRMM GY TVMZMVI PE RZMIVI, TI GEVI S GSR'MRI.
%RRIXXI 7XIYHIP 1EVMPI FXPMM R NYVYP 5YQVERYPYM 4SXVMZMX TVMQIPSV
MRHMGMM, S RXVIEK FMFPMSXIG HI XI\XI VIPMKMSEWI GSRXIQTSVERI GIPYM HI-EP
HSMPIE 8IQTPY IVE TI GEPI HI E 3 VIGYTIVEX #M 3IGEVI TMIW EGLM^M'MSREX HI
PE FIHYMRM WEY HIWGSTIVMX HI EVLISPSKM EHYGIE S PYQMR RSY EWYTVE EGIWXIM
TIVMSEHI. )TSGE HI VIHEGXEVI E VIWTIGXMZIPSV HSGYQIRXI IVE ERXIVMSEV GIPYM
HI-EP HSMPIE 8IQTPY #M XSEXI QERYWGVMWIPI IVEY GSRWIVZEXI R PMQFE PSV HI
SVMKMRI, JV QSHM3GVMPI (GE W RY WTYRIQ XIVKMZIVWVMPI) TI GEVI PI
TVIWYTYRI R QSH MQTPMGMX XVIGIVIE RXV-S EPX GYPXYV, RIEXMRWI E#EHEV HI
ZVIS MRXIVZIR'MI HMR TEVXIE SVXSHS\MMPSV YPXIVMSEVI.
%GIWXI HSGYQIRXI TVSQMXIEY W WYVTVMRH TI ZMY QEVMPI XVERWJSVQVM,
TR EXYRGM VQEWI IRMKQEXMGI, EPI KRHMVMM VIPMKMSEWI HMR EGIE TIVMSEH-
GLIMI. "M TIRXVY G WI WSGSXIE G QERYWGVMWIPI WYRX ERXIVMSEVI TVSGIWYPYM
TVMR GEVI EY JSWX WXEXSVRMGMXI WGVMIVMPI W3RXI EPI GIPSV HSY QEVM VIPMKMM, IPI
EZIEY W RI TIVQMX W #M R'IPIKIQ HI GI ERYQMXI WGVMIVM EY JSWX EPIWI QEM
HIKVEF HIGX EPXIPI, GYQ E JSWX WXEFMPMX XI\XYP WEGVY, GYQ W-E JSVQEX GERSRYP
&MFPMIM. R JSRH, EGIWXI QERYWGVMWI RPIWRIEY VIWGVMIVIE KRHMVMM VIPMKMSEWI E
3GGMHIRXYPYM, HISEVIGI TYXIEY HYGI PE VIHIWGSTIVMVIE SFV#MIM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM
#M PE VIKWMVIE MYHEMWQYPYM SVMKMREV HMREMRXI HI GEXEWXVSJ. -EV TIRXVY WXEXYP
GEVI XSGQEM WI R#XIE, HYT EXXIE WIGSPI, GE QS#XIRMXSV EP ZIGLMYPYM -WVEIP,
GI GEHSY TYXIE 3 QEM RMQIVMX HIGX EGI#XM QEVXSV RIQMNPSGM'M EM YRIM ITSGM
ERXIVMSEVI HMWXVYKIVMM WXEXYPYM IZVIY HI GXVI VSQERM# 2Y IWXI HI QMVEVI
E#EHEV GE, R JE'E EQTPSVMM QMÎPSV RSY-ETVYXI, MWXSVME GIVGIXVMM UYQVERMIRI
HMR EGI#XM YPXMQM GMRGMÎGM HI ERM W 3I GMXMX GE YR #MV HI FXPMM RXVI WEZER'M,
GE YR V^FSM R GEVI SVMGI PSZMXYV IWXI TIVQMW.
(I GRH HEXIE^ QERYWGVMWIPI#
4VSFPIQE EYXIRXMGMX'MM QERYWGVMWIPSV E JSWX HIWXYP HI VITIHI VI^SPZEX.
%QMRXMVIE GE^YPYM 7ETMVE (YR RIKYWXSV HI ERXMGLMX'M HMR -IVYWEPMQ GEVI
ETVSETI VIY#MWI W ZRH GXVI &VMXMWL 1YWIYQ YR JEPW QERYWGVMW FMFPMG "M
GEVI, S HEX HEX R ZMPIEK, E WJV#MX TVMR E WI WMRYGMHI) IVE RG TVIE 4VSEWTX
R QMRXIE SEQIRMPSV TIRXVY GE RSMPI QERYWGVMWI W 3I RXQ-49MEXI JV
VIÎVZ. (IWXYP HI GYVRH RW, S HEX GY TVMQE GEQTERMI HI WTXYVM R
TI#XIVE 1 (1951), EY JSWX SJIVMXI TVMQIPI HSZI^M HI EYXIRXMGMXEXI: GIVGIXVM
EVLISPSKMGI GSRXVSPEXI HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI #XMMR'M3G TIVQMXIEY EXYRGM
HIWGSTIVMVIE GXSVZE JVEKQIRXI TVSZIRMRH HMR EGIPIE#M QERYWGVMWI GY GIPI
GEVI JYWIWIV GYQTVEXI HI PE FIHYMRM, TVSFRH EWXJIP EYXIRXMGMXEXIE TMIWIPSV
EGLM^M'MSREXI HI PE EGI#XME.
&XPME HEXVMM PSV, R WGLMQF, E JSWX QEM KVIY HI G#XMKEX. *SEVXI
HIZVIQI, S TVMQ HSZEH E ZIGLMQMM R KIRIVEP E QERYWGVMWIPSV JYWIWI
JYVRMÊX HI EVLISPSKMI, GEVI EZERWEWI ZVWXE GIVEQMGMM EWSGMEXI PSV (YPGMSEVI,
PQTM GY YPIM IXG) #M HI EREPMÊ GY GEVFSR 14 E VI^MHYYVMPSV SVKERMGI EPI
VYMRIPSV HI PE 5YQVER, TVIGYQ #M E 'IWXYVMPSV GEVI RZIPIEY ERYQMXI
HSGYQIRXI.
1ERYWGVMWIPI R WMRI IVEY TVIE TVI'MSEWI TIRXVY E 3 WYTYWI EGIWXIM
EREPMÎ, GEVI EV 3 MQTPMGEX HMWXVYKIVIE PSV. (EXEVIE EGIWXSVE WI WTVMNMRIE R
TVMRGMTEP TI EREPMÊ TEPISKVE3G, E GVIM TVIGM^MI IVE GSRXIWXEX HI YR ERYQMX
RYQV HI GIVGIXXSVM. %FME RGITRH HMR 1987, S HEX GY HI^ZSPXEVIE YRSV RSM
XILRMGM HI EREPM^ WTIGXVSQIXVMG EGIWXIE RIVIGPEQRH HIGX I\EQMREVIE
YRIM GERXMX'M MR3RMXI^MQEPI HI QEXIVMI W-EY JGYX RSM XIWXI. -RZIWXMKE'MMPI
IJIGXYEXI HI PEFSVEXSEVIPI HMR >YVMGL #M 8IP %ZMZ (R 191) #M HI 9RMZIVWMXEXIE
HMR %VM^SRE (R 194) EWYTVE E TIWXI GMRGMÎGM HI QERYWGVMWI EY GSR3VQEX GY
S TVIGM^MI YMQMXSEVI HEXEVIE TVSTYW HI TEPISKVE3I #M EY HSZIHMX JV TYXMR'
HI XKEH ZVWXE QERYWGVMWIPSV: XSEXI JYWIWIV GSTMEXI REMRXIE HMWXVYKIVMM
-IVYWEPMQYPYM HI GXVI VSQERM, MEV QEVIE PSV QENSVMXEXI TVSZIRIEY HMR
WIGSPIPI EP --PIE #M - . ,V.
'YM W 3I EXVMFYMXI#
3 FXPMI QEM PYRK #M RG RY HI XSX RGLIMEX, E JSWX GIE E SVMKMRMM
QERYWGVMWIPSV. 2YQIVSEWI MHIRXM3GVM HI TVMQ SV (GY GVM'MM QIHMIZEPM, GY
ÎPS'MM, GLMEV GY MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM) EY JSWX HI3RMXMZ EFERHSREXI HYT GI HEXEVIE
QERYWGVMWIPSV W-E HSZIHMX MRGSQTEXMFMP GY EGIWXI EWMQMPVM. )WXI EHIZVEX G
YRMM GEQTMSRM EM MHIRXM3GVMM PSV GY KVYTYVMPI GVI#XMRI (GE 6. )MWIRQER WEY &.
8LMIVMRK) GSRXMRY W TSWXYPIÎ EGIEWX XI^ (QEM QYPX GY MQEKMRE'MI HIGX
GY VMKSEVI #XMMR'M3G), HEV IZMHIR'E IWXI HI RISGSPMX: GEHVYP MWXSVMG EP
TVSXEKSRM#XMPSV IZIRMQIRXIPSV HIWTVI GEVI RI ZSVFIWG QERYWGVMWIPI HI PE
5YQVER RY IWXI EGIPE EP VIZSPXIM QTSXVMZE 6SQIM HMR ZIEGYP - EP IVIM GVI#XMRI,
GM WIGSPIPI EP --PIE #M - . ,V.
1YRGE HI TMSRMIVEX E PYM (YTSRX-7SQQIV, GE #M E EPXSV WEZER'M HMR ERMM
50, E JGYX GE FEPER'E W RGPMRI R QSH HIGMWMZ R JEZSEVIE IWI-RMIRMPSV, GE
3MRH KVYTYP IZVIMIWG GY GEVI GSQYRMXEXIE HI PE 5YQVER TVIÎRXE GIPI QEM
QYPXI E3RMX'M. %GIWXI PYGVVM XVEWEWIV S JIIVMI MQTVIWMSRERX HI TEVEPIPI
RXVI HIWGVMIVMPI IWIRMIRMPSV JGYXI HI EYXSVM GPEWMGM (TVIGYQ MWXSVMGYP MYHIY
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M 3PSWSJYP MYHIY *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME) #M IPIQIRXIPI
GEVEGXIVMWXMGI EPI GSQYRMX'MM, E#E GYQ ETEV HIWGVMWI R QERYWGVMWI.
*SV'E HIQSRWXVE'MIM IVE EXX HI GSTPI#MXSEVI RGX, XMQT HI XVIMÎGM HI
ERM, MTSXIÊ IWIRMER E JSWX GSRWMHIVEX ETVSETI S HSKQ #M WI QIR'MRI #M
EWX^M GIE QEM VWTRHMX. %GIEWX MTSXI^, GEVI TIVQMXIE I\TPMGEVIE HEXIPSV
JYVRMÊXI HI TVMQIPI QERYWGVMWI TYFPMGEXI, R WTIGMEP GIPI HMR KVSXE 1, RY E
QEM JSWX RW WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E I\TPMGE ERWEQFPYP HEXIPSV EXYRGM GRH
GSQSVMPI HMR KVSXE 4, GY QEVIE IM HMZIVWMXEXI HI QERYWGVMWI, EY HIZIRMX
EGGIWMFMPI.
2. +SPF E RGIVGEX W VI^SPZI TVSFPIQE IZMXRH W WXEFMPIEWG ZVIS
PIKXYV E QERYWGVMWIPSV EXX GY VYMRIPI HI PE 5YQVER (TI GEVI P EWSGME^ GY
YR WSM HI JSVXVIE'), GX #M GY SF#XIE HI PE 5YQVER (E GVIM I\MWXIR' S
RIEK). 4IRXVY IP, QERYWGVMWIPI EV TVSZIRM HMR HMZIVWI FMFPMSXIGM EPI
-IVYWEPMQYPYM #M EV 3 JSWX HITS^MXEXI EMGM, R WMKYVER', HMR GEPIE REMRXVMM
EVQEXIM VSQERI, TWXVRHY-WI EWXJIP WGVMIVMPI XYXYVSV GYVIRXIPSV ETEV'M-RRH
MYHEMWQYPYM HMR TIVMSEHE GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE 8IQTPY. R STMRME PYM, EGIWXI XI\XI
EV VITVIÎRXE ERWEQFPYP TVSHYG'MIM PMXIVEVI E MYHEMWQYPYM ZVIQMM.
%GIEWX MRXIVTVIXEVI WI GMSGRI#XI HI S WIVMI HI HM3GYPX'M MRWSPYFMPI #M E
JSWX, TI FYR HVITXEXI, VIWTMRW HI QENSVMXEXIE GIVGIXXSVMPSV: 5YQVERYP RY
IWXI S JSVXVIE', MEV XMTYP WY HI GSRWXVYG'MI RY WIEQR TVMR RMQMG GY
JSVXVI'IPI LE#QSRII WEY MVSHMIRI HMR ^SR; PIKXYVE HMRXVI TI#XIVM
(RHISWIFM KVSXE 4) #M VYMRIPI HI PE 5YQVER E JSWX HSZIHMX HI EVLISPSKMI;
KVSXI HMJIVMXI GSR'MR EGIPE#M XMT HI QERYWGVMWI, EHIWISVM EGIPIE#M GSQTS^M'MM,
GSTMEXI HI EGIME#M WGVMFM; #M, R GMYHE HMZIVWMX'MM VIEPI E GSR'MRYXYPYM
QERYWGVMWIPSV, RY I\MWX TVMRXVI IPI QGEV YRYP GEVI W TSEX 3 MHIRXM3GEX
HVITX S PYGVEVI JEVMWIMG, KVYTEVIE GIE QEM TYXIVRMG #M QEM RYQIVSEW R
MYHEMWQYP ITSGMM.
0. 7GLM2QER, PE VRHYP WY, E WYFPMRMEX GY XVMI RVYHMVMPI ERYQMXSV
TVIWGVMT'MM PIKEPI HMR HSGYQIRXI TVSZIRMRH HMR TI#XIVE 4 GY LEPELE WEHY-
GLIMPSV #M TSWXYPIE^ S SVMKMRI WEHYGLIMG #M RY IWIRMER E GSQYRMX'MM.
3F#XIE EV 3 JSWX RXIQIMEX HI TVIS'M WEHYGLIM HMWMHIR'M, GEVI HIÊTVSFEY
QSHYP R GEVI IVE GIPIFVEX GYPXYP 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ. %GIWXI E3RMX'M,
VIEPI, HEV JSEVXI VEVI #M PMQMXEXI PE HSQIRMYP TYVM3GVMM #M EP LEPELIM VMXYEPI, RY
I\TPMG RW EPXI TS^M'MM LEPELMGI RIWEHYGLII QYPX QEM RYQIVSEWI #M RY
GSR3VQ IPIQIRXIPI HI SVKERMÊVI SF#XIEWG GI ETEV R WGVMIVMPI GSQYRMX'MM
HI PE 5YQVER. )PI WYRX GSRXVE^MWI #M HI YRIPI MHIM XISPSKMGI HMR QERYWGVMWI,
GYQ EV 3 GVIHMR'E R TVIHIWXMREVI #M R RKIVM, RIKEXI I\TPMGMX HI WEHYGLIM,
HYT WTYWIPI PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW.
R GIIE GI Q TVMZI#XI, GSRWMHIV G MTSXIÊ GEVI TIVQMXI GIP QEM FMRI
EZERWEVIE YRIM I\TPMGE'MM, 'MRRH WIEQE HI XSEXI HEXIPI GYRSWGYXI E^M, IWXI
EGIIE HIWIQREX GE MTSXIÊ +VSRMRKIR. )E JEGI S HMWXMRG'MI GPEV MRXVI
SVMKMRMPI IWIRMIRMPSV #M SVMKMRMPI GSQYRMX'MM HI PE 5YQVER. %PI IWIRMIRMPSV
XVIFYMI GYXEXI R XVEHM'ME ETSGEPMTXMG TEPIWXMRMER HMR WIGSPIPI --0 . ,V., R
XMQT GI SVMKMRMPI GSQYRMX'MM HI PE 5YQVER WI KWIWG R MRXIVMSVYP QM#GVMM
IWIRMIRI, WTVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE . ,V. 'SQYRMXEXIE W-EV 3 RWGYX
HMRXV-S VYTXYV R WRYP QM#GVMM, MEV TVSXEKSRMWXYP EGIWXIM WGM^MYRM EV 3
TIVWSRENYP TI GEVI XI\XIPI P RYQIWG RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM, YVQEX HI YR QMG
KVYT HI EHIT'M, TVMRXVI GEVI WI E4 YR RYQV QEVI HI TVIS'M.
1SXMZIPI VYTXYVMM, E#E GYQ ETEVI IE R XI\XIPI UYQVERMIRI, EY JSWX TI S
TEVXI S MRXIVTVIXEVI HMJIVMX E RSVQIPSV 8SVIM GY TVMZMVI PE GEPIRHEV, PE 8IQTPY
#M PE 3VE#YP 7JRX, GE #M E VIKYPMPSV HI GYV'MI VIJIVMXSEVI PE GYPX, TIVWSERI #M
PYGVYVM; TI HI EPX TEVXI, S MRXIRW E#XITXEVI IWLEXSPSKMG, R GEVI TVIÎRXYP
IWXI TIVGITYX GE WJV#MXYP ^MPIPSV. %GIEWX MTSXI^ TIVQMXI I\TPMGEVIE
RYQIVSEWIPSV IPIQIRXI IWIRMIRI HMR XI\XIPI UYQVERMXI #M, HISTSXVMZ, E
RYQIVSEWIPSV HMJIVIR'I PE RMZIPYP SVKERM^VMM SF#XI#XM, EP MRXIVTVIXVMM XI\XYPYM
FMFPMG, PE RMZIPYP LEPELMG #M PE GIP XISPSKMG.
'MRI EVI EGGIW PE QERYWGVMWI#
9PXMQE FXPMI VWYRXSEVI E JSWX GIE E EGGIWYPYM PMFIV PE XSEXI
QEXIVMEPIPI. (EG EGIWXI, GSRXVSZIVWI TI GEVI PI-EQ IZSGEX EHMRIEYVM W-EY
HIWJ#YVEX R HSQIRMYP VIWXVRW EP TYFPMGE'MMPSV HI GIVGIXEVI WTIGMEPMÊX,
EGIEWX HMR YVQ FXPMI E JSWX TYVXEX R TEKMRMPI ^MEVIPSV HI QEVI EGSTIVMVI.
)E WI VIJIV R TVMRGMTEP PE QEXIVMEPIPI HMR KVSXE 4 #M E JSWX, PE VRHYP IM, HI
GYVRH G#XMKEX.
0E 21 SGXSQFVMI 191, EYXSVMX'MPI EVLISPSKMGI EPI -WVEIPYPYM EY HIGMW W
EGSVHI PMFIV EGGIW PE QERYWGVMWI, MRGPYWMZ PE GIPI GEVI IVEY RG MRIHMXI.
%GIEWX LSXVVI HIZIRMWI MRIZMXEFMP HYT GI, R ^MYE HI 2 WITXIQFVMI E
EGIPYME#M ER, ,YRXMRKXSR 0MFVEV] HIGMWIWI W TYR PE HMWTS^M'ME TYFPMGYPYM
GSTMMPI QERYWGVMWIPSV TI GEVI PI HI'MRIE, TVIGYQ #M HYT TYFPMGEVIE R 7XEXIPI
9RMXI, XSX R 191, E YRIM IHM'MM TMVEX E QENSVMX'MM JSXSKVE3MPSV HI QERYWGVMWI.
6I^YPXEXIPI HIGM^MIM MWVEIPMIRI EY JSWX TI HI S TEVXI ETEVM'ME YRIM IHM'MM
GSQTPIXI, R QMGVS3#I (193), E XYXYVSV JSXSKVE3MPSV QERYWGVMWIPSV (#M '(-6SQ
R 197) #M, TI HI EPX TEVXI, EGGIPIVEVIE TYFPMGVMM XI\XIPSV R WIVME S3GMEP
(MWGSZIVMIW R XLI .YHEIER (IWIVX: #ETXI ZSPYQI EY JSWX IHMXEXI R HSEV XVIM
ERM (194-P96), JE' HI #ETXI ZSPYQI ETVYXI R HSYÎGM #M #ETXI HI ERM HI
GIVGIXEVI (RXVI 195 #M 1982).
4IRXVY E R'IPIKI QMÎPI EGIWXIM YPXMQI FXPMM, W PQYVMQ TVSFPIQE
TVSTVMIX'MM QEXIVMEPIPSV. 9R TVMRGMTMY JYRHEQIRXEP EP EVLISPSKMIM R 3VMIRXYP
1MNPSGMY TVIZIHI GE HIWGSTIVMVMPI EVLISPSKMGI W 3I QTV'MXI, HYT RIKSGMIVM,
RXVI WXEX #M MRWXMXY'ME GEVI VIEPMÎE^ #M 3RER'IE^ GIVGIXVMPI. %GIWX TVMRGMTMY
E JSWX ETPMGEX WTXYVMPSV HI PE 5YQVER #M HMR TI#XIVM, WTXYVM IJIGXYEXI HI
(ITEVXEQIRXYP %VLISPSKMG HI 7XEX MSVHERMER, TVMR 1YÎYP %VLISPSKMG
4EPIWXMRMER (1%4) #M TVMR "GSEPE FMFPMG #M EVLISPSKMG JVERGI^ HMR -IVYWEPMQ,
HEV #M QERYWGVMWIPSV GYQTVEXI HI 1%4 #M "GSEPE FMFPMG HI PE FIHYMRM. 3V,
TIRXVY E PI GYQTVE, 1%4 #M "GSEPE FMFPMG WSPMGMXEWIV GSRXVMFY'ME QEM QYPXSV
MRWXMXY'MM HMR HMZIVWI 'VM, GE :EXMGERYP, *VER'E, +IVQERME, &VMPI HI .SW, 1EVIE
&VMXERMI WEY 7XEXIPI 9RMXI. R GSRXVETEVXMH, S TEVXI TVSTSV'MSREP E
QERYWGVMWIPSV GYQTVEXI KVE'MI EGIWXSV JSRHYVM HIZIRIEY TVSTVMIXEXIE
MRWXMXY'MMPSV GSRXVM-FYXSEVI #M, HYT TYFPMGEVIE PSV, XVIFYMEY W PI 3I
XVERWJIVEXI. %GIWXE IWXI QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI, TSXVMZMX EGIWXSV EGSVHYVM,
QEXIVMEPIPI HMR KVSXE 1 WI KWIWG EWX^M QTV#XMEXI, S TEVXI PE QYÎYP HMR
%QQER, S TEVXI PE 1%4, M EPXE PE &MFPMSXIGE 2E'MSREP E *VER'IM; HMRXVI
QEXIVMEPIPI HMR KVSXE 4, TYFPMGEXI R 1968, 4I#IVYP ?'SQIRXEVMYPA PE 2EYQ WI
E4 PE FMFPMSXIGE 9RMZIVWMX'MM HMR ,IMHIPFIVK, MEV *IQIME RIFYR PE
9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 'LMGEKS.
0E VRHYP WY, R 1961, WXEXYP MSVHERMER HIGPEVEWI TVSTVMIXEXI RE'MSREP
XSEXI QERYWGVMWIPI TVSZIRMXI HI PE 5YQVER GEVI WI QEM KWIEY R GYWXSHME
1%4 #M MRXIV^MWIWI MI#MVIE PSV HMR 'EV. R WGLMQF, PI EGSVHE MRWXMXY'MMPSV
TVSTVMIXEVI HVITXYVMPI I\GPYWMZI HI TYFPMGEVI E QEXIVMEPIPSV. %GIWXI HVITXYVM
EY JSWX RGVIHMR'EXI QIQFVMPSV IGLMTIM MRXIVRE'MSREPI HI IHMXEVI, JSVQEX HMR
GIVGIXXSVMM XVMQM#M PE -IVYWEPMQ HI MRWXMXY'MMPI MQTPMGEXI, TIRXVY E TVIKXM
TYFPMGEVIE QERYWGVMWIPSV GI PI ETEV'MRIEY. R 196, -SVHERME E RE'MSREPMÊX
1%4, GEVI, GE #M TEVXIE HI IWX E -IVYWEPMQYPYM, E G^YX R QMRMPI -WVEIPYPYM R
XMQTYP V^FSMYPYM HI #EWI ^MPI. (I EXYRGM, EYXSVMX'MPI EVLISPSKMGI MWVEIPMIRI
EHQMRMWXVIE^ 1%4 #M WYRX KEVERXIPI HVITXYVMPSV HSFRHMXI ERXIVMSV, TVIGYQ #M
EPI HVITXYVMPSV I\GPYWMZI HI TYFPMGEVI E QERYWGVMWIPSV HI PE 5YQVER.
%GIWXI TVSFPIQI HI I\GPYWMZMXEXI E TYFPMGVMM HIGYVKIEY E#EHEV HMR
HVITXYVMPI TVIGIHIRXI HI TSWIWMI, GEVI VIÎVZEY EGGIWYP PE QERYWGVMWIPI
VQEWI RG MRIHMXI GIVGIXXSVMPSV HMR IGLMTE MRXIVRE'MSREP, RWVGMRE'M GY
TYFPMGEVIE PSV. 2IVFHEVIE TYFPMGYPYM R JE'E RXV^MIVMM TYFPMGVMM MRXIKVEPI E
XI\XIPSV, JVYWXVEVIE ERYQMXSV GIVGIXXSVM HI E RY EZIE EGGIW PE RM#XI
QERYWGVMWI E GVSV I\MWXIR' IVE GYRSWGYX, TVIGYQ #M S GEQTERMI HI TVIW
EFMP GSRHYW HI &MFPMGEP %VGLEISPSK] 6IZMI[ EY ENYRW W RHYTPIGI
EYXSVMX'MPI MWVEIPMIRI W EYXSVMÎÎ PMFIVYP EGGIW PE XSEXI QERYWGVMWIPI.
6I^YPXEXIPI EGIWXIM HIGM^MM RY W-EY PWEX QYPX E#XITXEXI: TIRXVY TVMQE SEV R
GMRGMÎGM HI ERM, EY JSWX TYFPMGEXI R QEM QYPXI PMQFM XVEHYGIVM QEM QYPX WEY
QEM TY'MR GSQTPIXI EPI XYXYVSV QERYWGVMWIPSV, SJIVMRH S ZM^MYRI HI ERWEQFPY
EWYTVE I\XVESVHMREVIM FMFPMSXIGM EHYREXI HI GSQYRMXEXIE HI PE 5YQVER R
XMQTYP GIPSV HSY ZIEGYVM HI I\MWXIR' E WE. )WXI EHIZVEX G RMQIRM RY
TSEXI TVIXMRHI G HMWTYRIQ HI RXVIK JSRHYP EGIWXIM FMFPMSXIGM. 'YRS#XMR'IPI
RSEWXVI ZSV 3 RXSXHIEYRE PMQMXEXI #M TEV'MEPI. 6IGIRXE EGGIWMFMPMXEXI E XYXYVSV
QERYWGVMWIPSV VIGYTIVEXI TIVQMXI RW S ZM^MYRI KPSFEP #M S PYQMR RSY
EWYTVE XI\XIPSV UYQVERMIRI, MRGPYWMZ EWYTVE GIPSV GEVI WYRX HI QYPX XMQT
GYRSWGYXI: EGIEWX ZIHIVI HI ERWEQFPY E WGLMQFEX HINE TIVWTIGXMZE HMR GEVI
GMXMQ EWX^M WGVMIVMPI WIGXEVI, GIPI QEM GEVEGXIVMWXMGI KVYTYPYM UYQVERMER. "M E
QSHM3GEX, HISTSXVMZ #M KVIYXEXIE VIPEXMZ E EGIWXSV WGVMIVM WIGXEVI R VETSVX
GY ERWEQFPYP GSPIG'MIM.
3 MHISPSKMI WIGXEV#
)PIQIRXIPI ETSGEPMTXMGI GSR'MRYXI R WGVMIVMPI WIGXEVI GSRXMRY W 3I
IWIR'MEPI TIRXVY R'IPIKIVIE GSQYRMX'MM HI PE 5YQVER. -HIIE G YRMZIVWYP -1
SEQIRMM EY JSWX GVIE'M HYT YR TPER TVIHIXIVQMREX, MHIIE QTV'MVMM PR'VIKMM
PYQM #M E MRMQMM 3IGVYM MRHMZMH R HSY JVEG'MYRM STYWI, 0YQMRE "M RXYRIVMGYP,
MHIIE PYTXIM GVRGIRI GEVI PI GSRJVYRX R MWXSVMI #M GIE E %GXSVMIM 3REPI E
JSV'IPSV FMRIPYM GSRXMRY W HI3RIEWG SVM^SRXYP MHISPSKMG EP GSQYRMX'MM,
TVIGYQ #M ZME'E WE HI 3IGEVI ^M: GSR#XMMR'E IPIG'MYRMM, WITEVEVIE HI VIWXYP
TSTSVYPYM, HIWTV'MVIE HI GYPXYP 8IQTPYPYM, TVIKXMVIE TIRXVY PYTXE 3REP. (EV
XI\XIPI HI GYVRH HMWTSRMFMPI RI EVEX PMQTIHI G ETPMGEVIE GSRGVIX E PIKMM,
R GSRJSVQMXEXI GY I\IKIÊ TVSTVMI E GSQYRMX'MM, IWXI #M QEM MQTSVXERX
HIGX IWLEXSPSKME R ZME'E KVYTYPYM #M G T^MVIE PIKMM IWXI RXV-EHIZV GIRXVYP
ZMI'MM GSQYRMX'MM. R ERWEQFPYP WGVMIVMPSV WIGXEVI, WIG'MYRMPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE PIKI
WYRX QEM RXMRWI #M EY QEM QYPX KVIYXEXI HIGX WIG'MYRMPI ETSGEPMTXMGI. 0E
5YQVER, GE R MYHEMWQ R KIRIVEP, LEPELE TVIZEPIE^ EWYTVE XISPSKMIM.
6ETSVXYP HMRXVI XI\XIPI HI SVMKMRI GSQYRMXEV #M XI\XIPI GEVI RY TVI^MRX
RMGM S GEVEGXIVMWXMG WIGXEV HIZMRI EGYQ EPXYP. (EG REMRXI QERYWGVMWIPI
HIWGSTIVMXI TYXIEY 3 QTV'MXI R HSY GEXIKSVMM QERYWGVMWI FMFPMGI #M XI\XI
IWIRMIRI WEY UYQVERMIRI, GY, IZIRXYEP, S QMG QEVN HI XI\XI E GVSV
EXVMFYMVI IWXI MRGIVX #XMQ EWX^M G QEM QYPX HI S XVIMQI HMR QERYWGVMWIPI
VIGYTIVEXI (TVSTSV'MI GEVI GY KVIY EV TYXIE 3 TYW TI WIEQE EGGMHIRXIPSV HI
XVERWQMXIVI) RY GYTVMRHI RMGM YR IPIQIRX GEVI W TIVQMX HI3RMVIE
GSR'MRYXYPYM PSV GE WIGXEV. %GIWXI XI\XI, HIWIQREXI GE ETSGVMJI #M
TWIYHSITMKVEJI WEY, QEM KIRIVEP, GE PMXIVEXYV TEVEFMFPMG, IVEY REMRXI
(GY HSEV GXIZE I\GIT'MM) GSQTPIX RIGYRSWGYXI. )PI HI^ZPYMI 0
WYVTVMR^XSEVI FSK'MI #M ZEVMIXEXI HI KRHMVI. 4I HI S TEVXI, TVIPYRKIWG QEM
QYPXI PMRMM EPI XVEHM'MIM FMFPMGI, MRGPYWMZ XVEHM'ME WETMIR'MEP, EGYQ EQTPY
VITVIÎRXEX HI QEM QYPXI XI\XI HI R'IPITGMYRI, MEV TI HI EPX TEVXI,
ERXMGMTIE^ HMZIVWI MHIM HIWTVI GEVI WI GVIHIE G WYRX HI^ZSPXVM TVSTVMM
MYHEMWQYPYM YPXIVMSV WEY GLMEV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. %GIWX ERWEQFPY HI WGVMIVM RSR-
WIGXEVI RI HSZIHI#XI G SF#XIE HI PE 5YQVER IWXI QS#XIRMXSEVIE YRIM
XVEHM'MM QEM FSKEXI #M QEM ZEVMEXI HIGX EQ RHV^RMX RSM W RI RGLMTYMQ. "M
RI EVEX, XSXSHEX, G MHISPSKME WIGXEV RY IWXI HIGX S TEVXI E KRHMVMM
UYQVERMIRI. &MFPMSXIGE, TI GEVI EGGIWYP PE XSXEPMXEXIE XI\XIPSV RI-S
HIWGSTIV, WI ZHI#XI E 3 S FMFPMSXIG JSEVXI WTIGMEP: IWXI S FMFPMSXIG HI
PMXIVEXYV VIPMKMSEW R GEVI QENSVMXEXIE STIVIPSV, WIGXEVI #M RSR-WIGXEVI, TSX
3 GSRWMHIVEXI PMXIVEXYV HI MRXIVTVIXEVI FMFPMG. %GIEWX FMFPMSXIG IWXI
HITEVXI RW HI E 3 YR EQEPKEQ HI XI\XI EHYREXI PE RXQTPEVI. %FWIR'E
ERYQMXSV GSQTS^M'MM WGVMWI R EGIEWX TIVMSEH, GE 1 1EGEFIM WEY 4WEPQMM PYM
7SPSQSR, HYT GYQ #M EFWIR'E XSXEP E WGVMIVMPSV GSR'MRRH MHIM GSRXVEVI
KRHMVMM UYQVERMIRI (RHISWIFM MHIM EPI JEVMWIMPSV) RI HSZIHIWG G EGIEWX
FMFPMSXIG RY VITVI^MRX ERWEQFPYP MYHEMWQYPYM HMR ITSG, GM G IE ETEV'MRI
RXVY XSXYP GSQYRMX'MM HI PE 5YQVER. (EV TSRHIVIE, R ERWEQFPY, E WGVMIVMPSV
RSR-WIGXEVI RI HIQSRWXVIE^ #M G SF#XIE HI PE 5YQVER IWXI YR JIRSQIR
QEM TY'MR M^SPEX #M QEVKMREP HIGX WI ZSME E GVIHI. 7XYHMYP PIKXYVMPSV I\EGXI
RXVI XI\XIPI WIGXEVI #M GIPI RSR-WIGXEVI, TVIGYQ #M E PIKXYVMM 3IGVIME HMR
EGIWXI GEXIKSVMM GY XI\XIPI FMFPMGI VQRI RG R WXEHMY HI #ERXMIV.
'EVI WYRX TIVWTIGXMZIPI HI GIVGIXEVI#
(YT GMRGMÎGM HI ERM, GIVGIXEVIE EWYTVE 5YQVERYPYM WI E4, R
VIEPMXEXI, PE RGITYXYVMPI IM. (EG IPIQIRXIPI TI GEVI RM PI-EY JYVRMÊX
QERYWGVMWIPI KWMXI EMGM EY XVERWJSVQEX HINE GSQTPIX QSHYP RSWXVY HI E
R'IPIKI GVI#XIVIE #M HI^ZSPXEVIE XI\XYPYM FMFPMG #M 3\EVIE PYM R GSPIG'MMPI
GERSRMGI, IZEPYEVIE GSRXVMFY'MIM XI\XIPSV TEVEFMFPMGI #M EPI XI\XIPSV
WIGXEVI VQRI RG R QEVI TEVXI HI VIEPMÊX. %HIZVEXE QYRG HI
MRXIVTVIXEVI RY TYXIE RGITI HIGX HYT GI WI ZSV 3 TYFPMGEX XSEXI QVXYVMMPI
3IGVIM PYGVVM, EHIWIE JSEVXI HMJIVMXI YRIPI HI EPXIPI. %REPMÊ HIXEPMEX E
GSQTS^M'MMPSV TEVEFMFPMGI RI ZE EVXE FSK'ME #M ZEVMIXEXIE KRHMVMM MYHEMWQYPYM
HMR TIVMSEHE GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE 8IQTPY. 7XYHMYP XVERWJSVQVMPSV HI^ZPYMXI HI
HMZIVWIPI GSTMM EPI XI\XIPSV WIGXEVI RI ZSV IHM3GE R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI IZSPY'ME
KRHMVMM #M QSHM3GEVIE WXVYGXYVMPSV WIGXIM UYQVERMIRI, HEV #M GY TVMZMVI PE
VETSVXYVMPI IM GY TYXIVMPI TSPMXMGI HI PE -IVYWEPMQ #M GY EPXI KVYTVM HMR
MRXIVMSVYP MYHEMWQYPYM. RW MWXSVME GSQYRMX'MM #M WYTSVXYP WSGMSPSKMG EP
XI\XIPSV RY ZSV TYXIE 3 TI HITPMR HIWGSTIVMXI HIGX EXYRGM GRH QEXIVMEPYP
EVLISPSKMG ZE 3 JSWX #M IP TYFPMGEX MRXIKVEP. (I PE VETSEVXIPI TVIPMQMREVI
EWYTVE WTXYVMPSV, TYFPMGEXI HI TVMRXIPI 6SPERH HI :EY\, MRIZMXEFMP WYQEVI
#M PMQMXEXI #M HI PE WXVPYGMXSEVIE PYM WMRXI^ E VI^YPXEXIPSV, RG WI QEM
E#XIETX TYFPMGEVIE MRXIKVEP E QEXIVMEPIPSV: GIVEQMG, QSRIHI, 'IWXYVM,
WXMGP, WXVEXMKVE3I IXG. (SEV YR TVMQ ZSPYQ, GY JSXSKVE3M #M I\XVEWI HMR
GEVRIXIPI HI RWIQRVM EPI PYM (I :EY\, E JSWX SJIVMX TYFPMGYPYM. *V HEXIPI
EVLISPSKMIM, WXYHMYP XI\XIPSV VQRI ZHYZMX HI WYTSVXYP WY MWXSVMG GIP QEM
MQTSVXERX. 4YFPMGEVIE VIGIRX E YRYM GEHVER WSPEV IWXI YR FYR I\IQTPY HI
QFSK'MVI TI GEVI SFMIGXIPI VIKWMXI S TSX EHYGI GYRS#XMR'IPSV RSEWXVI.
4YFPMGEVIE GSQTPIX E GIVGIXVMPSV HI PE /LMVFIX, HMR GMQMXMVI #M HMR TI#XIVM,
IWXI IPIQIRXYP GEVI RI QEM PMTWI#XI 4IRXVY E TYXIE ETVIGME GIE QEM QEVI
HIWGSTIVMVI EVLISPSKMG E WIGSPYPYM EP <-PIE.
*PSVIRXMRS +EVGME 1EVXMRI^ /LMVFIX 5YQVER: YR WMX IRMKQEXMG 2MGMGRH
5YQVERYP RY E JGYX SFMIGXYP YRSV HI^FEXIVM EXX HI TXMQE#I GE R ^MPIPI
RSEWXVI. 'IVGIXXSVMM TVSTYWIWIV S MRXIVTVIXEVI E ZIWXMKMMPSV GEVI RY PQYVIE
XSXYP #M, TEXVYÎGM HI ERM QEM XV^MY, QYPXI RXVIFVM VQR RIIPYGMHEXI, GY
TVIGHIVI R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI GYPXYP. )WXI ZSVFE, RXV-EHIZV, HI YR EWTIGX
IWIR'MEP: IVEY IWIRMIRMM GIM QEM VIPMKMS#M HMRXVI XS'M MYHIMM#
6YMRE HI PE 5YQVER WI TVI^MRX GE YR QEVI TEXVYPEXIV, 4ERGEX HI
HITIRHMR'I #M HI YR GMQMXMV RXMRW. :IWXMKMMPI E4EXI PE ZIHIVI EWGYRH S
GSRWXVYG'MI GEVI HEXIE^ HI PE WJV#MXYP ITSGMM 4IVYPYM (WIGSPIPI EP :9--PIE -EP
:PP-PIE). 'IVGIXXSVMM EY GVI^YX G HIWPY#IWG, TSVRMRH HI PE IPIQIRXI V^PI'I,
YR TPER GEVI RW RY IWXI GSRZMRKXSV. 4VMRXIPI HI :EY\ TVSTYWIWI S
MHIRXM3GEVI E PSGYPYM GY -VLE-1IPEL (3VE#YP 7VMM), GSRWXVYMX R XMQTYP VIKIPYM
3^ME (%ÊVME) EP -YHIMM (78P-740 . ,V.); HEV 5YQVERYP RY IWXI YR SVE#, MEV HEXE
IWXI, TSEXI, TVIE RHITVXEX. (MR MRXIVTVIXEVIE TVMRXIPYM HI :EY\ ZSQ VI'MRI
G IVE, TVSFEFMP, ZSVFE HI S QMG JSVXVIE' GI WXVNYME XVIGXSEVIE ;EHM-
5YQVER. 7MXYP EV 3 YR IPIQIRX EP WMWXIQYPYM HI GSRXVSP EP HI#IVXYPYM HMR -YHE
R WIGSPYP EP :PP-PIE . ,V.
6I#IHMR' HI MEVR WYF VIKMM LE#QSRIM#
(YT GMRGM WYXI HI ERM HI TVWMVI, 5YQVERYP IWXI VIJGYX WYF HMREWXME
,E#QSRIMPSV, RW RY RIETVEX HI GXVI IWIRMIRM. 3TMRME QIE IWXI G EV 3
ZSVFE QEM HIKVEF HI S ZMP: VI#IHMR' HI MEVR WEY PSG HI ZMPIKMEXYV 'MRRH
HI JSVXVIE'E ,MVGERME, GY M^ZSEVI, HSQIRMY EKVMGSP #M KVHMRM HI TEPQMIVM.
RGITRH GY HSQRME PYM -SER ,MVGER (135-P04 . ,V.), FE^MRYP 1VMM 1SEVXI
IWXI, RXV-EHIZV, PSGYMX HMR RSY. %PI\ERHVY -ERIY (104-76 . ,V.) E GSRWSPMHEX
GIPI XVIM JSVXM3GE'MM: %PI\ERHVIMSR (R ZEPIE -SVHERYPYM), 1EGLEIVYW (HI GIEPEPX
TEVXI E 1VMM 1SEVXI, EZERTSWX R GEPIE REFE-XIMPSV) #M, R 3RI, PE S RGVYGM#EVI
HI HVYQYVM GXVI -IVYWEPMQ, ,MVGERME. %GIEWXE HMR YVQ RY WI E4 HIGX PE XVIM
GIEWYVM HI QIVW HI 5YQVER, TI HVYQYP GEVI YVQIE^ R TERX PMR EPFME YRYM
GYVW HI ET. 'IPI HSY WMXYVM WYRX, R GMYHE ETEVIR'IPSV, PIKEXI TVMR KISKVE3I.
'IPIPEPXI JSVXVI'I LE#QSRII IVEY #M IPI YRMXI TVMR ZMPIKMEXYVM HI MEVR:
1EGLEIVYW #M EZIE HSQIRMYP TI QEPYP 1VMM 1SEVXI, GY FMPI WEPI HI PE
'EPPMVLSI*, GY KVHMRMPI #M ZMPIPI WEPI. %PI\ERHVIMSRYP HSQMR JVYQSEWIPI
TQRXYVM MVMKEXI HI PE TLEWEIPMW. 0E JIP, R EGIEWX TIVMSEH, 'VQYP HI PE
5YQVER #M GIP HI PE %MR *IWLOLE W-EY E4EX, GY WMKYVER', GY KVHMRMPI #M
TPERXE'MMPI PSV, R WYFSVHMRIE ,MVGERMIM.
'IRXVYP LE#QSRIMG, GEVI GYTVMRHI YR GSVT HI PSGYMX #M HITIRHMR'IPI
WEPI, ZE 3 TYRGXYP HI TSVRMVI EP YRIM RHIPYRKM HI^ZSPXVM EVLMXIGXYVEPI. 7TE'MYP
HI PSGYMX EVEX GE YR HVITXYRKLM ETVSETI TXVEXMG (32 \ 37Q), GEVI WI
HIWJ#SEV VIKYPEX R NYVYP YRIM GYV'M GIRXVEPI. %GGIWYP XVIFYMI W WI 3
TVEGXMGEX EXYRGM TVMR RSVH, TVMRXV-YR MRXVRH GEVI EQMRXI#XI HI EVLMXIGXYVE
QSRYQIRXEP, GY HSY VIÊPMXI IZSGRH RM#XI XYVRYVM. 'IP HMR ZIWX ZE 3 RXVMX
QEM XV^MY. 3 RSX HI PY\ R EGIEWX ^MHVMI EYWXIV WYRX IPIQIRXIPI YRIM
GSPSREHI, GY XEQFYVIPI IM VMWMTMXI #M GIP TY'MR HSY GETMXIPYVM.
0E ZIWX WI RXMRH HITIRHMR'IPI, HI NYV-QTVINYVYP GMWXIVRIM GMVGYPEVI,
EPMQIRXEX PE ZVIQIE EGIIE TVMR HVIREVIE ETIM TVIPMRWI HI TI EGSTIVM#YVM: S
VI'IE HI HVIRYVM EFERHSREXI WI VEQM3G TI WYF GEREPYP TVMRGMTEP HI
EPMQIRXEVI E GMWXIVRIPSV QEVM. (ITIRHMR'IPI WYRX EQIRENEXI TIRXVY
JYRG'MSREVIE ETIM.
)WIRMIRMM #M ETPMG QEVGE PSV HMWXMRGXMZ )WIRMIRMM MEY R TSWIWMI EGIEWX
KSWTSHVMI, GVIME M WI EHEYK YR JVYQSW HSQIRMY. (EG RY IWXI GY TYXMR'
W WI TVIGMÎÎ R GI QSQIRX WI MRWXEPIE^ EGI#XME PE 5YQVER, IM #M ZSV TYRI
TVSTVME EQTVIRX EWYTVE PSGYPYM TVMR TVEGXMGEVIE YRYM GYPX GEVI VIGPEQE
HMWTS^MXMZI WTIGM3GI. 'Y EXXIE WTE'MM HI GYPX, GMWXIVRI, EXIPMIVI IXG, TVIE TY'MR
WTE'MY QEM VQRI TIRXVY PSGYMX. 'MVGE ÎGI, QE\MQYQ GMRGMWTVIÎGI
TIVWSERI TSX WP#PYM PE 5YQVER. 2Y I PSG HIGX TIRXVY WPYNMXSVM EM GYPXYPYM #M
TIRXVY WYTVEZIKLIXSVM; PYGVXSVMM XSGQM'M EM PGE#YPYM TSX PSGYM R EJEVE PYM.
(I EPXQMRXIVM, RMQMG RY RI RHVITX'I#XI W GVIHIQ G IWIRMIRMM XVMEY GE
RM#XI WMLE#XVM R TI#XIVM, RMGMYRE HMRXVI EGIWXIE RIZHMRH ZVIS YVQ HI PSGYMVI
TIVQERIRX. 'SQYRMXEXIE PSGEPMÊX HI 4PMRMY GIP &XVR _-WXSVME REXYVEP :,
17) TI 'VQYVMPI 1VMM 1SEVXI RY TVMZI#XI RYQEM WMXYP HI PE 5YQVER: IWXI
ZSVFE, IZMHIRX, HI YR RXVIK 'MRYX. )WIRMIRMM TSTYPIE^ %MR *IWLOLE "M SEÎPI
WMXYEXI HI-E PYRKYP QEPYPYM TR PE %MR +EHHM ()RKEHHM) #M, 4VSFEFMP, HMRGSPS
HI IP: YRMM WYRX QI#XI#YKEVM, EP'MM EKVMGYPXSVM.
'EPPMVLSI IVE HIRYQMVIE YRSV FM XIVQEPI WYPJYVSEWI, JSPSWMXI R WGST
XIVETIYXMG (R.X.).
36-+-2-0) '6)"8-2-71909- 5YQVER WYFWXMXYXYP 8IQTPYPYM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ 6YT'M HI MYHEMWQYP S3GMEP, IWIRMIRMM W-EY I\MPEX HMR -IVYWEPMQ, R
WTIGMEP HMR TVMGMRE YRYM HMJIVIRH GY TVMZMVI PE GEPIRHEV, QEM I\EGX PE ^MYE TV^-
RYMVMPSV. %Y RIZSMI HI YR HMWTS^MXMZ HI WYFWXMXY'MI E 8IQTPYPYM, TIRXVY E
RHITPMRM GY SVMGI TVI' VMXYVMPI GYZIRMXI. %#E WI JEGI G JVIGZIRXIE^
5YQVERYP, GEVI WI E3VQ GE PSGYP PSV WJRX #M GIRXVY TIRXVY PMFE'MM, SJVERHI #M,
TVSFEFMP, NIVXJI. :MR EMGM TIRXVY WVFXSVM, VYKGMYRM #M TIRXVY QIWI VMXYEPI,
GEVI, R YRIPI SGE^MM, QFVEG YR GEVEGXIV HI SF#XI. 8SEXI EGIWXI TVEGXMGM WYRX
GYRSWGYXI HMR XI\XIPI IWIRMIRI #M HMR EYXSVM ERXMGM TVIGYQ *MPSR WEY *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW.
-RWXEPE'MMPI WTIGM3G GYPXYEPI TEV W TVSZMR HMR TVMQE TIVMSEH SGYTE'MIM
IWIRMIRI (TIVMSEHE -F*, HYT GVSRSPSKME PYM (I :EY\). R YVQE YRIM GEXEWXVSJI
TSEXI GYXVIQYVYP HI TQRX HMR 31 . ,V.
1EM QYPXI MRWXEPE'MM WYRX HIÊJIGXEXI (TIVMSEHE -). 7I TEVI G, HI#M FMPI
VQR R EGXMZMXEXI, VMXYVMPI EY JSWX RXVIVYTXI. 7 WI 3 VIEPMTMX IWIRMIRMM QEM
QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR GYPXYPYM HI PE -IVYWEPMQ# *PEZMYW .SWITLYW WGVME EXYRGM G IM
XVMQMX TVMRSEWI 8IQTPYPYM, HEV RY-P EHYG NIVXJI (6^FSMYP <:-, 19), MEV *MPSR G
RY NIVXJIWG ERMQEPI (5YSH SQRMW TVSFYW 75). 5YQVERYP EV 3, TVMR YVQEVI,
QVXYVME EGIWXYM RGITYX HI I\MP GI E YVQEX VIXVEKIVMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
'PHMVIE TVMRGMTEP #M JEMQSWYP WGVMTXSVMYQ
'PHMVIE TVMRGMTEP WI REP' GY G'MZE QIXVM HIEWYTVE GQTYPYM HI
VYMRI. )E GSVIWTYRHI GIRXVYPYM VI#IHMR'IM LE#QSRIMGI, TI GEVI IWIRMIRMM P-EY
VIEQIRENEX. 'MVGYPE'ME GSRXMRY W WI JEG RGITRH HMR GYVXIE GIRXVEP (RV. 1,
R TPERYP 5YQVERYPYM, TT. 50-51), MRZEHEX RGIXYP GY RGIXYP HI ERI\I.
0E RSVH-ZIWX WI REP' XYVRYP (RV. 2), GEVI RYQVE QEM QYPXI RMZIPYVM,
HEV HMR GEVI RY WYTVEZMI'YMI#XI HIGX XIQIPME, GY GEQIVI SEVFI. :IWXMFYPYP
TVI^MRX WMRKYVE GEPI HI EGGIW GXVI I\XIVMSV. 9R GYXVIQYV HI TQRX, TI
GEVI GIVGIXXSVMM P ETVSTMI HI GIP HMR 31 . ,V., WITEV RMZIPIPI -F #M -. 8ISVME
TVWMVMM PSGYPYM HYT EGIEWX GEXEWXVSJ IWXI, GIP TY'MR, EGGITXEX EWX^M. 2Y
I QEM TY'MR EHIZVEX G XYVRYP E JSWX WYW'MRYX HI YR XEPY^ #M G GMWXIVRE RV. 6
E JSWX HMWPSGEX.
'ZEHVERXYP RSVH-IWX EHTSWXI#XI S FYGXVMI (RV. 4), YRHI WI SFWIVZ
QEM QYPXI ZIXVI #M GQVMPI IM (RV. 5).
'ZEHVERXYP WYH-IWX WI SVKERMÎE^ R NYVYP YRIM GMWXIVRI (RV. 6), GVIME M
WI EHEYK GXIZE FE^MRI. 'IVGIXXSVMM EY TVIWYTYW R IE S WTPXSVMI. %GIWX
WIGXSV RY GSQYRMG GY GYVXIE, GM HSEV GY ERI\IPI WMXYEXI PE 4IVMSHMÊVIE
ZVWXIPSV UYQVERMIRI, HYT (I :EY\: JEÊ -E: GIE 150-P0 . ,V.; JEÊ -F: 10-31
. ,V.; JEÊ -: 4 . ,V. 68 H. ,V. (R.X.).
7YH-ZIWX. 0E JIP WI RXQTP GY GMWXIVRE WTEX R WIGXSVYP WYHMG EP
GPHMVMM. 'IPI TEXVY GMWXIVRI RYQIVSXEXI R TPER GY RV. 6, 7,18 #M 19, GEVI
VITVI^MRX QE\MQYP WXSGVMM HI ET PE 5YQVER, WYRX WMXYEXI HITEVXI HI
FYGXVMI. 8VIFYMI, TIWIQRI, W HIHYGIQ HI EMGM G ETE HMR EZEP HI GMWXIVRE
GMVGYPEV IVE MQTVSTVMI GSRWYQYPYM #M VIÎVZEX TYVM3GVMPSV XVYTYPYM.
(IWXMRE'ME GZEHVERXYPYM WYH-ZIWX RY IWXI Y#SV HI HI3RMX. %GIWXI QMGM
RGTIVM WYRX SVKERMG PIKEXI HI S WEP QEVI (RV. 8), GEVI QY#G HMR WYTVEJE'E
GYV'MM. 7IWM^RH TVIÎR'E YRSV GPMQVM TVMRXVI HVQXYVM, GIVGIXXSVMM EY
PSGEPMÊX YR WGVMTXSVMYQ PE IXENYP EGIWXIM WPM: EMGM EV 3 JSWX WGVMWI JEMQSEWIPI
QERYWGVMWI, TI YR HMWTS^MXMZ HI FERGYVM PYGVEXI R WXYG. %GIEWX MTSXI^ E JSWX
GSRXIWXEX, JV E WI MQTYRI RW ZVIS EPX WSPY'MI: W-E TVSTYW W WI ZEH EMGM
S QEW TIRXVY TVIPYGVEVIE WYPYVMPSV HI TMIPI, SVM GLMEV S WEP HI SWTI'I, GIIE
GI IWXI TY'MR ZIVSWMQMP.
2IZSMPI HI ET EPI GSQYRMX'MM )WIRMIRMM TVEGXMGEY FMPI VMXYEPI GY
EWMHYMXEXI. 7I TSEXI GE XS'M GVIHMRGMS#MM GEVI ZIRIEY W WI RGLMRI PE 5YQVER
W WI 3 TYVM3GEX EMGM. )VE RIZSMI, TVMR YVQEVI, HI S QEVI GERXMXEXI HI ET.
'MWXIVRE GMVGYPEV E VI#IHMR'IM LE#QSRII E ENYRW GYVRH RIRHIWXYPXSEVI.
'MWXIVRIPI 9 #M 10 EY JSWX, TVSFEFMP, EHYKEXI RGITRH GLMEV HI EXYRGM.
0E WGYVX XMQT, HI^ZSPXEVIE GYPXYPYM GE YVQEVI E WTSVMVMM GSQYRMX'MM E
MQTYW KWMVIE YRYM QSH QEM KIRIVSW HI GSPIGXEVI E ETIPSV HIGX HMR TPSMPI HI
TI EGSTIVM#YVM. %TE ZE 3 PYEX HI EGYQ REMRXI HMR ;EHM-5YQVER. 8VIGXSEVIE
XEMI JEPIÊ R XVIM HMJIVIR'I FVY#XI #M WYGGIWMZI HI RMZIP, RXVIXMEXI HI XVITXI
GY TIVI'M EFVYT'M, JSVQRH RM#XI FE^MRI. )VE HI ENYRW GE YRE HMR EGIWXI XVITXI
W 3I ^K^YMX GY YR WXZMPEV (EWX^M PYEX HI ETI). 9R GEREP GI WI HIWGLMHI
RWTVI HMK EHYGIE ETE, HI WYW R NSW, GXVI GSQTPI\. &E^MRYP HI HIGERXEVI
RGLMTYMX HI GIVGIXXSVM PE MRXVEVIE R GSQTPI\ RY EVI WIRW: HIGERXEVIE WI
JGIE GLMEV R WXZMPEV, MEV ETE HIGERXEX IVE GIE GEVI, GY ENYXSVYP YRIM IGPYÎ,
IVE HMWXVMFYMX, RXV-YR 4Y\ WXVYRMX, TR PE GMWXIVRI. 9R EP HSMPIE GEREP
TIVQMXIE GYV'EVIE FE^MRYPYM, ETE 3MRH IZEGYEX WTVI GEWGEH.
%XIPMIVIPI RIGIWEVI TVITEVEXMZIPSV VMXYEPI HITIRHMR'IPI VI#IHMR'IM
LE#QSRII, GEVI WI RXMRH PE ZIWX HI GPHMVIE 4VMRGMTEP, EY GYRSWGYX R
ZVIQIE IWIRMIRMPSV S MRXIRW EGXMZMXEXI QI#XI#YKVIEWG, R E#I^QRXYP
TVSTVMY-^MW IVEY, TVSFEFMP, XVEXEXI, TIRXVY QTVINYVVMPI GEVI GIVIEY TYVM3GEVI
VMXYEP, TVSHYWIPI #M YWXIRWMPIPI HIW-QEXI SJVERHIPSV. %MGM WI QGMRE KVYP, WI
^HVSFIEY #M JIVQIRXEY WXVYKYVMM, IVEY WEGVM3GEXI ERMQEPIPI. %MGM WI ZSTWIEY
XI3PMRIPI R TYVTYV ZMS1SNEVIPI #M GYTIPI TIRXVY SJVERHI IVEY JEFVMGEXI HI
SPEV PE JE'E PSGYPYM; W-EY KWMX GY WYXIPI, WXMZYMXI GY KVMN. %GIWXI GXIZE
RHIPIXRMGMVM WYRX PSGEPMÊXI: PE WYHYP HITIRHMR'IPSV WI E4 YR GYTXSV #M S
QSEV (RV. 1); PE QME^^M HI GYVXIE GPHMVMM TVMRGMTEPI, S ZSTWMXSVMI (RV. 12); R
I\XIRWME IWXMG, E JSWX HIWGVMW YR EXIPMIV HI SPVMI GY XYVR #M GYTXSV (RV. 13).
0E RSVH, S QTVINQYMVI GYPXYEP GY EPXEV TIRXVY NIVXJI 9RIPI RGTIVM WEY
WTE'MM R EIV PMFIV EV 3 EZYX S JYRG'MI GYPXYEP. )\MWX IPIQIRXI, TR EGYQ
TY'MR GIVGIXEXI, GEVI TIVQMX TVIGMÊVIE EGIWXIM HIWXMRVM.
3 QTVINQYMVI PEVK E JSWX EHYKEX HI IWIRMIRM R RSVHYP
HITIRHMR'IPSV ZIGLMM VI#IHMR'I. 7I TYXIE TXVYRHI EMGM HMR TEVXIE HI VWVMX,
TVMRXV-S GYVXI MRXIVQIHMEV (RV. 20). 7YTVEJE'E PSGYPYM RKVHMX IVE ETVSETI
KSEP (RV. 21). 7I MRHMG HI SFMGIM S FEMI VMXYEP (QMOZIL), GEVI SGYT TEVXIE
HI ZIWX (RV. 2). 'SRWXVYMVIE IM IWXI RW XEVHMZ: RXV-EHIZV, IE EWGYRHI YR
IHMGYP HI HEX ERXIVMSEV, GEVI RY VI'MRYWI EXIR'ME WTIGMEPM#XMPSV, RP'EX HMR
TMEXV RI#PIJYMX, REMRXI HI EQIRENEVIE WMWXIQYPYM HI EHYG'MI E ETIM, IHMGYPYP
IVE, TSEXI, YR EPXEV. R XSEX ^SRE HI WYH-ZIWX E QTVINQYMVMM, ÎGM HI SEPI WEY
YPGMSEVI WJVQEXI, GSR'MRRH SEWI HI ERMQEPI EVWI, JYWIWIV GY FYR-#XMMR'
RKVSTEXI. RXVI HITS^MXI #M EPXEV, WI VIQEVG WXVEXYVMPI WIHMQIRXEXI EPI YRSV
HIZIVWVM HI GIRY#. &EVGYP TSEXI 3 MRXIVTVIXEX GE YR PSG RGLMREX ERYQI
NIVX3VMM ERMQEPIPSV. 1MOZIL-YP IWXI RWGVMW RXV-YR XVMYRKLM GI TEVI Y#SV RP'EX.
%QSVWIPI ^MHYVMPSV PE QME^RSETXI #M PE QME^^M TIVQMX VIGSRWXMXYMVIE YRYM ^MH
VIGXMPMRMY (GY PMRMI TYRGXEX, R TPER) GEVI WI EVQSRMÎE^ QEM FMRI R TPERYP
KIRIVEP. (I ^MHYP EGIWXE W-EV 3 WTVMNMRMX EPXEVYP RSWXVY, TVMR YVQEVI I\EGX R
HMVIG'ME -IVYWEPMQYPYM.
1MGMPI RGTIVM RZIGMREXI GYV'MM MRXIVQIHMEVI IVEY, TSEXI, HIWXMREXI
TVIKXMVMM NIVXJIPSV: EFPY'MYRM GSVTSVEPI, XMIVIE ERMQEPIPSV. (VIRYP HI IZEGYEVI
EGSTIVMX GEVI #IVTYMI#XI WTVI RSVH HIWGVMI S GYVF TIRXVY E XVIGI TI
HIHIWYFXYP EGIWXSV RGTIVM. %TE I\XVEW HMR GMWXIVRIPI 9-P0 #M HIZIVWEX R
ETVSTMIVIE HVIRYPYM TYXIE HYGI GY IE ETIPI YÊXI WEY WRKIPI WTVI EPFME HMR
RSVH. 8FXY#M, MRWXEPE'ME HI EHYG'MI E ETIM ZE ERXVIRE HIÊJIGXEVIE EGIWXYM
HMWTS^MXMZ GYPXYEP. 1MOZIL-RP WI TSEXI W 3 JSWX GSRWXVYMX R EGIPE#M XMQT GY
HVIRYP. 9PXIVMSV E JSWX EQIRENEX YR FE^MR HI HIGERXEVI (RV. 23) GSQYRMGRH
HSEV GY QMOZIL: QPYP VI^YPXEX R YVQE HIGERXVMM EGSTIV HITS^MXIPI HI
SWIQMRXI.
1MWXIVMSEWE QIRMVI E IHM3GMYPYM ZIWXMG RGTIVMPI (RV. 14) GEVI WI RXMRH
PE ZIWX HI HITIRHMR'I #M HI GMWXIVRE GMVGYPEV, TI QEVKMRIE EPFMIM, EY JSWX
QYPX ZVIQI TVIÎRXEXI HVITX GEVXMIVYP MRHYWXVMEP EP 5YQVERYPYM, PYGVY GEVI
RY RGIXIE^ W WYVTVMRH: RXV-EHIZV, KVMNE TYW R GSRWXVYMVIE #M R
KVERHSEVIE PSGEPYVMPSV, GEVI RY EY JSWX GSQTEVXMQIRXEXI HIGX QEM XV^MY, RI
WMPI#XI W EGSVHQ EXIR'MI IHM3GMYPYM. 'IPI XVIM RGTIVM TVIÎRXEY S
TEVHSWIEP XIRGYMX GY MTWSW, RXPRMX HSEV R WIGXSEVIPI GIPI QEM RSFMPI EPI
E#I^QRXYPYM. (EV QEM GY WIEQ XIQIPME ^MHYVMPSV HI WYW'MRIVI HMR ZIWX E
RIGIWMXEX YR XIVEWEQIRX QEWMZ TI TERXE JSEVXI EFVYTX. %GIEWX EQIRENEVI
ERIZSMSEW XVHIE^ RIZSME MQTIVMSEW E IWIRMIRMPSV HI E RP'E S GSRWXVYG'MI
R EGIWX PSG, GIP QEM ZIWXMG HMR XSX E#I^QRXYP, I\EGX R HMVIG'ME
-IVYWEPMQYPYM.
:SQ VIQEVIE, HI EWIQIRIE, TVS\MQMXEXIE GMWXIVRIPSV GIPSV QEM ZIGLM
(RV. 9-P0 #M GIE GMVGYPEV) RPIWRMRH EFPY'MYRMPI, GIPI XVIM Y#M GEVI JEG W
GSQYRMGI RXVI IPI GIPI HSY RGTIVM KIQIRI; PYRKMQIE RISFM#RYMX E
GEQIVIM HMR RSVH, GEVI RKYWXIE^ ZMVSEKE; FSKEXYP HITS^MX HI ZEWI HI QEW,
GY GERHIPI MVSHMIRI, HMR QEKE^ME RZIGMREX (PSGYW 14, PE TVMRXIPI HI :EY\).
1MWXIVYP VQRI, GGM HMWTS^MXMZIPI HI SVMKMRI EY JSWX HMWXVYWI: W 3I ZSVFE HI
S FMFPMSXIG# (I S WEP HI EHYREVI #M HI VYKGMYRI, R WTIGMEP WEPE HMR RSVH,
SVMIRXEX GXVI 3VE#YP 7JRX# 3VM GLMEV HI S WEP HI SWTI'I WEGVI# -EX XVIM
MTSXIÎ GEVI, HI EPXQMRXIVM, RY WI I\GPYH YRE TI EPXE.
7EPE SJVERHIPSV: WXPTMM WYRX EPXEVI 6QR HSY WPM QMWXIVMSEWI,
WMXYEXI R WYHYP GPHMVMM TVMRGMTEPI. 2YQMXI VIJIGXSVMY HI GXVI GIVGIXXSVM,
EGIWXI HSY WPM (RV. 15, EHMG PSGYW 7, VIWTIGXMZ PSGYW 86 PE TVMRXIPI HI
:EY\) WYRX WMRKYVIPI TVIZ^YXI GY WXPTM. (I JETX, EGI#XME RY WPYNIWG, GY
WMKYVER', PE WYW'MRIVIE EGSTIVM#YVMPSV, GEVI, GE #M GIPI HMQTVINYV, RY EZIEY
RMGM S RIZSMI HI WYW'MRIVI. (I EPXQMRXIVM, VIJIGXSVMYP WI TEVI G RY IVE
EGSTIVMX HIGX R TVSTSV'MI HI S XVIMQI HMR PYRKMQIE WE. *SXSKVE3MPI
#ERXMIVYPYM EVEX G IWXI ZSVFE QEM GYVRH HI QMGM QIWI WEY EPXEVI PYGVEXI
RKVMNMX R WXYG.
%V 3 TSXVMZMX GE EGIWX WTE'MY W 3I MRXIVTVIXEX GE YR PSGE# HI GYPX. 7YXI
HI WXVGLMRM, QSNEVI #M GYTI JV TMGMSV, KWMXI WXMZYMXI R PSGYW 86, EPGXYMEY
ZIWIPE HIWXMREX SJVERHIPSV HI KVRI #M PMFE'MMPSV. 2Y #XMQ GYQ WXXIE GIP GEVI
EHYGIE TVMRSWYP, GGM EPXEVIPI TIRXVY SJVERHI WI E4 (RV. 15), RXV-YR GE^
(PSGYW 7), R TEVXIE HI VWVMX E RGTIVMM, MEV R GIPPEPX GE^ (PSGYW 86), R
TEVXIE HI QME^^M, I\EGX MRZIVW JE' HI GYQ RI E#XITXQ, 'QRH WIEQE HI
TS^M'ME -IVYWEPMQYPYM. R WEPE GIE PYRK, R ETVSTMIVIE EPXEVIPSV, S Y# HHIE
WTVI IWTPEREHE WYHMG.
4IWXI XSX R I\XIVMSV W-EY KWMX SEWI HI ERMQEPI EVWI, RJYRHEXI R SEPI
WEY YPGMSEVI EGYQ WTEVXI. RXPRMQ EMGM EGIPE#M VMX GY GIP TVEGXMGEX R
QTVINQYMVIE HMR RSVH. *MI EPXEVIPI HMR PSGYW 7 WPYNIEY #M PE EVHIVMPI HI 'sX, 3I
EV XVIFYM GYXEX TI IWTPEREHE WYHMG YR EPXEV WMQMPEV GIPYM HMR PRKVHMXYVE
RSVHMG. 8VERWJIVYP W-EV 3 TYXYX JEGI EMGM S HEX GY HIÊJIGXEVIE HMWTS^MXMZYPYM
GYPXYEP HMR QTVINQYMVIE HMR RSVH.
)WTPEREHE WYHMG: YR WTE'MY RGLMW GY KVMN 8IVEWE HMR WYHYP VYMRIM IWXI
YR WTE'MY RGLMW GY QMRY'MI (RV. 16): GPHMVMPI S RGLMH WTVI RSVH; ZMVSEKE
EHRG S RGSRNSEV PE ZIWX #M PE WYH; R WJV#MX, ^MHYP HI GEVI EQ ZSVFMX #M GEVI
WI TVIPYRKI#XI VIGXMPMRMY TR PE TVSQSRXSVMY S HIWTEVXI HI GMQMXMVYP HMR IWX.
'IVGIXXSVMM EY WYFPMRMEX HINE G EGIEWX FEVMIV HIWTEVXI GIIE GI IWXI TYV HI
GIIE GI IWXI MQTYV, ^SRE WEGVYPYM HI ^SRE PYQIWGYPYM, WTE'MYP GIPSV ZMM HI TI
TQRX HI GIP EP QSV'MPSV. 2MGM S Y# RY ZMRI W RXVIVYT EGIWX TIVIXI, TIRXVY
E WI IZMXE VMWGYP GE ZVIYR ERMQEP GI EV 3 FRXYMX TVMR TVIENQE QSVQMRXIPSV W
WI EZIRXYVIÎ EMGM WEY ZVIYR SQ W TXVYRH JV GE QEM RXM W WI 3
TYVM3GEX, R EGIWX WTE'MY VIÎVZEX WYRX RKVSTEXI VIWXYVMPI EVHIVMPSV HI XSX.
0YRKYP ^MH GEVI RGLMHI XIVEWE WYHMG IWXI GSRWXVYMX HI PE GMWXIVRE QEVI
TR PE TVSQSRXSVMY, RXV-YR QSH JSEVXI WTIGMEP: HMRXV-YR WMRKYV VRH HI TMIXVI
QEVM, WXMZYMXI, EPGXYMRH GIPI HSY TEVEQIRXI #M HMR WXVEXYVM HI ^MHVMI (EWMÎ)
RIVIKYPEXI. 9R EPX ^MH, PYRK HI 1,5 OMPSQIXVM, PIKE 5YQVERYP HI %MR *IWLOLE;
RY W-E QEM TWXVEX HMR IP HIGX YR TEVGYVW HI 50 HI QIXVM, ^MKÊKEX, GY
XVSRWSERI HMZIVWI #M RISQSKIRI.
7I TEVI G QTVINQYMVMPI HSQIRMMPSV VMWMTMXI HI-E PYRKYP 1VMM 1SEVXI EV
3 JSWX PIKEXI RXVI IPI EWXJIP RGX W EPGXYMEWG S FEVMIV. 9RIPI QFMRVM
TVI^MRX EGIPE#M QSH HI EWEQFPEVI E FPSGYVMPSV GY GIP EP ^MHYPYM HMR XIVEWE HI
WYH. "M EPXI ^MHYVM PYRKM, MHIRXMGI GY EGIWXE, WYRX GYRSWGYXI R VIKMYRI. 'IP QEM
FMRI GSRWIVZEX HMRXVI IPI RGLMHI SEÊ I^->EVE, TEVXIE HMRWTVI QYRXI, TI
GIPPEPX QEP EP 1VMM 1SEVXI. 'X YR WXEX HI SQ, RY EVI RMGM YR IJIGX HI
ETVEVI.
%GIWXI ^MHYVM PYRKM TIVQMXIEY, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, GE YRYM HSQIRMY
EKVMGSP RXMRW W-P 3I ETPMGEXI TVIWGVMT'MMPI WEFEXMGI VIÎVZEXI SVE#IPSV
QTVINQYMXI GY QIXIVIÎ. -IVYWEPMQYP IWXI #M EWX^M, ERYQI R EGIWX WGST,
RGSRNYVEX HI YR 3V GSRXMRYY, WYW'MRYX HI WXPTM HMR PIQR. 0SGYMXSVMM HI TI 'VQ
#M GIM HI PE %MR *IWLOLE EZIEY HIGM XSEX PMFIVXEXIE HI E JVIGZIRXE 5YQVERYP
R XMQTYP ^MPIPSV W3RXI.
.IER-&ETXMWXI ,YQFIVX RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM #M -MWYW 4IVWSREPMXEXIE GIE
QEM GETXMZERX TI GEVI RI-EY VIZIPEX-S WYPYVMPI HI PE 5YQVER IWXI EGIIE E
RXIQIMIXSVYPYM WIGXIM, RJ'M#EX EWXJIP R (SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG: 0E 390
HI ERM HYT GI -WVEIP E G^YX R QMRMPI PYM 2EFYGSHSRSWSV, VIKI EP
&EFMPSRYPYM, (YQRIÎY E ZIRMX PE IM #M E JGYX W RGSP'IEWG HMR -WVEIP #M HMR
%EVSR S QPHM' GEVI W-P QS#XIRIEWG TQRXYP. %XYRGM #M-EY VIGYRSWGYX
KVI#IPMPI, HEV XMQT HI HSYÎGM HI ERM, EWIQIRIE YRSV SVFM #M-EY GYXEX TI
HMFYMXI HVYQYP. (YQRIÎY PI VMHMG EXYRGM YR RZ'XSV EP (VITX'MM (QSVIL
WIHIU) GEVI W-P GPYÎEWG TI GEPIE MRMQMM 7EPI, RXVYGX P GYXEY GY XSEX
MRMQE ('(-, 5-P).
)TSGE QEGEFIMG (180-P30 . ,V.)
2MGM *MPSR, RMGM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW RY-P TSQIRIWG TI RXIQIMIXSV, RW GIP
HI-EP HSMPIE M WIQREPIE^ TI IWIRMIRM RG HMR ZVIQIE TSRXM3GEXYPYM PYM
-SREXER (152-P43), R %RXMGLMX'M <-, 171. 4IVMSEHE HI XEXSREVI EV GSVIWTYRHI
E#EHEV JSVQVMM TEVXMHIM IZPEZMS#MPSV, EWMHIMM, GE VIEG'MI PE XVERWJSVQEVIE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM R GIXEXI KVIEG HI GXVI %RXMSL )TMJERYP (2 1EG 4, 9), PE WGYVX
XMQT HYT MRWXEPEVIE WE PE TYXIVI, R 175. (MR 586, HEXE GYGIVMVMM -IVYWEPMQYPYM
HI GXVI 2EFYGSHSRSWSV #M TR R 175 WYRX 41 ERM, HEV GVSRSPSKME ITSGMM IVE
RG ETVS\MQEXMZ, MEV RYQVYP 390, TVIPYEX HMR -IÎGLMIP 4, 4-6, IWXI YRYP
WMQFSPMG, VITVIÎRXRH TIRXVY EYXSVYP (SGYQIRXYPYM HI PE (EQEWG S IWXMQEVI
WY3GMIRX. 'X TVMZI#XI ETEVM'ME RZ'XSVYPYM (VITX'MM TVSFEFMP YR TVISX HMR
JEQMPME 3RME^MPSV IE W-EV WMXYE R 152, GRH -SREXER, GEVI JGIE TEVXI HMR
JEQMPME TVIS'IEWG E PYM -ILSMEVMF, E JSWX RYQMX QEVI TVISX HI GXVI VIKIPI
%PI\ERHVY &EPE#. *EQMPME 3RME^MPSV, HMR GEWXE WEGIVHSXEP E PYM -IHEME,
HIWGMR^RH HMR 7EHSG, ENYRKI W 3I EWXJIP RPXYVEX #M I TSWMFMP, HYT GYQ W-
E TVIWYTYW, GE RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM W WI 3 IVMNEX R QEVI TVISX.
RZ'XSVYPYM (VITX'MM-JSRHEXSVYP M WI EXVMFYMI, TI HVITX GYZRX, TVMQE
VIHEGXEVI E 6IKYPMM 'SQYRMX'MM, EXIWXEX HI QERYWGVMWIPI HMR KVSXE 4 -QEM
ZIGLM HIGX 157 #M HI S TEVXI E -QRYVMPSV HMR WYPYP KVSXIM 1 (15,). 6IKYPE
TEVI W JEG EPY^MI XSGQEM PE TVIPYEVIE YRYM KVYT HI IZPEZMS#M HI GXVI
RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM #M PE MRWXEPEVIE PSV R HI#IVXYP -YHIMM: WJEXYP ?EGIWXIMA
GSQYRMX'M GYTVMRHI HSMWTVIÎGI FVFE'M #M XVIM TVIS'M ?TIRXVY GIPI
HSYWTVIÎGI XVMFYVM #M GIPI XVIM GPERYVM EPI WTM'IM PYM 0IZMA, HIWZV#M'M R XSX GI
E JSWX HIWGSTIVMX TVMR 0IKI. 3 HEX RJTXYMX EGIEWXE R -WVEIP, WJEXYP SF#XMM
IWXI ^MHMX R EHIZV: KVHMR HI ZI#RMGMI, PGE# HI W3R'IRMI TIRXVY -WVEIP #M
7JRX E 73RXIPSV TIRXVY %HYREVIE PYM %EVSR, QEVXSVM HI RGVIHIVI TIRXVY
.YHIGEX, EPI#M HI LEV (HMZMR) W MWT#IEWG R JSPSWYP &VMM #M W TPXIEWG
JGXSVMPSV HI VIPI GI PM WI GYZMRI. )WXI ^MHYP RGIVGEX, TMEXVE TVI'MSEW HMR
GETYP YRKLMYPYM: XIQIPMMPI RY WI ZSV ^HVYRGMRE #M RY-#M ZSV MI#M HMR PSGE#. 3
HEX QTPMRMXI EGIWXIE R -WVEIP, TIRXVY SF#XI, IM XVIFYMI W TVWIEWG WPE#YP
SEQIRMPSV TGXS#M #M, TSXVMZMX EGIWXSV TSVYRGM, W QIEVK R HI#IVX WTVI E-
0TVIKXM ?(SQRYPYMA GEPIE, HYT GYQ WX WGVMW: R TYWXMY KXM'M GEPIE. ?GIPI
TEXVY TYRGXI RPSGYMIWG XIXVEKVEQE =,;,A, HVITXI JEGI'M R PSG RIYQFPEX
GVVMPI (YQRIÎYPYM RSWXVY (W 40, 3). )P RI-E HEX RZ'EVIE 0IKMM TVMR
QMNPSGMVIE PYM 1SMWI (:-, P-P5). 'YZMRXIPI WYFPMRMEXI RY TEV E 3 JGYX TEVXI HMR
6IKYP R JSVQE IM TVMQEV.
4VMQE E#IÊVI PE 5YQVER E PWEX TY'MRI YVQI EVLISPSKMGI, RW IE E
JSWX ERXIVMSEV HSQRMIM PYM %PI\ERHVY -ERIY (103-76 . ,V.), MEV HEXVMPI YRSVE
HMRXVI QERYWGVMWIPI UYQVERMXI WYRX JEZSVEFMPI MTSXIÎM WYKIVEXI HI MRHMGE'MMPI
PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M EPI (SGYQIRXYPYM HI PE (EQEWG. 2I E4Q E#EHEV R
ITSGE QEGEFIMG. 7-E SFWIVZEX S EXIRYEVI E WTIVER'IM QIWMERMGI R XMQTYP
HSQMRE'MIM VIKMPSV GI M-EY YVQEX PYM %PI\ERHVYB RIVFHXSVM W RFY#I SVMGI
TVIXIR'MI E ZVIYRIM QPHM'I E PYM (EZMH. R XSMYP TIVWIGY'MIM MYHIMPSV HI GXVI
%RXMSL EP -:-PIE )TMJERYP, EYXSVYP 'V'MM PYM (ERMIP P RXVIZIHI TI HI'MRXSVYP
IWLEXSPSKMG EP QTV'MIM YRMZIVWEPI WYF XVWXYVM TI NYQXEXI SQIRI#XM, TI
NYQXEXI GIPIWXI ((R 7, 13-P4). %GIIE#M XGIVI EWYTVE QIWMIM HEZMHMGI
HSQRI#XI R GV'MPI 1EGEFIMPSV, GEVI E#XIETX GIP QYPX YR TVSJIX (GJ. 1 1EG 4,
46) #M GLMEV PE 7MVEGMH ()GGPIWMEWXMGYP), GEVI WGVME TI ZVIQIE HSQRMIM PYM
7IPIYGSW EP -:-PIE, JVEXIPI QEM QEVI EP PYM %RXMSL EP -:-PIE. 1EVIPI TVISX TSWX-
I\MPMG -SWYE IWXI GSRWMHIVEX PE JIP HI HIQR HI YRKIVI TVIGYQ >SVSFEFIP,
GSFSVXSV HMR VIKM (>E 4, 14), YR XI\X VIQERMEX EXVMFYMRHY-P GLMEV GSVSERE
VIKEP (>E 6, 1; 7MV 45, 12). )VEY ^SVMM YRYM QIWMERMWQ WEGIVHSXEP.
'YQ WI VETSVXIE^ RW RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM PE EGIWX GSRXI\X# .YHIGMRH
HYT WGVMIVMPI GEVI M WYRX TYWI R WIEQ, IP RY TSQIRI#XI RMGMSHEX HI QIWME
GI ZE W ZMR. 1EM QYPX, R ZVIQI GI TVSJIXYP 1EPIELM (3, P-5) GSRJIV S
HMQIRWMYRI IWLEXSPSKMG ZIVWIXYPYM 40, 3 EP PYM -WEME, E#E GYQ ZE JEGI #M
)ZERKLIPME, EYXSVYP QERYWGVMWYPYM 457 VIHYGI #IHIVIE R TYWXMY PE WXYHMYP
0IKMM! 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, RY IWXI WMKYV G VIWTIGXMZYP GMXEX HMR -WEME (40, 3) EV
3 PYGVEVIE RZ'XSVYPYM (VITX'MM, RXVYGX WYPYP 57, R GEVI 3KYVIE^,
HEXIE^ HI PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM - . ,V. "M TEVI W PMTWIEWG HMR QERYWGVMWIPI
QEM ZIGLM HMR KVSXE 4. R WGLMQF, -QRYVMPI EXVMFYMXI RZ'XSVYPYM WYRX
I\TPMGMXI: EWXJIP, GYZRXYP VEV QPHM' R IFVEMG, RIWIV GEVI R -WEME 1, 1
WI VIJIV PE HIWGIRHIRXYP QIWMERMG EP PYM (EZMH, IWXI EGSVHEX EMGM QMGYPYM KVYT
HI IZPEZMS#M: 1PHM'E W3R'IRMIM VSHI#XI, TIRXVY E ENYRKI KVHMR E
EHIZVYPYM; WX EWGYRW, RIFKEX R WIEQ #M JV E M WI GYRSE#XI TIGIXIE
XEMRIM (:-, 10-P). R -QRYVM, HEV #M R EPXI XI\XI HI PE 5YQVER, QPHM'E RI#XMYX
WI E4 PE SVMKMRIE KVHMRMM HI ZI#RMGMI TI GEVI S ZE EPGXYM GSQYRMXEXIE WE.
(EG I\MWX YR QIWMERMWQ, EXYRGM IP IWXI YRYP GSPIGXMZ. 8SX EWXJIP, HEG R
-WEME 9, 5, RYQIPI HI 7JIXRMG QMRYREX, (YQRIÎY XEVI WYRX EPI TVYRGYPYM
GI ZE YVGE TI XVSRYP PYM (EZMH, R -QRYVM IPI JEG VIJIVMVI PE WJEXYP GSQYRMX'MM,
GVYME RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM M-E HEX RE#XIVI (-, 10, YRHI (YQRIÎY XEVI
HIZMRI GY XVME WE).
92 23-836 %0 0)+128909-. RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM WI TVI^MRX GE
RRSMXSVYP 0IKMM PYM -WVEIP #M, GE EXEVI, R3MR'IE^ 'SQYRMXEXIE 0IKQRXYPYM,
GEVI XVIFYMI W HIZMR EHIZVEXYP -WVEIP. 6SPYP PYM IWXI TVIS'IWG #M TVSJIXMG,
QIWMERMWQYP HEZMHMG VQRRH R EJEVE GQTYPYM WY HI ZIHIVM. 1MWMYRIE WE
E JSWX GSQTEVEX GY E PYM -MWYW, JSRHEXSVYP KVYTYPYM GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI
?%TSWXSPMA #M MRM'MEXSVYP 2SYPYM 0IKQRX (1 'S 1, 24 #M 0I 2, 20), MEV EGIEWX
HMR YVQ I\TVIWMI, QTVYQYXEX HMR -IVIQME (31, 31), TSEXI 3 RXPRMX #M R
(SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG, R PIKXYV GY I\MPYP WIGXIM R 'MRYXYP (EQEWGYPYM
(:-, 19 IXG). 'LMEV HEG RY IWXI GIVX, HYT GYQ ZSQ ZIHIE, G RXIQIMIXSVYP
SF#XMM HI PE 5YQVER WI QEM E4E R ZME', 2SYP 0IKQRX R 'EVE (EQEWGYPYM
VQRI XSXY#M GSRXMRYEVIE 0IKQRXYPYM, EXX HI HIW MRZSGEX R
QERYWGVMWIPI 57, M5,, '( #M, HI EWIQIRIE, R 151, YPXIVMSV GIPSVPEPXI. 6SPYP
RZ'XSVYPYM (VITX'MM IWXI HIGM, GE #M EP PYM -MWYW, EGIPE HI QMNPSGMXSV EP
PIKQRXYPYM RSY ()ZV 9, 15 #M 12, 24). (EV -MWYW TIGIXPYMI#XI EGIWX PIKQRX
GY TVSTVMYP WRKI #M, GLMEV HEG IWXI EHIZVEX G RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM #M-E
EHYW TI PYQI GSQYRMXEXIE RJVYRXRH HYVIVM #M HMWGSVHMI (-5, -, 3-P8
#MTEWWMQ), IP RY ME EWYTVE WE TGEXIPI GIPSV QYP'M #M RMGM RY-#M HVYMI#XI
ZME'E GE .IVXJ HI MWT#MVI, TVIGYQ 7PYKE (SQRYPYM HMR -WEME 53. "M XSXY#M, E
GMXMX #M VWGMXMX TSIQIPI 7PYNMXSVYPYM, HYT GYQ S HSZIHIWG GMXEXIPI MQTPMGMXI
HMR -QRYVM. %XYRGM GRH I\GPEQ: %Q JSWX GETGER TIRXVY XS'M GIM TGXS#M #M
PIEG GIPSV GI #M-EY RXSVW JE'E HI PE TGEX (-, 8), WI TVIE TSEXI W WI3 KRHMX
PE 7PYNMXSV #M PE JETXYP G TVMR VRMPI 0YM RSM XS'M RI-EQ ZMRHIGEX (53, 5), RW
GSRXI\XYP MQRYPYM QFMI PE HIGSHM3GEVIE EGIWXIM XQHYMVM TVMR IJIGXYP
M^FZMXSV EP RZ'XYVMM WEPI. )P IWXI REMRXI HI XSEXI YR :MRHIGXSV, TVMR GEVI
(YQRIÎY E RWIRMREX GLMTYP QYPXSV SEQIRM., HYT GI P-E RZ'EX HMR
QMRYREXIPI 7EPI XEMRI (-:, 27-28). (MR RVYHMVIE GY 7EHSG, RZ'XSVYP
(VITX'MM QS#XIRI#XI ZIHIVMPI GSRWIVZEXSEVI, MEV GSRGIT'ME EWYTVE ZMI'MM HI
ETSM M VQRI PE JIP HI ZEK HI#M RY EXX HI VEHMGEP RIKEXMZ GE EGIIE E
WEHYGLIMPSV.
)TSGE LE#QSRIMG (130-37 . ,V.)
)\IQTPEVYP 57 EP 6IKYPMM E JSWX GSTMEX WYF HSQRME PYM %PI\ERHVY -ERIY
(103-76), HYT GYQ S TVSFIE^ QERMIVE R GEVI IWXI WGVMW. (YT QIR'MSREVIE
I\MPYPYM R TYWXMI, GMXEX QEM WYW, 57 TVI^MRX S HI^ZSPXEVI EQTP GEVI WI
RGLIMI EWXJIP: . :SV 3 NYHIGE'M HYT TVMQIPI TSVYRGM, GIPI GEVI, PE RGITYX, M-
EY QSHIPEX TI TVXE#MM GSQYRMX'MM #M EGIEWXE TR PE ZIRMVIE 4VSVSGYPYM #M E
9R#MPSV ?1IWMMPSVA PYM %EVSR #M -WVEIP (-<, 10-P).
%GIEWX HI^ZSPXEVI PMTWI#XI HMR 457, TI GEVI KVE3E P TPEWIE^ RXV-S
TIVMSEH ERXIVMSEV. (I EPXJIP, 157 E JSWX GSTMEX HI WGVMFYP GVYME M HEXSVQ
45 8IWXMQSRME, S J#MI HI TMIPI VIYRMRH S WIVMI HI QVXYVMM EPI 7GVMTXYVMM, GY
XVMQMXIVI PE 4VSVSGYP GI ZE W 3I ((X 18, 19), PE TVMR'YP GI ZE W ZMR (WXIEYE
PYM -EGSZ #M XSMEKYP PYM -WVEIP HMR TVSVSGME PYM :EPEEQ, 2Q 24, 17) #M PE YVQE#MM
PYM 0IZM, GEVI ZSV T^M 0IKQRXYP, ZSV TVSTSZHYM 0IKIE #M ZSV EHYGI NIVXJIPI
(FMRIGYZRXEVIE PYM 0IZM HI GXVI 1SMWI, (X 3, 8-P). (MR EGIPE#M GSRHIM EY
VI^YPXEX #M GIPI HSY ERI\I EPI QERYWGVMWYPYM 157 #M ERYQI 6IKYPE
'SQYRMX'MM (P57E) #M 'YPIKIVIE HI &MRIGYZRXVM (P57F), TYFPMGEXI HI (.
&EVXLIPIQ] #M .. 8. 1MPMO ((.( -). R TVMQE HMRXVI IPI WI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI
EHYREVI, PE ZVIQIE GRH (YQRIÎY ZE JEGI W WI REWG 1IWME ?PYM -WVEIPA HMR
QMNPSGYP PSV. RXMIXEXIE M VIZMRI R GSRXMRYEVI QEVIPYM TVISX, IP 3MRH GIP GEVI
FMRIGYZRXIE^ TVMQYP TMRIE #M QYWXYP SWT'YPYM IWLEXSPSKMG, REMRXIE
1IWMMPSV PYM -WVEIP (-, 1, 2). R GIE HI-E HSYE ERI\, FMRIGYZRXEVIE TVMQMX
HI QEVIPI TVISX S TVIGIH TI GIE EGSVHEX VIKIPYM WEY, QEM HIKVEF,
TVMR'YPYM, HISEVIGI XIVQIRYP HI RE#M, TVIPYEX HI PE -IÎGLMIP (34, 24 IXG), WI
TSXVMZI#XI QEM FMRI GSRGIT'MMPSV XISGVEXMGI EPI 3MPSV PYM 7EHSG. (YQRIÎY P
RWVGMRIE^ W VIRRSMEWG QTV'ME TSTSVYPYM WY. %YXSVYP M ETPMG
TVSJI'MMPI QIWMERMGI VIJIVMXSEVI PE HIWGIRHIR'E PYM (EZMH, HEV IZMX W
RYQIEWG EXX TI 3YP PYM PIWIM, GX #M WIQMR'ME PYM -YHE (P57F, :, 20-29). %WXJIP
WI I\TPMG JSVQYPE MRXIR'MSREX EQFMKY, JSPSWMX HI 157 1IWME PYM -WVEIP #M
%EVSR -TIRXVY E-P HIWIQRE TI ZMMXSVYP QEVI TVISX #M TI ZMMXSVYP GVQYMXSV
QMVIER.
%GIWX HYFPY QIWMERMWQ IWXI RXPRMX #M R ETSGVMJIPI 'EVXIE .YFMPIIPSV #M
8IWXEQIRXIPI GIPSV HSMWTVIÎGI 4EXVMEVLM, TVMQE HEXRH HMR XMQTYP HSQRMIM PYM
-SER ,MVGER (134-P04 . ,V.), E HSYE 3MRH R TEVXI TSWXIVMSEV GIPIM HMRXM. (EV
EMGM IP WI I\TPMG TVMR GYQYPYP TYXIVMM PEMGI #M EP TYXIVMM WEGIVHSXEPI R HMREWXME
,EWQSRIMPSV, GVIME EYXSVMM EGIWXSV HSY PYGVVM RY M IVEY, TVIGYQ IWIRMIRMM,
SWXMPM. 7-E TVIWYTYW G IVEY JEVMWIM #M G, EXYRGM GRH QM#GEVIE PSV W-E RZVNFMX
GY %PI\ERHVY -ERIY, W-EY VIGSRGMPMEX JV RHSMEP GY IWIRMIRMM, EPXYVRHY-PM-
WI (TIVMSEHE -F HI PE 5YQVER, GIE QEM TVSWTIV). %WXJIP EY VIXVI^MX R WRYP
EGIWXSVE WTIVER'E QIWMERMG, WYF JSVQE GSQTPI\ TI GEVI S HI^ZPYMI
8IWXMQSRME.
79')736- 46-1909- 2:&836 %0 (6)48&-. % JSWX SEVI RZ'XSVYP
(VITX'MM, JSRHEXSVYP 'SQYRMX'MM 0IKQRXYPYM, QEVXSV EP EGIWXIM VIRRSMVM#
)WXI TY'MR TVSFEFMP, HEG RY-P EXVMFYMQ S PSRKIZMXEXI MI#MX HMR GSQYR. R
(SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG WI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI YR 7XTR EP
'SQYRMX'MM (QSVIL LE]]ELEH, <-<, 35 <, 1), RYQMX #M RZ'XSV EP
'SQYRMX'MM M]SVIL LE]]ELEH, <, 14; R EQFIPI GE^YVM, XI\XYP XVERWGVMI]ELMH,
YRMG, GIIE GI IWXI S IVSEVI E GSTMWXYPYM). %4Q G QSEVI R NYVYP ZVWXIM HI
TEXVYÎGM HI ERM, REMRXI GE QRME PYM (YQRIÎY W WI ETVMRH QTSXVMZE PYM
-WVEIP, HYT GYQ E WTYW: JV VIKI #M JV GTIXIRMI (3W 3, 4), JV NYHIGXSV
#M JV RMQIRM GEVI W QYWXVI GY HVITXEXI (<, 13-P7). 'SQIRXEVMYP PE 'EVXIE
PYM 2EYQ QIR'MSRIE^ #M WJV#MXYP HSQRMIM LE#QSRIMGI: QTV'ME IM WI ZE
WYVTE. *IQIMPI, RSY-RWGY'MM GSTMMM WM ZSV QIVKI R VSFMI (3-4, -:, 3-4), EPY^MI
IZMHIRX PE WSEVXE PYM %VMWXSFYP EP --PIE, RJVRX HI 4SQTIM R 63 (%RXMGLMX'M
<-:, 79). 'SQIRXEVMYP PE 4WEPQYP 37 JEGI, HI EWIQIRIE, XVMQMXIVI PE YR RYQV
HI TEXVYÎGM HI ERM (-, 7), MRWTMVEX HI GIM EM )\SHYPYM, HEV GEVI RY IWXI QEM
TY'MR ETVS\MQEXMZ: WYRXIQ WMPM'M W RI RXSEVGIQ PE ERMM HSQRMIM PYM %PI\ERHVY
-ERIY #M PE TIVWIGY'ME TI GEVI E ERXVIREX-S ETIPYP EHZIVWEVMPSV EGIWXYME, QEM
GY WIEQ JEVMWIM, GXVI (IQIXVMYW EP --PIE, VIKI EP 7MVMIM, WTVI E-P WGTE HI
WYZIVER (GXVI 8 . ,V.). (YT VIXVEKIVIE RITVIZ^YX E PYM (IQIXVMYW, -ERIY
E WTR^YVEX STX WYXI HMRXVI IM, R ZVIQI GI EP'M STX QMM EY JYKMX #M EY VQEW R
I\MP TR PE QSEVXIE PYM (%RXMGLMX'M <-, 383; GJ. T2EL -, P-6). %ZIQ QSXMZI
RXIQIMEXI W GVIHIQ G TVMRXVI I\MPE'M WI E4EY #M IWIRMIRM #M G IM EY PYEX
HVYQYP 'VMM (EQEWGYPYM. (SGYQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG EXVMFYMI EGI#XM
TEXVYÎGM HI ERM #IHIVMM R (EQEWG (<-<, 32 <, 17), MEV 8PGYMXSVYP 0IKMM,
TI GEVI GSRXI\XYP RI WYKIVIE^ W-P MHIRXM3GQ GY RZ'XSVYP 'SQYRMX'MM,
TEVI W-P 3 RWS'MX TI GSRZIVXM'MM PYM -WVEIP, MI#M'M HMR 'EVE PYM -YHE ?YRHI WI
E4E 5YQVERYPA #M E#IÊ'M R 'EVE (EQEWGYPYM (:-, 4-8). %GIWXE QSEVI PE
(EQEWG, RXVI ERMM 8 #M 76 . ,V., HEXE RXSEVGIVMM GIP TY'MR YRIM TV'M E
I\MPE'MPSV. 'IIE GI RWIEQR G EGIWX GSRHYGXSV EP SF#XMM, E GVYM JYRG'MI RY
IWXI, HI EPXJIP, YRMJSVQ HIRYQMX, EVI TY'MRI #ERWI W 3I QSVIL WIHIU,
RXIQIMIXSVYP WIGXIM (-, 1).
%YXSVYP (SGYQIRXYPYM HI PE (EQEWG (E#E GYQ P GMXMQ R GIPI HSY
QERYWGVMWI HI PE 'EMVS) E WGVMW PE TY'MR XMQT HI PE GYGIVMVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM (R
63) #M WI E4E R E#XITXEVIE YRYM RSY RZ'XSV EP HVITX'MM, TIRXVY GIIE GI IP
GSRWMHIVE GE 3MRH ^MPIPI GIPI HI TI YVQ (:-, 10-P, GJ. <, 28 #M 32, YRHI
VIZMRI I\TVIWME QSVIL WIHIU HMR -, 1).
%#XIETX, XSXSHEX, ZIRMVIE YRYM 1IWME EP PYM %EVSR #M -WVEIP (<-, 23
<-, 1 #M TEWWMQ), I\TVIWMI TI GEVI YRMM S XVEHYG QIWME PYM %EVSR #M ?QIWME PYMA
-WVEIP, GIIE GI RI-EV GSRHYGI PE GIM HSM QIWME EM TIVMSEHIM TVIGIHIRXI, RW
XVEHYGIVIE GIE QEM 3VIEWG RI TIVQMXI W TVIWYTYRIQ G, RXVI XMQT,
GSRJY^ME RXVI WEGIVHS'MY #M VIKEPMXEXI HMR VRHYP ,EWQSRIMPSV, TVIGYQ #M
MQTSVXER'E WEGIVHS'MYPYM PE 5YQVER EY GSRHYW PE E#XITXEVIE YRYM 1IWME-
TVISX. 8SXY#M, YR TEWEN HM3GMP P MHIRXM3G TI 8PGYMXSVYP 0IKMM GY WXIEYE PYM
-EGSZ #M TI TVMR'YP ?ZMMXSV EPA RXVIKMM GSRKVIKE'MM GY XSMEKYP PYM -WVEIP HMR
TVSJI'ME PYM :EPEEQ (:-, 18-21). %V I\MWXE, TVMR YVQEVI, S HMWXMRG'MI RXVI GIPI
HSY TIVWSRENI QIWMERMGI, TVMR'YP #M QEVIPI TVISX.
7JV#MXYP ITSGMM LE#QSRIMGI IWXI QEVGEX R TVMQYP VRH HI HIGHIVIE PYM
,MVGER EP --PIE, QYXMPEX R ERYP 40 . ,V. HI RITSXYP WY %RXMKSR, EWXJIP RGX W
HIZMR MRETX TIRXVY JYRG'MMPI HI VIKI #M TVISX; R EP HSMPIE VRH, HI SGYTEVIE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM HI GXVI -VSH, GY ENYXSVYP VSQERMPSV, R 37; #M, R WJV#MX, HI
EWEWMREVIE PYM ,MVGER, R 30. 'SQIRXEVMYP PE 'EVXIE PYM%ZEGYQ JEGI EPY^MI PE
TVISXYP GEVI W-E V^ZVXMX QTSXVMZE TSVYRGMPSV PYM (YQRIÎY "M TI GEVI P-EY
WYTYW PE GE^RI R3SVXSEVI, V^FYRRHY-WI EWYTVE XVYTYPYM WY HI GEVRI.
(EV #M TIRXVY G EGIWX TVISX RIGVIHMRGMSW W-E EVXEX WEQEZSPRMG JE' HI
RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM (QSVIL LEW-WIHIU) #M JE' HI WJIXRMGMM EGIWXYME,
(YQRIÎY P-E HEX R QMRMPI HY#QERMPSV WM: E JSWX YQMPMX #M PSZMX HI QSEVXI,
PWEX TVEH YRSV EQEVRMGI WYJIVMR'I, 3MRHG W-E TYVXEX RIPIKMYMX GY EPIWYP
7Y (:-, 16 -<, 12). RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM E#XITXEX HI EYXSVYP (SGYQIRXYPYM
HI PE (EQEWG WI E4 HIGM R JVYRXIE GSQYRMX'MM IWIRMIRI GXVI ERYP 40. %
JSWX I\TYW LV'YMIPMPSV QEVIPYM TVISX #M IXREVL ,MVGER EP --PIE (63-40), GEVI P-E
YVQVMX TR PE PSGYP WYVKLMYRYPYM WY ?5YQVERA. R >MYE -WT#MVMPSV ?PSQ
/MTTYVMQA (<-, 4-8) #M EGIEWXE, JV RHSMEP, TIRXVY E HSZIHM VIWTIGXEVIE EMGM
E YRYM GEPIRHEV PMXYVKMG HMJIVMX HI GIP EP 8IQTPYPYM.
7 VIQEVGQ XIVQIRYP HI EPIW EP PYM (YQRIÎY, YXMPMÊX TIRXVY
HIWIQREVIE RZ'XSVYPYM (VITX'MM. 2Y EV 3 RW MRHMGEX W-P JSV'Q WIRWYP
QIWMERMG, GGM R <, 13, EPI#MM PYM (YQRIÎY VITVI^MRX ERWEQFPYP
GSQYRMX'MM. )P IWXI HSEV 4VISXYP HEX HI (YQRIÎY ?.A WTVI E XPGYM XSEXI
GYZMRXIPI WPYNMXSVMPSV WM, 4VSVSGMM (-, 6-P0, GJ. :-, 4-5), MEV YGIRMGMM PYM GEVI
QTPMRIWG 0IKIE R GEWE PYM -YHE ZSV 3 QRXYM'M HI (YQRIÎY PE ZVIQIE
NYHIG'MM (MRM'MEXI HI ,MVGER), TIRXVY RIZSMR'IPI #M GVIHMR'E PSV R RZ'XSVYP
(VITX'MM. %GIWX GSQIRXEVMY PE GEVXIE PYM %ZEGYQ 2, 4 (HVITXYP HMR GVIHMR'
ZE 3 ZMY) E JSWX GSQTEVEX GY GIP EP PYM 4EZIP HMR )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM (1, 16).
(EV RXV-YR GE^ IWXI ZSVFE HI RGVIHIVIE EGSVHEX YRYM TVISX #M GSRHYGXSV GI
WI VIGSQERH GE 3MRH EHIZVEXYP XPGYMXSV EP 7GVMTXYVMM, MEV R GIPPEPX HI
GVIHMR'E R -MWYW, QIWME HEZMHMG #M *MY EP PYM (YQRIÎY, RZMEX HMR QSV'M (6Q 1,
3-4). R EGIPE#M XMQT, GSR#XMMR'E PYM -MWYW EWYTVE TVSTVMIM QIRMVM #M EWYTVE
EHIZVEXIM WEPI 3VM P WMXYIE^ RXV-YR GY XSXYP EPX TPER, GLMEV HEG E3VQE'MMPI
WEPI R EGIWX WIRW WYRX HMREHMRW HMWGVIXI (1X 1, 27; 21, 37; 2, 4P-45; 26, 63-6).
)TSGE MVSHMER (37 . ,V. 68 H. ,V.) R ERYP 37 . ,V., -VSH TVIPYE IJIGXMZ
TYXIVIE PE -IVYWEPMQ, WYF XYXIPE VSQER, HIWMKYV. R 31, ZEPIE -SVHERYPYM IWXI
^KYHYMX HI YR TYXIVRMG GYXVIQYV HI TQRX GEVI PEW RIZXQEX EVQEXE
PYM -VSH (6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV -, 370), HEV TVSZSEG TVWMVIE TEV'MEP E
5YQVERYPYM. (I EPXJIP, EGIWX I\MP R HI#IVXYP -YHIMM RY WI QEM MQTYRIE GE R
XMQTYP TVMKSERIM, RXVYGX #XMQ HI PE *PEZMYW .SWITLYW G -VSH IVE FMRIZSMXSV
JE' HI IWIRMIRM (%RXMGLMX'M <:, 378). 8SXY#M, EGI#XME GY KVIY TYXIEY EWSGME
HMREWXME MVSHMER HI SVMKMRI MHYQIER GY WTIVER'IPI PSV QIWMERMGI. %#E WI
JEGI G EWMWXQ PE VIETEVM'ME E#XITXVMM YRYM 1IWME HEZMHMG R GSQIRXEVMM E
GVSV WGVMIVI HEXIE^ HI HYT GSRWYQEVIE EGIWXIM TIVMSEHI. (YT GI P
GMXIE^ TI -WEME 1, P-5, YR GSQIRXEXSV I\TPMG: ?QPHM'EA PYM (EZMH, GEVI WI ZE
VMHMGE R ^MPIPI GIPI HI TI YVQ. -EV (YQRIÎY S ZE WTVMNMRM GY ?.A 0IKMM. #M ZE
WXTRM XSEXI RIEQYVMPI. -EV WEFME WE ZE NYHIGE XSEXI TSTSEVIPI. -EV GIIE GI
IWXI WGVMW: ZE NYHIGE RY HYT RJ'M#EVIE GIE HMR EJEV #M RMGM RY ZE QYWXVE
HYT GIPI GI WI ^ZSRIWG ZE W RWIQRI G HI PE TVIS'M ?.A #1 G HYT GIPI GI
PI ZE E4E HI PE IM ZE NYHIGE #M HYT LSXVVIE EGIPSVE ZE ?.A (45161, 8-P0,
P-24). 8SX EWXJIP, R*PSVMPIKMY (45174), R PIKXYV GY TVSJI'ME PYM 2EXER (2 6K 7,
P-P4): I ZSVFE HIWTVI WQR'E ?WIQELA PYM (EZMH, GEVI WI ZE MZM S HEX GY
8PGYMXSVYP 0IKMM GI WI ZE VMHMGE HMR 7MSR R ^MPIPI GIPI HI TI YVQ (P-2,1, 10-
P2). %GIIE#M QIR'MYRI E QIWMIM HEZMHMGI ETEVI RXV-YR JVEKQIRX MRXMXYPEX
TVSZM^SVMY &MRIGYZRXVM TEXVMEVLEPI: ZIVWIXYP 49,10 HMR *EGIVIE IWXI
MRXIVTVIXEX GE ZIRMVIE 1IWMIM EP (VITX'MM ?QIWLMEL LEW-WIHIUA, WQR'E PYM
(EZMH, GGM PYM #M YVQE#MPSV PYM PI-E JSWX LV^MX, WYF JSVQ HI PIKQRX,
GVQYMVIE TSTSVYPYM WY TI ZIGM. %GIWXI XI\XI TSX 3 YPXIVMSEVI QSV'MM PYM -VSH,
HEV ZSQ WIWMÊ G, RG HMR XMQTYP PYM 4SQTIM, EYXSVYP JEVMWIY EP 4WEPQMPSV PYM
7SPSQSR M GIVI WXVYMXSV PYM (YQRIÎY W VMHMGI TIRXVY TSTSVYP PYM TI VIKIPI
WY, 3YP PYM (EZMH. 'EVI ZE GYV'E -IVYWEPMQYP HI RIEQYVMPI GI-P ETEW #M-P
QTMPIE^ (17, 23 #M YVQ.).
%GIWXE EV 3 9RWYP (SQRYPYM (18, 8) #M RMGMHIGYQ YR 9RW (1IWME)
WEGIVHSXEP. 2Y EPXJIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI PE 5YQVER, RW 1IWME HEZMHMG RY WI
I\IVGMX HIGX EWYTVE GSRWMPMMPSV 7EGIVHS'MYPYM, GEVI 7EGIVHS'MY #M QIR'MRI
TYXIVIE EWYTVE XVIFYVMPSV ZVIQIPRMGI, HYT GYQ S EXIWX EXX HI KVMXSV
6IKYPE 6^FSMYPYM. 'STME IM TVMRGMTEP (51) IWXI GSRXIQTSVER PYM -VSH #M, R
TS3HE PMTWIM HI TIVWTIGXMZ WTIGM3G QIWMERMG, EGIWX XVEXEX HIRSX S MRXIRW
E#XITXEVI IWLEXSPSKMG.
92 1)7-% *-9 %0 09- (912)>)9# 7-E TYW RXVIFEVIE HEG IWIRMIRMM
GVIHIEY RXV-S WSVKMRXI HMZMR E PYM 1IWME. (EG RY GYRS#XIEY XVEHYGIVIE TI
GEVI S H 7ITXYEKMRXE 4WEPQYPYM 109, 3 ((MR TRXIGI QEM REMRXI HI PYGIEJV
8I-EQ RWGYX), WI TYXIEY FM^YM TI 4WEPQYP 2, 7 (*MYP 1IY I#XM 8Y, )Y EWX^M
8I-EQ RWGYX!), TI GETMXSPYP 7 EP 4MPHIPSV (*MYPI, ?.A WTYRI R'IPITGMYRMM: n8Y
I#XM WSVE 1IE!~) WEY GLMEV TI GIPIWXYP 1IWME HMR 'EVXIE PYM (ERMIP 7, 13-P4. "M
EXYRGM, TEWENYP HMR P57E -, P-P2, TI GEVI P-EQ VIHEX QEM WYW TVMR: (YQRIÎY ZE
JEGI W WI REWG YR 1IWME HMR QMNPSGYP PSV, XVIFYMI XVEHYW SEVI: (YQRIÎY
ZE RE#XI TI 1IWME HMR QMNPSGYP PSV# *SVQE ZIVFEP IFVEMG ]SPMH RWIEQR R
QSH SFM#RYMX E JEGI W WI REWG, HEV RMQMG RY QTMIHMG MRXIVTVIXEVIE IM R
WIRWYP PEVK HI E HE RE#XIVI, (YQRIÎY 3MRH GSRWMHIVEX HVITX GEY^ E
JIGYRHMX'MM (GJ. *G 29, 31; 30, 24). RW, GYQ IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI 1IWME PYM
-WVEIP, EYXSVYP VIPYRH PMQFENYP TWEPQYPYM HI RXVSREVI (2, 7) #M EP TVSJI'MIM
PYM 2EXER (2 6K 7, 14) P ZE 3 TIVGITYX GE 3Y EHSTXMZ EP PYM (YQRIÎY. (I
EPXJIP, GY 6IKYPE 'SRKVIKE'MIM RI E4Q R ITSGE VIKMPSV IPIRMWXMGM, GEVI R
)KMTX #M R 7MVME WI GVIHIEY 3M EM PYM >IYW, MEV EYXSVYP RSWXVY QTVX#IE GY
WMKYVER' #M IP VITYPWME IZVIMPSV IZPEZMS#M JE' HI YR %RXMSL )TMJERYP, GEVI WI
VMHMG #M WI XVYJI#XI QTSXVMZE SVMGVYM HYQRIÎY (GJ. (R 1, 36), RIWSGSXMRH
JETXYP G EGIPE GEVI IWXI TQRXIER W RY WI EWIQIRI PYM (YQRIÎY! (2
1EG 9, 12). 9R JVEKQIRX EVEQEMG HMR KVSXE 4 (TI GEVI .. 8. 1MPMO YVQIE^ W-P
TYFPMGI) QIR'MSRIE^ YR 3Y (HI RIEQ VIKIWG) GEVI ZE 3 VIGYRSWGYX 3Y EP PYM
(YQRIÎY #M RYQMX 3YP 'IPYM 4VIEREPX. 8I\XYP JEGI ETSM EPY^MI PE S
WYGGIWMYRI VETMH HI VIKM #M GSR4MGXI REMRXI HI VMHMGEVIE TSTSVYPYM PYM
(YQRIÎY (TR PE ETEVM'ME EGIWXYM XI\X, ZI^M .%. *MX^Q]IV, 2I[ 8IWX. 7XYHMIW,
20 ?1974A, TT. 391 #M YVQ., GEVI EVI R ZIHIVI YR 3Y HI VIKI IZVIY). .. 8. 1MPMO
WYKIVIE^ G XMXPYP HI 3Y EP PYM (YQRIÎY P ZMÎE^ TI %PI\ERHVY &EPE#,
GEVI #M WTYRI XLISTEXSV TI QSRIHIPI WEPI, EHMG 3Y EP ÎYPYM ITMJER (%RXMSL
EP -:-PIE), TSXVMZMX QSRIHIPSV EGIWXYME HMR YVQ.
1SRSXIMWQYP VMKMH EP IWIRMIRMPSV PWE TY'MR PSG YRSV EXEVI WTIGYPE'MM,
GEVI W JEG HMRXV-YR SQ YR HYQRIÎY. %Q TYFPMGEX R 1964 YR XI\X EVEQEMG
HMR KVSXE 4, ETEV'MRRH WGVMIVMM MVSHMIRI, TI GEVI P MRXIVTVIXEWIQ RXV-YR WIRW
QIWMERMG (1IQSVMEP HY GMRUYERXIREMVI HI P)03% HI P-RWXMXYX GEXLSPMUYI HI
4EVMW, TT. 5P-6). 7I ZSVFI#XI EGSPS HI RE#XIVIE YRYM TIVWSREN I\GIT'MSREP: GY
IP ZSV 3 WJEXYP #M TVIZIHIVIE; XEMRIPI SQYPYM PI ZE GYRSE#XI; R'IPITGMYRIE PYM
ZE ENYRKI PE XSEXI TSTSEVIPI; ZE GYRSE#XI XEMRIPI E XSX GI I ZMY. %TSM IWXI
ZSVFE HI YRIPXMVM #M GSVYT'MI GVIWGRHI, RW LSXVVMPI PYM ZSV M^FRHM, TIRXVY
G IP IWXI EPIWYP (SQRYPYM. 2E#XIVIE WE #M HYLYP WY4VMM M WYRX ?.A, MEV
LSXVVMPI PYM WYRX TIRXVY ZIGMI. 'YZRXYP QSPHIL, TI GEVI P XVEHYG TVMR
RE#XIVIE WE #M TI GEVI P-EQ HIHYW HMR XIQE YRYM LSVSWGST IJIGXYEX PE
RE#XIVI, WI VIKWI#XI RXV-YR XI\X EWXVSPSKMI IFVEMG GY EGIWX R'IPIW #M GY
MRHMGE'ME TV'MPSV HI PYQMR #M HI YQFV GY GEVI E JSWX HVYMX WTMVMXYP RSY-
RWGYXYPYM (45186). (EV EMGM, EGIPE#M GYZRX TSEXI 3 R'IPIW #M GE YR TEVXMGMTMY
TEWMZ, RWGYXYP WY #M EXYRGM WI XVEHYGI: TIRXVY G EPIWYP (SQRYPYM IWXI
RWGYXYP WY. 8SXY#M, ERWEQFPYP JVEÎM EV EZIE EWXJIP S GSRWXVYG'MI QEM TY'MR
3VIEWG #M, HI EPXJIP, WXYHMYP EPXSV HEXI HMR EGIPE#M JVEKQIRX M-E WYKIVEX PYM .. %.
*MX^Q]IV G HIWPY#MWI RE#XIVIE PYM 2SI #M RY E PYM 1IWME. 4YRGXYP WY HI
ZIHIVI IWXI EGYQ GSR3VQEX HI EPXI JVEKQIRXI HI PE 5YQVER, PIKEXI HI S
GEVXI E PYM 2SI (.. 8. 1MPMO, 8LI &SSOW SJ)RSGL, 3\JSVH, 1976, T. 56). 2SI RY
IWXI RWGYX HMR (YQRIÎY, RMGM QGEV HMRXV-YR RKIV, MEV QEQE WE, &EXIRS#,
WXVYMI W-P PMRM#XIEWG R EGIEWX TVMZMR' TI WS'YP IM 0EQIL (15+, %TSGVMJ PE
'EVXIE *EGIVMM -; )RSL 106).
0MWYW 'IVGIXEVIE RSEWXV EWYTVE QIWMERMWQYPYM HI PE 5YQVER EVEX
KVEHYP R GEVI E ZEVMEX EGIWXE HI-E PYRKYP E RMGM XVIM WIGSPI: ETVSETI MRI\MWXIRX
TIRXVY RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM, RXIQIMIXSVYP, QTV'MX RXVI TYXIVIE WEGIVHSXEP
#M TVMR'YP QMVIER, R XMQTYP I\MPYPYM PE (EQEWG EP RZ'XSVYPYM; VIHYW, WI TEVI,
PE E#XITXEVIE YRYM 1IWME WEGIVHSXEP, R ZVIQIE PYM 4SQTIM; TY'MR ZM^MFMP R
GSQIRXEVMMPI GEVI P ZMÎE^ TI RZ'XSVYP (VITX'MM, TVMKSRMX HI ,MVGER EP --
PIE. 1IWMERMWQYP HIZMRI RW JSEVXI MRXIRW R 'SQIRXEVMMPI HMR ITSGE PYM
,VMWXSW, GY XVMQMXIVI PE TVSJI'MMPI HIWTVI QPHM'E PYM (EZMH. 4IVWSREPMXEXIE
ZMMXSVYPYM 4VSVSG VQRI QEM ZEK #M RY TEVI G XVIFYMI W M WI WYTVETYR
8PGYMXSVYP 0IKMM GEVI ZE ETVIE S HEX GY 1IWME HEZMHMG. )WXI ZSVFE HIWTVI
ZMMXSVYP RZ'XSV EP (VITX'MM, QEVIPI TVISX IWLEXSPSKMG. R WGLMQF, TI GXIZE
JVEKQIRXI HI TETMVYW, KWIWG YR GMXEX HMR 1EPIELM 3, 23: )Y Z XVMQMX TI -PMI
TVSVSGYP ?REMRXI HI E ZIRM >MYE (SQRYPYMA (GJ. 6IZYI FMFPMUYI 70, 1963, T.
497-498): EGIEWX WGVMIVI, HEXEFMP RXVI ERMM 50 #M 25, WI VIJIV XSGQEM PE
ZMMXSVYP 4VSVSG, E#XITXEX HI MYHIM #M HI WEQEVMXIRM, HYT GYQ S HSZIHIWG
)ZERKLIPMMPI. R 1EPIELM 3, 1 ETEVI #M RKIVYP 0IKQRXYPYM, GEVI YVQIE^
WSWMVMM PYM -PMI #M GEVI TEVI E 3 MHIRXMG GY (SQRYP (LEEHSR), TSQIRMX R
EGIPE#M ZIVWIX. %GIWX RKIV EP 0IKQRXYPYM E JSWX ETVSTMEX HI TIVWSRENYP
GIPIWX RYQMX 1IPGLMWIHIG R JVEKQIRXIPI YRYM WYP HMR KVSXE 1, TYFPMGEX HI %.
7. ZER HIV ;SYHI. R XMQTYP .YFMPIYPYM 3REP, IP IWXI I\IGYXSVYP NYHIG'MPSV
V^FYRXSEVI EPI PYM (YQRIÎY #M IPMFIVEXSVYP GIPSV GVIHMRGMS#M 0IKQRXYPYM,
TI GEVI M ZE WQYPKI HMR QRE PYM &IPMEP. (YT GYQ RY IWXI PMTWMX HI PIKXYV
RMGM GY TIVWSRENYP TI NYQXEXI GIVIWG HMR 'EVXIE PYM (ERMIP. (MZIVWI MRHMGMM EPI
XI\XYPYM JSEVXI HIXIVMSVEX EP 15 M-EY WYKIVEX PYM .. 8. 1MPMO G 1IPGLMWIHIG IWXI
EMGM S MTSWXE^ HMZMR, EWIQRXSEVI RKIVYPYM PYM -ELZI, GEVI, R :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX, ETEVI HI QEM QYPXI SVM GE QERMJIWXEVIE ZM^MFMP E HMZMRMX'MM
(.SYVREP SJ .I[MWL 7XYHMIW, <- ?1972A, TT. 95-P4, R WTIGMEP T. 124). 3VMGYQ EV
WXE PYGVYVMPI, EGIEWX TVSWPZMVI E PYM 1IPGLMWIHIG HMR *EGIVIE 14, 18-20 #M HMR
4WEPQYP 109, 4 I\TPMG MQTSVXER'E EGSVHEX TIVWSRENYPYM R )TMWXSPE GXVI
)ZVIM, GEVI P ETVIGME^ GE EWIQREX 3MRH *MYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY (7, 3). 0MWYW
IWXI QEVIPI TVISX IWLEXSPSKMG, HYT VRHYMEPE PYM 1IPGLMWIHIG (4W 109, 4),
QEM TVIWYW HI GIE E PYM %EVSR ()ZV 7). 1IPGLMWIHIG HMR 15 PEW VSPYP HI QEVI
TVISX YRYM 9RW EP (YLYPYM GY VIJIVMVI PE (ERMIP 9, 25 JV RHSMEP, ZMMXSVYP
RZ'XSV EP (VITX'MM.
R PMWYW GSRZIVK #M WI QTPMRIWG XSEXI ERXMGMTVMPI QIWMERMGI HMR :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX #M HMR QIHMMPI TMIXMWXI EPI MYHEMWQYPYM GSRXIQTSVER #M, RXVI
EGIWXIE, YR PSG TVMZMPIKMEX M VIZMRI JIVZIRXIM GSQYRMX'M IWIRMIRI.
.IER 7XEVGO] 1ERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 1EVIE 1SEVX #M 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX RG
HI PE TVMQIPI TYFPMGVM EPI QERYWGVMWIPSV HI PE 1EVIE 1SEVX, W-E Z^YX G
EGIWXIE HIWGLMHIEY YR GQT RSY TIRXVY WXYHMYP SVMKMRMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM: IPI
TIVQMX S QEM FYR GYRSE#XIVI E GYVIRXIPSV VIPMKMSEWI EPI MYHEMWQYPYM
TEPIWXMRMER, HMR QMNPSGYP GVSVE #M-E TYXYX PYE EZRX RSYE VIPMKMI.
'SRXVMFY'ME XI\XIPSV UYQVERMIRI PE R'IPIKIVIE KRHMVMM MYHIS-GVI#XMRI
IWXI GLMEV HI TI EGYQ GSRWMHIVEFMP. -RJSVQE'MM HI TVMQ RWIQRXEXI,
RXVYGX WYRX MRIHMXI, ZMÎE^ PMQFMPI, ZSGEFYPEVYP, I\TVIWMMPI, KIRYVMPI #M
JSVQIPI PMXIVEVI, HEV #M MRWXMXY'MMPI, TVEGXMGMPI #M GVIHMR'IPI VIPMKMSEWI.
(ISEVIGI S WMRXI^ GY KVIY EV TYXIE 3 RGIVGEX REMRXI HI IHMXEVIE
GSQTPIX E QERYWGVMWIPSV, RM WI TEVI TVIJIVEFMP W RI QVKMRMQ EMGM PE GXIZE
WYFMIGXI I\XVEWI HMR XI\XIPI VIGIRX TYFPMGEXI, GEVI WYRX HI S I\XVIQ
MQTSVXER'. 6IWTMRKIQ HMR GETYP PSGYPYM S XIQ JERXI^MWX GVIME TVIWE M-E
'MRYX MWSRYP HI GIZE XMQT: GIE E YRYM QIWME VWXMKRMX. 4YV R^FXMI, FEÊX
TI S PIGXYV IVSREX. *VEKQIRXYP MRZSGEX RY ZSVFI#XI HIGX HIWTVI 1IWME
HEZMHMG RZMRKXSV EP (VIKIPYM) OMXMQMPSV, TI GEVI-P ZE JEGI W TMEV. %GIWX
JVEKQIRX TSEXI 3 ETVSTMEX R VIEPMXEXI HI ZIRMVIE VIKIPYM GIP HVITX #M
NYWXM'MEV TVSJI'MX R -WEME 1, 1 #M RY EHYGI RMGM YR IPIQIRX RSY. %PXI XI\XI VMHMG
TVSFPIQI QEM WIVMSEWI.
1ERYWGVMWI HI GYVRH HIWGMJVEXI IZSG YR VIKI HI TI YVQ, RÎWXVEX
GY XMXPYVM QIWMERMGI, RXSEVGIVIE PYM -PMI, WTIVER'E R RZMIVIE QSV'MPSV. %GIWXI
XIQI IWLEXSPSKMGI, JSEVXI TI KYWXYP IWIRMIRMPSV, WYRX JVIGZIRXI R QEM QYPXI
TEKMRM EPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, GY JSVQYPVM ETVSETI RIWGLMQFEXI. 'I W QEM
WTYRIQ HI *IVMGMVMPI XVERWQMWI HI YR QMG QERYWGVMW, EXX HI ETVSTMEXI HI
*IVMGMVMPI RSEWXVI HMR )ZERKLIPMM#
9R VIKI HI TI YVQ GY XMXPYVM QIWMERMGI (45246)
9RYP HMR MQTEGXIPI GIPI QEM M^FMXSEVI EWYTVE ZSGEFYPEVYPYM LVMWXSPSKMG
HMR 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX P EVI ZSGEFYPEVYP ETSGEPMTXMGMM. R TVMQYP VRH, YR
JVEKQIRX HI ETSGEPMTW R EVEQEMG HMR KVSXE 4 (45246: %TSGVMJYP 'V'MM PYM
(ERMIP) RY RGIXIE^ W WYVTVMRH. 8I\XYP IWXI, HMR RIJIVMGMVI, JSEVXI PEGYREV,
PMTWI#XI NYQXEXI HMR TVMQE GSPSER HMR HSEV GIPI HSY GEVI EY JSWX KWMXI.
RW, HEXSVMX GSRWXVYG'MIM TSIXMGI E EGIWXYM TEWEN #M WXVYGXYVMM ZIVWYVMPSV
WEPI, IWXI GY TYXMR' R'IPIKIVIE WIRWYPYM KIRIVEP EP TV'MPSV PMTW. (IWMKYV, RY
TYXIQ I\GPYHI GE XMXPYVMPI EGIWXYM VIKI HI TI YVQ GI ZE 3 RYQMX *MY EP
'IPYM 4VIEREPX (VRHYVMPI 7-9) W WI VIJIVI PE %RXMSL EP -:-PIE )TMJERYP, GEVI,
EWIQIRIE VIKMPSV XMQTYPYM, HSVIE W XVIEG HVITX HYQRIÎY #M VITVIÎRXE
GIP HI TI YVQ HMR GIPI TEXVY QEVM VIKEXI HY#QERI TSTSVYPYM PYM
(YQRIÎY. 8SXY#M, WIRWYP TEWENYPYM TSEXI MQTYRI MRXIVTVIXEVIE ZIRMVMM EGIWXYM
YPXMQ VIKI GE E 1IWMIM RYQMX (SQRYP #M *MY EP PYM (YQRIÎY. %GIEWX
I\IKI^ WI TSEXI FM^YM TI 4WEPQMM 2 #M 109, TWEPQM QIWMERMGM TVMR I\GIPIR',
YRHI VIKIPI-QIWME TVMQI#XI XMXPYP HI *MY EP PYM (YQRIÎY: *MYP 1IY I#XM 8Y,
)Y EWX^M 8I-EQ RWGYX. (ZI^M #M 1G 12, 36 #M TEWWMQ).
R GSRWIGMR', RY I HI QMVEVI GE EGIWX XMT HI GSQTS^M'MI W 3 PWEX
YRIPI YVQI R FMRIZIWXMVIE RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW PE 7JRXYP )ZERKLIPMWX 0YGE:
%GIWXE ZE 3 QEVI #M *MYP 'IPYM 4VIEREPX WI ZE GLIQE #M ZE QTVE'M R ZIGM #M
QTV'ME PYM RY ZE EZIE WJV#MX, *MYP PYM (YQRIÎY WI ZE GLIQE. %GIWXI
XMXPYVM QIWMERMGI EPI TIVWSRENYPYM IWLEXSPSKMG WI E4 #M PE FEÊ IRYR'YVMPSV
TEYPMRI (6Q 1, 3-4; 1 'S 12, 3).
3VMKMRIE HEZMHMG E PYM 1IWME IWXI, HI EPXJIP, FMRI EXIWXEX R XI\XIPI HI
PE 5YQVER, RHISWIFM RXV-YR JVYQSW TEWEN HMR 45174 M: VRHYVMPI 10-P3 VIMEY
TVSJI'ME PYM 2EXER GY TVMZMVI PE HIWGIRHIR'E HEZMHMG (2 6K 7, 12) #M VRHYVMPI
18-P9 GSQIRXIE^ 4WEPQYP 2,P-2, ZSVFMRH HI 3PME'ME HMZMR E PYM 1IWME.
*-9 %0 09- (%:-( "- *-9 %0 ')09- 46)%2%08. 3 HEX WXEFMPMX
QIWMERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW R HYFPE WE 3PME'MI HI 3Y EP PYM (EZMH #M *MY EP PYM
(YQRIÎY, 0YGE TYXIE JSVQYPE ZIWXMVIE RE#XIVMM ZMVKMREPI #M E 3PME'MIM HMZMRI
EPI PYM -MWYW, VIPYRH GLMEV XIVQIRMM JSVQYPIPSV TVII\MWXIRXI.
RXV-EHIZV, GLMEV HEG -MWYW RY IWXI EGIP QIWME V^FSMRMG E#XITXEX, IWXI
KVIY HI RIKEX SVMGI PIKXYV RXVI EGIWXI XI\XI HMR 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX #M
JVEKQIRXYP %TSGVMJYPYM 'V'MM PYM (ERMIP, GEVI IZSG HIWPY#MX YR QIWME
IWLEXSPSKMG GY QTV'MI ZI#RMG (GSP. -, VRHYP 5). 6IPYRH XIVQIRMM 'V'MM
PYM (ERMIP 7XTRMVIE PYM IWXI ZI#RMG, WXTRMVI GEVI RY ZE XVIGI ((R 7,14
#M 27) QERYWGVMWYP RSWXVY VIEQMRXI#XI SVMKMRIE GIVIEWG E EGIWXYM QIWME,
GLMEV HEG JSVQYPIPI WYRX ETPMGEXI EMGM *MYPYM 3QYPYM, GEVI ZE WZV#M NYHIGEXE
#M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, TSTSVYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY, GEVI, GE #M *MYP 3QYPYM #M QTVIYR
GY IP, TVMQI#XI QTV'ME ZI#RMG.
*IVMGMVMPI (45525)
9R EPX ETSVX RWIQREX, SJIVMX HI GVIYÎXYP MYHIS-GVI#XMR EP EGIWXSV XI\XI,
P VITVI^MRX *IVMGMVMPI. )\IKI'MM 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX W-EY WXVHYMX W ENYRK PE
JSVQYPEVIE MRM'MEP E *IVMGMVMPSV VSWXMXI HI -MWYW, W VIXVEWIÎ MWXSVME VIHEGXVMM
PYM 1EXIM 5, 3-P2 #M E PYM 0YGE 6, 20-26. %Y TVSTYW M^SPEVIE YRYM RYGPIY
GSRWXRH R 3 + 1 JIVMGMVM, GSVIWTYR^RH YRSV 3 + 1 FPIWXIQI HMR TEWENYP
PYGERMER (3 WGYVXI + 1 PYRK), EHMG 2 WXVSJI E GXI 4 IRYR'YVM 3IGEVI. (YT
GEVI W-E RGIVGEX I\TPMGEVIE EHESWYVMPSV HMR 0YGE #M QSHM3GEVIE GSRWMHIVEFMP
HMR 1EXIM (2 WXVSJI HI 4 JIVMGMVM WGYVXI + 1 PYRK, HEV JV FPIWXIQ). 8SEXI
EGIWXIE, JV TVIE QEVI KVMN GY TVMZMVI PE ZIVSWMQMPMXEXIE WGLIPIXYPYM MRM'MEP
EWXJIP VIGSRWXMXYMX.
4R EGYQ, IVEY GYRSWGYXI R :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX YR ERYQMX RYQV HI
JIVMGMVM, M^SPEXI SVM KVYTEXI GXI HSY-XVIM, VEVISVM GXI TEXVY. 9R WXYHMY EXIRX
EWYTVE R'IPITGMYRMM PYM &IR 7MVEL ()GGPIWMEWXMGYP) HI^ZPYMI S WIVMI HI STX,
GSRWXVYMX HYT YR TVSGIHIY TSIXMG GI WI WYTYRI YRSV VIKYPM TVIGMWI EPI
EGIWXYM KIR PMXIVEV (7MV 14, 20-27). 7-E TYXYX HIQSRWXVE G EGIPE#M TVSGIHIY
IVE ETPMGEX YRYM JVEKQIRX HI WGVMIVI WETMIR'MEP TVSZIRMRH HMR KVSXE 4
(45525 -). %GIEWX GSRWXEXEVI, WTVMNMRMX TI RYQIVSEWI SFWIVZE'MM WXMPMWXMGI,
EVI GSRWIGMR'I HMVIGXI EWYTVE WXYHMIVMM XI\XYPYM QEXIMR, GEVI TVI^MRX #M IP S
WXVYGXYV FEÊX TI EGIPE#M TVSGIHIY. )E TIVQMXI W WI E3VQI G RI E4Q R
JE'E JSVQYPVMM SVMKMREVI (8 + 1 JIVMGMVM) #M W VIWXEFMPMQ, TIRXVY TVMQE WXVSJ,
SVHMRIE PSV I\EGX (EHMG: Z. 3-5-4-6 HMR &MFPME HI PE -IVYWEPMQ). 8SX EWXJIP,
3IGEVI JIVMGMVI RY TSEXI 3 EHYW PE S JSVQ WMQTPM3GEX TVMRXV-S EVQSRMÊVI
HYT XI\XYP PYGERMER, GGM 3IGEVI GYZRX KVIGIWG #M EVI MQTSVXER'E PYM R
WXVYGXYVE TVMQEV #M VWTYRHI YRYM WYFWXVEX WIQMXMG, TVSFEFMP IFVEMG.
9R I\IQTPY: WVEGM GY HYLYP IWXI XVEHYGIVIE YRIM I\TVIWMM RXPRMXI
HI QEM QYPXI SVM R XI\XIPI UYQVERMIRI #M HSEV EGSPS, HYT GYRS#XMR'IPI
RSEWXVI HI E^M (HI TMPH, R WYPYP -QRYVMPSV HMR KVSXE 1). 4VMR EGIEWX I\TVIWMI
RY WYRX RMGMHIGYQ ZMÊ'M GIM GY QMRXIE WPEF, GM YQMPMM, T^MXSVMM 0IKMM GEVI
XVMIWG WYF RVYVMVIE (YLYPYM. 7EY, WTVI E VIPYE S I\TVIWMI UYQVERMER,
EGI#XME WYRX 3MM PYQMRMM, R GSRXVEWX GY 3MM RXYRIVMGYPYM. R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI
EXYRGM HI GI R JVYRXIE EGIWXYM TVMQ HMWGYVW EP PYM PMWYW, PE 1EXIM, WYRX E#IÊ'M
JIVMGM'M GIM WVEGM GY HYLYP, EGI#XM 3M EM QTV'MIM 2SYPYM 0IKQRX
MREYKYVEX HI PMWYW, YR RSY 1SMWI #M R'IPITGMYRI E PYM (YQRIÎY.
7 WYFPMRMIQ XSXY#M RSYXEXIE EFWSPYX E TIVWTIGXMZIM QEXIMRI:
RXIQIMIVIE QTV'MIM S HEX GY PMWYW, TVSGPEQEX HI EGIWX HMWGYVW MREYKYVEP,
GVYME M ZE VWTYRHI YPXMQYP HMWGYVW (1X 25, 3P-46), ZIWXMRH TEVXMGMTEVIE
XYXYVSV GVIHMRGMS#MPSV PE GIEWYP .YHIG'MM HI TI YVQ. %XYRGM ZSV 3 HIWTV'M'M
GIM HVIT'M/FMRIGYZRXE'M, GEVI EY ETPMGEX TVEZMPE QTV'MIM HI3RMXI HI *IVMGMVM
#M GIMPEP'M, GIM RIPIKMYM'M/FPIWXIQE'M WEY 3MM GIPYM 6Y. 7 VIQEVGQ EMGM G,
HEG 0YGE E KVYTEX RXV-YR WMRKYV ERWEQFPY FMRI-GYZRXVM #M FPIWXIQI,
GSRXI\XYP IWLEXSPSKMG IWXI RG TWXVEX.
R JIVMGMVMPI JVEKQIRXYPYM UYQVERMER, HI XMT WETMIR'MEP, EWTIGXYP
IWLEXSPSKMG RY PMTWI#XI RMGM IP. R VRHYP 9, WI WTYRI HIWTVI SQYP GEVI E EXMRW
R'IPITGMYRIE: MEV )E M ZE TYRI GYRYR HI EYV GYVEX TI GVI#XIX #M R VRH GY
VIKMM P ZE E#IÊ. )WXI S EPY^MI GPEV PE VWTP'MPI IWLEXSPSKMGI WEY PE ZME'E
ZI#RMG, E#E GYQ WI RXQTP HINE R 4WEPQYP 1, 5-6, GEVI HIWGLMHI GYPIKIVIE
4WEPQMPSV GY S JIVMGMVI: *IVMGMX FVFEXYP GEVI R-E YQFPEX R WJEXYP
RIGVIHMRGMS#MPSV ?.A, GM R PIKIE (SQRYPYM I ZSME PYM.. 2Y I\MWX, PE EGIWX RMZIP,
S STS^M'MI JYRHEQIRXEP RXVI WTMVMXIPI EGIWXSV HSY GSQTS^M'MM, QEXIMR #M
UYQVERMER: EQFIPI ZMÎE^ YR GSH HI GSQTSVXEQIRX TIRXVY Y^YP GIPYM
HVITX R ZME'E TVIÎRX, R ZIHIVIE JIVMGMVMM IWLEXSPSKMGI. 7XVYGXYVE
ZSGEFYPEVYPYM #M WXMPYP MPYWXVIE^ PMQTIHI RVYHMVIE JSVQEP RXVI XI\XYP PYM
1EXIM #M JVEKQIRXYP HI PE 5YQVER.
RXSEVGIVIE PYM -PMI, REMRXIQIVKXSV EP PYM 1IWME 'XVI QMNPSGYP ZIEGYPYM
EP :-PIE, 1EPIELM TVIZIWXMWI RXSEVGIVIE PYM -PMI, TVSVSGYP VMHMGEX PE GIV, R
XMQTYP ZMI'MM, TI YR GEV HI JSG (4 6K 2, 1 #M YVQ.): EZIE W VIZMR WTVI E
TVIKXM TSTSVYP TIRXVY GSRZIVXMVI #M TIRXVY TEÊ 0IKMM, REMRXI HI E ZIRM >MYE
(SQRYPYM (1EP 3, 23). 6IPYRH EGIEWX XIQ PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE,
&IR 7MVEL EZIE W M EHEYKI RG S JIVMGMVI: *IVMGMX GIP GI XI ZIHI REMRXI W
QSEV, GGM M ZIM HE ZME' #M ZE XVM (HMR RSY)! (7MV 48, 1, R IFVEMG). 7MVEL
TVIGMÊ TVMR EGIEWXE G IZVIYP GEVI EV 3 QYVMX GE YR HVITX #M ZE 3 T^MX 0IKIE
REMRXI HI ZIRMVIE PYM -ELZI, ZE VIRZME R GLMEV ^MYE ZIRMVMM PYM. 7 VIEQMRXMQ
G -PMI IVE GYRSWGYX, HMR 'EVXIE 6IKMPSV, GE 3MRH GIP GEVI RZME QSV'MM.
4VMR YVQEVI, RXV-YR QIHMY HI GVXYVEVM VIPMKMS#M, MHIIE RZMIVMM HVIT'MPSV
MYHIM PE ZVIQIE .YHIG'MM, GE VWTPEX TIRXVY TYVXEVIE PSV, HYT GI TGXS#MM
ZSV 3 TMIVMX, IVE JSEVXI ZMI. (EV ZIRMVIE EGIWXSV XMQTYVM RSM, TI GEVI XVIFYMI W
PI MREYKYVIÎ >MYE PYM -ELZI (>MYE (SQRYPYM), TVIKXMX HI RSYP -PMI, IWXI TYW
R VIPE'MI #M GY ZIRMVIE YRYM 1IWME-6IKI. %#EHEV, HINE PYEWI RE#XIVI S XVEHM'MI
GEVI ZIHIE R RSYP -PMI TI RWS'MXSVYP, TI TVIGYVWSVYP PYM 1IWME. 'YRSE#XIQ
YVQIPI TI GEVI S EXEVI XVEHM'MI PI-E PWEX R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX: 1EVGY 9, P-P3
(RXVIFEVIE YGIRMGMPSV HIWTVI RXSEVGIVIE PYM -PMI #M VWTYRWYP PYM PMWYW), -SER 1,
19-27 (RXVIFEVIE IZVIMPSV #M QVXYVME PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP), 1EXIM 1, 2-P5 #M
0YGE 6, 18-30 (RXVIFEVIE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M QVXYVME PYM PMWYW), 1EVGY 6,
15 #M 8, 28 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI (STMRME PYM -VSH #M E TSTSVYPYM GY TVMZMVI PE PMWYW).
+WMQ EWXJIP HI YVQI #M R TVI^MGIVIE RE#XIVMM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, GEVI
TVIGIH ^MYE (SQRYPYM, 0YGE 1, 16-P7 GMXRH TEWENIPI HMR 1EPIELM 3, 23 #M HMR
7MVEL 48, 10.
%GIEWX XVEHM'MI IZVIMEWG HIWTVI RSYP -PMI GE REMRXIQIVKXSV EP PYM
1IWME, E GVIM ZIGLMQI IVE YRISVM TYW R HMWGY'MI, #M KWI#XI RSM TYRGXI HI
WTVMNMR R HSY JVEKQIRXI HMR KVSXE 4. 9R JVEKQIRX HI TETMVYW EVEQEMG JSEVXI
PEGYREV (GXVI QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM - . ,V.), HYT S TSWMFMP VIJIVMVI PE GIP HI-EP
STXYPIE 3Y EP PYM PIWIM (! (EZMH), JEGI EPY^MI PE XVMQMXIVIE PYM -PMI R JE'E
%PIWYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY #M PE S ZPZXEMI GEVI QMWXYMI TQRXYP: . EP STXYPIE GE
EPIW #M MEX G ZSM GYV'E ?.A : ZSM XVMQMXI TI -PMI REMRXIE ? A ZE 3 GIVXEX GY
JYPKIV EQEVRMG. 9R JVEKQIRX HMR QERYWGVMWYP HI TMIPI (45521 2 MR) R
IFVEMG, PEGYREV #M EGIWXE #M GIZE QEM ZIGLM HIGX TVIGIHIRXYP, P GMXIE^ WYF
JSVQ TVIWGYVXEX TI 1EPIELM 3, 24E: 8E'MM WI RXSVG GXVI 3M. 9VQIE^
RGITYXYVM HI VRHYVM GEVI XVMQMX PE 1IWME-6IKI "M PE FYGYVME QIWMERMG E
TQRXYPYM.
8MQTYVMPI QIWMERMGI #M RZMIVIE (45521)
8SGQEM EGIEWX FYGYVMI QIWMERMG IWXI IZSGEX HI GSPSERE TVIGIHIRX
E EGIWXYM JVEKQIRX 45521 2 -. 6IKWMQ EMGM GSRXI\XYP HMR -WEME 40 #M YVQ. "M
EQ4WEPQYP 146: GSRZIVXMVI, GVIHMRGMS#MI, E#XITXEVIE NYHIG'MM #M E ZIRMVMM
1IWMIM WEY 1IWMMPSV. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, R GSRGIT'ME IWIRMER 1IWME-6IKI RY
ZE EZIE TVIGHIVI EWYTVE TVISXYPYM, GEVI IWXI #M IP, YRW WEY QIWME.
(SQRYP M ZE VWTPXM TI WVEGMM TIWXI GEVI ZE SHMLRM (YLYP WY #M M ZE
GMRWXM GY XVSR HI QTV'MI ZI#RMG ?.A WPSFS^MRHY-P TI GIM SWRHM'M, SVFMPSV
HRHY-PI ZIHIVIE #M TI GIM WXVQFM RHVITXRHY-P, MEV VSHYP FYRIM PYGVVM ZE 3
EGIPE#M TIRXVY XS'M. "M, HYT GYQ E WTYW, TI GIM VRM'M HI QSEVXI M ZE XQHYM,
MEV TI QSV'M M ZE RZME, GIPSV YQMPM PI ZE FMRIZIWXM, MEV TI GIM WVEGM M ZE HVYM,
TI WYVKLMYRM'M M ZE GPY^M, MEV TI 4QR^M M ZE QFSK'M/GLIQE PE SWT',
GVXYVEVMPSV HRHY-PI HEVYP TVSVSGMIM R WPEZ/PYQMR (! YR WITXIREV HI 3
TIVIGLM + 1).
4EVXIE HI NSW E GSPSERIM, RITWXVEX, RY RI TIVQMXI W #XMQ HEG XSEXI
EGIWXI FMRIJEGIVM ZSV RWS'M ZIRMVIE PYM 1IWME, RW ETVSTMIVIE HI 1EXIM 1,3-6
#M 0YGE 7, 2-23 IWXI IZMHIRX. RXV-EHIZV, PE RXVIFEVIE YGIRMGMPSV PYM -SER
&SXI^XSVYP: 8Y I#XM GIP GI ZE W ZMR WEY W E#XITXQ TI EPXYP#, -MWYW
VWTYRHI TVMRXV-S WIGZIR' HI FMRIJEGIVM QIWMERMGI MRWTMVEX HMR WYVWI
MHIRXMGI: 1IVKI'M #M WTYRI'M PYM -SER GIPI GI ZIHI'M: SVFMM #M GETX ZIHIVIE #M
#GLMSTMM YQFP, PITVS#MM WI GYV'IWG #M WYV^MM EYH, QSV'MM R ZME^ #M WVEGMPSV PM
WI FMRIZIWXI#XI (1X 1, 3-6). R GMYHE ZEVMERXIPSV, WI VIKWIWG R )ZERKLIPMM
TVMQIPI XVIM FMRIJEGIVM HMR PMWXE UYQVERMER, ZMRHIGVM, RZMIVM #M FMRIZIWXMVM
WVEGMPSV #M R EGIIE#M SVHMRI 1EXIM 3MRH WMRKYVYP GEVI E TWXVEX KVYTEVIE
TI TIVIGLM. R QSH QERMJIWX, VWTYRWYP PYM -MWYW, PE 1EXIM, ETEV'MRI YRYM KIR
HINE GYRSWGYX EP XVEHM'MIM IZVIMI#XM, VIKVYTRH FMRIJEGIVMPI QIWMERMGI
TVSVSGMXI HI 7GVMTXYVM.
4VMR EGIEWXE, -MWYW E3VQE G RY IVE YR QIWME NYWXM'MEV, ZIRMX W HIWTEVX
RXVI FMRI #M VY, RMGM YR IPMFIVEXSV HI WYF STVMQEVIE WXVMR, GM EGIPE GEVI
HIWGLMHI XMQTYVMPI QIWMERMGI: WZV#MRH IP RWY#M EG'MYRM RIQEMZ^YXI, GEVI
'MR HI EXSXTYXIVRMGME HYQRIÎMEWG, IP WI EVXE IKEPYP PYM (YQRIÎY.
-RWXEYVEVIE QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY RY ZE 3 RG JEÊ 3REP E >MPIM PYM
-ELZI, RMQMGMVI TIRXVY YRMM #M PYQMR TIRXVY EP'MM. *VEKQIRXYP 7 HMR EGIPE#M
QERYWGVMW 45521 HIWGVMI VIGSQTIRWIPI #M SWRHIPI HMR XMQTYP .YHIG'MM:
QSEVXIE ZI#RMG TIRXVY GIM FPIWXIQE'M #M, TIRXVY GIM FMRIGY-ZRXE'M, RZMIVIE
QSV'MPSV, TVIÎRXEX GE S RSY 'VIE'MI. %GIWX TEWEN HIWGVMI, EWIQIRIE YRYM
GVI^, HYT JSVQYPIPI QVXYVMWMVMM HI GVIHMR' HMR 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX,
QERMJIWXEVIE TYXIVMM GVIEXSEVI #M VI-GVIEXSEVI E PYM (YQRIÎY: ?&YGYVE'M-ZA,
XS'M GEVI WZV#M'M FMRIPI R JE'E PYM (YQRIÎY, ?GIM FMRIGY-ZRXE'M, MEV RYA GE
EGI#XME FPIWXIQE'M, GGM ZSV 3 TIRXVY QSEVXI ?EXYRGM GRHA GIP-HI-ZME'-
HXXSV ZE GLIQE ?PE ZME'A QSV'MM TSTSVYPYM WY.
2Y IWXI ZSVFE RMGMHIGYQ R EGIWXI XI\XI HI RZMIVI YRMZIVWEP: HSEV GIM
HVIT'M (IWIRMIRMM) HMRXVI QSV'M ZSV RZME #M ZSV ETVIE R PYQMRE R GEVI ZSV 3
XVERWJSVQE'M HVIT'MM RG ZMM R ^MYE EGIIE >MYE .YHIG'MM. %GIEWX GSRGIT'MI
WI VIKWI#XI R ITMWXSPIPI TEYPMRI (1 #M 2 8IW #M 1 'S 15). (YT S PEGYR,
JVEKQIRXYP 5 - QIR'MSRIE^ TYRXIE %FMWYPYM, GHIVIE R MEH E GIPSV FPIWXIQE'M
#M TVMQMVIE GIPSV HVIT'M/FMRIGYZRXE'M R GIVYVM HI GXVI RKIVM. )WXI MRXIVIWERX
HI ETVSTMEX EGIWX XI\X HI IZSGEVIE .YHIG'MM HI TI YVQ HMR 1EXIM 25, 31 #M
YVQ.
%GIEWX ZM^MYRI E RZMIVMM HSEV E GIPSV HVIT'M, HINE TVIÎRX R YRIPI
JVEKQIRXI UYQVERMIRI ((IYXIVS-0IÎGLMIP #M :IHIRMMPI PYM %QVEQ), ETEVI HMR
TPMR R QERYWGVMWYP RSWXVY 45521, GE YR TQRX JIVXMP HMR GEVI ZSV TVMRHI
VHGMRM XIQI QENSVI EPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, TVIGYQ QIWMERMWQYP #M
IWLEXSPSKME.
2SYXEXIE VEHMGEP E QIWENYPYM PYM -MWYW 6RHYVMPI HI QEM WYW RY EY TYXYX
IZSGE HIGX GXIZE TYRGXI HI ETVSTMIVI RXVI GVI#XMRMWQ #M IWIRMERMWQ,
ZM^RH ZSGEFYPEVYP #M I\TVIWMMPI, KIRYP #M JSVQE PMXIVEV, MRWXMXY'MMPI, SFMGIMYVMPI
#M GVIHMR'IPI. (EV HEG I\MWX ETVSTMIVM #M WYRX RYQIVSEWI, QIWENYP PYM -MWYW RY
GSRXVEWXIE^ QEM TY'MR TVMR VEHMGEPE WE RSYXEXI.
%WXJIP, RWGVMMRHY-WI RXV-YR XMQT #M YR PSG TVIGMWI, EWX^M QEM FMRI
GYRSWGYXI, QMWMYRIE PYM -MWYW RY ETEVI R )ZERKLIPMM GE E YRYM WMQTPY TVSVSG.
)E RY IWXI S ZIVMK WYTPMQIRXEV R #MVYP RZ'XSVMPSV IZVIM, GE RZ'XSVYP
(VITX'MM, GVYME (YQRIÎY M HI^ZPYMI XEMRIPI WEPI, GM I GLIME HI FSPX E
MWXSVMIM QRXYMVMM.
4VIÎRXEVIE QIWMERMG E )ZERKLIPMMPSV HMJIV R XSXEPMXEXI HI GIE E
XI\XIPSV IWIRMIRI #M JEVMWIMGI TVMR EGIIE G -MWYW RXVYRI#XI R TIVWSERE WE
GLMTYP *MYPYM 3QYPYM GIVIWG #M XVERWGIRHIRX #M GLMTYP *MYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY,
EG'MSRRH GY TYXIVIE (SQRYPYM TVMR (YLYP 7JRX.
(MQIRWMYRIE YRMZIVWEP E 3KYVMM QIWMERMGI E PYM -MWYW, HVYMX RXVY
QRXYMVIE GIPSV QYP'M, HMWXSRIE^ GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GEVEGXIVYP RGLMW EP
GYVIRXYPYM IWIRMER. &SXI^YP R RYQIPI PYM -MWYW, WTVI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV #M WTVI
LEVYP (YLYPYM, RY WI TSEXI GSQTEVE GXY#M HI TY'MR GY ZVIS EFPY'MYRI VMXYEP,
GEVI WIQRM3GE S TYVM3GEVI XIQTSVEV #M VITIXMXMZ. 'E MRXVEVI R &MWIVMG, IP
IWXI YR EGX HI GVIHMR' R -MWYW, *MY EP PYM (YQRIÎY, QSVX #M RZMEX, JGYX
(SQR #M ,VMWXSW, RSY 1SMWI, RSY %HEQ, 3Q RSY, RXM-RWGYX EP PYQMM GI ZE W
ZMR.
)QMPI 4YIGL -3%2 &38)>83690 "- -797 )VE -SER &SXI^XSVYP IWIRMER#
15 4VMQIPI TYFPMGVM EPI QERYWGVMWIPSV HI PE 5YQVER WYWGMXEWIV S
HI^FEXIVI ETVMRW R NYVYP PIKXYVMPSV PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP GY IWIRMIRMM. *IFVE
W-E HSQSPMX RXVYGXZE, RW #M EWX^M QYP'M WYRX GIM GEVI WI RXVIEF: IVE -SER
&SXI^XSVYP IWIRMER WEY, GIP TY'MR, E GYRSWGYX IP GSQYRMXEXIE HI PE 5YQVER#
) TSWMFMP GE FSXI^YP PYM -SER W 3I YR VMX HI QTVYQYX#
(YT GMRGMÎGM HI ERM HI GIVGIXVM #M TYFPMGEVIE E TIWXI 95% HMR XI\XIPI
HIWGSTIVMXI, TYXIQ HINE EHYGI VWTYRWYVM RXIQIMEXI TI S FE^ HIWXYP HI
WSPMH. 7 3I FMRI R'IPIW G, R GMYHE YRSV ZSGM HMWGSVHERXI, GSRWMHIVQ GE
RIRHSMSEW MHIRXM3GEVIE PSGYMXSVMPSV HI PE /LMVFIX 5YQVER GY YR KVYT
IWIRMER.
4VSVSGYP WMRKYVEXMG: YR UYQVERMER I\GPYW#
R XMQT GI PSGYMVIE 5YQVERYPYM WI RXMRHI HI PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-
PIE . ,V. 4R R 68 H. ,V., )ZERKLIPMMPI WYRX YRERMQI R E WMXYE ETEVM'ME PYM
-SER &SXI^XSVYP R HI#IVX R ERMM 20 H. ,V., ETPMGRHY-P EGIWXYME TVSVSGME PYM
-WEME 40, 3: 9R KPEW WXVMK R TYWXMI.. 0YGE WTYRI GLMEV G -SER E JSWX R
TYWXMI TR R ^MYE EVXVMM PYM GXVI -WVEIP (0I 1, 80). 9RMM EYXSV. RY EY
#SZMX W HIWPY#IEWG EMGM MRHMGMYP YRIM IHYGE'MM IWIRMIRI, FM^YMRHY-WI TI
MRHMGE'MMPI PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW: . 6IWTMRKRH GWXSVME, IM EHSTX GSTMMM EPXSVE
PE S ZVWX JVEKIH, TIRXVY E PI HE RZ'XYVE PSV _6^FSMYP -, 120).
)WXI ZM^MFMP XSXY#M G -SER RY IWXI (WEY RY QEM IWXI) PIKEX HI GIRXVYP
UYQVERMER; XVMRH R WMRKYVXEXI, TVIHMG R HI#IVXYP -YHIMM #M R VIKMYRIE
-SVHERYPYM, R &IXERME, HMRGSPS HI -SVHER (-R 1, 28; 3, 26; 10, 40) #M PE )RSQ,
ETVSETI HI 7EPMQ, R 7EQEVME (-R 3, 23), FE GLMEV R XSEX QTVINYVMQIE
-SVHERYPYM (0I 3, 3). 4YVXRH YR ZI#QRX HMR TV HI GQMP #M RVRMRHY-WI GY
PGYWXI #M QMIVI WPFEXMG, XVIFYMI W 3 XVIGYX HVITX GIP QYPX YR IWIRMER
I\GPYW. 2Y TYXIE PYE TEVXI PE QIWIPI R GSQYR, GEVI IVEY YRYP HMR TYRGXIPI
JSVXI EPI ZMI'MM UYQVERMIRI, QIWI PE GEVI WI TYVXEY ZI#QMRXI EPFI, RXV-S WEP
GY YR GEVEGXIV PE JIP HI WEGVY GE TME'E MRXIVMSEV E 8IQTPYPYM _6^FSMYP -,
143). RXV-EHIZV, RY QRGE RMGM TMRI, RY FIE RMGM ZMR. 0-EQ TYXIE EWIQYM GY
YR ERYQI &ERY# GEVI, R KIRIVE'ME YVQ4MXSEVI, ZE XVM R EGIIE#M VIKMYRI E
HI#IVXYPYM, HEV GEVI RY EZIE W FSXIÎ, GM W WI QYP'YQIEWG, ^M #M RSETXI, GY
EFPY'MYRM GY ET VIGI (.SWITLYW, %YXSFMSKVE3I 1).
*MY EP YRYM RIEQ TVIS'IWG HMR -IVYWEPMQ (XEXP WY, >ELEVME, S3GME PE
8IQTPY), WI TVIWYTYRI G -SER W-EV 3 HIWTVMRW R XMRIVI'I HI JEQMPMI, TIRXVY E
XVM R MHIEPYP YRYM QIHMY WEGIVHSXEP TYXIVRMG STYW GIPYM GEVI JYRG'MSRE PE
-IVYWEPMQ. (EV S EWIQIRIE VYTXYV HI FYRZSMI, YVQEX HI S I\GPYHIVI HMR
GSQYRMXEXIE IWIRMER, FE GLMEV HI S VIRIKEVI, H SEVI WIEQ HIWTVI
EGXMZMXEXIE TVSJIXMG E PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP#
7I #XMI G, RG HI PE RGITYXYVMPI QM#GVMM, MHIEPYP IWIRMIRMPSV IVE W WI
VIXVEK R TYWXMI WTVI E TVIKXM EGSPS GEPIE (SQRYPYM. -^SPE'M EWXJIP HI SVMGI
RIGVIHMRGMSW, TYXIEY W ETVSJYRHIÎ 0IKIE HMZMR #M W 3I TVIKXM'M TIRXVY
>MYE 6^FYRVMPSV (157 :-, 13-P25; -<, 19-21). %GIEWX RHITVXEVI XIQTSVEV
HI 8IQTPY IVE GSRWMQ'MX R MHIIE HI E VIXVM TIVIKVMREVIE TSTSVYPYM HYT
ZSME PYM (YQRIÎY, E#E GYQ WI RXQTPEWI PE ZVIQIE -I#MVMM, TVIGYQ #M E
)\MPYPYM. 4VMQIPI EFSVHVM #XMMR'M3GI EY WYFPMRMEX EWIQRVMPI HMRXVI EGIEWX
QM#GEVI #M GIE E PYM -SER: EGIIE#M WTMVMXYEPMXEXI E I\SHYPYM R TYWXMI,
WTVMNMRMRHY-WI TI -WEME 40, 3 #M YVQ.; EGIIE#M MQTSVXER' E TSGMR'IM #M E ETIM.
RZIGMREVIE #M GSRXIQTSVERIMXEXIE EGIWXSV QM#GVM JGIEY GE STMRMMPI W
RGPMRI EXYRGM WTVI S HITIRHIR' JE' HI 5YQVER E &SXI^XSVYPYM.
(MJIVIR'IPI WI EVEX E 3 RW JYRHEQIRXEPI. 1EM HIKVEF HIGX YR IWI-
RMER I\GPYW GEVI EV 3 PRGI^MX EWIQIRIE YRYM VIFIP WEY YRYM MHIEPMWX PMTWMX HI
GMR' (6^FSMYP -, 143 #M YVQ.; 157 :-), XI\XIPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX P RJ'M#IE^
TI -SER &SXI^XSVYP GE TI YR TVSVSG QFVGEX HYT EWIQREVIE PYM -PMI,
TVSGPEQRH YR FSXI^ HI TSGMR' WTVI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV. R PSG W NYWXM3GI
VYTXYVE HI PYQIE RIGVIHMRGMSEW TVMR M^SPEVIE R TYWXMI, R GYXEVIE
HIWZV#MVMM #M R E#XITXEVIE XMQTYVMPSV IWLEXSPSKMGI, -SER M GLIEQ PE
TSGMR' (GSRZIVXMVI) TI XS'M GIM GEVI #M TPIEG YVIGLIE PE GYZRXYP WY, RW
XIQE HI#IVXYPYM RY IWXI, PE IP, I\TPSEXEX TIRXVY IE RW#M. -SER WI TVI^MRX GE
YR TVIHMGEXSV MXMRIVERX R ZEPIE -SVHERYPYM, SV MHISPSKME -SVHERYPYM RY SGYT
RMGM YR PSG R WGVMIVMPI HI PE 5YQVER.
9R FSXI^ GY XSXYP HMJIVMX HI EFPY'MYRMPI IWIRMIRI 7TVI HISWIFMVI HI
JIPYVMXIPI JSVQI HI EFPY'MYRI R GEVI WYFMIGXYP #M ETPMG WMRKYV FEME VMXYEP,
-SER IWXI GIP GEVI M FSXIE^, R ZIHIVIE MIVXVMM, TI GIM GI WI TSGMIWG. 3 JEGI
R ET GYVKXSEVI, 3I R -SVHER, 3I R M^ZSEVI ()RSQ, ETVSETI HI 7EPMQ),
RMGMSHEX R WGPHXSVM VMXYEPI, GEVI XSXY#M I\MWXEY PE -IVMLSR #M R QTVINYVMQMPI
EGIWXYME. 7TVI HISWIFMVI HI VITIXEXIPI TYVM3GVM VMXYEPI ^MPRMGI EPI IWIRMIRMPSV,
FSXI^YP PYM -SER IWXI YRMG, MVITIXEFMP, RWS'MRH QVXYVMWMVIE TGEXIPSV #M
TSGMR'E.
%GIWX FSXI^ GY ET IWXI GLMEV WYFSVHSREX FSXI^YPYM GY (YL 7JRX #M
GY JSG TI GEVI P ZE EHQMRMWXVE 1IWME #M TI GEVI -SER RY JEGI HIGX W-P
TVIKXIEWG. 2Y EVI, TVMR YVQEVI, HIGX S HYVEX PMQMXEX, GIE E TVIKXMVMM
MQIHMEXI E GIPYM GSRZIVXMX TIRXVY QTV'ME QIWMERMG E 'IPYM GI ZE WE ZMR
(1X 3, P-P5; 0I 7, 17 #M YVQ.; R 1, 3P-3). (EV IP WI EHVIWIE^ XYXYVSV GIPSV GEVI
VWTYRH JEZSVEFMP TVSTSZHYMVMM TVSVSGYPYM: QYP'MQM, WSPHE'M, ZEQI#M, JEVMWIM,
WEHYGLIM. %GIWX FSXI^ RY TVIWYTYRI ETEVXIRIR'E PE YR KVYT RGLMW,
TEVGYVKIVIE ZVIYRIM PYRKM TIVMSEHI HI YGIRMGMI WEY PIKEVIE TVMR ZVIYR
NYVQRX, GYQ WI GIVI PE 5YQVER. 6MXYVMPI HI GYV'MVI R FMPI VIÎVZEXI
GSQYRMX'MM TVIS'I#XM HI PE 5YQVER RY WYRX EPXIPI HIGX GIPI GEVI WI TVEGXMGEY
PE 8IQTPY, EHETXEXI PE RSYE WMXYE'MI E I\MPYPYM R HI#IVX; IPI RY EY RMQMG R
GSQYR GY FSXI^YP GY ET WZV#MX HI -SER REMRXIE MQMRIRXIM .YHIG'M E
(SQRYPYM #M E ZIRMVMM QTV'MIM QIWMERMGI. 4IRXVY IWIRMER, RW#M TXVYRHIVIE
R GSQYRMXEXI KEVERXIE^ QRXYMVIE, MEV EGGIWYP PE FEME VMXYEP HIGYVKI HMR
MRXVEVIE R SF#XI. 6MXYEPYP HI TVMQMVI R 0IKQRX GSQTSVX S QVXYVMWMVI HI
XMT GSPIGXMZ E TGEXIPSV, VIRRSMX R 3IGEVI ER, HI WVFXSEVIE 'MRGMÎGMQMM
(1257 - 24 - 1), WTVI HISWIFMVI HI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV GI HIGYVKI HMR FSXI^YP
MRHMZMHYEP WZV#MX HI -SER.
%#XITXEVIE IWLEXSPSKMG R WJV#MX, HSY TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI HMJIVMXI WI
RJVYRX R GSRGIT'ME HIWTVI E#XITXEVIE IWLEXSPSKMG. (EG XMQTYP QRXYMVMM
IWXI MRXIRW E#XITXEX EXX HI S TEVXI, GX #M HI GIEPEPX, GSQYRMXEXIE IWIRMER,
VETSVXRH PE IE RW#M JKHYMR'IPI TVSVSGMPSV, WI GSRWMHIV HVITX PSGYP R GEVI
EGIWX XMQT E #M ZIRMX (157 :- 7-8), R ZVIQI GI -SER EXVEKI EXIR'ME EWYTVE
M^FYGRMVMM MQMRIRXI E QRMIM PYM (YQRIÎY #M TVSTSZHYMI#XI GSRZIVXMVIE,
RIGIWEV TIRXVY E WGTE HI .YHIGEX. (EG R :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX #M PE
5YQVER, NYHIGEXE TVMR JSG IWXI S TVIVSKEXMZ ETEV'MRRH HSEV PYM (YQRIÎY,
PE -SER, 'IP GI IWXI QEM XEVI HIGX QMRI ZE GYV'E WEY ZE RMQMGM GY JSG
RIWXMRW (1X 3, 1 #M YVQ.; 0I 3, 16). R HI3RMXMZ, HEG IWXI HM3GMP HI XVER#EX HEG
-SER M-E GYRSWGYX WEY RY TI IWIRMIRMM HI PE 5YQVER, GIVX IWXI G RY E JSWX
RMGMSHEX EHITXYP PSV, HSEV HEG RY-#M ZE 3 WGLMQFEX VEHMGEP SVMIRXEVIE. 2Y HI
PE IM E QTVYQYXEX VMXYP FETXMWQEP WTVI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV, VMX RIGYRSWGYX
XI\XIPSV UYQVERMIRI #M, HI EPXJIP TY'MR EHIGZEX WMXYPYM HI PE 5YQVER, YRHI RY
WYRX GYRSWGYXI HIGX GMWXIVRI, PMTWMRH E#EHEV ETIPI GYVKXSEVI. (EG -SER EV
3 JSWX IWIRMER, KVYTEVIE WE VIPMKMSEW EV 3 XVIFYMX W-P YVQIÎ HI RHEX GI
EGIWXE P-E VIGYRSWGYX TI 1IWME. 3V RY W-E TIXVIGYX RMQMG HI JIPYP EGIWXE R GIM
TEXVYÎGM HI ERM GI EY YVQEX. -SER E EHQMRMWXVEX GY EYXSVMXEXI YR FSXI^ GY
ET, YRMG, TIRXVY MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV, GE WIQR TVIQIVKXSV EP FSXI^YPYM GY
(YL 7JRX TI GEVI EZIE W-P MRWXMXYMI JSEVXI GYVRH 1IWME. 'E #M IWIRMIRMM #M-E
PYEX SEVIGEVI HMWXER' JE' HI MYHEMWQYP S3GMEP, HEV RY IWXI WMKYV G W-E
HIWTVMRW XSXEP HI 8IQTPY. % TVIHMGEX QYP'MQMPSV, JV RMGM S HISWIFMVI #M JV
ZVIYR RSZMGMEX TVIEPEFMP EP EGIWXSVE. 1EM TY'MR VMKSVMWX #M PIKEPMWX HIGX
UYQVERMIRMM, E TVSTSZHYMX I\MKIR'IPI VIPMKMSEWI #M QSVEPI EPI 4VMQYPYM
0IKQRX #M E 4VIKXMX XSX TSTSVYP #M RY S VQ#M' I\GPYWMZ, TIRXVY
ZIRMVIE YRYME RMEM QEVI HIGX WMRI. )P WI WMXYIE^ R ^SVMM RSMM IVI,
REMRXIQIVKXSV EP .
1IWMIM, TI GEVI P-E RXPRMX, FSXIÊX #M VIGYRSWGYX. %REPSKMMPI RXVI IP #M
5YQVER WI I\TPMG QEM FMRI TVMR GSRXI\XYP IZVIMIWG EP ITSGMM #M TVMR XVEHM'MMPI
ZIXIVSXIWXEQIRXEVI GSQYRI HIGX TVMRXV-S MR4YIR' HMVIGX E IWIRMERMWQYPYM.
R WGLMQF, HISWIFMVMPI WYRX TVIE RWIQREXI #M YRISVM VEHMGEPI, TIRXVY E TYXIE
JEGI HMR -SER YR IWIRMER, GGM EPXQMRXIVM EV 3 XVIFYMX W VYT GY SF#XIE TI
ETVSETI XSEXI TPERYVMPI.
)QMPI 4YIGL -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M FETXMWQEPMM 9VGRH R XMQT, ETEVEXYP HI
3PQEX EP MWXSVMIM ZE WYVTVMRHI S QR HI KVYTVM TI GEVI EYXSVMM GVI#XMRM HMR
WIGSPIPI --0: PI GEVEGXIVMÎE^ TVMR TVEGXMGEVIE VITIXEFMP E YRYM FSXI^ GEVI
VWGYQTV TGEXIPI. 4IRXVY EGI#XM WGVMMXSVM, YRIPI HMR EGIWXI KVYTVM EV 3 PYEX
3MR' R QTVINYVMQMPI -SVHERYPYM, REMRXI HI HMWXVYKIVIE 8IQTPYPYM R ERYP 70.
&ETXMWQEPMM: S PYQI TIWXVM' 7EFIIRMM (WEY QERHIIRMM) EY S MWXSVMI
SFWGYV, MEV TVIXMRWE PSV PIKXYV GY &SXI^XSVYP XVIÎ#XI RHSMIPM R QMRXIE
MWXSVMGYPYM. 8SXY#M, GYZRXYP WEFIER GSVIWTYRHI VHGMRMM EVEQEMGI WFG (E
FSXIÊ), MEV VIKMYRIE -SVHERYPYM EV TYXIE 3 PIEKRYP EGIWXIM WIGXI1. %GIEWX
PSRKIZMZ WYTVEZMI'YMVI XVMQMXI PE QM#GVMPI FETXMWQEPI GEVI R4SVIWG R
TVMQIPI HSY WIGSPI EPI IVIM RSEWXVI: QEWFSXIIRMM, LIQIVSFETXMWQEPMM (^MPRMG-
FSXI^-XSVM), EGIME#M, TSEXI, GY FSXI^XSVMM HI HMQMRIE' RZVNFM'M GY JEVMWIMM
R 8SWIJXE (WIGSPYP EP --PIE); WEY GLMEV RE^SVIIRMM, EHMG T^MXSVMM, GSVIW-
TYR^RH EGIPSV RSÎVMQ TI GEVI, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, GIPI 3TXWTVIÎGI
&MRIGYZRXVM IZVIMI#XM M R3IVEY GE IVIXMGM. R -SER 19, 19, TPGY'E HI TI
'VYGI TSEVX GYZRXYP RE^SVIER (#M RY REÊVMRIER), GGM QM#GEVIE PYM PMWYW
WI RVYHIE QYPX GY GIVGYVMPI FETXMWQEPI.
0E GMVGE HSYÎGM #M GMRGM HI ERM HYT QSEVXIE &SXI^XSVYPYM, )JIWYP
RG EHTSWXI#XI TEVXI E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV EGIWXYME #M, HEG IWXI W GMXMQ MRSGIRX
*ETXIPI 19, P-7, HISWIFMVIE RXVI FSXI^YP R RYQIPI PYM PMWYW #M GIP R RYQIPI PYM
-SER IVE, TIRXVY QYP'M EHIT'M EM QM#GVMM FETXMWQEPI, S GLIWXMYRI HI HIXEPMY.
%XYRGM GRH, R WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, )JVIQ M GVMXMG TI YGIRMGMM PYM -SER, JEGI IP
MWXSVMI ZIGLI WEY RG QEM TYXIE RXPRM MSERM'M EYXIRXMGM# )WXI KVIY HI
LSXVX.
'SVERYP (2, 59; 5, 73) M QIR'MSRIE^ HI HSY SVM TI WEFIIRM. R EQFIPI
GE^YVM TEVI W 3I ZSVFE HIWTVI KPSWI. 7EFIIRMM W-EV 3 VIZIRHMGEX HI PE -SER
&SXI^XSVYP, TIRXVY E WI FYGYVE, EWIQIRIE MYHIMPSV #M GVI#XMRMPSV, HI YR WXEXYX
ETEVXI R WXEXYP MWPEQMG.
R ITSGE R GEVI 4EZIP HIWGSTIVIE MSERM'MM HMR )JIW, *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, R
ZVWX HI #EMWTVIÎGI ERM, #M GYXE HVYQYP. REMRXI HI E3PMIVIE WE PE
JEVMWIMWQ, E TIXVIGYX XVIM ERM PE #GSEPE YRYM ERYQI &ERY#, GEVI XVME R HI#IVX
LVRMRHY-WI GE YR ZIKIXEVMER, RJ#YVRHY-WI R JVYRÎ #M WGSEV' HI GSTEG #M
VITIXRH ^M #M RSETXI EFPY'MYRM GY ET VIGI _%YXSFMSKVE3I 1). 4VMR SFMGIMYVMPI
WEPI, TYWXRMGYP P IZSG TI 3YP PYM >ELEVME. (EV IWXI ZSVFE SEVI HI YR
FSXI^XSV# )WXI IP YR JSWX JEVMWIY WEY YR JSWX IWIRMER GI VEHMGEPMÎE^ MHIEPYP
HI GYV'MI TVMR RIRGIXEXIPI-P EFPY'MYRM #M TVMR RWXVMREVIE HI S GMZMPMÊ'MI
WSGSXMX GE TVMQINHMSEW TVMR GSRXEGXIPI MQTYVI HI RISGSPMX TI GEVI PI
TVIWYTYRI# RWI#M EGIWXI MRGIVXMXYHMRM ZHIWG GSQTPI\MXEXIE YRMZIVWYPYM R
GEVI TPYXIWG QM#GVMPI FETXMWQEPI.
0E RGITYXYVMPI QM#GVMM FETXMWQEPI &SXI^YP PYM -SER WI ZSME YR WGET-
GMRI-TSEXI REMRXIE NYHIG'MM MQTPEGEFMPI TVMR GEVI (YQRIÎY EZIE W-#M
MRWXEYVIÎ QTV'ME. *VIQXEY SEVI, GY EGIIE#M RJVMKYVEVI IWLEXSPSKMG #M
EP'M FSXI^XSVM GSRXIQTSVERM# R JETX, EKMXEXSVM TVSJIXMGM GY TVIXIR'MM
IWLEXSPSKMGI RY ZSV ^HVYRGMRE 4EPIWXMRE HIGX RGITRH GY ERMM 40. R TPYW,
MSERM'MM RY M-EY WYTVEZMI'YMX, GY WMKYVER', RXIQIMIXSVYPYM PSV HIGX GY TVI'YP
YRIM ERYQMXI VIRYR'VM PE IWLEXSPSKMI. 0E YVQE YVQIPSV, VMXYP FETXMWQEP IWXI
GIP GEVI H RYQIPI EGIWXSV KVYTVM, MEV &SXI^XSVYPYM TSVIGPE. R QEXIVMI
VIPMKMSEW, VMXYP S ME REMRXI MRXIVTVIXVMM TI GEVI S TVMQI#XI: TVMQYP VQRI, E
HSYE WI WGLMQF. %WXJIP G VMXYP PYM -SER ZE XVIGI RIWGLMQFEX R GSQYRMXEXIE
GVI#XMR, RY RW #M R'IPIWYP PYM. 4IRXVY E WXYHME SVMKMRMPI FETXMWQEPMWQYPYM, W
RY TSVRMQ HI PE WIQRM3GE'ME VMXYPYM, GM HI PE YR QRYRGLM HI JIRSQIRI GEVI
EY JEZSVMÊX TVEGXMGE VMXYEP R GEVI FETXMWQEPMM EY MRWY4EX TVSTVMYP PSV WY4IX.
&-0) () 496-*-'%6). %FPY'MYRMPI JEVMWIMGI HSQIWXMGIEY TSTYPEVMXEXIE
VMXYVMPSV HI ET EPI PYQMM MVERMIRI WEY IPIRMWXMGI: EGIWXI VMXYVM EY HIZIRMX RW#M
MRMQE FETXMWQEPMWQYPYM. &MPI JEVMWIMGI YVQVIEY TYVM3GEVIE WEGVEP #M
MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV, R WXVRW PIKXYV GY WEGVM3GMMPI 8IQTPYPYM. R TVEGXMG
RW, TYVM3GEVIE WEGV #M TYVM3GEVIE QSVEP EY SEVIGEVI EWIQREVI: TVSVSGMM
TPIHEWIV TIRXVY GSIVIR'E RXVI YRE #M GIEPEPX, MEV IWIRMIRMM WXVYMEY EWYTVE
TSGMR'IM MRXIVMSEVI GI XVIFYME W RWS'IEWG FMPI HI TYVM3GEVI.
&ETXMWQEPMWQYP GSRXIWX RW VIKMQYP NIVXJIPSV; IP EWSGME^ FSXI^YPYM #M
QVXYVMWMVIE TGEXIPSV, GEVI GEVEGXIVMÊ WVFXSEVIE HI /MTYV #M MIVXEVIE
RW#M E TGEXIPSV. (EG, TI HI EPX TEVXI, VMXYVMPI HI TYVM3GEVI
GSQTEVXMQIRXEY WSGMIXEXIE, -SER E EFSPMX KVERM'IPI: WI ZMRI QTVIYR PE
FSXI^ (.SWITLYW), MRHMJIVIRX HI GSRHM'ME WSGMEP (ZEQI#M, TVSWXMXYEXI, WSPHE'M
WXVMRM), R YRMVIE YRIM EGIPIME#M TSGMR'I #M E GVIHMR'IM R QIWENYP TVSVSGYPYM,
RXV-S PMFIVXEXI GEVI JEGI HMR YRMM WMQTPM EWGYPXXSVM #M HMR EP'MM YGIRMGM
YVQRHY-P TI &SXI^XSV #M QTVX#MRH GY EGIWXE YR SWT' EP TSGMR'IM.
&38)>90 463>)0-&-036. R TIVMSEHE VEFMRMG, XMIVIE QTVINYV E GIPYM
GSRZIVXMX IVE YVQEX HI YR FSXI^ GEVI W-P GYVI'I HI PIKXYVMPI #EPI TKRI.
'IP TY'MR TVMR PSGYP TI GEVI P SGYTE, EGIEWX FEMI JGIE TEVXI HMR MRXIKVEVIE
TVSÎPMXYPYM, EWIQRRHY-WI HMR EGIWX TYRGX HI ZIHIVI GY FSXI^YP GVI#XMR.
%GIWXE IWXI QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI S GSRWMHIVQ ERXIVMSEV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, GLMEV
HEG TI EXYRGM RY IVE KIRIVEP TVEGXMGEX. )E P-E TYXYX MRWTMVE TI YR -SER
&SXI^XSVYP, GEVI M WSGSXIE TI XS'M SEQIRMM TEWMFMPM HI NYHIGEX, GSRXIWXE
ZEPSEVIE XMIVMM QTVINYV (GJ. 1X 3, 9) #M #M TVSTYRIE FSXI^YP GE QMNPSG HI
QRXYMVI TIRXVY YR TSTSV HI GSRZIVXM'M HI XSEXI SFV#MMPI.
&- :-2()'83%6) "- )<36'-71). 4IRXVY VIPMKME MVERMER, ETE EZIE
TYXIVIE HI E XQHYM #M HI E EPYRKE HIQSRMM. R MYHEMWQYPYM ZIEGYPYM -, YRMM
I\SVGM#XM EG'MSREY #M TVMR QMNPSGMVIE ETIM, R RYQIPI ZVIYRYM TIVWSREN WEGVY
(HI TMPH, R RYQIPI PYM 7SPSQSR). %GIWXI TVEGXMGM TSTYPEVI XVIFYMI W 3
NYGEX YR VSP R GSRGIT'ME HIWTVI S ET M^FZMXSEVI HI TGEX R RYQIPI YRYM
FSXI^XSV. 'GM, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI FMPI HI TYVM3GEVI, FSXI^YP IWXI TVMQMX HI
PE EPXGMRIZE #M WXEFMPI#XI S PIKXYV RXVI FSXI^XSV #M FSXIÊX. :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX GYRSE#XI HINE, R GE^YP PYM 2IIQER, S XQHYMVI TVMR
FSXI^ (HYT GYZRXYP &MFPMIM KVIGI#XM, R 4 6K 5, 14) R -SVHER, PE TSVYRGE PYM
)PMWIM. 3V MQEKMRIE PYM -PMI/)PMWIM WI WYTVETYRI TIWXI GIE E PYM -SER
&SXI^XSVYP, EP GVYM TR #M TSVX IWXI GIP EP PYM -PMI (1X 3, 4).
3 HI#XITXEVI E TVSJIXMWQYPYM #M E IWLEXSPSKMIM 8VEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG (GJ.
1X 17,10-P3) P MHIRXM3G TI -SER &SXI^XSVYP GY YR RSY -PMI, GEVI EV 3
ZIWXMXSVYP 7JV#MXYPYM (GJ. 1EP 3, 23). "M E#E WI #M ZSME -SER, VIRZMMRH EWXJIP
TVSJIXMWQYP WXMRW S HEX GY >ELEVME, RXV-YR WIGSP R GEVI WIGXE HI PE 5YQVER
GVIHIE R QTPMRMVIE TVSJI'MMPSV RXVI TVSTVMMPI KVERM'I #M R GEVI WMREKSKMPI
RGITIEY W GSQIRXIÎ 0IKIE TVMR PIGXYVE HMR TVSJI'M. -IVXEVIE TGEXIPSV IVE
WTIVER'E IWLEXSPSKMG TVMR I\GIPIR' PE YR -IVIQME WEY YR -IÎGLMIP, EGIWXE
HMR YVQ EWSGMMRH GLMEV QEVIE MIVXEVI YRIM WXVSTMVM GY ET GYVEX (-^ 36, 25).
7 3 JSWX EPIW -SVHERYP HSEV R ZMVXYXIE ETIPSV PYM GYVKXSEVI, RIGIWEVI
FSXI^YPYM# )P IWXI XSXSHEX #M WMQFSPYP MRXVVMM R 4QRXYP *KHYMR'IM,
LSXEVYP HI#IVXYPYM, PSGYP RSMM -I#MVM, YRHI WI TVIKXIWG GMPI (SQRYPYM, TSXVMZMX
PYM -WEME 40, YR XI\X I\TPSEXEX #M IP PE 5YQVER. .SWITLYW RSXIE^ RKVMNSVEVIE
PYM %RXMTE R JE'E RJVMKYVVMM MWGEXI HI -SER RXVI SEQIRM nJSEVXI RWY4I'M'M,
EWGYPXRHY-P GYQ ZSVFI#XI. ?R WXEVIA W YVQIÎ RXVY XSXYP TSZI'IPI EGIWXYM
SQ (%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 16-P9). 'XVI ERYP 45, YR ERYQI 8IYHEW GI-#M ^MGIE
TVSVSG, ZE GLIQE PE M^FZMVI #M ZE TVIXMRHI VIMXIVEVIE ERXMGIM XVEZIVWVM TVMR
HIWTV'MVIE, HI EGIEWX HEX, E ETIPSV -SVHERYPYM.
7-E RHSMX REMRXIQIVKXSVYP#
)ZERKLIPM#XMM RY EWGYRH RGSVHEVIE HMRXVI -SER #M -MWYW, R GIIE GI
TVMZI#XI GSRGIT'MMPI PSV HIWTVI ZIRMVIE QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY (GJ. 1X 1,2 #M
YVQ.). % QYVMX -SER RHSMRHY-WI HI MHIRXMXEXIE GIPYM TI GEVI GIP HMRXM P
YVQEWI# )WXI XEMRE PYM. )WXI EHIZVEX G EPXYVM HI -SER #M-E HIWZV#MX -MWYW
QIRMVIE HI ZIWXMXSV EP QTV'MIM #M G, HISTSXVMZ, GVI#XMRMWQYP #M RY MRZIVW,
W-E HI3RMX R VETSVX GY FETXMWQEPMWQYP, HMR GEVI TWXVE VMXYP GIRXVEP. -SER E
JSWX RE#YP WEY YRYP HMRXVI TVMR'MM QM#GVMPSV GI W-EY QTSXQSPMX PE YR QSQIRX
HEX 3I TVMRXV-YR TVSGIW HI JVQM'EVI, 3I TVMR WMRGVIXMWQ, HEV #M EP &MWIVMGMM,
GEVI E HSQSPMX EGIEWX 3IVFMR'IEP IWLEXSPSKMG GI #M-E EZYX, HI-E PYRKYP
ERMPSV 45-70, GSRXVMFY'ME IM PE HMWXVYKIVIE 4EPIWXMRIM.
'PEYHI 8EWWMR -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M -MWYW QEQE. -) R )ZERKLIPMMPI
WMRSTXMGI -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M -MWYW: HSY TIVWSRENI EPI GVSV PIKXYVM MWXSVMGI
WYRX RIRHSMSEWI. -MWYW W-E EPXYVEX QM#GVMM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, WTVI E
TYVGIHI ETSM GY HI PE WMRI TYXIVI W-#M VWTRHIEWG TVSTVMYP QIWEN. 9RMM HMR
TVMQMM YGIRMGM EM PYM -MWYW W-EY E4EX, WI TEVI, R GIVGYP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP.
'SRGIRXVRHY-#M STIVIPI EWYTVE PYM -MWYW, GYQ EY #XMYX TVMQMM XVIM IZERKLIPM#XM
W-P RGSVTSVIÎ R WXVYGXYVE EGIWXSVE TI -SER &SXI^XSVYP# 'I PSG M-EY EGSVHEX
IM#
(ITEVXI HI E ZIHIE R -SER TI EHZIVWEVYP PYM ,VMWXSW, GYQ WI ZE
RXQTPE R GE^YP GSQYRMX'MM QERHIIRMPSV, TVMQMM GVI#XMRM P-EY WEPYXEX R IP TI
REMRXIQIVKXSV: GLMEV HMR GPMTE R GEVI E JSWX ZSVFE W 3I TSZIWXMXI #M WGVMWI
ZME'E #M PYGVEVIE PYM -MWYW, RY TYXIE PMTWM HMR IPI GIIE GI JYWIWI PIEKRYP PSV. R
NYVYP TVSVSGYPYM HI PE -SVHER #M-E EPIW &MWIVMGE TYRGXYP HI TPIGEVI. *V
RHSMEP, S ERYQMX GSRGYVIR' RXVI GIPI HSY QM#GVM E WYWGMXEX S VIEG'MI HI
ETVEVI ZM^RH W QMRMQEPMÎÎ VSPYP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, HEV, WTVI HISWIFMVI
HI )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER, EGIEWX TIVWTIGXMZ RY XVERWTEVI HIGX HMWGVIX R
)ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI.
9R ZIWXMXSV TVSVSGMX HMR XMQTYVM WXVZIGLM 2Y JYWIWI WPYNMVIE PYM -SER
&SXI^XSVYP TVI^MW R 7GVMTXYVM# 1EVGY 1, 2-3 RI SJIV R EGIWX WIRW YR
EQIWXIG HI XI\XI FMFPMGI: TVSVSGMVMM HMR 1EPIELM 3,1 (-EX, )Y XVMQMX TI RKIVYP
1IY #M ZE KXM GEPIE REMRXIE JI'IM 1IPI.) M WI EHEYK S VIQMRMWGIR' HMR
-I#MVIE 23, 20 ()Y XVMQMX REMRXIE XE TI RKIVYP 1IY, GE W XI TÎEWG R
GEPI) #M YR GMXEX HMR -WEME 40, 3 (9R KPEW WXVMK: R TYWXMY KXM'M GEPIE
(SQRYPYM.). :IWXMXSVYP EP GVYM KPEW VWYR R TYWXMI RY IWXI EPXYP HIGX -SER
&SXI^XSVYP, TVSVSGMRH TI 1IWME "M TVIKXMRH ZIRMVIE PYM. 'EHVYP KISKVE3G
IWXI EGIPE YRHI, HI GRH PYQIE MWVEIPMX, (YQRIÎY #M RXPRI#XI TSTSVYP
WTVI E-P HYGI R &EVE JKHYMX. ,VERE PYM -SER EPMQIRXI HI FIHYMR RI
QIR'MRI R EGIIE#M TIVWTIGXMZ. 4SVXYP WY IWXI GIP EP TVSVSGMPSV (>E 13, 4),
IZSGRH ZI#QRXYP PYM -PMI (4 6K 1, 8).
%GIWX WMQFSP EP PYM -PMI, TVIÎRX R 3PMKVER R XI\XYP PYM 1EPIELM, VIZMRI
EMGM R JSV'. R QSH XVEHM'MSREP, -PMI IWXI REMRXIQIVKXSVYP PYM RWY#M
(YQRIÎY, WEY EP 1IWMIM, PE WJV#MXYP XMQTYVMPSV. %MGM, -SER-0PMI (GSRXMRYEVIE
)ZERKLIPMMPSV ZE GSR3VQE MHIRXM3GEVIE YRYME GY GIPPEPX) TVIKXI#XI ZIRMVIE
PYM -MWYW. (YT 1EVGY #M GIMPEP'M IZERKLIPM#XM, SVM^SRXYP JSEVXI ETVSTMEX IWXI
QIWMERMG.
3 EQFMKYMXEXI RXVI'MRYX (EV -SER &SXI^XSVYP ZSVFI#XI #M EG'MSRIE^.
:IWXMVIE YRYM QEM TYXIVRMG HIGX IP RY PEW W TPYXIEWG RMGM S RHSMEP: R
)ZERKLIPMM, RY TSEXI 3 ZSVFE HIGX HI -MWYW, JE' HI GEVI -SER WI VIGYRSE#XI
RIZVIHRMG W RHITPMRIEWG WEVGMRM QEM HIKVEF WPYKEVRMGI (1G 1, 7; #M PSG.
TEVEPIPI). &SXI^YP GY (YL 7JRX, GI ZE 3 EXYRGM EHQMRMWXVEX, HIWIQRIE^
HEVYP (YLYPYM 7JRX HYT RZMIVI. &SXI^YP GY JSG HIWTVI GEVI ZSVFIWG 1EXIM
(3, 1) #M 0YGE (3, 16) TSEXI ZIWXM NYHIGEXE GIPSV GI ZSV 3 VIWTMRW LEVYP PYM
,VMWXSW. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, QYP'M EYXSVM WI KRHIWG, R GI-P TVMZI#XI TI 0YGE, PE
PMQFMPI HI JSG EPI 'MRGMÎGMQMM.
)ZERKLIPM#XMM IZSPYIE^, RXV-YR JIP, TI S GSEVH RXMRW, EXYRGM GRH
GEYX W-P TWXVIÎ TI -SER &SXI^XSVYP R WGVMIVMPI R GEVI -MWYW SGYT PSGYP
GIRXVEP, GE W RY WTYRIQ YRMG. (IWMKYV, IM P GVI#XMRIE^ TI -SER,
MRGPY^RHY-P R TPERYP QRXYMVMM; HEV EY KVMN W RY MQTMIXIÎ EWYTVE GIPYM TI
GEVI &SXI^XSVYP P TVIZIWXI#XI #M TVIKXI#XI.
4VIGEY'MM TIRXVY HIPMQMXEVIE GPEV E VSPYVMPSV %GIWXI TVIGEY'MM WYRX
ZM^MFMPI PE 1EVGY, YRHI -SER RWY#M #M WYFPMRME^ MRJIVMSVMXEXIE JE' HI -MWYW. 8SX
R EGIEWX )ZERKLIPMI, GIPI HSY WPYNMVM WYRX FMRI HIQEVGEXI: -MWYW RY MRXV R
WGIR HIGX HYT GI -SER E TVWMX-S (1, 14-P5). 2Y I QEM TY'MR EHIZVEX G,
TIRXVY 1EVGY, WPYNMVIE PYM -SER GSRWXMXYMI RGITYXYP )ZERKLIPMIM PYM -MWYW
,VMWXSW: HI#M QEM TVINSW, IE IWXI XSXY#M MRGPYW R PYGVEVIE TI GEVI S
TVIZIWXI#XI (1G 1, P-8).
%GIIE#M XIRWMYRI WEY, HEG ZVIQ, EGIIE#M GSQTPIQIRXEVMXEXI WI
QERMJIWX R GIPIPEPXI HSY )ZERKLIPMM WMRSTXMGI, QEM GY WIEQ PE 0YGE, HEG
JEGIQ EFWXVEG'MI HI TVMQIPI WEPI HSY GETMXSPI. %VI QYPX KVMN GE, I\EP-
XRHY-P TI REMRXIQIVKXSV, W RY-P TVINYHMGMIÎ TI -MWYW. %#E WI JEGI G P ZE
IPMQMRE TI -SER HMR TSZIWXMVIE WE, REMRXI GE -MWYW W-#M JEG ETEVM'ME TIRXVY YR
FSXI^ HIWTVI GEVI GMXMXSVYP #XMI XSXY#M G JYWIWI EHQMRMWXVEX HI -SER (3, 19-2).
'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, VSPYP PYM -SER, HIT#MRHY-P TI GIP HI REMRXIQIVKXSV
GEVI M IWXI RGVIHMR'EX PE 1EVGY, Y^YVT #M JEÊ XIVQMREP E QRXYMVMM. %XYRGM
GRH WGVMI: 0IKIE #M TVSVSGMM EY JSWX TR PE -SER; HI EXYRGM QTV'ME PYM
(YQRIÎY WI FMRIZIWXI#XI #M 3IGEVI WI WMPI#XI WTVI IE (16, 16), HITEVXI HI
E-P I\GPYHI TI &SXI^XSV HMR ZVWXE QRXYMVMM, 0YGE P MRGPYHI R IE. R EGIEWX
)ZERKLIPMI IWXI PMQTIHI G -SER &SXI^XSVYP MREYKYVIE^ TIVMSEHE
LSXVXSEVI EP GVIM RGITYX IWXI WSPIQR VIPMIJEX TVMR MRWIVEVIE PYM R MWXSVME
GSRXIQTSVER: R EP GMRGMWTVIÎGIPIE ER EP HSQRMIM GIÊVYPYM 8MFIVMY, TI
GRH 4SR'MY 4MPEX IVE TVSGYVEXSVYP -YHIMM ?.A, E JSWX GYZRXYP PYM (YQRIÎY
GXVI -SER (3, P-2). 4IRXVY 0YGE, TVIGYQ #M TIRXVY 1EVGY, -SER WI E4 GLMEV PE
RGITYXYP )ZERKLIPMIM.
1EM QYPX HIGX EXX, QIWENYP WY I HINE S FMRIZIWXMVI (3, 18), MEV
EG'MYRIE PYM P EWMQMPIE^ ZMMXSVMPSV TVSTSZHYMXSVM GVI#XMRM: P ZIHIQ
TEVGYVKRH XSEX QTVINYVMQIE -SVHERYPYM, VWTRHMRH S RZ'XYV IXMG
EHETXEX HMZIVWIPSV RHIPIXRMGMVM EPI ZMI'MM #M WYWGITXMFMP HI E 3 EGXYEPMÊX R
ZMMXSEVIPI GSQYRMX'M (3, 3; 3, 10-P4). -SER IWXI, LSXVX PYGVY, QEM QYPX HIGX
YR TVSVSG (7, 26). R TVMQYP WY HMWGYVW HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, 4IXVY S
GSR3VQ EXYRGM GRH 3\IE^ RGITYXYP ZVIQMM GRH E TIXVIGYX RXVI RSM
(SQRYP -MWYW PE FSXI^YP PYM -SER (*% 1, 2P-2).
%WTIGXYP GSRXVEHMGXSVMY IWXI RXVMX HI 1EXIM )GLMPMFVYP TI GEVI 1EVGY #M
0YGE EY KVMN W-P TWXVIÎ RXVI TVMZMPIKMMPI MRGSQYRMGEFMPI EPI PYM ,VMWXSW #M
VSPYP &SXI^XSVYPYM RY IWXI VYTX PE 1EXIM. %GIWXE GLMEV RXVI#XI LSXEVIPI RXVI
GIPI HSY TIVWSRENI #M QMWMYRMPI PSV. R XMQT GI, PE 1EVGY #M 0YGE, FSXI^YP PYM
-SER HSFRHI#XI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV, 1EXIM P ZHYZI#XI HI EGIEWX 3REPMXEXI,
WTVI E JEGI HMR IP HSEV YR FSXI^ WTVI TSGMR' (3, 1). 2YQEM WRKIPI PYM
,VMWXSW EVI TYXIVIE MIVXVMM TGEXIPSV, HYT GYQ S EQMRXI#XI 1EXIM,
QSHM3GRH GYZMRXIPI RXIQIMIVMM IYLEVMWXMGI (26, 28; GJ. 1G 14, 24).
-RJIVMSVMXEXIE FSXI^YPYM PYM -SER #M GLMEV E TIVWSERIM WEPI WYRX WYFPMRMEXI, GY
VMWGYP EPXIVVMM WYVWIPSV. 3 HSZIHI#XI JVEÊ: 'IP GI ZMRI HYT QMRI IWXI QEM
TYXIVRMG HIGX QMRI, YRHI 1EXIM P VIWGVMI TI 1EVGY 1, 7. "M QEM IPSGZIRX
IWXI PMFIVXEXIE GY GEVI 1EXIM E XVEXEX WGIRE FSXI^YPYM, MRXVSHYGRH R IE YR
HMEPSK GYQ RY WI TSEXI QEM WIQRM3GEXMZ. -SER TVSXIWXIE^, MRZSGRHY-#M
RIZVIHRMGME: )Y EQ XVIFYMR' W 3Y FSXIÊX HI 8MRI #M 8Y ZMM PE QMRI#. 7I
WYTYRI XSXY#M, HEV PE S TSVYRG E PYM -MWYW, GEVI EMGM NSEG R VIEPMXEXI VSPYP
TVMRGMTEP #M WI 4SEVX GE YR WXTR (1X 3, 13-P4).
8SXY#M, R QSH TEVEHS\EP, XSGQEM PE 1EXIM RGVI#XMREVIE PYM -SER
&SXI^XSVYP IWXI QEM TEPTEFMP. 'GM EMGM REMRXIQIVKXSVYP TVSTSZ-HYMI#XI
QTV'ME GIVYVMPSV (3, 2) #M R EGIME#M XIVQIRM GE -MWYW (4, 17). -RW, R XMQT
GI, TSXVMZMX PYM 1EVGY 1, 15, -MWYW HIGPEV G W-E QTPMRMX ZVIQIE, 1EXIM SQMXI
EGIEWX JVE^: TIRXVY IP, ^SVMM QRXYMVMM EY QMNMX HINE S HEX GY PYGVEVIE
&SXI^XSVYPYM, GY XSEXI G PYQMRE HITPMR RY WI VIZEVW HIGX S HEX GY -MWYW
(4, 14-P6). )WXI EHIZVEX G RXVI GIM HSM I\MWX GSVIWTSRHIR'I. R VRHYP GIPSV
GI-P EWGYPX TI &SXI^XSV, WI KWIWG S;YP'M HMR JEVMWIM #M WEHYGLIM (3, 7),
HY#QERM VIGYRSWGY'M EM PYM -MWYW, QEM GY WIEQ EGI#XME HMR YVQ. %XYRGM GRH
M QYWXV (12, 34; 23, 3), -MWYW QTVYQYX HI PE -SER &SXI^XSVYP ETSWXVSJEVIE
TYM HI ZMTIVI (3, 7; #M PSG. TEVEPIP 0I 3, 7), TIRXVY E S ETPMGE TVSTVMMPSV WM
EHZIVWEVM.
6IPE'MMPI HMRXVI FETXMWQEPM #M GVI#XMRM 'E #M 0YGE (7, 28), 1EXIM GSRWIVZ
HEXIPI WYVWIM R GEVI RXVI GIM RWGY'M HMR JIQIM, RMQIRM RY IWXI QEM QEVI
HIGX -SER, QEM TVINSW XSXY#M HI GIP QEM QMG R QTV'ME GIVYVMPSV (1X 1,1).
RW EGIEWX VIGXM3GEVI #M-E TMIVHYX EWGY'M#YP TSPIQMG. R XMQT GI WYVWE
WYFPMRME ETEVXIRIR'E &SXI^XSVYPYM PE ZIGLIE SVHMRI, ZIVWMYRIE PYM 0YGE #M
1EXIM WI QYP'YQI#XI W HIPMQMXIÎ VSPYVMPI: -SER MREYKYVIE^ ZVIQIE
QRXYMVMM, HEV WMRKYV -MWYW M TYRI XIQIPMMPI. 2Y QEM QYPX HIGX 1EVGY, 1EXIM #M
0YGE RY YVQVIWG W GSRHEQRI TSWXYP MSERM'MPSV; HI EPXQMRXIVM, HYT QVXYVME
GIPSV HSM IZER-KLIPM#XM, GVI#XMRMM TSWXIWG (0I 5, 35; 1X 6, 16). %PMER'E RXVI
QM#GEVIE PYM -SER #M GIE E PYM -MWYW WI GSR3VQ EXYRGM GRH M ZIHIQ TI
YGIRMGMM GIPYM HMRXM HRHY-P HI #XMVI GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP
RZ'XSVYPYM PSV (1X 14, 12). 4I WGYVX, TIRXVY IZERKLIPM#XM #M GMXMXSVMM PSV, -SER
&SXI^XSVYP #M EHIT'MM WM RY VITVIÎRXEY RMGM S EQIRMR'EVI #M RMGM QGEV S
TVSFPIQ. (SGYQIRXE'ME IWXI JSPSWMX EMGM R JEZSEVIE PYM ,VMWXSW, HEV JV E WI
IPYHE TIVWSERE #M VSPYP REMRXIQIVKXSVYPYM.
1EVXMVMYP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, PYQMREX HI GLMTYP PYM -PMI 4SZIWXMVIE
TSTYPEV E QEVXMVMYPYM PYM -SER (1G 6, 17-29; 1X 14, 3-P2) RY MRXIVZMRI HIGX GE
YR 4EWL-FEGO TVSZSGEX HI RWIQREVIE TVIGIHIRX HIWTVI QMRYRMPI PYM -MWYW.
-VSH %RXMTE I XYPFYVEX PE EY^YP PSV #M, WYTIVWXM'MSW, HIGPEV: )WXI -SER GVYME
IY EQ TYW W-P XEMI GETYP; IP W-E WGYPEX HMR QSV'M. 1EVGY MRXVSHYGI EXYRGM
TSZIWXIE QEVXMVMYPYM. R WMRI, IE RY RI RZE' QEVI PYGVY HIWTVI RGVGXYVE
EGIWXIM HVEQI, HEV RY PE JIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI HEG VIGYVKIQ PE EPXI TEWENI HMR
)ZERKLIPMI. 0E GSFSVVIE HI TI QYRXIPI 7GLMQFVMM PE *E', YGIRMGMM M TYR TI
RIE#XITXEXI S RXVIFEVI PYM -MWYW: 4IRXVY GI ^MG GVXYVEVMM G XVIFYMI W ZMR
QEM RXM -PMI#. %ZIQ EMGM XIQE XVEHM'MSREP E RXSEVGIVMM PYM -PMI, SHMRMSEV
VMHMGEX PE GIV #M WSGSXMX E VIZIRM PE WJV#MXYP ^MPIPSV. -MWYW RY VWTYRHI GY
EHIZVEX PE RXVIFEVI, HEV, EPMRMMRHY-WI EGIPIME#M GVIHMR'I, IZSG ZMMXSEVIE PYM
TXMQMVI, TIRXVY E WI RXSEVGI XSX PE -PMI: R VIEPMXEXI, EGIWXE RY QEM XVIFYMI
E#XITEX, GGM E #M ZIRMX #M M-EY JGYX XSEXI GXI EY ZSMX, TVIGYQ W-E WGVMW
HIWTVI IP. %Q Z^YX QEM WYW HIWTVI ZI#QRXYP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP (1, 6) GE
EQMRXIE HI TIVWSRENYP -PMI. 2Y RGETI RHSMEP G -MWYW P MHIRXM3G TI -SER GY
TVSJIXYP HI SHMRMSEV, GEVI EZIE #M IP W WI RXSEVG TIRXVY E E#IÊ MEV#M
XSEXI, EHMG TIRXVY E TVIKXM TSTSVYP W JEG JE' NYHIG'MM PYM (YQRIÎY.
)WXI XSGQEM GIIE GI E JGYX -SER &SXI^XSVYP, GY XSEXI G RY IWXI RYQMX #M GY
XSEXI G 1EVGY P TPEWIE^ R TIRYQFV (TIRXVY YGIRMGM RY WI ZE PQYVM XSXYP
HIGX HYT RZMIVI). (EV IP TYXIE 3 KLMGMX RG HI PE TVMQIPI VRHYVM EPI
)ZERKLIPMIM: HYT GYQ -MWYW EZIE W 3I TVMRW, WTVI E QYVM R GLMRYVM, TVMRW
IWXI #M -SER &SXI^XSVYP (1, 14). 7I #XMI EGYQ G RY RYQEM QIRMVIE, HEV #M
QEVXMVMYP WY WI RWGVMI R SVHMRIE PYM (YQRIÎY, GIE GSRXYVEX R 7GVMTXYVM (9,
13). 0E JIP WI RXQTP #M GY -MWYW (9,12; 14, 21). %WXJIP, YQFVE 'VYGMM WI
RXMRHI, GY XMXPY HI TVIZIWXMVI #M HI TVI3KYVEVI, EWYTVE PYM -PMI VIHMZMZYW.
%GIEWX RSYXEXI HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP TIVWTIGXMZIPSV ETSGEPMTXMGI MYHEMGI
(IPI RY EY GSRGITYX RMGM-GRH MHIIE YRYM -PMI TXMQMXSV) IWXI YPXMQE XY#
ETPMGEX MRXVVMM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP R XEMRE GVI#XMR.
R ZVIQI GI 0YGE XVIGI R RXVIKMQI WYF XGIVI EGIWX ITMWSH, GSRWM-
HIVRHY-P PMTWMX HI MRXIVIW TIRXVY GMXMXSVMM WM KVIGM, 1EXIM P VI'MRI #M P
I\TPMGMXIE^ (1X 17, 10-P3). 'IIE GI 1EVGY HSEV H HI R'IPIW R ZSVFI SGSPMXI
IWXI E#XIVRYX EMGM WPSZ GY WPSZ: PE EPY^ME RG RZPYMX E PYM -MWYW, YGIRMGMM
VWTYRH TVMRXV-S GSR#XMMR' GPEV EWYTVE E GIIE GI EWGYRHI IE #M R'IPIK G
IWXI ZSVFE HI -SER &SXI^XSVYP. )WXI EHIZVEX G, QEM WYW (1, 14), -SER M-E
TVIKXMX IP RWY#M TIRXVY EGIEWX XPGYMVI MQIHMEX, HRHY-PI R EGIPE#M XMQT HI
R'IPIW G IVE PE QMNPSG S GLIWXMYRI HI GVIHMR' #M RY YRE HI ZHMVI: "M HEG
ZSM'M W R'IPIKI'M, IP ?-SERA IWXI -PMI, GIP GI ZE W ZMR. %GIEWX MHIRXM3GEVI
HIGYVKI, RXV-EHIZV, HMR EPXE, GEVI GSRWX R E-P VIGYRSE#XI TI -MWYW GE 1IWME
#M GEVI, PE VRHYP IM, 'MRI HI GVIHMR' #M RY HI YR HEV EP (SQRYPYM (16, 17).
(I EGIIE, GIM GEVI RY GVIH RXV-YRYM RY GVIH RMGM R GIPPEPX, GLMEV HEG
HMR QSXMZI HMJIVMXI (1X 1,16-P9). %GIEWX QIRMVI E PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP -YR -PMI
MRGSKRMXS JE' HI -MWYW-1IWME, EHZIVWEVMM RY EY R'IPIW-S (17, 12-P3); IM M-EY
VIWTMRW TI EQRHSM #M TI EQRHSM M-EY GSRHEQREX PE QEVXMVMY. %GIWXI ZIHIVM
WGLIQEXMGI, R GEVI SQSVYP MQTYXEFMP HSEV PYM -VSH %RXMTE IWXI TYW TI WIEQE
MYHEMWQYPYM RIGVIHMRGMSW, RY JEGI HIGX W GSR3VQI PIKXYVE MRHIWXVYGXMFMP
GEVI, R SGLMM IZERKLIPMWXYPYM, P YRI#XI TI REMRXIQIVKXSV GY -MWYW, GIP E GVYM
QSEVXI XSX TSTSVYP E PYEX-S EWYTVE WE (1X 27, 25). %WXJIP, TI HITPMR TVMQMX R
GVI#XMRMWQ, -SER &SXI^XSVYP M EPMQIRXIE^ EGIWXYME #M HSKQE #M
GSRXVSZIVWIPI.
7MQSR 0IKEWWI -^ZSEVIPI PMXIVEVI EPI ZMI'MM PYM -MWYW )ZERKLIPMMPI GERSRMGI
EY VITVIÎRXEX QYPX ZVIQI WMRKYVIPI M^ZSEVI I\TPSEXEXI HIWTVI ZME'E PYM
-MWYW. 'IVGIXVMPI QSHIVRI EY PVKMX PMWXE, EHYKRHY-P RHISWIFM HSGYQIRXIPI
GVI#XMRI ETSGVMJI, EHMG RIVI'MRYXI HI GERSRYP FMFPMG. :EPSEVIE MWXSVMG E
EGIWXSVE HMR YVQ JEGI SFMIGXYP YRSV HMWTYXI, E\EXI GY TVIGHIVI EWYTVE
HEXIM HI VIHEGXEVI GEVI PM WI EXVMFYMI. %GIWXI HM3GYPX'M HI HEXEVI RI-EY
HIXIVQMREX W TVIÎRXQ HSGYQIRXIPI RY HYT S SVHMRI GVSRSPSKMG, EWYTVE
GVIME RY I\MWX YR EHIZVEX GSRWIRW, GM GPEWRHY-PI TI GEXIKSVMM.
(SGYQIRXIPI GERSRMGI 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, R RXVIKYP WY, IWXI M^ZSVYP GIP
QEM GSQTPIX HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ. )TMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP (VIHEGXEXI RXVI 50 #M 65)
WYRX R KIRIVEP VIGYRSWGYXI GE 3MRH QEM ZIGLM HIGX )ZERKLIPMMPI, HEV IPI
JYVRMÎE^ TY'MRI MRJSVQE'MM HIWTVI I\MWXIR'E TQRXIEWG E PYM -MWYW HMR
2EÊVIX. R JSVQE PSV EGXYEP, )ZERKLIPMMPI HEXIE^ HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI HMR
TIVMSEHE 68-95 TVMQE VIHEGXEX 3MRH GIT. % PYM 1EVGY YRMM I\IKI'M
GSRWMHIVRHY-PI GLMEV QEM ZIGLM HI EXX. 4V'MPI GSQYRI PYM 1EXIM #M 0YGE
HIGYVK, JV RHSMEP, HMRXV-YR EGIPE#M HSGYQIRX HIWIQREX TVMR WMKPE 5 (HMR
KIVQERYP 5YIPPI, M^ZSV), S GYPIKIVI HI ^MGIVM EPI PYM -MWYW TI GEVI YRMM FMFPM#XM
EY GVI^YX G PI TSX VIGSRWXMXYM TSVRMRH HI PE XI\XIPI GERSRMGI #M GEVI EV
TVSZIRM HMR ERMM 50.
)ZERKLIPMMPI ETSGVMJI (SY )ZERKLIPMM ETSGVMJI ZIGLM #M HI S SEVIGEVI
RXMRHIVI, E GVSV I\MWXIR' IVE GYRSWGYX HI XVEHM'MI, HEV EP GVSV XI\X JYWIWI
TMIVHYX, EY JSWX VIKWMXI R GYVWYP WTXYVMPSV EVLISPSKMGI. 'IPIPEPXI )ZERKLIPMM
ETSGVMJI WYRX JV HMWGY'MI QEM XEVHMZI WEY RY RI WYRX GYRSWGYXI HIGX HMR
JVEKQIRXI (PI ZSQ GMXE EMGM TI GIPI QEM MQTSVXERXI). %XVMFYMVIE PSV YRSV
ETSWXSPM IWXI TYXIVRMG GSRXIWXEX. %YXIRXMGMXEXIE RW#M E YRSV IHMXVM EPI
EGIWXSVE IWXI #M IE HMWGYXEX.
):%2+,)0-% 09- 4)869. 8I\XYP M JYWIWI TMIVHYX TR PE HIWGSTIVMVIE
YRYM QERYWGVMW KVIG HI #EMÎGM HI ZIVWIXI, HEXRH HMR WIGSPYP EP :9--PIE WEY
EP -<-PIE, EHYW PE PYQMR PE %OLQMQ, R )KMTX. RGITRH PE QMNPSGYP JVEÎM #M
HIXIVMSVEX PE 3REP, JVEKQIRXYP HIWGSTIVMX TVI^MRX S TSZIWXMVI SVMKMREP E
TVSGIWYPYM PYM -MWYW, TXMQMVIE #M RZMIVIE PYM. )WXI KIRIVEP VIGYRSWGYX G
ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY RY IWXI EYXSVYP IM. 'IE QEM QEVI TEVXI E GIVGIXXSVMPSV
HEXIE^ VIHEGXEVIE EGIWXYM XI\X R NYVYP ERYPYM 130. 9RMM, TY'MR PYE'M R
GSRWMHIVEVI, RGIEVG W S JEG W YVGI R ERMM 50.
):%2+,)0-% 7)'6)8 % 09- 1%6'9. 3 WGVMWSEVI EXVMFYMX PYM 'PIQIRX
%PI\ERHVMRYP (QSVX R 215), TYFPMGEX TIRXVY TVMQE SEV R 1973, TVIXMRHI G
1EVGY EV 3 EPGYMX S E HSYE IZERKLIPMI, TWXVEX HI &MWIVMGE %PI\ERHVMIM #M
GSR'MRRH TEWENI GI RY 3KYVIE^ R )ZERKLIPME GERSRMG. 7GVMWSEVIE GMXIE^
TSZIWXMVIE YRIM RZMIVM GEVI #M-EV KWM PSGYP R GETMXSPYP 10 HMR 1EVGY #M GEVI EV
TYXIE 3 ETVSTMEX HI RZMIVIE PYM 0E^V, VIPEXEX R GETMXSPYP 1 HMR -SER.
%YXIRXMGMXEXIE EGIWXIM WGVMWSVM, GI EV HEXE HMR TVIENQE ERYPYM 20, RY IWXI R
RMGM YR JIP HSZIHMX. 1ERYWGVMWYP SVMKMREP RY E JSWX TR EGYQ RMGMSHEX SJIVMX
ZIHIVMM. %V TYXIE 3 ZSVFE HI S #EVPEXERMI XMGPYMX R WIGSPYP EP <-PIE!
4%4-69790 )+)6832. 4YFPMGEX TIRXVY RXME SEV R 1935, YR TETMVYW
JVEKQIRXEV HMR GSPIG'ME )KIVXSR ()KIVXSR 2), GSQTYW HMR TEXVY JVEKQIRXI
WGVMWI TI S TEVXI #M TI EPXE, VIXVERWGVMI GXIZE JETXI #M ^MGIVM GI TSX 3
ETVSTMEXI HI )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER #M HI ITMWSHYP PITVSWYPYM HMR )ZERKLIPME
HYT 1EVGY. 3 FYGEX HI TETMVYW TVSZIRMX HMRXV-YRYP HMR VIWTIGXMZIPI
JVEKQIRXI #M GSRWIVZEX R EPX TEVXI (R /SPR 25) E JSWX TYFPMGEX R 1987. R
QSQIRXYP TYFPMGVMM PSV, EGIWXI XI\XI QYXMPEXI EY JSWX GMXMXI GE EPGXYMRH YR
ERWEQFPY HI GMXEXI IZERKLIPMGI VITVSHYWI HMR QIQSVMI, E#XIVRYXI R WGVMW R
NYVYP ERYPYM 150. 9RMM FMFPM#XM GSRWMHIV XSXY#M G HMWTYR R EGIWX GE^ HI YR
HSGYQIRX ERXIVMSV VIHEGXVMM )ZERKLIPMMPSV GERSRMGI.
):%2+,)0-% 09- 831%. *VEKQIRXI EPI EGIWXIME IVEY GYRSWGYXI HMR XVIM
TETMVYWYVM HIWGSTIVMXI PE 3\]VL]RGLSW, R )KMTX, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-
PIE. 'IVGIXVMPI IJIGXYEXI R 1945 PE 2EK ,EQQEHM, XSX R )KMTX, EY TIVQMW
HIWGSTIVMVIE YRIM XVEHYGIVM GSQTPIXI EPI IM R PMQFE GSTX. )WXI S GYPIKIVI
HI 14 WIRXMR'I EXVMFYMXI PYM -MWYW, 3KYVRH YRISVM R GEHVYP GXI YRYM WGYVX
HMEPSK EP WY GY ZVIYR YGIRMG. 'MVGE NYQXEXI HMR EGIWXI ^MGIVM 3KYVIE^ #M R
)ZERKLIPMMPI GERSRMGI, WYF S JSVQ ETVSTMEX WEY Y#SV HMJIVMX. %XVMFYMVIE IM
ETSWXSPYPYM 8SQE IWXI PEVK VIWTMRW HI GIVGIXXSVM. 'SRXIQTSVER GY
)ZERKLIPME PYM 4IXVY, PYGVEVIE EV TYXIE HEXE, GE VIHEGXEVI 3REP, HMR ERMM 125-
P30, GIIE GI RY I\GPYHI GE ERYQMXI WIRXMR'I EPI IM W YVGI GXVI S HEX GY
QYPX QEM RHITVXEX (I\MWX RGIVGVM HI HEXEVI E ERWEQFPYPYM R ERMM 60-70).
-^ZSEVIPI TEXVMWXMGI 'ERSRYP 7GVMTXYVMPSV GVI#XMRI RY E VI'MRYX YR ERYQMX
RYQV HI WGVMIVM GEVI, HI#M HEXRH HI PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - WEY RGITYXYVMPI
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, RY EY PIKXYV HMVIGX GY KIRIVE'ME ETSWXSPMG. 9RIPI HMRXVI
IPI GSQTSVX XSXY#M QVXYVMM HI ZEPSEVI HIWTVI ZME'E PYM -MWYW.
(-(%,-%. 8I\X KVIG ERSRMQ, ETEV'MRRH XVEHM'MIM WMVMIRI, HIWGSTIVMX R
1875 PE 'SRWXERXMRSTSP. 3JIV RHVYQVM TIRXVY ZME'E GVI#XMRIEWG, RJ'M#EXI
GE #M GYQ EV 3 XVERWQMWI ETSWXSPMPSV HI GXVI -MWYW. )WXI HEXEX R NYVYP ERYPYM
95.
)4-7830% 09- '0)1)28 631%290 '86) '36-28)2-. 7GVMWSEVI
EHVIWEX HI ITMWGSTYP 6SQIM GSQYRMX'MM GVI#XMRI HI PE 'SVMRX, JV RHSMEP R
TVIENQE ERYPYM 95.
)4-7830)0) 09- -+2%8-) %0 %28-3,-)-. %RWEQFPY HI #ETXI WGVMWSVM
EPGXYMXI R KVIGI#XI, I\TIHMEXI HI -KREXMI, ITMWGST EP %RXMSLMIM 7MVMIM, GXVI
&MWIVMGMPI TI GEVI EZIE W PI ZM^MXIÎ R HVYQ WTVI 6SQE, YRHI YVQE W RHYVI
QEVXMVMYP R NYVYP ERYPYM 15.
%08) 16896- 4%86-78-'). 7I RXQTP GE 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM, R WTIGMEP
)YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE (QSVX R 340) #M 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ (QSVX R 420), W GMXIÎ
JVEKQIRXI HMR )ZERKLIPMMPI ETSGVMJI, R KIRIVEP TIRXVY E PI TYRI PE RHSMEP
ZEPSEVIE. 1YPXI HMR EGIWXI XI\XI, EWX^M TMIVHYXI, XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX VIHEGXEXI
HI-E PYRKYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE. 7 GMXQ )ZERKLIPME IZVIMPSV, )ZERKLIPME
IFMSRM'MPSV, )ZERKLIPME IKMTXIRMPSV, )ZERKLIPME RE^SVIIRMPSV.
-^ZSEVIPI MYHEMGI 7'6-)6-0) 09- *0%:-97 .37)4,97. R WGVMIVMPI PYM
.SWITLYW, QEVIPI MWXSVMG MYHIY HMR WIGSPYP - (QSVX R NYVYP ERYPYM 10), -MWYW IWXI
RYQMX R HSY VRHYVM. 4VMQE HEX, R PIKXYV GY QSEVXIE PYM -EGSZ HMR
-IVYWEPMQ, GEVI E JSWX PETMHEX R ERYP 62 EP IVIM RSEWXVI. 4IVWSRENYP IWXI
HIWGVMW GE 3MRH JVEXIPI PYM -MWYW, GIP RYQMX ,VMWXSW (%RXMGLMX'M MYHEMGI <,
197-203). % HSYE SEV, RXV-YR TEWEN QYPX QEM HI^ZSPXEX, HIWTVI -MWYW RWY#M
(%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 63-64): 0E ZVIQIE EGIIE E XVMX -MWYW, YR SQ MI#MX HMR GSQYR,
GGM QTPMRIE PYGVYVM RIQEMZ^YXI. RZ'XSV EP SEQIRMPSV, GEVI IVEY HMWTY#M
W JEG S FYR TVMQMVI YRSV RZ'XYVM HI WSM #M-E G#XMKEX HI TEVXIE PYM QYP'M
MYHIM, FE TR #M IPMRM. %XYRGM GRH, TVX HI HVIKXSVMM RS#XVM, 4MPEX P-E 'MRXYMX
TI GVYGI, GIM GEVI HI PE RGITYX M HVYMWIV MYFMVIE PSV RY EY RGIXEX W-P
MYFIEWG, 3MRHG PI-E ETVYX R E XVIME ^M, ZMY HMR RSY, HYT GYQ TVIZIWXMWIV
HYQRIÎMI#XMM TVSVSGM, TVIGYQ #M QMM HI EPXI QMRYRM R PIKXYV GY IP. "M RMGM R
^MPIPI RSEWXVI RY W-E WXMRW WTM'E GIPSV GEVI, HMR TVMGMRE PYM, WYRX RYQM'M
GVI#XMRM. %GIWX TEWEN, GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI HI 8IWXMQSRMYQ 4EZMERYQ, E
JGYX SFMIGXYP E RYQIVSEWI WXYHMM. 1ENSVMXEXIE GSQIRXEXSVMPSV GSRWMHIV G, R
JSVQE R GEVI RI-E TEVZIRMX, E JSWX VIXY#EX HI QMRM GVI#XMRI. 'IIE GI RY
I\GPYHI JETXYP GE .SWITLYW W 3 EPGXYMX IP RWY#M S RWIQREVI HIWTVI -MWYW,
QEM WGYVX #M TI YR XSR QEM TY'MR IRXY^MEWX! 4Y'MR HYT EGIEWX RWIQREVI,
.SWITLYW M RGLMR, R TPYW, YR TEWEN HIWXYP HI PYRK PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP
(%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 16-P9).
8%019(90 (-2 &%&-032. )WXI QEVXSV EP YRIM XVEHM'MM VIJIVMXSEVI PE
QSEVXIE PYM -MWYW GI EV TYXIE HEXE HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE (7ERLIHVMR 43E). 8VEHM'ME
VIPEXIE^: R ENYRYP 4E#XIPYM, -MWYW E JSWX WTR^YVEX (TI GVYGI). 9R GVEMRMG E
QIVW REMRXIE PYM XMQT HI TEXVYÎGM HI ^MPI, WTYRRH: ZE 3 SQSVX GY TMIXVI,
3MRHG W-E HIHEX PE ZVNMXSVMI #M E R#IPEX #M VXGMX -WVEIPYP. 'IM GEVI GYRSWG
GLMTYP R GEVI TSEXI 3 ETVEX W ZMR #M W QVXYVMWIEWG TIRXVY IP. (EV RY
W-E KWMX RMQIRM GEVI W-S JEG #M HIGM E JSWX WTR^YVEX R ENYRYP 4E#XIPYM.
7'6-736-0) 09- 40-2-9 ')0 826. RXV-S WGVMWSEVI GXVI 8VEMER (GEVXIE
E <-E, WGVMWSEVIE 96), 4PMRMY GIP 8RV, TI EXYRGM KYZIVREXSV EP &MXMRMIM, M
I\TPMG QTVEXYPYM VI^YPXEXIPI YRIM ERGLIXI TI GEVI E XVIFYMX W S RXVITVMRH
EWYTVE GVI#XMRMPSV, GE YVQEVI E EGYÊ'MMPSV QTSXVMZE EGIWXSVE, ENYRWI TR PE
IP: 8SEX ZMRE WEY XSEX KVI#IEPE PSV, EY QVXYVMWMX IM, WI QVKMRMWI PE E WI
EHYRE R KIRIVEP PE HEX 3\, REMRXI HI E WI GVTE HI ^MY #M E-P MRXSRE RXVI
IM YR MQR PYM ,VMWXSW, GE YRYM ÎY; WI QEM PIKEY TVMR NYVQRX RY W JTXYMEWG
ZVIYR VY WEY EPXYP, GM W RY WZV#IEWG HIPSG LS'MM, XPLVMM WEY EHYPXIV, W
RY WI EFEX RMGMGYQ HI PE GVIHMR'E TIRXVY GEVI W-EY PIKEX, W RY XKHYMEWG
ZVIYR XIÊYV GI-P EY R TWXVEVI, GRH PI IWXI GIVYX.
:MI'MPI GIPSV HSMWTVIÎGI 'IÊVM, WGVMWI HI MWXSVMGYP 7YIXSRMY, MRGPYH #M
IPI GXIZE QIR'MYRM HIWTVI EGXMZMX'MPI GVI#XMRMPSV (:ME'E PYM 2IVS <:-; :ME'E PYM
'PEYHMY <:), HMR GEVI YPXMQE GMXEX P TSQIRI#XI I\TPMGMX TI ,VMWXSW: 'YQ
IZVIMM WI V^ZVXIEY RIGSRXIRMX, RXVXE'M HI 'LVIWXSW, M EPYRK HMR 6SQE.
-WXSVMGYP JEGI EPY^MI PE YR IHMGX EP PYM 'PEYHMY, TVSQYPKEX 3I R 4P-42, PE
RGITYXYP HSQRMIM WEPI, 3I R 49 MWXSVMGMM RG HI^FEX GLIWXMYRIE GEVI ZMÊ
I\TYPÊVIE IZVIMPSV HMR 6SQE. (I^SVHMRMPI HMR GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG
TVSZIRIEY, JV RHSMEP, HMR JETXYP G YRMM HMRXVI IM, XYPFYVE'M HI
TVSTSZHYMVIE IZERKLIPMÊXSVMPSV ENYR#M R GETMXEPE -QTIVMYPYM, WI EPXYVEWIV
&MWIVMGMM #M IVEY, HMR EGIWX QSXMZ, EXEGE'M HI GIMPEP'M. -RWY3GMIRX MRJSVQEX,
7YIXSRMY TEVI W TVI^MRXI PYGVYVMPI GE #M GYQ -MWYW RWY#M EV 3 ZIRMX PE 6SQE.
%2%0)0) 09- 8%'-8. )PI TSZIWXIWG GYQ 2IVS, RZMRYMX HI E 3 TYW IP
RWY#M JSGYP GEVI E TVNSPMX 6SQE R 64, W-E ^FXYX W KWIEWG RM#XI
MRGIRHMEXSVM #M M-E EGYÊX TI GVI#XMRM (GEVXIE E <:-E, 4): 2IVS GYX ZMRSZE'M
#M M WYTYWI PE GE^RI TIVZIVWI TI GIM TI GEVI XMGPS#MMPI PSV M JGIEY RIWYJIVM'M
#M TI GEVI QYP'MQIE M RYQIE GVI#XMRM. 2YQIPI EGIWXE PI ZMRI HI PE ,VMWXSW, TI
GEVI, WYF TVMRGMTEXYP PYM 8MFIVMY, TVSGYVEXSVYP 4SR'MY 4MPEX P-E HEX TVEH
GLMRYVMPSV. RFY#MX TIRXVY QSQIRX, EGIEWX WGVFEZRMG WYTIVWXM'MI WI M'IE
HMR RSY, RY RYQEM R -YHIIE, YRHI JYWIWI M^ZSHMX VYP, GM #M PE 6SQE, YRHI XSX
GI IWXI QEM VIWTMRKXSV #M QEM HI VY#MRI TI PYQI RZPI#XI #M #M E4 S
GPMIRXIP RYQIVSEW.
-^ZSEVIPI QYWYPQERI -MWYW, TVSJIX EP -WPEQYPYM, IWXI HI QEM QYPXI SVM
RYQMX R 'SVER, GE #M EPXI TIVWSRENI EPI XVEHM'MIM FMFPMGI, 3I IE MYHEMG SVM
GVI#XMR. 4EWENIPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE -MWYW WI MRWTMV HMR XVEHM'MM TI GEVI PI TYXIQ
ETVSTME HI XI\XIPI GERSRMGI #M, HISTSXVMZ, HI IZERKLIPMMPI ETSGVMJI. *SVQE TI
GEVI EY QFVGEX-S EGIWXIE R 'SVER IWXI, IZMHIRX, QYPX QEM XV^MI HIGX
WGVMIVIE GIPSVPEPXI M^ZSEVI TSQIRMXI TR EMGM: IE HEXIE^ HMR WIGSPYP EP :,-
PIE.
1MGLIP 5YIWRIP :38# R ,Z:; ",~ %.
-MWYW #M QVXYVME )ZERKLIPMMPSV )ZERKLIPMMPI EY VI'MRYX HMR ZME'E PYM -MWYW
YR ERYQMX RYQV HI WGIRI #M ^MGIVM GEVI WYRX R TVMQYP VRH QVXYVMWMVM HI
GVIHMR' #M E GVSV MWXSVM-GMXEXI TSEXI 3, GY HVITX GYZRX, TYW WYF WIQRYP
RXVIFVMM. -WXSVME #M GVIHMR'E WI RXVITXVYRH EMGM R EWIQIRIE QWYV, RGX
IWXI GY RITYXMR' E PI HIWTV'M JV E HMWXVYKI TSZIWXIE GEVI PI PIEK.
4SVRMRH HI PE XSEXI XI\XIPI I\MWXIRXI GIPI QEM GSQTPIXI #M QEM ZIGLM
WYRX )ZERKLIPMMPI GERSRMGI XVIFYMI RGIVGEX W TVIGM^Q GYQ WI RWGVMI
TSZIWXIE PYM -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX RXV-YR GEHVY GEVI W M GSRJIVI S GSRWMWXIR'
MWXSVMG. :SQ 'MRI WIEQE HI PMQMXIPI MWXSVMIM GE #XMMR', GGM IE RY HMWTYRI,
MRIZMXEFMP, HI QMNPSEGIPI HI E GETXE XSEXI IZIRMQIRXIPI VIEPI EPI XVIGYXYPYM.
2E#XIVIE #M QSEVXIE )PIQIRXYP GIP QEM GIVX HMR ZME'E PYM -MWYW IWXI, R
QSH TEVEHS\EP, QSEVXIE WE. )E P EHYGI R WGIR TI 4SR'MY 4MPEX, KYZIVREXSV
VSQER EP -YHIMM RXVI 26 #M 36, YR TIVWSREN GYRSWGYX HI EPXQMRXIVM HI PE
MWXSVMGMM ERXMGM. 'VI#XMRMM RY RIEK VWXMKRMVIE PYM -MWYW (WTVI HISWIFMVI HI
QYWYPQERM), FE GLMEV WI RXIQIME^ TI IE TIRXVY E HE XVYT RZMIVMM, TYRGXYP HI
WTVMNMR EP GVIHMR'IM PSV. 4SEXI 3 HEXEX GY YR FYR KVEH HI TVSFEFMPMXEXI, #XMMRHY-
WI G M^ZSEVIPI WGVMWI EXIWX R YRERMQMXEXI JETXYP G -MWYW E QYVMX PE
-IVYWEPMQ, RXV-S ZMRIVM (1G 15, 42; R 19, 31).
3 HMWGVITER' I\MWX XSXY#M RXVI QVXYVMMPI )ZERKLIPMMPSV GERSRMGI.
4SXVMZMX GIPSV XVIM )ZERKLIPMM WMRSTXMGI, EGIE ^M HI ZMRIVM EV GSVIWTYRHI RWY#M
4E#XIPYM IZVIMIWG, 15 EPI PYRMM RMWER, RXVYGX -MWYW PYEWI TEVXI PE QEWE TEWGEP
GY YGIRMGMM WM, R WIEVE HI ENYR (1G 14, 12). (YT QVXYVME PYM -SER,
HMQTSXVMZ, -MWYW EV 3 QYVMX R HYT-EQMEÊ GEVI TVIGIHE WVFXSEVIE, R 14
(-R 18, 28), GVIME M GSVIWTYRH HEXIPI JYVRMÊXI HI 8EPQYHYP HMR &EFMPSR
(7ERLIHVMR 43E). R TS3HE WXYHMMPSV RXVITVMRWI TI FEÊ GEPIRHEVIPSV ITSGMM,
EGIWXI HEXI WYRX KVIY HI GSRGMPMEX. 7I TSEXI GE -SER W EMF, HMR TYRGX HI
ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, HVITXEXI: RXV-EHIZV, I\IGYXEVIE E XVIM GSRHEQRE'M MYHIM R
^MYE GIPIM QEM QEVM WVFXSVM E ERYPYM EV 3 JSWX S KVI#IEP TSPMXMG QENSV HMR
TEVXIE SGYTERXYPYM VSQER. R GSRWIGMR', -MWYW E QYVMX ZMRIVM, 14 RMWER, MEV
YPXMQE GMR TI GEVI E PYEX-S GY YGIRMGMM WM RY E JSWX, JV RHSMEP, QEWE
TEWGEP TVSTVMY-^MW, GY XSEXI G WI WGPHE HINE R EXQSWJIVE WVFXSVMM JSEVXI
ETVSTMEXI. -EV HMRXVI ^MPIPI HI 14 RMWER GEVI EY G^YX RXV-S ZMRIVM R XMQTYP
QERHEXYPYM PYM 4MPEX, GIE QEM TPEY^MFMP TIRXVY I\IGY'ME PYM -MWYW GSVIWTYRHI
^MPIM HI ZMRIVM, 7 ETVMPMI, E ERYPYM 30, HYT GSQTYXYP EGXYEP.
1EM HM3GMP IWXI WXEFMPMVIE ERYPYM RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW, YR SQ HMR TSTSV
RI#XMMRH RHISF#XI, PE ZVIQIE EGIIE, GRH IVE RWGYX. (EG IWXI W HQ
GVIÊVI PYM 1EXIM #M PYM 0YGE (1X 2, 1; 0I 1, 5), -MWYW W-E RWGYX R XMQTYP
HSQRMIM PYM -VSH GIP 1EVI, GEVI E QYVMX R ERYP 4 REMRXIE IVIM GVI#XMRI. (EG
'MRIQ WIEQE G -MWYW EZIE ETVS\MQEXMZ XVIMÎGM HI ERM GRH E RGITYX W
TVIHMGI (0I 3, 23) #M G -VSH E QYVMX PE TY'MR XMQT HYT RE#XIVIE WE (1X 2, 19),
TYXIQ IQMXI MTSXIÊ ZIVSWMQMP G -MWYW W-E RWGYX R NYVYP ERYPYM 5 WEY 6
REMRXIE IVIM RSEWXVI #M G EZIE, GRH E QYVMX, 34 WEY 35 HI ERM.
%GIEWX EWIV'MYRI VMHMG HSY TVSFPIQI. 4VMQE IWXI G -MWYW W-E RWGYX
REMRXI HI -MWYW ,VMWXSW, GIIE GI IWXI GIP TY'MR HI QMVEVI. 2I ZSQ QMVE QEM
TY'MR E4RH G WSGSXMVIE ERMPSV RGITRH HI PE RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW IWXI YR JETX
HI HEX XV^MI (W-E MQTYW XVITXEX R )YVSTE, TY'MR REMRXI HI WJV#MXYP
QMPIRMYPYM RXM) #M G WI FM^YMI TI GEPGYPIPI YRYM GPYKV HMR WIGSPYP EP :P-PIE,
(MSRMWMI GIP 1MG ()\MKYYP), HIWTVI GEVI RY W-E HIWGSTIVMX HIGX QYPX HYT
QSEVXIE PYM G WI R#IPEWI.
% HSYE TVSFPIQ WI VIJIV PE HEXE TVSTYW, KVIY HI EVQSRMÊX GY S
MRHMGE'MI JYVRMÊX HI 0YGE #M ERYQI G HITPEWEVIE 1VMIM #M E PYM -SWMJ PE
&IXPIIQ W-E TIXVIGYX GY TVMPINYP VIGIRWQRXYPYM GSQERHEX TI TQRXYP
MYHIY HI GXVI 5YMVMRMYW, PIKEX EP 7MVMIM. 3V, TSXVMZMX MRHMGE'MMPSV SJIVMXI HI
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW, 5YMVMRMYW RY E SGYTEX EGIWX TSWX HIGX GY RGITIVI HMR ERYP
6 EP IVIM RSEWXVI, EHMG PE ÎGI ERM HYT QSEVXIE PYM -VSH. 7 3I MRHMGE'ME PYM
0YGE IVSREX# 7EY GIE E PYM .SWITLYW# 7EY GYQZE 5YMVMRMYW, I\TIVX EP
-QTIVMYPYM R QEXIVMI HI TSPMXMG VWVMXIR, ZE 3 I\IVGMXEX HI HSY SVM EGIIE#M
JYRG'MI, PE MRXIVZEP HI G'MZE ERM# 7IQRIPI HI RXVIFEVI WI RQYP'IWG, MEV
MWXSVMGYP XVIFYMI W EHQMX G IWXI ETVSETI GY RITYXMR' W JEG E GSMRGMHI
XSEXI HEXIPI. (EXE GIE QEM ZIVSWMQMP E RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW VQRI R GIPI HMR
YVQ GIE TI GEVI EQ EZERWEX-S, R TS3HE EWTIGXIPSV WEPI SFWGYVI: R NYV HI 5
WEY 6 REMRXIE IVIM RSEWXVI. 'X TVMZI#XI PSGYP EGIWXIM RE#XIVM, &IXPIIQYP IWXI
EXIWXEX HI HSM IZERKLIPM#XM, 1EXIM #M 0YGE (1X 2, 1; 0I 2, 4), R XMQT GI 1EVGY
#M -SER RY WTIGM3G RMQMG R EGIWX WIRW, GIP HMR YVQ WXVYMRH QEM HIKVEF
EWYTVE SVMKMRMM KEPMPIIRI E PYM -MWYW (-R 7,4P-42). -RHMGE'ME &IXPIIQYPYM, TEXVME PYM
(EZMH, WI TSEXI W 3 JSWX MR4YIR'EX HI XMXYPEXYVE HI *MY EP PYM (EZMH,
ETPMGEX R QSH GYVIRX 1IWMIM. -WXSVMGMM I^MX E#EHEV RXVI &IXPIIQYP -YHIMM #M
2EÊVIXYP +EPMPIMM, JV GE ZVIYRE HMR GIPI HSY MTSXIÎ W ENYRK E WI
MQTYRI.
%RMM GSTMPVMIM #M EM IHYGE'MIM -MWYW #M-E TIXVIGYX XSEX XMRIVI'IE PE
2EÊVIX. %YXSVMM GEVI P I\TIHME^ R -RHME, R 8MFIX, R )KMTXYP HI 7YW WEY XI
QMVM YRHI TIRXVY E-P I\TPMGE #XMMR'E GSRWXVYMIWG EMGM MTSXIÎ JV RMGM YR XIQIM.
'Y XSEXI G )ZERKLIPMMPI RY ^MG RMQMG VIJIVMXSV PE EGIEWXE, TYXIQ GY Y#YVMR'
VIGSRWXMXYM GSRHM'MMPI IHYGE'MIM WEPI, GIPI EPI YRYM MYHIY HMR +EPMPIIE,
ETEV'MRRH YRYM QIHMY QI#XI#YKVIWG VIPEXMZ RWXVMX. "XME W GMXIEWG P
ZIHIQ PE WMREKSKE HMR 2EÊVIX (0I 4,17-P9); TI PRK PMQFE PYM QEXIVR,
EVEQEMGE, EZIE RS'MYRM HI IFVEMG, PMQF E &MFPMIM IZVIMI#XM #M, JV RHSMEP,
HI IPMR. 'EWE R GEVI E GVIWGYX XVIFYMI W 3 JSVJSXMX HI GSTMM #M HI SEQIRM
E4E'M R XVIGIVI, GE XSEXI GEWIPI SVMIRXEPI.
1SXMZIPI TIRXVY GEVI E TVWMX 2EÊVIXYP GXVI XVIMÎGM HI ERM, ZVWXE
YRYM FVFEX R TPMR QEXYVMXEXI, VQR HI RITXVYRW. -VEHMIVIE PYM -SER
&SXI^XSVYP, TVIHMGEXSV TSTYPEV #M GSRXIWXEXEV EP GYPXYPYM S3GMEP, E GVYM
VITYXE'MI WI RXMRHIE R XSEX 'EVE, RY WI TSEXI W RY 3 EZYX EMGM RMGM YR
EQIWXIG. -MWYW M W-E EPXYVEX TI QEPYVMPI -SVHERYPYM #M E JGYX, JV HSEV #M
TSEXI, TEVXI HMRXVI YGIRMGMM PYM, EWXJIP RIX E TVMQMX HI PE IP FSXI^YP HI
TSGMR' WTVI MIVXEVIE TGEXIPSV, TI GEVI -SER P EHQMRMWXVE GIPSV GEVI M
TVMQIEY GY FYRZSMR' QIWENYP. *V RHSMEP G HMR QIHMMPI FETXMWQEPI #M-E
VIGVYXEX -MWYW TVMQMM YGIRMGM (-R 1, 35-51), REMRXI HI E PYE IP RWY#M GVQE YRYM
QMG KVYT R WRYP GVYME IVEY TVEGXMGEXI FSXI^YVM EWIQRXSEVI GIPYM EP PYM
-SER (-R 3, 2-26; 4, P-3). %GIEWX TIVMSEH, GSRWMHIVEX HI IZERKLIPM#XM GE 3MRH
E RGITYXYPYM, TSEXI 3 WMXYEX R NYVYP XSEQRIM ERYPYM 27. RXV-EHIZV,
FM^YMRHY-RI TI )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER #M JGRH S WSGSXIEP MRZIVW, RGITRH
GY HEXE YPXMQYPYM 4E#XI (ERYP 30), XI\XYP )ZERKLIPMIM E TEXVE QIR'MSRIE^
4EWXIPI ERYPYM 29 (-R 6, 4) #M TI GIP EP ERYPYM 28 (-R 2, 13; 2, 23). 2YQVEVIE E
GMVGE #EWI PYRM REMRXIE EGIWXYME HMR YVQ TIRXVY E WMXYE RGITYXYP QMWMYRMM PYM
-MWYW IWXI S MTSXI^ RIWMKYV, HEV VE'MSREP.
3 WGYVX I\MWXIRX, MXMRIVERX #M HI TVSTSZHYMVI 'EVI IVE XSXY#M
GSR'MRYXYP IWIR'MEP EP QIWENYPYM WY# )ZERKLIPMWXYP 1EVGY M JEGI YR VI^YQEX
TI GEVI RYQIVS#M FMFPM#XM P GSRWMHIV ZVJYP HI PERGI EP EGIWXIM RZ'XYVM: 7-
E QTPMRMX ZVIQIE #M W-E ETVSTMEX QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY. 4SGM'M-Z #M GVIHI'M
R )ZERKLIPMI (1G 1, 15). 9R EWIQIRIE QIWEN TEVI RXV-EHIZV W-P
TVIPYRKIEWG TI GIP EP PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP #M W WI RWGVMI R GYVIRXYP JIFVIM
ETSGEPMTXMGI GEVI E WXVFXYX PYQIE MYHEMG R XMQTYP WIGSPYPYM - EP IVIM
RSEWXVI. 2YQIVSEWI XI\XI GSRXIQTSVERI WXEY QVXYVMI R EGIWX WIRW. 9RMM
I\IKI'M WYRX QEM HIKVEF HI TVIVI G -MWYW W-E MQTYW R TVMQYP VRH GE YR
RZ'XSV HI R'IPITGMYRI TSTYPEV #M G WXVYMR'E EWYTVE ETVSTMIVMM QTV'MIM
GSMRGMHI GY S VIPIGXYV TSWXIVMSEV ZMI'MM WEPI, R PYQMRE GVIHMR'IM GVI#XMRI. 4I
EGIWX XIVMXSVMY, IWXI GLMEV JSEVXI KVIY W EM GIVXMXYHMRM. "M, HI EPXJIP, GLMEV
XVIFYMI W EM# 1IWENYP MRWXMXYMX HI -MWYW TEVI E 3 TVIE HMZIVW #M TVIE SVMKMREP
TIRXVY E WI RGEHVE R GEXIKSVMM WSGMS-VIPMKMSEWI TVIWXEFMPMXI. 9MQMVIE
QYP'MQMPSV #M GLMEV E YRSV RSXEFMPM GEVI XSXY#M M-EY QEM EWGYPXEX #M TI EP'MM S
EVEX: 2MGMSHEX R-E ZSVFMX YR SQ E#E GYQ ZSVFI#XI EGIWX 3Q! (-R 7, 46).
9RE HMR JSVQIPI HI HMWGYVW R GEVI -MWYW E I\GIPEX IWXI TEVEFSPE. 2Y IP
I GVIEXSVYP IM: RZ'XSVMM MYHIM HMR ITSGE PYM S TVEGXMGEY #M I\MWX GLMEV YRYP
WEY HSY WTPIRHMHI I\IQTPI HI EGIWX KIR R 4VMQYP 8IWXEQIRX (2 6K 12, P-P0).
1EM QYPX HIGX SVMGEVI EPXYP, -MWYW E JGYX HMR TEVEFSP VIWSVXYP HI GTXM EP
TIHEKSKMIM WEPI. )WXI, RXV-EHIZV, S JSVQ HI RZ'EVI GEVI, R PSG W
EFSVHIÎ JVSRXEP EYHMXSVYP, M WI EHVIWIE^ HMR PEXIVEP, PWRHY-P HITPMR PMFIV R
VIEG'MMPI PYM. )E QIVKI QR R QR GY TYVXEVIE R KIRIVEP E PYM -MWYW, E#E
GYQ S HI^ZPYMI XI\XIPI EXMXYHMRI FMRIZSMXSEVI, EXIRX PE SEQIRM #M R
WTIGMEP PE EGIME TI GEVI WXEXYXYP PSV TIVWSREP WEY WSGMEP M TYRI R WMXYE'MM
HIJEZSVMÊXI: PITVS#M, FSPREZM, WVEGM, JIQIM #M QEM EPIW ZHYZI, WXVMRM,
TGXS#M RSXSVMM, ZEQI#M. %VQSRME HMRXVI GYZRX #M GSQTSVXEQIRX JGIE GY
WMKYVER' TEVXI HMR GIIE GI SQYP PI MRWTMVE GIPSV GEVI P RXPRIEY.
-MWYW E QEM JSWX TIVGITYX HI GSRXIQTSVERM GE I\SVGMWX #M XEYQEXYVK.
%GIEWX HMQIRWMYRI E ZMI'MM WEPI IWXI, HI FYR WIEQ, GIE GEVI M QTEVXI GIP
QEM QYPX TI MWXSVMGM, HYT GYQ EGI#XME WYRX WEY RY HIWGLM#M JE' HI
WYTVEREXYVEP. ) HM3GMP XSXY#M W RY 3I PYEX R WIEQ. )E IWXI EXIWXEX EXX HI
M^ZSEVIPI GVI#XMRI GERSRMGI, GX #M HI ETSGVMJI, TVIGYQ #M HI 8EPQYH, GEVI
ZSVFI#XI R EGIWX WIRW HI ZVNMXSVMI. *V RHSMEP, QYP'MQMPI MYHIMPSV HMR
WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI IVEY HMR GEPI-EJEV HI GVIHYPI; JV RHSMEP, -MWYW RY
IVE WMRKYVYP XEYQEXYVK EP ZVIQMM WEPI; JV RHSMEP, HI EWIQIRIE, I\MWX
QMRYRM IZERKLIPMGI TIRXVY GEVI YR SQ HI #XMMR' QSHIVR EV TYXIE KWM
I\TPMGE'MM REXYVEPI. ) EHIZVEX G MQTSVXER'E EGXYPYM QMVEGYPSW IWXI S
GEVEGXIVMWXMG QEVGERX E TSZIWXMVMPSV HMR )ZERKLIPMM. 2EVEVIE PYM IWXI R
KIRIVEP WSFV, VIHEGXSVMM MRWMWXRH GY QYPX QEM QYPX EWYTVE RGVIHIVMM
FIRI3GMEVYPYM HIGX EWYTVE HIXEPMYPYM QIGERMWQIPSV, EP QSHYPYM HI STIVEVI.
-MWYW RWY#M RY RXVITVMRHI RMQMG TIRXVY E-#M EXVMFYM ZVIYR QIVMX R WZV#MVIE
QMVEGSPIPSV; HMQTSXVMZ, IP PM WI WYWXVEKI. #M TVI^MRX QMRYRMPI GE TI YR WIQR
EP QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY, TI GEPI HI E WI RE#XI, YR WSM HI ERXMGMTEVI E
EGGIWYPYM PE ZI#RMGE JIVMGMVI GVIME M IWXI WSVXMX RXVIEKE SQIRMVI, MRGPYWMZ
WVEGMM. 9RSV XVMQM#M EM PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, RXIQRM'EX, GEVI M TYR RXVIFVM GY
TVMZMVI PE TIVWSERE WE, IP PI-E VWTYRW GMXRHY-P TI TVSVSGYP -WEME: 1IVKI'M #M
WTYRI'M PYM -SER GIPI GI EY^M'M #M ZIHI'M: SVFMM #M VIGETX ZIHIVIE #M #GLMSTMM
YQFP, PITVS#MM WI GYV'IWG #M WYV^MM EYH, QSV'M RZME^ #M WVEGMPSV PM WI
FMRIZIWXI#XI (1X 1, 4-5).
%GIEWX JSVQ MXMRIVERX HI I\MWXIR' ZE HYVE, TVSFEFMP, R NYV HI HSM ERM
#M NYQXEXI. )ZIRMQIRXIPI RY TSX 3 Y#SV WMXYEXI R WYGGIWMYRIE PSV
GVSRSPSKMG, IZERKLIPM#XMM, WMRKYVMM VIHEGXSVM EM YRIM TSZIWXMVM RGLIKEXI
HIWTVI -MWYW, RIEZRH EGIEWX KVMN. 8SXY#M, YR QSQIRX TSEXI 3 WIWMÊX GY
QEM QYPX TVIGM^MI GVSRSPSKMG HIGX EPXIPI #M ERYQI ITMWSHYP R GYVWYP GVYME
-MWYW PI-E TYW YGIRMGMPSV WM TVSFPIQE RGVIHIVMM. 1SHYP WY HI E 3 EXVKIE
MRIZMXEFMP RYQIVS#M EHQMVEXSVM, GY YR IRXY^MEWQ EHIWISVM XVIGXSV #M TVSZSGE
WMQYPXER QM#GVM HI SWXMPMXEXI. %GIWXE IWXI HIWXMRYP SFM#RYMX EP QEVMPSV SEQIRM.
-RXYM'MMPI PYM -MWYW VQRIEY RXV-S SEVIGEVI QWYV RIR'IPIWI. &YRZSMR'E PYM
JE' HI TIVWSERIPI HMWTVI'YMXI #M JETXYP HI E TYRI R HMWGY'MI SVMGI JSVQ HI
QMRGMYR #M HI J'VRMGMI W-EY E4EX PE SVMKMRIE QM#GVMPSV HIGPEVEXI HI STS^M'MI
QTSXVMZE PYM. 9RMM HMRXVI YGIRMGMM WM, HIÊQKM'M WEY XIQXSVM, EY RGIXEX E-P
QEM YVQE. R TVIENQE 4E#XIPYM HMR ERYP 29 GMVGE YR ER #M NYQXEXI HI PE
RGITYXYP WPYNMVMM PYM -MWYW M-E GSRWYPXEX TI GIM GEVI RG P QEM RXSZV#IEY.
RXVIFEVIE PYM ME S JSVQ HMJIVMX, R JYRG'MI HI IZERKLIPMWX. 0E WMRSTXMGM, IE I
HI XMTYP: 'MRI ^MG SEQIRMM G WYRX# (1G 8, 27 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI). 0E -SER, EVI YR
XSR QEM HVEQEXMG: 2Y ZVI'M #M ZSM W Z HYGI'M# (-R 6, 67). %XYRGM 4IXVY ME
GYZRXYP R RYQIPI XYXYVSV: (SEQRI, PE GMRI RI ZSQ HYGI# 8Y EM GYZMRXIPI
ZMI'MM GIPIM ZI#RMGI, P JEGI W WTYR -SER (6, 68), R XMQT GI 1EVGY M E#XIVRI
TI FYÎ S QVXYVMWMVI QIWMERMG: 8Y I#XM ,VMWXSWYP (8, 29). RXV-EHIZV, R
ZVIQI GI -MWYW RY ETYGEWI RG TI GMPI TYXIVMM GEVI, TIRXVY QYP'MQM, JGIEY
TEVXI HMR TVSKVEQYP 1IWMIM PYM -WVEIP, ERWEQFPYP TYVXVMM WEPI M TYXYWI JEGI TI
YRMM W ENYRK PE GSRZMRKIVIE G IP IVE XSXY#M EGIP XVMQMW E#XITXEX EP PYM
(YQRIÎY.
%VIWXEX #M VWXMKRMX % WXEFMPM GMRI TSEVX VWTYRHIVIE QSV'MM PYM -MWYW
MQTPMG VITIVGYWMYRM TSPMXMGI, VIPMKMSEWI, MHISPSKMGI. (YT GI QYPX ZVIQI EY
JSWX RZMRYM'M IZVIMM, MWXSVMGMM WYRX EWX^M EHIWISVM MWTMXM'M W EXVMFYMI MRM'MEXMZE
SQSVVMM PYM -MWYW I\GPYWMZ VSQERMPSV, TVMR TIVWSERE PYM 4MPEX. 1EM HIPMGEX HIGX
EPXI GLIWXMYRM PIKEXI HI -MWYW, EGIEWX TVSFPIQ XVIFYMI W 3I WXYHMEX HI
GIVGIXXSVM, JGRHY-WI GX WI TSEXI HI QYPX EFWXVEG'MI HI TVIWYTS^M'MMPI PSV.
-MWYW E QYVMX VWXMKRMX. 6SQERMM RY IVEY WMRKYVMM GEVI TVEGXMGEY EGIEWX
JSVQ HI WYTPMGMY. 7I TEVI G TV'MM EY JSPSWMX-S #M IM, TSEXI GLMEV WYRX GIM GEVI
EY MRZIRXEX-S. R ZVIQIE EGIIE, R -QTIVMY, EGIWXE IVE WYTPMGMYP TVIZ^YX
TIRXVY WGPEZM #M TIRXVY SEQIRMM HI VRH. 4VMR YVQEVI, 4MPEX E JSWX GIP GI E VSWXMX
TSVYRGE HI I\IGYXEVI E PYM -MWYW #M E SVKERMÊX SQSVYP. 8SXY#M, 4MPEX RY EV 3
EY^MX RMGMSHEX ZSVFMRHY-WI HI -MWYW, HEG EYXSVMX'MPI IZVIMI#XM RY P-EV 3 EHYW
R JE'E PYM. 4YXIQ, HI EPXJIP, SFWIVZE G VEFMRMM MYHIM HMR TIVMSEHE XEPQYHMG RY
RIKEY HIPSG VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXIE GSRHYGXSVMPSV TSTSVYPYM PSV R EGIEWX
TSZIWXI: 8EPQYHYP TVIXMRHI RXV-EHIZV G -MWYW IVE GX TI GI W 3I PETMHEX, YR
WYTPMGMY XMTMG IZVIMIWG _7ERLIHVMR 43E).
-YHEMWQYP HMR ZIEGYP -, XSXY#M, RY IWXI S VIEPMXEXI SQSKIR, MEV XIVQIRYP
HI EYXSVMX'M IZVIMI#XM QIVMX E 3 TVIGMÊX. )ZIRMQIRXYP GEVI M-E JGYX TI
MYHIM W ME LSXVVIE HI E-P WYTVMQE TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE TI -MWYW E JSWX, JV
RHSMEP, WGERHEPYP TI GEVI P-E MWGEX PE 8IQTPY, GY TY'MR REMRXI HI 4EWXIPI
ERYPYM 30 (1G 1, 15-P9 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI). 'Y RZ'XYVE WE HIWGLMW GXVI 8SVE,
HIWXYP HI ETVSTMEX HI GIE E JEVMWIMPSV, -MWYW W-E E4EX HMRXSXHIEYRE PE
ERXMTSHYP WEHYGLIMPSV, QIHMM TVIS'I#XM GSRWIVZEXSEVI. 6Z#MVIE 8IQTPYPYM E
JSWX LSXVXSEVI. %GIWX SQ, VITYXEX XSXY#M TIRXVY FPRHI'IE WE, XSGQEM
EVXEWI G TSEXI 3 #M ZMSPIRX, VMWGRH E#EHEV W VYT IGLMPMFVYP #YFVIH RXVI
PYQIE MYHEMG, QIVIY KEXE W WI V^ZVXIEWG #M SGYTERXYP VSQER. 'PEWIPI
WEGIVHSXEPI WYTIVMSEVI #M, R JVYRXIE PSV, QEVIPI 4VISX R JYRG'MI, IVEY
EHIZVEXIPI TEVXIRIVI EPI KYZIVREXSVYPYM VSQER #M GLIÊ#IPI YRIM VIPEXMZI
WXEFMPMX'M. (MRGSPS HI S SWXMPMXEXI TIVWSREP HIWTVI GEVI RY TYXIQ #XM HEG E
I\MWXEX JE' HI -MWYW, LSXVVIE HI E-P WYTVMQE 'MRIE HIGM GIP TY'MR HI
TVYHIR'E TSPMXMG. )E E JSWX PYEX R GYVWYP YRYM WMQYPEGVY HI MRXIVSKEXSVMY,
ZME'E YRYM SQ RIEZRH, R ITSG, TR #M R PYQIE MYHEMG, TVI'YP GEVI M-E JSWX
EGSVHEX HYT EGIIE.
1SEVXIE PYM -MWYW E EZYX XSXY#M GSRWIGMR'I QEM KVIPI HIGX EV 3 TYXYX
TVIZIHIE GSRXIQTSVERMM PYM. RZMIVIE E WGLMQFEX XSXYP. 4IRXVY GVIHMRGMS#M, IE
IWXI YR IZIRMQIRX VIEP #M YRYP HMR SFMIGXIPI QENSVI EPI GVIHMR'IM PSV. 4IRXVY
RIGVI#XMRM, IE RY IWXI HIGX MPY^MI #M, TIRXVY YRMM, GLMEV S TVMQINHMI GI XVIFYMI
GSQFXYX. -RHMGMMPI GEVI M-EY GPY^MX TI YGIRMGM W GVIEH R IE RY EY,
HIWMKYV, S SFMIGXMZMXEXI GEVI W TIVQMX TIVGITIVIE VIEPMX'MM IZIRMQIRXYPYM
TVMR QIXSHI TYV MWXSVMGI. "M XSXY#M, RZMIVIE RY ETEV'MRI QEM TY'MR MWXSVMIM, 3I
GLMEV #M RYQEM TVMR IJIGXIPI TI GEVI PI-E KIRIVEX.
1MGLIP 5YIWRIP -MWYW R JE'E TYXIVMM TSPMXMGI R GEPMXEXI HI KEPMPIER, -MWYW
IWXI WYTYW EP PYM -VSH %RXMTE, HEV HI QYPX XMQT EHIZVEXE TYXIVI TSPMXMG IWXI
I\IVGMXEX HI 6SQE. 1EM QYPX, -IVYWEPMQYP, MRMQE ZMI'MM MYHEMGI, WI E4 WYF
EHQMRMWXVEVIE HMVIGX E 6SQIM. RXV-EHIZV, R 64-63 . ,V., 4SQTIM E WMPMX
-IVYWEPMQYP W TPXIEWG FMV VSQERMPSV 1. 3GYTE'ME VSQER TYRI GETX
WTIVER'IPSV HI EYXIRXMG MRHITIRHIR' EPI TSTSVYPYM MYHIY. (EV EGIWXE RY
IWXI WJV#MXYP RIRSVSGMVMPSV WEPI. (SQRME JEZSVEFMP E PYM -VSH GIP 1EVI (37 . ,V.
4 H. ,V.) RG QEM TIVQMXIE W WI XVEK RHINHI. 7MXYE'ME E HIZIRMX GY XSXYP
EPXE GRH, R ERYP 6 IVE RSEWXV, %YKYWXYW (27 . ,V. 14 H. ,V.) MRWXMXYMI
TVSZMRGME VSQERE -YHIMM.
(I EGYQ RGITRH, TSTSVYP MYHIY VIWMQXI ETWEVIE 6SQIM TR R
WXVJYRHYP ZMI'MM WEPI HI ^M GY ^M, TKRMM WI TVIZEPIE^ HI EXSXWYZIVERYP
TSRXM3GEX VSQER #M TSX MRXIVZIRM R ZME'E MYHEMG EXYRGM GRH WSGSXIWG HI
GYZMMR'2. 1EVMPI JEQMPMM WEGIVHSXEPI WI HITVMRH HIWXYP HI PIWRI GY WMXYE'ME,
RXVYGX QEVIPI TVISX IWXI TVSXINEX EP KYZIVREXSVYPYM VSQER. R SGLMM
GSRGIX'IRMPSV WM, IP WI NYWXM3G PWRH HI M; 'IPIW G, HEXSVMX TSPMXMGMM WEPI,
MRWXMXY'MMPI IZVIMI#XM #M R WTIGMEP 8IQTPYP, JYRG'MSRIE^. 1IQFVM EM JEQMPMIM PYM
-VSH M JEG GYVXI QTVEXYPYM #M MRXIVZMR EXYRGM GRH PMFIVX'MPI IZVIMPSV WI
ZHIWG TVIE EQIRMR'EXI.
*VQRXVM R VRHYP TSTSVYPYM 'Y I\GIT'ME GXSVZE JEQMPMM GEVI TVS3X
HI WMXYE'MI, IZVIMM VIWMQX TVIÎR'E 6SQIM R TQRXYP PYM -WVEIP GE TI I\TVIWME
YRIM RISVRHYMIPM #M EWTMV PE IPMFIVEVIE HI WYF NYKYP VSQER. 'SR#XMIR'M HI
MWXSVME PSV, WYRX ZMKMPIR'M JE' HI SVMGI KIWX GEVI ETEVI GE S MRSZE'MI HMR TEVXIE
KYZIVREXSVYPYM #M, XSGQEM HI EGIIE, GE S I\XMRHIVI E WXTRMVMM EFY^MZI
VSQERI. RXVI ERMM 27 #M 36, EY PSG QEM QYPXI MRGMHIRXI EXYRGM GRH 4MPEX
MRSZIE^ WEY TYVGIHI PE GSRWXVYG'MM RSM. 8SXY#M, EREPMÊ GEYÎPSV WMXYE'MIM
HMJIV, MEV WSPY'MMPI TVSTYWI WYRX ZEVMEXI. 6IGIRWQRXYP STIVEX HI 5YMVMRMYW
E MWGEX XYPFYVVM R 1. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M MYHEMGI <-:, 74.
2. 'J. ..- 4. 0IQSRSR, 4MPEXI IX PI KSYZIVRIQIRX HI PE .YHII, 6XYHIW
FMFPMUYM +EFEPHE, 4EVMW, 1981, TT. 98-P0.
-IW.
6RHYP TSTSVYPYM, YRMM WMXYRHY-WI R PMRME PYM -YHE +EPMPIERYP: TPEXE
MQTS^MXYPYM IWXI WIQR EP YRIM EXVRVM HI RIWYTSVXEX TIRXVY YR TSTSV
SHMRMSEV HI^VSFMX HI (YQRIÎYP WY. 'XVI ERYP 27, JV E GSRWXMXYM YR TEVXMH
GEVI W ZMÎÎ I\TYPÊVIE VSQERMPSV, IM TVSZSEG VWGSEPI1. *EVMWIMM VITVI^MRX
YR EPX TYRGX WIRWMFMP: SGYTE'ME VSQER IWXI S SWRH MWGEX HI TGEXYP PYM
-WVEIP; IM WI VIJYKME^ R IZPEZME MRHMZMHYEP, GLIEQ PE TSGMR' #M E#XIETX
MRXIVZIR'ME PYM (YQRIÎY: YRWYP WY ZE VITYRI -WVEIPYP R HVITXYVMPI PYM #M P ZE
GYV'E HI ZIRIXMG #M HI WXVMR, M^ZSEVI HI RXMREVI2.
9GIRMGMM PYM -MWYW RY WYRX WGYXM'M HI EGIWX GPMQEX #M, WYF HMZIVWI JSVQI,
)ZERKLIPMMPI XVHIE^ EGIEWX WTIVER' HI M^FZMVI, PIKEX HI S QM#GEVI HI
GYV'MVI3. "M -MWYW #M RHIEQR YGIRMGMM PE VFHEVI (1X 13, 24-30, 0I 17, 23;
19, 1). 4VMR RZ'XYVE WE, IP QTVX#I#XI R^YMR'E TSTSVYPYM WY; GY XSEXI
EGIWXIE, RY WI E3VQ GY RMGM YR GLMT GE YR VMZEP EP TYXIVMM VSQERI.
(MWXER'RHY-WI HI VITVIÎRXVMPI QIWMERMGI GYVIRXI, IP GSQTPMG R ZSMI
I\IKIÊ GVXYVEVMPSV GEVI P TVI^MRX TI QIWME PYM -WVEIP GE 3Y EP PYM (EZMH (1G
12, 35-37), GGM IP GYRSE#XI EQFMKYMXEXIE YRIM EXEVI 3PME'MM. 0E JIP, VI'MRIVIE
PYM -MWYW JE' HI MRXYM'MMPI QIWMERMGI EPI GIPSV GEVI-P EWGYPX I\TVMQ VIÎVZIPI
WEPI GY TVMZMVI PE S MRXIVTVIXEVI E QIRMVMM PYM R XIVQIRM RE'MSREPM#XM. ''MZE
MYHIM EY TYXYX TIGITI TVMQMVIE ZEQI#MPSV (GSPIGXSVM HI MQTS^MXI) GE TI S
EGGITXEVI HI JETX E TYXIVMM VSQERI. RXV-EHIZV, -MWYW RY TYRI PE RHSMEP R
QSH VEHMGEP EGIEWX TYXIVI, GM MRZIVW, TVSVSGYP HMR 2EÊVIX RY QERMJIWX RMGM
S WMQTEXMI JE' HI QIHMMPI TVIS'I#XM ETVSTMEXI EYXSVMX'MM VSQERI.
&MVYP GXVI 'IÊV: YR VWTYRW HIVYXERX 'SRGIT'ME TSXVMZMX GVIME -MWYW
EVI TYXIVI (0I 2, 24-27) #M EPIKIVMPI TI GEVI PI-E JGYX R ZIHIVIE RHITPMRMVMM
QMWMYRMM WEPI M I\TPMG EXMXYHMRIE. 4VSVSGYP HMR 2EÊVIX RY EVI QSXMZ W MRXVI R
GSRGYVIR' GY TYXIVIE KYZIVREXSVYPYM, GYQ EV JEGI-S YRWYP M^ZSVX HMR
EWTMVE'MMPI GSRXIQTSVERMPSV WM. 'Y TVMPINYP YRIM TSPIQMGM TI GEVI M-S MQTYR
EHZIVWEVMM PYM, -MWYW #M HI^ZPYMI STMRME HIWTVI TYXIVIE VSQER #M HIWTVI GYQ
XVIFYMI NYHIGEX SVMGI WXTRMVI (1G 12, 13-P7). -RM'MEXSVMM TSPIQMGMM HMJIV R
JYRG'MI HI )ZERKLIPMI; XSEXI TEXVY RW QVXYVMWIWG PSMEPMXEXIE PYM -MWYW, GEVI
GY EHIZVEX RZ'E GEPIE PYM (YQRIÎY.
1. 'SRXMRYEXSVMM PYM -YHE +EPMPIERYP RY WYRX, GYQ W-E E3VQEX TVIE
EHIWIE, ÎPS'MM, GM WMGEVMM. R ZVIQIE PYM -MWYW RY I\MWX YR TEVXMH SVKERMÊX GEVI
W PYTXI QTSXVMZE VSQERMPSV, GM YR ERYQMX WTMVMX ÎPSX. :I^M ,. 'SYWMR #M ..- 4.
0IQSRSR, R 0I QSRHI SY ZMZEMX .IWYW, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 198, TT. 70-705.
2. 'J. 4WEPQMM PYM 7SPSQSR 17 #M 18 R ,. 'SYWMR, :MIW H%HEQ IX )ZI,
HIW TEXVMEVGLIW IX HIW TVSTLIXIW, WYTP. 'ELMIVW )ZERKMPIW RV. 32, 1980, TT.
84-8.
3. 1G 10, 37; 0I 24, 21; *% 1, 6. %#XITXEVIE PYM -PMI GEVI TYRI XSEXI PE
PSGYP PSV XVIFYMI R'IPIEW, R WIRWYP WY TVMQEV, GE VIHSFRHMVIE HI GXVI
-WVEIP HIQRMX'MM WEPI (1G 9, 12).
RXVIFEVIE TYW PYM -MWYW IWXI YRE GPEWMG R QIHMMPI IZVIMI#XM, HI PE
VIGIRWQRXYP STIVEX HI 5YMVMRMYW: 7I GYZMRI E HE FMV 'IÊVYPYM WEY RY#.
%#E GYQ TVSGIHIE^ #M R EPXI QTVINYVVM, -MWYW M RXVIEF PE VRHYP WY TI GIM
GEVI M TYR RXVIFEVIE #M M SFPMK W ME EXMXYHMRI. )P RY VWTYRHI HMVIGX PE
RXVIFEVI, GM SJIV TVMRGMTMYP GEVI GSQERH VWTYRWYP #M SVMGI VI4IG'MI EWYTVE
TYXIVMM: (E'M 'IÊVYPYM GIPI EPI 'IÊVYPYM, MEV PYM (YQRIÎY GIPI EPI PYM
(YQRIÎY. -MWYW RY HIPMQMXIE^ HSY HSQIRMM TEVEPIPI GEVI EV EZIE 3IGEVI
TVMRGMTMMPI PYM, QSHYP PYM HI JYRG'MSREVI JV E MRXIVEG'MSRE YRYP GY GIPPEPX.
RXV-EHIZV, RXVIFEVIE GIVI YR VWTYRW GEVI WI VIJIV PE FYRYVMPI 'IÊVYPYM
(8MFIVMY, GEVI E HSQRMX HMR 14 TR R 37 H. ,V.). 3V -MWYW VITPMG TVMRXV-S JVE^
GSQTYW HMR HSY TV'M1; RXVI GIPI HSY WIGZIR'I EPI JVEÎM WI E4 S
PIKXYV MRXVMRWIG, EWMKYVEX HI QIR'MSREVIE GLMTYPYM (XVEHYW, HI GIPI QEM
QYPXI SVM, TVMR I3KMI R FMFPMMPI JVER'YÎ#XM). 'IPI EPI PYM (YQRIÎY
VIPEXMZMÎE^ TYXIVIE #M HVITXYVMPI 'IÊVYPYM. 'IÊVYP RY HMWTYRI HI S
MRHITIRHIR' EFWSPYX. 1SRIHE M VIZMRI 'IÊVYPYM, GGM M TSEVX GLMTYP, SV
SQYP TSEVX GLMTYP PYM (YQRIÎY (*G 1, 26-27) #M, TVMR YVQEVI, GIPI EPI PYM
(YQRIÎY WYRX IP RWY#M. 6IGYRSWGRH HVITXYVMPI 'IÊVYPYM, -MWYW
VIEQMRXI#XI PMQMXIPI TI GEVI PI WIQRM3G SQYP, GLMT EP PYM (YQRIÎY.
-MWYW VIJY^ W WI ^ZSVEWG RXV-YR GEHVY RE'MSREPMWX. 4VSGIHRH EWXJIP,
WI HIPMQMXIE^ HI R^YMR'IPI IZVIMI#XM, QEVGEXI HI S PIKXYV GY TQRXYP PYM
-WVEIP #M HI E#XITXEVIE YRIM QTV'MM QIWMERMGI. )P PMQMXIE^ HVITXYVMPI
'IÊVYPYM HI3RMRHY-PI R VIPE'MI GY SVMGI QYVMXSV. 7IRXMR'E HMR 1EVGY 12, 17
HIWTVI FMVYP 'IÊVYPYM XVIFYMI EXVMFYMX PYM -MWYW; IWXI MRIHMX #M JEGI TEVXI HMR
KEPIVME EGIPSV VSWXMVM EPI PYM -MWYW HIVYXERXI TIRXVY EYHMXSVMYP WY #M GEVI HEY
TVMPINYP YRSV RIHYQIVMVM EWYTVE TIVWSERIM WEPI. (I EPXQMRXIVM, ZIVWMYRIE
MSERIMG E TEXMQMM PYM ,VMWXSW RY MKRSV EGIEWX ZIVWMYRI. 0YM 4MPEX, GEVI #M
E3VQ EYXSVMXEXIE, -MWYW M VIEQMRXI#XI VIPEXMZMXEXIE EGIWXIM TYXIVM (-R 19, 1):
(EG RY 'M-EV 3 JSWX HEX 'MI HI WYW TVIWYTYRI YR NSG HI GYZMRXI. 4YXIVIE PYM
4MPEX RY IWXI HIGX YRE HIPIKEX HI QTVEX, HEV EGIEWX TYXIVI IWXI
QVKMRMX R ZMVXYXIE SVMKMRMM WEPI YPXMQI.
*E' GY VIKM#SVYP -VSH %RXMTE %XMXYHMRIE PYM -MWYW IWXI PE JIP HI GVMXMG JE'
HI TYXIVIE I\IVGMXEX HI -VSH %RXMTE (4-39 H. ,V.): M WYFPMRME^ EGIWXYME
RIRWIQRXEXIE, IP RY VITVI^MRX S QEVI TVMQINHMI. R QMI^YP YRIM TIVMGSTI
I\XVIQ HI GSQTS^MXI, 1EVGY (8, 15) MRGPYHI S TSQIRMVI WXVERMI E PYM -VSH
%RXMTE. -MWYW #M TVIZMRI YGIRMGMM W WI TÎEWG HI EPYEXYP JEVMWIMPSV2. 1EVGY
QIR'MSRIE^ #M EPYEXYP PYM -VSH, R XMQT GI 1EXIM P IZSG TI EP WEHYGLIMPSV. 0E
1EVGY.
'IPI HSY WIKQIRXI WYRX PIKEXI TVMR OEM #M RY TVMR EPME, GEVI EV TYXIE
PWE W WI TVIWYTYR S MRHITIRHIR' E GIPSV HSY HSQIRMM YRYP JE' HI
GIPPEPX. 2. 'IPI XVIM IZERKLIPMM WMRSTXMGI EY MRXIVTVIXVM HMJIVMXI EWYTVE
EPYEXYPYM.
-MWYW PI VITVS#IE^ JEVMWIMPSV #M PYM -VSH VIWTMRKIVIE WIQRIPSV EVXEXI: R
GE^YP PYM -VSH, IWXI ZSVFE HI WIQRYP TI GEVI-P VITVI^MRX -SER &SXI^XSVYP.
9GMKE# EP EGIWXYME, XIXVEVLYP R-E #XMYX W TVMGIET R'IPIWYP EGXMZMX'MM PYM -SER
#M W VIGYRSEWG R IP YR TVSVSG. 9GIRMGMM ZSV #XM SEVI W R'IPIEK WIQRIPI GI
PM WI RGVIHMR'IE^# 4SQIRMVIE PYM -VSH 'MRI, JV RHSMEP, HI -MWYW, GGM RI
MQEKMRQ ERIZSMI ZVIYR MRXIVIW SEVIGEVI EP GSQYRMX'MM TVMQEVI TIRXVY EGIWX
TIVWSREN.
R 0YGE 13, 32E, -MWYW TYRI R IZMHIR' VIPEXMZMXEXIE TYXIVMM PYM -VSH.
7GIRE IWXI EQTPY VIHEG'MSREP #M RY WI VIKWI#XI HIGX PE 0YGE. R TPYW, HI PE
&YPXQERR RGSEGI, I\IKI'MM WYRX VIÎVZE'M R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI EYXIRXMGMXEXIE
VSWXMVMPSV PYM -MWYW GEVI-P ERYR' 4EXMQMPI. )WXI XSXY#M KVIY W M WI VIJYÎ PYM -MWYW
SVMGI PYGMHMXEXI R GSR4MGXYP WY GY EYXSVMX'MPI MYHEMGI. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, E#E
GYQ WI MRXIVIWEWI HI EGXMZMXEXIE PYM -SER &SXI^XSVYP, -VSH %RXMTE XVIFYMI W
WI 3 TVISGYTEX #M HI TVSTSZHYMVIE #M KIWXYVMPI TVSVSGYPYM HMR 2EÊVIX (1G 6,
14-P6). 0IKXYVMPI TI GEVI -MWYW PI-E RXVI'MRYX GY QM#GEVIE FETXMWQEP JEG
JSEVXI ZIVSWMQMP MRXIVIWYP PYM -VSH TIRXVY -MWYW. (YT QSEVXIE &SXI^XSVYPYM,
-MWYW E GRXVMX TIVMGSPYP TI GEVI P VITVIÎRXE -VSH: IVE RIRWIQREX R
GSQTEVE'MI GY EQIRMR'EVIE GI ZIRIE HI PE QEVMM TVIS'M. 3QYP RY IWXI
TVMQINHMSW; RY EVI TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E VWXYVRE HIQIVWYP PYM -MWYW. (EG IWXI W-
P HQ GVIÊVI PYM 0YGE, -VSH #M -MWYW W-EY E4EX JE' R JE' R XMQTYP
GSRHEQRVMM EGIWXYME HMR YVQ (0I 23, 6-P2). -MWYW RY GSRXIWX HVITXYP PYM -VSH
HI E-P JEGI W GSQTEV R JE'E PYM, RW HSQMR WMXYE'ME. 8IXVEVLYP RY SF'MRI
RMGM GIP QEM QMG VWTYRW PE RXVIFVMPI TI GEVI M PI TYRI. R JE'E YRYM VIKM#SV
GEVI MRWTMV XIEQ WYTY#MPSV WM, -MWYW TVMQI#XI TVSZSGEVIE; IP ZSVFI#XI
HIWTVI XIXVEVL JV EWGYR^M#YVM, RY-P YMX EXMXYHMRIE JE' HI &SXI^XSV.
-MWYW RY W-E GSRGITYX RMGMSHEX R STS^M'MI GY TYXIVIE VSQER SVM GY GIE
E PYM -VSH: EV 3 RWIQREX W RY GYRSEWG WIRWYP #M MQTSVXER'E QIWMERMWQYPYM
WY. % WYFPMRMEX GY WXV#RMGMI, R WGLMQF, GEVEGXIVYP VIPEXMZ EP EGIWXSV WXTRMVM
#M P-E IZMHIR'MEX TVMR PMFIVXEXIE GYZRXYPYM WY JE' HI IPI.
.IER-4MIVVI 0IQSRSR -RWGVMT'ME PYM 4MPEX R 1961, %. *VSZE JGIE
GYRSWGYXI TVMQIPI VI^YPXEXI EPI GIVGIXVMPSV IJIGXYEXI EWYTVE WMXYPYM HI PE
'IÊVIIE1. 8IEXVYP E JSWX GIP GEVI E VI'MRYX R QSH HISWIFMX EXIR'ME
EVLISPSKMPSV. R GYVWYP WTXYVMPSV, E JSWX EHYW PE WYTVEJE' YR QEXIVMEP FSKEX,
HEV HIWGSTIVMVIE GIE QEM RIE#XITXEX E JSWX S MRWGVMT'MI GEVI M QIR'MSRIE^
TI 4SR'MY 4MPEX #M E#E-RYQMXYP 8MFIVMIYQ.
RXV-S TIVMSEH JV RHSMEP TSWXIVMSEV WIGSPYPYM -, TMEXVE RXVIFYMR'EX
TIRXVY MRWGVMT'MI E JSWX VIJSPSWMX GE XVIETX, R XMQTYP GSRWXVYG'MIM YRIM QMGM
WGVM. %GIEWX VIYXMPMÊVI QTMIHMG E4EVIE PSGYPYM HI SVMKMRI EP MRWGVMT'MIM #M
XMTYPYM HI IHM3GMY GVYME M ETEV'MRYWI. 4VSZIRIE, RIRHSMSW, HMRXV-YR PSG E4EX
RY PE TVIE QEVI HITVXEVI.
4MEXVE IWXI YR FPSG HI GEPGEV EYXSLXSR, GY RP'MQIE HI 82 GQ, P'MQIE
HI 68 GQ #M KVSWMQIE HI 21 GQ. )WXI TWXVEX EWX^M PE 1YÎYP -WVEIPYPYM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ. -RWGVMT'ME WI GSQTYRI HMR TEXVY VRHYVM. (MR RIJIVMGMVI, TEVXIE IM
WXMRK E JSWX #XIEVW. 4EVXIE HVIETX E TVMQIPSV XVIM VRHYVM WI GMXI#XI JV
KVIYXEXI; HMR EP TEXVYPIE VRH RY VQRI HIGX ETI\YP (EGGIRX). -RWGVMT'ME WI
TVI^MRX EWXJIP: 7 8-&)6-):1 A 28-:7 4-0%8:7 A )'8:7 -:(%. ) 4VSTYRIQ
YVQXSEVIE PIGXYV: ?.A W 8MFIVMIYQJ# 4S.RXMYW 4MPEXYWP ?TVEIJNIGXYW -YHE ?IEA I/
?JIGMXN.
8MFIVMIYQ-YP )WXI GY RITYXMR' W M WI HIE EGIWXYM XI\X S VIWXMXYMVI QEM
GSQTPIX GY ZVIS #ERW HI TVSFEFMPMXEXI2. RXV-EHIZV, MKRSVER'E RSEWXV GY
TVMZMVI PE EQTPEWEQIRXYP TMIXVIM, HMWTEVM'ME TVMQIPSV PMXIVI #M E YPXMQYPYM VRH
RY &MFPI IX 8IVVI WEMRXI, RV. 57, MYRMI, 1963, TT. 8-P4, E SJIVMX, WYF WIQRXYVE
PYM %. 'EPHIVMRM, S XVEHYGIVI E EGIWXIM GSQYRMGVM WYW'MRYXI HI %. *VSZE PE
-RWXMXYXYP 0SQFEVH.
2. %Y JSWX EZERWEXI QEM QYPXI TVSTYRIVM HI VIWXMXYMVI E TV'MPSV XSGMXI;
IPI RY WYRX RYQEM MTSXIXMGI, GM #M JSEVXI GVMXMGEFMPI; GJ. PYGVEVIE RSEWXV 4MPEXI
IX PI KSYZIVRIQIRX HI PE .YHII, )XYHIW FMFPMUYIW, +EFEPHE, 1981, TT. 26-28.
4IVQMX HI3RMVIE GY TVIGM^MI E XMTYPYM HI MRWGVMT'MI R JE'E GVYME RI
E4Q. 8SXY#M, HMQIRWMYRIE TMIXVIM, HIWXYP HI QMG, PEW HI TVIWYTYW G RY
EZIQ HI-E JEGI GY S MRWGVMT'MI WSPIQR HI XMT HIHMGEXSVMY. -RWGVMT'ME IWXI
WGYVX, SV S HEX GY -QTIVMYP RGIT W WI HI^ZSPXI JSVQYPIPI HIHMGEXSVMM. R
TPYW, HEG IVE ZSVFE HI S HIHMGE'MI, 8MFIVMY M-EV 3 JSWX HIWXMREXEVYP, RW RY
IWXI GE^YP, RXVYGX GPHMVIE, TVMR RWY#M RYQIPI IM, IWXI HINE S GIPIFVEVI E PYM
8MFIVMY. (I EWIQIRIE, TIRXVY EP TEXVYPIE VRH, YR WMQTPY JIGMX IWXI QEM
TPEY^MFMP HIGX HIHMGEZMX. R WGLMQF, RY WI TSEXI TVIWYTYRI RMQMG R GI
TVMZI#XI TVMQIPI PMXIVI, HMWTVYXI TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE.
% TVIGMÊ REXYVE 8MFIVMIYQ-RLMM IWXI S RXVITVMRHIVI VMWGERX.
'SQTEVE'MMPI GPYÎWG R EGIIE#M QWYV WTVI S GSRWXVYG'MI RSR-VIPMKMSEW,
GE #M WTVI YR XIQTPY. 4VMQE MTSXI^ IWXI QEM ZIVSWMQMP. 8MFIVMIYQ-RTSEXI 3
S TME', S GSPSREH, GLMEV S GPHMVI EHQMRMWXVEXMZ. (EG EV 3 YR XIQTPY,
TMEXVE EV 3 YRE HIHMGEXSVMI, GIIE GI RY IWXI GE^YP.
4VIVSKEXMZIPI PYM 4MPEX -RWGVMT'ME PYM 4MPEX SJIV HIWXYPI IRMKQI #M ZE QEM
TVSZSGE, JV RHSMEP, RG QYPX XMQT TIVWTMGEGMXEXIE ITMKVE3#XMPSV.
(M3GYPX'MPI HI VIWXMXYMVI RY XVIFYMI W YQFVIEWG XSXY#M QEVIPI MRXIVIW TI
GEVI P TVI^MRX EGIWX HSGYQIRX TIRXVY GYRSE#XIVIE PYM 4MPEX. RXV-EHIZV,
EGIEWX TMEXV GSRWXMXYMI YRMGE QVXYVMI ITMKVE3G E #IHIVMM PYM 4MPEX R -YHIIE
#M EXIWX HIZS'MYRIE WE GXVI QTVEX, GIP TY'MR WYF EWTIGXYP IM I\XIVMSV; IE
RI QFSK'I#XI R EGIPE#M XMQT GYRSE#XIVIE XISVIXMG EWYTVE 'IÊVIMM
WIGSPYPYM -. (EV QEM GY WIEQ RI TIVQMXI W XVER#Q S ZIGLI HI^FEXIVI
HIWTVI XMXYPEXYVE I\EGX E PYM 4MPEX #M E TVMQMPSV KYZIVREXSVM EM -YHIMM1. %GI#XM
SEQIRM RY WYRX TVSGYVEXSVM, GM TVIJIG'M. 4MPEX IWXI RXV-EHIZV GEPM3GEX EMGM
HVITX TVEIJIGXYW -YHEIEI. 2Y RGETI RMGM S HMWGY'MI GY TVMZMVI PE EGIEWX
PIGXYV. 3V .SWITLYW, *MPSR #M 8EGMX P RYQIWG TI 4MPEX ITMXVSTSW WEY TVSGYVEXSV,
IGLMZEPIRXYP PEXMR EP PYM ITMXVSTSW. %GIPE#M .SWITLYW, R %RXMGLMX'M #M EYXSVMM
RISXIWXEQIRXEVM M EXVMFYMI YR XIVQIR HIWXYP HI ZEK: LIKIQSR. RG HMR 1939,
%. 2. 7LIV[MR-;LMXI2 WYKIVE, R TVIPYRKMVIE PYM ,MVWGLJIPH, G REMRXI HI
'PEYHMY, XMXPYP HI KYZIVREXSV EP -YHIMM IVE TVEIJIGXYW (ITEVGLSW, R KVIGI#XI).
R 1960, TSVRMRH HI PE S HSGYQIRXE'MI TVIGMW, %. ,. 1. .SRIW VMHMGE PE VERK PE
GIVXMXYHMRI GIIE GI REMRXE#MM WM IWXMQEWIV GE TVSFEFMP; MRWGVMT'ME HMR
'IÊVIIE M GSR3VQ MRXYM'MMPI RXV-YR QSH WXVPYGMX.
1. (IWTVI MWXSVME XMXYPEXYVMM KYZIVREXSVMPSV PE RGITYXYP -QTIVMYPYM, GJ. %.
,. 1-.SRIW, 4VSGYVEXSVW ERH 4VIJIGXW R XLI )EVP] 4VMRGMTEXI, R 7XYHMIW R
6SQER +SZIQQIRX ERH 0E[, 3\JSVH, 1960, TT. 17-P25; HIWTVI XMXYPEXYVE
TVMQMPSV KYZIVREXSVM EM -YHIMM, GJ. *MPEXI IX PI KSYZIVRIQIRX HI PE .YHII, TT.
43-58.
2. %. 2. 7LIV[MR-;LMXI, 4VSGYVEXSV %YKY#XM, 4ETIVW SJ XLI &VMXMWL 7GLSSP
EX 6SQI, 0SRHVE, 27 -, 1939, TT. P-25, T. 12.
.IER-4MIVVI 0IQSRSR R GYXEVIE PYM -MWYW GIP MWXSVMG 2YQVYP
MQTVIWMSRERX EP GV'MPSV #M EVXMGSPIPSV GEVI WI VIJIV R ^MPIPI RSEWXVI PE -MWYW EV
TYXIE PWE Y#SV W WI GVIEH RXV-S VIHIWGSTIVMVI E MWXSVMIM PYM, EZRH GE TYRGX
HI TPIGEVI S HSGYQIRXE'MI RSY. 3 EWIQIRIE GSRGPY^MI EV JSV'E TY'MR HEXIPI
VIEPI, HEV RYQEM R TEVXI. 'GM WMXYE'ME EGXYEP IWXI GY XSXYP HMJIVMX HI GIE HI
PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE #M HI GIE HMR TVMQE NYQXEXI E GIPYM HI-EP <-PIE
QEM GY WIEQ: YRMM RIKEY EXYRGM I\MWXIR'E PYM -MWYW WEY GLMEV WI GERXSREY RXV-
YR EKRSWXMGMWQ TVYHIRX JE' HI YR ,VMWXSW GEVI EV 3 'MRYX QEM HIKVEF HI
HSQIRMYP QMXYPYM. %WX^M, GE^YP -MWYW GSRXMRY, MEV GIVGIXEVIE MWXSVMG TI
WIEQE PYM WI GSRWSPMHIE^ WMQ'MXSV.
"M XSXY#M IWXI RIGIWEV W HIPMQMXQ XIVMXSVMMPI I\EGXI EPI YRIM EWXJIP HI
WGLMQFVM, TSVRMRH HI PE S HSGYQIRXE'MI RXVYGXZE VIRRSMX #M R ZMVXYXIE,
QEM EPIW, YRIM EPXI EFSVHVM, WYW'MRYXI HI TVSGIHYVM QIXSHSPSKMGI HMR GI R GI
QEM VE3REXI. 'GM HI EGYQ MWXSVMGYP #XMI QEM FMRI W-#M HMWGIEVR PMQMXIPI
TVSTVMYPYM HMWGYVW. )P TSEXI, HIWMKYV, W-P HIWIQRIÎ HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
MWXSVMG TI -MWYW, HEV JV E-P TYXIE VIGSRWXVYM I\EGX ZME'E WEY SJIVM S HIWGVMIVI
E WIRXMQIRXIPSV PYRXVMGI GEVI P RWY4I'IEY, R GMYHE WVGMIM VIPEXMZI E
HSGYQIRXE'MIM #M E HM3GYPX'MM HI E S MRXIVTVIXE, IP TSEXI, XSXY#M, JEGI MWXSVMI
GY S KVMN GSRXMRY TIRXVY SFMIGXMZMXEXI, TR R WXVJYRHYP HMWGYVWYPYM WY
QEVGEX HI WYFMIGXMZMXEXI. 'GM YR FMSKVEJ RY GETXIE^ RMGMSHEX SQYP R
RXVIKYP WY. "M EGIEWXE GY EXX QEM QYPX, GY GX MWXSVMGYP GEVI WI SGYT HI
-MWYW RY TSWIH HIGX YVQI EPI MWXSVMIM EGIWXYME #M ERYQI S WIVMI HI VSWXMVM #M
HI KIWXYVM WIQRM3GERXI, XVIGYXI TVMR WMXE GVMXMGMM PMXIVEVI #M MWXSVMGI. 2YQVYP
PSV IWXI PMQMXEX, HEV WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E TYRI TVSFPIQE TIVWSERIM PYM TVSJYRHI,
JV GE EWXJIP W-P TYXIQ XSXY#M HI^PIKE QMWXIVYP, GRH RY S JEGIQ TVMR
GVIHMR'.
'YQ W-P EFSVHI^M MWXSVMGI#XI TI -MWYW# 7 E#I^Q WYF WIQRYP E XVIM
QSQIRXI IXETIPI RHIPYRKMM GIVGIXVM MWXSVMGI VIJIVMXSEVI PE IP, QGEV HMR
WIGSPYP EP <:--PIE, JV E YVGE TR PE ITSGE TEXVMWXMG. 'LIWXMYRIE MWXSVMG RY
WI TYRIE EXYRGM ETVSETI HIPSG, GRH RY IVE TYW WYF EGSTIVMVIE WYWTMGMYRMM,
R JIPYP EHZIVWEVMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, YR 'IPWYW (WIGSPYP EP --PIE) WEY YR 4SV3V
(WIGSPYP EP --PIE). R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, 3VMKIR IWXI WMRKYVYP 4VMRXI EP &MWIVMGMM
GEVI E TVIWMQ'MX HM3GYPXEXIE, EXYRGM GRH E RGIVGEX WE HMWGIEVR, GLMEV R
)ZERKLIPMM, YRIPI TSZIWXMVM GEVI RY W-EY RXQTPEX E#E GYQ WI WTYRIE.
4VSFPIQE PMQFENYPYM RGSP'IE HINE R JIPYP IM: YR PMQFEN 3KYVEX, MQTVIKREX
WIQMXMG HI I\IQTPY, R TSZIWXMVIE GIPSV XVIM MWTMXMVM EPI PYM -MWYW MRWMWX R
TVMQYP VRH EWYTVE WIQRM3GE'MIM IZIRMQIRXYPYM, JV E WI TVISGYTE ETVSETI
HIPSG HI EQRYRXIPI TSZI#XMM R WMRI.
7 EFSVHQ TVMQE IXET. -RXIVSKE'ME GVMXMG RY E ETVYX HIGX R
WIGSPYP EP <:--PIE, S HEX GY 6IMQEVYW, RXVI EP'MM. 4I HI S TEVXI, IVEY TYWI R
PYQMR IZMHIRXIPI HMWGSVHER'I HMRXVI GIPI TEXVY )ZERKLIPMM #M, TI HI EPXE, WI
WYFPMRME HIGEPENYP ETEVIRX GSRWMHIVEFMP RXVI EGIWXI )ZERKLIPMM RYQMXI
GERSRMGI #M GVIHMR'E HMZIVWIPSV &MWIVMGM. -MWYW GIP MWXSVMG, WI GVIHIE TI EXYRGM,
XVIFYME W 3 JSWX, TVMR YVQEVI, HMJIVMX HI ,VMWXSWYP &MWIVMGMPSV #M 3IGEVI W-#M 3
#PIJYMX QEM ETSM S RJ'M#EVI E PYM -MWYW HYT KYWXYP WY, R JYRG'MI HI YXSTMMPI
ZVIQMM. R WIGSPIPI EP <:--PIE #M EP <P<-PIE R WTIGMEP, -MWYW EZIE, HYT GE^, W ME
GLMTYP YRYP QSVEPMWX TYVMXER, EP YRYM VIZSPY'MSREV MEGSFMR WEY EP YRYM MPYQMREX
GEVI E HEX KVI# R ZIWXMVIE YRIM QTV'MM GI RY ZMRI RMGMSHEX. 4SZIWXMVMPI
IZERKLIPMGI WYRX EXYRGM ETVSETI VIWGVMWI HYT XSERIPI XMQTYPYM, JV, TI HI
S TEVXI, EGIE HMWXER' GVMXMG GI M TIVQMXI I\IKIXYPYM HI EWX^M W IZEPYIÎ
QEM FMRI PMQFENYP YXMPMÊX R GE^YP HI JE' #M JV, TI HI EPX TEVXI,
GYRSE#XIVIE QIHMYPYM IPIRMWXMG, R -WVEIP #M EMYVIE, WYWGITXMFMP HI E HI^ZPYM
TEVXMGYPEVMXEXIE GYZMRXIPSV #M KIWXYVMPSV REÊVMRIERYPYM.
% HSYE IXET, GEVI WI QERMJIWX R XMQTYP TVMQIM NYQX'M E WIGSPYPYM EP
<-PIE, S HEX GY 6YHSPTL &YPXQERR #M R WTIGMEP GY )QWX /WIQERR, EZIE HIGM
W EWMKYVI FEÎPI YRYM HIQIVW MWXSVMG ZEPEFMP, TSVRMRH HI PE S QEM FYR
TIVGIT'MI E GIIE GI P HISWIFIE TI -MWYW HI GSRXI\XYP ZVIQMM WEPI. "M XSXY#M,
IVE RIZSMI W TSVRIEWG HI TI YR XIVIR WSPMH, R JETX HI TI YR HYFPY XIVIR,
GIP EP GYZMRXIPSV GSRWMHIVEXI GE 3MRH GIPI QEM EYXIRXMGI (R QEVI, WI ^MGI, 18
% HMRXVI VSWXMVMPI EXVMFYMXI PYM -MWYW) #M GIP EP ERYQMXSV KIWXYVM EPI PYM -MWYW
(TVMZMRH WEFEXYP WEY TVEGXMGMPI EPMQIRXEVI, HI TMPH), YRHI EVKYQIRXYP
LVMWXSPSKMG GEVI EGSTIV ERWEQFPYP XI\XIPSV IZERKLIPMGI VIWTIGX XSXY#M
EYXIRXMGMXEXIE HIWGVMIVMM REVEXMZI. 'Y 1EVXMR (MFIPMYW R JVYRXI, "GSEPE MWXSVMIM
JSVQIPSV PMXIVEVI E HEX EWXJIP PE RGITYX MQTVIWME YRYM WSM HI HIGSRWXVYG'MI
E TSZIWXMVMPSV IZERKLIPMGI, GEVI E WXVRMX WGERHEP R VRHYP GIPSV GEVI,
RKPSHE'M R TS^MXMZMWQYP PSV MWXSVMGMWX, RY VIY#IEY W TIVGIET TEVXMGYPEVMXEXIE
PMQFENYPYM FMFPMG #M MRXIVIWYP YRIM GIVGIXVM MWXSVMGI. 4SXVMZMX EYXSVMPSV RS#XVM,
TVMR YVQEVI, )ZERKLIPMMPI RY WI RJ'M#IE^ GE RM#XI FMSKVE3M R WIRWYP
QSHIVR; TSZIWXMVMPI HIWTVI GSTMPVME PYM -MWYW #M YRIPI TSZIWXMVM EPI QMRYRMPSV
GEVI QRYMIWG PMQFENYP QMVEGYPSWYPYM RY XVIFYMI WMXYEXI, MWXSVMG ZSVFMRH, PE
EGIPE#M RMZIP GY VSWXMVMPI PYM -MWYW, HI I\IQTPY; MEV HEG QVXYVME TVMQMPSV
GVIHMRGMS#M, VIJIVMXSEVI PE RZMIVI, IWXI RXVY XSXYP VIEP, IZIRMQIRXYP EGIWXIM
RZMIVM WGET R QSH IZMHIRX TVMZMVMM MWXSVMIM.
'YZMRXIPI #M KIWXYVMPI PYM -MWYW 7 QIVKIQ QEM HITEVXI R HIQIVWYP
RSWXVY. 'YQ W QWYVQ ZEPSEVIE BXSVMG WEY RY E GYZMRXIPSV #M KIWXYVMPSV PYM
-MWYW# /WIQERR EHYGI R EXIWX GE^ YR MQTSVXERX GVMXIVMY HI HMWGIVRIVI: TSX
3 GSRWMHIVEXI EYXIRXMGI GYZMRXIPI #M KIWXYVMPI PYM -MWYW GEVI RY EY R QSH
HMVIGX YR GSVIWTSRHIRX R MYHEMWQYP HI EXYRGM #M GEVI RY TVSZMR #M HI PE
TVMQIPI GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI. %GIWX GVMXIVMY HI HMWSGMIVI WEY HI HMWMQMPMXYHMRI
RY TIVQMXI, HIWMKYV, WGVMIVIE YRIM MWXSVMM E PYM -MWYW R RXVIKYP WY. )P STIVIE^
QEM HIKVEF GE HIXIGXSVYP YRIM GIVGIXVM E PYM -MWYW R WMRKYPEVMXEXIE WE HI
RGITYX. 4I WGYVX, EGIWX GVMXIVMY TIVQMXI HINE HIWTVMRHIVIE GXSVZE XVWXYVM
EPI 3KYVMM PYM -MWYW, TIRXVY E S HMJIVIR'ME QEM FMRI HI MYHEMWQYP ZVIQMM WEPI #M
HI ,VMWXSWYP GSQYRMX'MPSV TSWX-TEWGEPI. 3 HEX 3\EX EGIWX TVMQ VITIV,
I\IKI'MM WI ZSV TYXIE WPYNM #M HI EPXI GVMXIVMM: GIP EP GSIVIR'IM RXVI GYZMRXIPI #M
KIWXYVMPI HISWIFMXI EWXJIP RXV-YR QSH GVMXMG, JV E YMXE GVMXIVMYP YRIM EXIWXVM
QYPXMTPI, EXYRGM GRH QEM QYPXI WYVWI, MRHITIRHIRXI HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
PMXIVEV, SKPMRHIWG EGIPIE#M QSXMZI #M EGIPIE#M TVEGXMGM EXVMFYMXI PYM -MWYW.
6SEHIPI YRYM EXEVI HIQIVW, FPMRHEX GY QIXSHIPI WYW-EQMRXMXI, EZIEY
HINE W WI EVEXI FSKEXI, QEM GY WIEQ PE /EWIQERR, QIVIY TVISGYTEX W
WTYR GX HI QYPX NMRHYMEY TVMQIPI GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI W-#M RVHGMRIÎ
QIWENYP HMR GYZRXYP #M JETXE REÊVMRIERYPYM HMREMRXIE IZIRMQIRXYPYM TEWGEP.
7 WIQREPQ QEM GY WIEQ EWTIGXIPI YVQXSEVI: HMWXER'E HMRXVI -MWYW #M
HMZIVWIPI JSVQI EPI MYHEMWQYPYM HI EXYRGM IWXI EWXJIP QEM FMRI IZEPYEX #M PE
JIP VIPE'ME WE GY &SXI^XSVYP. 'YZMRXIPI #M KIWXYVMPI PYM -MWYW VIJIVMXSEVI PE WEFEX
#M PE VRHYMIPMPI HI TYVM3GEVI VMXYEP I\TVMQ YMQMXSEVIE PYM GYXIÊR' R
GSRXI\XYP ITSGMM. %RXMXIÎPI HMR 4VIHMGE HI TI 1YRXI, RHISWIFM, WYFPMRME^ PE
IP YR ERYQMX ERXMPIKEPMWQ #M, QEM EPIW, MRGVIHMFMPE EYXSVMXEXI TI GEVI #M-S
EVSKE, QEM TVIWYW GLMEV HI E PYM 1SMWI. R TPYW, EGIWXI GYZMRXI, TPMRI HI
TEVEHS\YVM, TYR VWTMGEX TVSFPIQE VIPE'MIM WEPI WTIGMEPI GY GIP TI GEVI P
HIWIQRE JEQMPMEV HVITX (YQRIÎYP WY. R WJV#MX, GLMEV HI PE RGITYXYP WPYNMVMM
WEPI HI ZIWXMVI E QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY, RW#M TIVWSERE WE IWXI SEVIGYQ
GSQTVSQMW. 'IIE GI VMHMG TVSFPIQE HI E #XM GYQ W-E VETSVXEX -MWYW PE
TVSTVME QSEVXI. 'LMEV HEG VIJY^ JV SGSP EXVMFYMVIE YRYM XMXPY QIWMERMG YR
XMXPY RGVGEX HI ZMSPIR' R ZVIQIE WE GSRHEQREVIE PYM HI GXVI 4MPEX
TVIWYTYRI HI JETX YR QSXMZ HI EGYÊVI HI XMT TSPMXMG WEY TSPMXMGS-VIPMKMSW.
%GIWXIE 3MRH WTYWI, MWXSVMGYP RY TSEXI ETVSETI HIPSG IZEPYE GYQ #M-E R'IPIW
-MWYW XPGYP TVSTVMIM QSV'M.
7 EFSVHQ EGYQ GIE HI-E XVIME IXET E EGIWXIM GIVGIXVM MWXSVMGI: S
RSY GYXEVI E PYM -MWYW GEVI HYVIE^ HI GMVGE HSY HIGIRMM. (I EGIEWX HEX,
EGGIRXYP RY QEM IWXI TYW TI HMJIVIR'E WEY WMRKYPEVMXEXIE PYM R VETSVX GY
QIHMYP RGSRNYVXSV, GM HMQTSXVMZ, TI VIPE'ME HI GSRXMRYMXEXI GI XVIFYMI
VIGYRSWGYX RXVI -MWYW, TIVWSERE, GYZRXYP #M JETXE WE #M PYQIE IPIRMWXMG WEY
MYHIS-IPIRMWXMG E WIGSPYPYM -. %TSVXYP QERYWGVMWIPSV HI PE 5YQVER,
VIHIWGSTIVMVIE XI\XIPSV MYHEMWQYPYM IPIRMWXMG, RYQMXI ETSGVMJI WEY VEFMRMGI,
TVIGYQ #M S RSY PIGXYV E PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, MWXSVMSKVEJYP MYHIY HI PE
WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, EZIEY W QSHM3GI WYFWXER'MEP TIMWENYP GSRXI\XYEP EP
MYHEMWQYPYM TEPIWXMRMER. -WXSVMGYP TSEXI EXYRGM WE ZIVM3GI R TEVXI GSRWSRER'E
WEY HMWSRER'E GYZMRXIPSV #M KIWXYVMPSV PYM -MWYW R VETSVX GY QIHMYP RGSRNYVXSV.
3V EGIWX QIHMY IWXI IP RWY#M JVQM'EX HI HMWMTEVIE QM#GVMPSV IZVIMI#XM EPI
ITSGMM, WYF MR4YIR'E YRIM PYQM IPIRMWXMGI GEVI TXVYRHI TR R MRMQE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM. -WXSVMGYP RGIEVG, R GSRWIGMR', W TIVGIET 3KYVE MWXSVMG E
PYM -MWYW TSVRMRH HI PE S HSGYQIRXE'MI HIZIRMX QYPXMTP, TI GEVI RMQIRM RY EV
TYXIE EWX^M W S WXTRIEWG MRXIKVEP RXV-YR QSH GVMXMG.
(I HSY HIGIRMM, S RSY GYXEVI E PYM -MWYW %WXJIP, TPIGRH HI PE GIPI
QEM ZIGLM XVEHM'MM VEFMRMGI, YRMM WTIGMEPM#XM JEG HMR -MWYW YR VEFMR HYT GLMTYP
GIPSV HMR ZVIQIE WE, YR VEFMR ZMRHIGXSV QEM GY WIEQ R JIPYP PYM ,SRM,
HIWIREXSVYP HI GIVGYVM. %WMWXQ EWX^M, TVMR YVQEVI, PE YR WSM HI VIMYHEMÊVI
E 3KYVMM PYM -MWYW, QTMRW YRISVM PE I\XVIQ. 9RMM WYFPMRME^ R QSH WTIGMEP
PIKXYVE HMRXVI -MWYW #M GVXYVEVMM HI EWGYPXEVI JEVMWIMG HMR XMQTYP WY, JV E
RIKE XSXY#M TEVXMGYPEVMXEXIE REÊVMRIERYPYM. %P'MM, GIM QEM QYP'M, PYGVIE^ TI
FEÊ HSGYQIRXE'MIM GSRWMHIVEFMPI SJIVMXI HI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW #M QYPIE^ QEM
HIKVEF 3KYVE PYM -MWYW TI GIE E YRYM TVSVSG EP ITSGMM, RXV-YR GSRXI\X
IWLEXSPSKMG E4EX RG R TPMR IJIVZIWGIR'. R WJV#MX, EP'M G'MZE, HISWIFMX HI
MQTVIWMSRE'M HI )ZERKLIPME PYM 8SQE WEY GLMEV TSVRMRH HI PE S VIGSRWXVYG'MI
PMXIVEV E 'IPYM HI-EP HSMPIE M^ZSV 5 (R WTI', IPIQIRXIPI HMR 1EXIM #M 0YGE
EFWIRXI PE 1EVGY), ZSV TVSTYRI S MQEKMRI E PYM -MWYW HYT QSHIPYP VIXSVMPSV
GMRMGM EM PYQMM KVIGI#XM. -MWYW HIZMRI EXYRGM YR 3PSWSJ HI XMT IPIRMWXMG, JV QEVI
PIKXYV GY MYHEMWQYP, EZRH R TPYW S VSWXMVI REPX TEVEHS\EP #M R'IWEX HI
EJSVMWQI. (EV EGIEWX HMR YVQ MQEKMRI E PYM -MWYW IWXI EPGXYMX R
HIXVMQIRXYP YRIM QEVM TV'M E TSZIWXMVMPSV IZERKLIPMGI, JV E WI PYE GXY#M HI
TY'MR R WIEQ GSRXVSZIVWIPI GEVI P STYR EYXSVMX'MPSV TVI^FMXIVEPI #M RY
RYQEM. 4VSVSGYP -MWYW, ERKENEX TR PE QSEVXI R EZIRXYVE IWLEXS-PSKMG, W-EV
HMPYE, TVMR YVQEVI, R 3KYVE YRYM RZ'XSV HI R'IPITGMYRI, GYPXMZRH
YRMZIVWEPYP TR PE MRWMKRM3ER'. 4I WGYVX, TI HI S TEVXI, IZIRMQIRXYP QSV'MM
PYM -MWYW HIZMRI JV MQTSVXER' #M TI HI EPXE, VQRI TMEXVE HI RGIVGEVI E
YRIM MHIRXMX'M GEVI VQRI IRMKQEXMG. %GIWXE W 3I SEVI EGIP -MWYW MWXSVMG
HIWTVI GEVI TVMQIPI GSQYRMX'M, TR #M GIPI QEM MVIGSRGMPMEFMPI, EHYG HI JETX
QVXYVMI# 'GM GY XS'MM, EXX 4EZIP, GX #M EHZIVWEVMM PYM MYHIS-GVI#XMRM, RY EV
TYXIE IZSGE 3KYVE RZ'XSVYPYM PSV JV E RYQM QEM RXM 'VYGIE. 3TIVE
FMSKVE3G VQRI E#EHEV HIWGLMW.
'LEVPIW 4IVVSX 4EVXIE E HSYE 6742(-6)% '6)(-2&)- 2 ,6-7837
-)697%0-190 -IVYWEPMQYP #M 4EPIWXMRE RXVI GIPI HSY V^FSEMI 0 HEX GY
GYGIVMVIE 1EWEHIM R 73 H. ,V., GEVI TYRIE YR TYRGX 3REP STIVE'MYRMPSV HI
GYV'IRMI HYT GHIVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM R ERYP 70, WIGXY-PIWG #M M^ZSEVIPI
PMXIVEVI GEVI EPMQIRXEWIV MWXSVME IZVIMEWG RXV-YR #YZSM GSRXMRYY. (I EGYQ,
IZIRMQIRXIPI XVIFYMI VIGSRWXMXYMXI HI PE MRJSVQE'MM JVEKQIRXEVI: EPY^MM
SGE^MSREPI R PMXIVEXYVE IZVIMEWG WEY TKR, VEVI MRWGVMT'MM VIJIVMXSEVI PE
KYZIVREXSVM #M PE XVYTIPI PSV, QEXIVMEP EVLISPSKMG #M GSRXVMFY'MI VIGIRX
WGVMWSVM, HSGYQIRXI NYVMHMGI, HITI#I QMPMXEVI IXG, TI JVEKQIRXI HI TETMVYW
KWMXI R KVSXIPI HI#IVXYPYM HMR -YHE. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, QENSVMXEXIE
TETMVYWYVMPSV GSVIWTYRH TIVMSEHIM V^FSMYPYM PYM &EV-/SOLFE #M RY TVSMIGXIE^
HIGX S PYQMR WPEF EWYTVE MRXIVZEPYPYM 70-P30, GEVI JEGI SFMIGXYP EGIWXYM
WXYHMY.
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW WGVMI G, HYT GYGIVMVIE #M MRGIRHMIVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM R
ERYP 70, 8MXYW E TSVYRGMX WSPHE'MPSV WM W VEH TR R XIQIPMM RXVIKYP SVE#,
TVIGYQ #M WERGXYEVYP, GY I\GIT'ME XYVRYVMPSV QEM REPXI *EWEIP, ,MTTMGSW #M
1EVMEQRE #M E TV'MM HI ^MH GEVI RGSRNSEV SVE#YP PE ETYW: ^MHYP, TIRXVY E
WPYNM HVITX ETVEVI KEVRM^SERIM GEVI EZIE W 3I MRWXEPEX EGSPS, MEV XYVRYVMPI,
TIRXVY E EVXE KIRIVE'MMPSV YVQXSEVI GI QRHV #M TYXIVRMG GIXEXI JYWIWI
HSFSVX HI ZENRMGMM 3M EM 6SQIM. 6IWXYP JSVXM3GE'MMPSV GI RGIVGYMEY SVE#YP EY
JSWX JGYXI YRE GY TQRXYP, RGX RMGM YR GPXSV R-EV 3 TYXYX GVIHI G
EPXHEX EV 3 JSWX PSGYMX 1. %GIEWX HIWGVMIVI RY IWXI RXVY XSXYP I\EGX.
RXVIKYP ^MH WYHMG EP MRGMRXIM 8IQTPYPYM, GE #M QIXIVIÎPI HI IWX #M HI ZIWX W-EY
TWXVEX TR PE S RP'MQI GSRWMHIVEFMP, HYT GYQ WI QEM TSEXI GSRWXEXE #M
EWX^M. "M RMQMG RY RI WMPI#XI W RI RGLMTYMQ RXVIEKE GIXEXI GE TI YR ZEWX
PSG FSQFEVHEX, REMRXI HI E 3 VIGSRWXVYMX HI GXVI ,EHVMER R ERYP 135!
4YXIQ TVIWYTYRI R QSH VE'MSREP G QYP'M HMRXVI WYTVEZMI'YMXSVMM EWIHMYPYM #M-
EY VIJGYX PSGYMR'IPI, MEV )TMJERMI, 4VMRXI EP &MWIVMGMM HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE,
VIPEXIE^ GLMEV G EGIM GVI#XMRM GEVI EXYRGM JYKMWIV HMR -IVYWEPMQ WI
VIRXSVWIWIV R SVE#.
*. .SWITLYW, 6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV :-, P-3.
9R SVE# HI KEVRM^SER 7I QEM E4E EGSPS #M PIKMYRIE E ÎGIE VSQER,
GEVI SHMRMSEV JGYWI TEVXI HMR KEVRM^SERE ZEWXIM TVSZMRGMM ZIGMRI, 7MVME.
0YTXEWI R XMQTYP V^FSMYPYM HMR 6-70 #M IVE HI EGYQ RGEÊVQEX, GYQ WTYRI
.SWITLYW R XI\XYP HI QEM WYW, PE -IVYWEPMQ. %GIEWXE VITVIÎRXE S MRSZE'MI
MQTSVXERX HMR TEVXIE 6SQIM. REMRXI HI 6, RXVIEKE QMG KEVRM^SER #M EZIE
GE^VQMPI R SVE#YP 'IÊVIIE, R QENSVMXEXI TKR, EWXJIP RGX SVE#YP WJRX W
3I WGYXMX HI QERMJIWXVMPI TKRI EPI SGYTE'MIM QMPMXEVI VSQERI. 7I QEM E4E
EGYQ EGSPS S PIKMYRI, RXVMX GY GMRGM QMM HI SEQIRM, TIRXVY WYTVEZIKLIVIE
JSGEVYPYM HI YRHI VMWGEY W M^FYGRIEWG XYPFYVVM. R NYVYP XEFIVIM WEPI E
XVIFYMX W WI R3MR'IÎ, HYT SFMGIM, YR GEVXMIV RXVIK VIÎVZEX TSTYPE'MIM
GMZMPI, GY PSGYMR'I TIRXVY WS'MMPI WSPHE'MPSV #M JEQMPMMPI PSV, GY FM, TVZPMM, PSGYVM
HI RGLMRGMYRI IXG.
0IKMYRIE HMR -IVYWEPMQ IVE RXVMX GY GSVTYVM EY\MPMEVI (R KIRIVEP
EPGXYMXI HMR GXI GMRGM WYXI HI FVFE'M VIGVYXE'M HMRXVI TVSZMRGMEPM), EP GVSV
RYQV I\EGX RY WI GYRSE#XI, HEV XVIFYMEY W RWYQIÎ GIP TY'MR #EWI YRMX'M.
)VEY VMWMTMXI TVMR XSEX TVSZMRGME, MEV YRIPI HMRXVI IPI WI KWIEY PE 1EWEHE.
%GIEWX RXVMVI E KEVRM^SERIM EVXE G 6SQE PYE GVQYMVIE #M GSRXVSPYP -YHIMM
QEM R WIVMSW HIGX S JGYWI TR EXYRGM. (I EWIQIRIE, YR RYQV GY QYPX
QEM QEVI HI S3'IVM WYTIVMSVM EY JSWX RYQM'M R TSWXYP HI KYZIVREXSV, GY XMXPYP
HI PIKEX. 0IKEXYP EZIE R WYFSVHMRIE WE YR TVSGYVEXSV, R ZVIQIE EGIIE
JYRG'MSREV EP GVYM VSP GSRWXE HSEV R TIVGITIVIE MQTS^MXIPSV. 'EVMIVIPI
QYPXSVE HMRXVI EGI#XM PIKE'M RI WYRX JSEVXI FMRI GYRSWGYXI GLMEV HEG IPI RY
RI-EY TEVZIRMX WYF XVWXYVM EXX HI ZMM TVIGYQ GIPI EPI YRSV TVSGYVEXSVM HMR
ERMM 6-6 H. ,V.
9RMM HMRXVI IM VIQEVGRHY-WI R QSH HISWIFMX. (EV, GY XSEXI G RY
HMWTYRIQ HI HIXEPMM GY TVMZMVI PE EHQMRMWXVE'ME PSV WEY PE VETSVXYVMPI TI GEVI PI
EZIEY GY WYTY#MM, JETXYP G VIZSPXE HMR ERYP 132 RY E JSWX TVSZSGEX HI
RJVYRXVM MRXIVRI, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI GIE HMR 6, IWXI YR EVKYQIRX E WMPIRXMS
(GY ZEPSEVIE EJIVIRX) GEVI XMRHI W HSZIHIEWG JETXYP G EHQMRMWXVE'ME RSMPSV
KYZIVREXSVM IVE QEM PMFIVEP HIGX E TVIHIGIWSVMPSV PSV.
3 HSQMRE'MI QEM JIVQ EWYTVE 'VMM (I VIKYP, 6SQE RY IVE YR GYGIVMXSV
ZMRHMGEXMZ. (YT ERYP 70, VIGSRWXVYG'ME E QIVW QR R QR GY S HSQMRE'MI
QEM JIVQ EWYTVE 'VMM: -STI, KVEZ EZEVMEX HI V^FSM, E JSWX VIGSRWXVYMX, MEV YR
RSY SVE#, 2IETSPMW (EWX^M 2ETPY^) E JSWX RXIQIMEX ETVSETI HI 7MGLIQ. 2MGM S
VIWXVMG'MI RY E JSWX MQTYW TVEGXMGVMM MYHEMWQYPYM. 8VIFYMI W VIGYRSE#XIQ G
MYHIMM, GIP TY'MR HYT GXI #XMQ, RY EY RGIVGEX W VIGSRWXVYMEWG 8IQTPYP HMR
-IVYWEPMQ, HEV EGIEWXE RY W-E HEXSVEX ZVIYRIM MRXIVHMG'MM HMR TEVXIE VSQERMPSV.
4YXIQ RVIWYTYRI TYV #M WMQTPY G RY EZIEY QMNPSEGIPI HI E S JEGI, GY EXX
QEM QYPX GY GX RY QEM HMWTYRIEY EGYQ HI ZIRMXYVMPI HMR MQTS^MXYP 8IQTPYPYM,
RXV-EHIZV, HEG VSQERMM, QIVIY VIEPM#XM, RY M-EY TIHITWMX TI MYHIM TIRXVY G
W-EY VWGYPEX, TYRRHY-PI TI YQIVM TSZEVE MRWYTSVXEFMP E FMVYVMPSV SFM#RYMXI,
IM EY HIXYVREX R WGLMQF GXVI 3WGYP VSQER MQTS^MXYP TPXMX REMRXI HI XS'M
IZVIMM EHYP'M HI TEVXI FVFXIEWG TIRXVY RXVI'MRIVIE 8IQTPYPYM #M P-EY
RGLMREX VIJEGIVMM XIQTPYPYM PYM -YTMXIV 'ETMXSPMRYP HMR 6SQE, HI GYVRH
HIXIVMSVEX HI YR MRGIRHMY GIIE GI TIRXVY IZVIM GSRWXMXYME S MRWYPX R TPYW. R
EGIPE#M XMQT, EQFIPI WI\I EY JSWX WYTYWI MQTYRIVMM RGITRH GY ZVWXE HI XVIM
ERM. 7YQE VIEP WSPMGMXEX RY IVE IRSVQ #M VITVIÎRXE, JV RHSMEP, S TSZEV
QEM QYPX TWMLSPSKMG HIGX 3RERGMEV. (EV, IWXI FMRI W VIQEVGQ, HSEV PE
EGIWX RMZIP EY JSWX MYHIMM HMR HMEWTSVE TIHITWM'M TIRXVY KVI#IPMPI JVE'MPSV PSV HMR
4EPIWXMRE.
)WXI HI PE WMRI R'IPIW G PSZMXYVE QSVXEP HEX GYPXYPYM 8IQTPYPYM
MQTPMGE YR ERYQMX RYQV HI WGLMQFVM JYRHEQIRXEPI R TVEGXMGMPI I\XIVMSEVI
EPI VIPMKMIM MYHEMGI.
)ZSPY'ME MYHEMWQYPYM *V 8IQTPY, RY QEM TYXIEY I\MWXE WEGVM3GMM,
TVIS'MI #M QEVI TVISX, MEV TIPIVMRENIPI PE -IVYWEPMQ, GY TVMPINYP QEVMPSV WVFXSVM
#M EP >MPIM -WT#MVMM, R QWYVE R GEVI RG QEM EZIEY PSG, IVEY JV RMGM S
RHSMEP GY QYPX QEM VEVI. 'IRXVYP VIPMKMSW E HIZIRMX WMREKSKE PSGEP, MEV
TVMRGMTEPE EYXSVMXEXI VIPMKMSEW GEVI EZIE W HIZMR GY XMQTYP TYVXXSVYP HI
GYZRX EP RE'MYRMM E ENYRW W 3I RE#M, TVI#IHMRXIPI #GSPMM VEFMRMGI GIRXVEPI, TI
EXYRGM XVERWJIVEX HI PE -IVYWEPMQ R SVE#YP HI GSEWX -EQRME (-EFRI). RXV-
EHIZV, S HEX GY EFSPMVIE JYRG'MIM HI QEVI TVISX, MR4YIR'E WEHY-GLIMPSV,
EGIEWX WIGX EVMWXSGVEXMG #M EZYX ETVSETI G EQ TYXIE-S RYQM TEVXMH
GVIME M ETEV'MRIEY JEQMPMMPI GI I\IVGMXEY EGIEWX JYRG'MI, E GYRSWGYX YR
HIGPMR MRI\SVEFMP. 7IGXE VMZEP, E JEVMWIMPSV, HMR GEVI TVSZIRIEY QENSVMXEXIE
VEFMRMPSV, SGYT, RGITRH HI EGYQ, TVMQ-TPERYP WGIRIM. 7XYHMYP VRHYMIPMPSV
QMRY'MSEWI EPI PIKMM IZVIMI#XM, TVIGYQ #M GYXEVIE HIWZV#MVMM QSVEPI TVMR
T^MVIE HITPMR E 0IKMM HSQIRMM TVSJYRH MRHITIRHIRXI HI 8IQTPY, HIZIRMX
EGYQ GEHYG IVEY TVMRGMTEPE PSV TVISGYTEVI, RGITRH HMR ERYP 70, IZSPY'ME
MYHEMWQYPYM WX R QMRMPI PSV. 7XYHMYP #M HMWGYXEVIE HI GXVI EGI#XME E 0IKMM
WGVMWI E 4IRXEXIYLYPYM, 8SVE, EY HEX RE#XIVI YRYM GSVTYW ZEWX HI PIKM
WIGYRHEVI, SVEPI, GEVI EQTPM3GEY 8SVE, HRH WIEQ HIWTVI XSEXI
QTVINYVVMPI MQEKMREFMPI #M GEVI EZIEY GY XMQTYP W 3I GSHM3GEXI R 1M#RE, PE
RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE.
R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI IZIRMQIRXIPI WTIGM3GI 4EPIWXMRIM RXVI GIPI HSY
V^FSEMI, RY HMWTYRIQ HIGX HI M^ZSEVI MRGSRWMWXIRXI. RGIVGEVIE MYHIMPSV HI
E-#M VIHSFRHM MRHITIRHIR'E TSPMXMG I#YEWI, HEV ZMWYP PSV RY WI WXMR-"IWI.
1IWMERMWQYP GSRXMRYE W XVMEWG #M EZIE W MRWTMVI E HSYE VIZSPX BHEMG HMR
ERYP 132. R VIEPMXEXI, RY R XVEHM'ME IZVIMEWG, GM R GIE GVI#XMR KWMQ
VIPEXEVIE E XVIM ITMWSEHI R GEVI QIQFVMM GEWIM PYM (EZMH EY EZYX GIZE HI
QTV'MX GY EYXSVMX'MPI VSQERI. (IXEPMMPI GY TVMZMVI PE EGIEWXE WYRX ZEKM #M
RIWMKYVI, MEV WYVWIPI, R WXEVIE PSV EGXYEP, HYG GY KRHYP PE LV'YMIPM
TSPM'MIRI#XM QIRMXI W EWMKYVI SVHMRIE TYFPMG, QEM HIKVEF HIGX PE S
EHIZVEX TIVWIGY'MI E &MWIVMGMM. R VIEPMXEXI, WIQRM3GE'ME EGIWXSV ITMWSEHI
VI^MH R JETXYP G 6SQE VQRIE HI ZIKLI R JE'E YRSV IZIRXYEPI VIZSPXI GY
GEVEGXIV QIWMERMG, E\EXI R NYVYP JEQMPMIM HMR VRHYP GVIME IVE E#XITXEX 1IWME.
7I ZIHI G 6SQE TVIJIVE W YVQIÎ TVMRGMTMYP TSXVMZMX GVYME IWXI QEM FMRI W
TVIZMM HIGX W ZMRHIGM.
6IZSPX PE MYHIMM HMR )KMTX R ERYP 15, S VIZSPX HI EQTPSEVI QTSXVMZE
6SQIM E M^FYGRMX TVMRXVI IZVIMM HMR )KMTX #M W-E RXMRW VETMH PE GSQYRMX'MPI
HMEWTSVIM HMR 'MVIREMGE #M 'MTVY, IZIRMQIRX GEVI RY RGIXIE^ W WYVTVMRH,
RXVYGX 6SQE JYWIWI RXSXHIEYRE WGVYTYPSEW R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI SGVSXMVIE
HVITXYVMPSV GMZMPI #M VIPMKMSEWI EPI QMRSVMX'MPSV IZVIMI#XM HMR MQTIVMY. 7I TEVI
G EGIEWXE E HIGPER#EX S ERYQMX QM#GEVI HI WTVMNMR R 4EPIWXMRE, HEV RY IWXI
ZSVFE EMGM GY RMGM YR GLMT HI S VIZSPX KIRIVEPMÊX. 'XVI EGIEWX ITSG EY
JSWX HYFPEXI IJIGXMZIPI KEVRM^SERIM HMR TVSZMRGMI: S E HSYE PIKMYRI E JSWX
HIXE#EX #M TSWXEX R WYHYP +EPMPIMM. %GIEWX QWYV TSEXI 3, HIWMKYV,
MRXIVTVIXEX GE S TVIGEY'MI QTSXVMZE VMWGYPYM ETEVM'MIM YRSV JVQRXVM, QEM
HIKVEF HIGX GE HSZEHE YRSV XYPFYVVM VIEPI. 2Y IWXI QEM TY'MR EHIZVEX G,
R PMXIVEXYVE IZVIMEWG #M RY RYQEM, YRIPI MRHMGE'MM EVEX G TVSZMRGME -YHIIE
RY E JSWX GY XSXYP TE#RMG HI-E PYRKYP GIPSV XVIM ERM GX E HYVEX V^QIVM'E
HMEWTSVIM HMR %JVMGE HI 2SVH.
'Y EGIWXI QVXYVMM HIWXYP HI ZEKM, GSVXMRE GEHI HMR RSY TIWXI 4EPIWXMRE,
TR PE M^FYGRMVIE GIPIM HI-E HSYE VIZSPXI HMR ERYP 132. (EV, R HI3RMXMZ,
TYXIQ XVEKI YVQXSEVIE GSRGPY^MI KIRIVEP HIWTVI TIVMSEHE HMRXVI GIPI HSY
V^FSEMI: MYHIMM R-EV 3 TYXYX RXVITVMRHI S EPX VIZSPX WEY VI^MWXE TYXIVMM
QMPMXEVI E 6SQIM XMQT HI XVIM ERM, HEG RY W-EV 3 VIJGYX TI TPER IGSRSQMG,
TSTYPE'MSREP #M QSVEP, HYT IJIGXIPI HIZEWXEXSEVI EPI TVMQYPYM V^FSM, R
XMQTYP GIPSV #EMÎGM HI ERM GEVI P HIWTEVX HI EP HSMPIE. 8SEXI EGIWXIE XVIFYMI
TYWI TI WSGSXIEPE TSPMXMGMM, EHQMRMWXVE'MIM #M, R KIRIVEP, E EXMXYHMRMM 6SQIM JE'
HI WYTY#MM WM, RJVR'M R ERYP 70 H. ,V.
). 1EV] 7QEPP[SSH 'MRI WYRX TVMQMM GVI#XMRM PE -IVYWEPMQ#
R WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI, YGIRMGMM PYM -MWYW PE -IVYWEPMQ WYRX IZVIM, RXVI
GEVI -EGSZ NSEG YR VSP TVMQSVHMEP. 'YZRXYP GVI#XMR RY ETEVI HIGX QYPX QEM
XV^MY, PE %RXMSLME, WI TEVI. (MWTYXIPI WYRX ETVMRWI #M WI TSEVX R NYVYP
EGGITXVMM WEY RY E GIPSV RIGMVGYQGM#M R RSYE GSQYRMXEXI.
)YWIFMY, MWXSVMG EP TVMQIPSV XVIM WIGSPI EPI &MWIVMGMM, VIPEXIE^ G, TR PE
V^FSMYP PYM &EV-/SOLFE (132-P35), XS'M ITMWGSTMM -IVYWEPMQYPYM IVEY IZVIM HI
WTM' ZIGLI, TVSZIRM'M HMR JEQMPME PYM -MWYW, GYQ I -EGSZ; SMPI TWXSVMXI HI IM
IVEY MYHIM TVEGXMGER'M #M GY XS'MM E#XITXEY YR 1IWME 3Y EP PYM (EZMH. 7YRX
IXMGLIXE'M HVITX RE^SVIIRM, HEV WI #XMI TY'MR HIWTVI IM, GGM W-EY 'MRYX HITEVXI
HI QIHMMPI GEVI EY TVSHYW 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX R JSVQE WE EGXYEP. (YT ERYP 135
#M I\TYPÊVIE IZVIMPSV HMR -YHIIE, -IVYWEPMQYP, RYQMX %IPME, E JSWX EPMTMX
TVSEWTIXIM HMSGIÎ E 'IÊVIMM, HI EWGYPXEVI GVI#XMR ETYWIER.
%GIWXI MRJSVQE'MM WI QTEG HIWXYP HI KVIY GY GIIE GI VIPEXIE^ *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV, YRHI ZIHIQ G XSXYP TSVRI#XI HI PE -IVYWEPMQ; GY XSEXI EGIWXIE,
RYQIPI HI GVI#XMR ETEVI HSEV QEM XV^MY, PE %RXMSLME, R QTVINYVVM
RXQTPXSEVI.
7I GYZMRI QEM RXM W WYFPMRMIQ YR GSRXVEWX QENSV RXVI EGIWXI HSY
QSQIRXI. R QSQIRXYP RP'VMM, YGIRMGMM E#XIETX R QSH QERMJIWX W 3I
VIE#IÊX QTV'ME PYM -WVEIP. )M WYRX EWIQIRIE TIPIVMRMPSV HI PE )QEYW: P-EV
3 Z^YX TVIE FMRI TI -MWYW GE VIKI, HEV IP E HMWTVYX #M EXYRGM QIHMXIE^
EWYTVE EGIWXYM I#IG; TSEXI G WI ZE RXSEVGI, GE W RZMRK TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE
VYP, EP GVYM WMQTXSQ IZMHIRX IWXI HSQMRE'ME VSQER. %GIWXE IWXI TYRGXYP HI
TPIGEVI: YGIRMGMM EZIEY S XIRX ÎPSX, WEY KEPM-PIER; P R'IPIKIEY TVSWX TI
-MWYW, MEV 4IXVY TYVXE WEFMI.
'MRGMÎGMQIE TVI^MRX GY XSXYP EPXGIZE: TIVGITIQ S GSQYRMYRI E
XYXYVSV RIEQYVMPSV, 4IXVY MRXIVZMRI GY GYXIÊR' #M JEGI GE 7GVMTXYVE W
ZSVFIEWG PE TVIÎRX; WYRX GIPI HSY IJIGXI EPI (YLYPYM. 2I TYXIQ MQEKMRE
G EQFMER'E, GEHVYP MRM'MEP IWXI S WVFXSEVI HI TIPIVMREN PE 8IQTPY, GY
YVME#IPI IM QYP'MQM #M WI ZIHI PMQTIHI G 4IXVY WI EHVIWIE^ MYHIMPSV. 'Y XSEXI
EGIWXIE, VIHEGXEVIE EGXYEP WYKIVIE^ GPEV S EHYREVI PE -IVYWEPMQ JXYXYVSV
PMQFMPSV #M E XYXYVSV RE'MMPSV; EGIWX PYGVY IWXI GY XSXYP HMJIVMX HI RP'EVI. R
VIEPMXEXI, IWXI ZSVFE EMGM HI YR JVSRXMWTMGMY GEVI WGLM'IE^ YR XEFPSY 3REP,
ERXMGMTRH EWYTVE GXSVZE IXETI. 9R MRHMGMY R EGIWX WIRW M IWXI JYVRMÊX HI
QIR'MSREVIE GIPSV XVIM QMM HI RSY-FSXIÊ'M GEVI TEV JSEVXI ZSPEXMPM, GGM M
TMIVHIQ GYVRH HMR ZIHIVI.
:ME'E HI XSEXI ^MPIPI E KVYTYPYM EVI ETSM HSY XVWXYVM GEVEGXIVMWXMGI:
WYRX SEQIRM QVYR'M, GEVI TVEGXMG S ZME' HI SF#XI, GY JVRKIVIE TMRMM #M
VYKGMYRI, JSEVXI EWIQRXSEVI GY GIIE GI *PEZMYW .SWITLYW TSZIWXI#XI
HIWTVI IWIRMIRM; TI HI EPX TEVXI, WZV#IWG RYQIVSEWI XQHYMVM, GIIE GI PI
EHYGI S JEMQ GSRWMHIVEFMP. 'LMEV EYXSVMX'MPI WYRX MQTVIWMSREXI, GGM
ZVNMXSVME RY WZV#I#XI WIQRI E#E HI YMQMXSEVI, TVIGMÎE^ .SWITLYW. 'E #M
RZ'XSVYP PSV HMWTVYX, IM STIVIE^ EGIWXI PIGYMVM TVMR GYZRX, TVSJIVEX GY
EYXSVMXEXI: P ZIHIQ TI 4IXVY VMHMGRH YR SPSK R RYQIPI PYM -MWYW, HEV #M
JYPKIVRHY-P TI %RERME #M 7E3VE TIRXVY JYVXM#EKYP PSV. (MZIVWI KVYTYVM HI
FVFE'M #M HI JIQIM PM WI EPXYV. )M E3VQ G -MWYW IWXI ZMY TVMRXVI IM, HI YRHI
QEVM GSRXVSZIVWI GY TVMZMVI PE RZMIVI.
4IXVY #M 'SVRIPMY 8SEXI EGIWXIE WI TIXVIG RXV-YR GEHVY WXVMGX MYHEMG. )WXI
#M GE^YP PETMHVMM PYM "XIJER #M EP TIVWIGY'MMPSV TVSZIRMRH HMR QM#GVMPI EHZIVWI,
HMR GEVI JEGITEVXI #M 4EZIP (7EYP). 4SZIWXIE PYM *MPMT HIWGLMHI S JIVIEWXV WTVI
EPXI SVM^SRXYVM, HISEVIGI IP QIVKI W RXPRIEWG YR IXMSTMER RIGYVEX #M
WEQEVM-XIRM. (EV TIVXYVFEVIE QENSV ZMRI HI PE 4IXVY. )P GMVGYP TVMR -YHIIE,
RJTXYMRH ZMRHIGVM #M MEX G PE -STI, R GEWE PYM 7MQSR XFGEVYP, TI GRH WI
VSEK TI EGSTIVM# TIRXVY E WI JIVM HI MQTYVMXEXIE KE^HIM WEPI, EVI S ZM^MYRI R
GEVI XSEX 3VIE M WI EVEX GYVEX. 0E EGIEWXE WI EHEYK MRZMXE'ME PYM 'SVRIPMY,
YR WYXE# HMR EVQEXE HI SGYTE'MI, GEVI P GLIEQ PE IP, R 'IÊVIIE.
1REX HI (YL, WI HYGI RXV-EGSPS #M HIWGSTIV GY QEVI QMVEVI G
WYXE#YP IWXI R GSQYRMYRI GY IP; P HIGPEV EXYRGM ETX TIRXVY FSXI^, HEV JV
E-P XME QTVINYV. ) GIZE JSEVXI RSY: R GEPIE TEKMRMPSV W RY QIVKI'M,
WTYWIWI -MWYW R XMQTYP ZMI'MM WEPI. )TMWSHYP VQRI JSEVXI M^SPEX R -YHIIE #M
MQTIVGITXMFMP TIRXVY WJIVIPI HMVMKYMXSEVI TR HYT V^FSMYP HMR ERYP 70, HEV
IWXI HI TVMQ QVMQI, GGM IWXI KVIY HI MQEKMREX TIRXVY QIHMYP HI SVMKMRI EP
ETSWXSPMPSV. 4SXVMZMX PYM -SER, GEVI RXVIZIHI S VIPE'MI HI GSRXMRYMXEXI, -MWYW PI-EV
3 TVI^MW G IM ZSV JEGI PYGVYVM RG #M QEM QVI'I HIGX IP. 4IVIXIPI YVMM E JSWX
WYVTEX, ZE WTYRI QEM XV^MY 4EZIP.
8SXY#M, ITMWSHYP IWXI KVEZ #M WMXYE'MM EWIQRXSEVI M WI EHEYK PE
%RXMSLME: XVIFYMI W 3M QEM RXM IZVIY (TVMR XMIVI QTVINYV) TIRXVY E MRXVE R
SF#XI (TVMR FSXI^)# RXVIFEVIE TSEXI 3 JSVQYPEX #M EPXJIP: GEVI IWXI WIQRYP
MRXVVMM R 0IKQRX# (I PE %ZVEEQ RGSEGI, IWXI XMIVIE QTVINYV, MEV JEVMWIMM
'MR PE EGIEWX XVEHM'MI WIGYPEV. )WIRMIRMM RW ZSV W VIMRWXEYVIÎ 0IKQRXYP
TI FEÎ RSM, GY S RSX WEGIVHSXEP (3M EM PYM 7EHSG): MQTSVXERX TIRXVY IM IWXI
HSEV MRXVEVIE R SF#XI, HYT YR TEVGYVW FETXMWQEP EP GVYM GETX IWXI HI EPXJIP
'MRGMÎGMQIE, WVFXSEVIE 0IK-QRXYPYM; MYHIMM HMR EJEV #M GLMEV GERHMHE'MM
PE EHQMXIVI WYRX PE JIP HI RIGYVE'M GE TKRMM. 'MVGYQGM^ME #M 3PME'ME
IZVIMEWG HIZMR WIGYRHEVI, HEV R EWIQIRIE QWYV RGX W 3I EHQM#M
RIIZVIM#
-EGSZ, SGVSXMXSV EP MYHIS-GVI#XMRMPSV %GIWXIE WYRX GMVGYQWXER'IPI
JEMQSWYPYM WMRSH HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, HIWJ#YVEX WYF EVFMXVENYP PYM -EGSZ. 4SXVMZMX
VIHEGXVMM EGXYEPI E *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV, -EGSZ M GSRXVE^MGI TI JEVMWIM: XMIVIE
QTVINYV RY IWXI RIGIWEV PE MRXVEVIE R GSQYRMXEXI TVMR FSXI^, MEV GE^YP PYM
'SVRIPMY IWXI RKHYMX. 8SXY#M, HEG M^SPQ VWTYRWYP PYM -EGSZ HI GSRXI\XYP
WY, ETEVI YR EPX WIRW: S HEX GY WJV#MXYP GI ZE W ZMR, (YQRIÎY ZE VMHMGE
HMR RSY GEWE PYM (EZMH #M #M-E EPIW YR TSTSV HMRXVI RIEQYVM; MEX GXIZE
TVIGITXI EPI PSV, QS#XIRMXI HMR PIKQRXYP PYM 2SI, HEV GEVI RY MRGPYH XMIVIE
QTVINYV; R GI RI TVMZI#XI, P EZIQ TI 1SMWI, TVSTSZHYMX R 3IGEVI WEFEX R
WMREKSKM. 2Y I\MWX, TVMR YVQEVI, GSQIRWEPMXEXI #M, R GIPI HMR YVQ, -EGSZ
IWXI HIWXYP HI ETVSETI HI WXEVIE HI WTMVMX E YGIRMGMPSV PE ZVIQIE RP'VMM.
2I TYXIQ RXVIFE HEG EVI R ZIHIVI WEY RY YR FSXI^ TIRXVY EGI#XM
TKRM, EHMG HEG P EGGITX WEY RY TI 'SVRIPMY, HEV IWIR'MEPYP WI E4 R EPX
TEVXI: IP QIR'MRI S WITEVE'MI RXVI MYHIM #M TKRM. 6I^YPX HI EMGM XIRWMYRM
WIVMSEWI GY 4EZIP, HYT GYQ ZIHIQ R )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM. 1EM XV^MY,
GRH 4EZIP ENYRKI PE -IVYWEPMQ, XSZEV#MM PYM -EGSZ WI RIPMRM#XIWG HMR TVMGMRE
^ZSRYVMPSV GSRJSVQ GVSVE, R GPXSVMMPI WEPI, EGIWXE M-EV 3 QTMRW TI MYHIM W
VIRYR'I PE XMIVIE QTVINYV, R ZVIQI GI R -YHIIE I\MWXEY QMM HI GVIHMRGMS#M
TPMRM HI VZR TIRXVY 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI; VIKWMQ R XVIEGX YR IGSY EP GIPSV XVIM
QMM HI FSXIÊ'M HI PE 'MRGMÎGMQI. 4IRXVY IM, -MWYW IWXI ZMY, HYT GYQ EY
TVIZIWXMX TVSVSGMM.
-EGSZ #M 4EZIP QTVX#IWG EGIIE#M STMRMI GY TVMZMVI PE RZMIVI, HEV R GI
TVMZI#XI WIQRM3GE'ME IM, RXVI GIM HSM TIVWMWX YR GSR4MGX QENSV, R GEVI 4IXVY,
YGIRMGYP PYM -MWYW, E TVIKIXEX. 4IRXVY TVMQYP, NYHIGEXE HMR YVQ IWXI MQMRIRX,
HEV SVHMRIE 'VIE'MIM WI TWXVIE^ #M IWXI R EJEVE SVMGVIM HMWGY'MM W WI XYPFYVI
LSXEVIPI RXVI -WVEIP #M RIEQYVM; TIRXVY GIPPEPX, NYHIGEXE HI ETSM IWXI
RJTXYMX TVMR NIVXJE VWGYQTVXSEVI E PYM -MWYW; EGIEWXE IWXI MIVXEVIE #M S
RSY GVIE'MI E RGITYX, JV KVERM'I, RXIQIMEX TI GSQYRMYRI. )\MWX XSXY#M
S EWMQIXVMI: 4EZIP IWXI RKPSFERX #M RY RXQ-TMR RMGM S KVIYXEXI R E WI TYRI
HI EGSVH GY WXPTMM, RXVI GEVI WI RYQV -EGSZ; HEV VIGMTVSGE IWXI JEPW:
TIRXVY -EGSZ #M TIRXVY IZVIM R KIRIVEP 4EZIP IWXI S EQIRMR'EVI, GGM
EFSPMVIE LSXEVIPSV, QEM EPIW R RYQIPI 7GVMTXYVMM, HMWXVYKI 'VIE'ME #M RY QEM
VITVI^MRX HIGX S RXSEVGIVI PE LESWYP MRM'MEP, PE XSLY-FSLY; IWXI I\EGX GIIE
GI HSZIHIWG #M WGVMIVMPI 4WIYHS-GPIQIRXMRI.
'MRI IWXI EGIWX -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM# (I GI RWY#M 4IXVY XVIFYMI W-P
HIE PYM WSGSXIEP# 6WTYRWYP IWXI YRYP GEVI 'MRI HI JEQMPMI #M IWXI PIKEX HI YR
GPER EP RE^SVIIRMPSV, GEVI E#XIETX W WI MZIEWG HMR WRYP WY YR 3Y EP PYM
(EZMH. -MWYW IVE HMRXVI EGI#XME, MRWGVMT'ME PYM 4MPEX S HSZIHI#XI, HEV IP WI
HIWTV'MWI HI EM WM TIRXVY E MRXVE R FSXI^YP PYM -SER, R ZIHIVIE YRIM QMWMYRM
TI GEVI JEQMPME M-E VITVS#EX-S. 0E HMWTEVM'ME PYM, -EGSZ E HIZIRMX TIVWSRENYP HI
VIJIVMR', TSEXI G HMR VI4I\ JEQMPMEP, JV RHSMEP MEM GYVRH KVE'MI
TIVWSREPMX'MM WEPI. %ZIE, RXV-EHIZV, S WXEXYV I\GIT'MSREP, HYT GYQ VIMIWI
HMR RWYQEVIE MRHMGE'MMPSV PYM .SWITLYW GY EPI PYM )YWIFMY: R ERYP 62, ZMSPIR'E
ÎPS'MPSV GVI#XIE RIGVY'XSV, -EGSZ ZIHIE WJV#MXYP ETVSETI #M, RXV-YR QSQIRX
R GEVI RY I\MWXE KYZIVREXSV VSQER, E ZVYX W WI WYFWXMXYMI QEVIPYM TVISX
TIRXVY E-P MQTPSVE TI (YQRIÎY -PRZSGRHY-P RYQIPI W RY ME R WIEQ
KVI#IEPE TSTSVYPYM; QEVIPI TVISX %RER E TYW EXYRGM W 3I PETMHEX, TSXVMZMX
PIKMM, TIRXVY FPEWJIQMI; IVE YR KIWX R GSRJSVQMXEXI GY HVITXYP FMFPMG, HEV
XSXY#M S IVSEVI, GGM QEVXMVYP IWXI TVSTYPWEX GE (VITXYP -EGSZ, MEV %RER IWXI
HITYW. 8SXY#M, RMGM EGIWXE RY IVE GLMEV SVMGMRI, GGM .SWITLYW, GEVI #M-E JGYX
HMR IP QSHIPYP WY, HIGPEV G, HEG RY EV 3 JSWX YPXIVMSV EWEWMREX (R ERYP 70),
EV 3 TYXYX, TVMR GYGIVRMGME #M TVMR ERZIVKYVE WE TSPMXMG, W IZMXI V^FSMYP.
3VMKMRIE TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM R EJEVE GE^YPYM M^SPEX EP PYM 'SVRIPMY, RY I\MWX
YVQI HI TKRM GSRZIVXM'M RMGM PE -IVYWEPMQ, RMGM R -YHIIE. 2Y RXPRMQ RMGM
GVI#XMRM, MEV XIVQMRSPSKME QSHIVR GEVI-P HIWIQRIE^ GE MYHIS-GVI#XMRM RY
IWXI TVIE JIVMGMX.
8IVQIRYP GVI#XMR ZMRI HMR KVIGIWYP GLVMWXSW (QIWME, YRWYP), GY YR WY3\
PEXMR EYKQIRXEXMZ, HI YRHI GLVMWXMERYW. 0E SVMKMRI, IP HIWIQRE JVQRXVMPI
IZVIMI#XM QIWMERMÊRXI HMR XMQTYP QTVEXYPYM 'EPMKYPE, GEVI EY EXMRW
TEVS\MWQYP EXYRGM GRH EGIWXE E SVHSREX W M WI VMHMGI S WXEXYMI R 8IQTPYP HMR
-IVYWEPMQ, R ERYP 39. )\MWX YVQI EPI EGIWXSV QM#GVM PE %PI\ERHVME #M PE
6SQE, JV RMGM S PIKXYV GY -MWYW. R E XVIME GETMXEP, %RXMSLME, TVMRGMTEPE
QVXYVMI IWXI SJIVMX HI *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV: &EVREFE, XVMQMW PE %RXMSLME, IWXI
TVMRW RXV-S ZPXSEVI QIWMERMÊRX #M QIVKI W-P GEYXI TI 4EZIP R 8EVW, GGM
EGIWXE IWXI TVMGITYX R QEXIVMI HI QM#GVM TSTYPEVI; GY EGIWX TVMPIN YGIRMGMM
WYRX GEXEPSKE'M HVITX GVI#XMRM, HI GXVI TSTYPE'MI WEY, TSEXI, HI EYXSVMX'MPI
VSQERI. 8IVQIRYP W-E TWXVEX HEXSVMX PYM 4EZIP #M XSZEV#MPSV WM #M E GYRSWGYX,
ETEVIRX, HSY IXETI: YRE TI HVYQYP (EQEWGYPYM, TVMR MHIRXM3GEVIE 9RWYPYM
E#XITXEX GY -MWYW GI EZIE W ZMR (,VMWXSW IWXI -MWYW), ETSM, QEM XV^MY, WTVI
)JIW, TVMR VIGYRSE#XIVIE JETXYPYM G ZIRMVIE PYM W-E QTPMRMX HINE (-MWYW ,VMWXSW
IWXI (SQRYP).
2Y IWXI EMGM PSGYP W HI^ZSPXQ EGIWXI EWTIGXI, GM HSEV W VIQEVGQ G
XIVQIRYP HI GVI#XMR RY E GMVGYPEX RMGMSHEX R -YHIIE TR PE V^FSMYP HMR
ERYP 70, GIP TY'MR RY TIRXVY E-P HIWIQRE TI YGIRMGMM PYM -MWYW. 1VXYVME PYM
.SWITLYW IWXI JSEVXI GPEV. (I EPXJIP, EXYRGM GRH 4EZIP IWXI EVIWXEX PE
-IVYWEPMQ HMR TVMGMRE XYPFYVVMPSV (#M GRH -EGSZ RY-P ETV GXY#M HI TY'MR, FE
HMR GSRXV), IP WJV#I#XI TVMR E WI RJ'M#E VIKIPYM %KVMTE EP --PIE. %GIWXE, HYT
GI P EWGYPX, HIGPEV: 'Y TY'MR HI RY Q RHYTPIGM W Q JEG #M IY GVI#XMR!.
7IRWYP RY IWXI EGIPE HI E HIZIRM YGIRMG EP PYM -MWYW, YR XEYQEXYVK R JIPYP PYM
4IXVY, GM TEVXMÊR EP 1IWMIM GI ZE W ZMR.
4EZIP #M GVI#XMRMM PYM WYRX HIGM JSEVXI HMJIVM'M HI -EGSZ #M HI ETSWXSPM, E#E
GYQ M ZIHIQ PE PYGVY PE -IVYWEPMQ #M R QTVINYVMQM, HEV IP E 'MRYX W TWXVIÎ
PIKXYVE GY EGI#XME. R VIEPMXEXI, TVMR FSXI^ GVYME 4EZIP M IWXI YR ETVXSV
HI RIXKHYMX WI EWMKYV S PIKXYV MRWXMXY'MSREP JSEVXI TYXIVRMG. 'IM
9RWTVIÎGI, R QSQIRXYP GRH XVIFYMI RPSGYMX -YHE, GEYX YR QEVXSV EP
XYXYVSV JETXIPSV RGITRH HI PE FSXI^YP PYM -SER, TI GEVI W-P GYRSEWG #M
%TSPPS HMR %PI\ERHVME #M YGIRMGMM HMR )JIW; MEV 4EZIP RWY#M, R *ETXI,
VIMRXIVTVIXIE^ R HSY VRHYVM EGIWX FSXI^, HIGPEVRH G -MWYW IWXI XSGQEM
EGIPE E GVYM ZIRMVI S ZIWXIE -SER &SXI^XSVYP. 1M#GEVIE IZVIMEWG WXVRMX HI
YGIRMGM R -YHIIE E JSWX GSRWMHIVEFMP, GIIE GI RY RWIEQR G XS'M GIM GEVI
JYWIWIV XQHYM'M WEY HSEV MQTVIWMSRE'M EY #M MRXVEX R GSQYRMXEXI.
%GIEWXE RY PSGYMI#XI RIETVEX XSX XMQTYP PE -IVYWEPMQ; EMGM WI ZIRIE, R
SVMGI GE^, GY TVMPINYP WVFXSVMPSV HI TIPIVMREN, GIIE GI SJIVIE #M SGE^ME
VIZIHIVMM #M E RZ'XYVMM. 'Y WMKYVER' I\MWXE GIP TY'MR S PSGYMR' XIQTSVEV,
SEVIGYQ GE QEM REMRXI, R GE^YP PYM -MWYW, GEVI #XME YRHI W XVEK; HMR QSXMZI
HI TVI'YMVI, XVEHM'ME WMXYIE^ EGIWXI PSGYVM R MRGMRXE -IVYWEPMQYPYM, ETVSETI HI
TSEVXE IWIRMIRMPSV. 4IXVY IVE HI SVMKMRI VYVEP #M HMZIVWI HIXEPMM REVEXMZI HEY
HI R'IPIW G PSGYME RHISF#XI PE 'EV, TVSFEFMP R -YHIIE. -EGSZ IVE, TSEXI,
TVIÎRX R QSH QEM VIKYPEX PE -IVYWEPMQ, 3MRHG EMGM WI E4EY WYGGIWSVMM WM,
ITMWGSTMM (WYTVEZIKLIXSVMM) SF#XMM.
%FME QEM XV^MY, GXVI 75, PE 6SQE, E TYXYX JEGI .SWITLYW S PIKXYV
RXVI EGIWXI QM#GVM HMR -YHIIE #M MQTSVXER'E WSGMEP GVIWGRH E
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM TEYPMR, E3PMEX #M IP PYM -MWYW, HEV MRGPY^RH #M TKRM RIXME'M
QTVINYV. 'YQ EZIE KVMNE VIJEGIVMM RE'MIM PYM, .SWITLYW E XVIGYX EXYRGM HI PE
FYRZSMR' PE VIWTMRKIVIE QLRMX, EXVMFYMRHY-P GLMEV, QEM XV^MY, PYM -MWYW
RXIQIMIVIE YRIM #GSPM R GEVI HINE WI EQIWXIGEY MYHIM #M KVIGM.
)XMIRRI 2SHI' 7,MV
4IVWSRENIPI HMR )ZERKLIPMI RYQMXI -EGSZ 3VMGMRI GMXI#XI GY MRKIRYMXEXI
2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, WXVHYMRHY-WI W KWIEWG EGSPS GI WX WGVMW HIWTVI
TIVWSRENIPI GY RYQIPI -EGSZ, GSRWXEX, RGIVGRH W WMWXIQEXMÎÎ HEXIPI
V^PI'I TI GEVI PI-E EHYREX, G I\MWX YR RYQV GSRWMHIVEFMP HI TIVWSRENI
GEVI P TSEVX.
1EM QYPXI XI\XI ZSVFIWG HIWTVI -EGSZ, JVEXIPI PYM -SER, EQRHSM 3M EM PYM
>IZIHIY, RYQM'M YRISVM &SERIVKLIW, EHMG *MM EM 8YRIXYPYM. -EGSZ -EPXYVM HI
-SER JEGI TEVXI HMR KVYTYP GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI. 8VEHM'ME GVI#XMR M-E HEX EGIWXYM
TIVWSREN RYQIPI HI -EGSZ GIP 1EVI (GJ. 1X 10, 2; 1G 3, 17; 0I 6, 14; *%1, 13).
R EGIPIE#M PMWXI GEVI M QIR'MSRIE^ TI GIM HSMWTVIÎGI ETSWXSPM ETEVI
YR EPX TIVWSREN GY RYQIPI -EGSZ. %GIWXE IWXI EHIWISVM TYW R VIPE'MI GY 8EHIY
(1X 10, 3; 1G 3, 18) #M IWXI, R XSEXI TEWENIPI, GEVEGXIVMÊX GE 3MRH 3YP PYM %PJIY
(1X 10, 3; 1G 3, 18; 0I 6, 15; *% 1, 13). %GIWX -EGSZ IWXI RYQMX HI XVEHM'ME
GVI#XMR -EGSZ GIP 1MG.
R HSY VRHYVM, PMWXIPI GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI TSQIRIWG YR -EGSZ GEVI EV 3
XEXP ETSWXSPYPYM -YHE (0I 6, 16; *% 1, 13). %GIWX -EGSZ, HIWTVI GEVI RY WI #XMI
I\EGX HEG IWXI XEXP WEY JVEXIPI PYM -YHE (GJ. RSXE HMR 83& GY TVMZMVI PE 0I 10,
16), IWXI RIGYRSWGYX HI EPXQMRXIVM, MEV XVEHM'ME YPXIVMSEV RY M-E EGSVHEX
EXIR'MI.
R WJV#MX, RXPRMQ R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX YR TIVWSREN RYQMX -EGSZ, JVEXI EP
(SQRYPYM (GJ. 1X 13, 5; 1G 6, 3). %GIWXE ZE NYGE YR VSP HI WIEQ R &MWIVMGE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM (+E 2,19), EP GVIM GET, FE GLMEV TVMQ ITMWGST ZE 3. 8VEHM'ME
GVI#XMR YPXIVMSEV P-E WYTVERYQMX TI EGIWX -EGSZ (VITXYP -EGSZ, R ZMVXYXIE
EXE#EQIRXYPYM WY JE' HI MYHEMWQ #M E MRXVERWMKIR'IM PYM R GI TVMZI#XI
EWGYPXEVIE 0IKMM MYHEMGI.
-EGSZ GIP 1MG 2I E4Q TVMR YVQEVI R TVIÎR'E E TEXVY TIVWSRENI GY
RYQIPI -EGSZ. (EG -EGSZ, XEXP PYM -YHE, RY E PWEX YVQI R MWXSVMI, RY PE JIP WI
RXQTP GY GIMPEP'M XVIM. (IWMKYV, -EGSZ, JVEXIPI PYM -SER, ETEVI GE YR TIVWSREN
GEVEGXIVMWXMG, EZRHY-#M TIVWSREPMXEXIE PYM. (EV RXVIFEVIE GEVI WI TYRI IWXI
HI E #XM HEG RY WI GEHI W VIHYGIQ RYQVYP -EGSZMPSV, MHIRXM3GRHY-P TI
-EGSZ, 3YP PYM %PJIY, GY -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM. % TVMSVM, EGIWX PYGVY TEVI
HM3GMP, GGM HEG -EGSZ IWXI 3YP PYM %PJIY, RY TSEXI 3 JVEXI EP (SQRYPYM, HIGM
W-P EMF TI -SWMJ HVITX XEX. -EGSZ RY TSEXI 3 R EGIPE#M XMQT 3YP PYM %PJIY #M EP
PYM -SWMJ, RYQEM HEG EGI#XME HSM RY WYRX YRYP #M EGIPE#M, GIIE GI 2SYP
8IWXEQIRX RY RI GSQYRMG. R'IPIKIQ EXYRGM XVEHM'ME VWVMXIER, GEVI
HISWIFI#XI R KIRIVEP GIPI HSY TIVWSRENI #M GEVI TV^RYMI#XI WVFXSEVIE PYM
-EGSZ GIP 1MG PE 25 SGXSQFVMI, R XMQT GI TI GIE E PYM -EGSZ, 3YP PYM %PJIY, S
GIPIFVIE^ PE 9 SGXSQFVMI.
8VEHM'ME ETYWIER, R WGLMQF, M-E EWMQMPEX YRYP EPXYME TI -EGSZ, 3YP PYM
%PJIY #M TI -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, JGRH HMR IM YRYP #M EGIPE#M TIVWSREN, RXV-
EHIZV, HEG TSXVMZMX +EPEXIRM 1,19, -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, IWXI YR ETSWXSP,
IWXI IZMHIRX G XVIFYMI W-#M KWIEWG PSGYP R PMWXIPI WMRSTXMGI EPI GIPSV
(SMWTVIÎGI. "M, GYQ IP RY TSEXI 3 JVEXIPI PYM -SER, RY TSEXI 3 HIGX 3YP PYM
%PJIY. -EV HEG EHQMXIQ, QTVIYR GY XVEHM'ME ETYWIER, G JVEXI, R
PMQFENYP RISXIWXEQIRXEV, IWXI IGLMZEPIRXYP ZVYPYM, IWXI PMQTIHI EXYRGM G
-EGSZ, 3YP PYM %PJIY, TSEXI 3 #M ZV EP (SQRYPYM. %GIWXE IWXI VE'MSREQIRXYP
XVEHM'MIM ETYWIRI GEVI, YVQRHY-P R EGIEWX TVMZMR' TI 'PIQIRX
%PI\ERHVMRYP, P MHIRXM3G TI JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM GY 3YP PYM %PJIY, RIGYRSWGRH,
TVMR YVQEVI HIGX HSM -EGSZ, GIP 1EVI #M GIP 1MG. "M EY JSWX HSM -EGSZ, HIGPEV
'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP R GEVXIE E :MP-E HMR PYGVEVIE WE,MTSXMTSÎ, YRYP (VITX
?R WTI', JVEXIPI (SQRYPYMA. "M GIPPEPX GVYME M W-E XMEX GETYP ?VIWTIGXMZ, 3YP
PYM >IZIHIY, GJ. *% 12, 2A (GMXEX HI )YWIFMY, -WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -, 1, 5).
-EGSZ GIP 1EVI 4YXIQ SEVI WXEFMPM GI GYRSE#XIQ HIWTVI -EGSZ GIP 1EVI#
7YVWE RSEWXV IWXI, R GE^YP PYM, XVEHM'ME WMRSTXMG. )E RI RZE' G -EGSZ IWXI
JVEXIPI PYM -SER, G EQRHSM WYRX 3M EM PYM >IZIHIY, G ETEV'MR GIVGYPYM GIPSV
(SMWTVIÎGI #M WYRX, GY 4IXVY #M %RHVIM, YGIRMGM JSEVXI ETVSTME'M HI -MWYW (GJ. 1X
10, 2 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI).
8VEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG RI WIQREPIE^ ZSGE'ME PYM -EGSZ #M E PYM -SER GEVI,
PE GLIQEVIE PYM -MWYW, #M TVWIWG GSVEFME TIRXVY E-P YVQE (GJ. 1X 4, 21; 1G 1,
19; 0I 5, 10).
R QSQIRXYP 7GLMQFVMM PE *E', -EGSZ ETEVI GE YRYP HMRXVI ETVSTME'MM PYM
-MWYW, HISEVIGI, QTVIYR GY 4IXVY #M -SER, IM WYRX GIM XVIM FIRI3GMEVM EM
ZM^MYRMM (1X 17, 1 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI).
8SX 4IXVY, -EGSZ #M -SER WYRX GIM GEVI P RWS'IWG TI -MWYW R QSQIRXYP
RZMIVMM 3MGIM PYM -EMV (GJ. 1G 5, 37 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI).
-EGSZ #M -SER WYRX GIM GEVI M GIV PYM -MWYW W-P VRHYMEWG HI-E HVIETXE "M
HI-E WXRKE PYM (1G 10, 35 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI). 8SX IM P RXVIEF TI -MWYW GEVI ZSV
3 WIQRIPI WJV#MXYPYM (GJ. 1G 13, 3). 0E +LIXWMQERM, M VIKWMQ XSX TI EGI#XM XVIM
YGIRMGM EPXYVM HI -MWYW, TIRXVY VYKGMYRIE HIGMWMZ, RW IM EHSVQ (GJ. 1G 14,
3).
-EGSZ QEM ETEVI #M R RGTIVIE HI WYW, EXYRGM GRH YGIRMGMM E#XIETX,
QTVIYR GY QEQE #M JVE'MM PYM -MWYW, TSKSVVIE (YLYPYM 7JRX (*% 1, 13).
R WJV#MX, E4Q G -VSH TYRI GE -EGSZ, JVEXIPI PYM -SER, W 3I SQSVX HI
WEFMI, R EGIPE#M XMQT R GEVI TSVYRGI#XI TVMRHIVIE PYM 4IXVY (*% 12, 2).
%GIWXIE WYRX MRJSVQE'MMPI TI GEVI XVEHM'ME IZERKLIPMG RM PI SJIV HIWTVI
-EGSZ GIP 1EVI: IWXI YR YGIRMG JSEVXI ETVSTMEX PYM -MWYW, GEVI P-E RXSZV#MX R
XMQTYP WPYNMVMM WEPI #M GEVI, R GIPI HMR YVQ, E WYJIVMX #M IP QEVXMVMYP R XMQTYP PYM
-VSH.
*VEXIPI (SQRYPYM R GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI TI -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, PE
HEXIPI XVEHM'MIM RISXIWXE-QIRXEVI XVIFYMI EHYKEXI #M EPXI IPIQIRXI EPI
XVEHM'MIM GVI#XMRI TVMQEVI, VIWXMXYMXI HI )YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE.
R )ZERKLIPMM, JVE'MM #M WYVSVMPI PYM -MWYW ETEV WTVI E EVXE G -MWYW RY EVI
RMQMG MI#MX HMR GSQYR, RXVYGX JEQMPME PYM IWXI FMRI GYRSWGYX (GJ. 1X 12,
46-50 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI), MEV )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER TVIGMÎE^ G JVE'MM PYM RY
GVIHIEY R IP (GJ. R 7, 5).
R ^MYE 'MRGMÎGMQMM, M VIKWMQ TI JVE'MM PYM -MWYW R RGTIVIE HI WYW,
E#XITXRH VIZVWEVIE (YLYPYM 7JRX. RGITRH HMR EGIWX QSQIRX ZIHIQ
MI#MRH PE MZIEP, HMRXVI JVE'MM PYM -MWYW, TIVWSRENYP -EGSZ, GEVI HSFRHI#XI YR VSP
HMR GI R GI QEM TVIKRERX R &MWIVMGE -IVYWEPMQYPYM.
R )TMWXSPE RXM GXVI 'SVMRXIRM (15, 7), -EGSZ IWXI QIR'MSREX GE YRYP HMR
QEVXSVMM VIGYRSWGY'M EM RZMIVMM PYM ,VMWXSW #M EGIEWXE I\TPMG HI GI 4EZIP P
GSRWMHIV YR ETSWXSP (GJ. +E 1, 19). %XYRGM GRH, HYT GSRZIVXMVIE WE, 4EZIP
QIVKI PE -IVYWEPMQ WTVI E HE WIEQ HIWTVI GPXSVME PYM PE )JIW, XVIGI TI PE
-EGSZ, R GEPMXEXIE EGIWXYME HI GSRHYGXSV MRGSRXIWXEFMP EP &MWIVMGMM SVE#YPYM
(*% 21, 18). %WXJIP ETEVI -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM, GE TVMQYP ITMWGST EP
-IVYWEPMQYPYM. )P ZE HE GSQYRMX'MM S SVMIRXEVI MYHEM-ÊRX GEVI WI ZE EGGIRXYE
HMR GI R GI QEM QYPX HYT TPIGEVIE PYM 4IXVY #M QSEVXIE PYM -EGSZ GIP 1EVI.
8VEHM'ME &MWIVMGMM ZIGLM, EP GVIM VITVIÎRXERX GIP QEM HI WIEQ TIRXVY
EGIEWX TIVMSEH TVMQEV IWXI MWXSVMGYP )YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE, VIME EGIPIE#M
HEXI #M PI TVIGMÎE^. )P HIGPEV G -EGSZ, GIP GI I RYQMX JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM.
'VYME TVIS'MM M-EY HEX TSVIGPE TI FYR HVITXEXI, HEXSVMX ZMVXY'MM WEPI JV
WIEQR, E JSWX, WI WTYRI, TVMQYP E#IÊX TI XVSRYP ITMWGSTEP EP &MWIVMGMM HMR
-IVYWEPMQ (-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -, 1, 2). )YWIFMY RI EHYGI PE GYRS#XMR' G
(VITXYP -EGSZ E QYVMX QEVXMV. 4IRXVY E WYW'MRI EGIEWX E3VQE'MI, RI SJIV XVIM
TSZIWXMVM EPI QEVXMVMYPYM PYM -EGSZ, YRE TVSZIRMRH HI PE 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP
(-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -, 1, 4-5), EPXE HI PE ,IKIWMT (-, 23, 4-P8), E XVIME HI PE
MWXSVMGYP MYHIY *PEZMYW .SWITLYW (-, 23, 2P-24). %GIWXI XVIM QVXYVMM, GEVI WI
GSRXVE^MG TVSJYRH GY TVMZMVI PE GMVGYQWXER'IPI QSV'MM PYM -EGSZ, E3VQ XSXY#M PE
YRMWSR G EGIWXE E JSWX ZMGXMQE YVMM MYHIMPSV #M G, PE WGYVX XMQT, -IVYWEPMQYP E
#M JSWX EWIHMEX.
%RHVI &IRSMX "M XVIGRH 4IXVY TI PE XS'M.
'LMEV HI PE RGITYXYP )ZERKLIPMIM HYT 0YGE, QMWMYRIE PYM 4IXVY IWXI
WXVRW PIKEX HI ZSGE'ME WE. (YT TIWGYMVIE QMRYREX, PYM 4IXVY M WI
RGVIHMR'IE^ WEVGMRE HI TIWGEV HI SEQIRM: 2Y XI XIQI; HI EGYQ REMRXI ZIM
3 TIWGEV HI SEQIRM (5, 10). 1EXIM #M 1EVGY RY EY EGIWXI HIXEPMM. 0E JIP, HYT
'MRE GIE HI XEMR, PE -IVYWEPMQ, 4IXVY IWXI GSR3VQEX R QIRMVIE WE TI PRK
YGIRMGMM PYM -MWYW: "M XY, SEVIGRH RXSVGRHY-XI, RXVI#XI TI JVE'MM XM (0I 2,
32). 4VMQIPI GETMXSPI HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV EVEX GYQ #M-E RGYVENEX 4IXVY
JVE'MM RXVY GVIHMR'.
4VMQYP RYQMX R #MVYP ETSWXSPMPSV (*% 1, 13), IP TVI^MHIE^ QSQIRXYP
EPIKIVMM PYM 1EXME (1, 15); XSX IP ME GYZRXYP R ^MYE 'MRGMÎGMQMM, ZSVFMRH R
RYQIPI KVYTYPYM (2, 14). 9VQIE^ ETSM ZMRHIGEVIE SPSKYPYM PE 4SEVXE
*VYQSEW #M RJ'M#EVIE R JE'E 7MRIHVMYPYM (3, 1; 4, 31). *MMRH GIP GI
EHQMRMWXVIE^ FYRYVMPI SF#XMM, M EHQSRIWXIE^ J'M# TI %RERME #M 7E3VE, GEVI
P QMRX TI (YQRIÎY (5, 4) #M MWTMXIWG (YLYP (SQRYPYM (5, 9) . %GIIE#M
EWTVMQI S EVEX JE' HI 7MQSR 1EKYP (8, 18-24), R XMQTYP FMRIZIWXMVMM R
7EQEVME (8, 14-25).
*V RHSMEP, PYM 4IXVY M IWXI EWSGMEX -SER R ERYQMXI ITMWSEHI (3, 1; 4,
13; 8,14-25); JV RHSMEP, IWXI XVMQMWYP ETSWXSPMPSV HMR -IVYWEPMQ (8, 14; GJ.
2, 43; 6, 2; 9, 27), EP &MWIVMGMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ (1, 2), EP &MWIVMGMM #M ETSWXSPMPSV
#M FXVRMPSV (15, 4). -EV TVIXYXMRHIRM #M HI 3IGEVI HEX, 4IXVY IWXI GIP GEVI
WZV#I#XI, ZSVFI#XI, VWTYRHI.
'PXSVME PE 'IÊVIIE "M XVIGRH 4IXVY TI PE XS'M. %GIEWX QMG
WMRXEKQ HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (9, 32) MREYKYVIE^ S GPXSVMI HIGMWMZ E
ETSWXSPYPYM, GGM IE P ZE TYVXE HI PE -IVYWEPMQ PE 'IÊVIIE, YRHI 'SVRIPMY,
WYXE#YP, ZE 3 FSXIÊX QTVIYR GY XS'M EM WM. 0E RGITYX RY IWXI ZSVFE, JV
RHSMEP, HIGX HI S ZM^MX R GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI GEVI WI VMWMTMWIV R NYVYP
-IVYWEPMQYPYM: 7JRXYP 4IXVY, GEVI VQWIWI PE -IVYWEPMQ TI XSX XMQTYP
TVMKSERIM, MI#M HI EMGM RHEX GI &MWIVMGE #M VIHSFRHM PMRM#XIE. 1IVWI TVMR XSX
'MRYXYP, W ZM^MXIÎ &MWIVMGMPI, EWIQIRIE YRYM KIRIVEP GEVI #M XVIGI R VIZMWX
XVYTIPI ('EPQIX). (EV GYVWYP IZIRMQIRXIPSV TVIWGLMQF EGIEWX GPXSVMI HI
VYXMR RXV-S VIZSPY'MI: YR TKR IWXI TVMQMX GY HVITXYVM HITPMRI R SF#XIE
I\GPYWMZ MYHEMG E TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM (10, P-P; 10, 18).
%GIEWX MRM'MEXMZ E PYM 4IXVY WEY QEM HIKVEF EGIEWX GSRWMQ'MVI E PYM
4IXVY PE MRM'MEXMZE (YLYPYM WI EVQSRMÎE^ GY TIVMTI'MMPI GPXSVMIM, GI TYR R
ZEPSEVI TIVWSRENYP: EWIQIRIE PYM -MWYW, 4IXVY ZMRHIG PE 0MHE YR TEVEPMXMG,
)RIE (9, 32-35); EMHSQE PYM -MWYW, IP RZME^ S QSEVX, TI RYQIPI IM 8ZM'E (9,
36-43). %GIEWX TYRIVI R ZEPSEVI IWXI STIVEX GY FYR-#XMMR': TVMQMVIE PYM
'SVRIPMY R SF#XIE GVI#XMR ZE WXVRM QEM ETSM GSRXVSZIVWI, MEV EYXSVMXEXIE
GIPYM GI E WZV#MX-S XVIFYMI GSRWSPMHEX HI TI EGYQ. (I RHEX GI WI RXSEVGI
PE -IVYWEPMQ, 4IXVY IWXI RZMRYMX: %M MRXVEX PE SEQIRM RIXME'M QTVINYV #M EM
QRGEX GY IM (1, 3). 4IXVY VWTYRHI GVMXMGMPSV GI M WI EHYG WYFPMRMMRH RHIQRYP
HMZMR #M GSRGLMHI: 'MRI IVEQ IY GE W-0 TSX STVM TI (YQRIÎY# (1, 17).
%GIWX HIQIVW EP PYM 4IXVY IWXI KVMXSV #M TIRXVY EYXSVMXEXIE WE #M TIRXVY
PMQMXIPI EGIWXIM EYXSVMX'M.
7MRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ (YT S GPXSVMI PE 'IÊVIIE EY PSG, R XMQTYP
TVMKSERIM, RXIQRM'EVIE PYM 4IXVY #M IPMFIVEVIE WE QMVEGYPSEW (12, 5-9). 4I
HYVEXE GETXMZMX'MM PYM, WI JGIE RIGSRXIRMX VYKGMYRI GXVI (YQRIÎY TIRXVY
IP, HI GXVI &MWIVMG (12, 5). %VI PSG, R WJV#MX, WMRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ,
YRHI 4IXVY JEGI S HEVI HI WIEQ LSXVXSEVI: &VFE'M JVE'M, ZSM #XM'M G, HMR
TVMQIPI ^MPI, (YQRIÎY Q-E EPIW RXVI ZSM, GE TVMR KYVE QIE RIEQYVMPI W
EYH GYZRXYP )ZERKLIPMIM #M W GVIEH (15, 7). (EG 4IXVY TVI^MRX IP RWY#M
WMXYE'ME (15, 7-P), WSPY'ME ZE 3 REMRXEX HI -EGSZ, GEVI P RYQI#XI TI 4IXVY GY
RYQIPI WY MYHEMG, 7MQSR (15, 14) #M RY GY TVIRYQIPI TI GEVI M-P HHYWI
-MWYW.
QTSXVMZMVIE PYM 4EZIP 4IXVY, EGIWX TIVWSREN HI TVMQ VERK, WI ZIHI
GSRXIWXEX HI 4EZIP HMR 8EVW. 6IPEXRH GIIE GI W-E RYQMX MRGMHIRXYP HI PE
%RXMSLME, 4EZIP HIWGVMI RJVYRXEVIE WE GY 4IXVY, MEV TERE M XVIQYV RG HI S
MRHMKREVI EFME WXTRMX: -EV GRH 'LIJE E ZIRMX PE %RXMSLME, TI JE' M-EQ WXEX
QTSXVMZ, GGM IVE ZVIHRMG HI RJVYRXEVI (+E 2, 1). %GIWX MRGMHIRX TEVI W 3
PWEX YVQI R ZME'E TVMQIPSV GSQYRMX'M. 3EQIRM FMRI MRXIR'MSRE'M W-EY
WXVHYMX W-P STYR TI 4IXVY #M 4EZIP _GJ. 1 'S 3, 2). 2Y-P XKHYMWI SEVI 4IXVY
HI XVIM SVM TI -MWYW#
%GIEWX TSPIQMG ZE VIZIRM HI QYPXI SVM R MWXSVME &MWIVMGMM: 7JRXYP
%YKYWXMR #M 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ ZSV EZIE TI EGIIE#M XIQ S HMWTYX VWYRXSEVI.
7I TEVI G, RG HI TI EGYQ, YRIPI ZEVMERXI GMVGE HSYÎGM GEVI
RWS'IWG XI\XYP KVIGIWG EP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV (#M TI GEVI PI QEM KWMQ YRISVM
GE RSXI HI WYFWSP R IHM'MMPI JVERGIÎ) TYR R VIPMIJ TIVWSERE PYM 4IXVY.
R TVMQYP VRH, IPI WI WXVHYMIWG W WGSEX R IZMHIR' TEVEPIPMWQYP TI
GEVI TSZIWXMVIE *ETXIPSV P WXEFMPI#XI RXVI 4IXVY #M 4EZIP: EQRHSM EY
RXVITVMRW GPXSVMM QMWMSREVI (9, 32 #M 13, 12), HI-E PYRKYP GVSVE EY GSRZIVXMX
SEQIRM HI ZE^ (10, 48 #M 13,12); PI-E JSWX HEX W RXPRIEWG QEKM (8, 9 #M 13,
6); EQRHSM EY JSWX EVYRGE'M R XIQRM' #M IPMFIVE'M R GLMT QMRYREX (12, 1 #M
16, 26); EQRHSM EY XQHYMX FSPREZM (5, 15 #M 19, P-P2), EY VMHMGEX SPSKM (3,
6-8; 9, 34 #M 14, 10), EY RZMEX QSV'M (9, 36-43 #M 20, 7-P2). %GIWXI ZEVMERXI
WYRX RGLMREXI HISTSXVMZ #M TIVWSERIM PYM 4IXVY, EHY-KRHY-PM-WI HIXEPMM GEVI
W-P I\TPMGI PYGVEVIE.
9R VSP HI TVMQ VERK 4VMR YVQEVI, PE WMRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, 4IXVY WI
WSGSXI#XI TPMR HI (YL 7JRX (15, 7; GJ. 4, 8; 15, 28), R XMQT GI -EGSZ RY
ZSVFI#XI HIGX R RYQI TVSTVMY (15, 19). 7I EVI KVMN W RM WI WTYR G TVIS'MM
IVEY HI EGSVH GY 4IXVY (15, 12). R ^MYE 'MRGMÎGMQMM, 4IXVY ZSVFI#XI TVMQYP (2,
14), R RYQIPI GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI. R QSH ZHMX, 4IXVY IWXI QREX HI (YL
7JRX: IP IWXI YR QEVXSV EPIW EP EGIWXYM (YQRIÎY GEVI EG'MSRIE^ GY
LSXVVI R GSQYRMX'M: -EV IM EY^MRH, RXV-YR GYKIX EY VMHMGEX KPEWYP GXVI
(YQRIÎY #M EY ^MW. (4, 24). (VITX EHYGIVI-EQMRXI E GIIE GI W-E TIXVIGYX R
JE'E 7MRIHVMYPYM (GEVI RY E TYXYX JEGI RMQMG QTSXVMZE PYM 4IXVY #M -SER: 4, 14)
#M TVIZIWXMVI E GIIE GI WI TVIKXI#XI RXIQRM'EVIE #M IPMFIVEVIE WE
QMVEGYPSEW. R 5, 29, 4IXVY WMRKYV, RY #M GIMPEP'M ETSWXSPM QTVIYR GY IP,
TVSGPEQ G XVIFYMI EWGYPXEX QEM QYPX HI (YQRIÎY HIGX HI SEQIRM.
%GIWX WTMVMX HI MRM'MEXMZ EP PYM 4IXVY #M MRHITIRHIR'E PYM ETEV #M HYT
FSXI^YP PYM 'SVRIPMY. (ITEVXI HI E WI VIRXSEVGI HIRHEX PE -IVYWEPMQ TIRXVY
E HE WSGSXIEP #M E WXE HITEVXI HI EGIEWX SF#XI TKR, IP RY WI KVFI#XI
HIPSG: (YT HIWXYP HI RHIPYRK ZVIQI, 4IXVY E LSXVX E#EHEV W TYVGIEH
PE HVYQ WTVI -IVYWEPMQ. 0I-E KVMX JVE'MPSV WTVI E-P RXVM, ETSM E TSVRMX, 'MRRH
HIWI GYZRXVM TVMR WEXI #M RZ'RH TSTSVYP. 'RH W-E WYMX ?PE -IVYWEPMQA, IP
PI-E ZIWXMX LEVYP HVYMX HI (YQRIÎY. (EV GVIHMRGMS#MM XME'M QTVINYV WI
QTSXVMZIEY (1, 2).
2Y XVIFYMI W I\EKIVQ R JEZSEVIE PYM 4IXVY MQTSVXER'E EGIWXSV RSXI;
EPXIPI, RXV-EHIZV, WYFPMRME^ PYGVEVIE PYM 4EZIP. )WXI ZSVFE HIGM HI YR
ERWEQFPY HI XI\XI GEVI, EHYGRH TVIGM^VM, HIXEPMM, HI^ZPYMI MRXIVIWYP #M
ZIRIVE'ME TI GEVI PI RYXVIEY HINE TVMQIPI GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI JE' HI QEVMM
ETSWXSPM.
3VMGYQ EV WXE PYGVYVMPI, XI\XYP *ETXIPSV EVEX G 4IXVY NSEG YR VSP HI
4VMQ VERK R SVKERMÊVIE TVMQIPSV GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI. 0YGVEVIE PYM IWXI
LSXVXSEVI R ^MYE 'MRGMÎGMQMM, GE #M R ^MYE FSXI^YPYM PYM 'SVRIPMY. *ETXIPI #M
KIWXYVMPI WEPI GSRWXMXYMI YVÎEPE TVMQIPSV GETMXSPI EPI *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV,
GEVI WYRX, TVEGXMG, JETXIPI PYM 4IXVY, ERXMGMTRH JETXIPI PYM 4EZIP. 0YGVVMPI
GIPSV HSM ETSWXSPM WYRX GSQTPIQIRXEVI; IPI WYRX VIZIPEXSEVI TIRXVY
MRXIRWMXEXIE #M WIRMRXEXIE (YLYPYM.
4EYP-0VIRII *VERWIR 4IXVY R 'IÊVIIE QEVMXMQ 4SZIWXMVIE HMR GETMXSPYP
10 EP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV, VIPYEX WYF JSVQ Y#SV TVIWGYVXEX R GETMXSPYP 1,
ZIVWIXIPI 5-P8, GSRWXMXYMI R EGIEWX GEVXI ETSKIYP GEVMIVIM ETSWXSPYPYM 4IXVY.
4VIÎRXEX R GETMXSPIPI P-5 GE RXMWXXXSVYP YRIM &MWIVMGM PSGEPI, EGIWXE NSEG
R GETMXSPIPI 8 (ZIVWIXIPI 14-25) #M 9 (ZIVWIXIPI 32-43) YR VSP HI MRWTIGXSV EP
GSQYRMX'MPSV HMR 7EQEVME #M HMR GQTME HI GSEWX E -YHIMM, WTVI E HIZIRM R
GETMXSPIPI 10 #M 1 YR QEVI RSZEXSV R QEXIVMI HI QMWMSREVMWQ. (EV, GLMEV HI PE
RGITYXYP GETMXSPYPYM 1, WSEVXE PYM WI RKVIYRIE^: GSRXIWXEX HI &MWIVMGE HMR
-IVYWEPMQ (1, P-4), IWXI RXIQRM'EX R GETMXSPYP 12 (ZIVWIXYP 3 #M YVQ.) #M SFPMKEX
W JYK HMR GETMXEP, R GMYHE IPMFIVVMM PYM QMVEGYPSEWI, PWRH GVQYMVIE
&MWIVMGMM R WIEQE PYM -EGSZ (12, 17). (I EXYRGM, RY-#M QEM JEGI HIGX S ETEVM'MI
JYKEV R REVE'MYRI, PE GETMXSPYP 15 (ZIVWIXIPI 7-P) #M TEVI E-#M TMIVHI SVMGI
MQTSVXER' TIRXVY VIWXYP MWXSVMIM &MWIVMGMM #M EP QMWMYRMM, GIP TY'MR R SGLMM PYM
0YGE.
3 RXSVWXYV GETMXEP (YT GYQ WI #XMI, GEHVYP GVSRSPSKMG #M XSTSKVE3G
R GEVI 0YGE E MRWIVEX, EXX R )ZERKLIPME WE, GX #M R GEVXIE *ETXIPSV
%TSWXSPMPSV, QMGMPI YRMX'M HI XVEHM'MI TI GEVI PI-E GYPIW, 'MR QEM QYPX HI
GSRWXVYG'ME XISPSKMG HIGX HI VIGSRWXVYG'ME MWXSVMG. %MGM, GE #M GY EPXI SGE^MM,
0YGE WI WXVHYMI#XI QEM QYPX W EVEXI GYQ (YQRIÎY #M-E RJTXYMX TPERYVMPI
HIGX W WGVMI S FMSKVE3I I\EGX E IVSYPYM WY TVMRGMTEP, GEVI IWXI 4IXVY. (EG
EGIEWX TSZIWXMVI HMR GETMXSPYP 10 GVIMSRIE^ ETSKIYP GEVMIVIM ETSWXSPYPYM,
IWXI TIRXVY G, EMGM, EGIWXE HMR YVQ IWXI MRWXVYQIRXYP TVMZMPIKMEX JSPSWMX HI
(YQRIÎY TIRXVY E PI HIWGLMHI TEKMRMPSV GEPIE WTVI QRXYMVI, IZIRMQIRX
GETMXEP R STMRME PYM 0YGE. 'YVFE GEVI HIWGVMI, R GEVXIE *ETXIPSV, EGXMZMXEXIE PYM
4IXVY IWXI EWGIRHIRX EXX XMQT GX (YQRIÎY P TVIKXI#XI W-P EHYG TI
TKRM R &MWIVMG; IE GSFSEV ZIVXMKMRSW HI RHEX GI 4EZIP HIZMRI TVMRGMTEPE
YRIEPX E 4VSRMIM R GSRXMRYEVIE EGIWXIM PYGVVM. 0E JIP HI FMRI EQ TYXIE WTYRI
G TSZIWXIE GSRZIVXMVMM WYXE#YPYM 'SVRIPMY #M E TVMIXIRMPSV WM RI MRJSVQIE^ R
TVMQYP VRH HIWTVI KRHMVIE PYM 0YGE. %QTPSEVIE IM I\GIT'MSREP TI GEVI
GSQTEVE'ME GY S REVE'MYRI EREPSKE, GIE E GSRZIVXMVMM JEQIRYPYM IXMSTMER (*% 8,
26-39), S TYRI FMRI R IZMHIR' HSZIHI#XI G 4IXVY IWXI TYVXXSVYP YRYM
QIWEN GETMXEP #M G VITVI^MRX YRE HMR GLIMPI MRXIVTVIXVMM RXVIKMM STIVI
EHVIWEXI HI 0YGE PYM 8IS3P. 4YXIQ VI^YQE MHIMPI TI GEVI IZERKLIPMWXYP-PWXSVMG
PI MPYWXVIE^ EMGM R QSHYP YVQXSV: JV RMGM S EPX GSRXVMFY'MI SQIRIEWG R
EJEV HI EWGYPXEVIE SEVF E MRWXVYG'MYRMPSV TVMQMXI HI PE (YQRIÎY, EGIWXE
HMR YVQ HIWGLMHI PEVK TSV'MPI QRXYMVMM TIRXVY TKRM; 4IXVY IWXI
MRWXVYQIRXYP TI GEVI #M P-E EPIW TIRXVY EGIWX WGST, MEV EGIEWX EPIKIVI
GSRWXMXYMI RGYRYREVIE GEVMIVIM EGIWXYM QEVI ETSWXSP; #SGEX PE RGITYX,
&MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ WI RGPMR R JE'E LSXVVMM PYEXI HI (YQRIÎY.
%GIEWX RXSVWXYV GETMXEP TI GEVI S ME MWXSVME QRXYMVMM TVIKXI#XI
XSEX GSRXMRYEVIE GV'MM *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV, TVIGYQ #M GSRGPY^ME IM (28,
28-30), GEVEGXIVMÊX TVMR XVERWQMXIVIE HI3RMXMZ E QIWENYPYM QRXYMVMM GXVI
TKRM, QIWEN TI GEVI MYHIMM P-EY VIWTMRW. 4YRRH R ZEPSEVI VSPYP TVMZMPIKMEX EP
PYM 4IXVY R EGIEWX QEVI WGLMQFEVI HI HMVIG'MI HMR GETMXSPYP 10, 0YGE
VIEPMÎE^ R TPYW S XVMTP STIVE'MI R EGSVH GY TVSMIGXYP KIRIVEP EP *ETXIPSV:
RPXYV MHIIE G IZERKLIPMÊVIE TEKMRMPSV EV 3 JSWX S MRM'MEXMZ QEM QYPX WEY
QEM TY'MR GSRXIWXEFMP E PYM 4EZIP; WYFPMRME^ GY TYXIVI GSRXMRYMXEXIE RXVI
WPYNMVIE PYM 4IXVY #M GIE E PYM 4EZIP; JEGI HMR GVMXMGMPI TI GEVI -EGSZ #M KVYTYP
EGIWXYME M PI EHVIWIE^ PYM 4EZIP (GJ. +E 2, 12; *% 21, 18-25) RY ETVEVIE YRIM
ZIGLM XVEHM'MM, GM S WYTVXSEVI RXSEVGIVI R YVQ, GSRXVEV ZSMR'IM HMZMRI GPEV
I\TVMQEXI. 4I WGYVX, 4IXVY IWXI TVIÎRXEX EMGM GE ZIVMKE MRXIVQIHMEV GEVI P
PIEK TI -MWYW HI 4EZIP.
%HESWYVMPI PYM 0YGE 7EXMWJGXSEVI HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI XISPSKMG, P
QYP'YQI#XI SEVI EGIEWX WGLIQ #M TI MWXSVMG# R EGIEWX TVMZMR' WI TYR
HMZIVWI TVSFPIQI. 0YGE E EZYX, JV RHSMEP, S GSRXVMFY'MI VIHEG'MSREP
WYFWXER'MEP R HYFPE REVE'MYRI HMR GETMXSPIPI 10 #M 1, 5-P8: VITIXEVIE
TSZIWXMVMM; TVSGIHIYP PMXIVEV EP GIPSV HSY ZM^MYRM WMQIXVMGI (10, 3-6 #M 10, 10-
P6; 1, 5-P0 #M 1, 13-P4; GJ. 9, 10-P6 #M 9, P-P2); HMWGYVWYP QMWMSREV EP PYM 4IXVY,
JSEVXI ETVSTMEX HI GIPI HMR GETMXSPIPI 2 #M 3 (10, 36-43); VIPE'ME RXVI HEVYP
(YLYP 7JRX #M FSXI^ (10, 4-48; 1, 15-P7); XVMQMXIVIE PE JKHYMR'E (YLYPYM
7JRX (0I 3, 16 #M *% 1, 5) #M PE TSZIWXIE 'MRGMÎGMQMM (*% 2, 1 #M YVQ.) IXG. )WXI
RHSMIPRMG XSXY#M G ZE 3 GVIEX IP RWY#M TR #M GIP QEM QVYRX ITMWSH
WIQRM3GEXMZ, GGM EV 3 GSRXVEZIRMX SFMGIMYVMPSV WEPI PMXIVEVI.
"M EXYRGM, VITVSHYGI IP SEVI ZVIS WYVW SVM ZVIS XVEHM'MI YRMG, TI GEVI
W-EV QYP'YQM W S TEVEJVEÎÎ HI HSY SVM PE VRH, R GETMXSPYP 10, ETSM R 1#
7I TEVI, QEM HIKVEF, G HSY IPIQIRXI GEVI WI MRXIKVIE^ HIJIGXYSW R
TSZIWXMVI TVSZMR HMR XVEHM'MM MRHITIRHIRXI: ZM^MYRIE PYM 4IXVY (10, 10-P6 #M 1,
5-P0) GEVI IWXI, RXV-YR GE^, HI TVMWSW GE #M MRHMGE'MMPI TI GEVI M PI H (YLYP
(10, 19-20 #M 1, 12) #M GEVI RY WI VIJIV I\EGX PE EGIPE#M EWTIGX GE VIWXYP
REVE'MYRMM, 3MRHG IWXI ZSVFE EMGM HIWTVI EPMQIRXI GYVEXI "M RIGYVEXI #M RY
HIWTVI EGGIWYP TEKMRMPSV PE QRXYMVI; EP HSMPIE IPIQIRX IWXI HMWGYVWYP PYM
4IXVY (10, 36-43), GEVI HMWTEVI HMR E HSYE REVE'MYRI GJ. 1, 15) #M RY JEGI W
REMRXIÎ TSZIWXMVIE HMR GIE HMRXM. :M^MYRIE PYM 4IXVY EHYGI YR VWTYRW HMZMR
PE TVSFPIQE QIWIM PYEXI R GSQYR GY GVI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI TKR, HIGM
RIGYVE'M, R &MWIVMGMPI GY QENSVMXEXI MYHIS-GVI#XMR _GJ. +E 2, 12). (MWGYVWYP WI
WTVMNMR TI OIVMKQE GEVI VIH WYQEV ZME'E, QSEVXIE #M RZMIVIE PYM ,VMWXSW,
GYQ WI RXQTP #M GY EPXI HMWGYVWYVM QMWMSREVI HMR GEVXIE *ETXIPSV
%TSWXSPMPSV, XSEXI MRWIVEXI EVXM3GMEP HI 0YGE R REVE'MYRM TVSZIRMXI HMR EPXI
XVEHM'MM.
3 HEX HIWTSZVEX HI EGIWXI HSY EHESWYVM HI QEVI RXMRHIVI,
TVIGYQ #M HI YR RYQV GVIWGYX HI QMGM RSXE'MM VIHEG'MSREPI VMWMTMXI TI MGM, TI
GSPS, TSZIWXMVIE TVMRGMTEP ETEVI R WXEVIE IM TVMQSVHMEP. )WXI TSZIWXIE, FYR
W WPYNIEWG PE PQYVMVIE GVIHMRGMS#MPSV, I\GIT'MIM JGYXI HI RWY#M (YQRIÎY,
R JEZSEVIE YRYM TKR TMSW, HI PE VIKYPE GEVI MRXIV^MGIE MRXVEVIE R &MWIVMG
E GIPSV RIGMVGYQGM#M. )WXI XVEHM'ME YRIM &MWIVMGM MYHIS-GVI#XMRI R WRYP GVIME
TVSFPIQE GSQYRMYRMM HI QEW GY JVE'MM HI SVMKMRI TKR RG RY WI TYRI
WIVMSW, HMR GEYÊ, HIWMKYV, RYQVYPYM JSEVXI QMG HI GIVIVM HI FSXI^ HMR TEVXIE
GIPSV RIGMVGYQGM#M. 2I TYXIQ KRHM PE &MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ, R QSQIRXYP R
GEVI GLMEV RGITIEY W ETEV R 4EPIWXMRE GXIZE QMGM GSQYRMX'M MRWXEPEXI R
EJEVE 3VE#YPYM 7JRX. 6SPYP PYM 4IXVY R EGIEWX TSZIWXMVI TVMQEV RY EVI
GEVEGXIVYP HIGMWMZ TI GEVI P HSFRHI#XI R REVE'MYRIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV.
%TSWXSPYP RY IWXI ETVSETI RMQMG EPXGIZE HIGX YR GEXEPMÊXSV TEWMZ #M YR
QEVXSV.
)\MWXIR'E XVEHM'MMPSV REVEXMZI #M OIVMKQEXMGI EP GVSV TIVWSREN TVMRGMTEP
IWXI 4IXVY RY EVI RMQMG WYVTVMR^XSV. )E IWXI EXIWXEX HI RYQIVSEWI TEWENI
HMR GETMXSPIPI P-P5 EPI *ETXIPSV. -QTSVXER'E TI GEVI 0YGE M-S EXVMFYMI PYM 4IXVY
RY TVSZMRI E#EHEV HSEV HMR ST'MYRMPI VIHEG'MSREPI TI GEVI PI JEGI EGIWX EYXSV.
)E IWXI #M VI4IGXEVIE PSGYPYM HI WIEQ TI GEVI XVEHM'ME M-P VIÎVZE ETSWXSPYPYM.
0E VRHYP WY, EGIEWX XVEHM'MI RY WI TYXYWI GSRWXMXYM HIGX TIRXVY G 4IXVY
IVE, WEY JYWIWI, XSX GIIE GI WTYWIWI IE: GET EP &MWIVMGMM, TVSTSZHYMXSV
MPYQMREX, ZMRHIGXSV, QMWMSREV.
7YXE#YP 'SVRIPMY 'I RI XVERWQMX, TVMR YVQEVI, HIWTVI 4IXVY GE TIVWSREN
MWXSVMG GIPI XVIM IPIQIRXI HI XVEHM'MI YXMPMÊXI HI 0YGE R VIHEGXEVIE *ETXIPSV
%TSWXSPMPSV HI PE 10, 1 PE 1, 18# 2Y QEVI PYGVY HIWTVI KRHMVIE PYM XISPSKMG,
RXVYGX HMWGYVWYP WY HMR GETMXSPYP 10, 36-43 RY IWXI HIGX YR IGSY EP
OIVMKQIM GSRWXMXYMXI JSEVXI HIZVIQI PE -IVYWEPMQ #M RY TVI^MRX RMGM YR
GEVEGXIV TIVWSREP. 7I TSEXI WTYRI GIP QYPX G TVMQYP HMRXVI ETSWXSPM #M-E EHYW
GY WMKYVER' S GSRXVMFY'MI MQTSVXERX PE IPEFSVEVIE IRYR'YVMPSV LVMWXSPSKMGI.
(EV IWXI GY RITYXMR' HI WXEFMPMX R GI GSRWX IE TVSTVMY-^MW1. 'VSRSPSKME
GEVMIVIM PYM 4IXVY RY IWXI HIPSG PQYVMX RMGM HI XVEHM'MMPI M^SPEXI, GEVI RY 1. 7-
E RGIVGEX YRISVM HIGIPEVIE EGIWXIM GSRXVMFY'MM: GJ., HI I\IQTPY, 3. 'YPPQERR,
7EMRX 4MIVVI, HMWGMTPI, ETSXVI, QEVX]V, 2IYGLXIP #M 4EVMW, (IPEGLEY\-2MIWXPI,
1952, TT. 57-60. 6I^YPXEXYP RY IWXI RYQEM HIÊQKMXSV, GM #M JVEKMP.
'SR'MR RMGM S VIJIVMR' GY TVMZMVI PE MWXSVME KIRIVEP. 4SQIRMVIE GSLSVXIM
-XEPMGE R *% 10,1 GE YRMXEXI R GEVI WPYNIE WYXE#YP 'SVRIPMY RY RI ENYX R
HIQIVWYP RSWXVY, GGM GSLSVW -XEPMGE GMZMYQ 6SQERSVYQ, HIWTVI GEVI EV TYXIE
J ZSVFE, RY E WXE'MSREX R 'IÊVIIE HIGX EFME HMR 69 TR R 157, HYT
GYRS#XMR'E RSEWXV. %GIEWXE RY RWIEQR RIETVEX G WYXE#YP 'SVRIPMY IWXI
YR TIVWSREN PIKIRHEV, GYQ W-E WTYW YRISVM, 3MRHG TSX 3 EZYXI R ZIHIVI
RYQIVSEWI EPXI I\TPMGE'MM TIRXVY E NYWXM3GE TVIÎR'E EGIWXYM TIVWSREN R
'IÊVIIE, GETMXEPE -YHIMM VSQERI, RXVI ERMM 30 #M 60 EM IVIM GVI#XMRI.
1IR'MYRIE GSLSVXIM -XEPMGE RY RI EHYGI E#EHEV RMGM S MRHMGE'MI GVSRSPSKMG.
4R PE RSM SVHMRI, PE JIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI #M GY RYQIPI WYXE#YPYM, TI GEVI RMGM S
MRWGVMT'MI RY RM-P JEGI GYRSWGYX.
4VSTSZHYMXSVYP HMR 7EVSR#
4IRXVY XSTSKVE3E GEVMIVIM PYM 4IXVY, XVEHM'MMPI WYFMEGIRXI GETMXSPIPSV 10 #M
1 HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WYRX, TSEXI, QEM MRWXVYGXMZI, QEM EPIW HEG PI
ETVSTMIQ HI GIPI HI PE WJV#MXYP GETMXSPYPYM 9 #M GLMEV HI GIPI HMR 8, 14-25. RXV-
EHIZV, XSEXI PSGYVMPI TI GEVI EGIWXI XVEHM'MM PI QIR'MSRIE^ WYRX WMXYEXI R
TEVXIE HI GIRXVY-ZIWX E 4EPIWXMRIM: GIXEXIE (WEY nS GIXEXI E~) 7EQEVMIM, JV
RHSMEP 7IZEWXE, ERXMGE 7EQEVMI QSHIVRMÊX HI -VSH GIP 1EVI (8, 5); QYPXI
WEXI EPI WEQEVMRIRMPSV (8, 25); 0MHE (9, 32) #M 7EVSRYP (9, 35); -STI (9,
36.38.42-43; 10, 5.8.23); 'IÊVIIE (10, 1.24). %GIWX JETX WYKIVIE^ G 4IXVY
E EZYX PE YR QSQIRX HEX PIKXYVM WTIGMEPI GY EGIWX 'MRYX, RHISWIFM GY TEVXIE
GIRXVEP E VIKMYRMM HI GSEWX E 4EPIWXMRIM. 2I-EQ TYXIE GLMEV RXVIFE, VIPYRH
S MTSXI^ MRKIRMSEW E PYM ,EVREGO, HEG RY GYQZE GEWE HMR -STI, R GEVI
7MQSR 4IXVY M-E TVMQMX TI XVMQM#MM PYM 'SVRIPMY #M PI-E SJIVMX K^HYMVI (10, 23),
RY IVE GYQZE, HEX 3MRH EQTPEWEVIE IM TI QEPYP QVMM (10, 6), PSGYMR'E
ETSWXSPYPYM, HIWTVI GEVI RI EQMRXMQ G IVE TIWGEV (1G 1, 16 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI) #M
G M W-E RXQTPEX W QIEVK PE TIWGYMX HYT RZMIVIE RZ'XSVYPYM WY (-R 21,
3 #M YVQ.). (EG EV 3 E#E, 0YGE EV 3 GIP GEVI, GSQFMRRH TSZIWXIE ZM^MYRMM HI
PE XFGEVYP 7MQSR GY TSZIWXIE GSRZIVXMVMM PYM 'SVRIPMY, E GSRJYRHEX GIPI HSY
GEWI EPI PYM 7MQSR, GGM, TIRXVY IP, 4IXVY RY TYXYWI PSGYM HIGX PE -IVYWEPMQ,
TR R ^MYE R GEVI, GXVI 43-4, -VSH %KVMTE - P-E EPYRKEX HI EGSPS (12, 17). "M
EXYRGM, XVIFYMI SEVI W RI KRHMQ G, RXVI QSQIRXYP R GEVI GSRHYGIE
&MWIVMGE HMR -IVYWEPMQ #M GIP R GEVI M KWMQ YVQIPI PE %RXMSLME (+E 2, 1 #M
YVQ.), 4IXVY E JSWX TVSTSZHYMXSVYP HMR 7EVSR, GEQ GYQ E JSWX IPIRMWXYP *MPMT
TIRXVY TSTYPE'ME IPIRSJSR HMR 'IÊVIIE (8, 40 #M 21, 8 #M YVQ.)#
3VMGYQ, EGIP 4IXVY TI GEVI RM-P JEG GYRSWGYX EGIWXI XVEHM'MM WI FYGYV HI
S EYXSVMXEXI I\GIT'MSREP R VIKMYRI, GE XEYQEXYVK (9, 35.38.42) #M,
HISTSXVMZ, GE XVMQMW EP PYM (YQRIÎY (10, 2.25.3.48). %GIWX TIVWSREN IWXI
YRYP HMR QEVXSVMM ZMI'MM, QSV'MM #M RZMIVMM 1IWMIM -MWYW (10, 4P-42). R EJEV HI
EGIEWXE, IWXI MPYQMREX (10, 19-20) #M ZM^MSREV (10, 10-P6). 4I WGYVX, WIEQR
QYPX GY EGIP 4IXVY HIWGVMW HI XVEHM'MMPI WYFRXMRWI HI M GETMXSPIPI P-6 HMR *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV, GY I\GIT'ME JETXYPYM G EMGM RY QEM EVI XVWXYVMPI YRYM GET EP
&MWIVMGMM, GYQ ZIHIQ R 1, 15-26, R 5, P-P #M R 8, 14-24.
3Q EP XVER^M'MIM R WJV#MX, TSZIWXIE ZIHIRMIM HMR GEWE XFGEVYPYM RI
HI^ZPYMI YR 4IXVY XSXSHEX RHV^RI' R EXMXYHMRIE JE' HI VIKYPMPI TYVM3GVMM
VMXYEPI #M SEVIGYQ GLMRYMX HI TVSTVME-P GYXIÊR', EHMG I\EGX EGIPE#M SQ GY
GIP HI GEVI W-E GMSGRMX 4EZIP PE %RXMSLME (+E 2, P-21). 8IQIVMXEXIE PYM IWXI
ZHMX R JETXYP G E EGGITXEX SWTMXEPMXEXIE YRYM SQ GY S RHIPIXRMGMVI
TVMGMRYMXSEVI HI KVEZ RIGYV'MI VMXYEP R SGLMM VEFMRMPSV #M G, ETWEX HI
JSEQI (10, 10), IWXI TI TYRGXYP HI E PYE S QEW TVIKXMX HI QMRM RIGYVEXI,
R GI TVMZI#XI ^FYGMYQYP WY PYRXVMG, IP IWXI WYFPMRMEX ETWEX HI TSZIWXMVI:
4IXVY VIJY^ HI XVIM SVM W QRRGI ERMQEPI WTYVGEXI (10, 14-P6); VQRI
RIHYQIVMX GY TVMZMVI PE R'IPIWYP ZIHIRMIM (10, 17-P9), I\XVIQ HI PMQTIHI
XSXY#M TIRXVY GEHVYP R GEVI EVI PSG. *E' HI -EGSZ, GEVI WI MRWXEPIE^ TI
TS^M'MMPI MYHEMGI XVEHM'MSREPI #M JE' HI 4EZIP, GEVI WI JEGI XSEXI TIRXVY XS'M
#M GEVI RY TSEXI WYTSVXE MHIIE YRIM HISWIFMVM RXVI GVI#XMRM R ZMVXYXIE SVMKMRMM
PSV MYHEMGI SVM TKRI, 4IXVY ETEVI GE SQYP XVER^M'MIM, HEV #M EP #SZMIPMM.
2Y IWXI IP SEVI JVEXIPI JSEVXI ETVSTMEX EP QYPXSV GVI#XMRM HMR WIGSPYP EP
<-PIE, GEVI GRXVIWG WGHIVMPI XVEHM'MSREPMWQYPYM R PYQIE HI E^M, HEV RY
GYXIE^ W WI EVYRGI RIFYRI#XI RXV-YR QSH HI ZME' #M HI QVXYVMWMVI GY
XSXYP RSM, R TS3HE GLIQVMPSV TI GEVI PI EHVIWIE^ YRMM XIQIVEVM#
)XMIRRI 8VSGQI 'SVRIPMY, TVMQYP TKR GSRZIVXMX 3 PIGXYV EXIRX E
TSZIWXMVMM HIWTVI GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 'SVRIPMY PE 'IÊVIIE HI^ZPYMI S GSRWXVYG'MI
JSEVXI QMRY'MSEW HMR TEVXIE PYM 0YGE: GMXMXSVYP WIWM-WIE^ EMGM MQTSVXER'E TI
GEVI S VITVI^MRX TIRXVY EYXSVYP GV'MM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV TVMQE GSRZIVXMVI E
YRYM TKR PE RGITYXYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM1.
4SZIWXMVIE TSEXI 3 Y#SV HIGYTEX R WGIRI TVMR NSGYP PSGYVMPSV HI
HIWJ#YVEVI #M EP TIVWSRENIPSV HI JE'.
R *% 10, P-8, HYT TVIÎRXEVIE TIVWSRENYPYM 'SVRIPMY, TKR XIQXSV
HI (YQRIÎY, EHMG ETVSTMEX MYHEMWQYPYM, HEV RIXMEX QTVINYV, TSZIWXMVIE
RGITI TVMRXV-S ZM^MYRI HIWXMREX WYXE#YPYM. %GIWXYME M WI GIVI W XVMQMX
SEQIRM PE -STI (.E2E) WTVI E-P EHYGI TI 4IXVY.
R 10, 9-P6, EWMWXQ PE S ZM^MYRI TEVEPIP EHVIWEX PYM 4IXVY, TVMR GEVI M,
WI TSVYRGI#XI W WEGVM3GI #M W QRRGI ERMQEPI HI SVMGI WTIGMI. R JE'E
VIJY^YPYM PYM 4IXVY, KPEWYP M XPGYMI#XI: 'IPI GI (YQRIÎY E GYV'MX, XY W RY
PI RYQI#XM WTYVGEXI.
R 10, 17-23E, 4IXVY, XSX WYF IJIGXYP ZIHIRMIM WEPI, M RXPRI#XI,
RHIQREX HI (YL, TI SEQIRMM PYM 'SVRIPMY, GEVI M MWXSVMWIWG ZM^MYRIE EGIWXYME
HMR YVQ.
R 10, 23F-3, 4IXVY WI TSVRI#XI PE HVYQ, P RXPRI#XI TI 'SVRIPMY. 4IXVY
M TSZIWXI#XI ZM^MYRIE WE, MEV 'SVRIPMY TI E PYM.
R 10, 34-43, 4IXVY WI EHVIWIE^ TEKMRMPSV, FMRIZIWXMRHY-PM-P TI -MWYW
,VMWXSW. 3 JEGI JV W GMXIÎ 7GVMTXYVE, RXVYGX WI EHVIWIE^ YRSV TKRM.
R 10, 4-48, EWMWXQ PE S 'MRGMÎGMQI -WYVTVM^ EWYTVE TEKMRMPSV. 4IXVY
HIWPY#I#XI HMR EGIEWXE G XVIFYMI W-P FSXIÎ TI TKRM: RG TI GRH 4IXVY
ZSVFIE ?.A, (YLYP 7JRX E G^YX TIWXI XS'M GIM GEVI EWGYPXEY GYZRXYP. -EV
GVIHMRGMS#MM XME'M QTVINYV, GEVI ZIRMWIV GY 4IXVY, EY VQEW YMQM'M, TIRXVY G
HEVYP (YLYPYM 7JRX W-E VIZVWEX #M TIWXI RIEQYVM. 'GM M EYÎEY TI IM ZSVFMRH
R PMQFM #M WPZMRH TI (YQRIÎY. %XYRGM E VWTYRW 4IXVY: n4SEXI SEVI GMRIZE
W STVIEWG ETE, GE W RY 3I FSXIÊ'M EGI#XME GEVI EY TVMQMX (YLYP 7JRX GE #M
RSM#~. "M E TSVYRGMX GE
* 'SQIRXEXSVMM EY I^MXVM R PIKXYV GY JEQIRYP IXMSTMER HMR *% 8,
26-40: IVE SEVI ZSVFE HI YR TVSÎPMX WEY HI YR XIQXSV HI (YQRIÎY# R
EGIWX HMR YVQ GE^, IP EV 3 EXYRGM TVMQYP TKR GSRZIVXMX PE GVI#XMRMWQ R
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV. %GIEWXE IWXI MTSXIÊ TI GEVI S TVIJIV 1. 5YIWRIP,
&ETXMWIW HERW P)WTVMX, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1985, T. 3, RSXE 5; IP ZIHI R FSXI^YP
IYRYGYPYM S TVIKXMVI TIRXVY IZIRMQIRXYP GIRXVEP HMR *% 10-P, 18.
%GI#XME W 3I FSXIÊ'M R RYQIPI PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW. %XYRGM P-EY VYKEX TI
4IXVY W VQR PE IM GXIZE ^MPI.
R 1,P-P8, 4IXVY, RXSVW PE -IVYWEPMQ, #M NYWXM3G JETXE TSZIWXMRHY-#M
ZM^MYRIE #M GIPI RXQTPEXI PE 'IÊVIIE. %GIM GEVI-P EWGYPX GSRGLMH: %#EHEV
#M TEKMRMPSV PI-E HEX (YQRIÎY TSGMR'E WTVI ZME'.
(YLYP 7JRX E G^YX TIWXI IM, GE #M TIWXI RSM PE RGITYX 0E TVMQE PIGXYV,
WYRXIQ YMQM'M W ZIHIQ MQTSVXER'E TI GEVI S GETX ZM^MYRMPI R EGIEWX
TSZIWXMVI: IPI WYRX VIEQMRXMXI HI GMRGM SVM. (I EXYRGM RGITRH, JYRG'ME PSV IWXI
IZMHIRX: VIEQMRXMVIE PSV TIVQERIRX WIQRM3G JETXYP G FSXI^YP PYM 'SVRIPMY
#M EP ETVSTME'MPSV WM RY IWXI VSHYP RXQ-TPVMM, RMGM EP ZVIYRIM MRM'MEXMZI
TIVWSREPI E PYM 4IXVY, GM IWXI PYGVEVIE (YLYPYM GEVI #M SGVQYMI#XI &MWIVMGE.
(YQRIÎY IWXI GIP GEVI P RHIEQR TI 'SVRIPMY W TSVRIEWG R GYXEVIE PYM
4IXVY; 4IXVY P RXPRI#XI TI 'SVRIPMY HYT GI E JSWX VMHMGEX TMIHMGE RIGYV'MIM
GEVI M HIWTEVXI TI MYHIM HI TKRM. 4IRXVY ZMMXSVYP &MWIVMGMM, GSRZIVXMVIE
TEKMRMPSV IWXI EXX HI RGVGEX HI YVQVM, RGX IWXI Y#SV W WIWM^Q HI GI
0YGE WXVYMI EXX EWYTVE MRWTMVE'MIM HMZMRI GEVI E HYW PE FSXI^YP PYM 'SVRIPMY:
HSEV (YQRIÎY TYXIE HIWGLMHI &MWIVMGE PYQMM TKRI.
-MWYW RZMEX E XVMQMW (YLYP TIRXVY E-P GSRXMRYE PYGVEVIE. 'GM GLMEV IP
IWXI GIP GEVI PYGVIE^ R GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 'SVRIPMY. 4SZIWXMVIE JEGI VIJIVMVI PE
EGIEWXE R TIVQERIR': IP IWXI GIP GEVI P QTMRKI TI 4IXVY W-P YVQIÎ TI
XVMQM#MM PYM 'SVRIPMY1; 4IXVY, R HMWGYVWYP WY, VIEQMRXI#XI G -MWYW E TVMQMX
YRKIVIE (YLYPYM: (YLYP ZMRI EWYTVE TEKMRMPSV RXV-S RSY 'MRGMÎ-GMQI; YMQMVI
R VRHYP GVIHMRGMS#MPSV GMVGYQGM#M: TIWXI RIEQYVMPI TKRI W-E VIZVWEX EGYQ
(YLYP; 4IXVY M FSXIE^ TI EGI#XME GEVI EY TVMQMX (YLYP 7JRX GE #M RSM; R
WJV#MX, PE -IVYWEPMQ, 4IXVY WTYRI G (YLYP IWXI GIP GEVI M-E TSVYRGMX W
QIEVK PE 'IÊVIIE; TSZIWXI#XI G (YLYP 7JRX E G^YX TIWXI IM, GE #M TIWXI
RSM PE RGITYX; VIEQMRXI#XI G (SQRYP E WTYW: Z ZI'M FSXIÊ GY (YL 7JRX.
(EG I\MWX, TVMR YVQEVI, STX QIR'MYRM EPI (YLYPYM 7JRX, IWXI XSGQEM TIRXVY
E E3VQE G GIPI GI WI QTPMRIWG TIRXVY TKRM WYRX PYGVEVIE PYM #M RY S
MRM'MEXMZ TIVWSREP E PYM 4IXVY.
4VSFPIQE QIWIM GSQYRI RXVI RYQIVSEWIPI SFWXEGSPI GEVI WI VMHMGEY
QTSXVMZE MRXVVMM TKRMPSV R &MWIVMG I\MWXE YRE QENSV, GEVI RI IWXI
HIWGSTIVMX TVMR ZM^MYRIE PYM 4IXVY: TVSFPIQE QIWIM PYEXI R GSQYR. 7
VIEQMRXMQ G TIRXVY YR MYHIY, YR XIQXSV HI (YQRIÎY GYQ I 'SVRIPMY,
GLMEV EGGITXRH QSRSXIMWQYP, 1. 9R RKIV P RXPRI#XI RW TI 'SVRIPMY R 10,
3: (YLYP RY M ZE 3 HEX HIGX R 10, 4.
*VIGZIRXRH WMREKSKE #M VIWTIGXRH #EFFEX-Y VQRIE XSXY#M YR WXVMR
3MRHG RY IVE GMVGYQGMW. -YHIMM VMWGEY TVMR YVQEVI, R GSRXEGX GY EGI#XME, S
RIGYV'MI VMXYEP; HI EGIIE, IVE TIRXVY IM R EJEVE SVMGVIM HMWGY'MM W WI
EQIWXIGI GY TKRMM, 3I IM #M XIQXSVM HI (YQRIÎY, GY EXX QEM TY'MR W
QTEVX EGIIE#M QEW. 9R MYHIY RY TSJXIE RMGMSHEX YR WXVMR PE QEWE PYM,
GLMEV HEG EGIWXE TÎE EGIPIE#M VRHYMIPM EPMQIRXEVI: QEWE GSQYR IVE GY
RITYXMR'. 4IRXVY MYHIMM TVSZIRM'M HMR QM#GEVIE FETXMWQEP, TVSFPIQIPI QIWIM
GSQYRI IVEY, JV RHSMEP #M QEM TVIKRERXI, 3MRHG RY QRGEY GEVRI;
TIRXVY IM, MQTIVEXMZIPI EPMQIRXEVI IVEY QEM TVIWYW HI GIPI EPI GMVGYQGM^MIM: PE
QEW, R NYVYP RZ'XSVYPYM, WI TPQHIE GSI^MYRIE KVYTYPYM.
4IRXVY TVMQMM GVI#XMRM, HIWGLMHIVIE GXVI TKRM RY IVE, TSEXI, YR
MRGSRZIRMIRX R WMRI, HEXI 3MRH TVSTSZHYMVIE #M TVEGXMGE PYM -MWYW JE' HI
WXVMRM. 4VSFPIQE IVE HI E #XM GYQ #M R GI GSRHM'MM TYXIE EZIE IE PSG, JV
VMWGYP HI E JVRKI YRMXEXIE GSQYRMX'MM. 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX QVXYVMWI#XI
HMZIVWMXEXIE TS^M'MMPSV GEVI EY KYZIVREX RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM1. 9RE
HMRXVI TVSFPIQIPI QENSVI IVE PYEXYP QIWIM R GSQYR, HYT GYQ S HSZIHI#XI
GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 'SVRIPMY. %GIEWX TSZIWXMVI RI SJIV WSPY'ME GEVI E EZYX R GIPI
HMR YVQ G#XMK HI GEY^, WYF SFPHYMVIE PYM 4IXVY: TVIÎR'E (YLYPYM #M ETE
FSXI^YPYM ZSV 3 HI EGYQ REMRXI WMRKYVIPI TVMRGMTMM EPI YRMX'MM. 'LIEQ W
ZMR 4IXVY, M WTYRI RKIVYP PYM 'SVRIPMY. 4YXIE 4IXVY W ZMR# 'E MYHIY, RY
TYXIE HIGX W VIJYÎ LVERE RIGYVEX, PE QEWE YRSVE RIGYVE'M; GE FETXMWQEP
HI SVMKMRI, VIJYÊ W YGMH #M W QRRGI ERMQEPI. (EV R JE'E ZHMVMM (YLYPYM,
WI TYXIE IP TYRI HI-E GYVQI^M#YP#
3 IXET GVYGMEP R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV -QTSVXER'E EGIWXIM TSZIWXMVM R
GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WI QWSEV R TVMQYP VRH TVMR HMQIRWMYRIE
I\GIT'MSREP E ITMWSHYPYM: QEM QYPX HI YR GETMXSP. (EG PE EGIEWXE EHYKQ
TSZIWXIE FSXI^VMM JEQIRYPYM IXMSTMER, GEVI P TVIKXI#XI, TSZIWXIE GLIQVMM
PYM 4EZIP GE ETSWXSP EP TKRMPSV, ETSM RXIQIMIVIE &MWIVMGMM HMR %RXMSLME, GEVI M
YVQIE^ #M R GEVI KVIGMM WYRX IZERKLIPMÊ'M, VIEPM^Q G RI E4Q EMGM PE YRE
HMRXVI GSXMXYVMPI IWIR'MEPI EPI STIVIM PYM 0YGE: HVYQYP WTVI 6SQE IWXI HIWGLMW.
%HYREVIE HI PE -IVYWEPMQ HMR GETMXSPYP 15 ZE 3 ETSXISÊ EGIWXIM HIWGLMHIVM
GXVI TKRM.
*ETXYP G 4IXVY #M RY 4EZIP, E GVYM GSRZIVXMVI XSGQEM JYWIWI TSZIWXMX,
ENYRKI W JEG TEWYP LSXVXSV IWXI WIQRM3GEXMZ: HIWGLMHIVIE GXVI TKRM RY
IWXI RMGM S HIZMER', RMGM YR JETX QEVKMREP; IE ZMRI HMR TEVXIE TVMQMPSV QEVXSVM
EM 'IPYM RZMEX, GEVI WI PEW GPY^M'M HI (YLYP 7JRX.
*VERKSMW &VSWWMIV XIQ, 6. ). &VS[L, %RXMSGLI IX 6SQI, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, L
X' TT.
4IXVY PE 6SQE R YRERMQMXEXI, XVEHM'ME VIPEXIE^ G 4IXVY E QYVMX QEVXMV
PE 6SQE, R XMQTYP TVMRGMTEXYPYM PYM 2IVS. (EV HI RHEX GI GYXQ W
TVIGM^Q QTVINYVVMPI ZIRMVMM WEPI R SVE#YP MQTIVMEP, RY RI EPIKIQ HIGX GY
MTSXIÎ.
RGITYXYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV IWXI R TVMRGMTEP RGLMREX PYM 4IXVY, R
ZVIQI GI E HSYE TEVXI, QEM PYRK, WI VIJIV PE 4EZIP. 4SZIWXMVIE IPMFIVVMM
QMVEGYPSEWI E PYM 4IXVY PE -IVYWEPMQ WI RGLIMI RXV-YR QSH PEGSRMG: "M MI#MRH,
W-E HYW R EPX PSG (*% 12, 17). &M^YMRHY-WI TI XVEHM'ME XEVHMZ E GIPSV HSYÎGM
#M GMRGM HI ERM HI ETSWXSPEX EP PYM 4IXVY PE 6SQE, G'MZE EYXSVM EY HIHYW G
EXYRGM EV 3 TPIGEX WTVI 9VFW. -TSXI^ HIWXYP HI TY'MR ZIVSWMQMP, GGM P
VIKWMQ PE -IVYWEPMQ G'MZE ERM QEM XV^MY, TIRXVY EHYREVIE ETSWXSPMPSV GEVI
EZIE W VIGYRSEWG RIEXVREVIE JE' HI GMVGYQ-GM^MI #M HI 0IKI E TEKMRMPSV
GSRZIVXM'M (*% 15, 7 #M YVQ.). 2Y ZE QEM 3 ZSVFE HIWTVI 4IXVY R *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV.
8GIVIE )TMWXSPIPSV 4SXVMZMX )TMWXSPIM PYM 4EZIP GXVI +EPEXIRM, 4IXVY W-E
HYW PE %RXMSLME. %GGITXRH RXV-S TVMQ JE^ W QTEVX QEWE GY TKRMM
GSRZIVXM'M, E VIJYÊX W S QEM JEG PE ZIRMVIE YRSV SEQIRM HMR GIVGYP PYM -EGSZ
(+E 2,12 #M YVQ.). 'YRSE#XIQ GSRXMRYEVIE, ZMSPIRXYP TVSXIWX EP PYM 4EZIP, TI
FYR HVITXEXI RKVMNSVEX W ZEH HI^FMREVIE WP#PYMRHY-WI R &MWIVMG #M
TVISGYTEX W QIR'MR RHVITXEVIE TVMR GVIHMR'. )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM RY RI
TVIGMÎE^ GI E JGYX 4IXVY R YVQE EGIWXIM HMWTYXI. (YT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, E
VQEW HIWXYP HI QYPX ZVIQI YRHI IVE. )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM, WGVMW QEM
XV^MY PE %RXMSLME, WEY QGEV R 7MVME, QVXYVMWI#XI HIWTVI MQTSVXER'E
I\GIT'MSREP TI GEVI EGIEWX SF#XI S EGSVHE 3KYVMM PYM 4IXVY1. 0E 'SVMRX WI ZE
EPGXYM YR TEVXMH EP PYM 'LIJE (1 'S 1, 12): EWIQIRIE PYM %TSPPS, ZE 3 ZM^MXEX
4IXVY GSQYRMXEXIE HYT IZERKLIPMÊVIE IM HI GXVI 4EZIP# (MSRMWMI HMR 'SVMRX
WYW'MRI G EV 3 JGYX-S (HYT )YWIFMY, -WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -, 25, 8), HEV EQ
TYXIE TVIWYTYRI QEM WMQTPY G YRMM GVI#XMRM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG WI VIZIRHMGEY
HI PE 'LIJE R GSRXVEWX GY GVI#XMRMM IPIRMÊ'M GEVI PM WI TVIEY G EHSTX
EXMXYHMRM TVIE LEÊVHEXI: 8SEXI QM 1. :I^M 0I QSRHI HI PE &MFPI, RV. 28,
QEVXMI-ETVMPMI 1983, TT. 4-48: 0)KPMWI H%RXMSGLI (HI ). 'SXLIRIX).
7YRX RKHYMXI!, TSXVMZMX WPSKERYPYM HI^FXYX HI 4EZIP R RXME WE
)TMWXSP GXVI 'SVMRXIRM (6, 12).
RGITYXYP )TMWXSPIM RXM E PYM 4IXVY IRYQIVE GMRGM TVSZMRGMM HMR %WME
1MG. 2Y TYXIQ HIHYGI HI EMGM HIGX G 4IXVY EV 3 JSRHEX WEY ZM^MXEX IP RWY#M
EGIWXI HMZIVWI 'MRYXYVM. %GIEWX GMVGYPEV EHYGI QFVFXEVI YRSV GVI#XMRM
GEVI XVMIWG M^SPE'M R PYQIE TKR #M RY QVXYVMWI#XI HIWTVI S GYRSE#XIVI
GSRGVIX E HIWXMREXEVMPSV IM.
)TMWXSPE PYM 4EZIP GXVI 6SQERM RY JEGI RMGMSHEX VIJIVMVI PE 4IXVY. (EX
3MRH G 4EZIP #M ME EXXIE TVIGEY'MM, EHVIWRHY-WI YRIM GSQYRMX'M
RIRXIQIMEXI HI IP RWY#M, EV 3 XVIFYMX W-P QIR'MSRIÎ TI 4IXVY HEG EGIWXE
#M-EV 3 I\IVGMXEX WPYNMVIE R 3VE#. (EXEVIE ITMWXSPIM IWXI GIVX: MEVRE PYM 57/58.
(I EPXJIP, TSZIWXMVIE HMR *ETXI HIWTVI GETXMZMXEXIE PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE (*% 28),
HEXEFMP R 6P-63, RY JEGI EPY^MI PE 4IXVY. 8VIFYMI W XVEKIQ GSRGPY^ME G 4IXVY
RY E ENYRW R EGIWX SVE# HIGX GY TY'MR REMRXI HI TIVWIGY'ME PYM 2IVS (ZEVE
ERYPYM 64).
4IVWIGY'ME RIVSRMER 4SXVMZMX XIÎM GIPIM QEM RGIX'IRMXI EWX^M, 4IXVY EV
3 JSWX QEVXMVMÊX R XMQTYP TVMKSERIM PYM 2IVS (XSEQRE PYM 64). 8EGMX (%REPI <:,
4) RI JYVRMÎE^ GIE QEM WJ#MIXSEVI MWXSVMWMVI E IM. )P EXIWX R EGIPE#M XMQT
RYQVYP QEVI HI GVI#XMRM TY#M WYF EGYÊVI (MRKIRW QYPXMXYHS) #M JIVSGMXEXIE
VITVMQVMM: HIRYR'E'M GE MRGIRHMEXSVM, GVIHMRGMS#MM WYRX GSRHEQRE'M, GY S
GVY^MQI TIVZIVW, W EVH HI ZMM.
'IE QEM QEVI TEVXI E QVXYVMMPSV ZIGLM WMXYIE^ QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY PE
WJV#MXYP HSQRMIM PYM 2IVS. %WXJIP WI JEG G 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ, VETSVXRHY-WI PE
'VSRMGE PYM )YWIFMY, TPEWIE^ IZIRMQIRXYP R EP XVIMPIE ER EP GIPIM HI-E 2P-E
SPMQTMEHI, EHMG RXVI GEPIRHIPI PYM MYPMI #M WJV#MXYP PYM MYRMI 68, EP
TEMWTVIÎGIPIE #M YPXMQYP ER EP HSQRMIM PYM 2IVS. %GIWX ER, QTVEXYP
QIKEPSQER P-E TIXVIGYX ETVSETI R RXVIKMQI R +VIGME, YRHI E TYW W-P 3I
EGPEQEXI RÎWXVVMPI HI LMWXVMSR. %HQMRMWXVEVIE 6SQIM E JSWX RGVIHMR'EX
YRSV XVMYQZMVM, 7EFMRYW, 8MKIPPMRYW #M ,IPMYW 'EIWEVMERYW ((MS 'EWWMYW
63,12,19), GIIE GI WI TSXVMZI#XI GY MRHMGE'ME PYM 'PIQIRX 6SQERYP, TSXVMZMX
GVIME 4IXVY E GSQTVYX R JE'E KYZIVREXSVMPSV (- 'PIQ. :, 7).
'X TVMZI#XI HEXE HI 29 MYRMI, IE IWXI, IZMHIRX, YRE PMXYVKMG. 'IE QEM
ZIGLI QIR'MYRI E IM WI KWI#XI R 0MFIVTSRXM3GEPMW: % XVIME HMR GEPIRHIPI PYM
MYPMI, GSQIQSVEVIE PYM 4IXVY PE 'EXEGYQFEW, E PYM 4EZIP TI GEPIE 3WXME, WYF
GSRWYPEXYP PYM 8YWGYW #M &EWWYW (EHMG R 258). (YT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI,
EGIEWX HEX GSVIWTYRHI WXVQYXVMM QSE#XIPSV 7JRXYPYM 4IXVY, EHTSWXMXI R
'EXEGSQFIPI HI TI :ME %TTME, YRHI QEM XV^MY ZE 3 RP'EX FE^MPMGE 7JRXYP
7IFEWXMER. 7-EY KWMX EMGM S WIVMI HI MRWGVMT'MM MRZSGRH TVSXIG'ME GIPSV HSM
ETSWXSPM #M JGRH VIJIVMVI PE VIJVMKIVMYQ, EHMG PE QIWI HI TSQIRMVI
SVKERMÊXI PE PSGYP QSVQRXYPYM QEVXMVMPSV1. 9RYP HMRXVI :I^M %. ,EQQER, :MI
PMXYVKMUYI IX ZMI WSGMEPI, (IWGP6I, 4EVMW, 1968, '*1P EGIWXI KVE5XM IWXI HEXEX R
ERYP 260. (YT TEGIE GSRWXERXMRMER, QSE#XIPI EY JSWX EHYWI R ETVSTMIVIE
GMVGYPYM HI TI GSPMRE :EXMGER, GLMEV EGSPS YRHI, RG HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE, JYWIWI
RP'EX XVSJIYP HIWTVI GEVI ZSVFI#XI TVISXYP +EMYW.
(EXI EPI XVEHM'MIM HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY R TVMQE )TMWXSP E PYM 4IXVY,
WGVMW HMR 6SQE (5, 13), ETSWXSPYP WI TVI^MRX GE QEVXSV (QEVXYW) EP TEXMQMPSV
PYM ,VMWXSW #M TVXE# EP WPEZIM GI ZE W WI HIWGSTIVI (5, 1). (EG, E#E GYQ
IWXI #M TVSFEFMP, ITMWXSPE E JSWX WGVMW HI YR HMWGMTSP PE GMVGE ÎGI ERM HYT
QSEVXIE PYM 4IXVY, EGIWX TEWEN RI SJIV S EXIWXEVI EWYTVE QSV'MM PYM RGVGEXI
HI WPEZ, GLMEV HEG XIVQIRYP QEVXYW RY EZIE RG WIRWYP PYM WTIGM3G HI
QEVXMV. R )ZERKLIPME E TEXVE TIVGITIQ YR EPX IGSY EP QSV'MM PYM 4IXVY. (YT
GI P RXVIEF TI 7MQSR 4IXVY HEG P MYFI#XI, -MWYW M RGVIHMR'IE^ XYVQE WE,
ETSM EHEYK: GRH ZIM QFXVRM, ZIM RXMRHI QMRMPI XEPI #M EPXYP XI ZE
RGMRKI #M XI ZE HYGI YRHI RY ZSMI#XM (-R 21, 18). )ZERKLIPMWXYP RWY#M RI
SJIV XPGYP EGIWXIM TVIZIWXMVM IRMKQEXMGI: -EV EGIEWXE E ^MW-S RWIQRRH GY
GI JIP HI QSEVXI ZE TVIEWPZM TI (YQRIÎY ?WIQEMRSR TSMS XLEREXS HS\EÎM
XSR XLISRA. %GIEWX XYVRYV RY WI QEM VIKWI#XI HIGX HI HSY SVM, R
PIKXYV GY VWXMKRMVIE PYM -MWYW (-R 12, 3; 18, 32). 1EVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY IWXI, TVMR
YVQEVI, E#IÊX R TVIPYRKMVIE PYM -MWYW; GIP GEVI, RXV-S TVMQ IXET, RY IVE R
WXEVI W-#M YVQIÎ RZ'XSVYP (-R 13, 36-38), ZE #XM RXV-S ^M W QIEVK TR PE
GETXYP MYFMVMM WEPI.
7GVMMRHY-PI GSVMRXIRMPSV GXVI ERYP 95, 'PIQIRX 6SQERYP M VIYRI#XI RXV-
S EGIIE#M EQMRXMVI TI GIM-HSM ETSWXSPM QEVXMVM: 4IXVY ?.A HMR TVMGMRE YRIM TM^QI
RIHVITXI, E RHYVEX EXXIE TEXMQM ?.A #M ?.A HYT GI E HITYW EWXJIP QVXYVMI, W-
E HYW W SHMLRIEWG R WPEZE GI M WI TVIEGYZIRIE. (MR TVMGMRE TM^QIM #M
ZVENFIM, 4EZIP E EVXEX TVI'YP LV^MX WXVYMR'IM 1 (5, 4-5). (IWTVI GI TM^Q
IWXI ZSVFE# +LMGMQ HMWIRWMYRMPI HMR WRYP YRIM GSQYRMX'M R GEVI WPEFM #M
TYXIVRMGM WI RKHYMEY KVIY YRMM TI EP'MM (GJ. 6Q 14). 4SZIWXIE IWXI TVIÎRX
EMGM WTVI E RI EVXE G, R SVMGI TIVMSEH HI TVMKSER ZMSPIRX, I\MWX SEQIRM
WPEFM GEVI, TIRXVY E WGTE HI GSRHEQREVI, RY WI HEY R PXYVM HI PE HIPE'MYRM.
4SZIWXMVM PIKIRHEVI 9R EPX IGSY EP QEVXMVMYPYM PYM 4IXVY RI IWXI JYVRMÊX
RXV-YR ETSGVMJ MYHIS-GVI#XMR HI PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, 9VGEVIE PE GIV E
PYM -WEME (-:, P-3). QTVEXYP TVMKSRMXSV, HIRYR'EX GE QEXVMGMH (EPY^ME PE 2IVS
IWXI IZMHIRX), IWXI WSGSXMX RXVYTEVIE %RXMLVMWXYPYM.
1. 8VEH. *MV. HI %. .EYFIVX (7) 167).
R *ETXIPI PYM 4IXVY, WGVMWI WTVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE1, KWMQ RW
HEXIPI GIPI QEM EQRYR'MXI #M QEM VSQER'EXI HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP ETSWXSPYPYM.
"IHIVIE PYM PE 6SQE IWXI QEVGEX HI PYRKM RGPI#XVM SVEXSVMGI GY 7MQSR
1EKYP. 'YQ 7MQSR WI EZRX R EIV TIRXVY E HSZIHM GMRI IWXI, TIXVY M WI
EHVIWIE^ PYM ,VMWXSW, GE W TVSZSEGI TVFY#MVIE #EVPEXERYPYM (<-): YR ITMWSH
EHIWISVM ^YKVZMX HI TMGXSVM. 8SX EMGM GMXMQ #M WGIRE 5YS ZEHMW-YPYM. 'RH WI
TVI3KYVIE^ TIVWIGY'ME, 4IXVY TVWI#XI 6SQE #M P RXPRI#XI TI (SQRYP. P
RXVIEF YRHI WI HYGI: (SQRYP M WTYRI: n1 HYG PE 6SQE, GE W 3Y
VWXMKRMX~. -EV 4IXVY M ^MGI: n(SEQRI, MEV S W 3M VWXMKRMX#~. -EV IP M WTYRI:
n(E, 4IXVY, HMR RSY WYRX VWXMKRMX~. -EV 4IXVY, EHRGMX R WMRIE PYM, HYT GI P-E
Z^YX TI (SQRYP YVGRHY-WI PE GIV, W-E RXSVW PE 6SQE, FYGYVRHY-WI #M
WPZMRH TI (SQRYP TIRXVY GIIE GI WTYWIWI: n7YRX VWXMKRMX~; EGIEWXE EZIE W
WI RXQTPI ?HIGMA PE 6SQE (*ETXIPI PYM 4IXVY <:).
4SXVMZMX EGIPSVE#M *ETXI, 4IXVY E GIVYX W 3I VWXMKRMX GY GETYP R NSW,
XI\XYP HI^ZSPXRH S WXVERMI EVKYQIRXE'MI R GEVI TSEXI 3 VIGYRSWGYX M^YP YRSV
WTIGYPE'MM KRSWXMGI. RXVYGX, HYT GHIVIE WE, %HEQ E VWXYVREX XSXYP GY
WYWYP R NSW, TVMR GSRZIVXMVI PYGVYVMPI XVIFYMI E#IÊXI HMR RSY PE PSGYP PSV.
8VSJIIPI GIPSV GEVI EY RXIQIMEX EGIEWX &MWIVMG 0WRH HISTEVXI
HEXIPI PIKIRHEVI, RI E4Q HMR RSY TI YR XIVIR WSPMH S HEX GY EGIEWX
EXIWXEVI ZIRMRH HMR TEVXIE PYM +EMYW GEVI, R GSRXVSZIVWE GY QSRXERM#XMM, TYRI
R ZEPSEVI EQMRXMVMPI GI RXIQIME^ EYXSVMXEXIE &MWIVMGMM 6SQIM: 'X HIWTVI
QMRI, IY TSX EVXE XVSJIIPI ETSWXSPMPSV. (EG ZIM ZVIE W QIVKM TI GSPMRE
:EXMGERYPYM WEY TI GEPIE 3WXME, EM W KWI#XM XVSJIIPI GIPSV GEVI EY RXIQIMEX
EGIEWX &MWIVMG (R )YWIFMY, -WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -, 25, MJ.
)HSYEVH 'SXLIRIX &MFPMSKVE3I VIGIRX HIWTVI *ETXIPI PYM 4IXVY, R%GXIW
ETSGV]TLIW HIW %TSXVIW. 'LVMWXMERMWQI IX QSRHITEMIR, 0EFSV IX *MHIW,
+IRIZE, 1981, TT. 29-301. 2SM YVQQ XVEHYGIVIE R JVERGI^ E PYM 0. :SYEY\
(4EVMW, 192). 2- :I^M 0I QSRHI HI PE &MFPI, RV. 27, MERYEVMI-JIFVYEVMI 1983, TT.
40-43; 0IW JSYMPPIW HY :EXMGER (HI '. 1YRMIV).
4IXVY R XVEHM'ME MSERIMG (MRXVI WGVMIVMPI XVEHM'MIM MSERIMGI, HSEV
)ZERKLIPME HYT -SER EM GSRWIVZEX R QSH I\TVIW EQMRXMVIE PYM 4IXVY. 7I
ZSVFI#XI EMGM HIWTVI 7MQSR 4IXVY QEM QYPX HIGX HIWTVI SVMGI EPX YGIRMG, FE
GLMEV QEM QYPX HIGX HIWTVI YGIRMGYP ERSRMQ WEY HIWTVI GIP TI GEVI-P MYFIE
-MWYW. )ZERKLIPMWXYP, GEVI P RYQI#XI 7MQSR 4IXVY PE RGITYXYP TIVMGSTIPSV,
ETSM 4IXVY R GYTVMRWYP EGIWXSVE, GSRJIV 3KYVMM #M VSPYPYM WY QEM QYPXI
XVWXYVM HINE RXPRMXI PE WMRSTXMGM, R ZVIQI GI QENSVMXEXIE QEXIVMEPIPSV
YXMPMÊXI TIRXVY VIHEGXEVIE GV'MM, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, RY WYRX R GE^YP HI
JE' EGIPIE#M #M EY GMVGYPEX RXV-S GSQYRMXEXI HMJIVMX, QEVGEX HI HMWGMTSPYP TI
GEVI P MYFIE -MWYW, HYT GYQ W-E WYW'MRYX.
4IRXVY E TVIÎRXE 3KYVE #M VSPYP PYM 4IXVY R )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER, WI
GYZMRI W JEGIQ S HITEVXENEVI RXVI TEWENIPI R GEVI ETEVI WMRKYV, JV
YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX, TSZIWXMVMPI R GEVI WI E4 R XSZV#ME EGIWXYME #M GETMXSPYP
21, GSRWMHIVEX R KIRIVEP GE YR EHESW XEVHMZ. "EWI WYRX TSZIWXMVMPI, R GIE QEM
QEVI TEVXI TEVEPIPI TIVMGSTIPSV HMR )ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI, GEVI P TYR R
WGIR TI ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY, JV E-P QIR'MSRE I\TPMGMX #M TI YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX.
4IXVY JV YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX ',)1%6)% 09- 4)869. -SER 1, 40-42
VIPEXIE^ GLIQEVIE PYM 4IXVY, GEVI RY IWXI TVMQYP YGIRMG RXPRMX #M GLIQEX,
E#E GYQ WI RXQTP R XVEHM'ME WMRSTXMG (GJ. 1G 1,16-20). 4SXVMZMX PYM -SER,
%RHVIM GEVI, EPXYVM HI YR EPX YGIRMG, P YVQEWI HINE TI -MWYW M ZIWXI#XI PYM
4IXVY G P-E KWMX TI 1IWME #M P EHYGI PE -MWYW. 'RH ENYRKI, PYM 4IXVY M WI
WTYRI: 8Y I#XM 7MQSR, 3YP PYM -SRE; XY XI ZIM RYQM 'LIJE (GI WI XPGYMI#XI
4IXVY ?TMEXV, WXRGA). %GIEWX WGLMQFEVI HI RYQI IZSG RSYP HIWXMR EP PYM
4IXVY #M VIEQMRXI#XI JKHYMR'E GI M-E JSWX JGYX R 1EXIM 16, 17-P8. 4VMR
YVQEVI, RG HI PE TVMQE WE RXPRMVI GY -MWYW, 4IXVY IWXI VIGYRSWGYX #M
TVIÎRXEX RGITRH GY GIIE GI ZE GSRWXMXYM GLIQEVIE PYM HISWIFMX.
16896-7-6)% () '6)(-2&. -SER 6, 67-69, GEVI VIPEXIE^ QVXYVMWMVIE
HI GVIHMR' E PYM 4IXVY, TVI^MRX TEVEPIPE MSERIMG PE XVEHM'ME WMRSTXMG (GJ. 1G
8, 27-30). (YT HMWGYVWYP HIWTVI TMRIE ZMI'MM, IZERKLIPMWXYP QIR'MSRIE^ G
QYP'M YGIRMGM, RIQEMGVI^RH R -MWYW, HHIEY RETSM #M RGIXEY W-P QEM
YVQIÎ. %GIWXE IWXI QSQIRXYP R GEVI WI EHVIWIE^ -MWYW GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI:
2Y ZVI'M #M ZSM W Z HYGI'M#. -EV 4IXVY M VWTYRHI: "M RSM EQ GVI^YX #M EQ
GYRSWGYX G 8Y I#XM 7JRXYP PYM (YQRIÎY *. 6IEG'ME PYM -MWYW PE EGIEWX
QVXYVMWMVI IWXI QEM RIYXV HIGX R WMRSTXMGI, YRHI 4IXVY IWXI PYHEX (1X 16,
17), ETSM GEPM3GEX HVITX WEXER (1G 8, 3). (EG R -SER 6, 67-69, 3KYVE PYM
4IXVY EVI YR ERYQI VIPMIJ, RXVYGX ZSVFI#XI R RYQIPI GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI, IP
RY HSFRHI#XI RW RMGM S TVI-GYQTRMVI EWYTVE EGIWXSVE.
740%6)% 4-'-3%6)036. -SER 13, 6-P, WGIRE WTPVMM TMGMSEVIPSV, RY EVI
TEVEPIP WMRSTXMG. 4IXVY, GEVI RY E R'IPIW XPGYP KIWXYPYM PYM -MWYW, WI
QTSXVMZI#XI EXYRGM GRH EGIWXE WI ETVSTMI TIRXVY E-P WTPE TMGMSEVIPI:
(SEQRI, SEVI 8Y W-QM WTIPM QMI TMGMSEVIPI#. %XYRGM -MWYW WXVYMI,
I\TPMGRHY-P G E#E XVIFYMI W 3I. -EV 4IXVY I\GPEQ: (SEQRI, WTEP-QM RY
RYQEM TMGMSEVIPI QIPI, GM #M QMRMPI #M GETYP. %GIEWX TSZIWXMVI HI^ZPYMI, GE
#M WMRSTXMGIPI, YR 4IXVY MQTYPWMZ, GEVI RY TIVGITI HIRHEX RGVGXYVE
GYZMRXIPSV PYM -MWYW.
46):)78-6)% 0)4(6-. -SER 13, 63-68, TVIZIWXMVIE XKHYMIPMM PYM
4IXVY, EVI YR WIRW WMQMPEV R TSZIWXMVIE WMRSTXMG (GJ. 1G 14, 2.7-31; 1X 26,
3P-35; 0I 2, 3P-34). (YT GI -MWYW #M-E ZIWXMX TPIGEVIE, 4IXVY P RXVIEF YRHI WI
HYGI. -MWYW M EHYGI EQMRXI G RY-P TSEXI YVQE, TIRXVY QSQIRX. 4IXVY M
VITPMG: 7Y4IXYP QIY P ZSM HE TIRXVY 8MRI. 6IEQMRXMRH HMWGVIX RITYXMR'E HI
R'IPIKIVI E PYM 4IXVY, EGIEWX WGIR HIWGSTIV KIRIVS^MXEXIE PYM RIWXTRMX.
96)',)% 8-%8. -SER 18,10-P EHYGI S TVIGMÊVI TSZIWXMVMM HIWTVI
RXIQRM'EVIE PYM -MWYW, TI GEVI )ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI RY S QIR'MSRIE^. R
1EVGY 14, 47, WI VIPEXIE^ G SEVIGMRI E PSZMX WPYKE QEVIPYM TVISX
?EVLMIVIYPYMA, XMRHY-P YVIGLIE; XSXY#M, TIVWSRENYP R GEY^ RY IWXI RYQMX. R
-SER 18, 10-P, WI VIEQMRXI#XI G IVE 4IXVY. %GIWX JVEKQIRX TYRI #M QEM QYPX R
IZMHIR' GEVEGXIVYP WY MQTIXYSW.
0)4(6-0). -SER 18, 25-27 VIPEXIE^ E HSYE #M E XVIME PITHEVI EPI PYM
4IXVY. %VI PSG EWXJIP QTPMRMVIE TVI^MGIVMM PYM -MWYW R PIKXYV GY YR QSQIRX EP
TXMQMVMM WEPI. 7TVI HISWIFMVI HI 1EVGY 14, 6-72, TSZIWXMVIE MSERIMG HIWGVMI
S WPFMGMYRI E YGIRMGYPYM, JV E MRWMWXE EWYTVE XVWXYVMPSV WEPI HI GEVEGXIV:
RXV-EHIZV, PE -SER, 4IXVY RY WI NYV #M RMGM RY WI GMI#XI, GE R TIVMGSTE
TEVEPIP E PYM 1EVGY.
4SXVMZMX EGIWXSV XI\XI, MQEKMRIE PYM 4IXVY RY HMJIV WYFWXER'MEP HI GIE 4I
GEVI S RXPRMQ R WMRSTXMGI. 7-EV TYXIE GLMEV GE IE W 3I RXVYGXZE QEM
4EPMH, HYT GYQ PEW -SER 18, 25-27 W WI TVIWYTYR.
R IH. 6SQ. E &MFPMIM, . 8Y I#XM ,VMWXSWYP, *MYP PYM (YQRIÎY (R.X.).
7MQSR 4IXVY #M YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX 8VIM ITMWSEHI EPI )ZERKLIPMIM M TYR R
WGIR TI ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY #M TI YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX. %GIEWXE IWXI S
TEVXMGYPEVMXEXI E PYM -SER. )WXI HM3GMP W TVIGM^Q GMRI IWXI EGIWX YGIRMG GEVI
NSEG #M EPXYVM HI 4IXVY YR VSP RWIQREX R )ZERKLIPMI, HEV TYXIQ TVIWYTYRI,
GY XMXPY HI MTSXI^, G EGIWXE IVE TIRXVY KVYTYP MSERIMG YR TIVWSREN VIEP,
XSZEV# EP PYM -MWYW, EP GVYM VSP E JSWX TVIEQVMX TIRXVY E WPYNM HI QSHIP
GVIHMRGMS#MPSV.
-7836-7-6)% '-2)-. 9GIRMGYP TI GEVI P MYFIE -MWYW ETEVI R TSZIWXMVIE
'MRIM (-R 13, 2P-26). R EGIWX XI\X TEVEPIP GIPYM HMR WMRSTXMGI, VIHEGXSVYP
VIPEXIE^ YR HIXEPMY RIGYRSWGYX EGIWXSVE. (YT GI -MWYW E TVIZIWXMX G ZE 3
ZRHYX, 4IXVY M JEGI WIQR YGIRMGYPYM TVIEMYFMX, GEVI WI E4 EPXYVM HI -MWYW,
W-P RXVIFI GMRI EV TYXIE 3 XVHXSVYP. -MWYW M H YR VWTYRW GEVI TIVQMXI
MHIRXM3GEVIE EGIWXYME, R ZVIQI GI R WMRSTXMGI, IP WI EHVIWIE^ XYXYVSV. R
EGIEWX TSZIWXMVI, 4IXVY VQRI VITVIÎRXERXYP #M TYVXXSVYP HI GYZRX EP
YGIRMGMPSV, HEV EVI RIZSMI HI QMNPSGMVIE YGIRMGYPYM TVIEMYFMX, GEVI SGYT QEM
QYPX PSG R MRMQE #M EJIG'MYRIE RZ'XSVYPYM.
46-1% 0)4(%6). 6IPEXEVIE TVMQIM XKHYMVM HMR TEVXIE PYM 4IXVY R 18,
15-P8, GEVI P TYRI R WGIR TI YGIRMGYP ERSRMQ, TVI^MRX GXIZE TEVXMGYPEVMX'M
JE' HI RGITYXYP TSZIWXMVMPSV WMRSTXMGI TEVEPIPI. 'IPPEPX YGIRMG, GYRSWGYX
QEVIPYM TVISX, P RWS'I#XI TI -MWYW R MRXIVMSVYP TEPEXYPYM. 4IXVY VQRI PE
TSEVX. %XYRGM GRH GIPPEPX YGIRMG P FEK RYRXVY, 4IXVY IWXI MRXIVTIPEX HI
S WPYNRMG #M WI PIETH HI -MWYW, R XMQT GI R WMRSTXMGI, IP I WMRKYVYP GEVI P
YVQIE^ TI -MWYW. %WXJIP, -SER TWXVIE^ EQMRXMVIE JVYRXE#YPYM GIPSV
(SMWTVIÎGI RXSZV#MRHY-P TI -MWYW TR PE PSGYP NYHIG'MM WEPI, HEV
XKHYMRHY-P. M STYRI XSXY#M 3KYVE EGIWXYM GIPPEPX YGIRMG R TVIENQE PYM
-MWYW: RYQEM IP, EPXYVM HI 1VME, ZE 3 PE TMGMSEVIPI 'VYGMM, GE EHIZVEX YGIRMG
#M GE EGIPE GEVI E JSWX GVIHMRGMSW TR PE GETX.
:)2-6)% 0% 136128. (YT GI E IZSGEX ZIRMVIE JIQIMPSV PE QSV-QRX
R HMQMRIE'E 4E#XIPYM, -SER, GE #M 0YGE 24, 12, MWXSVMWI#XI #M ZIRMVIE PYM 4IXVY.
0E 0YGE, EGIWXE IWXI WMRKYVYP GEVI EPIEVK PE QSVQRX, ZIHI KMYPKMYVMPI #M WI
QMV HI GI WI ZE 3 RXQTPEX. (MQTSXVMZ, PE -SER, 4IXVY EPIEVK PE QSVQRX
GSX PE GSX GY YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX (-R 20, P-P0). %GIWXE HMR YVQ ENYRKI TVMQYP,
HEV P E#XIETX TI 4IXVY #M P PEW W MRXVI R QSVQRX, YRHI ZIHI KMYPKMYVMPI #M
QEVEQE PE S TEVXI. %TSM MRXV, ZIHI #M GVIHI. 4SZIWXIE EV RGPMRE W RI JEG E
GVIHI G, TIRXVY GSQYRMXEXIE MSERIMG, YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX, MHIRXM3GEX R
EGIEWX TSZIWXMVI GY GIPPEPX YGIRMG, EV 3 TVMQYP GEVI E ENYRW PE GVIHMR'E R
RZMIVI; RW 4IXVY VQRI TVMQYP GEVI E Z^YX.
(MR EGIWXI XVIM TSZIWXMVM GEVI P RJ'M#IE^ TI YGIRMGYP TVIEMYFMX R
ETVSTMIVIE PYM 4IXVY, EQ TYXIE HIWTVMRHI GSRGPY^ME G SF#XIE MSERIMG M-8
EGSVHEX YR MRXIVIW HISWIFMX YGIRMGYPYM TVIEMYFMX. 8SXY#M, IE P-E JGYX W
VMZEPMÎÎ GY 4IXVY, EP GVYM VSP RY TYXIE 3 EWGYRW #M GEVI IVE, HYT XSEXI
ETEVIR'IPI, TIVWSRENYP GIP QEM JEMQSW R SGLMM QEVMM &MWIVMGM.
4IXVY R -SER 21 R -SER 21, 4IXVY IZSPYIE^ R TSZIWXMVIE EVXVMM PYM
-MWYW PE 'VQYP PEGYPYM #M E GSR3VQVMM R WEVGMRE PYM TEWXSVEP HI GXVI -MWYW.
4)7'9-6)% 1-292%8. R -SER 21, P-P4, RXV-S TIVMGST GEVI GSQFMR,
TVSFEFMP, S TSZIWXMVI HI XMTYP TIWGYMXYPYM R PEG #M YRE HI XMT ETEVM'MI, 4IXVY
ETEVI HMR RSY R TVIENQE YGIRMGYPYM TVIEMYFMX. 'E #M R TSZIWXMVIE PYGERMER
TEVEPIP (0I 5, P-P), YRHI NSEG VSPYP TVMRGMTEP #M YRHI IWXI TVIÎRXEX GE WMRKYVE
3KYV QEVGERX EPXYVM HI -MWYW, R -SER 21, P-P4 4IXVY SGYT YR PSG GIRXVEP: IP
EVI MRM'MEXMZE TIWGYMXYPYM, IP WI EVYRG R ET TIRXVY E QIVKI R RXQTMREVIE
PYM -MWYW #M XSX IP XVEKI QVIENE TI YWGEX. 8SXY#M, 3KYVE EGIWXYM 4IXVY JGRHY-#M
QIVIY HI PYGVY GSRXVEWXIE^ GY GIE E GIPYMPEPX YGIRMG, TVMQYP GEVI R'IPIKI,
GVIHI #M I\GPEQ HYT TIWGYMVIE QMVEGYPSEW: (SQRYP IWXI!. %GIWX PYGVY
IWXI R HITPMR EVQSRMI GY VIPEXEVIE ZM^MXIM PE QSVQRX, YRHI GIPPEPX YGIRMG
#M RY 4IXVY -HIWGSTIV RIRXV^MEX XPGYP RXQTPVMM. R TPYW, MQTYPWMZMXEXIE
YRYM 4IXVY WVMRH HMR FEVG IWXI TERHERXYP GIPIM HIWGVMWI R -SER 18, 10-P,
GRH WI TVIGMTMX R ENYXSVYP PYM -MWYW.
1-7-92)% 4%7836%0. R WJV#MX, R -SER 21,15-P9, -MWYW P GSR3VQ TI
4IXVY R QMWMYRIE PYM TEWXSVEP. %#E #M JYWIWI TVIÎRXEX, RW RXV-YR QSH QEM
TY'MR PQYVMX, PE RGITYXYP )ZERKLIPMIM, R TSZIWXMVIE HIWTVI GLIQEVIE WE (-R
1, 40-42). R -SER 21, 15 #M YVQ., HYT GI E VWTYRW E3VQEXMZ PE GIPI XVIM
RXVIFVM EPI PYM -MWYW, 4IXVY WI WI ZIHI R WMXYE'ME HI E M WI RGVIHMR'E VERKYP
HI E TWXSVM XYVQE, MQEKMRI TEWXSVEP TI GEVI S TYXIQ ETVSTME HI GIE E
TWXSVYPYM HMR -SER 10. (YT XVMTPE PITHEVI, EGIEWX WGIR IWXI GSRWMHIVEX
YR JIP HI VIEFMPMXEVI E PYM 4IXVY. 2SXE HI EYXSVMXEXI GSRJIVMX PYM 4IXVY IWXI
PMQTIHI R EGIWX TEWEN; IE IWXI PIKEX "M HI GIE E RHEXSVMVMPSV TWXSVYPYM JE'
HI SMPI WEPI. %GIWXE ZE XVIFYM W-#M HIE ZME'E TIRXVY XYVQE PYM; TVMR YVQEVI,
GSRXMRYEVIE TSZIWXMVMM IZSG QEVXMVMYP PYM 4IXVY, GVYME -MWYW M VIEQMRXI#XI G
XVIFYMI W-P YVQIÎ, R ZVIQI GI PEW HI TVIWYTYW YR EPX WJV#MX TIRXVY
GIPPEPX YGIRMG, GEVI ZE QVXYVMWM HYT EHIZV.
%WXJIP, R -SER 21, MQTIXYSWYPYM 4IXVY, GEVI ME MRM'MEXMZE TIWGYMXYPYM PE
'VQYP PEGYPYM, M WI RGVIHMR'IE^ W EMF KVMN HI XYVQ, R XMQT GI YGIRMGYP
GIPPEPX, GEVI R'IPIKI KVEFRMG XPGYP TIWGYMVMM, IWXI GIP GLIQEX W
QVXYVMWIEWG.
)ZERKLIPME HYT -SER E TWXVEX EQMRXMVIE YRYM 4IXVY MQTYPWMZ #M
MQTIXYSW, E#E GYQ P PEW W ETEV )ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI. (MR GETYP PSGYPYM,
RGITRH GY GLIQEVIE PYM, M IWXI RGVIHMR'EX YR VSP TVIGYQTRMXSV GEVI M ZE
3 GSRW3R'MX R -SER 21 #M TI GEVI P TWXVIE^ TI RXVIKYP TEVGYVW EP GV'MM. 7TVI
HISWIFMVI HI WMRSTXMGI RW, EGIWXYM VSP M IWXI STYW GIP EP YGIRMGYPYM TVIEMYFMX,
GEVI P RXSZV#I#XI TI -MWYW TR PE QSEVXI #M TVMQYP GEVI GVIHI R RZMIVIE
PYM. )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER IWXI QVXYVME EGIWXYM YGIRMG, HIWXMREX YRIM
GSQYRMX'M GEVI M-E EGSVHEX YR MRXIVIW WTIGMEP; TIRXVY EGIEWXE, IP VITVIÎRXE
WYVWE PE GEVI WI VETSVXE EXYRGM GRH ZSVFIE HIWTVI -MWYW.
'PEYHI 'SYPSX 7MRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ 4SXVMZMX *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV,
RXSEVGIVIE PYM 4EZIP #M E PYM &EVREFE PE %RXMSLME IWXI YVQEX HI S KVEZ
HMWTYX: IWXI XMIVIE QTVINYV RIGIWEV QRXYMVMM# (EG HE, TVEGXMGE EGIWXSV
HSM QMWMSREVM EV 3 KVI#MX; E#EHEV, WI STYR GY WXV#RMGMI GVMXMGMPSV PSV ZIRM'M HMR
-YHIIE. 7I ME LSXVVIE GE PMXMKMYP W 3I WXVQYXEX PE -IVYWEPMQ, PSGYP R GEVI WI
RXVYRIWG ETSWXSPMM #M FXVRMM.
'IEVXE VIM^FYGRI#XI EXYRGM WYF MR4YIR'E JEVMWIMPSV GVI#XMRM (RYQM'M
TIRXVY TVMQE SEV R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV). 2Y WI QEM ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI
QRXYMVI, HEV XVIFYMI XSXY#M GE JVE'MM W TÎEWG XSEX 0IKIE, HIGM #M XMIVIE
QTVINYV.
%GIWXIM HYFPI GLIWXMYRM M VWTYRH HSY GYZRXVM, GIE E PYM 4IXVY, R
PIKXYV GY QRXYMVIE #M GIE E PYM -EGSZ, R PIKXYV GY 0IKIE.
0E RMZIPYP VIHEGXVMM, GIPI HSY TVSFPIQI WYRX MRXVSHYWI TVMR EGIPIE#M
GYZMRXI: "M YRMM., GIIE GI HYGI GY KRHYP PE GSQFMREVIE E HSY TSZIWXMVM
MRM'MEPI. .Y\XETYRIVIE XMRHI GE RYER'IPI, HIWTVI GEVI ZSQ ZIHIE G WYRX
MQTSVXERXI, W 3I RIKPMNEXI. (EV RMGM HMJIVIR'E HMRXVI GIPI HSY HMWGYVWYVM RY
IWXI QEM TY'MR WIQRM3GEXMZ, HEG WYRX GMXMXI GY EXIR'MI.
4IXVY VWTYRHI R PIKXYV GY QRXYMVIE: RY 0IKIE IWXI GIE GEVI
QRXYMI#XI, GM LEVYP (SQRYPYM -MWYW. %GIEWXE IWXI GSRGPY^ME WE (*% 15, 1).
(SZEHE WX R EGIIE G (YLYP E JSWX HEX YRSV RIXME'M QTVINYV TVIGYQ
'SVRIPMY, PE 'IÊVIIE (GJ. *% 10 #M 1,P-P8). 3V, HEG IWXI EHIZVEX G TVMR
GVIHMR' WI GYV'IWG MRMQMPI (*% 15, 9), GY EXX QEM QYPX WI ZSV GYVE'M TVMR
(YLYP PYM (YQRIÎY, TI GEVI -IÎGLMIP P EWIQYMWI HINE GY ETE (-^ 36, 25-27).
(SQRYP E JKHYMX YR FSXI^ GY (YL 7JRX, QTPMRMX PE 'MRGMÎGMQI (*% 1, 5 #M
2). 8MIVIE QTVINYV, GEVI PQYVI#XI RYQEM XVYTYP (GJ. R 7, 2-23), RY IWXI
E#EHEV RIGIWEV QRXYMVMM.
'I WI E4, TVMR YVQEVI, R NSG# 2MQMG QEM TY'MR HIGX VSPYP PYM ,VMWXSW R
QRXYMVIE HMZMR.
%Q TYXIE, RXV-EHIZV, R'IPIKI G *MYP PYM (EZMH IWXI WYTYW 0IKMM,
EWIQIRIE WXVQS#MPSV WM (GJ. (X 17, 14-20), G S TVSTSZHYMI#XI #M S MQTYRI
TSTSEVIPSV (GJ. 4W 101). %XYRGM, IE WI MQTYRI GY EXX QEM QYPX YGIRMGMPSV WM,
GEVI EY TVMQMX JKHYMR'E YRIM #M QEM REPXI VWTP'M TI PRK (SQRYP PSV.
%GIEWXE IWXI, JV RHSMEP, MRXIVTVIXEVIE EGIWXSV SEQIRM ZIRM'M HMR -YHIIE.
-RW 4IXVY, HYQIVMX HMR TVSTVMMPI PYM I\TIVMIR'I, #XMI G R VIEPMXEXI
,VMWXSW QTPMRI#XI ZSMR'E WYTVIQ E PYM 1SMWI: HI EV 3 XS'M TVSVSGM R 4STSVYP
(SQRYPYM #M HI EV XVMQMXI (SQRYP (YLYP 7Y TIWXI IM! (2Q 1, 29, HI^ZSPXEX
RPSMP 3,P-5; GJ. *% 2,17-21). %#IÊX PE HVIETXE PYM (YQRIÎY, -MWYW E TVMQMX
(YLYP TIRXVY E-P VWTRHM (*% 2, 3) #M P-E VWTRHMX TIWXI RM#XI WXVMRM.
4EZIP #M &EVREFE RY JEG HIGX W EHEYKI I\TIVMIR'E PSV PE GIE E PYM
4IXVY, MEV %HYREVIE 'MRI WIEQE HI IE (*% 15,12, VIGETMXYPEVI E PYM 13, 52).
'LIWXMYRIE M^FYGRI#XI MEV WYF RVYVMVIE JEVMWIMPSV GVI#XMRM (*% 15, 5).
0IKIE, WSGSXIWG IM, VQRI RIGIWEV TIRXVY E XVM GYQ WI GEHI. 9R JEVMWIY RY
WI QYP'YQI#XI W WGETI HI +LIIRE, IP HSVI#XI MRXIRW W JEG QEM QYPX R
WPYNFE (SQRYPYM TI GEVI P MYFI#XI. R VEFMRMWQYP ERXMG, WI EHQMXIE G WXVMRMM
WI QRXYMIWG, HEG WI WYTYR GIPSV #ETXI TVIGITXI HEXI, WTYRI-WI, PYM 2SI #M
3MPSV WM; RY IVE RW QEM TY'MR PIKEX HI GMVGYQGM^MI, HI VMXYEP, HI VIKYPMPI #M HI
WJEXYVMPI 0IKMM. 9R JEVMWIY GEVI GVIHI R MYFMVIE HI (YQRIÎY, HIWGSTIVMX R
-MWYW ,VMWXSW, RY EVI HIGX #M QEM QYPXI QSXMZI W WI EXE#IÎ HI 0IKIE GEVI
GSRGVIXMÎE^ VWTYRWYP HI MYFMVI EP TSTSVYPYM JE' HI (YQRIÎYP WY.
(I EPXQMRXIVM, XSEX ZME'E MYHEMG WI E4 R NSG. (EG YR MYHIY QRRG
EPMQIRXI RIGYVEXI PE QEWE YRYM TKR, WI WTYRI HIWTVI IP G EVI TSVG R
KYV! 7I JYKI HI IP GE HI YR GMYQEX. )P TVSZSEG VYTXYVMPI GIPI QEM
HVEQEXMGI R JEQMPMI #M R GIVGYP WY HI TVMIXIRM. 'SRWMHIVEX TGXSW, RIHIQR
HI RGVIHIVI, WI HIWGEPM3G RGIVGRH W QEM ZSVFIEWG HIWTVI GIPI EPI PYM
(YQRIÎY, MEV HEG IWXI GVI#XMR, W QEM QVXYVMWIEWG PYM ,VMWXSW.
'LMEV RXV-YR QEVI SVE# KVIGS-VSQER, GY QSVEZYVM RY JSEVXI WXVMGXI, ZE
3 HI ENYRW S GLIQEVI PE SVHMRI TIRXVY GE 4IXVY #M &EVREFE W VIZMR PE TEÊ
0IKMM (+E 2, P-P3).
(EG YR TKR FSXIÊX RY QFV'M#IE^ 0IKIE, WY4IXYP PYM ZE 3, JV
RHSMEP, QRXYMX. (EV RMGM YR JIP HI ZME' GSQYR RY-P ZE 3 GY TYXMR' EPXYVM
HI MYHIM, JVE'MM PYM R ,VMWXSW. :E 3 JSEVXI ERIZSMSW GLMEV HI SVKERMÊX S QEW
IYLEVMWXMG, HI#M XEMRE TMRMM #M E ZMRYPYM RG RY E JSWX HIWTV'MX (GJ. 1 'S 1,
2P-2).
"M ETSM, GMRI WI TSEXI PMTWM HI WPYNFIPI HMR WMREKSK, HI FMFPMSXIGE, HI
FEME VMXYEP, HI #GSPMPI #M XVMFYREPYP WY#
-EGSZ VWTYRHI EGIWXSV RXVIFVM, XSEXI JSEVXI WIVMSEWI. % JSWX HIWIQREX
GE RPSGYMXSV EP PYM 4IXVY PE -IVYWEPMQ, YRHI P ZSQ VIKWM QEM XV^MY (*% 12, 17
#M 21, 18). 'E YR HIWZV#MX GYRSWGXSV EP 0IKMM, KWI#XI R GYTVMRWYP IM
WYTETIPI HI WMKYVER' HI GEVI IVE RIZSMI: 'RH -WVEIP IVE PMFIV #M WXTR,
TYXIE TVMQM WXVMRM R TQRXYP WY. 0IKIE RY PI IVE EGIWXSVE MQTYW R
RXVIKMQI, GM I\MWXEY HSEV HSY GEXIKSVMM HI MRXIVHMG'MM: 7 RY QRRGI WRKI,
TVMR YVQEVI GEVRI HMR GEVI RY E JSWX WGYVW WRKIPI (0Z 17, 10-P3); 7 RY
TVEGXMGI HMZIVWIPI JSVQI HI MQSVEPMXEXI WI\YEP, VI^YQEXI RXV-YR WMRKYV
GYZRX (XVEHYW TVMR HIWJVREVI, YVGMYRM IXG.) (0Z 18, 26).
-EGSZ PI EHEYK S E XVIME GEXIKSVMI: RIEPMTMVIE PE MHSPEXVMI, TSVYRG GI
RY TVSZMRI HMR PIKMPI WXVMRMPSV, GM HMR 0IKIE PYM -WVEIP (W 20, 4-6; 0Z 19,4). R
WIRW QSVEP, RGLMREVIE PE MHSPM TRKVI#XI (3W 9, 10; 7SP 14, 12-31; 6Q 1,
23-32), RXSEVGIVIE PE IE EV RWIQRE TMIVHIVIE JSPSWYPYM GVIHMR'IM GEVI E
GYV'MX MRMQE (*% 15, 9). RW XIVQIRYP KVIGIWG IZSG YR R'IPIW QEXIVMEP
QEKMGS-VMXYEP: IWXI ZSVFE HI EPMQIRXI WTYVGEXI, 3MRHG EY JSWX QEM RXM
RGLMREXI MHSPMPSV, GYQ ZE 3 I\TPMGEX GIZE QEM XV^MY (*% 15, 9). 6IKYPE ZE 3
VITIXEX PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, R%TSGEPMTW (%T 2, 14.20). )WXI GYRSWGYX R
VEFMRMWQ RG HMR IVE ETSWXSPMG.
'Y GSRHM'ME HI E VIWTIGXE EGIWXI XVIM QEVM MRXIVHMG'MM, YR GVI#XMR RWGYX
R TKRMWQ ZE TYXIE W 3I TVMQMX R XSZV#ME JVE'MPSV WM RWGY'M R MYHEMWQ,
GE EPXHEX WXVMRMM GI PSGYMEY TQRXYP PYM -WVEIP.
-EGSZ GSRGLMHI WTYRRH G RY IWXI QIRMVIE GVI#XMRMPSV W
TVSTSZHYMEWG 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI, IWXI R KVMNE EPXSVE W S JEG (*% 15, 21). 2Y-
P GSRWMHIV, TVMR YVQEVI, TI ,VMWXSW QEVIPI TVSTSZHYMXSV EP 0IKMM, 3MRH EWXJIP
RXVY XSXYP HI EGSVH GY 4IXVY. (EV R I\SVHMYP GYZRXVMM WEPI, IP WI VIJIV PE
TVSJI'MMPI HIWTVI QIRMVIE YRMZIVWEP E QIWMIM HEZMHMGI, R PSG W WI VIJIVI PE
I\TIVMIR'E (YLYPYM (*% 15, 13-P8).
R ERWEQFPY, HMWGYVWYP WY I\TVMQ YR MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQ HIWGLMW #M
TVMIXIR EP TGMM, JSEVXI GSQTEXMFMP GY TRIYQEXMWQYP PYM 4IXVY, HEV RXVY-GXZE
HMJIVMX HI IP. 2MGM 4EZIP, RMGM &EVREFE RY WYRX EWSGME'M MQIHMEX EGIWXYM HMWGYVW.
4VSFPIQI HI MWXSVMI: 2I E#XITXQ W KWMQ R ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP
VIJIVMR'I, EPY^MM QGEV, PE EGIEWX HYFP LSXVVI HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. R GIIE GI
TVMZI#XI HMWGYVWYP PYM 4IXVY, PYGVYVMPI WYRX WMQTPI.
(EV EPXJIP WXEY IPI R GE^YP GYZRXVMM PYM -EGSZ. *V RHSMEP G 4EZIP
ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI HIWJVREVI SVM YVGMYRM, JSPSWMRH EGIPE#M GYZRX. (EV RY
KWMQ RMQMG EXYRGM GRH 4EZIP XVIFYMI W HMWGYXI HIWTVI GVRYVMPI NIVX3XI
MHSPMPSV (1 'S 8-P0) WEY HIWTVI VIKYPMPI EPMQIRXEVI R KIRIVEP (6Q 14).
8SX RMQMG RY KWMQ GRH TSZIWXI#XI JEMQSEWE GIEVX GY 4IXVY #M
&EVREFE PE %RXMSLME, R ERYP 52, GIEVX TI GEVI XSGQEM 0IKIE PYM -EGSZ EV 3
XVIFYMX W S TVIZMR (+E 2, P-21).
&MRRH WIEQE HI MRHMGMMPI PMXIVEVI, WYRXIQ HIGM WMPM'M W QTV'MQ
WMRSHYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ R HSY QSQIRXI WITEVEXI HI YR ERYQMX MRXIVZEP HI
XMQT.
4VMQYP WI WMXYIE^ GVSRSPSKMG R GSRJSVQMXEXI GY *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV,
E#EHEV GXVI 49 WEY 50. )WXI HSQMREX HI 4IXVY, XVEXIE^ TVSFPIQE QR-XYMVMM,
HIGM XISPSKME PYM ,VMWXSW #M E (YLYPYM.
%P HSMPIE WI WMXYIE^ HYT 52 #M REMRXI HI 58, R XMQTYP GIPSV GMRGM ERM
EM QEVMM QMWMYRM ETSWXSPMGI E PYM 4EZIP R %WME 1MG, R 1EGIHSRME #M +VIGME, ERMM
QEVMPSV ITMWXSPI. )WXI HSQMREX HI -EGSZ #M HI^FEXI GLIWXMYRM 4VEGXMGI, RXV-YR
WTMVMX PIKEPMWX MRXIPMKIRX #M TE#RMG.
'RH 4EZIP WSWI#XI PE -IVYWEPMQ, PE WJV#MXYP TVMQZIVMM HMR ERYP 58,
-EGSZ M GSQYRMG LSXVVMPI -IVYWEPMQYPYM GE TI S RSYXEXI (*% 21, 25).
4I TPER VIHEG'MSREP, I\MWX E#EHEV S Y#SEV MRGSIVIR' RXVI EGIEWX
YPXMQ TSZIWXMVI #M VIHEGXEVIE GETMXSPYPYM 15. 3FMGIMYP PYM 0YGE IWXI W WGVMI GY
KVMN EXYRGM GRH IP IWXI GIP GEVI VIHEGXIE^, HEV W RY-#M EPXIVIÎ MRYXMP
WYVWIPI. 1M WI TEVI TVSFEFMP W 3 KWMX WMRXIÊ GETMXSPYPYM 15 KEXE JGYX R
EVLMZIPI ZVIYRIME HMRXVI &MWIVMGMPI HMR 6WVMX, TSEXI GIE HMR %RXMSLME.
4. 1. HY &YMX 'VI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG RXVI WIGSPIPI - #M EP -:-PIE
-WXSVME IWXI YRE WMRKYV, HIWMKYV, HEV XVIFYMI W VIGYRSE#XIQ G I\TPMGE'MMPI #M
MRXIVTVIXVMPI IM WYRX QYPXMTPI. 'IIE GI TSEXI 3 Y#SV R'IPIW EXYRGM GRH
VIEPM^Q G M^ZSEVIPI HI GEVI HMWTYRI MWXSVMGYP WYRX HINE, IPI RWIPI,
MRXIVTVIXVM GEVI 'MR HI QSXMZE'MM MHISPSKMGI PE JIP HI HMZIVWI TI GX HI ZEVMEXI.
R YVQE GIVGIXVMPSV HMR WIGSPIPI EP <P<-PIE #M EP <-PIE, VIGSRWXVYG'MMPI MWXSVMGI
RY EV QEM XVIFYM W 3I RIETVEX TPYVEPI; GY XSEXI EGIWXIE, IPI WI TVI^MRX
EWXJIP, GY TVIGHIVI EXYRGM GRH IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI GVI#XMRMWQ R TIVMSEHE
TVMQIPSV WEPI HI^ZSPXVM.
(I GRH E JSWX HIGPEVEX YRMZIVWEP HI GXVI TVSTVME PYM MIVEVLMI, IWXI
EHIZVEX, GVI#XMRMWQYP RY E RGIXEX W WI ^FEX TIRXVY E-#M GSRWXVYM -GLMEV
VIGSRWXVYM RM#XI SVMKMRM GEVI W 3I EGGITXEFMPI R SGLMM XYXYVSV, QEM EPIW HMR
QSQIRXYP R GEVI M W-E HEX GE QMWMYRI W WI MQTYR XYXYVSV #M EGIEWXE HMRGSPS
HI IZMHIRXIPI HMZIVKIR'I GYPXYVEPI #M PMRKZMWXMGI. R TPYW, R QENSVMXEXIE PSV,
GIVGIXXSVMM HMR EGIWX HSQIRMY EY HSVMX GY SVMGI TVI' W EWMKYVI SVMKMREPMXEXIE
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RG HI PE RGITYXYVMPI PYM. (MR QSXMZI R TEVXI XISPSKMGI, IM EY
GSRWMHIVEX, RXV-EHIZV, G I\MWX S GSRXVEHMG'MI RXVI SVMKMREPMXEXIE
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM #M IZIRXYEPE WE HITIRHIR' HI XVEHM'MMPI MYHEMWQYPYM, HMR GEYÊ,
R WTIGMEP, TIVGIT'MIM PSV I\XVIQ HI RIKEXMZI JE' HI EGIWXIE HMR YVQ.
1M#GEVIE YGIRMGMPSV PYM -MWYW R WIGSPYP - XVIFYMI WMXYEX R GEHVYP
MYHEMWQYPYM, RXSGQEM GE #M EPXI QM#GVM: HI I\IQTPY, GIE E JEVMWIMPSV WEY E
IWIRMIRMPSV TY'MRM WTIGMEPM#XM HMR HSQIRMY GSRXIWX EGIWX JETX. R WGLMQF, RMGM
S ETVSFEVI RY V^FEXI HMR VRHYP PSV GY TVMZMVI PE TIVMSEHE R GEVI EGIEWX
QM#GEVI MIWI HMR MYHEMWQ TIRXVY E WI GSRWXMXYM GE VIPMKMI, GE GVI#XMRMWQ.
7XYHMMPI VIGIRXI EWYTVE MYHEMWQYPYM HMR WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI EVEX
HMR GI R GI QEM QYPX G MQEKMRIE TI GEVI RI-S JSVQEWIVQ HIWTVI IP XMRHI
W WI 3WYVIÎ HMR XSEXI TV'MPI. RXV-EHIZV, RY QEM IWXI TSWMFMP W WMXYQ
ETEVM'ME QM#GVMM PYM -MWYW RXV-YR MYHEMWQ EXX HI QSRSPMXMG GYQ GVI^Y-WIVQ,
GEVI W STYR, HI TMPH, HSY XIRHMR'I: YRE TEVXMGYPEVMWX #M PIKEPMWX, HMR GEVI
EV 3 M^ZSVX VEFMRMWQYP; GIEPEPX, YRMZIVWEPMWX #M RSR-PIKEPMWX, HMR GEVI EV 3
VI^YPXEX GVI#XMRMWQYP. 6IZM^MXEVIE, GE W RY WTYRIQ VIZM^YMVIE,
MYHEMWQYPYM HMR EGIEWX TIVMSEH WGSEXI HMR GI R GI QEM QYPX PE MZIEP S
HMZIVWMXEXI, TVIGYQ #M S JVQM'EVI MRGVIHMFMP E EGIWXYME #M MQTPMG S
VIIZEPYEVI E WSGMIX'MM MYHEMGI HMR 4EPIWXMRE #M HMR HMEWTSVE, EXX HMR TYRGX HI
ZIHIVI EP TVEGXMGMPSV WEPI, GX #M EP GVIHMR'IPSV IM #M, R GSRWIGMR', EP
E#XITXVMPSV #M EP XVEHM'MMPSV1.
4VMR GVI#XMRM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG XVIFYMI R'IPIW GIIE GI TSEVX RHISF#XI
RYQIPI HI MYHIS-GVI#XMRM. 4IRXVY E IZMXE SVMGI GSRJY^MI, RY TEVI RIJSPSWMXSV W
TVSTYRIQ S HI3RM'MI E QM#GVMM HIWTVI GEVI ZE 3 ZSVFE EMGM R I\GPYWMZMXEXI #M
ERYQI MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP. %GIEWXE IWXI S JSVQYPEVI VIGIRX TIVQM'RH
HIWIQREVIE, R QSH TVEGXMG, E ERWEQFPYPYM GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG GEVI
EY VIGYRSWGYX QIWMERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW, GEVI EY VIGYRSWGYX WEY RY HYQRIÎMVIE
PYM ,VMWXSW, HEV GEVI GY XS'MM GSRXMRY W TÎEWG 8SVE. (I3RM'ME HI QEM WYW
IWXI TSXVMZMX, JV RMGM S RHSMEP, TIRXVY TIVMSEHE GEVI RGITI S HEX GY ERYP
135, R WTIGMEP HEG IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI KVYTEVIE RE^SVIIER, HIWTVI GIE
IFMSRMX #M GIE IPGEWEMX, GEVI WI HI^ZSPX R QSH QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR
EYXSRSQ HYT HIWTVMRHIVIE HI MYHEMWQ, EPI GVIM TVIQMWI YVG WTVI ERMM 90-
P0. )WXI RW EGIEWX HI3RM'MI STIVE'MSREP TIRXVY TIVMSEHE HMREMRXI# %PXJIP
WTYW, TSEXI 3 IE YXMPMÊX TIRXVY HI3RMVIE R QSH KPSFEP E QM#GVMM YGIRMGMPSV
PYM -MWYW, R GEVI GSI\MWX, RY JV GMSGRMVM, YRMM GEVI WYRX HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG #M
EP'MM GEVI WYRX HI SVMKMRI TKR# 4YXIQ VWTYRHI E3VQEXMZ, HEV GY GSRHM'ME
HI E S ENYWXE TY'MR PE RMZIPYP XIVQMRSPSKMIM #M HI E HI3RM HMZIVWIPI GYVIRXI
GEVI EPGXYMIWG QM#GEVIE YGIRMGMPSV PYM -MWYW R VIWTIGXMZE TIVMSEH. RXV-
EHIZV, TYXIQ GVIHI G, REMRXI HI 135, RXVIEKE QM#GEVI E YGIRMGMPSV PYM -MWYW
E JSWX MYHIS-GVI#XMR, GSQTSRIRXE TKR RI3MRH RG HI3RMXMZ EYXSRSQ, GIP
TY'MR RY R QWYVE R GEVI ZE 3 YPXIVMSV. )WXI TVIJIVEFMP XSXY#M W VIÎVZQ
I\TVIWME MYHIS-GVI#XMR HSEV TIRXVY KVYTYVMPI HI GVI#XMRM EZRH S SVMKMRI
MYHEMG, GIM GEVI EY WYTVEZMI'YMX R QSH QEVKMREP HYT 135. 4IRXVY TIVMSEHE
ERXIVMSEV, R PMTWE XIVQIRYPYM HI GVI#XMR, WI TEVI G HSEV GIP HI RE^SVIER
IWXI GETEFMP W EGSTIVI VIEPMX'MPI QM#GVMM YGIRMGMPSV PYM -MWYW R XSEXI
GSQTSRIRXIPI WEPI, RYQEM W RY XVIFYMEWG W-P TWXVQ XSXY#M TI TVMQYP
TIRXVY E HE WIEQ XSX R QSH GSVIGX HIWTVI GYVIRXYP TEYPMR, FE GLMEV HIWTVI
GIP MSERIMG.
-^ZSEVIPI TVMZMXSEVI PE MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP ERXMG WYRX, R ERWEQFPYP PSV,
VIPEXMZ RYQIVSEWI. )PI WI E4, HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM, VMWMTMXI R PMXIVEXYVM PE
GEVI EGGIWYP IWXI YRISVM KVISM WEY HIPMGEX. 7I JEGI HI SFMGIM S HMWXMRG'MI RXVI
HMZIVWIPI M^ZSEVI HI SVHMR PMXIVEV (HMVIGXI #M MRHMVIGXI, TVSZIRMRH, EHMG, HMR
PMXIVEXYVMPI GVI#XMR, IZVIMEWG, MWPEQMG #M EPXIPI) #M RSR-PMXIVEV (EHMG
EVLISPSKMGI #M ITMKVE3GI). 'EVEGXIVYP MYHIS-GVI#XMR EP EGIWXIM HSGYQIRXE'MM RY
IWXI RXSXHIEYRE GIVX, MEV MRZIWXMKE'ME XVIFYMI EHIWISVM W RGIET TVMRXV-YR
TVSGIW HI EXVMFYMVI HM3GMP #M KMRKE#.
R WXEVIE EGXYEP E GIVGIXVMM, TVSFPIQE MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYPYM ZIGLM -GEVI
'MRI HI RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, GY GSRHM'ME HI E M WI 3\E PMQMXIPI
GVSRSPSKMGI PE GIM HMRXM ERM EM WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, HEG RY PE GIM HMR YVQ EM
EGIPYME#M WIGSP RY TSEXI 3 EFSVHEX HIGX GY TVYHIR' #M TVMR XY#I
WYGGIWMZI. 1SQIRXYP QEVMPSV WMRXIÎ RY E ZIRMX RG, TVMR YVQEVI IWXI 1.
%GIEWX VIIZEPYEVI WI MQTYRI #M R GE^YP PYM -MWYW, TI GEVI WI GYZMRI HI EGYQ
REMRXI W-P TPEWQ R WSGMIXEXIE XMQTYPYM WY, GIIE GI, HI EPXJIP #M JEG
GIVGIXVMPI EGXYEPI.
2IGIWEV W EFSVHQ XVITXEX #M GLMF^YMX HMZIVWIPI EWTIGXI, YRISVM
GSQTPI\I, EPI EGIWXIM GLIWXMYRM.
-YHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP ERXMG IWXI YR GQT HI GIVGIXEVI XIVMFMP HI QMREX, EPI
GVYM KVERM'I ZEVME^ R JYRG'MI HI HI3RM'MMPI GI M WI HEY. 1YP'M MWXSVMGM #M XISPSKM
HMR VE'MYRM MHISPSKMGI TI QEVKMRIE GVSVE RY TEVI YXMP W ^FSZMQ EMGM
VIJY^, RXV-EHIZV, W VIGYRSEWG JETXYP G SF#XMPI MYHIS-GVI#-XMRI HMR 7MVS-
4EPIWXMRE EY WYTVEZMI'YMX GIPSV HSY QEVM VIZSPXI MYHEMGI QTSXVMZE 6SQIM
GIPI HMR 70 #M 135. 'VMXMGMM GY TVMGMRE GSRWMHIV G R YVQE EGIWXSV QEVM
GSR4MGXI, GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG EY HMWTVYX R ZPQ#EKYP
RJVYRXVMPSV, ETVIGMMRH EWXJIP G MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP ZIGLM RY IWXI HIGX S
RWGSGMVI 'MRRH QEM HIKVEF HI QMX HIGX HI MWXSVMI. 8VIFYMI WTYW G RMQMG
RY IWXI QEM JEPW! 'SQYRMX'MPI MYHIS-GVI#-XMRI EY WYTVEZMI'YMX JSEVXI QYPX
XMQT WYF HMZIVWI JSVQI, HI EPXQMRXIVM PE JIP HI FSKEXI, TI GX HI ZEVMEXI
GIPSV HSY QEVM GEXEWXVSJI QMPMXEVI #M YQERI TI GEVI PI-E RHYVEX RE'MYRIE
MYHEMG. (SZEH WX HSGYQIRXE'ME VIJIVMXSEVI PE IPI, EXIWXEX R IVI^MSPSKME
GVI#XMR GIP TY'MR TR PE RGITYXYP ZIEGYPYM EP :-PIE.
7I EHQMXI TI WGEV PEVK EWX^M G, TR PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, FE
GLMEV #M HYT EGIIE, IWXI GY RITYXMR' W WI ZSVFIEWG HIWTVI YR GVI#XMRMWQ
YRMJSVQ #M YRMZSG. )WXI GE^YP, QEM HIKVEF, W WI EMF YR ZIHIVI YR
GVI#XMRMWQ QYPXMJSVQ WEY TPYVMZSG PE JIP WXRH PYGVYVMPI, HI EPXJIP #M R
MYHEMWQYP EGIPIME#M ITSGM.
% WYW'MRI I\MWXIR'E YRYM MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQ TVIWYTYRI MQTPMGMX I\MWXIR'E
YRYM TKRS-GVI#XMRMWQ. RWIEQR EGIEWXE SEVI S FMTSPEVMXEXI E
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, PE RGITYXYVMPI WEPI# 2MGMHIGYQ; WMXYE'ME MWXSVMG E
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM PE RGITYXYVMPI PYM, E#E GYQ S MQTYRI ERWEQFPYP HSGYQIRXE'MIM,
RY RKHYMI W WI ZSVFIEWG HI S &MWIVMG SVM HI HSY &MWIVMGM, GM HI
GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI PE JIP HI QYPXMTPI TI GX HI HMZIVWI, EXX HMR TYRGXYP HI
ZIHIVI EP GVIHMR'IPSV HSGXVMREPI, GX #M HMR GIP EP TVEGXMGMPSV PSV VMXYEPI.
4IRXVY E SJIVM YR GEHVY MWXSVMG QEM GSRJSVQ GY HMZIVWMXEXIE
HSGYQIRXEV, WI GYZMRI E#EHEV W ZSVFMQ HI GVI#XMRMWQI MYHIS-GVI#XMRI, GE #M
HI GVI#XMRMWQI TKRS-GVI#XMRI, TVIGM^RHY-PI PMQMXIPI R XMQT #M R WTE'MY.
'SQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI HMR WIGSPYP - #M GLMEV, HEV RXV-S QEM QMG QWYV,
HMR WIGSPIPI EP --PIE #M EP --PIE WYRX QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR RHITVXEXI YRIPI
HI EPXIPI. %GIEWX HITVXEVI WI QWSEV EHIWISVM R JYRG'MI HI HMWXER'E PSV
GYPXYVEP JE' HI MYHEMWQ #M TKRMWQ EGIWX HMR YVQ XIVQIR 3MRH EMGM
YXMPMÊX TIRXVY E HIWIQRE ERWEQFPYP VIPMKMMPSV XVEHM'MSREPI HMR -QTIVMYP
6SQER, GY I\GIT'ME MYHEMWQYPYM #M E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM #M JV RMGM S MRXIR'MI
TIMSVEXMZ. 9RIPI WYRX QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR ETVSTMEXI HI MYHEMWQ
GSQYRMX'MPI HI PMQF #M GYPXYV EVEQISJSRI GIPIPEPXI WYRX QEM QYPX WEY QEM
TY'MR ETVSTMEXI HI TKRMWQ GSQYRMX'MPI TKRS-GVI#XMRI HI PMQF #M
GYPXYV IPIRSJSRI. 1EM I\MWX #M WMXYE'ME MYHIS-GVI#-XMRMPSV HI PMQF #M GYPXYV
IPIRSJSRI, GE #M EGIIE E TKRS-GVI#XMRMPSV HI PMQF #M GYPXYV EVEQISJSRI. R
EGIWX XEFPSY WGLM'EX R PMRMM JSEVXI QEVM, WI GEHI W RY YMXQ GIIE GI WI
RYQI#XI, R QIHMYP GVI#XMR, XEFVE MYHEM-ÊR'MPSV #M ERYQI EGIM GVI#XMRM HI
SVMKMRI TKR MWTMXM'M HI ERYQMXI GVIHMR'I #M TVEGXMGM MYHEMGI. %Y I\MWXEX, RXV-
EHIZV, QEM RXM R MYHEMWQ, ETSM R GVI#XMRMWQ, RY RYQEM TVSÎPM'M, GM #M
WMQTEXMÊR'M, ^M#M XLISWIFIMW (PMXIVEP, XIQXSVM HI (YQRIÎY). 6IMIWI YR
GEVEGXIV GYPXYVEP QM\X I\XVESVHMREV HI FSKEX EP EGIWXSV GSQYRMX'M, TI GEVI
RY-P ZSQ QEM RXPRM HYT EGIIE.
R KIRIVEP ZSVFMRH, WYRXIQ RIZSM'M W GSRWXEXQ G EGIP GVI#XMRMWQ ^MW
EP QEVMM &MWIVMGM W-E GSRWXMXYMX TI QWYV GI W-E RHITVXEX HI IPIQIRXIPI
WEPI TVSZIRMXI HMR MYHEMWQ #M TI QWYV GI W-E ETVSTMEX HI IPIQIRXIPI WEPI
TVSZIRMXI HMR TKRMWQ.
R JE'E GSQTPI\MX'MM EGIWXIM TVSFPIQI, WI HSZIHI#XI MRHMWTIRWEFMP W
WGLM'Q YR XEFPSY EP GSQYRMX'MPSV GVI#XMRI HMR WIGSPYP - #M HI PE RGITYXYP
GIPYM HI-EP --PIE. %GIWXE, MRIZMXEFMP WGLIQEXMG, ZE TIVQMXI XSXY#M WXEFMPMVIE YRSV
TYRGXI XEVM EPI YRIM MWXSVMM HISGEQHEX TVIE TEVGIPEVI. 7I GYZMRI, R TVIEPEFMP,
W WYFPMRMIQ RXVYGXZE MRXIVIWERXE TIVWTIGXMZ TVSTYW HI YRMM WEZER'M
TIRXVY GEVI, REMRXI HI ERYP 70, GVI#XMRMWQYP IWXI RKPSFEX R MYHEMWQ EPXJIP
WTYW, GVI#XMRMM (HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG, HEV #M GIM HI SVMKMRI TKR) RY EPGXYMIWG
HIGX S JEG'MYRI R MRXIVMSVYP MYHEMWQYPYM. (MR EGIWX QSXMZ, TVIGMÎE^ EGIME#M
GIVGIXXSVM, GVI#XMRMWQYP RY TSEXI 3 GEPM3GEX RMGM GE MYHIS-GVI#XMR, RMGM GE
TKRS-GVI#XMR, GM QEM HIKVEF GE MYHIS-TKR. %GIEWX YPXMQ IXMGLIXEVI
IWXI XSXY#M HMWGYXEFMP, GGM TVI^MRX MRGSRZIRMIRXYP HI E RGYVGE TMWXIPI: IWXI
KVIY, RXV-EHIZV, W 3M HISTSXVMZ MYHIY #M TKR #M W QEM 3M #M MRXIKVEX R
MYHEMWQ, GIP TY'MR R WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI. R WGLMQF, TEVI QEM R'IPITX W
E3VQQ G EGIWX GVI#XMRMWQ HMREMRXI HI 70 RY IWXI RMGM MYHIS-GVI#XMR, RMGM
TKRS-GVI#XMR, GGM IWXI TYV #M WMQTPY MYHEMG #M EGIEWXE EXX TIRXVY
EYXSVMX'MPI VIPMKMSEWI MYHEMGI, GX #M TIRXVY EYXSVMX'MPI TSPMXMGI VSQERI.
%RYP 70 IWXI S HEX-GLIMI EXX R MWXSVME MYHEMWQYPYM ZIGLM, GX #M R GIE
E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM ZIGLM: EGIEWX HEX QEVGLIE^, W S VIEQMRXMQ, HMWXVYKIVIE
8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ R GYVWYP EWIHMIVMM #M GYGIVMVMM SVE#YPYM HI GXVI
PIKMYRMPI VSQERI. RXV-EHIZV, REMRXI HI ERYP 70, GVI#XMRMWQYP WI WMXYIE^ R
RXVIKMQI R GEHVYP MYHEMWQYPYM; HYT 70, GVI#XMRMWQYP ZE MI#M XVITXEX HMR
MYHEMWQ. (MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, XISPSKMG GLMEV, REMRXIE EGIWXIM HEXI
JEXMHMGI IWXI HM3GMP W GSRWMHIVQ GVI#XMRMWQYP GE TI S VIPMKMI R EHIZVEXYP
WIRW EP GYZRXYPYM IP RY IWXI HIGX S HMWMHIR', RXVI EPXIPI, R WRYP
MYHEMWQYPYM. 3 EXEVI TIVWTIGXMZ IWXI, IZMHIRX, I\EGX R GI TVMZI#XI MYHIS-
GVI#XMRMWQYP, HEV IWXI #M R GE^YP TKRS-GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. (EG EV 3 JSWX EPXJIP,
GYQ WI TVIWYTYRI R KIRIVEP, GYQ WI I\TPMG, HI TMPH, JETXYP G EFME S HEX
GY VIHEGXEVIE )ZERKLIPMIM HYT 1EXIM RGITI, Q NYVYP ERMPSV 80-90, S HMWTYX
VIEP RXVI GVI#XMRMWQ TVMR YRE HMR VEQYVMPI WEPI MYHIS-GVI#XMRI #M
JEVMWIMWQ#
REMRXI HI 70 #M, RXV-S SEVIGEVI QWYV, TR R TVIENQE ERYPYM 135
IWXI HIGM TSWMFMP W GSRWMHIVQ G I\MWX, RXVI EP'MM, MYHIM GVI#XMRM, HYT GYQ
I\MWX MYHIM WEHYGLIM, MYHIM JEVMWIM, MYHIM IWIRMIRM. R NYVYP EGIWXSV MYHIM
GVI#XMRM, GE, HI EPXJIP, R NYVYP QENSVMX'MM GIPSVPEPXI GYVIRXI .YHEMGI, KVEZMXIE^
EQ HEX HINE HI R'IPIW TVSÎPM'M #M WMQTEXMÊR'M GEVI, R GI-P TVMZI#XI, WYRX
HI SVMKMRI TKR. %PXJIP WTYW, TKRMM EPMTM'M HI 4EZIP PE GVIHMR'E R
QIWMERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW RY WYRX HIGX TVSÎPM'M #M WMQTEXMÊR'M EM MYHEMWQYPYM,
RG RY GVI#XMRM R WIRWYP TI GEVI-P ZE HSFRHM EGIEWX HIRYQMVI WTVI WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM -, GIP TY'MR HEG IWXI W GVIHIQ HEXIPI XVEHM'MIM GVI#XMRI, GE #M TI EPI
GIPIM TKRI.
RXVI 70 #M 135, MYHIMM GVI#XMRM WI ZH QEVKMREPMÊ'M HMR MRXIVMSV #M HMR
I\XIVMSV. RYRXVY, EHMG R GEHVYP MYHEMWQYPYM, RGIT W 3I XVITXEX
QEVKMREPMÊ'M #M I\GPY#M HMR 7MREKSK. R EJEV, EHMG R GEHVYP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, WYRX HI EWIQIRIE QEVKMREPMÊ'M #M I\GPY#M HMR &MWIVMG.
%GIEWX HYFP QEVKMREPMÊVI #M I\GPYHIVI TVSZSEG JVQM'EVIE GSQYRMX'MPSV
GVI#XMRI HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG R QEM QYPXI KVYTYVM. 9RIPI VQR R PIKXYV GY
&MWIVMGE IWXI GE^YP RE^SVIIRMPSV. %PXIPI VQR QEM PIKEXI HI 7MREKSK,
E#E GYQ WYRX IFMSRM'MM #M IPGEWEM'MM.
2E^SVIIRMM WI ZSV HIWGIRHIR'M EM TVMQIM GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI HMR
-IVYWEPMQ: IM WI VIZIRHMG HI PE (VITXYP -EGSZ, GYRSWGYX #M WYF RYQIPI HI
JVEXI EP (SQRYPYM, YRYP HMRXVI TVMQMM GSRHYGXSVM EM EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M.
)FMSRM'MM #M IPGEWEM'MM, GEVI WI ZSV #M IM HIWGIRHIR'M EM EGIWXIM TVMQI
GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI, TVSZMR HMRXV-YR GYVIRX ERXMTEYPMR GEVI ME RE#XIVI GY QYPX
REMRXI HI YPXMQE HMWXVYKIVI E 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, HEV GEVI RY WI
GSRGVIXMÎE^ HIGX HYT ERYP 70. 7 VIQEVGQ G YRIPI VMXYEPYVM JEVMWIMGI #M
IWIRMIRI WI VIKWIWG R QSH I\XVIQ HI WIQRM3GEXMZ R VMXYEPYVMPI IFMSRMXI #M
IPGEWEMXI, RHISWIFM VMXYVMPI HI ET. "M YRMM #M EP'MM QERMJIWX S VIPEXMZ (R GE^YP
TVMQMPSV) WEY S XSXEP (R GE^YP GIPSVPEP'M) STS^M'MI JE' HI 8IQTPY #M HI NIVXJIPI
HI WRKI WEY JSG GI EY PSG EMGM. 2Y IWXI MQTSWMFMP, TSXVMZMX YRIM WYKIWXMM E PYM
&. 4M\RIV, GE EGIWXI HSY KVYTVM -QEM HIKVEF, JV RHSMEP, GIE E IFMSRM'MPSV
HIGX GIE E IPGEWEM'MPSV W 3 M^ZSVX HMRXV-S WGM^MYRI R KVYTYP RE^SVIER, GEVI
EV 3 JSWX TVSZSGEX R WRYP GSQYRMX'MM HMR -IVYWEPMQ HYT EPIKIVIE PYM
7MQSR GE WYGGIWSV EP PYM -EGSZ HI GXVI YR ERYQI 8IFYXMW, TIVWSREN GI EV
XVIFYM EXYRGM MHIRXM3GEX GY )FMSR, 3KYV JSRHEXSEVI E KVYTYPYM IFMSRMX.
R TVIENQE ERYPYM 135 ETEV HINE EWXJIP, HEG TYXIQ WTYRI, IPIQIRXIPI
YRIM 1EVM &MWIVMGM, GIE E GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI TKR #M EPI YRIM 1MGM
&MWIVMGM, GIE E GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG. (EG 1EVIE &MWIVMG IWXI
HITEVXI HI E 3 QSRSPMXMG, E#E GYQ M ZE TPGIE W TVIXMRH WYW #M XEVI, 1MGE
&MWIVMG RY IWXI RMGM IE EPXJIP. 9RIPI GSQYRMX'M GVI#XMRI HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG
WYRX ETVSTMEXI HI 1EVIE &MWIVMG, EPXIPI WYRX JSEVXI RHITVXEXI -EXX YRIPI,
GX #M GIPIPEPXI WYRX GIPI GEVI GSRWXMXYMI MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP. (MWXER'E RXVI
HMZIVWIPI GSQYRMX'M MYHIS-GVI#XMRI WI ETVIGME^ HMRXV-YR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
GYPXYVEP: TIRXVY E 3 GSRGM#M, TYXIQ WTYRI G SF#XMPI MYHIS-GVI#XMRI ETVSTMEXI
1EVMM &MWIVMGM WYRX GIPI GEVI XVMIWG R TVS\MQMXEXIE GSQYRMX'MPSV TKRS-
GVI#XMRI #M R QIHMY TKR (GSQYRMXEXIE PYM 1EXIM, GXVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -,
HI I\IQTPY). R WGLMQF, GSQYRMX'MPI MYHIS-GVI#XMRI HMWXER'EXI HI 1EVIE
&MWIVMG WYRX GIPI GEVI ZMI'YMIWG HITEVXI HI GSQYRMX'MPI TKRS-GVI#XMRI #M
R QIHMY MYHEMG (GSQYRMXEXIE PYM -EGSZ, GXVI QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM -, HI TMPH).
7 TVIGM^Q, TI HI EPX TEVXI, G VYTXYVE S3GMEP RXVI GVI#XMRMWQ #M
MYHEMWQ IWXI QYPX QEM XV^MI: RY TEVI, RXV-EHIZV, W 3I ERXIVMSEV QMNPSGYPYM
WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE, FE GLMEV, RXV-S ERYQMX QWYV, QMNPSGYPYM WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE.
(MRWTVI TEVXIE GVI#XMR, IE TEVI W 3 JSWX WSPMGMXEX HI GIM GI WYRX HI SVMKMRI
TKR, GE #M HI GIM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG. %GIEWXE MRHMG JETXYP G TR RXV-S
TIVMSEH HIWXYP HI XEVHMZ TIRXVY SEQIRMM I\XIVMSVM MYHEMWQYPYM #M
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RY I\MWX RIETVEX HMJIVIR'I JYRHEQIRXEPI RXVI QIQFVMM YRIM
VIPMKMM #M GIM EM GIPIMPEPXI. %TSPSKIXMGE GVI#XMR ZE VIWGVMI MWXSVME GY XSXYP EPXJIP,
R WTIGMEP TVIÎRXRHY-#M GVIHMRGMS#MM GE TI RM#XI TVMKSRM'M HI GXVI TYXIVIE
MQTIVMEP, EHIWISVM PE TVIWMYRIE MYHIMPSV HI EWGYPXEVI VEFMRMG.
R EGIPE#M WTMVMX, HEV GY GVMXIVMM QTVYQYXEXI HMR PMXIVEXYVE RISXIW-
XEQIRXEV, TR PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - M^FYXMQ TVMR YVQEVI W HMWXMRKIQ, HI
FMRI, HI VY, QEM QYPXI GYVIRXI QEVM: 'IP EP TIXVMRMIRMPSV (EPMTM'M TVSTSZHYMVMM
PYM 4IXVY, ETSWXSPYP (SQRYPYM), SVMKMREV QEM RXM HMR +EPMPIIE #M ETSM HMR
%RXMSLME #M GEVI IWXI HISTSXVMZ HI PMQF EVEQEMG #M HI GYPXYV IPMR
(I\TVIWMMPI PMXIVEVI GIPI QEM ZIGLM EPI EGIWXYM GYVIRX WYRX VITVIÎRXEXI HI
)ZERKLIPME HYT 1EVGY #M )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM; TSXVMZMX ERYQMXSV GVMXMGM,
M^ZSVYP 5 EV TVSZIRM #M IP HMR EGIWX GYVIRX); 'IP EP MEGSZM'MPSV (PIKE'M HI
QMWMYRIE PYM -EGSZ, JVEXIPI (SQRYPYM), SVMKMREV HMR -IVYWEPMQ #M GEVI IWXI
HSEV HI PMQF EVEQEMG (I\TVIWMMPI WEPI PMXIVEVI GIPI QEM ZIGLM TEV W 3
HMWTVYX, R EJEV, TSEXI, HI )TMWXSPE PYM -EGSZ); 'IP EP TEYPMRMPSV (VEPME'M, EHMG,
TVSTSZHYMVMM PYM 4EZIP), SVMKMREV HMR %RXMSLME #M GEVI IWXI I\GPYWMZ HI PMQF
IPMR (GIPI QEM ZIGLM I\TVIWMM PMXIVEVI EPI EGIWXYM GYVIRX WYRX STIVIPI PYM 4EZIP
#M EPI PYM 0YGE); 'IP EP MSERIMGMPSV, R 3RI, HI PMQF KVIEG, HEV, JV RHSMEP #M
HI PMQF EVEQEMG, E GVYM 3KYV QEVGERX IWXI GIE E YGIRMGYPYM TI GEVI-P
MYFIE -MWYW, MEV EVMI HI HI^ZSPXEVI %WME 1MG, RY JV E 3 XVIGYX QEM REMRXI
TVMR 7EQEVME _)ZERKLIPME HYT -SER VITVI^MRX EWX^M TVSHYG'ME PMXIVEV GIE
QEM RWIQREX E EGIWXYM GYVIRX, GVYME RY IWXI RITSXVMZMX W-P EXVMFYMQ
)TMWXSPIPI #M %TSGEPMTWE PYM -SER).
4VSFPIQE XIVQMRSPSKMIM IWXI RXSXHIEYRE KMRKE# R MWXSVME VIPMKMMPSV: IE
RY TSEXI 3 NYHIGEX HIGX R JYRG'MI HI GSRXI\XIPI GYPXYVEPI HIPMQMXEXI GY
TVIGM^MI EXX R XMQT, GX #M R WTE'MY. )WXI EWX^M ETVSETI WMKYV G R 7MVME-
4EPIWXMRE (GIP TY'MR PE -IVYWEPMQ #M %RXMSLME), WTVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, MYHIS-
GVI#XMRMM HI PMQF EVEQEMG EY JSWX HIWIQRE'M TVMR XIVQIRYP HI RE^SVIIRM, MEV
GIM HI PMQF KVIEG, TVMR GIP HI GVI#XMRM. (EG R WGVMIVMPI GEVI EY JSWX
RGSVTSVEXI R GIIE GI WI ZE RYQM 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, M KWMQ #M TI YRMM #M TI
EP'MM WYF HIRYQMVMPI KIRIVMGI HI RE^SVIIRM (HYT EVEQEMG) #M HI GVI#XMRM
(HYT KVIEG), M RXPRMQ XSXY#M TI TVMQMM #M WYF RYQIPI HI IZVIM (TIRXVY
TEVXMÊRMM PYM -EGSZ) #M WYF GIP HI IPIRM#XM (TIRXVY EHIT'MM PYM 4IXVY). (MJIVIR'E
HI GTIXIRMI RXVI YRMM #M GIMPEP'M WI JEGI R JYRG'MI HI VIPE'MMPI PSV GY GYVIRXYP
TEYPMR: TIXVMRMIRMM WYRX VITVIÎRXE'M, GIP TY'MR HI GXVI XVEHM'MI, GE 3MRH QEM
ETVSTME'M HI TEYPMRM HIGX MEGSZM'MM.
0E RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE, TSEXI GLMEV QEM REMRXI, TIXVMRMIRMM #M YRMM
MEGSZM'M EPGXYMIWG GIIE GI WI ZE TYXIE RYQM HI EXYRGM RGSPS MYHIS-
GVI#XMRMWQYP RE^SVIER; HI JETX, IM TWXVIE^ EWXJIP RYQIPI TI GEVI P-EY EZYX,
JV RHSMEP, REMRXI #M HYT ERYP 70. 9RMM MEGSZM'M WI RHITVXIE^ EXX HI
TIXVMRMIRM, GX #M HI TEYPMRM: IWXI ZSVFE, TI HI S TEVXI, HI IFMSRM'M, 4I HI EPXE,
HI IPGEWEM'M EGIWXI HSY KVYTVM WI RXPRIWG R ERXMTEYPMRMWQYP PSV, HEV
GSRWXMXYMI, TVMR GLMEV EGIEWXE, HSY WJIVI HI MR4YIR' GVI#XMRI HMWXMRGXI, TI
GEVI 1EVIE &MWIVMG PI GEPM3G HI EGYQ HVITX WIGXI WEY IVI^MM, TIRXVY E
PI HMWGVIHMXE.
9RMM GVMXMGM GSRWMHIV G SF#XIE HMR -IVYWEPMQ W-E E4EX QEM RXM WYF
MR4YIR'E GYVIRXYPYM TIXVMR, REMRXI HI E XVIGI WYF GIE E GYVIRXYPYM MEGS-ZMX;
EP'MM, WSGSXMRH G IWXI ZSVFE EMGM HI YR GSRWXVYGX XISPSKMGS-PMXIVEV EP PYM 0YGE R
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, WI STYR EGIWXIM TIVWTIGXMZI, JGRH HMR -EGSZ, JVEXIPI
(SQRYPYM, GXMXSVYP EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M. 'LIWXMYRIE VQRI R HI^FEXIVI.
RXVI 70 #M 135, ENYRKIQ W HISWIFMQ, GYQ-RIGYQ, QEM QYPXI KVYTVM,
TVMRXVI GEVI GVI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG. RXIQIMRHY-WI TI GEVEGXIVMWXMGMPI
WXEXSVRMGMXI YPXIVMSV HI 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM, IM WI QTEVX R HSY VEQYVM: 9RE GEVI
E JSWX GEPM3GEX GE SVXSHS\, R ZMVXYXIE GVIHMR'IPSV WEPI #M GE LIXIVSHS\,
R ZMVXYXIE TVEGXMGMPSV IM; IWXI GYRSWGYX GE 3MRH E RE^SVIIRMPSV, HI JETX
TIXVMRMIRM #M MEGSZM'M TVS-TEYPMRM, VIGYRSWGRH QIWME-RMXEXIE #M HYQRIÎMVIE PYM
-MWYW; 3 E HSYE, GEPM3GEX HVITX LIXIVSHS\, EXX TIRXVY GVIHMR'IPI, GX #M
TIRXVY TVEGXMGMPI IM, TI GEVI S MHIRXM3GQ WYF RYQIPI IFMSRM'MPSV #M IPGE-
WEM'MPSV, R JETX MEGSZM'M ERXMTEYPMRM Z^RH R -MWYW YR TVSVSG WEY YR QIWME,
RIMHIRXM3GRHY-P RMGMSHEX GY (YQRIÎY, HEV E#XITXRH R KIRIVEP YR RSY #M
GIP HMR YVQ HIWGSTIVMXSV EP TVSVSGMIM (%HIZVEXYP 4VSVSG WEY 4VSVSGYP
%HIZVYPYM).
RGITRH HMR ERYP 135, GYVIRXIPI TIXVMR #M MEGSZMX WI ZSV E4E PE SVMKMRIE
E GIIE GI ZE HIZIRM MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP, R XMQT GI GYVIRXIPI TEYPMR #M MSERIMG
ZSV 3 PE SVMKMRIE E GIIE GI ZE HIZIRM TKRS-GVI#XMRMWQYP.
+VYTYP RE^SVIER (HI PMQF EVEQEMG) E HMWTVYX, HYT XSEXI
ETEVIR'IPI, GXVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE SVM RGITYXYP GIPYM HI-EP :-PIE,
XSTMRHY-WI, TSEXI, R 1EVIE &MWIVMG. +VYTYVMPI IFMSRMX #M IPGEWEMX (HI PMQF
EVEQEMG) EY WYF^MWXEX QYPX HYT RE#XIVIE -WPEQYPYM, GIP TY'MR TR R WIGSPYP
EP :9--PIE, FE GLMEV #M HYT.
(SY XVEHM'MM WYRX MQTSVXERXI R ETVIGMIVIE HI^ZSPXVMM MYHIS-GVI#XM-
RMWQYPYM EXX REMRXI, GX #M HYT ERYP 135. 4VMQE IWXI QSEVXIE (VITXYPYM
-EGSZ, PETMHEX PE -IVYWEPMQ HI STSÊR'MM EVMTIM GVI#XMRI E MYHEMWQYPYM, R ERMM
62-64. % HSYE IWXI QMKVEVIE PE 4IPPE E GSQYRMX'MM GVI#XMRI HMR -IVYWEPMQ, R
XMQTYP TVMQIM VIZSPXI MYHEMGI, R ERMM 6-68. (SY VIQEVGM TEV W WI MQTYR R
PIKXYV GY EGIWXI XVEHM'MM: 1) TVMQE IWXI EXIWXEX R HSGYQIRXI EXX HI
SVMKMRI MYHIS-GVI#XMR, GX #M HI SVMKMRI TKRS-GVI#XMR; 2) E HSYE XVEHM'MI RY
IWXI XVERWQMW HIGX HI HSGYQIRXI HI SVMKMRI TKRS-GVI#XMR.
-YHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP ZIGLM GE, HI EPXQMRXIVM #M HI^ZSPXVMPI VIGIRXI EPI
JIRSQIRYPYM HIVERNIE^; IP E TYW RXSXHIEYRE TVSFPIQI MYHEMWQYPYM, GE #M
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM GE VIPMKMM MRWXMXYMXI WEY S3GMEPI. 6E'MYRMPI EGIWXIM EXMXYHMRM WYRX
QYPXMTPI, HEV TSX 3 VIHYWI PE GLIWXMYRIE KIRIVEP E MHIRXMX'MM, TI GEVI SVMGI
KVYT WSGMEP SVM VIPMKMSW RY RGIXIE^ W S WYFPMRMIÎ #M PE VIJY^YP EQIWXIGYPYM,
EP HVITXYPYM PE HMJIVIR' R MRXIVMSVYP YRIM GSQYRMX'M. 9R I\IQTPY ZE 3
WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E R'IPIKI XSEX EQFMKYMXEXIE #M XSEX HVEQE GSQYRMX'MPSV
MYHIS-GVI#XMRI RE^SVIIRI. 0E WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM WYRX I\GPY#M
HMRXV-YR MYHEMWQ GEVI WI MRWXMXY'MSREPMÎE^. R HIGYVWYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE,
EGIME#M MYHIS-GVI#XMRM WYRX QEVKMREPMÊ'M R GLMEV MRXIVMSVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, GEVI
WI S3GMEPMÎE^. 1SXMZIPI EGIWXIM HYFPI I\GPYHIVM WEY QEVKMREPM^VM WYRX
IZMHIRXI. -YHEMWQYP RY TYXIE VIGYRSE#XI GE ETEV'MRRHY-P RM#XI MYHIM GEVI
GVIHIEY R QIWMERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW #M R HMZMRMXEXIE PYM ,VMWXSW. R GIIE GI
TVMZI#XI GVI#XMRMWQYP, EP GVYM EHIT'M RY QEM WYRX HSEV HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG, GM #M
HI SVMKMRI TKR, IP RY TYXIE EHQMXI GVIHMRGMS#M GEVI W GSRXMRYI W
TVEGXMGI 8SVE PYM 1SMWI HMR GLMEV QSXMZYP G EGIWX GVI#XMRMWQ WI TVSGPEQ
HVITX :IVYW -WVEIP. -YHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP MPYWXVIE^ HM3GYPX'MPI #M RITYXMR'IPI
HYFPIM ETEVXIRIR'I JE' GY SVMGI MRWXMXY'MI GEVI-P XVEWIE^ KVERM'IPI. 1EVXSVM
EM SVMKMRMPSV MYHEMGI EPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM EY JSWX EWXJIP EPYRKE'M R
FI^RE MWXSVMIM R HSEV GXIZE WIGSPI; WEY GLMEV QEM VY, GGM EY JSWX
GSRWMHIVE'M LIXIVSHSG#M HI GXVI GIM GI EY TVSZIRMX HMR VRHYP PSV #M GEVI W-EY
HI3RMX, HI EXYRGM RGITRH, GE SVXSHSG#M.
7I GYZMRI, R WJV#MX #M QEM GY WIEQ, W 3Q GSR#XMIR'M G WXYHMYP MYHIS-
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, TVMR GLMEV HMZIVWMXEXIE M^ZSEVIPSV WEPI, VIGPEQ S EFSVHEVI
QYPXMHMWGMTPMREV, GY GSRGYVWYP WTIGMEPM#XMPSV MWXSVMGM #M 3PSPSKM, GE #M EVLISPSKM
#M ITMKVE3 R PYQMPI E4EXI WYF HSQMRE'MI VSQER WEY MVERMER. 8VIFYMI W
EZIQ R ZIHIVI G SVMGI XIRXEXMZ HI VIGSRWXMXYMVI MWXSVMG IWXI VMWGERX,
TVMQINHMSEW GLMEV, QEM GY WIEQ GRH IWXI ZSVFE HI SVMKMRMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM,
TI XIQE GVSVE W-E WGVMW HINE EXX HI QYPX #M, XSXY#M, EXX HI TY'MR, HMR TYRGXYP
HI ZIHIVI EP MWXSVMIM RXIQIMEXI TI S QIXSH GVMXMG HIWTVMRW HI SVMGI
ST'MYRI GSRJIWMSREP.
'Y XMXPY HI GSRGPY^MI, I\XVIQ HI TVSZM^SVMI HI EPXQMRXIVM, EQ HSVM W
3\Q, GY VMWGYP HI E RI VITIXE, GXIZE VITIVI R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI MWXSVME
GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG R %RXMGLMXEXI.
1. 9GIRMGMM PYM -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX EY JSWX HI JSEVXI XMQTYVMY HIWIQRE'M
TVMR XIVQIRMM HI RE^SVIIRM, R QIHMYP EVEQISJSR #M HI GVI#XMRM, R QIHMYP
IPIRSJSR. (YT EGIIE, EHMG ETVS\MQEXMZ PE VWTRXME HMRXVI WIGSPIPI - #M EP --
PIE, R 7MVME-4EPIWXMRE, TVMQE HIRYQMVI ZE ENYRKI W ZMÎÎ MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM HI
PMQF EVEQEMG, MEV E HSYE TKRS-GVI#XMRMM HI PMQF KVIEG. R WIGSPYP EP -:-
PIE, ETIPEXMZYP HI RE^SVIER IWXI EXYRGM ETPMGEX GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG,
MEV GIP HI GVI#XMR GVI#XMRMPSV HI SVMKMRI TKR, MRHMJIVIRX HI PMQFE #M GYPXYVE
YRSVE WEY E GIPSVPEP'M.
2. R XMQTYP YPXMQIPSV HIGIRMM EPI WIGSPYPYM -, S WGM^MYRI W-E TVSHYW, JV
RHSMEP, R WRYP GSQYRMX'MM MYHIS-GVI#XMRI RE^SVIIRI, HEXSVEX R TVMRGMTEP
MRXIVTVIXVMPSV HMZIVKIRXI GY TVMZMVI PE REXYVE YQER, HMZMR WEY WMQYPXER
HMZMRS-YQER E PYM -MWYW #M GY TVMZMVI PE QTVINYVVMPI ^QMWPMVMM #M RE#XIVMM
WEPI. %WXJIP ETEV EXYRGM KVYTEVIE IFMSRMX, TI HI TEVXI #M GIE IPGEWEMX, TI HI
EPX TEVXI. )FMSRMWQYP IWXI EXIWXEX R %TYW, R -QTIVMYP 6SQER, IPGEWEMWQYP R
6WVMX, R -QTIVMYP -VERMER. 2Y IWXI MQTSWMFMP W GVIHIQ G IPGEWEM'MM
VITVI^MRX S JVEG'MYRI E IFMSRM'MPSV, GIE GEVI E JSWX WMPMX, WYF TVIWMYRIE
IZIRMQIRXIPSV MWXSVMGI HMR TVMQYP WJIVX EP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE (QEM I\EGX, VIZSPXE
MYHEMG HMR 15-P8, WYF HSQRME PYM 8VEMER), W TVWIEWG -QTIVMYP 6SQER #M W
WI VIJYKMIÎ R GIP MVERMER.
3. 2E^SVIIRMM W-EY Z^YX GSRJVYRXE'M GY S HYFP VYTXYV. (I-E PYRKYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, EGI#XM HIWGIRHIR'M EM TVMQMPSV YGIRMGM EM PYM -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX
W-EY ^FXYX RXVI HSY TMIXVI HI RGIVGEVI: W VQR R MYHEMWQ WEY W VYT
GY MYHEMWQYP; W WI HIWTEVX, HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI EP GVIHMR'IPSV, HI JVE'MM PSV
MYHIM RIGVI#XMRM WEY W WI HIWTVMRH, HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI EP TVEGXMGMPSV, HI
JVE'MM PSV TKRM.
6I^YQRH, RY XVIFYMI W YMXQ RMGM S GPMT G, EPXYVM HI S )GGPIWME I\
KIRXMFYW (EHMG E GSQYRMX'MPSV TKRS-GVI#XMRI), E WYF^MWXEX S)GGPIWME I\
GMVGYQGMWMSRI (EHMG E GSQYRMX'MPSV MYHIS-GVI#XMRI). 6YTXYVE GEVI W-E
RGIVGEX W 3I IZMXEX GY TVMPINYP %HYRVMM HI PE -IVYWEPMQ VIPEXEX R *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV 15 R GIPI HMR YVQ W-E TVSHYW, HEV GY QYPX QEM XV^MY, PE S HEX
GEVI RY I WMKYV #M R WTIGMEP HMR QSXMZI GYPXYVEPI, QEM HIKVEF HIGX
HSGXVMREVI.
7MQSR 1MQSYRM 4%:)0 'I WI #XMI EWX^M HIWTVI 4EZIP#
%XYRGM GRH 4EZIP #M EHVIWIE^ WGVMWSVMPI GVI#XMRMPSV HMR HMZIVWIPI
GSQYRMX'M, VIEQMRXI#XI RXSXHIEYRE G IWXI QTYXIVRMGMX W PI ZSVFIEWG.
,VMWXSW M W-E RJ'M#EX TIVWSREP. %GIEWX RZVIHRMGMVI E PYM 4EZIP WEY EGIEWX
RVSPEVI E WE JEGI HMR IP YR WYTYW #M YR ETSWXSP JV TIVIGLI. )WXI HM3GMP RW,
R QSH TEVEHS\EP, W TXVYRHIQ MWXSVME MRXMQ E SQYPYM GEVI ZSVFI#XI RXV-YR
QSH EXX HI TIVWSREP #M HI GSRZMRW. % WGVMI EWX^M S ZME' E 7JRXYPYM 4EZIP
IWXI, JV RHSMEP, S TVIXIR'MI PE JIP HI YXSTMG GY E WGVMI S ZME' E PYM -MWYW.
'YQ W WGVMM MWXSVME YRYM SQ GVYME RMGM RYQIPI RXVIK RY M WI GYRSE#XI, RMGM
HEXE RE#XIVMM, RMGM QTVINYVVMPI QSV'MM# 1VXYVMWIE YR FMSKVEJ EP PYM 4EZIP. 'Y
XSEXI EGIWXIE, HI ZVIS ÎGI ERM, PYGVVMPI HIWTVI 4EZIP #M EGXMZMXEXIE PYM
QMWMSREV W-EY RQYP'MX, MEV YRIPI EY VITYW R GEY^ YR QEVI RYQV HI HEXI
WSGSXMXI HI PE WMRI R'IPIWI.
'VSRSPSKMI 6 . ,V.: RE#XIVIE PYM 4EZIP, R +EPMPIIE.
4VMQMM ERM EM WIGSPYPYM -: TVMR'MM WM WYRX HITSVXE'M PE 8EVW, R 'MPMGME.
R TVIENQE ERYPYM 15 H. ,V.: 4EZIP WXYHME^ PE -IVYWEPMQ.
3: GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 4EZIP, PE (EQEWG.
34: #IHIVIE PE EVEFMM REFEXIM.
37: RXSVW PE (EQEWG, 4EZIP JYKI #M WGET HI IXREVLYP VIKIPYM %VIXE (39).
37: TVMQE ZM^MX PE -IVYWEPMQ. 4EZIP WI RXSEVGI R 7MVME-'MPMGME (8EVW),
VIZMRI PE %RXMSLME #M M RZE' TI RSMM GVI#XMRM.
41: IHMGXYP PYM 'PEYHMY QTSXVMZE ERYQMXSV MYHIM HMR 6SQE. 8YPFYVVM HMR
TVMGMRE PYM 'LVIWXSW. 4VMQE GPXSVMI QMWMSREV GY -SER 1EVGY, WYF
GSRHYGIVIE PYM &EVREFE ('MTVY, %REXSPME).
-EVRE PYM 45-46, PE %RXMSLME: E HSYE QMWMYRI, QTVIYR GY 7MPE, JV
&EVREFE. 4EZIP IWXI GSRHYGXSVYP QMWMYRMM; XVIGI HMR RSY TVMR GIRXVYP
%REXSPMIM.
:EVE PYM 46: XVEWIY WTVI +EPEXME HI 2SVH (VIKMYRIE 4IWWMRSRXI), ETSM
IZERKLIPMÊVIE 1EGIHSRMIM: *MPMTM, 8IWEPSRMG, &IVIIE, XVIGIVI TVMR %XIRE. 7INYV
RXIQIMIXSV PE 'SVMRX (STXWTVIÎGI PYRM#). 4EZIP HIFEVG R 'IÊVIIE, GSFSEV
PE %RXMSLME.
5,0: RXVYRMVI PE -IVYWEPMQ, GY &EVREFE #M 8MX (HYT TEMWTVIÎGI ERM, +E
2, 1). 4EZIP PE %RXMSLME. -RGMHIRX GY 4IXVY (+E 2, P-P4).
50: 4EZIP WI E#E^ PE )JIW, GEVI HIZMRI GIRXVYP HI MVEHMIVI EP
TVSTSZHYMVMM WEPI. 5P-52: TVSGSRWYPEXYP PYM +EPMSR PE 'SVMRX. 4EZIP GSQTEVI R
JE'E PYM, GY SGE^ME YRIME HMR XVIGIVMPI WEPI TVMR 'SVMRX.
2I-EV TPGIE W RI TYXIQ FYGYVE RIGSRHM'MSREX HI GSRXVMFY'ME
RYQIVSEWIPSV PYGVVM WEZERXI HIWTVI 4EZIP. -RW GLMEV HEG TYXIQ VITIVE R
EGIWXIE ERYQMXI GSRZIVKIR'I, S WIEQ HI GLIWXMYRM VQR XSXY#M
RIVI^SPZEXI, MEV RYQIVSEWIPI MTSXIÎ EZERWEXI RY WI EVEX RXSXHIEYRE
GETEFMPI W RI G#XMKI RGVIHIVIE. (I GI EXXIE TVSFPIQI# 4IRXVY G HIWTVI
I\MWXIR'E PYM 4EZIP HI'MRIQ HSY XMTYVM HI M^ZSEVI: GIPI XVIMWTVIÎGI ITMWXSPI
EPI WEPI (HMRXVI GEVI #ETXI WYRX EGGITXEXI GE EYXIRXMGI HI GXVI ETVSETI XS'M
GSQIRXEXSVMM) #M GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, ETEV'MRRH PYM 0YGE, E GVIM E HSYE
TEVXI IWXI ETVSETI R RXVIKMQI S MWXSVMWMVI E ZMI'MM QMWMSREVI E PYM 4EZIP TR
PE WSWMVIE WE PE 6SQE. RXVYGX WGVMWSVMPI TEYPMRI RY EY RMQMG HMRXV-YR NYVREP #M
RXVYGX 0YGE, R WGLMQF, HIWJ#SEV S REVE'MYRI GEVI TEVI W RPR'YMI
IXETIPI ZMI'MM PYM 4EZIP R SVHMRIE PSV GVSRSPSKMG, FMSKVE3M ETSWXSPYPYM EY
GSRWMHIVEX EGIWX GEHVY, TR PE S HEX VIGIRX, GE 3MRH GIP QEM WMQTPY, GLMEV
HEG P GSQTPIXIE^ GY MRJSVQE'MM GYPIWI HMR ITMWXSPI. 7I #XMI QEM FMRI EWX^M
G 0YGE, EXX R TVMQE, GX #M R E HSYE WE GEVXI, IVE REMRXI HI XSEXI YR XISPSK
EP *MYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY #M EP &MWIVMGMM WEPI #M G VIPE'MMPI PYM GY JETXIPI MWXSVMGI
RY IVEY EXX HI REMZI TI GX WI GVIHIE.
R EGIPE#M XMQT, IVEY RXQTMREXI HMR GI R GI QEM QYPXI HM3GYPX'M R
GSRGMPMIVIE ERYQMXSV HEXI HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV GY MRJSVQE'MMPI GYPIWI HMR
ITMWXSPIPI TEYPMRI, GYRSWGYXI XSXY#M HI 0YGE!
(I YRHI #M VIEG'ME RYQMX TVMRGMTMYP PYM /RS\, HI PE RYQIPI YRYM
I\IKIX GEVI WGVME TI PE 1950, TSXVMZMX GVYME *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV RY TSEXI 3
YXMPMÊX HIGX #M GY TVYHIR' TIRXVY E GSQTPIXE HEXIPI EYXSFMSKVE3GI HMR
ITMWXSPI, RMGMSHEX RW TIRXVY E PI GSVIGXE. RXV-EHIZV, YR JETX TSZIWXMX HI
GIP GEVI P-E XVMX QIVMX RXSXHIEYRE S QEM FYR TVMQMVI HIGX GYXEVI
MRJSVQE'MI SJIVMX HI YR XIV' GEVI YVQVI#XI WGSTYVM XISPSKMGI WEY
ETSPSKIXMGI.
(EV EGIWX TVMRGMTMY VEHMGEP WI HSZIHI#XI KVIY HI TYW R TVEGXMG.
7GVMWSVMPI PYM 4EZIP WYRX WGVMIVM HI GMVGYQWXER': IP ZSVFI#XI TY'MR HIWTVI WMRI,
GRH RY S JEGI WMPMX HI ZVIS TSPIQMG. %TSM, QEM I\MWX TVSFPIQE EYXIRXMGMX'MM
PMXIVEVI: YRIPI HMRXVI ITMWXSPIPI WEPI RI MRJSVQIE^ RYQEM HIWTVI EQMRXMVIE
IQS'MSRERX #M I3GEGI TI GEVI E PWEX-S R QIQSVME &MWIVMGMPSV. R WJV#MX,
YPXMQYP SFWXEGSP: R WGVMWSVMPI WEPI, 4EZIP RY GMXIE^ RMGM YR IZIRMQIRX
GYRSWGYX R MWXSVMI, GY I\GIT'ME YRIM WMRKYVI HE'M, R 2 'SVMRXIRM 1, 32, YRHI
TSZIWXI#XI XVMFYPE'MMPI WEPI GY IXREVLYP VIKIPYM %VIXE (VIKI EP EVEFMPSV REFEXIM,
QSVX R 39).
2Y TYXIQ E#EHEV WXEFMPM S GVSRSPSKMI E ZMI'MM QMWMSREVI E PYM 4EZIP JV
E PYE R GSRWMHIVEVI, R QSH GVMXMG, HIWMKYV, VITIVIPI GVSRSPSKMGI JYVRMÊXI HI
0YGE #M EGIEWXE GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX HSGYQIRXE'MIM WEPI HI FE^ QIVMX E-
P 3 PYEX R WIVMSW VIEPE ZEPSEVI TIRXVY MWXSVMI. :SM RGIVGE EMGM, TVMR YVQEVI, W
HISWIFIWG WYQEV EWTIGXIPI GEVI TEV E JEGI SFMIGXYP YRYM GSRWIRW R VRHYP
GIPSV HMR TEVXIE GVSVE E#XITXQ W JEG QEM QYPX PYQMR TIRXVY E RI TYXIE
TVSRYR'E GSVIGX.
9R MYHIY JEVMWY HMR 8EVW#
R ITMWXSPI, 4EZIP RY JEGI RMGMSHEX EPY^MI PE PSGYP RE#XIVMM WEPI WEY PE
SVMKMRMPI JEQMPMIM PYM. 2YQEM 0YGE RI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI 8EVW. R 9, 1, PE (EQEWG,
(SQRYP, EHVIWRHY-WI PYM %RERME, TSQIRI#XI YR SQ HMR 8EVW, GY RYQIPI
7EYP; QEM XV^MY, JVE'MM ?.A P-EY XVMQMW PE 8EVW, YRHI &EVREFE ZE QIVKI W-P
GEYXI, TIRXVY E-P EHYGI PE %RXMSLME (1, 25). 'Y TVMPINYP EVIWXVMM WEPI PE
-IVYWEPMQ, 4EZIP JEGI HI HSY SVM EGIEWX HIGPEVE'MI HI MHIRXMXEXI, QEM RXM
EHVIWRHY-WI XVMFYRYPYM VSQER: )Y WYRX MYHIY HMR 8EVWYP 'MPMGMIM, GIX'IER EP
YRIM GIX'M GEVI RY IWXI RIRWIQREX (21, 39), ETSM R JE'E QYP'MQMM: )Y WYRX
FVFEX MYHIY, RWGYX R 8EVWYP 'MPMGMIM (2, 3). 2Y ZIHIQ GI QSXMZ EV 3 EZYX
0YGE W MRZIRXIÎ TI HI-E-RXVIKYP EGIWX PSG HI SVMKMRI; W 3I EXYRGM 4EZIP
RWGYX PE 8EVW# RXVIFEVIE RY WI TYRIE ETVSETI HIPSG TR GRH E RGITYX W
3I PYEX R WIVMSW MRJSVQE'ME SJIVMX HI 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ (GEVI EV 3 HI'MRYX-S HI
PE 3VMKIR): 4VMR'MM PYM 4EZIP IVEY HI JIP HMR +LMWGEPE, TVSZMRGME -YHIMM #M GRH
XSEX TVSZMRGME E JSWX VZ#MX HI EVQEXIPI VSQERI, MEV MYHIMM QTV#XME'M GEVI
RGSXVS, EGI#XME EY JSWX HY#M PE 8EVW, SVE# HMR 'MPMGME. 4EZIP, PE S ZVWX RG
JVEKIH #M-E YVQEX TVMR'MM.. -IVSRMQ QEM SJIV #M R EPX TEVXI S MRJSVQE'MI
EWIQRXSEVI. %GIEWX ZIVWMYRI EWYTVE JETXIPSV TIVQMXI W WI EGSVHI S
ERYQMX RGVIHIVI GXSVZE HEXI GEVI IVEY TR EGYQ KVIY HI I\TPMGEX. 1EM
RXM, GIPIM TVMZMRH GIX'IRME VSQER, HIWTVI GEVI 4EZIP RY ZSVFI#XI RMGMSHEX
IP RWY#M, HEV HI GEVI, TSXVMZMX PYM 0YGE, WI TVIZEPIE^. 4VMR'MM PYM EV 3 TYXYX
Y#SV W S HSFRHIEWG PE 8EVW, 3MRHG, TSXVMZMX PYM *MPSR, GIM QEM QYP'M HMRXVI
MYHIMM 6SQIM IVEY PMFIV'M. 2YQIPI WY VSQER, 4EYPYW (QMG, TY'MR) IVE
JSEVXI ETVSTMEX HI EVEQEMGYP KVIGMÊX 7EYPSW. %TSM, TVIXIR'MIM WEPI HI E 3
IZVIY HMR IZVIM (*PT 3, 5; 2 'S 1, 2): IE TVIWYTYRI VIPE'MM GY 4EPIWXMRE QEM
WXVRWI HIGX EPI YRYM MYHIY SEVIGEVI HMR HMEWTSVE. (MRXV-S HEX, MRJSVQE'ME
PYM 0YGE, TSXVMZMX GVIME 4EZIP EZIE PE -IVYWEPMQ YR RITSX #M, TSEXI, S WSV,
HIZMRI QEM GVIHMFMP (*% 23, 16). R WJV#MX, R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI G ETEVXIRIR'E
PYM PE VEQYVE JEVMWIMG WXVMGX E MYHEMWQYPYM IWXI WYFPMRMEX EXX HI 4EZIP, GX
#M HI 0YGE (*PT 3, 5 #M, HI EWIQIRIE, +E 1, 14; *% 2, 3; 23, 6; 26, 5). RXV-
EHIZV, RY HI'MRIQ HSZI^M GIVXI HIWTVI I\MWXIR'E, REMRXI HI HMWXVYKIVIE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM, E KVYTYVMPSV JEVMWIMGI R EJEVE XIVMXSVMMPSV TSTYPEXI R QENSVMXEXI
HI MYHIM (-YHIIE, +EPMPIIE, 4IVIIE). R WGLMQF, HEG JEQMPME PYM 4EZIP E JSWX
HITSVXEX R YVQ GY HSEV S KIRIVE'MI (4 . ,V. "M 6 H. ,V. 7YRX RM#XI HEXI
TSWMFMPI), RY IWXI HI QMVEVI G R JEQMPME WE RY E JSWX YMXEX ETEVXIRIR'E PE
WIQMR'ME PYM :IRMEQMR (*PT 3, 5), R ZVIQI GI QENSVMXEXIE MYHIMPSV HMR ZIGLMPI
HMEWTSVI #M TMIVHYWIV EQMRXMVIE VHGMRMPSV PSV HI XVMF. %RMM HI WXYHMY EM PYM
4EZIP PE -IVYWEPMQ (*% 2, 3) HIZMR QEM ZIVSWMQMPM: EGSPS, PE #GSEPE PYM +QPMIM,
E TYXYX IP HIZIRM YR JEVMWIY HIWXYP HI QSXMZEX RGX W TVMKSRIEWG &MWIVMGE.
8SXY#M, MWXSVMGMM #M QVXYVMWIWG TIVTPI\MXEXIE R PIKXYV GY TYXMR'E HI E
3 WMQYPXER MYHIY HI WXVMGX EWGYPXEVI #M GIX'IER EP YRYM SVE# IPIRMWXMG GE
8EVWYP. (EG GIX'IRME VSQER RY MQTYRIE SFPMKE'MM HI RIQTGEX GY GVIHMR'E
MYHEMG, JETXYP HI E ETEV'MRI GY HVITXYVM HITPMRI YRIM EWIQIRIE GIX'M MQTPMGE
VIGYRSE#XIVIE YRSV MRWXMXY'MM MRGPYWMZ GYPXYVEPI #M VIPMKMSEWI KVIY
EGGITXEFMPI TIRXVY YR JEVMWIY WXVMGX. 4YXIQ WSGSXM G 0YGE E Z^YX R EGIEWX
EPMER' YR WMQTPY QSH HI E-#M TPEWE IVSYP R ZVJYP MIVEVLMIM WSGMEPI.
0-E GYRSWGYX 4EZIP TI -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX#
9RMM HMRXVI GIM GI WGVMY HIWTVI -MWYW YÎE^ HI YR ERYQI XI\X TIRXVY E
TVIXMRHI G 4EZIP P-EV 3 GYRSWGYX TI 2EÊVMRIER, HEV EV 3 LSXVX GY FYR-
#XMMR' W-P MKRSVI, EWXJIP RGX W RY-P GYRSEWG HIGX TI 'IP RZMEX. -EX XI\XYP
GY TVMGMRE: 2SM RY QEM #XMQ HI EGYQ TI RMQIRM HYT XVYT. 'LMEV HEG EQ
GYRSWGYX TI ,VMWXSW HYT XVYT, EGYQ RY-0 QEM GYRSE#XIQ ?EWXJIPA (2 'S 5,
16, XVEH. 83&). 4IRXVY IM, E GYRSE#XI TI ,VMWXSW HYT XVYT RWIEQR E-P
GYRSE#XI TI -MWYW GIP TQRXIWG, E#E GYQ EV GYRSE#XI TI SVMGEVI EPXYP. 7
VIQEVGQ G 4EZIP WGVMI EMGM HI HSY SVM, PMXIVEP: E GYRSE#XI ?TI GMRIZEA
HYT XVYT. 3V 4EZIP EVI HITVMRHIVM PMXIVEVI: GRH ZSVFI#XI HI I\MWXIR'E
XIVIWXV E YRYM TIVWSREN, IP WGVMI RXSXHIEYRE: GYXEVI ?%ZVEEQ, (EZMH IXGA
HYT XVYT. (EG EMGM WGVMI E GYRSE#XI HYT XVYT TI ,VMWXSW, RWIEQR G
WMRXEKQE HYT XVYT HIXIVQMR GYRSE#XIVIE, RY TI ,VMWXSW. 3V, TIRXVY IP, E
GYRSE#XI HYT XVYT IWXI GSRXVEVMYP PYM E GYRSE#XI HYT HYL, EHMG EP YRIM
GYRSE#XIVM PE GEVI R'IPITGMYRIE PYQIEWG RY ENYRKI (1 'S P-2). 4EZIP RY
WTYRI E#EHEV G P-EV 3 RXPRMX SHMRMSEV TI -MWYW HMR 2EÊVIX #M G EGIWX PYGVY
RY IVE MQTSVXERX. )P WTYRI HSEV G R SVMGI SQ ZIHI S TIVWSER
VWGYQTVEX HI ,VMWXSW, HIGM YR EPXYP. "M G PE JIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI GY QSHYP R
GEVI P TVMZI#XI TI ,VMWXSW. -WXSVMGYP RY TSEXI #XM, TVMR YVQEVI, HEG HVYQYP PYM
-MWYW W-E RGVYGM#EX GY GIP EP PYM 4EZIP REMRXI HI (EQEWG. 2Y IWXI MQTSWMFMP,
HEV RY #XMQ RMQMG R EGIWX WIRW.
'YQ HEXQ RXIQIMIVIE &MWIVMGMPSV R )YVSTE#
&MWIVMGMPI HMR *MPMTM, 8IWEPSRMG #M 'SVMRX JYWIWIV JSRHEXI R HIGYVWYP GIPSV
TEMWTVIÎGI ERM GEVI EY WITEVEX TVMQIPI HSY WYMVM EPI PYM 4EZIP PE -IVYWEPMQ
(+E 2, 1). 8VERWTYRRH E HSYE GPXSVMI QMWMSREV HYT EHYREVIE HI PE
-IVYWEPMQ, 0YGE EVEX G 4EZIP RXIQIMEWI EGIWXI &MWIVMGM HYT S R'IPIKIVI
EVQSRMSEW, RGLIMEX GY WXPTMM, PE -IVYWEPMQ. %WXJIP, 4EZIP RY QEM IWXI
VIFIPYP E GVYM MQEKMRI RI-S SJIV IP RWY#M R ITMWXSPI, GM E PYGVEX R HITPMR
EGSVH GY HMVIGXMZIPI ETSWXSPMPSV. %HSTXEVIE EGIWXIM RSM RPR'YMVM E JETXIPSV RI
SFPMK W VITYRIQ R GEY^ GXIZE HEXI KIRIVEP EHQMWI. %WXJIP, TVMQE
ITMWXSP GXVI XIWEPSRMGIRM E JSWX, JV RHSMEP, WGVMW QEM XMQTYVMY HIGX WI
GVIHIE. %XYRGM, RJ'M#EVIE PYM 4EZIP PE 'SVMRX, R JE'E TVSGSRWYPYPYM +EPMSR,
3\EX EGYQ GY QEM QYPX TVSFEFMPMXEXI R ERYP 51, RY E EZYX RIETVEX PSG
EHQM'RH G W-E TIXVIGYX RXV-EHIZV R XMQTYP WINYVYPYM HI RXIQIMIVI E
&MWIVMGMM HMR 'SVMRX. 1 #M 2 'SVMRXIRM RYQV GIP TY'MR XVIM EWIQIRIE WINYVYVM,
RW, GYQ E JGYX #M GY EPXI TVMPINYVM, 0YGE E VIKVYTEX EGIWXI HMZIVWI #IHIVM
RXV-YRE WMRKYV #M EXYRGM GRH GMXMXSVYP GVIHI G TSZIWXMVIE E PYEX WJV#MX, IE
IVYTI HMR RSY, GY RJ'M#EVIE PYM 4EZIP R JE'E TVSGSRWYPYPYM (18, 12-P7). 0E JIP,
HIZMRI TSWMFMP W M WI EXVMFYMI IHMGXYPYM PYM 'PEYHMY QTSXVMZE MYHIMPSV HMR 6SQE
(*% 18, 2; 7YIXSRMY, :ME'E PYM 'PEYHMY 25) HEXE HI 41, GEVI RXVYRI#XI EWX^M
FYRZSMR'E MWXSVMGMPSV, R ZVIQI GI FMSKVE3M 'MRXYM'M R WGLIQE PYGERMER WI
VEPMEY GIPIM HI 49, 3\EX XSXY#M EFME R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE, HYT TVIWYTYWE HEXEVI
E RXIQIMIVMM &MWIVMGMM HMR 'SVMRX: YR GIVG ZMGMSW HIWZV#MX!
'I W-E GSRZIRMX PE -IVYWEPMQ#
'IM QEM HI WIEQ (-EGSZ, 'LIJE, -SER) R-EY EHYKEX RMQMG PE )ZERKLIPME
QIE, GM HMQTSXVMZ, Z^RH G QMI QM-E JSWX RGVIHMR'EX )ZERKLIPME TIRXVY
GIM RIXME'M QTVINYV, HYT GYQ PYM 4IXVY, )ZERKLIPME TIRXVY GIM XME'M
QTVINYV. (+E 2, 6-7).
7 3I ZSVFE HI S QTV'MVI KISKVE3G E XIVMXSVMMPSV HI TVSTSZHYMVI#
2Y IWXI HIPSG TPEY^MFMP, RXVYGX GSQYRMX'MPI GVSVE PM WI EHVIWIE^ RXME
ITMWXSP E PYM 4IXVY GSRZMI'YMIWG R EGIPIE#M TVSZMRGMM GY &MWIVMGMPI TEY-PMRI. 7
3I S QTV'MVI IXRMG# 2MGM EWXE! 'VI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG WYRX VIPEXMZ
RYQIVS#M PE *MPMTM #M PE 'SVMRX, MEV &MWIVMGMPI GEVI 'MR HI 4IXVY RYQV JS#XM
TKRM (1 4 2, 18 1 4 3, 2). -TSXIÊ GIE QEM GYQMRXI IWXI EGIIE E YRYM EGSVH
RY PMTWMX HI EQFMKYMXEXI (G/P MRGMHIRXYP HI PE %RXMSLME, +E 2,1 #M YVQ.): IP M
RKHYME PYM 4EZIP W RY GIEV GMVGYQGM^ME TEKMRMPSV, HEV PI TIVQMXIE PYM 4IXVY
#M GIPSVPEP'M W-P PEWI TI GVI#XMRMM TVSZIRM'M HMR MYHEMWQ PMFIVM W-#M TWXVIÎ
XVEHM'MMPI, MRGPYWMZ XMIVIE QTVINYV. 4EZIP E MRXIVTVIXEX R'IPIKIVIE RXV-YR WIRW
QE\MQEPMWX, HEV #XMQ EWX^M G QT-QRXIRMVIE GVIHMR'IM R GYPXYVM IWXI PIRX
#M G S PIKMYMVI RY IWXI HI ENYRW TIRXVY GE XSXYP W JYRG'MSRIÎ TSXVMZMX
TVMRGMTMMPSV, QEM GY WIEQ R QEXIVMI HI EPMQIRXE'MI! 4IXVY IVE, TVSFEFMP, QEM
GSR#XMIRX HI EGIWX PYGVY.
3 E XVIME GPXSVMI QMWMSREV#
&MSKVE3M PYM 4EZIP EY SFMGIMYP HI E TSZIWXM S E XVIME GPXSVMI QMWMSREV,
E GVIM RPR'YMVI GY WJV#MXYP GIPIM HI-E HSYE IWXI TVSFPIQEXMG: "M
GSFSVRHY-WI PE 'IÊVIIE, W-E WYMX (PE -IVYWEPMQ) #M, QFV'M#RH &MWIVMGE, W-E
GSFSVX PE %RXMSLME. "M WXRH EGSPS GXZE XMQT, E TPIGEX, WXVFXRH TI VRH
'MRYXYP +EPEXMIM #M *VMKME, RXVMRH TI XS'M YGIRMGMM (*% 18, 2-23). -EV ZIVWIXYP
YVQXSV RI TSEVX R TPMR &MWIVMG E )JIWYPYM. %GIWXI WYXI HI OMPSQIXVM
WXVFXY'M R GXIZE ZSVFI HI PE TPIGEVIE HMR 'SVMRX (18, 8) WI I\TPMG TVMR
HITPEWEVIE RXVYRMVMM HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, HIWTVI GEVI EQ HMWGYXEX EHMRIEYVM. R
JETX, EFME HYT RXIQIMIVIE &MWIVMGMPSV HMR 1EGIHSRME #M +VIGME, 4EZIP,
HIFEVGEX PE 'IÊVIIE, W-E GSFSVX PE %RXMSLME TIRXVY E-P PYE GY WMRI TI
&EVREFE, GE, R XSZV#ME PYM 8MX, W WI WYMI PE -IVYWEPMQ. (YT EHYREVIE
MWXSVMWMX R +E 2, P-P0 (#M VIWGVMW HI 0YGE R *% 15), 4EZIP W-E VIRXSVW PE
%RXMSLME #M, HYT MRGMHIRXYP GY 4IXVY, WTVMNMRMX HI GVIHMRGMSWYP &EVREFE, E
TPIGEX W WI E#IÎ PE )JIW, RW #IHIVIE M-E JSWX RXVIVYTX HI SFPMKE'MM:
GPXSVMI PE 'SVMRX, YRHI TVIÎR'E PYM IVE RIGIWEV; #M, QEM EPIW, QTPMRMVIE
JKHYMIPMM WEPI HI E ZIRM RXV-ENYXSVYP GVI#XMRMPSV HMR -IVYWEPMQ (+E 1, 10).
% RXIQIMEX 4EZIP &MWIVMGM R -PMVME#
%Q TYXIE-S GVIHI, GMXMRH 6Q 15,17 #M YVQ., YRHI #M JEGI FMPER'YP
QMWMYRMM: %#E RGX HI PE -IVYWEPMQ #M ?.A TR R -PMVME, EQ QTPMRMX
TVSTSZHYMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM PYM ,VMWXSW, VZRMRH EWXJIP W FMRIZIWXIWG EGSPS
YRHI ,VMWXSW RY JYWIWI RYQMX.. R HSEV HSY ZSVFI, IP XVIGI R VIZMWX XSX
WTE'MYP ZMI'MM WEPI ETSWXSPMGI XVIGYXI. (EV KVERM'IPI TI GEVI M PI MRHMG XVIFYMI
WSGSXMXI HMRGSEGI WEY HMRGSPS HI IPI# 6IWXVMG'ME TI GEVI S EHEYK R PIKXYV
GY PSGYVMPI R GEVI E VIJYÊX W TVSTSZHYMEWG I\GPYHI SVMGI VIZIRHMGEVI GY
TVMZMVI PE -IVYWEPMQ: &MWIVMGE I\MWXE EGSPS REMRXI HI IP! )WXI PSKMG, TVMR YVQEVI,
W RY MRGPYHIQ -PMVME (%PFERME HI E^M) #M W R'IPIKIQ HI PE -IVYWEPMQ TR R
-PMVME GE WTE'MY R GEVI #M-E I\IVGMXEX EGXMZMXEXIE, I\GPY^RH EGIWXI LSXEVI: E
TVSTSZHYMX, RXV-EHIZV, GY M^FRH R TVSZMRGMMPI HMR QTVINYVMQMPI
1EGIHSRMIM, TI HI S TEVXI #M EPI 7MVMIM, TI HI EPX TEVXI, JV W QEM ZSVFMQ
HIWTVI RGITYXYVMPI WEPI R VRHYVMPI EVEFMPSV REFEXIM, R 8VERWMSVHERME.
'EVI M-EY JSWX YPXMQIPI TVSMIGXI QMWMSREVI#
4EZIP PI I\TYRI PE WJV#MXYP )TMWXSPIM GXVI 6SQERM: EZRH HSVMR'E HI
QYP'M ERM W ZMR PE ZSM, GRH Q ZSM HYGI R 7TERME ?.A RHNHYMIWG W Z ZH
R XVIGIVI #M, HI GXVI ZSM, W 3Y RWS'MX TR EGSPS (6Q 15, 20-24). 0E
ZVIQIE EGIIE (MEVRE PYM 5-56) GRH PI WGVMI VSQERMPSV, REMRXI HI E HYGI PE
-IVYWEPMQ GSPIGXE GEVI M-E TVMGMRYMX EXXIE KVMNM, 4EZIP RY QEM IWXI XVMQMWYP
S3GMEP EP YRIM &MWIVMGM, GYQ JYWIWI SHMRMSEV EP %RXMSLMIM, REMRXI HI WGERHEPYP
HMR +E 2, 1 #M YVQ. 8SGQEM E WTYW G ZSGE'ME, GLIQEVIE PYM, RY-P XVMQMXI EGSPS
YRHI ,VMWXSW IWXI HINE GYRSWGYX. 7TERME GSVIWTYRHI EGIWXSV GVMXIVMM: IE IWXI
EGIP GETX EP TQRXYPYM GVYME M IVE XVMQMW 7PYNMXSVYP PYM -ELZI, GY GEVI WI
GSQTEV R +EPEXIRM 1, 15 (8I ZSM JEGI 0YQMRE TSTSEVIPSV, GE W HYGM
QRXYMVIE 1IE TR PE QEVKMRMPI TQR-XYPYM!, W 49, 6); #M GYQ RY I\MWX
EMGM S HMEWTSVE MYHEMG, XVMQMXIVIE PYM PE RIEQYVM #M ZE E4E E#EHEV S
HIWXMRE'MI MHIEP: 7TERME IWXI PE GXIZE ^MPI HI QIVW GY GSVEFME, TSVRMRH HMR
3WXME, TSVXYP 6SQIM; PE 6SQE, 4EZIP #M TSEXI KWM GSPEFSVEXSVM GEVI W
GYRSEWG 'MRYXYVMPI ETYWIRI EPI -QTIVMYPYM #M, TSEXI, PMQFE TSTSEVIPSV
RI#XMYXSEVI HI IPMR; GE W RY QEM ZSVFMQ HI EGIP ENYXSV FRIWG TI GEVI
PSGYMXSVMM HMR *MPMTM M P-EY EGSVHEX GY PEVKLI'I, TI GRH TVSTSZHYME R
TVSZMRGMMPI VWVMXIRI. 4SWMFMPMXEXIE HI E WI RJ'M#E GE YR XVMQMW S3GMEP EP
&MWIVMGMM HMR 6SQE EV RWIQRE TIRXVY IP YR EXY WMKYV, TSEXI GLMEV S GSRHM'MI
EFWSPYX. (I EGIIE, EGIWXIM &MWIVMGM, R GEVI MYHIMM WYRX RYQIVS#M, M WGVMI GIPI
XVIM GETMXSPI GIPI QEM TS^MXMZI HMR RXVIKYP PYM ITMWXSPEV, HIWTVI VSPYP PYM -WVEIP
R MWXSVME QRXYMVMM (9, 1). % VIEPMÊX 4EZIP EGIWX TVSMIGX# (MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
GVSRSPSKMG, RMQMG RY WX QTSXVMZE EGIWXIM WYTS^M'MM: REMRXI HI HEXE TVSFEFMP
E QSV'MM PYM PE 6SQE, EV 3 EZYX XMQTYP W S JEG, HEV PYGVYVMPI RY W-EY TIXVIGYX
HYT GYQ E JSWX TVIZ^YX: GPXSVME TI GEVI PI-S ERYR' GVI#XMRMPSV HMR 6SQE
S ZE JEGI R GEPMXEXI HI MRGYPTEX, GY WTIVER'E G QTVEXYP M ZE MIVXE XSX GI M
TYWIWIV R WIEQ MYHIMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ. 7I TSEXI W 3 JSWX, HIGM, EGLMXEX #M W
3 QIVW R 7TERME, HEV, WI TEVI, JV QEVI WYGGIW. 2Y QWYVEWI, JV RHSMEP,
XSEX KVIYXEXIE RXVITVMRHIVMM WEPI R VRHYVMPI YRSV TSTSEVI JSEVXI HMJIVMXI
TVMR RIEQ, GYPXYV #M PMQF. 3VMGYQ EV WXE PYGVYVMPI, 'PIQIRX 6SQERYP, GEVI
WGVMI S ITMWXSP GXVI ERYP 95, WYKIVIE^ G EV 3 RGIVGEX, GIP TY'MR: 4EZIP ?.A
E EXMRW LSXEVIPI WSEVIPYM-ETYRI.. 4IRXVY GMRIZE GEVI PSGYMI#XI PE 6SQE,
LSXEVIPI WSEVIPYM-ETYRI RY TSX 3 HIGX KVERM'E SGGMHIRXEP E -QTIVMYPYM
6SQER.
% JSWX TVMQMX GSPIGXE PYM 4EZIP#
4EZIP RY E EZYX TVMPINYP HI E WGVMI GIZE HIWTVI EGIWX WYFMIGX. 7I WTYRI
G 0YGE RY ZSVFI#XI RMGMSHEX HIWTVI GSPIGX, MEV TIRXVY YRMM EGIEWX XGIVI
EWGYRHI VIWTMRKIVIE HI GEVI WI XIQIE 4EZIP R 6SQERM 15, 31: EGIWX VIJY^ EV
3 RWIQREX, TIRXVY -EGSZ #M GIM GVIHMRGMS#M PYM, G, HI JETX, GSQYRMYRIE GY
&MWIVMGMPI TEYPMRI RY I\MWXE GY EHIZVEX. 8VEXEVIE EGIWXIM YQMPMR'I TVMR XGIVI
EV WXE R SFMGIMYP PYM 0YGE: IP XMRYMI#XI GSR4MGXIPI GEVI RY JEG GMRWXI
&MWIVMGMPSV. 2Y IWXI WMRKYV RW G 0YGE RY WTYRI RMQMG HIWTVI GSPIGX. 4SXVMZMX
ZIVWIXYPYM 24, 17, IP QVXYVMWI#XI MRHMVIGX: EQ ZIRMX GE W EHYG RIEQYPYM
QIY QMPSWXIRMM, M HIGPEV 4EZIP KYZIVREXSVYPYM. -EV R 21,19, R JVEÊ: ?4EZIPA
PI TSZIWXIE GY HI-EQRYRXYP GIPI GI E JGYX (YQRIÎY RXVI RIEQYVM, TVMR
WPYNMVIE PYM, GYZRXYP WPYNMVI IWXI GIP TVMR GEVI ETSWXSPYP HIWIQRIE^
GSPIGXE, EXYRGM GRH PI ZSVFI#XI VSQERMPSV (15, 31). )E EV 3 EZYX, GLMEV TIRXVY
0YGE, IJIGXI FIRI3GI R &MWIVMGMPI TEYPMRI. R GEHVYP MWXSVMG RGSVHEX EP EGIWXIM
ITSGM, GVI#XMRMM HMR -IVYWEPMQ EZIEY RIZSMI HI IE #M RY #M-EV 3 TYXYX TIVQMXI YR
EWIQIRIE VIJY^.
'I WI #XMI HIWTVI QEVXMVMYP WY#
0YGE RGLIMI GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV GY EVIWXEVIE PYM 4EZIP PE
-IVYWEPMQ, IXETIPI TVSGIWYPYM WY R JE'E EYXSVMX'MPSV TVSZMRGMIM, GPXSVME WE
EKMXEX GXVI 6SQE, EMHSQE YRYM -SRE GVIHMRGMSW QMWMYRMM PYM #M WSWMVIE WE R
GETMXEP. 'SQIRXEXSVMM GEVI EGGITX EYXIRXMGMXEXIE )TMWXSPIM E HSYE GXVI
8MQSXIM E 7JRXYPYM %TSWXSP 4EZIP GSRWMHIV G HMWTYR HI EPXI MRJSVQE'MM #M
REMRXIE^ MTSXIÎ HIWTVI RGLIMIVIE JIVMGMX E TVSGIWYPYM, HIWTVI IPMFIVEVIE
PYM 4EZIP, RHITPMRMVIE TVSMIGXYPYM WY MFIVMG, YR RSY ETSWXSPEX R TVSZMRGMMPI
VWVMXIRI #M R 1EVIE )KII, REMRXI HI S E HSYE EVIWXEVI #M HI TIVWTIGXMZE
QEVXMVMYPYM. 'YQTXEVIE RI RHIEQR PE S QEM QEVI QSHIWXMI R GIVXMXYHMRM;
XSXSHEX, IWXI QEM GMRWXMX W RI QVXYVMWMQ MKRSVER'E. 1EVXMVMYP PYM 4EZIP RI
IWXI GYRSWGYX RYQEM TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP YRIM XVEHM'MM IGPI^MEPI KVIY HI TYW PE
RHSMEP, HEX 3MRH GSRZIVKIR'E RXVI GYPXYP #M XI\XIPI IM. -WXSVMGYP )YWIFMY HI
'IÊVIIE (313) VIPEXIE^ QVXYVME PYM 8IVXYPMER, WGVMMXSV GVI#XMR VSQER GEVI
WMXYIE^ QYGIRMGME PYM 4EZIP R GSRXI\XYP TIVWIGY'MIM PYM 2IVS: 'MXM'M-Z
GVSRMGMPI: ZI'M KWM R IPI G 2IVS, GIP HER'EM, E TVMKSRMX EGIEWX GVIHMR', QEM
GY WIEQ R ZVIQIE GRH, HYT GI E WYTYW RXVIK 6WVMXYP, W-E EVXEX
RIQMPSW GY XSEX PYQIE. 2SM RI JPMQ GY EGIEWX SWRHMVI HMR TEVXIE YRYM
EWIQIRIE RGITXSV. -EV )YWIFMY YVQIE^: 7I TSZIWXI#XI G, WYF HSQRME
WE, PYM 4EZIP M-E JSWX XMEX GETYP GLMEV PE 6SQE #M G, PE JIP, 4IXVY E JSWX VWXMKRMX
XSX EMGM, MEV EGIEWX MWXSVMWMVI IWXI EHIZIVMX HI RYQIPI PYM 4IXVY #M 4EZIP, GEVI,
TR E^M, IWXI HEX GMQMXMVIPSV HMR YVFI _-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG, -, <:, 5; 7. '. 21,
T. 92). %GIWX JVEKQIRX HI MWXSVMI WI VIGSRWXMXYMI EWXJIP: GE YVQEVI E
MRGIRHMIVMM 6SQIM (MYPMI 64), GVI#XMRMM EY JSWX EGYÊ'M, HYT QVXYVME PYM 8EGMX,
TIRXVY GE 2IVS W 3I HI^ZMRSZ'MX (TVMQZEVE PYM 65). %XYRGM W-EY HIWJ#YVEX
WGIRIPI RWTMQRXXSEVI TI GEVI PI HIWGVMY %REPIPI <-. )WXI HI GVI^YX GE
4IXVY W 3 JSWX VWXMKRMX R EGIWX GSRXI\X. R WGLMQF, HIGETMXEVIE PYM 4EZIP
TVIWYTYRI YR TVSGIW HYT XMTMG, GEVI W-EV 3 HIVYPEX GIZE QEM XV^MY, HEV
REMRXI HI WMRYGMHIVIE PYM 2IVS, PE 9 MYRMI 68. 4YXIQ EZERWE TIRXVY EGIWXE
HEXE HI 67.
R PIKXYV GY YPXMQIPI STX GETMXSPI EPI *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV )PI
TSZIWXIWG GY S WYQIHIRMI HI EQRYRXI MXMRIVEVYP PYM 4EZIP, RGITRH GY
EVIWXEVIE WE PE 8IQTPY #M TR PE 6SQE. 4IRXVY E PI NYHIGE ZEPSEVIE MWXSVMG,
XVIFYMI 'MRYX WIEQE HI HSY PYGVYVM: 1. 'VMXMGE PMXIVEV JEGI W TEV G 0YGE W-
E WPYNMX HI M^ZSEVI QYPX QEM GSRGMWI, TSVRMRH HI PE GEVI E VIHEGXEX TSZIWXIE
YRIM EZIRXYVM ETSWXSPMGI FSKEXI R ITMWSEHI TPMRI HI ZME'. (I GI#
2. 6WTYRWYP XVIFYMI W ME R GSRWMHIVEVI YR JIRSQIR HINE WXYHMEX HI
MWXSVMGMM PYM -MWYW: GIP EP HIGEPENIPSV #M XMQTYPYM TSZIWXMVMM. R )ZERKLIPMM, YPXMQE
^M E PYM -MWYW SGYT HSY GETMXSPI PYRKM, TI GRH GIPI TEXVYÎGM HI ^MPI EPI
MWTMXMVMM WEPI R TYWXMY WI 'MR R TEXVY VRHYVM EPI PYM 1EVGY. %#E WI JEGI G
MWXSVMGMM TVS3X HI EGIWXI HIGEPENI TIRXVY E TYRI R ZEPSEVI ERYQMXI
IZIRMQIRXI. :EWXIPI GETMXSPI RGLMREXI QTVINYVVMPSV ZIRMVMM PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE,
'MRX 3REP & TVSKVEQYPYM VRHYMX ETSWXSPMPSV HI GXVI 'IP RZMEX R *% 1, 8, RY
'MR HI EGIPE#M TVSGIHIY: GGM R )ZERKLIPME WE, GIIE GI 0YGE RYQI#XI
RP'EVIE PYM -MWYW (9, 51) IWXI TSZIWXMX QYPX QEM TI RHIPIXI HIGX VIWXYP. 0E
JIP, RY WI GYZIRIE S REVE'MYRI QEM PYRK HIWTVI YPXMQE IXET E WSWMVMM
)ZERKLIPMIM R GETMXEPE -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER# -WXSVMGYP RY ZE VI'MRI HIGM XSEXI
HIXEPMMPI GE JETXI VIEPI, GM GE IPIQIRXI GEVI WGLM'IE^ R QEVI TSVXVIXYP YRYM
EZIRXYVMIV EP PYM ,VMWXSW, GETEFMP W-P IRXY^MEWQIÎ TI YGIRMGMM GI ZSV 3 KWMX
R IP S HIWZV#MX #M GETXMZERX MPYWXVEVI E GIIE GI EV TYXIE RWIQRE W-P
YVQI^M TI -MWYW.
1MGLIP 8VMQEMPPI +QPMIM % ZSVFM HIWTVI +QPMIM, 3I #M JSEVXI TI WGYVX,
RWIEQR E IZSGE TVSFPIQE, EXX HI HI^FXYX, E JSVQE'MIM VEFMRMGI E PYM
4EZIP. 2WGYX R HMEWTSVE IZVIMEWG HI PMQF IPMR #M-E TVMQMX %TSWXSPYP
RXVIEKE IHYGE'MI WEY S TEVXI E IM PE -IVYWEPMQ# R GE^ G E#E WXEY PYGVYVMPI, GI
YVQI E PWEX EGIEWXE EWYTVE QMR'MM PYM# 'SRXVSZIVWE RY GSRXIRI#XI W VIZMR
R EGXYEPMXEXI. )WXI R'IPITX W RY TYRIQ TVSFPIQE WYF JSVQE YRIM HMPIQI
TVIE VMKYVSEWI: #XMQ EWX^M G, RXVI MYHEMWQYP TEPIWXMRMER #M GIP EP HMEWTSVIM,
RY I\MWXE EGIEWX STS^M'MI VEHMGEP TI GEVI EY EHQMW-S RYQIVS#M GIVGIXXSVM.
4EPIWXMRE RY IVE MQTIVQIEFMP PE VWTRHMVIE IPIRMWQYPYM. "M MRZIVW, HMEWTSVE
TVMQIE MR4YIR'IPI ZIRMXI HMR TQRXYP WXVQS#IWG, EYVISPEX HI VIRYQIPI WY
HI &EV 7JRX. RXVI GIPI HSY I\MWXEY XSXY#M HISWIFMVM MRGSRXIWXEFMPI HI
QIRXEPMXEXI, HI GSRGIT'MM GLMEV. 7-E GYXEX EHIWISVM, R GE^YP PYM 4EZIP,
GRXVMVIE GY I\EGXMXEXI E GSRXVMFY'MIM 3IGVYME HMRXVI EGIWXI HSY QIHMM. R
GI Q TVMZI#XI, RY TSX HIGX W TVI^MRX EMGM GMXMXSVYPYM GXIZE VI4IG'MM
TVYHIRXI R PIKXYV GY +QPMIM.
'YRSE#XIQ TIVWSRENYP TVMR QMNPSGMVIE PMXIVEXYVMM VEFMRMGI #M, HISTSXVMZ,
E *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV. P HISWIFMQ, HI SFMGIM, RYQMRHY-P +QPMIM GIP &XVR,
HI XM^YP WY QEM XRV, +QPMIM - HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, RITSXYP WY GEVI
E XVMX GXVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - H. ,V. -RHMGE'MMPI JYVRMÊXI HI 8EPQYH RY TIVQMX
RXSXHIEYRE XVEWEVIE YRIM KVERM'I GPEVI RXVI GIIE GI WI VIJIV PE YRYP #M GIIE
GI P ZMÎE^ TI GIPPEPX. 4VMQYP IVE RITSXYP MPYWXVYPYM ,MPIP, 3KYV HI TVMQ
MQTSVXER' R GEHVYP JEVMWIMWQYPYM, EP #GSPMM HIWGLMWI, R KIRIVEP QEM PMFIVEP
#M QEM WYTP R MRXIVTVIXVMPI TI GEVI PI HHIE 0IKMM #M, TSEXI #M R EXMXYHMRIE
JE' HI GYPXYVE KVIEG, HIGX XIRHMR'E VMKSVMWX VITVIÎRXEX HI "EQEM.
+QPMIM, HEG IWXI W NYHIGQ HYT GXIZE HMGXSERI WEY TVMRGMTMM E GVSV
TEXIVRMXEXI M IWXI EXVMFYMX HI 8EPQYH, ETEV'MRIE EGIPIME#M #GSPM. 8VEHM'ME
MYHEMG NP 'MRI PE QEVI GMRWXI. )WXI YRYP HMRXVI TY'MRMM HSGXSVM (RZ'XSVM HI
0IKI) TI GEVI EGIEWXE M RYQI#XI GY XMXPYP HI VEFFER, QEM HI WIEQ HIGX GIP
HI VEF WEY VEFFM. 3 XVEHM'MI GVI#XMR PIKIRHEV M EXVMFYMI GSRZIVXMVIE PE
GVI#XMRMWQ HIWMKYV, R ZMVXYXIE PSGYPYM TI GEVI M-P VIÎVZ *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV.
+QPMIM MRXIVZMRI R JEZSEVIE %TSWXSPMPSV %GI#XME P QIR'MSRIE^ R
HSY VRHYVM. %XYRGM GRH %TSWXSPMM, ZMRSZE'M HI RGPGEVIE GY FYR #XMMR' E
MRXIVHMG'MIM HI E TVSTSZHYM )ZERKLIPME, WYRX GLIQE'M R JE'E 7MRIHVMYPYM,
+QPMIM, RZ'XSV HI 0IKI, GMRWXMX HI XSX TSTSVYP #M QIQFVY EP REPXIM
EHYRVM, MRXIVZMRI R WTVMNMRYP PSV. 7GYVXE PYM GYZRXEVI VIGSQERH PE EHVIWE
EGIWXSVE S EXMXYHMRI HI RIYXVEPMXEXI WEY QGEV HI I\TIGXEXMZ. 8VIFYMI,
GSRWMHIV IP, W 3I PWE'M R TEGI; M^FRHE WEY RIVIY#MXE TVSTSZHYMVMM PSV ZE
EVXE HEG PYGVEVIE PI IWXI WEY RY HI PE (YQRIÎY (*% 5, 34-39). (YT
VSEHIPI PSV M ZI'M GYRSE#XI -EGIWXE IWXI XPGYP MRXIVZIR'MIM PYM +QPMIM.
7MRIHVMYP, RM WI WTYRI, WI EPXYV EGIWXIM STMRMM, GIIE GI RY-P QTMIHMG,
REMRXI HI E IPMFIVE TV'MM, W TYR W 3I FMGMYM'M #M W PI VIRRSMEWG
MRXIVHMG'ME HI E ZSVFM R RYQIPI PYM -MWYW. %GIEWX GYVMSEW GSRXVEHMG'MI
WYFPMRME^ GEVEGXIVYP HIWXYP HI EVXM3GMEP EP TSZIWXMVMM.
(MWGYVWYP PYM +QPMIM IWXI, FMRIR'IPIW, 3GXMZ GE JSVQYPEVI #M GSQTSVX
ERYQMXI HM3GYPX'M GEVI RY RI TSX VI'MRI EXIR'ME EMGM. 'IP TY'MR MRXIVZIR'ME
MPYWXVYPYM RZ'XSV HI 0IKI #M TS^M'ME RKHYMXSEVI TI GEVI S EHSTX RY WYRX
RIZIVSWMQMPI R WMRI.
RZ'EX HI +QPMIM RXVY T^MVIE EQRYR'MX E 0IKMM % HSYE QIR'MYRI
E. *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV GY TVMZMVI PE +QPMIM WI VI^YQ PE YR WGYVX ZIVWIX.
4EZIP, EVIWXEX PE -IVYWEPMQ PE GETXYP YPXMQIM WEPI GPXSVMM, WI EHVIWIE^
TSTSVYPYM, WTYRRH RXVI EPXIPI: RWGYX R 8EVWYP 'MPMGMIM #M GVIWGYX R GIXEXIE
EGIEWXE, RZ'RH PE TMGMSEVIPI PYM +QPMIM R GLMT EQRYR'MX 0IKIE
TVMRXIEWG (2, 3). )\MWX EMGM YR WSM HI IGSY EP HIGPEVE'MIM JGYXI R QEM
QYPXI VRHYVM HI 4EZIP RWY#M R ITMWXSPIPI WEPI (*PT 3, 5; +E 1, 13; 6Q 1, 1),
GY WMRKYVE HISWIFMVI G, HI#M WXVYMRH EWYTVE 3PME'MIM WEPI RSFMPI HI IZVIY HMR
IZVIM #M HI JEVMWIY, EWYTVE VIWTIGXYPYM WY I\IQTPEV TIRXVY 0IKI, EWYTVE
VZRIM GY GEVI, REMRXI HI GSRZIVXMVI, TVMKSRIE GVI#XMRMM, IP RY TSQIRI#XI
-IVYWEPMQYP R EGIWX GSRXI\M #M RY RYQI#XI RMGMSHEX ZVIYR RZ'XSV MYHIY
GVYME W-P 3 JSWX YGIRMG. %GIEWX XGIVI GY TVMZMVI PE EWTIGXI EXX HI
MQTSVXERXI RI RHVITX'I#XI W RI RXVIFQ HEG 0YGE, TVISGYTEX W
WYFPMRMIÎ GSRXMRYMXEXIE TVSZMHIR'MEP RXVI MYHEMWQYP FMRI HIPMQMXEX #M
GVI#XMRMWQ, E VIWTIGXEX EMGM GY W3R'IRMI VIEPMXEXIE JETXIPSV.
3 WXVERMI XGIVI E PYM 4EZIP )WXI GMYHEX JETXYP G 4EZIP RY #M-E GMXEX
RMGMSHEX QEIWXVYP. 2Y IVE RIZSMI W-S JEG, W-E WTYW YRISVM, TIRXVY G EGIWX
RYQI, SVMGX HI MPYWXVY ZE 3 JSWX R QIHMYP MYHEMG, RY RWIQRE RMQMG TIRXVY
EHVIWER'MM TKRS-GVI#XMRM EM )TMWXSPIPSV. (I EPXQMRXIVM, E3VQE'ME PYM 4EZIP "M
HYT JE' IVEQ RIGYRSWGYX &MWIVMGMPSV PYM ,VMWXSW GIPSV HMR -YHIIE (+E 1, 2)
WI EWSVXIE^ H nWXYP HI WXRKEGM GY MHIIE YRIM #IHIVM TVIPYRKMXI
GEVEGXIVMÊX, TI HIEWYTVE, HI S TEVXMGMTEVI EGXMZ PE QWYVM ERXMGVI#XMRI PE
-IVYWEPMQ, REMRXI HI GSRZIVXMVIE WE. 2Y I\MWX QSXMZI W TYRIQ PE RHSMEP
EGIEWX EGXMZMXEXI HI TVMKSRMXSV E PYM 4EZIP, 3MRHG IP RWY#M JEGI VIJIVMVI PE IE.
(EV IWXI GE^YP W EHQMXIQ G IE W-E I\IVGMXEX R HMEWTSVE. R GLMEV *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV, 4EZIP HIGPEV E 3 TVMQMX HMR TEVXIE EYXSVMX'MM VIPMKMSEWI MIVY-
WEPMQMXIRI WGVMWSVM TIRXVY JVE'MM E WI R'IPIKI MYHIMM HMR (EQEWG,
QTYXIVRMGMRHY-P W-P EHYG TI GVI#XMRMM GSQYRMX'MM PSGEPI PIKE'M PE -IVYWEPMQ,
WTVI E 3 TIHITWM'M (2, 5). 4VSGIHYV RIQEMRXPRMX: EGIWX HIXEPMY IWXI #M IP
JSEVXI RHSMIPRMG. 7GVMWSVMPI GY GEVI 4EZIP WTYRI G E JSWX RWVGMREX WI TSEXI
W RY 3 EZYX HVITX WGST HIGX S TYRIVI R KEVH E GSQYRMX'MM MYHEMGI HMR
(EQEWG #M, TSEXI #M E GIPSV HMR EPXI GIX'M, QTSXVMZE TVSTEKERHIM GVI#XMRI.
'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, JETXYP G EGXMZMXEXIE ERXMGVI#XMR E PYM 4EZIP WI ZE 3
HIWJ#YVEX EPXYRHIZE HIGX PE -IVYWEPMQ RY I\GPYHI RYQEMHIGX S #IHIVI R
3VE#YP 7JRX. %GIWXE VITVIÎRXE YR TYXIVRMG TSP HI EXVEG'MI VIPMKMSEW, HEV #M
MRXIPIGXYEP, TIRXVY MYHIMM HMR HMEWTSVE. 2Y IVE YR PYGVY MI#MX HMR GSQYR,
TIRXVY JEQMPMMPI GY WXEVI, W-#M XVMQMX EMGM 3MM WTVI E-#M HIWZV#M WXYHMMPI
VEFMRMGI. *EQMPME PYM 4EZIP TEVI W 3 EZYX YR RMZIP HI XVEM RHIWXYPXSV TIRXVY
E S JEGI, PE VRHYP IM. "M, HI EPXJIP, 4EZIP HMWTYRIE, HYT WTYWIPI *ETXIPSV
%TSWXSPMPSV (21, 40), HI S GYRSE#XIVI E IFVEMGIM WEY QEM HIKVEF, R GE^YP HI
JE', E EVEQEMGMM WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E TYXIE EHVIWE QYP'MQMM S GYZRXEVI R
EGIEWX PMQF. )WXI, TSEXI, HEG RY GLMEV WMKYV, GIIE GI WYFPMRME^ #M I\TVIWME
IZVIM HMR IZVIM, TVMR GEVI WI GEPM3G 4EZIP (*PT 3, 5) #M GEVI EV HSZIHM WSPMHI
PIKXYVM HI JEQMPMI TEPIWXMRMIRI.
3 PYRK #IHIVI PE -IVYWEPMQ *GRHY-P RW TI %TSWXSP W WTYR G E
JSWX GVIWGYX #M RZ'EX R GLMT EQRYR'MX R 0IKIE TVMRXIEWG PE -IVYWEPMQ,
EYXSVYP *ETXIPSV WYKIVIE^ YR WINYV JSEVXI RHIPYRKEX. 'GM GIPI HSY ZIVFI
KVIGI#XM RXVIFYMR'EXI EMGM HIWIQRIE^, YRYP, VYHMQIRXIPI IHYGE'MIM TVMQMXI
HI QMG GSTMP R JEQMPMI, GIPPEPX JSVQE'ME MRXIPIGXYEP HSFRHMX HI YR XRV,
PE YR RMZIP TI GEVI P-EQ RYQM WIGYRHEV, GLMEV YRMZIVWMXEV. 3V RMQMG HMR GIIE GI
#XMQ HIWTVI 4EZIP RY RI RHIEQR W RI KRHMQ G R#M#M TVMR'MM PYM EV 3
TVWMX 8EVWYP RXV-S ZVIQI GRH 4EZIP W-EV 3 E4EX RG ETVSETI R PIEKR. '
E JSWX MRWXVYMX R QIXSHIPI RZ'XYVMM, HMEPIGXMGMM #M I\IKIÎM VEFMRMGI S EVEX
GY TVMWSWMR' WGVMWSVMPI WEPI. %ZIQ RW XSEXI QSXMZIPI W GVIHIQ G EGIWXI
QIXSHI IVEY GYRSWGYXI #M TVEGXMGEXI #M R HMEWTSVE. -RZIVW, S IPMX MRXIPIGXYEP
TEPIWXMRMER JSPSWIE, JV RHSMEP, PMQFE KVIEG R GSRGYVIR' GY MHMSQYVMPI
WIQMXMGI. 0E YVQE YVQIPSV, TIVWSREPMXEXIE #M KRHMVIE %TSWXSPYPYM WYRX TVIE
GSQTPI\I TIRXVY E WI WYTYRI YRIM I\TPMGE'MM YRMPEXIVEPI. -YHIY WEY IPMR# *V
HMWGY'MI #M YRE #M EPXE, EWIQIRIE QYPXSVE HMRXVI GIM HI S VIPMKMI GY IP: W RI
KRHMQ 3I #M RYQEM PE *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME. *EVMWIY# R QSH WMKYV. (EV JEVMWIY
HMR HMEWTSVE: RY I\MWX MRGSQTEXMFMPMXEXI RXVI GIM HSM XIVQIRM. 3 #IHIVI,
TVSFEFMP HIWXYP HI WGYVX, R TVIENQE -Q +QPMIM RY IWXI RMGM MQTSWMFMP, RMGM
RIZIVSWMQMP. %YXSVYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV E GVI^YX R IE #M TSEXI G HMWTYRIE,
R EGIWX WIRW HI QJSVQE'R WMKYVI (EV +QPMIM RG S HEX: 4EZIP RY P
RYQI#XI RMG nR EV TYXIE PE JIP HI FMRI W RY 3I, R VIEPMXEXI, HIGX
TIVWSRM3GEVIE #M YR WSM HI WMQFS EP EGIWXIM #GSPM JEVMWIMGI GEVI, TIRXVY 0YGE,
TVEGX GE JEX# % HI &MWIVMGE GI WXE WE WI REWG WTVI HISWIFMVI HI TVIS'ME
WEHYGLIMG S TSPMXMGE VIPEXMZ FMRIZSMXSEVI. R SVMGI GE^, IE #M-E TYW EQTVIRXE
EWYTVE %TSWXSPYPYM TIRXVY S FYR FYGEX HI ZVIQI. nYTVE 1EVGIP 7MQSR
4EZIP YR VEFMR#
(YT GI EQ IJIGXYEX XVEHYGIVIE GV'MM GI VIPEXIE^ MWXSVME TSTSVYPYM
QIY, PMXIVEXYVE ZIGLI E IZVIMPSV, QYRGE QIE W-E TVIPYRKMX GY XVEHYGIVIE
2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX.
(EG I\MWX QSHYVM HMJIVMXI HI E XVEHYGI #M GLMEV HI E XVEHYGI FMRI YR
XI\X, EGIEWX GSRWXEXEVI IWXI #M QEM I\EGX R GE^YP 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, GEVI
YRI#XI RXV-S WMRXI^ YRMG HSY YRMZIVWYVM GIP EP IZVIMPSV #M GIP EP KVIGMPSV
R TEKMRM GVSVE EGIWXIE PI GSRJIV S JVYQYWI'I JV WIEQR. (EV HEG XI\XYP
2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX RI IWXI TWXVEX R KVIGI#XI, WYRXIQ HEXSVM W WTYRIQ G
KRHMVIE IZERKLIPM#XMPSV, GE #M GIE E ETSWXSPMPSV, EVI GE YPXMQM XIVQIRM HI
VIJIVMR' 'YZRXYP PYM (YQRIÎY, 'YZRXYP PYM (YQRIÎY HMR :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX, EHMG TIRXVY IM XSEX &MFPME. 4I IE S VIKWMQ, TVMR YVQEVI,
EXYRGM GRH EREPM^Q XI\XYP KVIGIWG, GLMEV HEG XVIFYMI W XVIGIQ R TVIEPEFMP
TVMRXV-YR 3PXVY EVEQEMG WEY TVMR GIP EP XVEHYGIVMM GIPSV "ETXIÎGM.
4SVRMRH HI PE XI\XYP KVIGIWG, GYRSWGRH XILRMGMPI HI XVEHYGIVI E IFVEMGMM
R KVIGI#XI #M WSRSVMX'MPI IFVEMGI EPI PMQFMM OSMRI, EQ RGIVGEX PE 3IGEVI
GYZRX, PE 3IGEVI ZIVWIX, W EXMRK JSRHYP WIQMXMG, TIRXVY GE ETSM W Q RXSVG
PE KVIEGE TI GEVI IVE RIGIWEV W S VIKWIWG QFSK'MX GY S IWIR' RSY,
REMRXI HI E XVIGI PE JVERGI^.
-RHMWGYXEFMP, R WTEXIPI TVSFPIQIPSV HI WIQERXMG I\MWX HMJIVIR'IPI
HMRXVI WXVYGXYVMPI HI KRHMVI #M HI I\TVIWMI PE IZVIM #M PE KVIGM: EGIPE#M GYZRX,
VSWXMX R EGIWXI HSY YRMZIVWYVM GYPXYVEPI, TSEXI EZIE YR R'IPIW VEHMGEP HMJIVMX.
(I YRHI, YRISVM, HMZIVKIR'I MVIHYGXMFMPI. (EV SVMGI RSY PIGXYV E 2SYPYM
8IWXEQIRX, MRGPYWMZ E GSVTYWYPYM TEYPMR, WYFPMRME^ FMRI YRMXEXIE YRMZIVWYPYM
WTMVMXYEP #M GYPXYVEP EP IZVIMPSV, #XIVKI LSXEVIPI TI GEVI VMZEPMX'MPI VIPMKMSEWI,
RVYX'MXI HI QEVMPI XVEKIHMM EPI MWXSVMIM, PI VMHMGEWIV RXVI PYQIE MYHEMG #M
PYQIE GVI#XMR.
8ILRMGM EPI I\IKIÎM VEFMRMGI 'Y XSEXI G WGVMI R KVIGI#XI #M G IWXI
GIX'IER VSQER, 7EYP HMR 8EVW, 4EZIP, %TSWXSPYP RIEQYVMPSV, IWXI MYHIY #M, JV
RHSMEP, GIP QEM TYXIVRMG KIRMY MYHIY EP XMQTYPYM WY. 7TVI HISWIFMVI HI S
JVEG'MYRI FSKEX RYQIVMG E MYHEMWQYPYM IPIRMÊX, IP RY W-E HI^MW RMGMSHEX HI
VHGMRMPI WEPI IFVEMGI, M FMFPMGI #M XEPQYHMGI, TI GEVI PI GYRS#XIE RIWJV#MX
QEM FMRI HIGX YR EPX QEVI MYHIY EP ZVIQMM, *MPSR HMR %PI\ERHVME. 3VMKMRMPI
KRHMVMM PYM 4EZIP RY TSX 3 R'IPIWI HIGX R PYQMRE TIVWTIGXMZIPSV #M XILRMGMPSV
TVSTVMM I\IKIÎM VEFMRMGI. :SM HE GXIZE I\IQTPI, TI GEVI PI EPIK ERYQI R
JIPYP R GEVI 4EZIP GMXIE^ #M GSQIRXIE^ :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX.
R +EPEXIRM 3, 16, 4EZIP GMXI#XI XI\XYP *EGIVMM (13, 15 #M 17, 8) GE YR
VEFMR, QM^RH TI R'IPIWYP PYM ETEVXI: *KHYMR'IPI EY JSWX VSWXMXI PYM %ZVEEQ
#M YVQE#YPYM WY. 2Y ^MGI: n#M YVQE#MPSV~ GE HI QEM QYP'M GM GE HI YRYP
WMRKYV: n#M 9VQE#YPYM XY~, 'EVI IWXI ,VMWXSW.
'XIZE VRHYVM QEM REMRXI, 4EZIP GMXIE^ YR XI\X HMR *EGIVIE (18, 18;
12, 3), HI^ZSPXRHY-P HYT SFMGIMYP VEFMRMG: -EV 7GVMTXYVE, Z^RH HMREMRXI G
(YQRIÎY RHVITXIE^ RIEQYVMPI HMR GNIHMR', HMREMRXI E FMRIZIWXMX PYM
%ZVEEQ: n' WI ZSV FMRIGYZRXE R XMRI XSEXI RIEQYVMPI~. (IGM GIM GI WYRX HMR
GVIHMR' WI FMRIGYZRXIE^ QTVIYR GY GVIHMRGMSWYP %ZVEEQ.
R 6SQERM 9, 20-24, 4EZIP TSVRI#XI, PE JIP, HI PE ITMWSHYP SPEVYPYM PYM
-IVIQME TIRXVY E ENYRKI PE GSRZIVXMVIE TEKMRMPSV. 'MXMRH ITMWSEHIPI :IGLMYPYM
8IWXEQIRX, GIP QEM EHIWIE 4EZIP HIXIGXIE^, GE RXV-YR 3PMKVER, IZIRMQIRXIPI
QENSVI EPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX. 2Y I ZSVFE HIWTVI S EVKYQIRXEVI TVMR MWXSVMI,
TVMR 3PSPSKMI, GM HI TVIÎRXEVIE YRYM RXVIK R GEVI WI RWGVMI 3IGEVI TSZIWXI
TEVXMGYPEV. %WXJIP, TIVWSRENYP %ZVEEQ HIZMRI RXVYGLMTEVIE XYXYVSV
GVIHMRGMS#MPSV, MEV %HEQ #M )ZE MQEKMRIE TIVIGLMM SQIRI#XM #M E MYFMVMM PYM
(YQRIÎY TIRXVY TSTSVYP WY, E MYFMVMM PYM ,VMWXSW TIRXVY &MWIVMGE WE. 4STSVYP
PYM -WVEIP IWXI GLMTYP TSTSVYPYM GVI#XMR: "M XSEXI EGIWXIE PM W-EY RXQTPEX
EGIPSVE, GE TVIRGLMTYMVM EPI ZMMXSVYPYM #M EY JSWX WGVMWI WTVI TSZ'YMVIE
RSEWXV, PE GEVI EY ENYRW WJV#MXYVMPI ZIEGYVMPSV (1 'S 10, 1).
"M GI HI QEM ITMWSEHI IZSGRH TIVWSERE PYM ,VMWXSW %HEQ, HIWMKYV,
HEV #M %ZVEEQ, 1SMWI #M 0IKIE, 4VSVSGMM, 4WEPQMWXYP R EGIWX QSHIP HIWZV#MX
HI PIGXYV E RP'VMM PYM -MWYW R GSRXI\XYP WPEZIM PYM (YQRIÎY: -EV 3IGVYME
HMRXVI RSM M W-E HEX LEVYP HYT QWYVE HEVYPYM PYM ,VMWXSW. 4IRXVY EGIIE ^MGI:
n7YMRHY-7I PE RP'MQI, E VSFMX VSFMQI #M E HEX HEVYVM SEQIRMPSV~. -EV EGIIE
G: n7-E WYMX~ GI RWIEQR HIGX G 7-E TSKSVX R TV'MPI GIPI QEM HI NSW EPI
TQRXYPYM# 'IP GI 7-E TSKSVX, %GIPE IWXI 'EVI 7-E WYMX QEM TVIWYW HI XSEXI
GIVYVMPI, GE TI XSEXI W PI YQTPI ()J 4, 7-P0, GMXMRH 4W 67, 19).
7 RI EQMRXMQ #M IZSGEVIE ZPYPYM PYM 1SMWI, R E HSYE )TMWXSP GXVI
'SVMRXIRM (3, 13-4, 6 #M -I#MVIE 34, 29-35), YRHI WPEZE GLMTYPYM PYM 1SMWI
I\TVMQ WGRXIMIVIE MPYQMRVMM GVI#XMRI.
9R YPXMQ I\IQTPY, R GEVI 0IKIE #M 4VSVSGMM ZMR W RXIQIMIÎ EGIEWX
E3VQE'MI WSPIQR TSXVMZMX GVIME GVI#XMRMM WYRX XIQTPY EP (YQRIÎYPYM GIPYM
ZMY: 'GM RSM WYRXIQ XIQTPY EP (YQRIÎYPYM GIPYM ZMY, TVIGYQ (YQRIÎY E
^MW G: n:SM PSGYM R IM #M ZSM YQFPE #M ZSM 3 (YQRIÎYP PSV #M IM ZSV 3 TSTSVYP
1IY~. (I EGIIE, n-I#M'M HMR QMNPSGYP PSV #M Z SWIFM'M, ^MGI (SQRYP #M HI GI IWXI
RIGYVEX W RY Z EXMRKI'M #M )Y Z ZSM TVMQM TI ZSM. "M ZSM 3 ZSY XEX #M ZI'M 3
QMI 3M #M 3MGI~, ^MGI (SQRYP %XSX'MMXSVYP (2 'S 6, 16; 0Z26, P-P2; #M -^ 37, 27).
4VEGXMGEVIE 0IKMM #M EPMTMVIE PE GVIHMR' 7 TYRIQ TYRGX EMGM I\IQTPIPSV,
GEVI EV TYXIE 3 RQYP'MXI. 2I RKHYMQ W RI XVMQMXIQ GMXMXSVYP PE WXYHMYP
JSEVXI ETVSJYRHEX EP PYM .. &SRWMVZIR, )\IKIWI VEFFMRMUYI IX I\IKIWI
TEYPMRMIRRI (4EVMW, 193).
8SGQEM EQ Z^YX, 4EZIP IWXI YR MYHIY MRWXVYMX R HMWGMTPMRIPI VEFMRMPSV,
GEVI WI VIGSQERH IP RWY#M GE YR JEVMWIY, 3Y HI JEVMWIY, GVIHMRGMSW TR PE
QSEVXI PYM (YQRIÎY #M TSTSVYPYM PYM -WVEIP. R GMYHE ERXMPIKEPMWQYPYM GEVI M WI
EXVMFYMI R GLMT TVIE WMWXIQEXMG, JV QEVI RKVMNMVI TIRXVY WIQRM3GE'ME VIEP
E EREPMÎPSV WEPI EWYTVE GVIHMR'IM #M 0IKMM, 4EZIP E VQEW XSEX ZME'E PYM YR
MYHIY TVEGXMGERX.
+WIE R QMNPSGYP GSQYRMX'MPSV MYHEMGI HMR HMEWTSVE S TVMQMVI R KIRIVEP
HIWGLMW; GVSRSPSKME GPXSVMMPSV PYM IWXI WXEFMPMX R JYRG'MI HI WVFXSVMPI
MYHEMGI EPI 4E#XIPYM #M /MTYVYPYM. QTSXVMZMVMPI PYQMM MYHEMGI XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX
3VI#XM, R RJVYRXEVIE KIRIVEP E WIGXIPSV HMR ZVIQIE PYM 4EZIP; GLMEV #M R ^MPIPI
RSEWXVI, YR VEFMR, HI SVMGI EWGYPXEVI EV 3 IP -SVXSHS\ (GSRWIVZEXSEVI) WEY
PMFIVEP RY IWXI RMGMSHEX RXQTMREX JV VIÎVZ WEY JV VMWGYVM RXV-S
WMREKSK HI EPX XIRHMR' HIGX E PYM.
3VMGEVI EV 3 ERXMPIKEPMWQYP PYM 4EZIP, EGIWXE XVIFYMI W 3 TVYX QEM
TY'MR KVEZ R SGLMM RZ'XSVMPSV JEVMWIMWQYPYM HIGX EPIKSVMWQYP WMWXIQEXMG EP
PYM *MPSR, HI I\IQTPY. -EV 4EZIP, R SVMGI GE^, RY PI-E GIVYX RMGMSHEX MYHIMPSV W
WI PITIHI HI 0IKI. )P HSVIE QEM GY WIEQ GE TVEGXMGEVIE 0IKMM W RY WI JEG
JV GVIHMRGMS#MI #M JV MYFMVI (2 'S 1, 24) #M, HI HVITX, EGIWXI TSVYRGM RY
IVEY SFPMKEXSVMM TIRXVY TKRMM GSRZIVXM'M. )P RWY#M P GMVGYQGMHI TI 8MQSXIM
3YP YRIM IZVIMGI #M EP YRYM TKR EVXRHY-WI 3HIP EWXJIP HI3RM'MIM WXVMGXI E
PIKMM JEVMWIMPSV. 0E RXSEVGIVIE HMR QMWMYRMPI WEPI R HMEWTSVE, R'IPIKI W
HSZIHIEWG TI JE' G #M IP WI GSQTSVX GE YR TWXVXSV GVIHMRGMSW EP PIKMM #M
GIPIFVIE^, R QSH TYFPMG, PE 8IQTPYP HMR -IVYWEPMQ VMXYVMPI HI GYV'MVI.
'I RWIEQR TIRXVY 7JRXYP 4EZIP VIWTMRKIVIE PYM -WVEIP 4EZIP IWXI #M
QEM EHRG MYHIY EXYRGM GRH JEGI MWXSVMI #M ERYQI MWXSVME TSTSVYPYM WY,
XIQIPME KRHMVMM WEPI XISPSKMGI. 6IWTMRKIVIE PYM -WVEIP PE GEVI WI VIJIV RY IWXI
RS'MYRIE XISPSKMG GI #M ZE JEGI PSG XVITXEX S - KRHMVIE GVI#XMR (R WIGSPYP EP
--PIE, EP --PIE #M GLMEV QEM QYPX R EP -:-PIE, HYT GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 'SRWXERXMR), GM
HYVE VIEPMXEXI TSPMXMG E HSQMRE'MIM VSQERI, HMR TVMGMRE GVIME WYJIVIEY GVYRX
XS'M MYHIMM HMR PYQI #M HMR TVMGMRE GVIME ZE ENYRKI W QSEV #M 4EZIP, RY
VWXMKRMX, GE -MWYW #M GE 4IXVY, GM HIGETMXEX, GE YRYP GI EZIE HMR RE#XIVI
TVMZMPIKMYP HI E 3 GIX'IER VSQER. (IGETMXEX GE 3Y EP PYM -WVEIP #M GE YRYP GI M
WPYNIE PYM -MWYW, GY XSXYP EPX VIKI HIGX 'IÊV, GY XSXYP EPX (YQRIÎY HIGX ÎMM
6SQIM EP PYM %ZVEEQ #M EP PYM -MWYW.
%RHVI 'LSYVEUYM 4EZIP #M *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV %WX^M, GRH WXYHMIQ YR
EYXSV VIGIRX, RI WPYNMQ HI HSY XMTYVM HI M^ZSEVI: TI HI S TEVXI, STIVE PYM, TI
HI EPX TEVXI FMSKVE3E WEY FMSKVE3MPI PYM. 4IRXVY E-P WXYHME TI 7JRXYP 4EZIP,
RM WI TEVI HI PE WMRI R'IPIW W JSPSWMQ EGIIE#M XILRMG, EHMG W-P JSPSWMQ
ITMWXSPIPI #M, HISTSXVMZ, FMSKVE3E WGVMW HI 0YGE R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV. (EV,
RXV-S EXEVI RXVITVMRHIVI, RY TVSMIGXQ GYQZE GEQ TVIE PIWRI GVMXIVMMPI
RSEWXVI HI E^M EWYTVE YRSV WGVMIVM HMRXV-S EPX ITSG #M HMRXV-S EPX GMZMPMÊ'MI#
4YXIQ RSM, R WTI', GMXM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV GE TI S GEVXI MWXSVMG R WIRWYP
EGXYEP EP GYZR-XYPYM# )WXI SEVI EXX HI ZHMX G EYXSVYP *ETXIPSV IWXI
HSGXSVYP GIP MYFMX HMR 'SPSWIRM 4, 14#
2Y I\MWX VWTYRWYVM HI3RMXMZI PE EGIWXI RXVIFVM. 3VMGYQ, TSXVMZMX
GIVGIXXSVMPSV, TEVI MRHMWTIRWEFMP W TEVGYVKIQ IPIQIRXIPI HSWEVYPYM,
REMRXI HI E RI EZIRXYVE TI YVQIPI 7JRXYPYM 4EZIP.
'EVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV E JSWX WGVMW PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, JV
RHSMEP TVMR ERMM 80. 7-EY WGYVW GMVGE TEXVYÎGM HI ERM HI PE VIHEGXEVIE
)TMWXSPIPSV EXVMFYMXI GY GIVXMXYHMRI PYM 4EZIP. 'SRHM'MMPI GSRGVIXI HI ZME' EPI
GSQYRMX'MPSV GVI#XMRI, XISPSKME, SVKERMÊVIE &MWIVMGMPSV, VETSVXYVMPI GY
MYHEMWQYP W-EY WGLMQFEX QYPX. 4KRMM WYRX HI3RMXMZ EHQM#M R &MWIVMG, MEV
TVSTSZHYMVIE PMFIV E PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE, PE WJV#MXYP *ETXIPSV, RY IZSG
ETVSETI HIPSG HM3GYPX'MPI TSQIRMXI HI EGIPE#M R )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM WEY
R GIE GXVI 6SQERM. )\MWX S HITPMR GSIVIR' RXVI *ETXI #M 4EZIP; GEVXIE PYM
0YGE IWXI HI RIGSRGITYX JV 4EZIP, HEV GIIE GI ETEVI, EXYRGM GRH
GSQTEVQ *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV GY ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP, WIEQR GY YR 4YZMY
GEVI E PITHEX QYPXI R GYVKIVIE PYM #M GEVI E RKLM'MX EXXIE EPXIPI, GI WI XVEK
HMR M^ZSEVI #M HMR E4YIR'M RSM 1.
(I I\IQTPY, HI#M 0YGE MRWMWX QYPX, GE #M 4EZIP, EWYTVE PMFIVX'MM
TEKMRMPSV JE' HI 0IKIE QSÊMG, HSVMR'E WE HI E TVSTSZHYM YRMXEXIE &MWIVMGMM
P JEGI W XVIEG WYF XGIVI WEY W EXIRYIÎ HMWIRWMYRMPI HMRXVI GETMM
&MWIVMGMPSV. %WXJIP, XIQE YRMX'MM W-E I\IVGMXEX TR RXV-EXX, RGX ETVSETI G
3KYVE PYM 4EZIP W-E VIMYHEMÊX 2.
1. +. &SQOEQQ, 4EYP, ETSXVIHI .IWYW-'LVMWX, 0EFSV IX*MHIW, 4EVMW, 1971,
T. P1 2. '. 4IVVSX, -RXVSHYGXMSR PE &MFPI, X. -, ZSM. 2, (IWGPII, 4EVMW, 1976, T.
294.
9R MWXSVMG ERXMG -RXVSHYGIVIE GIPIM HI-E XVIME )ZERKLIPMM (0I 1, P-4) E
MRHYW EHIWISVM R IVSEVI GMXMXSVMM GSRXIQTSVERM, JGRHY-P W-P ME TI EYXSVYP
EGIWXIME HVITX YR MWXSVMG R WIRWYP QSHIVR EP XIVQIRYPYM. 3V 0YGE WEY GIP
TY'MR GIP TI GEVI-P HIWIQRQ WYF EGIWX RYQI RGITRH HI PE WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE -IWXI YR SQ EP XMQTYPYM WY: YR MWXSVMG, TVMR YVQEVI, HI XMT
ERXMG, EHMG RIHIWTV'MRH XVERWQMXIVIE IZIRMQIRXIPSV HI MRXIVTVIXEVIE PSV,
RII^MXRH W JEG STIV HI GVIE'MI TIRXVY E HIWPY#M QEM FMRI 3VYP GPY^MXSV EP
JETXIPSV. R RMGM YR GE^, WMQTPE I\EGXMXEXI E JETXIPSV MWXSVMGI RY M WIVZI#XI
HVITX RSVQ 1.
)\IQTPYP HMWGYVWYVMPSV IWXI JSEVXI PQYVMXSV. %GIWXIE WYRX RYQIVSEWI R
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (I\IKI'MM RYQV HI SFMGIM HSYÎGM #M TEXVY). 2SM, GEVI
WYRXIQ HITVMR#M GY QEKRIXSJSERIPI, PI GMXMQ JV TVSFPIQI, GE #M GYQ EV 3
JSWX VSWXMXI GE EXEVI. 0E S TVMZMVI QEM TXVYR^XSEVI, TYXIQ GSRWXEXE G:
EGIWXI HMWGYVWYVM WYRX TVIE WGYVXI TIRXVY E 3 JSWX VSWXMXI EWXJIP, RY WYRX XSXY#M
RM#XI VI^YQEXI, 4IXVY TVSTSZHYMI#XI PE JIP GE 4EZIP #M, R WJV#MX, PMQFE
EGIWXSV HMWGYVWYVM IWXI XMTMG PYGERMER2. (MWGYVWYVMPI RY WYRX, TVMR YVQEVI,
RM#XI TVSGIWI-ZIVFEPI EPI GYZMRXIPSV VSWXMXI IJIGXMZ, GM VSHYP YRIM TVIPYGVVM
PMXIVEVI E PYM 0YGE, IZERKLIPMWXYP TYRGXRHY-#M EWXJIP QSQIRXIPI IWIR'MEPI EPI
TSZIWXMVMM. 4VSGIHRH EWXJIP, 0YGE RY E JGYX HIGX W YVQIÎ QSHYP HI PYGVY
EP MWXSVMGMPSV HMR ZIGLMQI, TVIGYQ 8EGMX WEY *PEZMYW .SWITLYW3.
8MXPYP HI ETSWXSP
4EZIP VIZIRHMG TI HI-E-RXVIKYP XMXPYP HI ETSWXSP. 3V, R *ETXI, 0YGE TEVI
W VIÎVZI EGIWX XMXPY GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI, GEVI RY RYQEM G P-EY Z^YX TI 'IP
RZMEX, HEV P-EY #M RXSZV#MX TI -MWYW R XMQTYP WPYNMVMM WEPI (GIIE GI RY IWXI
GE^YP PYM 4EZIP). 0E JIP, 0YGE RY E#E^ ZM^MYRIE HMR (EQEWG TVMRXVI ZIHIRMMPI
TEWGEPI, TI GEVI PI PMQMXIE^ PE VWXMQTYP WEGVY GI TVIGIH RP'EVIE #M
'MRGMÎGMQIE. 4EZIP, HMQTSXVMZ, WI TPEWIE^ R KEPIVME QEVXSVMPSV 4E#XIPYM (1
'S 15, P-8). 2Y IWXI ZSVFE, PE HVITX ZSVFMRH, HI HMZIVKIR'I JYRHEQIRXEPI, GM
QEM HIKVEF HI S HISWIFMVI HI WMWXIQ HI VIJIVMR' 4, HMJIVIR' HSZIHMRH G
0YGE RY IWXI WMQTPYP QEVXSV-FMSKVEJ-RIYXVY GEVI RI IWXI EHIWIE TVIÎRXEX.
:SQ TYXIE RYER'E XSXY#M EGIEWX SFWIVZE'MI, VIGYRSWGRH G *ETXIPI
14, 4-P4 M HIWIQRIE^ TI 4EZIP #M &EVREFE GE 3MRH ETSWXSPM; WEY G, R +.
&SQOEQQ, ST. 'X., T. 18.
+. 0SL3RO, 0E GSRZIVWMSR HI WEMRX 4EYP, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1967, T. 60-74.
+. 0SL3RO, ST. 'X., T. 61. 4. -FMH., T. 124.
4PYW, GYZRXYP ETSWXSPM IWXI QIVIY YXMPMÊX PE TPYVEP R *ETXI, GE S
YRMXEXI HI VIJIVMR' GEVI ZMÎE^ RXSXHIEYRE KVYTYP, GSPIKMYP (RMGM 4IXVY RY
IWXI RYQMX ETSWXSP 1).
'LIQEVIE RG S HISWIFMVI HI EGGIRX GEVI TIVQMXI TYRIVIE, GIP TY'MR,
E TVSFPIQIM GY TVMZMVI PE VIPE'ME HMVIGX RXVI 4EZIP #M EYXSVYP GV'MM *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV: TVIÎRXEVIE GLIQVMM. R +EPEXIRM 1, P-P2, 4EZIP E3VQ VWTMGEX G
RY #M-E TVMQMX HI PE SEQIRM GLIQEVIE HI E FMRIZIWXM, GM HI PE -MWYW ,VMWXSW.
0YGE WI HIHMG QEM HIKVEF PIKMXMQVMM PYGVVMM PYM 4EZIP, EVXRH PIKXYVMPI
EGIWXYME GY ETSWXSPMM RHEX HYT (EQEWG (*% 9, 27-28), PE JIP GYQ E TYW R
IZMHIR' VSPYP PYM %RERME R *ETXI 9, 10-P9 #M 2,12-P6. 'LMEV HEG 0YGE #M 4EZIP
YVQVIWG EGIPE#M 'IP (VIGYRSE#XIVIE JETXYPYM G WPYNMVIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI ZSME PYM
(YQRIÎY), QMNPSEGIPI PSV HI E S WTYRI HMJIV RXV-EXX, RGX TYR PE RHSMEP
PIKXYVMPI HMVIGXI RXVI EGI#XM HSM SEQIRM.
4SZIWXMVMPI PE TIVWSERE -, TPYVEP R QEM QYPXI TEWENI EPI *ETXIPSV,
TSZIWXMVIE XVIGI TI RIE#XITXEXI HI PE TIVWSERE E XVIME PE TIVWSERE RXM,
TPYVEP (16, 10-P7; 20, 5-P5; 21, P-P8; 27, P-28; 16). %Q Z^YX EMGM HSZEHE HI
RIGSQFXYX G EGIEWX GEVXI IWXI WGVMW HI YR RWS'MXSV EP PYM 4EZIP. RW
HMZIVWI TEVEPIPI GY MWXSVMGMM ERXMGM, PE GEVI WI VIKWI#XI JSPSWMVIE TIVWSERIM
RXM R QMI^YP YRIM TSZIWXMVM, MRZMX PE TVYHIR'. 4EVI R GIP QEM REPX KVEH
TVSFEFMP G W-E YXMPMÊX EMGM YR .YVREP HI GPXSVMI, HEV IWXI JSEVXI HM3GMP W
E3VQQ QEM QYPX HI EXX2.
2MGM S EPY^MI PE ITMWXSPI 3FMGIMYP HI E MRWIVE R XVEQE *ETXIPSV ITMWXSPIPI
PYM 4EZIP E JGYX W 3I YMXEX JETXYP G, R STIVE PYM 0YGE, RY I\MWX RMGM S EPY^MI
PE ITMWXSPIPI ETSWXSPYPYM. 'YQ EV 3 TYXYX GMRIZE JEQMPMEV PYM 4EZIP W PI XVIEG
GY ZIHIVIE#
'PXSVMMPI PYM 4EZIP *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WI GMXIWG GE S ITSTII TEWMSRERX
HIWTVI GPXSVMMPI QMWMSREVI EPI PYM 4EZIP.
4VMQE GPXSVMI IWXI TSZIWXMX HI 0YGE R *ETXI 13-P4. 4SVRM'M HMR
%RXMSLME, 4EZIP #M &EVREFE QIVK QEM RXM R 'MTVY, ENYRK ETSM R %WME 1. '.
4IVVSX, ST. 'X., T. 294. 2 8LMH. 6". 282.
2. -FMH., T. 282
1MG, QXVRH R 4EQ3PME TVMR TSVXYP %XEPME. 8VIG TVMR QEVIE GIXEXI 4IVKE,
R GEVI ZSV KVM GYZRXYP (SQRYPYM PE RXSEVGIVI, ETSM REMRXIE^ R 'MRYXYVMPI
HI TR R %RXMSLME 4MWMHMIM, YRHI 0YGE TPEWIE^ TVMQYP QEVI HMWGYVW QMWMSREV
EP PYM 4EZIP, R WMREKSKE SVE#YPYM. R JE'E VIJY^YPYM QENSVMX'MM MYHIMPSV HI E
TVMQM QIWENYP )ZERKLIPMIM, 4EZIP #M RHVIETX EXIR'ME GXVI TKRM. -^KSRM'M HI
MYHIM HMR %RXMSLME, 4EZIP #M &EVREFE WI HYG PE -GSRMY, PE 0MWXVE #M PE (IVFI.
*GRH GEPI RXSEVW, WI QFEVG HMR RSY PE %XEPME, WTVI E VIZIRM PE %RXMSLME.
% HSYE GPXSVMI (*% 15, 36.18, 2) RGITI GY S ZM^MX R GSQYRMX'MPI
JSRHEXI QEM REMRXI: (IVFI, 0MWXVE (YRHI 4EZIP P RXPRI#XI TI 8MQSXIM) #M
-GSRMY. 9VQRHY-#M HVYQYP HI-E PYRKYP %WMIM 1MGM, 4EZIP WXVFEXI +EPEXME,
*VMKME #M 1MWME TR PE TSVXYP 8VSE. (I EMGM, ME GSVEFME WTVI 1EGIHSRME. (MR
TSVXYP 2IETSPM, ENYRKI R GIXEXIE *MPMTM. 4EZIP ZE VQRI JSEVXI PIKEX HI
GSQYRMXEXIE TI GEVI E RXIQIMEX-S EMGM. %NYRKI ETSM PE 8IWEPSRMG #M, TI YVQ,
HYT S WGYVX XVIGIVI TVMR &IVIIE #M %XIRE, QIVKI PE 'SVMRX, YRHI WI
MRWXEPIE^ TIRXVY S PYRK #IHIVI. 4I HVYQYP HI RXSEVGIVI JEGI TSTEW PE )JIW,
YRHI I\MWX HINE S GSQYRMXEXI GVI#XMR. (IFEVG PE 'IÊVIIE, ETSM VIZMRI PE
%RXMSLME, HYT GI W-E WYMX, QFV'M#RH &MWIVMGE. 7 3I GIE HMR 'IÊVIIE,
'MRYX E4EX TI S GSPMR, WEY GIE HMR -IVYWEPMQ#
% XVIME GPXSVMI (*% 18, 23.21,6) RY QEM IWXI, TVSTVMY-^MW, S GPXSVMI
QMWMSREV, GM QEM HIKVEF S ZM^MX JGYX &MWIVMGMPSV RXIQIMEXI HI 4EZIP, S
ZM^MX RXVY RXVMVIE GVIHMR'IM PSV. 4EZIP XVIGI HMR RSY TVMR +EPEXME #M *VMKME,
REMRXI HI E #IHIE S PYRK TIVMSEH PE )JIW, HYT GYQ JKHYMWI PE TVMQE-P
XVIGIVI TI EGSPS (*% 18, 21). 7MPMX W TVWIEWG SVE#YP, GE YVQEVI E VWGSEPIM
EVKMRXEVMPSV, 4EZIP XVIGI HMR RSY R 1EGIHSRME, ETSM PE 'SVMRX. *GRH GEPI
RXSEVW TVMR 1EGIHSRME, LSXV#XI W WI RHVITXI WTVI -IVYWEPMQ GY GSVEFME.
*EGI TSTEW PE 8VSE, ETSM PE 1MPIX, YRHI 0YGE M WMXYIE^ GYZRXYP HI FYR-VQEW
GXVI TVIS'MM )JIWYPYM. 'PXSVME WI RGLIMI PE -IVYWEPMQ, YRHI ETSWXSPYP ZE 3
RXIQRM'EX, REMRXI HI E 3 HYW PE 6SQE.
(M3GMPE QYRG E MWXSVMGYPYM 4SZIWXMVIE XVEHM'MSREP TI GEVI S IJIGXYQ
HI SFMGIM HYT *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV TYRI, RXV-EHIZV, TVSFPIQI MWXSVMGYPYM. 4I
HI S TEVXI, TIRXVY G EVQSRMÊVIE EGIWXSV HEXI GY GIPI HMR ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP
IWXI HITEVXI HI E 3 RIRHSMIPRMG; TI HI EPX TEVXI, TIRXVY G IPIQIRXIPI
GVSRSPSKMGI HMR *ETXI WI QTEG TVIE TY'MR GY HYVEXE HITPEWVMPSV #M E
#IHIVMPSV PYM 4EZIP. (I I\IQTPY, TSXVMZMX *ETXIPSV, E HSYE GPXSVMI EV 3 HYVEX
STXWTVIÎGI PYRM. 6. .I[IX E VIY#MX W EVEXI G HYVEXE IM IWXI GY QYPX QEM
WMKYV YRE HI TEXVY ERM.
2Y IWXI KVIY W R'IPIKIQ EGIWXI HMWXSVWMYRM. 0YGE E GYXEX W EVEXI
VSPYP PYM 4EZIP R TVSTSZHYMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM TR R GETMXEPE PYQMM TKRI.
3TIVE PYM GYTVMRHI QYPXI RWIQRVM MWXSVMGI #M KISKVE3GI TVI'MSEWI, HEV
EGIWXIE VQR WIGYRHEVI R VETSVX GY TVSMIGXYP WY XISPSKMG. 'GM IWXI ZSVFE,
R TVMQYP VRH, HI S PYGVEVI XISPSKMG, WGVMW GY QYPX HYT IZIRMQIRXI, R
WGSTYP HI^ZPYMVMM GEVEGXIVYPYM I\IQTPEV EP EGIWXSVE TIRXVY ZME'E &MWIVMGMM.
4VSFPIQ HI QIXSH %-P STYRI R QSH EFWSPYX TI 0YGE #M 4EZIP EV 3 S
KVI#IEP. )\MWX VIEPQIRXI S GSRXMRYMXEXI RXVI GIM HSM, HMRGSPS HI HISWIFMVMPI
HI TIVWTIGXMZ, RW TIRXVY S QYRG HI XMT MWXSVMG, TEVI RIGIWEV W HMWGIVRIQ
GPEV STIVE PYM 0YGE HI ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP #M W RY GSQTPIXQ TVIE KVEFRMG
MRJSVQE'MMPI YRYME TVMR GIPI EPI GIPYMPEPX, GE #M GYQ RXVI IPI EV I\MWXE S
MHIRXMXEXI HI KIR PMXIVEV, HI ITSG #M HI TIVWTIGXMZ.
R GSRGPY^MI, TEVI E#EHEV QEM TVYHIRX W RI FM^YMQ QEM RXM TI
RJ'M#EVIE JETXIPSV TSXVMZMX PYM 4EZIP #M RY TI XEFPSYP WMRSTXMG EP PYM 0YGE, YRHI
WYRX VIYRMXI IPIQIRXI HI HEXI HMZIVWI #M HMR QIHMM HMJIVMXI 1.
*VERKSMW &VSWWMIV 1. -FMH., T. 291.
2 R GI PYQI E GPXSVMX 4EZIP#
2Y P-EQ TYXIE R'IPIKI TI 4EZIP, MYHIY #M GIX'IER EP -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER,
JV E PYE QWYVE PYQMM TIWXVM'I, HEV QTGEXI #M RGLIKEXI R GEVI XVMI#XI,
GPXSVI#XI #M TVSTSZHYMI#XI. 3 PYQI RSY, E4EX R KIWXE'MI, R TPMR XYQYPX
MRXIPIGXYEP, GSQIVGMEP #M VIPMKMSW, HYT ÎGM HI ERM HI V^FSM #M WVGMI.
(I PE ZMGXSVME PYM 3GXEZMER PE %GXMYQ (WITXIQFVMI 31 . ,V), 1IHMXIVERE
VWVMXIER GYRSE#XI R WJV#MX TEGIE. 8MQT HI TIWXI NYQXEXI HI WIGSP, HMR
ERYP 8 . ,V. (RGITYXYP V^FSMYPYM QMXLVMHEXMG) TR R ZEVE ERYPYM 30 . ,V.
(GYGIVMVIE )KMTXYPYM HI GXVI 3GXEZMER), IE E GYRSWGYX VRH TI VRH MRZE^MMPI
WXVMRI (TSRXMG, EVQIER, TEVX), TMVEXIVME #M XPLVME TI XSEXI JVSRXYVMPI #M, R
WJV#MX, V^FSMYP GMZMP VSQER, GEVI RY RYQEM G E TYWXMMX WEXIPI, HEV QEM GY
WIEQ E ZPKYMX 3RER'IPI TYFPMGI #M TEVXMGYPEVI. 'IX'M RXVIKM JYWIWIV
RIZSMXI W-#M HIE HVITX ^PSK IHM3GMMPI SF#XI#XM, W-#M RGLMVMIÎ XIQTPIPI, W-#M
ZRH GIX'IRME. &MRIR'IPIW, EY WYTVEZMI'YMX JSGEVI HI EKMXE'MI, R GIRXVYP
%WMIM 1MGM (4MWMHME #M 0MGESRME) TR PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - . ,V., R 'MPMGME
8VEGLIE (S VIZSPX R 36 H. ,V. "M YRE R 52 H. ,V.) #M QEM EPIW R -YHIIE, YRHI
XYPFYVVMPI TEV IRHIQMGI HI PE HMWTEVM'ME PYM -VSH GIP 1EVI (4 . ,V.). (EV, R
EJEVE EGIWXSV GXIZE WIGXSEVI QEVKMREPI, SEQIRM #M QVJYVM GPXSVIWG HMR
RSY R WMKYVER', TI YWGEX GE #M TI QEVI, HSEV HEG RY RMQIVIWG RXQTPXSV
TIWXI XPLEVM HI HVYQYP QEVI WEY RY WYJIV RGIVGEVIE ZVIYRSV EQEVRMGI
JYVXYRM, GYQ M-E JSWX HEX #M PYM 4EZIP W XVMEWG.
3 PYQI RGLIKEX #M TIWXVM' (YT WMRYGMHIVIE 'PISTEXVIM R EYKYWX 30
#M ERI\EVIE VIKEXYPYM PEKMH HI GXVI 6SQE, TIRXVY TVMQE SEV R MWXSVME WE
RXVIEKE ^SR E 1IHMXIVERIM WI E4 WYF HSQMRE'ME YRIM EGIPIME#M TYXIVM. (MR
TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MRWXMXY'MSREP, EGIWX PYGVY RY IWXI RXVY XSXYP I\EGX, GGM 6SQE
RY-#M EHQMRMWXVIE^ HMVIGX XSX MQTIVMYP, FE GLMEV I\MWX, NYVMHMG ZSVFMRH, WXEXI
MRHITIRHIRXI TVIGYQ 6SHSWYP (ERI\EX EFME R ERYP 4 H. ,V.). 4VMR RE#XIVIE #M
GPXSVMMPI WEPI, 4EZIP E TYXYX GSRWXEXE YMQMXSEVIE HMZIVWMXEXI E QSHYVMPSV HI
EHQMRMWXVEVI TYWI R TVEGXMG HI VSQERM. %WXJIP, VIKMYRIE GMPMGMER R GEVI W-E
RWGYX, RYQMX 4IHME, 4PEX, 2IXIH, VITVI^MRX TEVXIE RSVHMG E - ZEWXIM
TVSZMRGMM E 7MVMIM, GEVI WI RXMRHI TR R WYHYP *IRMGMIM #M TR PE (EQEWG #M
GEVI, GY RXVIVYTIVM, RKPSFIE^ #M -YHIIE R WIRWYP WXVMGX (HMR 6 TR R 41 H.
,V, ETSM HMR 4 R 70), RGVIHMR'EX YRYM TVIJIGX, ETSM YRYM TVSGYVEXSV GI WI
WYTYRI KYZIVREXSVYPYM 7MVMIM. (EV WI QEM E4 R TVSZMRGMI #M GXIZE GIX'M HMR
8VERWMSVHERME (+LIVEWE, +EHEVE), GEVI WYRX M^SPEXI KISKVE3G. 7MXYE'ME IWXI
QEM WMQTP R 'MTVY #M R %WME 1MG, TVIGYQ R +VIGME, YRHI XSEXI TSWIWMYRMPI
VSQERI WYRX VITEVXMÊXI RXVI TVSZMRGMM (%WME, %LEME, 1EGIHSRME, &MXMRME-4SRX,
+EPEXME, 'ETEHSGME). 7MXYE'MI YRISVM HI HEX VIGIRX, GE R +EPEXME #M 0MGESRME
(25 . ,V.) SVM R 'ETEHSGME (17 H. ,V.), YRISVM QEM ZIGLI (1EGIHSRME HMR 148,
%WME HMR 129). R WGLMQF, RYQIVSEWI XIVMXSVMM, HI#M WYTYWI, EY JSWX PWEXI R
QMRMPI TVMRGMTMPSV-GPMIR'M, GEVI TSX 3 YVQE#MM ZIGLMPSV JEQMPMM TVMRGMEVI
EYXSLXSRI (R 'SQEKIRE, 2EFEXIRE, R 4SRX) WEY TVSXINE'M EM 6SQIM (R -YHIIE
WEY R MRXIVMSVYP 0MFERYPYM). R XSEXI GE^YVMPI, 6SQE RY #SZMI W PI WXVQYXI
HI PE YR TVMRGMTEX PE EPXYP, E#E GYQ EM JEGI GY YR KYZIVREXSV. 1IR'MRIVIE
EGIWXSV WXEXI GEVI ZHYZI#XI 6SQE HI S TEVXI E VIWYVWIPSV TI GEVI #M PI-EV
TYXIE TVSGYVE HI EMGM 'MRI R KIRIVEP HI GEVEGXIVYP WTIGM3G EP XIVMXSVMYPYM GI
XVIFYMI EHQMRMWXVEX, 3I IP HI#IVXMG, GE 2EFEXIRE, WEY TVSRYR'EX QYRXSW, GYQ
IWXI 'MPMGME 8VEGLIE, 3I G EHTSWXI#XI TSTYPE'MM KVIY EWMQMPEFMPI: MYHIM HMR
-YHIIE, EVEFM HMR 0MFER (MXYVMIRM), HMR 8VERWMSVHERME (REFEXIM) #M HMR )QIWIRE,
WPEF IPIRMÊ'M #M TY'MR HMWTY#M W MRXVI RXV-YR MQTIVMY EP GVYM GIP QEM TYXIVRMG
PMERX VQRI IPIRMWQYP. 8SEXI EGIWXIE EPGXYMIWG YR EHIZVEX QSÊMG
EHQMRMWXVEXMZ GEVI, R ZVIQIE PYM 4EZIP, RY IWXI RG TI GEPI HI E 3 PMQTI^MX.
'SRXMRY W I\MWXI TVMRGMTM-GPMIR'M R QYR'MM HMR ZIWXYP 8EVWYPYM, RPYRXVYP
0MFERYPYM (%VGE, %FMPE PYM 0]WERMEW, 'EPGMW), R QYR'MM 7MVMIM GIRXVEPI #M R NYVYP
)QIWIM, R +EPMPIIE #M R GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI E 8VERWMSVHERMIM (TVMRGMTM MVSHMIRM
R +EPMPIIE #M R 7MVME HI 7YH, VIKM HMR 2EFEXIRE PE JVSRXMIVE PSV WYHMG, R
8VERWMSVHERME).
9R QSÊMG HI GIX'M 0YQIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI S PYQI TVSJYRH YVFERMÊX,
HYT GYQ GSRWXEXQ PE PIGXYVE GPXSVMMPSV WEPI, GRH QIVKI HMR SVE# R SVE#.
%GIEWXE WI I\TPMG TVMR JETXYP G 3VMIRXYP %TVSTMEX IPIRMÊX E GYRSWGYX, R
XMQTYP TIVMSEHIM IPIRMWXMGI, VWTRHMVIE YRYM QSHIP XVEHM'MSREP HI SVKERMÊVI
EP KVIGMPSV -GIXEXIE (TSPMW). *IRSQIRYP, QYPX ZVIQI QVKMRMX PE VIKMYRMPI GIPI
QEM ZIWXMGI EPI %WMIM 1MGM, TVIGYQ #M PE 7MVME HI GSEWX #M PE GIE HI
QME^RSETXI, GSRXMRY W WI I\XMRH PE RGITYXYP -QTIVMYPYM, R WTIGMEP WYF
EYXSVMXEXIE TVMRGMTMPSV-GPMIR'M ('IÊVIIE 1EVMXMQ, RXIQIMEX HI -VSH R ERYP
20 . ,V.). *MVI#XI, QENSVMXEXIE WYRX TSTYPEXI RY GY GSPSRM ZIRM'M HMR +VIGME WEY
HMR 1EGIHSRME (PYGVY GEVI RY W-E RXQTPEX HIGX PE RGITYX, TR GXVI 250 .
,V.), GM GY PSGEPRMGM IPIRMÊ'M, TI GEVI RMQMG RY-P HISWIFI#XI HI KVIGMM SVMKMREVM.
'GM YR KVIG IWXI KVIG R ZMVXYXIE GYPXYVMM #M E IHYGE'MIM WEPI, MEV RY E RE#XIVMM
PYM. R WGLMQF, 6SQE RY E RGIVGEX W-#M VWTR-HIEWG R 3VMIRX TVSTVMYP
QSHIP YVFER. 2Y I\MWX HIGX GXIZE GSPSRMM, JSRHEXI TIRXVY MRWXEPEVIE
ZIXIVERMPSV: 'SVMRX (HMR 4 . ,V.), %RXMSLME 4MWMHMIM, -GSRMY, &IVMXYW, TIRXVY E GMXE
GXIZE GSPSRMM ZM^MXEXI HI 4EZIP, GIPI EPXI GXIZE TI GEVI PI-EQ TYXIE
QIR'MSRE, R WTIGMEP R 4MWMHME, 3MRH HI S MQTSVXER' QIHMSGV.
'IIE GI GSRXIE^ IWXI G, TVIXYXMRHIRM, 6SQE GSRWMHIV GIXEXIE, TSPMW-
YHI XMT KVIGIWG WEY GSPSRME HI XMT VSQER, GE TI YR IPIQIRX-GLIMI EP
EHQMRMWXVE'MIM WEPI. %GIWXI GSQYRMX'M WXVYGXYVEXI EHQMRMWXVIE^ HMR TPMR ZME'E
GSXMHMER E PSGYMXSVMPSV, RKVMNMRHY-WI PE JIP HI FMRI HI TVSFPIQIPI HI WMKYVER'
E HVYQYVMPSV, HI RXVI'MRIVIE YVFER, HI ETVSZM^MSREVI, GE #M HI WXVRKIVIE
MQTS^MXYPYM GYZIRMX 6SQIM. 8SXY#M, HEG QSHIPYP GMZMG VQRI TVIGYQTRMXSV,
IP RY WI MQTYRI TIWXI XSX. RXV-EHIZV #M EPXI WXVYGXYVM EYXSLXSRI WI
TWXVIE^, R WTIGMEP EPI TSTSEVIPSV SVKERMÊXI R WEXI (RYQIVSEWI R *VMKME,
0MHME VWVMXIER, 4MWMHME) #M EPI TVMRGMTEXIPSV WEGIVHSXEPI HMR NYVYP YRYM
WERGXYEV MRHMKIR (GE EGIPE EP 1EVMM 1EQI E ÎMPSV, 'MFIPE, PE 4IWMRSRXI, WEY GIP
EP PYM >IYW PE 3PFE, R 'MPMGME, ETVSETI HI 8EVW). 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, XVITXEX,
QYPXI HMR EGIWXI GSQYRMX'M HSFRHIWG WXEXYXYP HI GIXEXI, GEVI PI VIHYGI PE
QSHIPYP Y^YEP. 1M#GEVIE RGITI R XMQTYP PYM 4EZIP, HEV WI HI^ZSPX QEM GY
WIEQ GIZE QEM XV^MY, HYT 70 H. ,V.
7XEXYXI MRHMZMHYEPI #M PMFIVXEXI GIX'IRIEWG R EGIPE#M XMQT R GEVI WI
NY\XETYR TVSZMRGMM #M WXEXI-GPMIRX, R VRHYP TSTSEVIPSV GSI\MWX WXEXYXI
MRHMZMHYEPI ZEVMEXI. R WXEXIPI-GPMIRX, PSGYMXSVMM WYRX HSEV WYTY#M EM WYZIVERYPYM
PSGEP, JV HISWIFMVI. (EV ETVSETI TVIXYXMRHIRM, TVMRGMTIPI-GPMIRX RWY#M IWXI
GIX'IER VSQER: VIKI TIRXVY WYTY#MM WM, IWXI YR WMQTPY GIX'IER PE 6SQE. R
TVSZMRGMM, R WGLMQF, WMXYE'ME IWXI QEM GSQTPI\. RXV-EHIZV, I\MWX TIWXI XSX,
R SVE#I R WTIGMEP, YR QMG RYGPIY HI GIX'IRM VSQERM, I\TEXVME'M WEY
EYXSLXSRM. 'GM RG HI PE GVIEVIE 3IGVIM TVSZMRGMM, VSQERM HMR -XEPME EY ZIRMX
W WI E#IÎ EMGM, R KIRIVEP TIRXVY EJEGIVM: WYRX RYQIVS#M R %WME 1MG #M R
+VIGME, QYPX QEM TY'MRM R )KMTX #M 7MVME. 1EM QYPX, G'MZE VEVM F#XMRE#M EY
TVMQMX EGIWX TVMZMPIKMY GEVI M HISWIFI#XI HI QEWE GSQTEXVMS'MPSV PSV, JV E-P
WGYXM RW HI SFPMKE'MMPI 3WGEPI GI ETEW EWYTVE PSV R TVSTVMMPI GIX'M. 9RMM WYRX
PSGYMXSVM EYXSLXSRM RVSPE'M R EVQEXE VSQER, GEVI EY TVMQMX GIX'IRME S HEX
GY MRXVEVIE R PIKMYRI WEY GY HIQSFMPMÊVIE YRIM YRMX'M EY\MPMEVI. %P'MM EY
TVMQMX EGIEWX JEZSEVI HI PE YR KYZIVREXSV WEY HI PE QTVEX, TIRXVY WIVZMGMM
EHYWI 6SQIM. *EQMPME PYM 4EZIP JEGI TEVXI HMR MR3QYP RYQV EP GIPSV GI WI TSX
TVIZEPE HI GIX'IRME VSQER REMRXI HI ITSGE PYM 'PEYHMY (4P-54), HSQRMI
GEVI QEVGLIE^ S GVI#XIVI ZHMX E RYQVYPYM HI GIX'IRM HI SVMKMRI MRHMKIR
EXX R 3VMIRX, GX #M R 3GGMHIRX. (EV R ERWEQFPY, GIX'IRMM VSQERM, SVMKMREVM
WEY HI GYVRH TVSQSZE'M R EGIWX VERK, RY GSRWXMXYMI HIGX S RIRWIQREX
QMRSVMXEXI.
'IMPEP'M PSGYMXSVM EM TVSZMRGMMPSV WYRX, R ZMVXYXIE HVITXYPYM VSQER,
TIVIKVMRM, SEQIRM PMFIVM HEV RSR-GIX'IRM. %GIEWX HI3RM'MI NYVMHMG
QEWGLIE^ VIEPMX'M QEM GSQTPI\I. 'GM, R PMTWE WXEXYXYPYM HI GIX'IRM
VSQERM, RYQIVS#M TIVIKVMRM WI TSX TVIZEPE HI S GIX'IRMI HI GIXEXI KVIEG:
WMXYE'MI ETVSETI KIRIVEP R PYQIE IKIIER, JSEVXI JVIGZIRX R 'MPMGME, 'MTVY,
7MVME HI 2SVH, *IRMGME, HEV VEV R )KMTX, YRHI RY I\MWX HIGX XVIM GIX'M
%PI\ERHVME, 4XSPIQEMW #M 2EYGVEXMW. *MIGEVI MRHMZMH RY TMIVHI TVMPINYP HI E-#M
MRHMGE IXRME R TVIPYRKMVIE RYQIPYM, IPIQIRX HI MHIRXM3GEVI #M QSH HI E-#M
WYFPMRME WXEXYXYP IPMR. 'IX'IRMM VSQERM HI SVMKMRI MRHMKIR, GYQ I 4EZIP,
YÎE^ GY HVEK MRMQ HI EGIEWX GIX'IRMI PSGEP, GEVI WI EHEYK GEPMX'MM
PSV HI GIX'IRM EM 6SQIM.
-RW S TEVXI HMR TSTYPE'MMPI XVMXSEVI R TVSZMRGMM WI WYWXVEKI EGIWXYM
WMWXIQ. 1EM RXM TIRXVY G GIXEXIE KVIEG RY IWXI VWTRHMX TIWXI XSX:
VIKMYRM RXMRWI VQR R EJEVE PYQMM GIX'MPSV, R WTIGMEP EGSPS YRHI 6SQE E
PWEX TVMRGMTM-GPMIR'M. 1EM ETSM TIRXVY G, TR #M R GIX'M, I\MWX TSTYPE'MM GEVI
RY WI FYGYV HI HVITXYVM GMZMGI: HEXSVRMGM VYVEPM, VI^MHIR'M I\GPY#M HMR QSXMZI
RIGYRSWGYXI: GLMEV PE 8EVW, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, QI#XIVMM MREVM WSPMGMX
HITPMRE GIX'IRMI, GEVI PI IWXI VIJYÊX, GY XSEXI G WYRX HI EGIIE#M SVMKMRI
GY GIX'IRMM.
%GI*WXI WXEXYXI MRHMZMHYEPI HMJIVIR'MEXI, TVIGYQ #M QIR'MRIVIE
WXVYGXYVMPSV XVEHM'MSREPI (GIX'M, XVMFYVM, WERGXYEVI, TVMRGMTEXI) EY HVITX YVQEVI
EGYQYPEVIE YRIM QYPXMXYHMRM HI HVITXYVM PSGEPI, GGM 6SQE RY RGIEVG W-#M
MQTYR TVSTVMYP HVITX. (IWMKYV, GIX'IRMM VSQERM TSX WSPMGMXE, SVMYRHI W-EV
E4E, ETPMGEVIE TVSGIHYVMPSV #M VIKYPMPSV HVITXYPYM VSQER (HI GEVI 4EZIP RY WI
PMTWI#XI). RW GIMPEP'M PSGYMXSVM WI WYTYR 3IGEVI HVITXYPYM TVSTVMIM GSQYRMX'M.
%GIEWX VIWTIGXEVI E TVSTVMYPYM HVITX ETEVI R SGLMM GIX'IRMPSV #M EM
TSTSEVIPSV GE WMQFSPYP RWY#M EP PMFIVX'MM PSV. 0E JIP WI RXQTP #M GY TWXVEVIE
MRWXMXY'MMPSV XVEHM'MSREPI (QEKMWXVE'M, GSRWMPMM) WEY GY HVITXYP HI E FEXI QSRIH:
HEG HMREVYP VSQER EVI GYVW TIWXI XSX, IWXI TYXIVRMG GSRGYVEX, R PYQIE PYM
4EZIP, HI IQMWMYRMPI HI HVELQI #M XIXVEHVELQI E RYQIVSEWI GIX'M KVIGI#XM,
GEVI KWIWG EWXJIP TVMPINYP HI E-#M JEGI GYRSWGYXI WMQFSPYVMPI #M PIKIRHIPI.
(MZIVWMXEXI #M GSI^MYRI 0YQIE PYM 4EZIP, HYT GLMTYP RXVIKYPYM -QTIVMY
6SQER, IWXI XSXSHEX YRMXEV, HYEP #M QYPXMTP. 9RMXEV TIRXVY G EXVR R
RXVIKMQI, HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI TSPMXMG, HI 6SQE. (EV HYFP, GYPXYVEP #M
PMRKZMWXMG, 3MRHG IPMRE WI FYGYV HI WXEXYXYP HI PMQF S3GMEP, PE IKEPMXEXI GY
PEXMRE R 6WVMX: RGITRH HI PE 'PEYHMY, PE 6SQE I\MWX S GERGIPEVMI KVIEG
EPXYVM HI GERGIPEVME PEXMR. 2YQEM EVQEXE GSRXMRY, SVMYRHI W-EV E4E, W RY
WGVMI HIGX R PEXMRI#XI. % HSYE PMQF S3GMEP, KVIEGE, IWXI #M QEVIE PMQF HI
GSQYRMGEVI TIRXVY TSTYPE'MMPI GI XVMIWG RXVI WXVQXSEVIE 1I#MRE #M )YJVEX.
'GM HMZIVWMXEXIE PMQFMPSV EV JEGI HMR 1IHMXIVERE VWVMXIER YR
EHIZVEX XYVR &EFIM. %VEQEMGE VITVI^MRX TVMRGMTEPE PMQF HI GSQYRMGEVI E
TSTYPE'MMPSV EYXSLXSRI HMR 7MVME, GY ZEVMERXI HMEPIGXEPI HI PE RSVH PE WYH. (EV
WI QEM ZSVFI#XI #M JIRMGMER R *IRMGME (GY XSEXI G XVEHM'ME WGVMW M WI TMIVHI)
#M GLMEV IFVEMGE R -YHIIE, GEVI TEVI RG FMRI R'IPIEW HI TSTYPE'ME
GYPXMZEX. 0E I\XVIQMX'MPI 7MVMIM, HMEPIGXIPI EVEFI WYRX ZSVFMXI EXX HI REFE-
XIM, GX #M HI HMZIVWI RIEQYVM RSQEHI. R MRXIVMSVYP %REXSPMIM, 4EZIP E EY^MX
ZSVFMRHY-WI PMGESRE, KEPEXE, TMWMHMERE, GEVMERE, PMGMERE, JVMKMERE, XVEGE IXG,
XSEXI PMQFMPI E GVSV JSPSWMR' WVGI#XI HEG RY WYRX WGVMWI, HEV GEVI VQR
ZSVFMXI HI S TEVXI E TSTYPE'MIM TR R WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE H. ,V. R QMNPSGYP
EGIWXIM HMZIVWMX'M I\MWX IPIQIRXI HI GSI^MYRI, HMRGSPS GLMEV HI ETEVXIRIR'E
PE EGIPE#M MQTIVMY. 4VIXYXMRHIRM, WMWXIQYP KVIG HI ZEPSVM XMRHI W WI MQTYR,
RGITRH HI PE GIX'MPI RXIQIMEXI R XSEXI TVSZMRGMMPI. 7TMVMXYP HI GSQTIXM'MI,
TI GEVI KVIGMM P RYQIWG EKSR, WI QERMJIWX 3VIWG R GSRGYVWYVMPI HI
KMQREWXMG WEY EVXMWXMGI TI GEVI PI SVKERMÎE^ RY TY'MRI GIX'M, HEV WI
I\TVMQ PE JIP HI FMRI R GYVWE TIRXVY SRSVYVM TI GEVI #M PI HMWTYX GIX'IRMM
FSKE'M TIRXVY E QIVMXE XMXPYP HI FMRIJGXSVM EM GIX'MM PSV. 4EZIP, EWIQIRIE
VEFMRMPSV JEVMWIM, #M QTVYQYX EHIWISVM MQEKMRMPI HMR ZSGEFYPEVYP HIGVIXIPSV
SRSVM3GI TIRXVY RZMRKXSVM WEY FMRIJGXSVM, #XMMRH FMRI G ZE 3 R'IPIW HI
EYHMXSVMM WM.
8VIGRH HI PE S GIXEXI PE EPXE, HMR 'IÊVIIE PE 7EPEQMRE 'MTVYPYM, HMR
0MWXVE PE 'SVMRX, HMR %RXMSLME PE 'SPSWI, 4EZIP XVIFYMI W 3 RXPRMX #M EGIPIE#M
QSRYQIRXI EPI TIMWENYPYM YVFER: EGIPIE#M IHM3GMM TYFPMGI #M HI TIXVIGIVI E
XMQTYPYM PMFIV, EGIPE#M XMT HI HIGSV TMGXEX #M WGYPTXEX, XIQTPI GSRWXVYMXI HYT
EGIPE#M QSHIP, EGIPIE#M MRWGVMT'MM R GMRWXIE QEKMWXVE'MPSV #M E FMRIJGXSVMPSV.
3 ERYQMX YRMJSVQMÊVI WI GVIMSRIE^, GLMEV HEG WI QIR'MR ZEVMERXI PSGEPI,
RHISWIFM R EQIRENEVIE WERGXYEVIPSV, GEVI WI WYTYR YRSV I\MKIR'I GYPXYEPI
WXVMRI HI IPIRMWQ. 6IKWMQ EGIWX EQIWXIG HI YRMJSVQMXEXI #M HMZIVWMXEXI R
VIKMWXVYP VIPMKMSW. %WXJIP, GYPXYP MQTIVMEP VITVI^MRX S PIKXYV RXVI XS'M
PSGYMXSVMM -QTIVMYPYM. 'VIEVIE GYPXYPYM MQTIVMEP, PE MRM'MEXMZE KVIGMPSV HMR %WME #M
&MXMRME R ERYP 29 . ,V., RY IWXI R VIEPMXEXI S MRSZE'MI, GGM TSTSEVIPI
1IHMXIVERIM VWVMXIRI WYRX HITVMRWI, RGITRH HI PE %PI\ERHVY #M WYGGIWSVMM
EGIWXYME, W-#M ZIRIVIÎ WYZIVERYP GE TI YR ÎY. (EV SVKERMÊVIE YRYM GYPX
TVSZMRGMEP S3GMEP GSRWXMXYMI TIRXVY RSXEFMPMM GIX'MM YR TVMPIN HI E-#M QERMJIWXE
3HIPMXEXIE JE' HI 6SQE. 8SXY#M, I\MWX #M HMJIVIR'I: GYPXYP I\MWX HMR XMQTYP PYM
%YKYWXYW R %WME, &MXMRME #M 7MVME, HEV IWXI MRWXMXYMX EFME WYF 2IVS R %LEME #M ZE
VQRI ZI#RMG RIWSGSXMX R )KMTX. R GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI TI MYHIM, IM WI
QYP'YQIWG W-P SJIVI PYM -ELZI NIVXJI TIRXVY QRXYMVIE QTVEXYPYM.
4I HI EPX TEVXI, XSEXI TSTSEVIPI, XSEXI GIX'MPI #M-EY TWXVEX ÎMM
WXVQS#I#XM, GEVI GLI^#YMIWG RXV-YR JIP GSI^MYRIE GSQYRMX'MM. (I QYPXI SVM
W-E HSVMX VIHYGIVIE EGIWXSV GYPXI PE WMQTPI QERMJIWXVM HI MHIRXMXEXI GMZMG #M
W-E ZSVFMX HI YR EQYVK EP GYPXIPSV XVEHM'MSREPI. %GIEWXE RWIEQR S
RIGYRSE#XIVI E JYRG'MIM PSV: EXX XMQT GX WYTVEZMI'YMI#XI MHIIE RW#M HI
GIXEXI, IPI HMRYMIWG #M R4SVIWG, HYT GYQ S HSZIHIWG RYQIVSEWI XI\XI. (EV
IWXI EHIZVEX G EXX GYPXYP MQTIVMEP, GX #M GYPXIPI GMZMGI RY VWTYRH, JV
RHSMEP, XYXYVSV RIZSMPSV WTMVMXYEPI EPI TSTYPE'MMPSV. RG HMR ITSGE IPIRMWXMG
W-EY HI^ZSPXEX GYPXI, KVIGI#XM WEY WXVMRI, GEVI WXEFMPIWG RXVI ÎY #M
GVIHMRGMS#MM WM PIKXYVM QEM TIVWSREPI. %GIWXI GYPXI, RWS'MXI YRISVM HI
QMWXIVI, SJIV GVIHMRGMS#MPSV HEG RY WTIVER'E YRIM M^FZMVM, GIP TY'MR S
ERYQMX GYRSE#XIVI E PYQMM HI HMRGSPS. 7IGVIXYP TI GEVI WYRX HEXSVM W-P
TWXVIÎ GY W3R'IRMI MRM'ME'MM RI PMTWI#XI HI GYRSE#XIVIE TVIGMW E
QMWXIVIPSV, HEV HI^ZSPXEVIE MRGSRXIWXEFMP E EGIWXSV GYPXI HSZIHI#XI S
TVMQIRMVI WTMVMXYEP R GEVI MRHMZMHYP WI EVEX QEM WIRWMFMP JE' HI I\MKIR'IPI
QSVEPI. %GIEWX RRSMVI GYTVMRHI RXVIEKE PYQI IPIRMÊX #M XSEXI WXVEXYVMPI
TSTYPE'MIM. %#E WI I\TPMG EXX WYGGIWYP GYPXIPSV HI QMWXIVI, GX #M EXVEG'ME
TIRXVY MYHEMWQ R VRHYP JIQIMPSV WEY VWTRHMVIE WXSMGMWQYPYM, R EGIEWX
PYQI TIWXVM', QTGEX #M YRM3GEX XVMI#XI, GPXSVI#XI #M TVSTSZHYMI#XI
4EZIP. )P E Z^YX XVERWJSVQRHY-WI SVE#IPI, TI GEVI VIZIRMVIE TVSWTIVMX'MM PI
QFMI W HIZMR QEM EXVKXSEVI; W-E FYGYVEX HI HVYQYVM RSM, TI GEVI 6SQE PI
GSRWXVYMI#XI TIRXVY WMKYVER'E WE R MRXIVMSVYP %WMIM 1MGM; E TVS3XEX HI VIPYEVIE
WGLMQFYVMPSV, GEVI JEGI GE, TI QEVI, GSVFMMPI W WI RQYP'IEWG; E WMQ'MX
TVIXYXMRHIRM GPSGSXYP ZMI'MM, HYT HIGIRMM HI V^FSM #M WVGMI. 3 PYQI GVIME
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV M JEG S HIWGVMIVI GSR3VQEX GY TVMWSWMR' HI QVXYVMMPI
EVLISPSKMGI, HI MRWGVMT'MM #M HI EYXSVMM GSRXIQTSVERM.
1EYVMGI 7EVXVI 4EZIP TI HVYQYP (EQEWGYP YM 6^KRHMVIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI
GY EXX QEM WYVTVMR^XSEVI, GY GX IVE RY RYQEM YR MYHIY R4GVEX, HEV #M YR
STSÊRX EGXMZ JE' HI RSYE VIPMKMI. )P VIGYRSE#XI R ITMWXSPIPI WEPI G E JSWX YR
TVMKSRMXSV EP GIPSV GI ZSV HIZIRM JVE'MM WM: 'GM E'M EY^MX HIWTVI TYVXEVIE QIE
HI EPXHEX RXVY MYHEMWQ, G TVMKSRIEQ TIWXI QWYV &MWIVMGE PYM (YQRIÎY
#M S TYWXMEQ (+E 1, 13).
4EZIP, TIVWIGYXSVYP TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM *V RHSMEP, 4EZIP RY E ENYRW TR
PE E YGMHI; GIP TY'MR, RY WI EGY^ ZVISHEX HI E#E GIZE. 8SXY#M, XIVQIRYP HI
TIVWIGYXSV WTYRI TVIE FMRI G RY WI QYP'YQIE GY WMQTPI EQIRMR'VM
ZIVFEPI. 8SX EWXJIP, EXYRGM GRH JSPSWI#XI XIVQIRYP HI VZR TI EGIEWX
XIQ (*PT 3, 6), JEGI EPY^MI PE EGIPI RYQIVSEWI GE^YVM R GEVI, R :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX, MWVEIPM'MM, HMR YV JE' HI VY #M HMR MYFMVI TIRXVY (YQRIÎY, M-EY
EXEGEX TI GPGXSVMM HI 0IKI (GJ. 1 1EG 2, 24-26).
(MR GI QSXMZI M-E TVMKSRMX 4EZIP TI GVI#XMRM# 1YPXI MTSXIÎ EY JSWX
EZERWEXI. 7-E WYKIVEX G M ZRE TIRXVY G IP RWY#M RY-#M KWIE PSGYP R
GVIHMR'E WE MYHEMG; HEV RMQMG HMR ITMWXSPIPI WEPI RY GPYÎ#XI R EGIEWX
HMVIG'MI. 7-E QEM GSRWMHIVEX G M TIVWIGYXE 3MRHG WI QTSXVMZIEY 0IKMM PYM
1SMWI. (EV EGIEWX QTSXVMZMVI WI ZE QERMJIWXE QEM XV^MY, EXYRGM GRH
GVI#XMRMWQYP M ZE 3 G#XMKEX TI TKRM; RY IVE GE^YP R TVMQE GSQYRMXEXI
GVI#XMR HMR -IVYWEPMQ, TI GEVI 4EZIP S ZE EGYÊ QEM XV^MY HI MRXIKVMWQ.
)WXI QEM ZVIHRMG HI GVIÊVI G 4EZIP RY ZMÊ HIGX KVYTYP IPIRM#XMPSV HI PE
-IVYWEPMQ, EGIM MYHIM HI GYPXYV #M PMQF KVIEG, HMRXVI GEVI YRMM HIZIRMWIV
GVI#XMRM RG HI PE RGITYXYVM. 'TIXIRME PSV, "XIJER, RY TVSTSZHYME SEVI
QTSXVMZE 8IQTPYPYM #M 0IKMM (*% 6,1.13.14)# *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WIQREPIE^
RXV-EHIZV G QEVXMVMYP PYM "XIJER E EZYX PSG R TVIÎR'E PYM 4EZIP #M G E YVQEX
S TIVWIGY'MI QTSXVMZE IPIRM#XMPSV (*% 8, P-3). (EV TYXIQ FRYM G 0YGE E
I\EKIVEX RXVYGXZE JETXIPI, R JYRG'MI HI 4VSMIGXYP WY PMXIVEV, GEVI GSRWXE R
E WYFPMRME GSRXVEWXYP RXVI GIIE GI TVIGIH #M GIIE GI YVQIE^ HVYQYPYM
(EQEWGYPYM. %WXJIP, MRM'MEXMZE YRIM STIVE'MYRM TSPM'MIRI#XM QTSXVMZE GVI#XMRMPSV
HMR (EQEWG, TI GEVI 0YGE M-S EXVMFYMI PYM 4EZIP, XVIFYMI QERIZVEX GY
TVIGEY'MI. RXV-EHIZV, NYVMWHMG'ME QEVIPYM TVISX #M E WMRIHVMYPYM IVE PMQMXEX PE
TVSZMRGME -YHIIE. 4YXIQ EHQMXI JV KVIYXEXI, R WGLMQF, G 4EZIP E
GSRXVMFYMX, R GIIE GI-P TVMZI#XI, PE EHYGIVIE MYHIS-GVI#XMRMPSV IPIRM#XM R JE'E
XVMFYREPIPSV VEFMRMGI #M PE EHQMRMWXVEVIE GXVI EGI#XME E TIHITWIPSV PIKMYMXI R
GEHVYP WMREKSKMPSV.
'E YRYM RWGYX REMRXI HI ZVIQI, QM 7-E EVXEX #M QMI
2I-EV TPGIE, JV HSEV #M TSEXI, W GYPIKIQ HMR TERE PYM 4EZIP S
QVXYVMI JSEVXI EQRYR'MX E I\TIVMIR'IM WEPI. 3V, HEG XSXY#M IP GSR3VQ
EGIWX IZIRMQIRX GETMXEP TIRXVY ZME'E PYM, RY JEGI HIGX WGYVXI EPY^MM: (EV
GRH E FMRIZSMX 'IP 'EVI Q-E EPIW HMR TRXIGIPI QEQIM QIPI #M Q-E GLIQEX
TVMR LEVYP 7Y, W HIWGSTIVI TI *MYP 7Y RXVY QMRI, TIRXVY GE W-0 FMRI-
ZIWXIWG PE RIEQYVM. (+E 1, 15-P6E). 4EZIP EHEYK G, HYT GI W-E HYW R
%VEFME, W-E RXSVW PE (EQEWG, GSR3VQRH EWXJIP PSGEPMÊVIE PYGERMER,
HIZIRMX XVEHM'MSREP.
(EG IZSG EGIEWX I\TIVMIR', S JEGI TIRXVY E HSZIHM G #M-E TVMQMX
QMWMYRIE HI PE (YQRIÎY #M G IWXI RXV-EHIZV ETSWXSP GY HVITXYVM HITPMRI.
%GIWXE IWXI XPGYP GIPIMPEPXI EPY^MM PE GSRZIVXMVIE WE, TI GEVI S EHEYK PE PMWXE
PYM HI ZIHIRMM TEWGEPI: -EV PE YVQE XYXYVSV, GE YRYM RWGYX REMRXI HI ZVIQI,
QM 7-E EVXEX #M QMI (1 'S 15, 8). 0E JIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI EXYRGM GRH GIVI
WSGSXIEP: 2Y WYRX IY ETSWXSP# 2-EQ Z^YX IY TI -MWYW, (SQRYP RSWXVY# (1
'S 9, 1). *V RHSMEP, 4EZIP RY E XVMX EPXYVM HI -MWYW TVIGYQ GIM
(SMWTVIÎGI, HEV VIZIRHMG EGIIE#M I\TIVMIR' TEWGEP GE EGI#XME HMR YVQ.
)WXI PMQTIHI G I\TIVMIR'E HMR (EQEWG E RWIQREX S GSXMXYV GVYGMEP
R ZME'E PYM 4EZIP #M G EMGM WI KWI#XI SFV#ME GVIHMR'IM WEPI GVI#XMRI. 7I TSEXI
WTYRI G, RGITRH HMR EGIWX QSQIRX, E JSWX TI HITPMR GSR#XMIRX HI ZSGE'ME
PYM HI ETSWXSP EP RIEQYVMPSV# 8ISPSKME GVIME M ZE HE KPEW R ITMWXSPIPI WEPI IVE
HINE YRE HITPMR GSR#XMIRX# 4EZIP RY RI GSQYRMG RMQMG GY TVMZMVI PE EGIEWXE.
2Y IWXI MRXIV^MW W GVIHIQ G RY E EZYX S HITPMR GSR#XMMR' EWYTVE E GIIE GI
WI E4E R KIVQIRI R I\TIVMR'E HEQEWGLMR HIGX HYT YR VWXMQT HI
QEXYVMÊVI.
4VMR XVEHM'MI, WI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 4EZIP TI HVYQYP
(EQEWGYPYM. *SEVXI WXVMGX ZSVFMRH, XIVQIRYP IWXI MQTVSTVMY: 4EZIP RY #M-P
ETPMG, RXVYGX R GE^YP PYM RY E I\MWXEX S WGLMQFEVI HI VIPMKMI. 'VIHMR'E WE R
,VMWXSW RY WI STYRI GVIHMR'IM PYM -WVEIP, -MWYW IWXI 1IWME PYM -WVEIP, MEV
JKHYMR'IPI JGYXI PYM %ZVEEQ RY WYRX RZIGLMXI; IPI WYRX HSEV I\XMRWI HI
EGYQ #M EWYTVE RIEQYVMPSV (TSXVMZMX *G 12, 3) #M EGIEWXE IWXI GIIE GI-P ZE
QRE W HYG :IWXIE GIE &YR TR PE 6SQE #M, TSEXI, TR R 7TERME (6Q
15, 24-28).
3 I\TIVMIR' TSZIWXMX HI XVIM SVM R *ETXI 7GVMWI, HYT XSEXI
ETEVIR'IPI, GXVI ERMM 80-90, *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV RY WYRX YR M^ZSV MWXSVMG HMVIGX
#M MQIHMEX HIWTVI EGXMZMX'MPI PYM 4EZIP. %GIWXE E QYVMX GY GMVGE HSYÎGM HI ERM
REMRXI. 4IVWTIGXMZE PYM 0YGE EWYTVE &MWIVMGMM TVMQEVI #M E QMWMYRMPSV TEYPMRI RY
IWXI GIE E YRYM VITSVXIV. 0YGE HMWTYRI HI WY3GMIRX HMWXER' TIRXVY E
QFV'M#E HMRXV-S WMRKYV GYXXYV EGIEWX ITSG RXIQIMIXSEVI #M
GSRWIGMR'IPI GI HIGYVK HI EMGM TIRXVY &MWIVMGE R GEVI XVMI#XI. 'IPI WZV#MXI
YPXIVMSV HI 4EZIP, 0YGE PI-E Z^YX HINE RGSP'MRH R GLIQEVIE WE TI HVYQYP
(EQEWGYPYM. 4IRXVY IP, QMWMYRIE PYM 4EZIP EV 3 HI RIR'IPIW JV EGIEWX
RXPRMVI GY 'IP RZMEX. (I EGIIE H S EWIQIRIE MQTSVXER' IZIRMQIRXYPYM TI
GEVI P MWXSVMWI#XI HI XVIM SVM. 9RMM ZSV SFMIGXE G 0YGE RY JEGI HIGX W
XVERWGVMI HIWXMRYMVMPI PYM 4EZIP. (EV EGIWXE HMR YVQ E EVXEX, R ITMWXSPIPI
WEPI, G IVE TIWXI QWYV HI PEGSQ HI HIXEPMM. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, TSZIWXMVMPI HMR
*ETXI RY VI4IGX XVIM XVEHM'MM, GM ETEV'MR XSEXI XVIM WXMPYPYM PMXIVEV EP PYM 0YGE. %
HSYE #M E XVIME TSZIWXMVI WYRX RGSVTSVEXI YRSV GYZRXVM ETEV'MRRHY-P PYM
4EZIP, HEV WYRX XSXY#M HI JEGXYV PYGERMER #M WYRX JSEVXI ETVSTMEXI, R IWIR'E
PSV, HI TVMQE TSZIWXMVI HMR *ETXI 9. (I EPXJIP, R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI VSPYP PYM
%RERME, E HSYE TSZIWXMVI IWXI GY RITYXMR' HI R'IPIW, HEG RY E JSWX GMXMX
QEM REMRXI GIE HMRXM; GIIE GI RWIEQR G HMWGYVWYVMPI WI EHVIWIE^
GMXMXSVMPSV GEVI EY GMXMX HINE TVMQE TSZIWXMVI.
+IRMYP PMXIVEV TIRXVY XVEHYGIVIE MRI\TVMQEFMPYPYM 7 YQVMQ E#EHEV
GYQ #M-E TYW 0YGE KIRMYP PMXIVEV R WPYNFE RJ'M#VMM YRYM IZIRMQIRX GY YVQVM
LSXVXSEVI TIRXVY &MWIVMG. 7 VIQEVGQ G TVMQMWI HI PE XVEHM'MI #M HI PE
)TMWXSPIPI RWI#M MRJSVQE'MMPI HI GTXM GY TVMZMVI PE TIVWIGY'MMPI WZV#MXI
HI 4EZIP, PE VIZIPE'ME PYM TEWGEP, PE PIKXYVE TI GEVI S JGIE RXVI
HIWGSTIVMVIE *MYPYM #M QMWMYRIE WE R VRHYP TEKMRMPSV #M, R WJV#MX, PE
PSGEPMÊVIE GSRZIVXMVMM PE (EQEWG. 4VMQMWI, JV RHSMEP #M XVEHM'MMPI
GSQYRMX'MM HEQEWGLMRI GY TVMZMVI PE %RERME. 4IRXVY E HIWGVMI GIIE GI I HI
SVHMRYP I\TIVMIR'IM HI RIKVMX, 0YGE E YXMPMÊX XMTEVIPI GPEWMGI EPI TSZIWXMVMPSV
GY ZM^MYRM, GY HMEPSKYVM E#E GYQ KWMQ R :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX (*G 46, 2; 31, P-P3)
WEY R PMXIVEXYVE IFVEMG HSWMJ #M %WIRIXL 14, P-7). 7XVYGXYVE PSV IWXI WMQTP:
GLIQEVIE HMR TEVXIE TIVWSRENYPYM HMZMR VWTYRWYP SQYPYM EYXSTVIÎRXEVIE
TIVWSRENYPYM HMZMR -RGVIHMR'EVIE QMWMYRMM. (MEPSKYP GY %TEVM'ME HMR ZIHIRMI
IWXI VITVSHYW TVEGXMG GYZRX GY GYZRX R GIPI XVIM TSZIWXMVM HMR *ETXI. 2Y WI
TYRI, 4VMR YVQEVI, TVSFPIQE HI E ZIHIE EMGM XVERWGVMIVIE TYV #M WMQTPY E
EQMRXMVMPSV PYM 4EZIP. 6IKWMQ EGIIE#M WXVYGXYV R GE^YP ZIHIRMIM GI M W-E
EVXEX PYM %RERME R *ETXI 9, 10.
R HIWGIRHIR'E QEVMPSV TVSJI'M )WXI HISWIFMX HI WIQRM3GEXMZ W
SFWIVZQ G HMWGYVWYP PYM -MWYW HI XVMQMXIVI R QMWMYRI, R GIE HI-E XVIME
TSZIWXMVI HMR *ETXI (26, 16-P8), IWXI YR #MV HI EPY^MM PE ZSGE'MMPI TVSJI'MPSV. 7XEM
TI TMGMSEVIPI XEPI IWXI VITVSHYGIVIE PMXIVEP E ZIVWMYRMM KVIGI#XM E PYM
-IÎGLMIP 2, 1, EHMG RXSGQEM GLIQEVIE PYM -IÎGLMIP. :IVWIXYP %PIKRHY-XI
TI XMRI HMR TSTSV #M HMR RIEQYVMPI PE GEVI XI XVMQMX IZSG I\EGX GLIQEVIE PYM
-IVIQME (-V 1, 5-8). 7 PI HIWGLM^M SGLMM, GE W WI RXSEVG HI PE RXYRIVMG PE
PYQMR JEGI XVMQMXIVI PMQTIHI PE ZSGE'ME 7PYNMXSVYPYM HMR -WEME (42, 6-7.16; 49,
6). %GIEWX GSRWXEXEVI RI TIVQMXI W HIWPY#MQ MRXIR'ME XISPSKMG E PYM 0YGE,
EXYRGM GRH VIPEXIE^ IZIRMQIRXYP HI PE (EQEWG: QMWMYRIE PYM 4EZIP R
VRHYVMPI RIEQYVMPSV TKRI QTPMRI#XI :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX. 2Y RYQEM G
4EZIP RY IWXI MR3HIP GVIHMR'IM TVMR'MPSV WM, HEV IP WI WMXYIE^ R JEQMPME
QEVMPSV TVSJI'M EM :IGLMYPYM 8IWXEQIRX.
4SZIWXMVIE GPXSVMMPSV PYM 4EZIP R E HSYE TEVXI E *ETXIPSV ZE EVXE GYQ
E HIZIRMX TVMKSRMXSVYP GVI#XMRMPSV ETSWXSP EP RIEQYVMPSV, WPYNMXSV GVIHMRGMSW EP PYM
(YQRIÎY, GEVI HSVI#XI GE XS'M SEQIRMM W 3I QRXYM'M.
*VERUSMW &VSWWMIV 4EZIP PE (EQEWG )WXI GY RITYXMR' W IZSGM (EQEWGYP
FMFPMG JV E 'MRI WIEQE HI PIKXYVMPI TI GEVI PI RXVI'MRI SVE#YP GY 4EZIP,
ETSWXSPYP RIEQYVMPSV. )\TVIWME HVYQYP (EQEWGYPYM, GEVI HIWIQRIE^
GLIQEVIE PYM, E HIZIRMX WMQFSPYP SVMGVIM VWXYVRVM HI STMRMI.
(EQEWGYP IWXI RYQMX R HSY TEWENI EPI STIVIM 7JRXYPYM 4EZIP. 4VMQYP
WI KWI#XI PE RGITYXYP )TMWXSPIM GXVI +EPEXIRM, EXYRGM GRH %TSWXSPYP #M
VIPEXIE^ VZRE TI GEVI S RGLMR HMWXVYKIVMM &MWIVMGMM, HIWGSTIVMVIE *MYPYM PYM
(YQRIÎY, GEVI M-E JSWX HVYMX #M RGITYXYVMPI ETSWXSPEXYPYM WY. RHEX HYT
GLIQEVIE WE, WGVMI IP, RY EQ TVMQMX WJEX HI PE XVYT #M HI PE WRKI, RMGM RY Q-
EQ WYMX PE -IVYWEPMQ, PE %TSWXSPMM GIM HMREMRXI HI QMRI, GM Q-EQ HYW R %VEFME
#M Q-EQ RXSVW MEV#M PE (EQEWG. %TSM, HYT XVIM ERM, Q-EQ WYMX PE
-IVYWEPMQ. (+E 1, 13-P9). %P HSMPIE TEWEN WI E4 R YPXMQIPI GETMXSPI EPI
)TMWXSPIM E HSYE GXVI 'SVMRXIRM, R R#MVYMVIE KVIYX'MPSV TVMR GEVI E XVIGYX
TIRXVY WPYNMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM: -R (EQEWG, HVIKXSVYP VIKIPYM %VIXE TÎE
GIXEXIE (EQEWGYPYM, GE W Q TVMRH. "M TVMRXV-S JIVIEWXV EQ JSWX PWEX R NSW,
TIWXI ^MH, RXV-YR GS# #M EQ WGTEX HMR QMRMPI PYM (2 'S 1, 32-3).
%GIWXSV HSY QIR'MYRM I\TPMGMXI EPI (EQEWGYPYM XVIFYMI W PI EHYKQ
TEWENIPI R GEVI #M IZSG, R ZSVFI QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR WXVZI^MM,
GLIQEVIE (1 'S 15, P-P) #M HSY EHYGIVM-EQMRXI EPI XVIGYXYPYM WY HI TVMKSRMXSV
(*PT 3, 4-7 #M 1 8Q 1, 12-P4), GLMEV HEG EYXIRXMGMXEXIE TEYPMR E YPXMQIM
VIJIVMR'I VQRI HMWGYXEFMP.
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV IWXI GEVXIE FMFPMG R GEVI RYQIPI (EQEWGYPYM ETEVI
GIP QEM HIW. 'LIQEVIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI TSZIWXMX EMGM R XVIM VRHYVM, MQIHMEX
YVQEX HI TVMQMM TE#M EM ZMMXSVYPYM ETSWXSP R SVE#YP WMVMER (*% 9, P-25; 2, 3-P6;
26, 12-20). RGITRH HI PE EGIWXI TSZIWXMVM W-E GSRWXMXYMX #M MQEKIVME TEYPMR:
QERHEXYP TI GEVI 4EZIP P-E TVMQMX PE -IVYWEPMQ, TIRXVY E TYVGIHI PE TVMRHIVIE
GVI#XMRMPSV, GHIVIE WE, KPEWYP GEVI M ZSVFI#XI, SVFMVIE PYM TVI' HI XVIM ^MPI,
#IHIVIE WE R GEWE PYM -YHE, 9PM'E (VIETX, FSXIÊVIE PYM HI GXVI %RERME,
GSFSVVIE RY TVIE JEPRMG TIWXI ^MH (EGIWX YPXMQ EQRYRX ETEV'MRRH #M
QVXYVMIM HMVIGXI E PYM 4EZIP 2 'S 9, 3).
RXVY WPYNMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM 0E (EQEWG, ZIWXMKMMPI EVLISPSKMGI VIEQMRXIWG
EGIWXI HMZIVWI RXQTPVM: XVEMIGXSVME 9PM'IM (VITXI IWXI GYRSWGYX, S FMWIVMG
(QEM XV^MY RPSGYMX GY S QSWGLII) E JSWX GSRWXVYMX TI PSGYP TVSFEFMP EP GEWIM
PYM -YHE, S FMWIVMG 7JRXYP %RERME, EPI GVIM SVMKMRM YVG R ITSGE FMÊRXMR,
QEM I\MWX #M EGYQ, R ETVSTMIVI HI QIXIVI^YP VWVMXIER EP SVE#YPYM ZIGLM.
(MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, XSEXI EGIWXI M^ZSEVI RY EY EGIIE#M ZEPSEVI.
8I\XIPI VIHEGXEXI HI 4EZIP RWY#M WYRX, HIWMKYV, GIPI QEM 3EFMPI, GLMEV HEG
XVIFYMI 'MRYX WIEQE HI SFMIGXMZYP TI GEVI-P YVQVI#XI EGIWXE EXYRGM GRH
GSRWXVYMI#XI TSZIWXIE RGITYXYVMPSV WEPI R GVI#XMRMWQ. R )TMWXSPE GXVI
+EPEXIRM, HI TMPH, IP ZVIE W EVEXI G HI'MRI )ZERKLIPME HI PE RWY#M ,VMWXSW,
JV RMGM S QMNPSGMVI SQIRIEWG. )WXI QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI #M VIEQMRXI#XI G RY
W-E WYMX PE -IVYWEPMQ HIGX PE XVIM ERM HYT GLIQEVIE PYM #M G RY M-E RXPRMX TI
GIMPEP'M ETSWXSPM REMRXI HI EGIE HEX. (MR (EQEWG, W-E HYW R %VEFME, HYT
GEVI W-E VIRXSVW EMGM. R TS3HE XSRYPYM ETSPSKIXMG EP JVEKQIRXYPYM, RY TYXIQ
XSXY#M TYRI PE RHSMEP MXMRIVEVYP TI GEVI P HIWGVMI; EHZIVWEVMM WM W-EV 3 ^SVMX
W-P TVMRH TI TMGMSV KVI#MX, HEG EV 3 EVERNEX TVIE QYPX PYGVYVMPI R JEZSEVIE
PYM.
&SXI^YP PE (EQEWG *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, HMR GSRXV, WYRX QYPX QEM I\TYWI
WYWTMGMYRMM. 7JRXYP 0YGE 'MRI W TYR R IZMHIR' YRMXEXIE TVSJYRH E &MWIVMGMM
HI RGITYX, JE' GY MYHEMWQYP, RJ'M#EX GE TIVWIGYXSV #M VIHEGXIE^ R
GSRWIGMR'. 4VMR YVQEVI, WGVMI G 4EZIP, RHVITXRHY-WI WTVI (EQEWG, IWXI
TYVXXSVYP WGVMWSVMPSV TVSZIRMXI HI PE EYXSVMX'MPI WEGIVHSXEPI HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
&SXI^YP ZMMXSVYPYM ETSWXSP EP RIEQYVMPSV IWXI WXVYGXYVEX GE EGIPE TI GEVI P ZSV
TVMQM, GIZE QEM XV^MY, 'SVRIPMY #M GEWRMGMM PYM TVMQMM TKRM GI WI ZSV EPMTM
&MWIVMGMM HEVYP (YLYPYM 7JRX TVIGIHRH PYGVEVIE ETIM (E WI GSQTEVE *% 9,
17-P9 #M *% 10, 4-48). -EV VI^MWXIR'E TI GEVI S RXQTMR 4EZIP PE (EQEWG IWXI,
TSXVMZMX *ETXIPSV, PYGVEVIE MYHIMPSV, R XMQT GI 4EZIP RWY#M S TYRI I\TPMGMX R
WIEQE XVMQM#MPSV PYM %VIXE, VIKI EP REFEXIMPSV (2 'S 1, 32). (EXIPI 3EFMPI GI TSX
3 I\XVEWI HMR *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WYRX, TR PE YVQ, GIPI GEVI RY EY
GSRWIGMR'I XISPSKMGI TIRXVY EYXSVYP GV'MM: 9PM'E (VIETX, GEWE PYM -YHE,
FSXI^YP PYM 4EZIP, WZV#MX HI %RERME YR TIVWSREN WIGYRHEV EP &MWIVMGMM HMR
WIGSPYP - #M IZEHEVIE TIWXI QIXIVI^, YRHI QVXYVME PYM 4EZIP #M GIE E
*ETXIPSV WI RXPRIWG. 'X TVMZI#XI GSRWXVYG'MMPI GEVI EY PWEX YVQI
EVLISPSKMGI, XSEXI QEM XV^MM HIGX VIHEGXEVIE *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV, IPI
HEXIE^, GIP QEM HIZVIQI, HMR XMQTYVMPI R GEVI TSZIWXIE PYM 4EZIP WI
GSRJYRH QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR GY PIKIRHE WE. (YT GYQ WI ZIHI, QYPXI
TVIGEY'MM WI GIV PYEXI TIRXVY E GPEVM3GE 3VYP RXQTPVMPSV.
3 SF#XI GVI#XMR I\MWXE PE (EQEWG REMRXI GE 4EZIP W ENYRK IP RWY#M
EGSPS. 2IRHSMSW, IVE EPGXYMX HMR MYHIM ZSVFMXSVM HI KVIEG, IPIRM#XM GI
TVMQMWIV ZIWXMVIE GYZRXYPYM PYM (YQRIÎY TVMR YGIRMGMM SVMKMREVM HMR +EPMPIIE
WEY TVMR ETVSTME'MM PYM "XIJER. R GE^YP EGIWXIM YPXMQI MTSXIÎ, R'IPIKIQ TVIE
FMRI HI GI 4EZIP W-E QTSXVMZMX GY RHVNMVI EGIWXSV GVI#XMRM QEM GVMXMGM JE' HI
0IKI HIGX GIM HMR -IVYWEPMQ #M HI GI W-E RHVITXEX WTVI (EQEWG TIRXVY E PI
JEGI VY.
6^KRHMVIE TI GEVI E GYRSWGYX-S TI HVYQ M-E QSHM3GEX TVSMIGXIPI #M P-
E XVERWJSVQEX R ETSWXSPYP TI GEVI P #XMQ. 7SWMX R SVE#, ZE KWM EHTSWX R
GEWE PYM -YHE. 4VSTVME PYM QVXYVMI PEW HI R'IPIW G E JSWX FSXIÊX PE TY'MR
XMQT HYT GLIQEVIE WE (1 'S 12, 13; 6Q 6, 3-4) #M RMQMG RY WX QTSXVMZ GE
FSXI^YP W 3 JSWX WZV#MX TVMR QMRMPI PYM %RERME.
%GIEWX TVMQ #IHIVI PE (EQEWG E JSWX, JV RHSMEP, HI WGYVX HYVEX,
HYT GYQ WGVMI IP RWY#M. (I RHEX GI E HIZIRMX YGIRMG, E TPIGEX R %VEFME (+E
1,17), VIKMYRIE HMR WYH HI (EQEWG, RXVYGX TVSZMRGME VSQER %VEFME RY
I\MWXE RG. 2Y EZIQ RMGM YR QSXMZ W GVIHIQ G 4EZIP W-E HYW EGSPS TIRXVY
ZVIYR WSM HI VIXVEKIVI R TYWXMY. 1EM HI GVI^YX IWXI G RZEPRMGYP YGIRMG E
ENYRW, HMQTSXVMZ, RXV-YR 'MRYX PSGYMX, TSEXI VIKMYRIE 4IXVE, WTVI E QVXYVMWM
HIWTVI GVIHMR'E PYM GIE RSY; WI ZSVFIE EGSPS S JSVQ QIVMHMSREP E
EVEQEMGMM, PYGVY GY TYXMR' HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI PMRKZMWXMG.
3 JYK HIWXYP HI VY#MRSEW %XYRGM GRH VIZMRI PE (EQEWG, E EZYX RXV-
EHIZV HI JYVG GY WPYNFE#MM PYM %VIXE, VIKI EP 2EFEXIRIM TR R ERYP 39 EP
IVIM RSEWXVI. 2Y 3MRHG (EQEWGYP WI E4E WYF HSQMRE'ME REFEXIMPSV, HEV
TYXIQ GVIHI G 4EZIP E RXQTMREX S STS^M'MI R RYQMXE %VEFMI, E#E RGX W-E
VIRXSVW PE (EQEWG R WTIVER'E HI E WI E4E TI YR XIVIR RIYXVY; HI EWIQIRIE,
TYXIQ TVIWYTYRI G STS^M'ME TYXIVMM REFEXIIRI W-E TVIPYRKMX R SVE#YP WMVMER
TVMR QMNPSGMVIE GIPYM TI GEVI 4EZIP P RYQI#XI HVIKXSVYP VIKIPYM %VIXE #M
GEVI XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX YR JIP HI GSRWYP (2 'S 1, 32). (MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
MWXSVMG, EGIWX XMT HI STS^M'MI IWXI QEM ZIVSWMQMP HIGX EP MYHIMPSV HMR (EQEWG,
HIWTVI GEVI ZSVFIWG *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, YVQRH S WGLIQ PMXIVEV GI PI IWXI
HVEK (*% 9, 23-24).
R SVMGI GE^, 4EZIP TVWI#XI SVE#YP GE YR JYKEV: TIWXI ^MH, RXV-YR GS#
EXVREX HI S JVRKLMI, GE S QEVJ HIVRH (*% 9, 25 #M 2 'S 1, 3). )VE R ERYP
38 WEY 39. 0SGYMXSVMM HI E^M EM (EQEWGYPYM EVEX GY QRHVMI PSGYP XVEHM'MSREP EP
EGIWXIM IZEHVM GEVI, PE ZVIQIE IM, RY E EZYX RMQMG WIQI' QXV-RWE. (EG
XVIFYMI W Q PEYH, Q ZSM PYHE GY GIPI EPI WPFMGMYRMM QIPI!, WGVMI GLMEV
%TSWXSPYP, REMRXI HI E IZSGE RXQTPEVIE (2 'S 1, 30): WI E4 R EGIWXI ZSVFI
S VI4IGXEVI JSEVXI TSXVMZMX E #IHIVMM XYQYPXYSEWI 4I GEVI E EZYX-S PE
(EQEWG!
1MGLIP 5YIWRIP &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME 1IXVSTSPE ERXMSLMER RYQVE YRE
HMR GIPI QEM GSRWMWXIRXI GSQYRMX'M MYHEMGI EPI -QTIVMYPYM: 50 0 HI WY4IXI, WI
GVIHI, IGLMZEPRH GY ETVS\MQEXMZ S ÎGMQI HMR TSTYPE'MI. (EXSVMX PYM *PEZMYW
.SWITLYW, HMWTYRIQ HI MRJSVQE'MM TVIGMWI: WYGGIWSVMM PYM %RXMSL )TMJERYP PI-EY
RETSMEX MYHIMPSV HMR GETMXEPE PSV SFMIGXIPI ZSXMZI HMR FVSR^ GI TVSZIRIEY HMR
8IQTPYP HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, WTVI E-#M QTSHSFM GY IPI QEVIE WMREKSK. R EGIEWX
TIVMSEH GRH MYHEMWQYP #M G#XMKE EX'ME TVSÎPM'M, GSQYRMXEXIE HMR %RXMSLME
#M-E EXVEW RYQIVS#M KVIGM (6^FSMYP MYHIMPSV :-, 45). 9RYP HMRXVI EGI#XM TVSÎPM'M
HMR %RXMSLME, 2MGSPEI, ZE JEGI TEVXI HMR KVYTYP GIPSV #ETXI HMEGSRM (*% 6, 5).
7MXYE'ME GSQYRMX'MM MYHEMGI 'SRJSVQ PYM *PEZMYW .SWITLYW, MYHIMM HMR
%RXMSLME WI FYGYVEY HI HVITXYP HI GIXEXI, EXX GX #M ERXMSLMIRMM. 3 EWIQIRIE
EWIV'MYRI GIVI W 3I RYER'EX: GE #M PE %PI\ERHVME, MYHIMM EPGXYMEY, R WRYP
GIX'MM, S GSQYRMXEXI VIPEXMZ EYXSRSQ (TSPMXIYQE), EZRHY-#M TVSTVMMM
GSRHYGXSVM #M S PIKMWPE'MI TVSTVMI TIRXVY ZME'E HI GYPX #M GIE HI JEQMPMI.
(VITXYVMPI PSV IVEY RWGVMWI TI XFPM'I HI FVSR^. -YHIMM RY IVEY XSXY#M GIX'IRM
EM %RXMSLMIM GY HVITXYVM HITPMRI1. 4VSWTIVMXEXIE GSQYRMX'MM IZVIMI#XM EXVKIE
QYPXI MRZMHMM. -WXSVME E TWXVEX, R PIKXYV GY WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI,
EQMRXMVIE QEM QYPXSV TSKVSQYVM. 9RYP E WYVZIRMX GXVI ERMM 39-40, GRH
'EPMKYPE E HSVMX W-P 3I E#IÊX WXEXYME R MRGMRXE 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
6^QIVM'E GIE QEM RWTMQRXXSEVI E M^FYGRMX PE RGITYXYP V^FSMYPYM MYHEMG,
R ERYP 67: YR MYHIY VIRIKEX, %RXMSL #M-E EGYÊX XEXP, EVLSRXIPI YRIM
GSQYRMX'M, G EV 3 ZVYX W MRGIRHMIÎ SVE#YP QTVIYR GY G'MZE GSQTPMGM.
2IRXV^MEX, TVIWYTY#MM MRGIRHMEXSVM EY JSWX EV#M HI ZMM R XIEXVY (6^FSMYP :-,
48). %XYRGM GRH, HYT GYGIVMVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM, 8MXYW E XVIGYX TVMR %RXMSLME,
KVIGMM EY GIVYX WXVYMXSV I\TYPÊVIE MYHIMPSV. RZMRKXSVYP PI-E HEX EXYRGM EGIWX
VWTYRW MRKIRMSW: 4EXVME MYHIMPSV, YRHI EV 3 XVIFYMX W-P WYVKLMYRMQ, IWXI
RMQMGMX #M RMGM YR EPX PSG RY M-EV QEM TYXIE RGTIE (6^FSMYP :-, 109).
%GIWXI GXIZE JETXI MPYWXVIE^ RKYWXMQIE PIKXYVMPSV GI YRIEY
GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG HMR %RXMSLME GY TEXVME-QEQ. 3VMGI IZIRMQIRX TVMZMXSV PE
1. %. 4EYP, 0I QSRHI HIW .YMJW PLIYVI HI .IWYW. ,MWXSMVIW TSPMXMUYIW (4IXMXI
&MFPMSXLIUYI HIW 7GMIRGIW FMFPMUYIW), (IWGPII, 4EVMW, 1981, TT. 13-P35.
4EPIWXMRE #M EZIE VWYRIXYP R %RXMSLME. (EG MYHIMM HMR 4EPIWXMRE
HIZIRIEY WYWTIG'M R SGLMM -QTIVMYPYM, WMXYE'ME GIPSV HI S VIPMKMI GY IM RY EZIE
HIGX HI WYJIVMX R %RXMSLME, GE #M R EPXI TV'M.
RXIQIMIVIE GSQYRMX'MM GVI#XMRI 3VE#YP %RXMSLME SGYT YR PSG
MQTSVXERX R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV. )WXI PYGVY HI R'IPIW, GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX,
TSXVMZMX YRIM XVEHM'MM TWXVEXI HI )YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE (-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG -,
-:, 6), 0YGE IVE YR QIHMG SVMKMREV HMR %RXMSLME. R EGIWX WIRW, ZSQ SFWIVZE G
XI\XYP ETYWIER EP *ETXIPSV MREYKYVIE^ TSZIWXMVMPI PE TIVWSERE RXM, TPYVEP
S HEX GY GETMXSPYP 1, RGLMREX RXIQIMIVMM SF#XMM HMR %RXMSLME: "M EHYRRHY-RI
RSM. "M WGYPRHY-WI YRYP HMR EGIM TVSVSGM, GY RYQIPI %KEZ, E EVXEX. (*% 1,
28). 'SQYRMXEXIE HMR %RXMSLME E JSWX JSRHEX GE YVQEVI E TVMKSRMVMM IPIRM#XMPSV
HMR -IVYWEPMQ, RHEX HYT QEVXMVMYP PYM "XIJER (*% 1, 19). R VRHYP QMWMSREVMPSV
HMWXMRKIQ HSY KVYTYVM: YRMM GEVI RY WI EHVIWEY HIGX MYHIMPSV, EP'MM GEVI PI
FMRIZIWXIEY #M IPMRMPSV (*% 1, 20). %GIEWX VIQEVG IWXI MQTSVXERX, 3MRHG
ZSQ GSRWXEXE PE %RXMSLME S XIRWMYRI GSRWXERX RXVI MYHIS-GVI#XMRM #M TKRS-
GVI#XMRM. 'SRZIVXMVIE E RYQIVS#M KVIGM E GSRWXMXYMX YR IZIRMQIRX; GSQYRMXEXIE
HMR -IVYWEPMQ #M-E XVMQMW YR SQ HI RGVIHIVI &EVREFE TIRXVY E ZIHIE GI WI
TIXVIGI. 0IZMX SVMKMREV HMR 'MTVY, WI JGYWI VIQEVGEX TVMR KIRIVS^MXEXIE PYM (*%
4, 36 #M YVQ.) #M VIGYRSWGYWI WMRGIVMXEXIE GSRZIVXMVMM PYM 4EZIP (*% 9, 27).
4IRXVY RSM, IP TEVI E JEGI TEVXI HMR GEXIKSVME EGIPSV TVSVSGM EM GSQYRMX'MM
TVMQEVI GEVI, HYT ETSWXSPM, EY GSRXVMFYMX PE TYRIVIE XIQIPMMPSV &MWIVMGMM (1 'S
12, 98). 3Q EP (YLYPYM, &EVREFE E RGYZMMR'EX QMWMYRIE R VRHYVMPI IPMRMPSV;
GSTPI#MX R WGYVX XMQT, ZMRI PE 8EVW WTVI E-P GIVI PYM 7EYP W-P EGSVHI WTVMNMRYP
WY. 7 VIQEVGQ G R XSEX EGIEWX TEVXI E *ETXIPSV (TR PE 13, 13),
&EVREFE HI'MRI VSPYP HI WIEQ, MEV 4EZIP TI GIP HI ENYXSV.
%TEVM'ME PE %RXMSLME E XIVQIRYPYM 'LVMWXMERSW (*% 1, 26) ZHI#XI
MQTSVXER'E GSQYRMX'MM GVI#XMRI HMR TEVXIE PSGYPYM. )WXI RHSMIPRMG GE R#M#M
GVIHMRGMS#MM W-#M 3 HEX EGIWX RYQI. (IVMZEX HMR 'LVMWXSW, GY S XIVQMRE'MI
GEVI RWIEQR TEVXMÊR, EHITX EP., XIVQIRYP EVEX G, R SGLMM SEQIRMPSV
HMR EJEV, YGIRMGMM PYM ,VMWXSW EPGXYMEY S E XVIME WIQMR'MI, GEVI RY TYXIE 3
EWSGMEX RMGM GY MYHIMM, RMGM GY IPMRMM.
3VKERMÊVIE GSQYRMX'MM 0YGE RI-E TWXVEX PMWXE TVSVSGMPSV1 #M E
RZ'XSVMPSV GSQYRMX'MM: &EVREFE "M 7MQSR, GI WI RYQIE 2MKIV, 0YGMY
'MVMRIYP, 1EREMR, GIP GI JYWIWI GVIWGYX QTVIYR GY -VSH XIXVEVLYP #M 7EYP (*%
13, 1). 3VMKMRIE JSEVXI ZEVMEX E (IWTVI TVSVSGMM GVI#XMRM, ZI^M EVXMGSPYP RSWXVY:
4VSTLIXMWQI HERW PI 2SYZIEY 8IWXEQIRX, (&7, X. 8, GSP. 1280-P285 (TVSVSGMM
HMR *ETXI). :I^M #M %. 0IQEMVI, 0IW QMRMWXIVIW EY\ SVMKMRIW HI P)KPMWI (0IG'MS
(MZMRE, RV. 68), 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1971.
%GIWXSV GETM WI TSXVMZI#XI JSEVXI FMRI GY GEVEGXIVYP GSWQSTSPMX EP YRIM
GIX'M TVIGYQ %RXMSLME. (YT GYQ EQ SFWIVZEX, &EVREFE 3KYVIE^ R JVYRXI,
MEV 4EZIP ETEVI GE YPXMQYP ZIRMX. :ME'E PMXYVKMG IWXI IZSGEX R HSY VRHYVM.
R XMQTYP YRIM EHYRVM, YR TVSVSG ZIRMX HI PE -IVYWEPMQ, %KEZ, TVIZIWXI#XI
JSEQIXIE GI WI ZE EFEXI EWYTVE 4EPIWXMRIM. *MIGEVI LSXV#XI W TEVXMGMTI PE
GLIX, GEVI ZE 3 XVMQMW TVMR &EVREFE #M 7EYP (*% 1, 27-30). *V E XVEXE EMGM
TVSFPIQI HI GVSRSPSKMI, W SFWIVZQ G, R GMYHE TVIHSQMRER'IM IPIQIRXYPYM
KVIGIWG, GSQYRMXEXIE HMR %RXMSLME WI E4 R PIKXYV GY &MWIVMGE-QEQ #M
TEVXMGMT PE RIZSMPI EGIWXIME.
%RXMSLME TEVI E 3 QEM GY WIEQ FEÊ QMWMSREV TVMR I\GIPIR': "M TI
GRH WPYNIEY (SQRYPYM #M TSWXIEY, (YLYP 7JRX E ^MW: n3WIFM'M-QM TI &EVREFE
#M TI 7EYP, TIRXVY PYGVYP PE GEVI M-EQ GLIQEX~. %XYRGM, TSWXMRH #M VYKRHY-WI
#M-EY TYW QMRMPI TIWXI IM #M M-EY PWEX W TPIGI (*% 13, 2-3). 8I\X JSEVXI
VIZIPEXSV TIRXVY EXQSWJIVE HI JIVZSEVI R GEVI WI HIWJ#SEV ZME'E PMXYVKMG.
4SWXYP EHRGI#XI HSVMR'E #M HSZIHI#XI MRXIRWMXEXIE VYKGMYRMM, R XMQTYP
TVMZIKLIVMM, YR TVSVSG MRXIVZMRI TI RIE#XITXEXI TIRXVY E QTMIHMGE SF#XIE W
XVMEWG ETPIGEX HSEV EWYTVE IM RWI#M, HIWGSTI-VMRHY-P RIQVKMRMVIE SKSVYPYM
GVYME M WI TYXIE FMRIZIWXM. %PIKIVIE GEHI EWYTVE GIPSV HSY GTIXIRMM QEM
EGXMZI, &EVREFE #M 7EYP. 4YRIVIE QMRMPSV HSZIHI#XI G RXVIEKE SF#XI WI ZVIE
WSPMHEV GY QMWMYRIE. +LMGMQ, R QSH GSRGVIX, G IE M ZE RÎWXVE GY FERMM
RIGIWEVM TIRXVY GLIPXYMIPMPI HI GPXSVMI. 0E JIP WI ZE RXQTPE #M R GE^YP
GIPSVPEPXI QMWMYRM. 0E RXSEVGIVIE WE, 4EZIP RY TMIVHI RMGMSHEX HMR ZIHIVI W-
#M MRZMXI GVIHMRGMS#MM W EHYG QYP'YQMVM TIRXVY PYGVEVIE (SQRYPYM (*% 14, 26
#M YVQ.).
'SRXVMFY'ME HSGXVMREP E %RXMSLMIM 4EVXMÊRMM MWXSVMIM GSQTEVEXI E VIPMKMMPSV
(6IPMKMSRW-KIWGLMGLXPMGLI 7GLYPI) EY EGSVHEX S QEVI RWIQRXEXI %RXMSLMIM R
TVSGIWYP HI IPIRMÊVI E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. 4SXVMZMX YRIM XIÎ GIPIFVI E PYM ;.
&SYWWIX, PE %RXMSLME EV 3 WEPYXEX GVIHMRGMS#MM, TIRXVY TVMQE SEV, YR GYPX
EREPSK GIPYM EP WYZIVERMPSV HMR PYQIE IPIRMWXMG. -R4YIR'EXI HI GYPXIPI HI
QMWXIVI, VMXYVMPI TVMQEVI EPI FSXI^YPYM #M JVRKIVMM TMRMM EV 3 HSFRHMX YR WIRW
RSY, GIP EP YRMVMM GY (SQRYP QSVX #M RZMEX.
%GIWXI XISVMM, GVSVE 6. &YPXQERR PI-E EGSVHEX YR WTE'MY PEVK R E WE
8LISPSKMI HY 2SYZIEY 8IWXEQIRX, RY 'MR WIEQE HI JETXYP G I\EGX PE
-IVYWEPMQ E EZYX PSG TVMQE XVEHYGIVI E QIWENYPYM GVI#XMR R KVIGI#XI. 6SPYP
IPIRM#XMPSV, TVMR "XIJER, IWXI TVMQSVHMEP R EGIEWX TVMZMR'. 'IE QEM ZIGLI
MRZSGEVI E PYM ,VMWXSW, 1EVERE XLE ((SEQRI, ZMRS), TVSZMRI HI PE
GSQYRMXEXIE HMR -IVYWEPMQ, MEV 4EZIP WI VIJIV PE IE GE PE S TEVSP, PE WJV#MXYP
)TMWXSPIM RXM GXVI 'SVMRXIRM (16, 2).
6SPYP HSGXVMREP EP %RXMSLMIM RY IWXI RW QEM TY'MR GSRWMHIVEFMP. RXVI
WYFMIGXIPI PE SVHMRIE ^MPIM R QEXIVMI HI I\IKI^, 3KYVIE^ HIXIGXEVIE
ZSGEFYPEVYPYM #M E WMRXEKQIPSV TVI-TEYPMRI, EHMG JSVQYPIPI JSPSWMXI HI 4EZIP
R ITMWXSPIPI WEPI #M GEVI WYRX ERXIVMSEVI TVSTVMIM PYM IPEFSVVM HSGXVMREPI.
%WXJIP, R 1 'SVMRXIRM 15, 4EZIP GMXIE^ GE SFMIGX EP XVEHM'MIM OIVMKQE ETSWXSPMG
(ZIVWIXIPI 3-5). *SVQYPEVIE HI XMT WIQMXMG RI RKHYMI W YVGQ PE YR SVMKMREP
EVEQEMG #M HIGM PE S XVEHM'MI HI SVMKMRI LMIVSWSPM-QMXIER: EWXJIP TSEXI 3
R'IPIEW MQTSVXER'E GI M WI H PYM -EGSZ. R WGLMQF, TSZIWXMVIE 'MRIM GIPIM HI
8EMR (1 'S 1, 23-25) WGSEXI PE MZIEP XYVRYVM QEM WTIGM3G KVIGI#XM HIGX
TSZIWXMVIE JSEVXI WIQMXMÊRX E PYM 1EVGY (14, 2-25)1. )WXI ZIVSWMQMP, TVMR
YVQEVI, G 4EZIP WI VIJIV PE PMXYVKLME HMR %RXMSLME: HSEV IP RWY#M E XVERWQMW-
S &MWIVMGMPSV TI GEVI PI-E JSRHEX R %WME 1MG, TVIGYQ #M R +VIGME. R
GSRXVETEVXMH, GSQYRMXEXIE HMR %RXMSLME E FIRI3GMEX HI RZ'XYVE XISPSKMG
E ETSWXSPYPYM. (YT GYQ ZSQ ZIHIE, -KREXMI, ITMWGST EP %RXMSLMIM, WI MRWTMV
R TVSTVMMPI WEPI WGVMWSVM HMR HSGXVMRE PYM 4EZIP.
(MWTYXE HI PE %RXMSLME (+E 2, P-P4)
'SRZIVXMVIE R QEW E TEKMRMPSV E TYW &MWIVMGMM GI WXE W WI REWG S
TVSFPIQ VIHYXEFMP: XVIFYMEY IM WYTY#M XMIVMM QTVINYV TIRXVY E 3 EPMTM'M
PIKQRXYPYM PYM %ZVEEQ, RJ'M#EX GE 3MRH YRYP ZI#RMG (*G 17)2# 2MGM S ^MGIVI
E PYM -MWYW RY PQYVIE GLIWXMYRIE. -WGRH PE %RXMSLME S GSRXVSZIVW ETVMRW,
HMWGY'ME E JSWX WXVQYXEX R &MWIVMGE-QEQ HI PE -IVYWEPMQ. (MWTYRIQ HI
HSY TVIÎRXVM EPI WYFMIGXYPYM: YRE TSPIQMG E PYM 4EZIP (+E 2, P-P0)
GIEPEPX MVIRMG E PYM 0YGE, R *% 15. (YT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, WMRSHYP HI PE
-IVYWEPMQ E LSXVX HSEV GY TVMZMVI PE TVSFPIQE GMVGYQ-GM^MIM: TVSGPEQRH
PMFIVXEXIE )ZERKLIPMIM, IE E EWMKYVEX MRHITIRHIR'E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM JE' HI
MYHEMWQ #M M-E HIWGLMW ZMMXSVYP.
'LIWXMYRMPI TVEGXMGI RY IVEY VI^SPZEXI RW HSEV GY EXX R GSQYRMX'MPI
QM\XI GYQ IVE GIE HMR %RXMSLME, GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX R ERMM EGIME, GRH
JIFVE RE'MSREPMWX GVI#XIE R 4EPIWXMRE, TVSFPIQE VIPMKMSEW IVE HI RIHIWTV'MX
HI TVSFPIQE TSPMXMG. 4IRXVY YRMM MYHIS-GVI#XMRM, SVMGI VIRYR'EVI R VETSVX GY
0IKIE RWIQRE S XVHEVI JE' HI -WVEIP.
7GVMMRH *ETXIPI GY QYPX HYT IZIRMQIRX #M EXYRGM GRH HMWTYXE #M-E
TMIVHYX HMR ZMVYPIR', 0YGE VIYRI#XI R EGIPE#M GETMXSP 15 HSY LSXVVM: YRE,
HI SVHMR HSGXVMREP, WXEFMPI#XI G TKRMM GSRZIVXM'M RY WYRX SFPMKE'M PE
GMVGYQGM^MI; GIEPEPX, HI SVHMR TVEGXMG, MQTYRI GXIZE VIKYPM HI GYV'MI TIRXVY
E RPIWRM TVEGXMGE QIWIM R GSQYR XYXYVSV GVIHMRGMS#MPSV, MRHMJIVIRX HI SVMKMRIE
PSV (*% 15, 19-21 #M 28-29).
R XSMYP PYTXIM TIRXVY PMFIVXEXIE )ZERKLIPMIM, 4EZIP VIH EPXIVGE'ME WE GY
4IXVY PE %RXMSLME: R XMQT GI PE RGITYX EGIWXE HMR YVQ RY WI XIQIE W
QRRGI PESPEPX GY TKRMM GSRZIVXM'M, E VIRYR'EX W S QEM JEG, WYF
TVIWMYRIE KVYTYPYM PYM -EGSZ. (I YRHI TVSXIWXYP MRHMKREX EP PYM 4EZIP ..
.IVIQMEW, 0E HIVRMIVI 'IRI. 0IW 4EVSPIW HI .IWYW (XVEH. *VERGI^ 0IG'MS
(MZMRE, RV. 75), 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1972, TT. 12-P8; 219-23.
4IRXVY S NYWXM3GEVI E TS^M'MMPSV PYEXI EMGM, ZI^M GSQIRXEVMYP QIY R
'ELMIVW )ZERKMPI, RV. 34, 1980, 0I 'IVJ.
+E 2, P-P4). %GIWXE IWXI MRGMHIRXYP HMR %RXMSLME, GEVI HMR %RXMGLMXEXIE
GVI#XMR RGSEGI EPMQIRXIE^ GSRXVSZIVWIPI I\IKIXMGI1.
4SZIWXMVIE R WMRI E GSRXVSZIVWIM WI QVKMRI#XI WXVMGX PE ZIVWIXIPI P-P4.
RGITRH GY ZIVWIXYP 15, 4EZIP PVKI#XI HI^FEXIVIE #M I\TYRI, R PIKXYV GY
GSR4MGXYP, XIÊ TI GEVI S HI^ZSPX R )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM #M, QEM TI PEVK, R
)TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM: RI RHVITXQ HMR GVIHMR'E R ,VMWXSW, MEV RY HMR
JETXIPI 0IKMM.
:IVWIXYP 1 IWXI WMRKYVYP TEWEN HMR 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX GEVI EXIWX ZIRMVIE
PYM 4IXVY PE %RXMSLME. (SGYQIRXI YPXIVMSEVI PEW HI R'IPIW G E EZYX EMGM S
#IHIVI RHIPYRKEX; XVEHM'ME TIXVMR ZE 3 FMRI RVHGMREX PE %RXMSLME, HYT
GYQ S EVEX )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM. 'Y XSEXI G IVE ERYQI RWVGMREX GY
ETSWXSPEXYP TI PRK GIM GMVGYQGM#M (+E 2, 7), R HIGYVWYP ZM^MXIM WEPI
TEWXSVEPI 4IXVY ME GSRXEGX GY XS'M GVI#XMRMM HMR %RXMSLME. 1IWIPI GEVI WYRX R
HMWGY'MI, GY TKRS-GVI#XMRMM, TVIWYTYRIEY, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, GIPIFVEVIE
IYLEVMWXMG.
6IXVEKIVIE PYM 4IXVY, WYF MR4YIR'E QIHMMPSV MRXIKVMWXI GI WI VIZIRHMGEY
HI PE -EGSZ, TYRIE R GEY^ YRMXEXIE IGPI^MEP. %#E GYQ 4EZIP PI ZE WTYRI
GSVMRXIRMPSV, QTVX#MVIE HMRXV-S WMRKYV TMRI RI JEGI W EPGXYMQ QTVIYR
8VYTYP, YRYP, EP PYM ,VMWXSW (1 'S 10, 17).
*IVMRHY-WI, 4IXVY RY ZSMWI W WXVRIEWG TVSFPIQI XISPSKMGI, GM
VIEG'MSREWI HMR STSVXYRMWQ, TIRXVY E RY E''E QIHMMPI MYHEMÊRXI, JSEVXI
WYWGITXMFMPI R QEXIVMI HI GYV'MI EPMQIRXEV! R EPXI QTVINYVVM, 4EZIP #XME #M
IP W WI TSEVXI GE YR MYHIY GY MYHIMM (1 'S 9, 20). (EV EMGM, WYWXVEKIVIE PYM
4IXVY IVE TVIE RGVGEX HI YVQVM; IE EXVKIE HYT WMRI HMZMÊVIE
GSQYRMX'MM. 'LMEV &EVREFE, E GVYM KIRIVS^MXEXI ETSWXSPMG ZE 3 VIEQMRXMX
QEM XV^MY HI 4EZIP (1 'S 9, 6), W-E PWEX HYW HI ZEP. %GIWXE I QSQIRXYP R
GEVI %TSWXSPYP RIEQYVMPSV E WSGSXMX RIGIWEV W TYR R QSH TYFPMG PYGVYVMPI PE
TYRGX: 'RH EQ Z^YX G IM RY GEPG HVITX, HYT EHIZVYP )ZERKLIPMIM, EQ
^MW PYM 'LIJE, REMRXIE XYXYVSV: (EG XY, GEVI I#XM MYHIY, XVMI#XM GE TKRMM #M
RY GE MYHIMM, HI GI WMPI#XM TI TKRM W XVMEWG GE MYHIMM# (+E 2, 14).
7I ZIHI EWXJIP G 4EZIP M VITVS#IE^ PYM 4IXVY MRGSRWIGZIR'E GY TVSTVME
WE TYVXEVI #M PMTWE HI JIVQMXEXI R JE'E TVIWMYRMPSV ERXYVENYPYM WY. 4IRXVY E
MPYWXVE EGIWX PYGVY, W IZSGQ QSHYP R GEVI 4IXVY EGGITXEWI MRZMXE'ME PYM
'SVRIPMY PE 'IÊVIIE, R GMYHE WGVYTYPIPSV XVIGYXYPYM WY MYHEMG (*% 10, 28). %
XVIFYMX, QEM ETSM, W HIE WIEQ R JE'E GSQYRMX'MM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, MRZSGRH
MRXIVZIR'ME (YLYPYM 7JRX (*% 1, 12 #M 17). 'YQ HI RY JYWIWI PE JIP HI JIVQ #M
PE %RXMSLME!
2I-EV TPGIE W #XMQ GYQ W-E RGLIMEX HMWTYXE. 4EZIP RY RI WTYRI RMQMG
R EGIWX WIRW, EWXJIP G YRMM I\IKI'M GSRWMHIV G R-EV 3 M^FRHMX #M G SF#XIE
E VQEW QTV'MX. %GIEWX MRXIVTVIXEVI QM WI TEVI RIZIVSWMQMP HEX 3MRH
GEVEGXIVYP TSPIQMG EP )TMWXSPIM WEPI GXVI +EPEXIRM, YRHI XVIFYMI 1. 6. /MI2IV,
n*SM IX NYWXM3GEXMSR E %RXMSGLI~, -RXIVTVIXEXMSR HYR GSR4MX (0IG'MS (MZMRE,
RV. 1), 0I 'IVJ, 1982.
7 VIWTMRK TEW GY TEW TSWXYPEXIPI MYHEMÊRXI, 4EZIP RY EV 3 JSWX
EZERXENEX HEG VIEQMRXIE YR MRGMHIRX GEVI WI RGLIMEWI TVSWX TIRXVY XIÊ
PMFIVX'MM GVI#XMRI. 'SRWXEXQ, TI HI EPX TEVXI, G 4EZIP ZE GSRXMRYE W JEG
HMR %RXMSLME FEÊ WE HI TPIGEVI (*% 18, 2). (EG VYTXYVE RXVI MYHIS-GVI#XMRM #M
TKRS-GVI#XMRM JYWIWI HI3RMXMZ, W-EV QEM 3 RXSVW 4EZIP PE -IVYWEPMQ PE
GETXYP GIPIM HI-E XVIME GPXSVMM E WE, GY VSHYP GLIXIM IGYQIRMGI# (IWMKYV G
VIPE'MMPI PYM 4EZIP GY &MWIVMGE-QEQ IVEY RGSVHEXI (ZI^M 6Q 15, 25-3), HEV
HSVMR'E HI GSQYRMYRI XVIGIE R JE'E VITVS#YVMPSV TI GEVI #M PI EHYGIEY EQFIPI
TV'M.
)ZERKLIPME HMR %RXMSLME: 1EXIM 1YP'M EYXSVM1 QTVX#IWG MHIIE G
)ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM E JSWX VIHEGXEX R 7MVME (QIR'MSREX R 1X 4, 24), HYT
VYTXYVE HI3RMXMZ RXVI MYHEMWQ #M GVI#XMRMWQ, WSPHEX GY MRXVSHYGIVIE
FPIWXIQYPYM QTSXVMZE QMRMQ-PPSV R VYKGMYRIE HI WMREKSK (7LIQSRI )WVI).
1SXMZI RXIQIMEXI TIVQMX GSR3VQEVIE MTSXIÎM HI QEM WYW #M TPEWEVIE
PIEKRYPYM EGIWXIM )ZERKLIPMM PE %RXMSLME. 7-E ZSVFMX HIWISVM HIWTVI #GSEPE PYM
1EXIM: GY GSRHM'ME HI E RY ETPMGE XIVQIRYPYM S VMKMHMXEXI I\GIWMZ, IWXI WMKYV
G VIHEGXEVIE TVMQIM )ZERKLIPMM IWXI VSHYP YRIM MRXIRWI XVYHI HSGXVMREPI.
(EG IZERKLIPMWXYP M VIGLIEQ TI RZ'XSVMM XMQTYPYM PE WQIVIRMI (1X 23, 8-
P), IP JEGI HMR RZ'XYV #M HMR R'IPIKIVI GEPMX'M MRHMWTIRWEFMPI TIRXVY ZME'E
GVI#XMR. 4QRXYP FYR M VITVI^MRX TI GIM GEVI EYH 'YZRXYP #M R'IPIK (13,
23: MHII TVSTVMI PYM 1EXIM). 'YRSWGXSVM EM XEMRIPSV QTV'MIM, ETSWXSPMM WYRX
EWIQIRIE EGIPYM KSWTSHEV GEVI #XMI W WGSEX HMR ZMWXMIVME WE RSM #M ZIGLM (1X
13, 52). 3 EXEVI EGXMZMXEXI HI RZ'XYV EVI HVITX GEHVY 3VIWG YR SVE#. 'IIE
GI JEZSVMÎE^ GERHMHEXYVE %RXMSLMIM GE PIEKR EP )ZERKLIPMIM HYT 1EXIM IWXI
JETXYP G EGIEWX GEVXI TVI^MRX S QEVI ETVSTMIVI HI XVEHM'MMPI MYHIS-GVI#XMRI
#M XSXSHEX S SVMIRXEVI LSXVX GXVI QMWMYRIE YRMZIVWEP. 7MRKYVE GEVI
IZSG PMQMXEVIE QMWMYRMM PYM -MWYW PE SMPI GIPI TMIVHYXI EPI GEWIM PYM -WVEIP (10,
5 #M YVQ., 15, 24), IWXI R EGIPE#M XMQT #M )ZERKLIPME GEVI WI RGLIMI TVMR
SVHMRYP HI QMWMYRI GIP QEM KIRIVEP: (VITX EGIIE, QIVKRH, RZ'E'M XSEXI
RIEQYVMPI. (28, 19).
7 EHYKQ MQTSVXER'E EGSVHEX 3KYVMM PYM 4IXVY2. 8VEHM'ME E VI'MRYX
QEM GY WIEQ PIKXYVE RXVI )ZERKLIPME E HSYE #M JVYRXE#YP ETSWXSPMPSV: RY IVE
1EVGY XPQEGMYP PYM 4IXVY# R XMQT GI 1EVGY RY XVIGI WYF XGIVI RMGMYRE HMR
WPFMGMYRMPI ETSWXSPYPYM, 1EXIM PI IWXSQTIE^ RXVYGXZE (R EJEV HI 16, 23)
#M, QEM EPIW, IWXI WMRKYVYP GEVI E TWXVEX QEM QYPXI ITMWSEHI HSZIHMRH G
4IXVY IWXI MRXIVTVIXYP GEPM3GEX EP XVEHM'MIM. 4IXVY IWXI GIP GEVI E4
GSQTSVXEQIRXYP TSXVMZMX R PIKXYV GY HMHVELQE TIRXVY .. >YQWXIMR,
%RXMSGLI WYV P3VSRXI IX P)ZERKMPI WIPSR 1EXXLMIY, R 7XYHMIVM ^YQ 2IYIR
8IWXEQIRX YRH WIMRIV 9Q[IPX, 5, 0MR^, 1980, TT. 12-P38.
2. 6. ). &VS[R, /. 4. (SRJVMIH #M .. 6IYQERR, 7EMRX 4MIVVI HERW PI
2SYZIEY 8IWXEQIRX (XVEH. *VERGI^ 0IG'MS (MZMRE, RV. 79), 0I 'IVJ, 1974, TT.
95-P34.
8IQTPY #M XSX IP TVMQI#XI VIKYPE MIVXVMM JV QEVKMRM (18, 21 #M YVQ.).
(IWIQREX GE 7XRG ('LIJE), IP IWXI XIQIPME &MWIVMGMM TVMR GVIHMR'E WE R
,VMWXSW, *MY EP (YQRIÎYPYM GIPYM ZMY #M TWXVXSVYP GLIMPSV MRXVVMM R
QTV'MI (16, 17-P9). 'Y XSEXI EGIWXI EQMRXMVM HIWTVI 4IXVY, %RXMSLME IWXI
GSQYRMXEXIE R GEVI )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM EVI GIPI QEM QYPXI #ERWI W 3
JSWX EPGXYMX.
(MHELME 7-E TYW RXVIFEVIE HEG (MHELME RY EV TYXIE TVSZIRM #M IE HMR
%RXMSLME. %3RMX'MPI RXVI (MHELMI #M )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM WYRX HI
RIXKHYMX; EWXJIP, XI\XYP 4EXIV-YPYM HMR (MHELMI (:-, 2) GSVIWTYRHI VIGIR^MIM
PYRKM E PYM 1EXIM #M RY VIGIR^MIM WGYVXI E PYM 0YGE (GMRGM GIVMR'I). 4IRXVY
EHQMRMWXVEVIE FSXI^YPYM, (MHELME (:-, 3) TVIZIHI EGIIE#M JSVQYP XVMRMXEV GE
E PYM 1EXIM. 8SXY#M, WMXYE'ME GSRGVIX TI GEVI S EY R ZIHIVI GETMXSPIPI P-P5
GSVIWTYRHI YRSV QMGM GSQYRMX'M GI WYRX EHIWISVM PMTWMXI HI WPYNMXSVM WXEFMPM.
8VIFYMI EZYX KVMN W 3I EPI#M RXMWXXXSVM, ITMWGSTM #M HMEGSRM (15,1). %GIEWX
WMXYE'MI MRXIVQIHMEV RXVI MXMRIVERXE TVMQMPSV TVSTSZHYMXSVM #M SVKERMÊVIE
WXEFMP E WPYNMVMM, HIWTVI GEVI QVXYVMWI#XI -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM, WI TSXVMZI#XI GY
QMGMPI GSQYRMX'M KVIGI#XM HMR 7MVME ETYWIER, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -1.
-KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM, QMWXMGYP YRMX'MM 6EVIPI HEXI FMSKVE3GI TI GEVI PI
EZIQ HIWTVI -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM WYRX I\XVEWI HMR #ETXI WGVMWSVM EHVIWEXI HI
EGIWXE, TI HVYQYP QEVXMVMYPYM WY, GXVI 10, &MWIVMGMPSV TI GEVI EZIE W PI
WXVFEX2. 'SRHEQREX PE QSEVXI WYF EGYÊ'ME HI GVI#XMR, YVQE W 3I HEX
TVEH 3EVIPSV PE 6SQE, WTVI E WTSVM FYGYVME RSVSHYPYM, GEVI GIVIE QIVIY QEM
QYP'M SWRHM'M: 4ERIQ IX GMVGIRWIW! R TS3HE RHSMIPMPSV GI WI QERMJIWX
TIVMSHMG GY TVMZMVI PE EYXIRXMGMXEXIE PSV3, GIPI #ETXI WGVMWSVM WGVMWI R XMQTYP
GETXMZMX'MM WEPI GSRWXMXYMI KMYZEIVYP PMXIVEXYVMM GVI#XMRI HI PE RGITYXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE. (I YR FSKEX GSR'MRYX HSGXVMREP, IPI ZHIWG MR4YIR'E XVEHM'MIM
TEYPMRI #M E XVEHM'MIM MSERIMGI. +WMQ R IPI IGSYP HMVIGX EP GSRXVSZIVWIPSV
HSGXVMREPI HI EXYRGM #M QERMJIWXEVIE YRYM EXE#EQIRX 3IVFMRXI EP EYXSVYPYM JE'
HI TIVWSERE PYM ,VMWXSW.
1. ;. 6SVHSVJ #M %. 8YMPMIV, 0E HSGXVMRI HIW HSYÎ %TSXVIW ((MHEGLI),
7SYVGIW GLVIXMIRRIW, RV. 248, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1978, TT. 97-9.
2. 9XMPM^Q XVEHYGIVIE 4VMRXIPYM 8L. 'EQIPSX HMR 7SYVGIW GLVIXMIRRIW,
RV. 10 (IHM'ME E ,P-E, VIZ^YX, 1958). 3 EPX XVEHYGIVI Y#SV EGGIWMFMP: *V.
5YI]VI, 0IW TIVIW ETSWXSPMUYIW. )GVMXW HI PE TVMQMXMZI )KPMWI, GSP. 7EKIWWI,
7IYMP, 1980.
3. :I^M '. /ERRIRKMIWWIV, n0%2EMVI~ -KREGI H%RXMSGLI, R 67& 67
(1979), TT-59-609 #M 67& 69 (1981), TT. 49 #M YVQ.
(YT GI EQ IZSGEX TVSFPIQIPI EGIPSV XMQTYVM, ZSQ EVXE TI WGYVX GYQ
ERYQI IWXI -KREXMI QEVXSVYP TVMR I\GIPIR' EP YRMX'MM #M GI PSG HI'MRI PE IP
WTMVMXYEPMXEXIE QEVXMVMYPYM1.
R QEM QYPXI HMR WGVMWSVMPI WEPI, -KREXMI HIRYR' XIRHMR'E YRIM RXSEVGIVM
PE MYHEMWQ: 2Y Z PWE'M R#IPE'M HI RZ'XYVM WXVMRI, RMGM HI EGIPI FEWQI
ZIGLM, GI WYRX JV JSPSW. 'GM HEG #M EGYQ QEM XVMQ HYT PIKI, QVXYVMWMQ
G RY EQ TVMQMX LEVYP ('XVI 1EKRI^MIRM :-, 1). %GIWXE IWXI IGSYP HMVIGX EP
QERMJIWXYPYM PYM 4EZIP PE %RXMSLME (+E 2, 14 #M YVQ.). +VYTYP MYHEMÊR'MPSV IVE
RG TYXIVRMG R QEM QYPXI GSQYRMX'M: QTSXVMZE VIWTIGXVMM WEFEXYPYM, -KREXMI
VIGSQERH 'MRIVIE ^MPIM (SQRYPYM, ^M R GEVI ZME'E RM W-E RP'EX TVMR )P #M TVMR
QSEVXIE 0YM (1EKR. -<, 1). 'SRXVSZIVWE STYRI PIGXYV HYT PIGXYV HMR
7GVMTXYV ('XVI *MPEHIP3IRM, :-): TIRXVY -KREXMI, GVMXIVMYP RY IWXI EPXYP HIGX
TIVWSERE ZMI E PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW. 4IRXVY QMRI, EVLMZIPI QIPI WYRX -MWYW ,VMWXSW;
EVLMZI HI RIGPMRXMX GVYGIE 0YM, QSEVXIE #M RZMIVIE 0YM #M GVIHMR'E GI ZMRI HI
PE )P (*9. :-, 2).
(MR ZIRIVE'MI TIRXVY TIVWSERE PYM ,VMWXSW, GEVI RY TYXIE 3 GYTVMRW R
RIZSPRMGME GSRHM'MIM YQERI, YRMM GVXYVEVM WYW'MRIEY G ,VMWXSW RY WI RXVYTEWI
HIGX R ETEVIR'; HI YRHI RYQIPI PSV HI HSGLI'M (HMR KVIGIWYP HSOIMR, E
TVIE). QTSXVMZE EGIWXSVE, -KREXMI VMHMG TVSXIWXIPI GIPI QEM ZILIQIRXI,
TYRGXRH 3IGEVI HMRXVI HSKQI TVMRXV-YR GY EHIZVEX ETWEX: *M'M, TVMR
YVQEVI, WYV^M GRH ZM WI ZSVFI#XI HI EPXGIZE HIGX HI -MWYW ,VMWXSW, 'IP HMR
WIQMR'ME PYM (EZMH, *MY EP 1VMIM, 'IP 'EVI GY EHIZVEX 7-E RWGYX, E QRGEX #M
E FYX, 'EVI GY EHIZVEX E JSWX TVMKSRMX R XMQTYP PYM 4MPEX HMR 4SRX, 'EVI GY
EHIZVEX E JSWX VWXMKRMX #M E QYVMX R Z^YP GIPSV GIVI#XM, EP GIPSV TQRXI#XM #M
EP GIPSV HI HIHIWYFX, 'EVI GY EHIZVEX E RZMEX HMR QSV'M ('XVI 8VEPMIRM, -<,
1).
%WIQIRIE PYM 4EZIP R )TMWXSPE WE GXVI )JIWIRM, -KREXMI VIME JV
RGIXEVI XIQE YRMX'MM: 9RYP -MWYW ,VMWXSW, 'EVI E MI#MX HI PE 9RYP
8EXP (1EKR. :-, 2). 3 JSVQYPEVI HM3GMP R GSRGM^ME IM IZSG RZ'XYVMPI PYM
-SER EWYTVE TVIÎR'IM 8EXPYM R ,VMWXSW #M VIRXSEVGIVIE PYM ,VMWXSW PE 8EXP
(1EKR. :-, 2). 'SRGIRXVEX EWYTVE TIVWSERIM PYM ,VMWXSW, RZ' XYVE PYM -KREXMI
IWXI TY'MR I\TPMGMX EWYTVE (YLYPYM 7JRX. %GIWXE ETEVI, REMRXI HI XSEXI, GE
3MRH GIP GI P-E MRWTMVEX TI ITMWGST (*9. :-, 2). - WI VIGYRSE#XI YR VSP HI RXVMVI
R ZME'E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV (WEPYXYP GXVI 3PEHIP3IRM). 4IRXVY -KREXMI, &MWIVMGE
GEXSPMG (YRMZIVWEP) XVIFYMI W 3I WIQRYP ZM^MFMP EP EGIWXIM XEMRI E YRMX'MM. 3
WMRKYV VYKGMYRI, S WMRKYV GIVIVI, S WMRKYV QMRXI, S WMRKYV RHINHI R
QMPSWXIRMI, R FYGYVME HIWZV#MX; EGIWXIE R -MWYW ,VMWXSW, HIGX 'EVI RMQMG
RY IWXI QEM TVIWYW. 'Y XS'MM EHYRE'M-Z GE RXV-YR WMRKYV XIQTPY EP PYM
(YQRIÎY, GE QTVINYVYP YRYM WMRKYV EPXEV, R NYVYP YRYME -MWYW ,VMWXSW, 'EVI E
MI#MX HI PE 9RYP 8EXP, 'EVI IWXI 9RYP #M 'EVI PE 8EXP 7-E RXSVW (1EKR. :-).
0YTXRH QTSXVMZE JVEG'MSRVMM GSQYRMX'MPSV, -KREXMI TVIHMG RIRGIXEX
YRMVIE R NYVYP ITMWGSTYPYM, RGSRNYVEX HI TVI^FMXIVM. R ZVIQI GI, YR XMQT,
GSQYRMX'MPI IVEY HMVMKYMXI HI GSPIKMM, -KREXMI EXIWX EWXJIP ETEVM'ME :I^M
EVXMGSPYP -KREGI H%RXMSGLI EP 4VMRXIPYM 8L. 'EQIPSX, R (MGXMSRREMVI HI*
WTMVMXYEPMXI, X. :- (1970), GSP. 1250-P26.
)TMWGSTYPYM R GEHVYP GSPIKMYPYM HI TVIS'M. 2Y XVIFYMI W EMF PSG HIGX S
WMRKYV GIPIFVEVI IYLEVMWXMG, TVI^MHEX HI YR ITMWGST WEY HI GIP QTYXIVRMGMX
HI EGIWXE: %ZI'M KVMN W RY PYE'M TEVXI HIGX PE S WMRKYV IYLEVMWXMI; GGM RY
I\MWX HIGX YR WMRKYV XVYT, (SQRYP RSWXVY -MWYW ,VMWXSW #M YR WMRKYV TSXMV WTVI
YRMVIE GY WRKIPI 7Y; YR WMRKYV NIVXJIPRMG, HYT GYQ YR WMRKYV ITMWGST GY
TVIS'MM #M HMEGSRMM, QTVIYR GY QMRI WPYNMXSVM (*9. -:). 6SPYP HMEGSRMPSV RY
ETEVI JSEVXI HI3RMX: IWXI GPEV G IM WI WYTYR HMVIGX ITMWGSTYPYM (1EKR. -).
1MWXMGE QEVXMVMYPYM 3WRHMX W 3I WJ#MEX HI 3EVI, -KREXMI JEGI S YGIRMGMI
EWTV: T^MXSVMM PYM WI TSEVX EWIQIRIE PISTEV^MPSV _'XVI 6SQERM :, 1)! 4VEH
EGIWXIM WYJIVMR'I GSRXMRYI, -KREXMI RY QEM R^YMI#XI HIGX #M QEM 3IVFMRXI PE
GSRWYQEVIE QEVXMVMYPYM. 7GVMMRHY-PI VSQERMPSV, PI MRXIV^MGI W MRXIVZMR R
JEZSEVIE PYM TIRXVY E-P WGTE HI GSP'MM 3EVIPSV (6SQ. -:). 9RMM XIVQIRM TSX HYGI
GY KRHYP PE S HIWGSRWMHIVEVI E ZMI'MM TVIÎRXI #M PE HMWTVI' TIRXVY QEXIVMI.
%WXJIP, G'MZE GSQIRXEXSVM W-EY KRHMX PE S MR3PXVEVI HI MHIM KRSWXMGI: (SVMR'E
QIE TQRXIEWG E JSWX VWXMKRMX #M RY QEM WP#PYMI#XI R QMRI JSG W
MYFIWG QEXIVME, GM WI E4 R QMRI S ET ZMI GEVI QYVQYV RPYRXVY-QM: n:MRS
GXVI 8EXP!~ (6SQ. :-, 2).
%PY^MMPI IZMHIRXI PE RZ'XYVE )ZERKLIPMIM E TEXVE (ZI^M R 4, 10; 7, 38;
14) EVEX GY TVMWSWMR' G -KREXMI RY WI WMXYIE^ TI XVQYP XISVIXMG EP YRIM
HSGXVMRI HIWTVI HYL #M QEXIVMI, GM TI TPERYP IQMREQIRXI TIVWSREP EP RXPRMVMM
GY -MWYW ,VMWXSW. 4VSFPIQE PYM -KREXMI IWXI HI E HIZIRM TMRI GYVEX E PYM
,VMWXSW, HI E 3 GY EHIZVEX YGIRMG EP PYM ,VMWXSW, EPXY-VRHY-WI EGIWXYME
HMRGSPS HI QSEVXI (6SQ. -:, 2-3). )PIQIRXYP GIP QEM VIQEVGEFMP IWXI PIKXYVE
HMRXVI EYXIRXMGMXEXIE GIPIFVVMM IYLEVMWXMGI #M VIEPMWQYP YRMVMM GY ,VMWXSW. 7I
TSEXI WTYRI G -KREXMI E XVMX EXX HI MRXIRW XEMRE TMRMM #M E TSXMVYPYM
IYLEVMWXMGI, RGX ZVIE W WI EPXYVI PYM ,VMWXSW TEVXMGMTRH PE NIVXJE 7E. 0IEG EP
RIQYVMVMM ('XVI )JIWIRM <, 2), )YLEVMWXME RY HMWTVI'YMI#XI I\MWXIR'E HI EMGM, GM
TIVQMXI GE, R ZME'E RSEWXV HI ^M GY ^M, W RI EPXYVQ TVMR ,VMWXSW, RXV-S
QTVIYR-TV^RYMVI, 9RYPYM (YQRIÎY QERMJIWXEX TVMR *MYP 7Y -MWYW ,VMWXSW
(1EKR. :-, 2).
2Y IWXI YPYMXSV W GSRWXEXQ G YRIPI HMRXVI XIQIPI IWIR'MEPI EPI
HMWTYXIM HMR %RXMSLME WI KWIWG HI^ZSPXEXI #M EGXYEPMÊXI PE -KREXMI# )WXI
HSZEHE G PIG'ME PYM 4EZIP E HEX VSEHI. +PSVME PYM -KREXMI GSRWX R E 3 EWSGMEX
RXV-S RZ'XYV E4EX WYF WIQRYP I\TIVMIR'IM WEPI XVEHM'MMPI ZIRMXI HI PE
4EZIP #M GIPI EPI PYM -SER. 4YRRH PE WSGSXIEP #M )ZERKLIPME HYT 1EXIM, GEVI
E GYRSWGYX S EXX HI PEVK VWTRHMVI R &MWIVMGE ZIGLI, GSRWXEXQ EWXJIP G
%RXMSLME E JSWX YRYP HMR GVIYÎXIPI R GEVI W-E JYVMX HSKQE HI GVIHMR'
GEXSPMG (YRMZIVWEP).
)HSYEVH 'SXLIRIX 4EZIP #M &EVREFE, ETSWXSPM EM 'MTVYPYM 'MTVYP EXVEKI R
QSH 3VIWG EXIR'ME MWXSVMGMPSV GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RXVYGX *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV JEG HMR
IP YRE HMRXVI GIPI QEM ZIGLM IXETI EPI IZERKLIPM^VMM. )WXI YRE HMRXVI GIPI
HMRXM &MWIVMGM KVIGI#XM, TVIQIVKXSEVI GIPIM HMR %RXMSLME #M IWXI PSGYP R GEVI
4EZIP W-E HIWGSTIVMX GE QMWMSREV.
4VMQE GSQYRMXEXI GVI#XMR WI RVHGMRIE^ RXV-S HMEWTSVE MYHEMG GI
HEXE RG HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE . ,V. "M GEVI E TWXVEX RXSXHIEYRE VETSVXYVM
WXVRWI GY -IVYWEPMQYP; TR R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE, 'MTVYP E XSX TVMQMX, TVMR
YVQEVI, SEQIRM #M MR4YIR'I HMR 4EPIWXMRE.
R -IVYWEPMQYP 'MRGMÎGMQMM, MYHIMM HMR 'MTVY, E4E'M R ZM^MX R SVE#, W-EY
EPMRMEX XEFIVIM IPIRMWXI E TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM, GIE E PYM "XIJER, HI I\TVIWMI KVIEG
#M GIE QEM HIXE#EX HI TVEGXMGMPI 8JIQTPYPYM. (YT QSEVXIE PYM "XIJER, GMTVMS'MM
W-EY RXSVW TI MRWYPE PSV, HI YRHI S TEVXI (I\GPYW HMR WMREKSKM#) E XVIGYX R
%RXMSLME, EHYGRH #M EMGM )ZERKLIPME. &MWIVMGE HMR 'MTVY IVE HIGM &MWIVMGE-
QEQ E GIPIM HMR %RXMSLME.
'MTVYP IVE, HYT KISKVEJYP KVIG 7XVEFSR, YR YVME# TSH RXVI 'MPMGME #M
7MVME, WMXYE'MI GEVI RI JEGI W R'IPIKIQ VSPYP #M EG'MYRIE PYM &EVREFE. %GIWX
PIZMX HMR 'MTVY IWXI HIWGVMW R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV GE YR HI'MRXSV HI
TQRXYVM; WXEXYXYP WY IWXI VITVIÎRXEXMZ, GGM MQMKVER'MPSV PM WI EGSVHEWI
HVITXYP HI TVSTVMIXEXI EWYTVE TQRXYVMPSV HIJVM#EFMPI. &EVREFE GPXSVIE
RXVI 'MTVY, -IVYWEPMQ, %RXMSLME 7MVMIM #M 8EVWYP 'MPMGMIM, HI YRHI P-E EHYW TI
4EZIP. %GIWXI E\I HI GMVGYPE'MI WYRX EXIWXEXI HI HITPEWVMPI EXPI'MPSV #M EPI
RIKY'XSVMPSV.
4SVRMRH HMR %RXMSLME #M PE MRM'MEXMZE &MWIVMGMM-3MGI &EVREFE #M 7EYP EY
JGYX, RWS'M'M HI 1EVGY, TVMQE PSV GPXSVMI TI MRWYP, JV RHSMEP R ERYP 4.
"M-EY PYEX HVITX SFMIGXMZI WYGGIWMZI GIPI HSY SVE#I TVMRGMTEPI: 7EPEQMRE,
GIRXVYP ZIGLM EP GYPXYVMM #M GSQIV'YPYM #M 4EJSW, SVE#YP RSY, GEVI EHYKE EGYQ
PE VIRYQIPI MRXIVRE'MSREP EP WERGXYEVYPYM WY JYRG'MMPI YRIM GETMXEPI
EHQMRMWXVEXMZI VSQERI #M WIHMYP MRWXER'IPSV JIHIVEPI GMTVMSXI. 0E 4EJSW, 4EZIP
IWXI VITVIÎRXEX RXV-YR QSH GSRZIR'MSREP #M WXIVISXMT. %4EX R ^SVMM QMWMYRMM
WEPI, ETSWXSPYP XVIFYMI W-#M HSZIHIEWG PIKMXMQMXEXIE TVMR LEVMWQIPI PYM. 3
JEGI VIHYGRH PE RITYXMR' YR ZVNMXSV MYHIY, YR R'IPITX (IPMQ, R WIQMXMG)
TI RYQI &EV-0WYW. %GIEWX GSRJVYRXEVI, GEVI EVI ZEPSEVI HI RZIWXMXYV, WI
FM^YMI XSXY#M TI YR JYRHEP EP VIEPMX'MPSV PSGEPI, GGM 'MTVYP IVE VIRYQMX GE 'MRYX
EP QEKMIM TVMRXVI VSQERMM GSRXIQTSVERM GY 4PMRMY.
&EVREFE, QEVXMV EP 'MTVYPYM (EV QEM GY WIEQ IXETE GMTVMSX M
JYVRMÎE^ PYM 4EZIP S XVEQFYPMR GXVI PYQIE VSQER. 4SXVMZMX *ETXIPSV, IP P-E
GSRZIVXMX TI TVSGSRWYPYP 7IVKMYW 4EYPYW, E GVYM RITSEX W-E RYQVEX, TSEXI,
TVMRXVI GVI#XMRMM HMR 6SQE. 7EYP M-E EHSTXEX TSVIGPE WMQFSPMG GIP 7PEF.
0YGVY GY XSXYP WTIGMEP, JEQMPME EGIWXYME EZIE RYQIVSEWI GSRXEGXI GY %RXMSLME
4MWMHMIM, S GSPSRMI VSQER HMR TSHM#YP EREXSPMER GEVI E GSRWXMXYMX E HSYE IXET
E PYM 4EZIP. )WXI IZMHIRX G VIGSQERHVMPI TVSGSRWYPYPYM EZYWIWIV KVIYXEXIE
PSV.
R ERWEQFPY, *ETXIPI SJIV MRJSVQE'MM QEM TY'MR GY TVMZMVI PE GVI#XMREVIE
MRWYPIM, GX PE VSPYP HI PIKXYV TI GEVI P-E NYGEX IXETE HI PE 4EJSW, TVMR
RGVIRKXYVMPI HI VIPE'MM MRXIVRE'MSREPI GI JYRG'MSREY EMGM. R RGIVGEVIE HI E
ETVIGME TXVYRHIVIE RSMM VIPMKMM TI EGIWX XIVMXSVMY, IWXI RIGIWEV W RI
RXSEVGIQ HMR RSY PE &EVREFE, GSRWMHIVEX TI TPER PSGEP HVITX RXIQIMIXSVYP IM,
GY XSEXI G RY IWXI WSGSXMX TVMRXVI QEVMM ETSWXSPM QMWMSREVM EM MWXSVMIM GVI#XMRI
TVMQEVI.
(MWTYRIQ HI S WGYVX TSZIWXMVI HI GPXSVMI, EXVMFYMX 7JRXYPYM 1EVGY -
XSZEV#YP WY S TSZIWXMVI GY GEVEGXIV LEKMSKVE3G #M EPGXYMX JSEVXI XV^MY,
GXVI ERYP 485, GRH E XVIFYMX PIKMXMQEX MQTSVXER'E VIPMKMSEW E 7EPEQMRIM,
TVSQSZEX HVITX GETMXEP E TVSZMRGMIM. %YXSVYP YQTPI KSPYP *ETXIPSV, HYT
HIWTV'MVIE HI 4EZIP, YXMPM^RH YR QIHMY KISKVE3G TI GEVI P GYRSE#XI FMRI,
GIIE GI-P RHVITX'I#XI TI MWXSVMG W HIHYG HMR XI\X GXIZE MRHMGE'MM HIWTVI
VIEG'MMPI PE IZERKLIPMÊVI R XMQT, FMRIR'IPIW. 1MWMYRIE GVI#XMR IWXI
HIWGVMW GE S TEVGYVKIVI WMWXIQEXMG E MRWYPIM, JV S VIPE'MI HI GSRXMRYMXEXI
GY TVMQE GPXSVMI EPXGYQZE HIGX TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP PYM &EV-0WYW, 3KYV
IQFPIQEXMG E SWXMPMX'MM IZVIMI#XM. )P TSEVX VWTYRHIVIE EVIWXVMM #M I\IGY'MIM
PYM &EVREFE PE 7EPEQMRE, WYF HSQRME PYM 2IVS, R TEVEPIP GY TVMQE REVWIGY'MI
VSQER. RW VSQERMM HMR 'MTVY WYRX MIVXE'M #M, WI TEVI, GLMEV YR ETVSTMEX EP PYM
2IVS EV 3 MRXIVZIRMX R JEZSEVIE PSV; XVEHM'ME TEVI HIWXYP HI WSPMH, GGM JEQMPMM
HI PMFIV'M MQTIVMEPM WYRX GYRSWGYXI R GIXEXI, WYF EGIEWX SGVQYMVI.
-QTVIWME KIRIVEP GI VIMIWI HMR EGIWX TIVMTPY IWXI GEVEGXIVYP ERIZSMSW
EP TXVYRHIVMM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R SVE#I. (IWMKYV, EGIWX I#IG EP ETSWXSPMPSV PI
IWXI MQTYXEX MYHIMPSV. (MRGSPS HI EGIEWXE, XSXY#M, GVI#XMRM #M TKRM WI
HIPMQMXIE^ R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI TVEGXMGE WVFXSVMPSV #M E WTIGXEGSPIPSV,
GSRWMHIVEX MHSPSQERMI. 6I^MWXIR'E GYPXIPSV PSGEPI WI HIWPY#I#XI #M R PMTWE
IZSGVMM IM TVSTVMY-^MWI: &EVREFE #M-E QYXEX SFMIGXMZYP HMR 4EJSW-2SY, GETMXEPE
VSQER, R 3VE#YP :IGLM, GIP QEM WXVZIGLM #M GIPIFVY WERGXYEV EP %JVSHMXIM;
WMRKYVIPI GSRZIVXMVM WYRX, R QSH WMQFSPMG, GIPI EPI WGPEZMPSV WEGVM, S GEXIKSVMI
GEVEGXIVMWXMG E XIQTPIPSV GMTVMSXI. %GIEWX VI^MWXIR' VIPMKMSEW IWXI
GSR3VQEX HI EYXSVM TKRM #M GVI#XMRM, GEVI EXIWX ZMXEPMXEXIE %JVSHMXIM HMR
'MTVY TR PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE. %TSWXSPMM WI MQTPERXIE^ E#EHEV R
WEXI #M GLMEV R LEFMXEXI XVSKPSHMXI, GE EGIPE EP MIFYWIMPSV, RYQI FMFPMG
RGMJVEX GEVI HIWIQRIE^, TSEXI, WEQE-VMXIRM. 1SÊMGYVM HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE
HEY QVXYVMI, HI EPXQMRXIVM, HIWTVI RWIQRXEXIE TI#XIVMM R MQEKMREVYP
GMTVMSX, GEVI WXEFMPIE, TVSFEFMP, S PIKXYV GY PEFMVMRXYP 1MRSXEYVYPYM. %PXI 3KYVM
HI W3R'M RXIQIMIXSVM TIVTIXYIE^ EGIEWX XVEHM'MI GY TVMZMVI PE YR GVI#XMRMWQ
QEVKMREP, VIXVEW HMR PYQI: GIE E TYWXRMGYPYM -PEVMSR PE 4EJSW, GIE E TWXSVYPYM
7TMVMHSR PE 8VMQMXLSW. 'VI#XMREVIE XMQTYVMI E 'MRYXYPYM QMRMIV HMR 'MTVY R
NYVYP 8EQEWWYWYPYM, RJ'M#EX GE TVMQE &MWIVMG WI TSEXI I\TPMGE TVMRXV-YR
IZIRMQIRX MWXSVMG: HITSVXEVIE QMRIVMPSV GVI#XMRM, R XMQTYP PYM (MSGPI'MER, PE
QMRIPI HI GYTVY GMTVMSXI. 'VI#XMREVIE 8VMQMXLSWYPYM, EP XVIMPIE WGEYR ETSWXSPMG
R WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, IWXI QEM SFWGYV: IVE YR SVE# RSY, HI MRXIVMSV, JV
RHSMEP YR TSWX QMPMXEV.
'SR4MGXYP HI EYXSVMXEXI GY %RXMSLME &MWIVMGE 'MTVYPYM ETEVI R MWXSVMI R
WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, GY HSEV XVIM WGEYRI ITMWGSTEPI, R XMQT GI MRWYPE RYQV
GMRGMWTVIÎGI SVE#I. 'VI#XMREVIE GIX'MPSV HEXIE^ HIGM HSEV HI PE TEGIE
&MWIVMGMM, RGLIMEX WYF 'SRWXERXMR (313). RGITRH GY EGIEWX HEX
M^FYGRI#XI YR GSR4MGX HI EYXSVMXEXI GY TEXVMEVLEXYP %RXMSLMIM, GEVI WI RGLIMI
TVMR HIGPEVE'ME HI EYXSGIJEPMI R ERYP 48. &MWIVMGE 'MTVYPYM H RE#XIVI, PE
WJV#MXYP ZIEGYPYM EP -:-PIE, YRYM VIQEVGEFMP ITMWGST, ZIRMX HMR 4EPIWXMRE,
)TMJERMI EP 7EPEQMRIM, GXMXSVYP SVE#YPYM ITMWGSTEP, TSPIQMWXYP ETVMK QTSXVMZE
EVMERMWQYPYM #M YR MWXSVMG GEVI VQRI YRE HMR GIPI QEM FYRI WYVWI EPI
RSEWXVI R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI WIGXIPI IZVIMI#XM.
R XMQTYP -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER, GVI#XMRMWQYP GMTVMSX HI RGITYX W-E
RXIQIMEX I\GPYWMZ TI 3KYVE #M EGXMZMXEXIE PYM &EVREFE. 8VIFYMI E#XITXEX
ITSGE FMÊRXMR TIRXVY GE PIKXYVMPI GY 6SQE W TVMRH KPEW, TVMR PIKIRHE
RXIQIMIXSVYPYM &MWIVMGMM HMR 7SPSM %Y\MFMSW, GSRZIVXMX PE 6SQE HI 7JRXYP
1EVGY. 0IKIRHE PYM VIWXEFMPI#XI S 3PME'MI TEYPMR, TVMR VIGYTIVEVIE YRSV
TIVWSRENI PIKEXI HI 4EZIP R *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, 8MLMG #M )TEJVEW, TI GEVI
ETSWXSPYP M-EV 3 E#IÊX ITMWGSTM PE 4EJSW.
1EVMI-*VERUSMWI &EWPI^ M 7JV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE 'MXMXSVYP *ETXIPSV
%TSWXSPMPSV GEVI E YVQVMX, HI PE GETMXSPYP 13, GPXSVMMPI QMWMSREVI EPI PYM
4EZIP, IWXI GIP TY'MR WYVTVMRW GE, ENYRKRH PE YPXMQIPI ZIVWIXI EPI GV'MM (28,
30-31), W KWIEWG S STIV ETEVIRX RIRGLIMEX: WI #XMI G 4EZIP, TVM^SRMIV PE
6SQE, XVIFYMI W 3I NYHIGEX EGSPS, HEV TSZIWXMVIE WI STVI#XI. (I GI YR WJV#MX
EXX HI EFVYTX# 4SX EPXI M^ZSEVI W RI PQYVIEWG EWYTVE QSV'MM PYM 4EZIP #M E
QEVXMVMYPYM WY PE 6SQE#
*MREPYP GV'MM *ETXIPSV IWXI HIVYXERX. R ZVIQI GI TSZIWXMVIE ERYR', HI
PE GETMXSPYP 25, P-P2, G 4EZIP YVQIE^ W 3I NYHIGEX PE 6SQE, R JE'E
QTVEXYPYM, IE VQRI R WYWTIRWMI. 4EZIP WI E4 PE 6SQE, RXV-S PSGYMR' E
WE, T^MX HI YR WSPHEX. %MGM M TVMQI#XI TI XS'M GIM GI ZMR W-P RXPRIEWG #M
ZIWXI#XI GY RHV^RIEP QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY #M GIPI HIWTVI (SQRYP -MWYW
,VMWXSW. 2Y I\MWX RMGM S YQFV E ZVIYRYM TVSGIW #M RMGM E GIIE GI M W-EV 3 TYXYX
RXQTPE PYM 4EZIP TR GRH E QYVMX.
-TSXIÎPI TIRXVY E I\TPMGE EGIWX WJV#MX EFVYTX EY JSWX JSEVXI
RYQIVSEWI. 0YGE #M-EV 3 RXVIVYTX PYGVEVIE, HI I\IQTPY, HMR PMTW HI
TIVKEQIRX (GEQ RIWIVMSW); SVM 3MRHG HYFPE PYM STIV IVE HINE TVIE PYRK
(MTSXI^ KVEXYMX); SVM GLMEV 3MRHG #M-EV 3 WGVMW GEVXIE R XMQTYP GETXMZMX'MM
VSQERI E PYM 4EZIP HEV EGIWX PYGVY IWXI TY'MR TVSFEFMP, GGM 0YGE WGVMI
RGLIMIVIE R EGIPE#M QSH GE VIWXYP PYGVVMM WEPI, EHMG TVIÎRXRH-S GE TI S
ITSG RGLIMEX. %Q QEM TYXIE TVIWYTYRI G WJV#MXYP QERYWGVMWYPYM W-E
TMIVHYX, HEV IWXI RIZIVSWMQMP, HEG RI GPY^MQ HYT KVMNE GY GEVI EY
GSRWIVZEX GVI#XMRMM WGVMIVMPI IVIM ETSWXSPMGI.
-TSXIÎ PIKEXI HI GVMXIVMYP EHIZVYPYM #M EP MWXSVMGMX'MM 4VSFPIQE TV'MM
3REPI E *ETXIPSV E VIETVYX R 1983, S HEX GY S PYGVEVI E PYM '. 8VIWQSRXERX1.
%GIWX EYXSV ME RXV-EHIZV GE EVKYQIRX RGLIMIVIE *ETXIPSV, TIRXVY E
HIQSRWXVE G STIVE PYM 0YGE E JSWX XIVQMREX REMRXI HI QSEVXIE PYM 4IXVY #M
HI GIE E PYM 4EZIP, RXQTPEXI, HYT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, GXVI ERYP 64, R XMQTYP
PYM 2IVS. 'IIE GI JEPWM3G R QSH GPEV PYGVYVMPI WYRX TVIWYTS^M'MMPI GEVI ZSV GE
WGVMIVIE TV'MM 3REPI E *ETXIPSV W 1. '. 8VIWQSRXERX, 0I 'LVMWX LIFVIY, 4EVMW.
*MI GSRXIQTSVER GY WSWMVIE PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE: )ZERKLIPMMPI #M *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV RY EV 3 EHIZVEXI HIGX R QWYVE R GEVI EV 3 HSEV XVERWGVMIVIE
IZIRMQIRXIPSV TI GEVI PI MWXSVMWIWG, TI QWYV GI EGIWXIE WI HIWJ#SEV.
%ZIQ HI-E JEGI EMGM GY S GSRGIT'MI HIWTVI MWXSVMI #M EHIZV GI M^ZSV#XI HMR
TS^MXMZMWQYP WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE. %HIZVYP WGVMIVMPSV FMFPMGI, HYT GYQ S
VIEQMRXI#XI GSRGMPMYP :EXMGER -, RY VI^YPX HMR NYHIGEXE YRYM MWXSVMG TS^MXMZMWX,
GM HMR JETXYP G &MWIVMGE, FM^YMRHY-WI TI XVEHM'ME GIE QEM RHITVXEX, PI
VIGYRSE#XI GE 3MRH MRWTMVEXI HI (YLYP 7JRX. 4EVI IWIR'MEP W VIGETMXYPQ
EGIWXI RS'MYRM, TIRXVY E RY EWSGME MTSXIÎPI TVMZMXSEVI PE HEXVM GY GLIWXMYRMPI
HI GVIHMR'.
(EXIPI XI\XYPYM ETYWIER
&MFPMMPI HI GEVI RI JSPSWMQ EWX^M RI SJIV XVEHYGIVIE GV'MM *ETXIPSV
HYT ZIVWMYRMPI KVIGI#XM EPI QEVMPSV WGVMIVM YRGMEPI HMR WIGSPIPI -:-:, GYQ WYRX
GSHMGMM 7MREMXMGYW, %PI\ERHVMRYW #M :EXMGERYW. 4Y'MRM GMXMXSVM EM *ETXIPSV #XMY RW
G I\MWX S ZIVWMYRI QEM PYRK E EGIWXSVE, HIRYQMX ETYWIER, XVERWQMW
RXVI EPXIPI HI 'SHI\YP &IÊI (WIGSPYP EP :-PIE). 7-EV TYXIE1 W 3I ZSVFE
HI S E HSYE IHM'MI, EHYKMX, HEXSVEX EGIPYME#M EYXSV EP TVMQIM IHM'MM. 3V, R
ZIVWMYRIE PYRK E TV'MM 3REPI HMR *ETXI, KWMQ GIPI GI YVQIE^: (EV MYHIMM,
QTSXVMZMRHY-RM-WI #M ENYRKRH TR EGSPS RGX W WXVMKI: n3QSV'M-P TI
ZVNQE#YP RSWXVY!~, EQ JSWX RIZSMX W GIV ENYXSV 'IÊVYPYM, HEV RY G E# EZIE
HI EHYW ZVIS TV RIEQYPYM QIY, GM GE W-QM VWGYQTV ZME'E GY S
QSEVXI (*% 28, 19)2. %GIEWX TVIGMÊVI E XI\XYPYM WYTVERYQMX ETYWIER
TEVI W IZSGI QSEVXIE PYM 4EZIP, MEV EYXSVYP *ETXIPSV WI RKVMNI#XI W RI-S
TVI^MRXI GE WXRH EPXYVM HI QSEVXIE PYM ,VMWXSW: 4EZIP #M RGLIMI HVYQYP TI
YVQIPI PYM ,VMWXSW, HRHY-#M ZME'E. %VKYQIRXYP XGIVMM *ETXIPSV GY TVMZMVI PE
QSEVXIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI E#EHEV HITEVXI HI E 3 HI RIGSRWXIWXEX.
4IVWTIGXMZE GV'MM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV (MZIVWIPI MTSXIÎ VIJIVMXSEVI PE
WJV#MXYP GV'MM *ETXIPSV WYRX HI ZEPSEVI MRIKEP, HEV GIIE GI PI #YFVIÎ#XI HI
GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM IWXI JETXYP G IPI YMX W TPEWIÎ EGIEWX RGLIMIVI R
VIPE'MI GY TIVWTIGXMZE HI ERWEQFPY E GV'MM *ETXIPSV. 3V EGIEWX TIVWTIGXMZ
IWXI GPEV: 0YGE RI TSEVX HI PE -IVYWEPMQ PE 6SQE, XVIGRH TVMR %RXMSLME, %WME
1MG #M +VIGME. %GIWXE IWXI XSGQEM TPERYP ERYR'EX RG HMR GETMXSPYP 1,
ZIVWIXYP 8. 'RH 4EZIP ENYRKI PE 6SQE, GETXYP HVYQYPYM ZIWXMX HI 0YGE E JSWX
EXMRW; STIVE IWXI 1. ). (IPIFIGUYI, 0IW HIY\ %GXIW HIW %TSXVIW, )XYHIW
FMFPMUYIW, WIVMI RSY, RV. 6, +EFEPHE, 4EVMW, 1986.
2. -FMH., T. 156.
RGLMW. %GIEWX GPXSVMI TR R GETMXEPE -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER WI
RXQTP W 3I R EGIPE#M XMQT TVSMIG'ME KISKVE3G E XVIGIVMM )ZERKLIPMIM HI PE
MYHIM PE TKRM. 8SEX GEVXIE *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV E MPYWXVEX SVFMVIE YRIM QEVM
TV'M E TSTSVYPYM MYHEMG #M, R GSRXVEWX, FMRIZSMXSEVIE TVMQMVI E )ZERKLIPMIM HI
GXVI TKRM.
*MREPYP PYGVVMM VI^YQ #M RGLIMI GIIE GI E JSWX HIWGVMW GY HI-EQ-
RYRXYP R EG'MYRIE QMWMSREV E PYM 4EZIP. %GIWXE M EHYR PE 6SQE TI RSXEFMPMM
MYHIM, TIRXVY E PI I\TPMGE HI GI E ENYRW R WMXYE'ME HI E VIGYVKI PE QTVEX: HMR
TVMGMRE STS^M'MIM MYHIMPSV. )P GEYX W-P GSRZMRK, ZSVFMRHY-PI HIWTVI -MWYW HMR
0IKIE PYM 1SMWI #M HMR TVSVSGM (*% 28, 23). 'MXEXYP TI GEVI 0YGE P E#XIVRI TI
FYÎPI PYM 4EZIP (W 6, 9-P0) RI TIVQMXI W R'IPIKIQ, PE GETXYP *ETXIPSV, G
SVFMVIE TSTSVYPYM MYHIY #M XVIGIVIE PE RIEQYVMPI TKRI WYRX GSRJSVQI
7GVMTXYVMPSV. (I EMGM, 0YGE RI TSEXI PWE R JE'E PYM 4EZIP, GEVI TVMQIE TI XS'M
GEVI ZIRIEY PE IP, TVSTSZHYMRH QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY #M RZ'RH GIPI
HIWTVI (SQRYP -MWYW ,VMWXSW, GY XSEX RHV^RIEPE #M JV RMGM S TMIHMG. 'IIE
GI TVIZIWXMWI 4IXVY R GYZRXEVIE HI PE 'MRGMÎGMQI (*% 2, 39) W-E QTPMRMX:
8S'M GIM HI HITEVXI TVMQIWG HI EGYQ ZIWXMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM. 7GSTYP TI GEVI #M-
P 3\EWI 0YGE IWXI EXMRW; PYGVEVIE IWXI XIVQMREX.
7JV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP PE 6SQE, TSXVMZMX XVEHM'MIM %Q RGIVGEX QEM HIZVIQI W
HIWPY#MQ HI GI 0YGE RY ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI WJV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP. 4IRXVY E #XM QEM
QYPX HIWTVI EGIEWXE, IWXI RIGIWEV W PWQ HISTEVXI &MFPME #M W GSRWYPXQ
XVEHM'ME GVI#XMR. %GIEWXE IWXI PMTWMX HI I\TPMGE'MM TVIGMWI.
'IP QEM ZIGLM XI\X GVI#XMR GEVI ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI QSEVXIE PYM 4EZIP IWXI
ITMWXSPE PYM 'PIQIRX 6SQERYP (WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -): (YT GI E RZ'EX
HVITXEXIE R PYQIE RXVIEK, TR PE QEVKMRMPI WSEVIPYM-ETYRI, E QVXYVMWMX R
JE'E HVIKXSVMPSV #M E#E E TVWMX PYQIE EGIEWXE WTVI E ENYRKI PE PSG WJRX,
VQRRH TIRXVY RSM TMPH E VFHVMM 1. %GIWX XI\X TYRI, HI JETX, HSY
TVSFPIQI. 4I HI S TEVXI, GEVI WYRX EGI#XM HVIKXSVM R JE'E GVSVE E HITYW
4EZIP QVXYVMI# 7 3I VITVIÎRXER'MM PYM 2IVS, PWE'M PE 6SQE R XMQT GI
QTVEXYP GPXSVIE R +VIGME# 7EY IWXI ZSVFE HI S JSVQYP WXIVISXMT, JGRH
EPY^MI PE 1EXIM 10, 18 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI: 0E HVIKXSVM #M PE VIKM ZI'M 3 HY#M
TIRXVY 1MRI# 4I HI EPX TEVXI, W 3 GPXSVMX 4EZIP R 7TERME, RXVI HSY
QSQIRXI HI GETXMZMXEXI# RXV-EHIZV, TIRXVY YR VSQER, E ZSVFM HIWTVI
QEVKMRMPI WSEVIPYM-ETYRI RWIEQR E RYQM 7TERME. R )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM
(15, 24-28), 4EZIP #M TVSTYRIE W ENYRK EGSPS. 'PIQIRX 6SQERYP JEGI HSEV
EPY^MI PE EGIWX TVSMIGX EP ETSWXSPYPYM WEY E EZYX GYRS#XMR' HIWTVI S GPXSVMI
IJIGXMZ R 7TERME# R GIPI HMR YVQ, 1. 'PIQIRX HI 6SQI, )TXVI EY\
'SVMRXLMIRW 5, 7, XVEH. JV. 7V 7YÊRRI-(SQMRMUYI, S.T., 0IW IGVMXW HIW 4IVIW
ETSWXSPMUYIW, X. -, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1979.
8I\XYP PYM 'PIQIRX IWXI QYPX TVIE WYGGMRX TIRXVY E HE MRJSVQE'MM TVIGMWI
HIWTVI WJV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP.
'YQ WTYRIEQ, S IZIRXYEP GPXSVMI R 7TERME EV TVIWYTYRI HSM XMQTM
EM GETXMZMX'MM, RXVI GEVI 4EZIP EV 3 JSWX PMFIV. )WXI GIIE GI ZSV E3VQE XVEHM'MMPI
YPXIVMSEVI: HYT S TIVMSEH HI PMFIVXEXI, 4EZIP EV 3 GYRSWGYX YR EP HSMPIE XMT
HI TVM^SRMIVEX, RXV-S RGLMWSEVI SFM#RYMX, R QMNPSGYP HI'MRY'MPSV HI HVITX
GSQYR. 3 XVEHM'MI HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE WTYRI GLMEV G IVE ZSVFE HI RGLMWSEVIE
8YPPMERYQ, RYQMX #M XIQRM'E 1EQIVXMRI. 9RMM #M RGLMTYMI G GMXIWG R 2
8MQSXIM 1, 17 #M 4, 13-21 EPY^MM PE EGIEWX E HSYE RXIQRM'EVI; HEV EV RWIQRE
W TVIWYTYRIQ G )TMWXSPE E HSYE GXVI 8MQSXIM M ETEV'MRI R QSH EYXIRXMG
PYM 4EZIP, GIIE GI IWXI HITEVXI HI E 3 EHQMW HI QENSVMXEXIE I\IKI'MPSV, GGM
WXVYGXYVMPI IGPI^MEPI WYFMEGIRXI EGIWXIM ITMWXSPI WYRX QYPX TSWXIVMSEVI ITSGMM
PYM 4EZIP. 8SX TSXVMZMX EGIWXIM XVEHM'MM HMR WIGSPYP EP :-PIE, 4EZIP EV 3 JSWX
GSRHEQREX PE TIHIETWE GY QSEVXIE #M I\IGYXEX. %GIE-WX I\IGY'MI, R
GSRJSVQMXEXI GY GIPI TVIZ^YXI R GE^YP GIX'IRMPSV VSQERM, TVIWYTYRIE
4EKIPEVIE REMRXIE XMIVMM GETYPYM, R GI ER E JSWX HIGETMXEX 4EZIP# (YT
)YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE _'VSRMG -, E 2P-E SPMQTMEH), QSEVXIE PYM 4EZIP E
WYVZIRMX RXVI MYPMI 67 #M MYRMI 68. -IVSRMQ GMXIE^ EGIIE#M HEX. RXVI EYXSVMM
QSHIVRM, GIM GEVI WSGSXIWG ITMWXSPIPI TEWXSVEPI GE TSWXIVMSEVI QSV'MM PYM 4EZIP
IWXMQIE^ G HEXE GIE QEM TVSFEFMP EV 3 ERYP 64, EHMG RHEX HYT
MRGIRHMIVIE 6SQIM.
3 XVEHM'MI GSRXMRY, EXIWXEX RG HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE, TPEWIE^ QEVXMVMYP
PYM 4EZIP EH%UYEW 7EPZMEW, PE GIZE QEM QYPX HI 30 HI QMPI HI 6SQE, TI
HVYQYP WTVI %VHIE. 4EZIP EV 3 JSWX RKVSTEX EGSPS YRHI EWX^M WI REP'
&E^MPMGE 7JRXYP 4IXVY HMR EJEVE >MHYVMPSV.
1YP'M ZSV VIKVIXE, JV RHSMEP, PMTWE HI MRJSVQE'MM TVIGMWI GY TVMZMVI PE
WJV#MXYP PYM 4EZIP. %Q RGIVGEX W I\TPMGQ XGIVIE *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV.
6QRI RW QGEV S HEX MRGSRWXIWXEFMP #M IWIR'MEP: 4EZIP E QYVMX QEVXMV PE
6SQE, RXVI ERMM 64 #M 68, HYT GI E HYW )ZERKLIPME TR R QMI^YP PYQMM
TKRI.
4EZIP, RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM#
%XYRGM GRH QEVIPI I\IKIX IRKPI^ '. ,. (SHH E WGVMW, R 1970, S PYGVEVI
HIWTVI -MWYW, E KWMX PYGVY 3VIWG W S MRXMXYPIÎ RXIQIMIXSVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM,
JV GIP QEM QMG WYFXMXPY. 2YQIVS#MM WM GMXMXSVM RY EY EZYX RMGM S VI'MRIVI W
R'IPIEK, REMRXI GLMEV HI E 3 HIWGLMW GEVXIE, G TIVWSRENYP EWXJIP HIWIQREX
IVE -MWYW. 4IRXVY QENSVMXEXIE GSRXIQTSVERMPSV RS#XVM, VIPMKME GVI#MMM* E JSWX
JSRHEX HI TVSVSGYP HMR 2EÊVIX, E#E GYQ FYHMWQYP E JSWX RXIQIMEX HI
&YHHLE, MEV -WPEQYP HI 1ELSQIH. (I EPXQMRXIVM, XVEHM'ME GVI#XMR EHYGI YR
WTVMNMR QEWMZ EGIWXIM MHIM, EXVMFYMRHY-P PYM -MWYW RYQMVIE GIPHV (SMWTVIÎGI
%TSWXSPM #M MRWXMXYMVIE XEMRIPSV IPIQIRXI IWIR'MEPI EPI ZMI'MM &MWIVMGMM TVMQEVI
JV E QEM TSQIRM GIPIFVIPI GYZMRXI GMXEXI R 1EXIM 16, 18: XY I#XM 4IXVY #M
TI EGIEWX TMEXV ZSM ^MHM &MWIVMGE 1IE.
%HIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM#
7YRXIQ HIGM YR TMG QMVE'M W-P ZIHIQ TI YRMM MWXSVMGM WYW'MRRH G
EHIZVEXYP GXMXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RY IWXI -MWYW, GM ETSWXSPYP 4EZIP. )\MWX
TVSXIWXER'M PMFIVEPM TVMRXVI EGI#XM XIQIVEVM. 4IRXVY IM, QIWENYP QSVEP WEY VIPMKME
PYM -MWYW, R QMRYREXE IM WMQTPMXEXI, GSRWXMXYMI RYGPIYP YRIM VIPMKMM E (YLYPYM TI
GEVI GVI#XMRMWQYP &MWIVMGMPSV P-E RFY#MX QYPX ZVIQI, HEV GEVI ZE VIRZME.
'VI#XMRMWQYP W-E RGVGEX GY S TSZEV MRYXMP XISPS-KM^RHY-WI WYF RVYVMVIE
PYM 4EZIP, HIWTVI GEVI WI TSEXI WTYRI G IWXI EHIZVEXYP ^MHMXSV EP EGIWXIM
VIPMKMM GSQTPMGEXI #M WYQFVI GI RI IWXI TVSTSZHYMX HI HSY QMM HI ERM.
+WMQ #M EYXSVM IZVIM RXVI GIM GI ZH R 4EZIP TI RXIQIMIXSVYP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. -MWYW, QYPX ZVIQI GSQFXYX GY EVHSEVI HI VITVIÎRXER'MM
MYHEMWQYPYM, IWXI GSRWMHIVEX HI GXVI EGI#XM RSZEXSVM GE YR EYXIRXMG TVSJIX
MYHIY, EP GVYM QIWEN WI RWGVMI HI QMRYRI R GEHVYP VIPMKMIM WXVQS#MPSV WM.
(EG GVI#XMRMWQYP W-E HIWTVMRW QEM XV^MY HI MYHEMWQ, IWXI TIRXVY G 4EZIP P-
EV 3 IPIRMÊX #M PMTWMX HI VHGMRMPI WEPI MYHEMGI. 3QYP HMR 8EVW IWXI HIGM
EHIZVEXYP TVMRXI EP EGIWXIM VIPMKMM RSM, R GEVI -MWYW RY W-EV 3 TYXYX
VIGYRSE#XI.
R WJV#MX, YRMM EHZIVWEVM EM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM QFV'M#IE^ FYGYVSW XIÊ
TSXVMZMX GVIME 4EZIP EV 3 EHIZVEXYP JSRHEXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. 4IRXVY YRMM,
4EZIP E VIPERWEX YR HYQRIÎY -MWYW RXVYGXZE YMXEX, GVYME -MWYW GIP MWXSVMG
RY M IWXI HIGX YR EZEXEV QMWXMG. 4IRXVY EP'MM, 4EZIP E XVERWJSVQEX R VIPMKMI
STMYP TSTSEVIPSV QM#GEVIE VIZSPY'MSREV MRM'MEX HI -MWYW; RG TIRXVY EP'MM,
QMXMGYP -MWYW E JSWX XVHEX HI YR 4EZIP NYVMWX #M GSQTPI\EX, GEVI XVIFYMI
GSRWMHIVEX VWTYR^XSV TIRXVY HSYÎGM HI WIGSPI HI SFWGYVERXMWQ
FMWIVMGIWG. )\MWX WI ZIHI QYPX REMZMXEXI, TVINYHIGEX #M EVFVMXVEV R
EGIWXI XIÎ. %Q TYXIE 3 MWTMXM'M W RHITVXQ EGIWXI GSR-WXVYGXI
HMWTVSTSV'MSREXI WEY VYZSMXSEVI, JV E PI EGSVHE QYPX EXIR'MI. %V 3 XSXY#M S
KVI#IEP, GGM R WTEXIPI EGIWXSV JIPYVMXI XISVMM I\MWX HEXI TY'MR GSRXIWXEFMPI,
PE GEVI EYXSVMM PSV WI VETSVXIE^ GY XS'MM RXV-YR QSH QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR
I\TPMGMX.
3 TIVWSREPMXEXI GSTPI#MXSEVI R TVMQYP VRH, GYQ W RY 'MRIQ WIEQE HI
GSZV#MXSEVIE TIVWSREPMXEXI E PYM 4EZIP# 1EM GYPXMZEX HIGX ETVSETI XS'M
GVI#XMRMM XMQTYPYM WY, IP VIYRI#XI S WSPMH JSVQE'MI VEFMRMG #M S MRGSRXIWXEFMP
GYPXYV IPMR, GIIE GI M TIVQMXI W I\TVMQI R XIVQIRM IPIRMWXMGM MHIM
QTVYQYXEXI HMR &MFPMI #M HMR QIHMYP WIQMXMG EP 4EPIWXMRIM HI TMPH, EXYRGM
GRH JEGI, R )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM #M R GIE GXVI +EPEXIRM, XISVME RHVITXVMM
?TVMR GVIHMR'A. )TMWXSPIPI WEPI WYRX HSGYQIRXI I\GIT'MSREPI, GEVI EXIWX R
EGIPE#M XMQT S ZSMR' MQTIVMSEW, YR QMWXMGMWQ MQTVIWMSRERX, YR KIRMY WMRXIXMG
VIQEVGEFMP #M YR XEPIRX PMXIVEV QEM QYPX HIGX SRSVEFMP. 0YGVEVIE PYM QMWMSREV
E JSWX, JV RHSMEP, YRE HMR GIPI QEM ZEWXI EPI TVMQIM KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI #M M-E
EHYW S QEVI EYXSVMXEXI TIVWSREP TVIXYXMRHIRM EGSPS YRHI E VWYREX TVIHMGE
WE. R GMYHE ERYQMXSV RIQTPMRMVM (GXVI 50-60 I.R.), &MWIVMGMPI GVI#XMRI HMR
%REXSPME, 1EGIHSRME #M +VIGME M HEXSVEY PYM R GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI JETXYP G
I\MWXEY #M M EGGITXEY XYXIPE. )PI VITVIÎRXEY S TEVXI RWIQREX HMR 'VMPI R
GEVI WI FMRIZIWXMWI PE EGIE HEX )ZERKLIPME.
R TPYW, 4EZIP WI HISWIFI#XI HI -MWYW HMR QEM QYPXI TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI.
3 GSQTEVE'MI RXVI )ZERKLIPMMPI WMRSTXMGI, YRHI WI VI4IGX TVSTSZHYMVIE
RZ'XSVYPYM #M WGVMWSVMPI PYM 4EZIP GXVI &MWIVMGM IWXI EXX HI KVMXSEVI R EGIWX
WIRW, RGX RY EVI RIZSMI HI RMGM YR GSQIRXEVMY: WYRX HSY YRMZIVWYVM VEHMGEP
HMJIVMXI GEVI WI RJVYRX, R GMYHE PMQFMM GSQYRI. 4EZIP ETEVI QYPX QEM TY'MR
GE YGIRMG #M GSRXMRYEXSV PYM -MWYW HIGX GE YR EHQMVEXSV RHITVXEX, EP GVYM
HMREQMWQ WI I\TVMQ RXV-YR QSH ETVSETI GSQTPIX MRHITIRHIRX.
R WJV#MX, 4EZIP E HIZIRMX WJRXYP TEXVSR EP &MWIVMGMM KIRIVE'MMPSV
YPXIVMSEVI, HYT GYQ S EVEX RXMRHIVIE GSPIG'MIM WEPI HI ITMWXSPI, EYXIRXMGI #M
ETSGVMJI, R GYTVMRWYP 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, TVIGYQ #M PSGYP HMWTVSTSV'MSREX TI
GEVI P SGYT R E HSYE NYQXEXI E GV'MM *ETXIPSV. - WI EXVMFYME HIGM, GXVI ERYP
10 EP IVIM RSEWXVI, YR VSP LSXVXSV R MWXSVME &MWIVMGMM HI RGITYX. %GIEWXE IVE
#M STMRME GVI#XMRMPSV MYHEMÊR'M HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE, E#E GYQ VIMIWI HMR WGVMIVMPI
PYM 4WIYHS-'PIQIRX. (EV EGI#XM QMRSVMXEVM, E4E'M RG JSEVXI ETVSETI HI
MYHEMWQ, MRXIVTVIXEY VSPYP PYM 4EZIP RXV-YR QSH GY XSXYP RIKEXMZ. (YT IM,
EGIWX JEPW ETSWXSP EV 3 RHVITXEX &MWT QENSVMXEV GXVI ETSWXE^ME GIE QEM
HIÊWXVYSEW. )P IVE RXIQIMIXSVYP JEPWIM &MWIVMGM, R ZVIQI GI -EGSZ IVE GIP EP
SF#XMM GVIHMRGMSEWI ZSMM PYM (YQRIÎY.
%WXJIP, S TIVWSREPMXEXI #M S STIV I\GIT'MSREPI, S SVMKMREPMXEXI
GSRWMHIVEFMP JE' HI -MWYW, EXVMFYMVIE YRYM VSP HIGMWMZ HI GXVI KIRIVE'MMPI
YVQXSEVI MEX HEXI GEVI GSRJIV SEVIGEVI GSRWMWXIR' XISVMMPSV GI JEG HMR
4EZIP EHIZVEXYP JSRHEXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. M ZSQ YVQE E#EHEV TI MWXSVMGMM
GEVI WYW'MR EGIEWX XI^#
6WTYRWYP PE EGIEWX RXVIFEVI ZE 3 YR RY VWTMGEX. RXIQIMIXSV E
RYQIVSEWI &MWIVMGM PSGEPI, SQ HI WIEQ R QYPXI TVMZMR'I, 4EZIP RY TSEXI 3
GSRWMHIVEX RXIQIMIXSVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RMGM GLMEV EP YRYM TKRS-GVI#-XMRMWQ
HMR GEVI ZSV 3 VI^YPXEX ETVSETI XSEXI &MWIVMGMPI HI QEM XV^MY. 'Y XSEXI G IWXI
RYQMX ETSWXSPYP RIEQYVMPSV, SQYP HMR 8EVW RY E EZYX HIPSG MRM'MEXMZE HI E
TVSTSZHYM )ZERKLIPME R VRHYP RIIZVIMPSV. 'ETMXSPIPI 8-P5 HMR GEVXIE *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV, GLMEV WYTYWI YRIM GVMXMGM VMKYVSEWI, HSZIHIWG G EP'MM WI KRHMWIV
REMRXIE PYM PE E#E GIZE #M SF'MRYWIV EWXJIP VI^YPXEXI WTIGXEGYPSEWI: IPIRM#XMM,
ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY, GVI#XMRMM HMR %RXMSLME IXG. 4EZIP E GSRXMRYEX EGIWX IJSVX R
VRHYP TEKMRMPSV, GY YR QEVI HMREQMWQ, HEV RY E EZYX RMGMSHEX QSRSTSPYP
EGIWXIM PYGVVM (GJ., HI I\IQTPY, *% 18, 24-28).
-QTSVXERX, HEV RY RXIQIMIXSV 7I ZE WTYRI G VSPYP WY HI RXIQIMIXSV
RY IWXI QMWMSREV, GM XISPSKMG# *V E WYFIWXMQE MQIRWE MR4YIR' E KRHMVMM
TEYPMRI, XVIFYMI ^MW G ETSWXSPYP RY IWXI GVIEXSVYP MHIMPSV GIRXVEPI EPI HSGXVMRIM
GVI#XMRI. RZ'XYVE WE HIWTVI (YQRIÎY TVSZMRI HMVIGX HMR :IGLMYP
8IWXEQIRX #M HMR MYHEMWQ. ,VMWXSPSKME GEVI HI3RI#XI TIVWSERE PYM ,VMWXSW YVG,
RXV-S QEVI QWYV, TR PE &MWIVMGE TVMQEV HMR -IVYWEPMQ (GJ. GYZRXVMPI PYM
4IXVY R *% 2-4), MEV XMXPYP HI (SQRYP (/]VMSW), EXX HI JVIGZIRX WYF GSRHIMYP
PYM 4EZIP, EVI S SVMKMRI TEPIWXMRS-WMVMER. (SGXVMRE HIWTVI 7JRXYP (YL, TI GEVI
4EZIP E HI^ZSPXEX-S QYPX, RY IWXI XSXY#M GVIE'ME WE, HISEVIGI IE EVI EHRGM
VHGMRM FMFPMGI #M IWXI TVIRGLMTYMX RY RYQEM PE 5YQVER, GM #M PE GVI#XMRMM
TEPIWXMRMIRM EM TVMQIM KIRIVE'MM (1G 3, 28-30 #M PSG. TEVEPIPI; *% 2, P-P3; 8,
29-39; 15, 28). 'X TVMZI#XI HSGXVMRE HIWTVI QRXYMVI, I\TYW HI 4EZIP GY
EXXE ZMKSEVI R )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM #M R GIE GXVI +EPEXIRM, IE ZILMGYPIE^
RS'MYRM TVSZIRMXI HMR MYHEMWQYP TEPIWXMRMER (QSEVXIE PYM ,VMWXSW MRXIVTVIXEX
GE NIVXJ, 6Q 3, 25; WEY GLMEV GE EGLMXEVI NYHMGMEV, 6Q 3, 2P-24; IXG). 4I WGYVX,
4EZIP IWXI EMGM YR KIRMEP MRXIVTVIX, RY GVIEXSVYP GEVI EV 3 SJIVMX GVI#XMRMWQYPYM
TVSTVMYP WY WMWXIQ HSGXVMREP.
7I QEM TSEXI TYRI EGGIRXYP EWYTVE EGXMZMX'MM PYM 4EZIP GE RGITXSV #M
SVKERMÊXSV HI &MWIVMGM. %TSWXSPEXYP RW RY IWXI GY RMGM YR GLMT GVIE'ME WE (GJ.,
HI I\IQTPY, 1 'S 9); TVI^FMXIVMM #M HMEGSRMM #M EY EY VHGMRM TEPIWXMRMIRI; GIPI
GXIZE WPYNMVM HI &MWIVMGM PE GEVI IP JEGI EPY^MI MGM #M GSPS RY GSVIWTYRH YRIM
SVKERM^VM GSIVIRXI #M SVMKMREPI E GSQYRMX'MPSV. R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI GYPXYP #M
XEMRIPI, ETSWXSPYP IWXI LV'YMX RXVI XVEHM'MM TEPIWXMRMIRI #M XIRHMR'I IRXY^MEWXI
TI GEVI RY TVIE PI ETVSF (GJ. 1 'S 1 #M 14): IP RY GVIIE^, IP SWXIRI#XI PE
GSQTVSQMWYVM ERIZSMSEWI.
(EG 4EZIP RY ETEVI GE EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RMGM R
GEPMXEXIE WE HI QMWMSREV, RMGM TVMR ETSVXYP WY XISPSKMG, RMGM GE MRM'MEXSV EP YRSV
MRWXMXY'MM RSM #M WXEFMPI, TYXIQ MRZSGE PSGYP TI GEVI P SGYT R 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX
TIRXVY E ZIHIE R IP SQYP-GLIMI EP TVMQIM KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI, JE' HI GEVI
GIMPEP'M ETSWXSPM #M IZERKLIPM#XM RY EV 3 HIGX TEPM^MM PYM TVIGYVWSVM WEY ITMKSRM#
3QYPYM GEVI E WGVMW NYQXEXI HMR GV'MPI 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX #M EPI GVYM WGVMWSVM
WXVMZIWG, TVMR ZSPYQYP #M GSR'MRYXYP PSV, VIWXYP PMXIVEXYVMM ITMWXSPEVI E WIGSPYPYM -
GVI#XMR, TIVWSRENYPYM GVYME M IWXI RGLMREX NYQXEXI HMR GEVXIE *ETXIPI
%TSWXSPMPSV GYQ W-P 3I TYW PE RHSMEP VSPYP HI GTXM PE RXIQIMIVIE RSMM
VIPMKMM# 6E'MYRIE EGIWXYM WGITXMGMWQ IWXI WMQTP. )TMWXSPIPI GEXIKSVMG EYXIRXMGI
EPI PYM 4EZIP RY VITVI^MRX HIGX NYQXEXI HMR GSPIG'ME TPEWEX WYF MWGPMXYVE
PYM, QEM TY'MR HI S GMRGMQI HMR RXVIKYP 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, R XMQT GI PSGYP
TVIGYQTRMXSV SGYTEX HI 4EZIP R *ETXI VWTYRHI RXV-S QWYV QYPX QEM
QEVI YRSV QSXMZI ETSPSKIXMGI HIGX YRIM VIEPMX'M MWXSVMGI. 'Y EPXI GYZMRXI,
YRMM GVI#XMRM HMR YPXMQYP WJIVX EP WIGSPYPYM - EY RKVS#EX GY FYR-#XMMR'
TIVWSRENYP, TIRXVY E SVMIRXE &MWIVMGMPI XMQTYPYM PSV R HMVIG'ME TI GEVI S
GSRWMHIVEY GSRJSVQ KRHMVMM QEVIPYM PSV FVFEX. (EG 'MRIQ WIEQE HI EGIWX
JETX, TYXIQ EHQMXI QEM Y#SV G 4EZIP, TIVWSREN JSEVXI MQTSVXERX EP TVMQIM
KIRIVE'MM GVI#XMRI, RY E HSQMREX-S R EWIQIRIE QWYV RGX R IP W TSEX 3
Z^YX EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM.
(EG WXQ W RI KRHMQ, EGIEWX GSRGPY^MI EVI GIZE TEVEHS\EP. RXV-
EHIZV, GI EPX QEVI TIVWSREN HMR WIGSPYP - TSEXI EWTMVE, HMR TEVXIE MWXSVMGYPYM,
PE XMXPYP HI RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM# %GIWX XMXPY MQTPMG QYPX QEM QYPX
HIGX YR FVRGM, YR MQTYPW MRM'MEP; IP TVIWYTYRI S EGXMZMXEXI HIWXYP HI
RHIPYRKEX #M HIWXYP HI SVMKMREP TIRXVY E JEGI W WI MZIEWG S RSY VIPMKMI
SVKERMÊX, GY XISPSKME, MRWXMXY'MMPI, GYPXYP #M GPIVYP IM. %WXJIP, 1ELSQIH IWXI
JSRHEXSVYP -WPEQYPYM, GVYME M-E HEX IWIR'MEPYP E GIIE GI P GEVEGXIVMÎE^ TR
R ^MYE HI E^M. 2MGM ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY, RMGM ZVIYRYP HMR GIM (SMWTVIÎGI, RMGM -EGSZ,
JVEXI EP (SQRYPYM, RY TSX VZRM PE EGIWX XMXPY HEG IP M WI VIJY^ PYM 4EZIP. 'GM
ETSWXSPYP, HYT GYQ S WTYRI #M WMRKYV, JV JEPW W3EP, E SWXIRMX QEM QYPX
HIGX IM XS'M (1 'S 15, 10).
(EV -MWYW RWY#M, TSEXI IP R^YM GY EHIZVEX PE HIQRMXEXIE HI
RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RXSGQEM GE PE EGIIE HI *MY EP PYM (YQRIÎY
WEY HI ,VMWXSW# )WXI RHSMIPRMG, HEG R'IPIKIQ TVMR EGIEWX WMRXEKQ
GVIEXSVYP YRIM VIPMKMM RSM. 'GM -MWYW TVSTSZHYMI#XI QTV'ME PYM (YQRIÎY
MYHIMPSV #M RYQEM MYHIMPSV (GJ. 1G 7, 24-30; PSG. TEVEPIPI); IP RY GVIIE^ R
XMQTYP ZMI'MM WEPI MRWXMXY'MM RSM, GY I\GIT'ME KVYTYPYM GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI #M, HEG
ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI &MWIVMGE 7E (1X 16, 18), S JEGI PE ZMMXSV. 4I WGYVX,
RZ'XSVYP EG'MSRIE^ GE VIJSVQEXSV EP MYHEMWQYPYM, RY GE JSRHEXSV EP YRIM
VIPMKMM HI WMRI WXXXSEVI. (I EPXQMRXIVM, WPYNMVIE WE E JSWX GYVQEX R GLMT
XVEKMG, GIIE GI P QTMIHMG W SVKERMÎÎ I3GMIRX ZVIYRE HMRXVI GSQYRMX'M.
3 GVIE'MI GSPIGXMZ R GSRWIGMR', HEG 4EZIP RY IWXI RXIQIMIXSVYP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, GVI#XMRMWQYP RY EVI RXIQIMIXSV. 6IPMKME GEVI E JGYX HMR ,VMWXSW
-MWYW GIRXVYP GVIHMR'IM IM IWXI S GVIE'MI GSPIGXMZ, E GVIM SVMKMRI IWXI, JV
RHSMEP, QYPX QEM KVIY HI TIVGITYX HIGX HEG EV 3 JSWX VI^YPXEXYP EG'MYRMM
YRYM WMRKYV MRHMZMH. %V VQRI HI #XMYX HEG WI TSEXI XSXY#M PSGEPMÊ, HEXE #M
R'IPIKI RE#XIVIE EGIWXIM WSGMIX'M VIPMKMSEWI SVKERMÊXI, E GVIM MWXSVMI EVI S
EWIQIRIE MQTSVXER' TIRXVY HIWXMRYP SQIRMVMM.
:SQ WYW'MRI EMGM XIÊ G VIPMKME GVI#XMR RY W-E GSRWXMXYMX GY EHIZVEX
HIGX R QSQIRXYP R GEVI WIGXE MYHEMG GI ZIHIE R -MWYW TI 1IWME E JSWX
I\TYPÊX HMR MYHEMWQ HI GXVI VIJSVQEXSVMM JEVMWIM GEVI PYEWIV R QMRM
HIWXMRYP VIPMKMSW EP PYM -WVEIP, HYT RVYMVIE 8IQTPYPYM HMR -IVYWEPMQ, R ERYP 70.
%GIEWX I\GPYHIVI E JSWX STIVEX XVITXEX, RXV-YR VMXQ GEVI E ZEVMEX R JYRG'MI
HI VIKMYRM #M, HI QSHEPMX'M MRWY3GMIRX GYRSWGYXI. 7I TSEXI WTYRI RW G,
RGITYX GXVI ERYP 75, IE E JSWX RGLIMEX REMRXI HI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -.
4VSWPZMVIE PYM 4EZIP 'VI#XMRMWQYP W-E PYTXEX R GLMT WEXMWJGXSV GY
VITYHMIVIE PE GEVI IVE WYTYW. 0MXIVEXYVE GVI#XMR E ITSGMM TWXVIE^ YVQIPI
EGIWXYM ^FYGMYQ (EXEGYVM QTSXVMZE JEVMWIMPSV, RHISWIFM PE 1EXIM; -SER 9, 2-23;
16, 14 IXG). 9RE HMRXVI JSVQIPI TI GEVI PI-E QFVGEX EGIEWX VI^MWXIR'
PMXIVEV E JSWX WXVRKIVIE PESPEPX E ITMWXSPIPSV PYM 4EZIP, SEVIGYQ G^YXI R
YMXEVI, HI S KIRIVE'MI. 7I KWIE R 4EZIP YR REMRXIQIVKXSV EP MRHITIRHIR'IM
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM JE' HI MYHEMWQ. )P, GEVI R XMQTYP ZMI'MM JYWIWI GSRWMHIVEX YR
I\XVIQMWX HYRXSV FYRIPSV VIPE'MM EPI WIGXIM GVI#XMRI GY QEWE MYHIMPSV, IVE
R'IPIW EGYQ GE XISVIXMGMERYP TVSJIXMG EP YRIM VYTXYVM HI RISGSPMX, RXV-YR
GYZRX, WI ZIHIE HI EGYQ R IP, GIP TY'MR R QIHMMPI R GEVI IVEY VIGMXMXI
ITMWXSPIPI WEPI, EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. %GIEWX VWXYVREVI
WYVTVMR^XSEVI E QEM ERXVIREX #M VIHEGXEVIE STIVIM PYM 0YGE #M, R WTIGMEP, E
GV'MM *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, YRHI 4EZIP NSEG YR VSP TVMZMPIKMEX, TI GEVI P-EQ
TVIGMÊX. 2ITYXRHY-P TVIÎRXE TI 4EZIP GE TI YGIRMGYP HMVIGX EP PYM ,VMWXSW,
0YGE W-E WXVHYMX W EVEXI G ETSWXSPYP IVE WMRKYVYP GSRXMRYEXSV PIKMXMQ EP
PYGVVMM GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI, RXIQIMIXSVM EM &MWIVMGMPSV TEPIWXMRMIRI. %GIWXIE HMR
YVQ 3MRH ETVSETI TI HI-E-RXVIKYP RMQMGMXI R XMQTYP V^FSMYPYM MYHEMG HMR
6-70, EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R VRHYP TEKMRMPSV, WMRKYVYP
GLIQEX W XVMEWG #M W WI REP'I IWXI IZERKLIPMWXYP 4EZIP, E GVIM 3KYV
GETX, PE WJV#MXYP *ETXIPSV, S HMQIRWMYRI ETVSETI GSWQMG (*% 28, 17-31):
TYVXXSV HI GYZRX EP PYM (YQRIÎY, 4EZIP VIWTMRKI HI3RMXMZ MYHIMM #M EHYGI
VIWXYPYM SQERMVMM QRXYMVIE RXVY -MWYW ,VMWXSW.
R JE'E EGIWXIM I\XVESVHMREVI TVSWPZMVM E PYM 4EZIP, R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI
EV'EKYP GY GEVI GVI#XMRMM MYHEMÊR'M HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE EY GSZV#MX QIQSVME PYM
4EZIP HMR 8EVW, TVSQSXSV TIRXVY IM EP YRIM EHIZVEXI ETSWXE^MM GSPIGXMZI
GSRWXRH R VIWTMRKIVIE PIKMM QSÊMGI, WYF TVIXI\XYP VYTXYVMM HI 7MREKSK.
+PSVM3GEVIE PYM 4EZIP RY E JSWX, HI EPXJIP, YRERMQ KMVEX HI QEVIE &MWIVMG HMR
WIGSPYP EP --PIE. )TMWXSPIPI WSFSVRMGI#XM EY ZIRMX W GSRXVEFEPERWIÎ GSPIG'ME
HI ITMWXSPI TEYPMRI #M TWIYHS-TEYPMRI; EGGIRXYP E JSWX TYW TI EYXSVMXEXIE GIPSV
(SMWTVIÎGI %TSWXSPM (7MQFSPYP %TSWXSPMPSV, HI I\IQTPY), GIIE GI HMPYE 3KYVE
PYM 4EZIP R WRYP KVYTYPYM. 4I WGYVX, XVEHM'ME IGPI^MEWXMG TVMRHIE XVYT RGIXYP
GY RGIXYP, EXVMFYMRHY-P HMR GI R GI QEM QYPX PYM -MWYW RXIQIMIVIE
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, R XMQT GI 4EZIP, HIZIRMX IVSYP IVIXMGYPYM 1EVGMSR, XVIGIE R
VRH TIRXVY XISPSKMM SVXSHSG#M.
(IWXMRYP I\GIT'MSREP EP %TSWXSPYPYM RIEQYVMPSV RY E JSWX, TVMR YVQEVI,
EXX HI LSXVXSV TIRXVY GVI#XMRMWQ, TI GX WI WYW'MRI YRISVM. RW 4EZIP #M-E
TWXVEX, HYT QSEVXI, HEVYP HI E WXVRM TEWMYRM, XVIGRH, R QEM QYPXI VRHYVM
HI-E PYRKYP, ZIEGYVMPSV, HVITX EHIZVEXYP RXIQIMIXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM. )WXI
MRHMGMYP YRIM ZMXEPMX'M TSWXYQI GEVI WI QERMJIWX HSEV R GE^YP EGIPSVE GI EY
XVMX GY MRXIRWMXEXI R WPYNFE YRIM GEYÎ QEVM.
)XMIRRI 8VSGQI -
4EZIP #M -MWYW YRE #M EGIIE#M VIPMKMI 1
7 3I 4EZIP EHIZVEXYP JSRHEXSV EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM# RXVIFEVIE IWXI
TVSZSGEXSEVI, HEV RY WXYTMH, HYT GYQ RMGM RSY RY IWXI. 1YP'M MWXSVMGM EM
RGITYXYVMPSV GVI#XMRI EY VMHMGEX-S HI YR WIGSP #M NYQXEXI #M IE GSRXMRY W 3I
TYW HI EYXSVM GSRXIQTSVERM.
'E XSEXI GYZMRXIPI R.
-WQ, XIVQIRYP GVI#XMRMWQ WYKIVIE^ YR WMWXIQ, FE ULMEV S MHISPSKMI
EP GVIM TVMRXI EV 3 4EZIP, QEM HIKVEF HIGX -MWYW. 0YRH R GSRWMHIVEVI
QVXYVME )ZERKLIPMMPSV, GIVGIXXSVMM GSRWMQX W VIGYRSEWG, RXV-EHIZV, PE
EGIWXE HMR YVQ S KRHMVI PMTWMX HI SVMGI EQFM'MI WMWXIQEXMG. 2Y PE JIP WI
RXQTP R GE^YP PYM 4EZIP, HIWTVI GEVI QYP'M ETVIGME^ G IWXI GIP QEM QEVI
XISPSK EP WIGSPYPYM -. RWIEQR SEVI G -MWYW RY IVE XISPSK# (MRGSPS HI
EWTIGXIPI HI SVHMR GVSRSPSKMG, HMWXER'E GEVI P HIWTEVXI TI -MWYW HI 4EZIP IWXI
GSRWMHIVEFMP. 1YPXI PYGVYVM M STYR YRYP EPXYME TI GIM HSM. (EG 4EZIP WI VIJIV
GSRWXERX PE GIP TI GEVI P GSRWMHIV (SQRYP WY, S JEGI R XIVQIRM GEVI RY
TIVQMX VIGYRSE#XIVIE HIRHEX E TVSVSGYPYM MXMRIVERX HMR +EPMPIIE, E#E GYQ P
RJ'M#IE^ )ZERKLIPMMPI. %GIEWXE RI HIXIVQMR W RI RXVIFQ R GI QWYV
IWXI 4EZIP EPMTMX XVEHM'MIM E GVIM WYVW IWXI -MWYW #M HEG TYXIQ WYTVETYRI
VIPMKMMPI GIPSV HSM. RXV-EHIZV, 3PME'ME HMRXVI YRYP #M GIPPEPX, HEG I\MWX,
WXVFEXI QIERHVI RXSVXSGLIEXI. 7I GYZMRI W TVIGM^Q R GI QWYV TVIME
4EZIP XVEHM'ME M^ZSVX HI PE -MWYW #M W VIGSRWXMXYMQ, EXX GX I TSWMFMP, GEPIE
GEVI P-E JGYX TI ETSWXSP W VIJSVQYPIÎ QIWENYP GIPYM GEVI, TSXVMZMX WTYWIPSV
WEPI, M-E RGVIHMR'EX QMWMYRIE ETSWXSPMIM.
'EVI IWXI MQEKMRIE TEYPMR HIWTVI -MWYW#
(ISWIFMVMPI RXVI TIVWSERE PYM -MWYW TYW R WGIR HI )ZERKLIPMM #M *MYP PYM
(YQRIÎY PE GEVI WI VIJIV 4EZIP R ITMWXSPIPI WEPI WYRX M^FMXSEVI. 2YQIVS#M
MWXSVMGM #M XISPSKM HMR WIGSPYP EP <P<-PIE, ETEV'MRRH GYVIRXYPYM
TVSXIWXERXMWQYPYM PMFIVEP, PI-EY WYFPMRMEX HMR FIP#YK: TIVWSERE PYM -MWYW, E#E
GYQ VIMIWI HI PE 4EZIP, IWXI EXX HI GIPIWX, RGX RY QEM IWXI ETVSETI HIPSG
SQIRIEWG. %PJVIH 0SMW], WMQFSP EP KRHMVMM QSHIVRMWXI R GEXSPMGMWQYP
JVERGI^, WGVME R 1914: %GIP -MWYW RXVY GEVI W-E GSRZIVXMX 4EZIP RY IWXI
TVSTSZHYMXSVYP QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY. 'Y JSVQYPVM HMJIVMXI, HEV GY
GSRGPY^MM HIWXYP HI EWIQRXSEVI EWYTVE PIKXYVMM HMRXVI -MWYW #M RXME
KIRIVE'MI GVI#XMR, 6YHSPJ &YPXQERR VMHMGE, R EP WY -MWYW ETVYX R 1926, S
STS^M'MI JEMQSEW RXVI ,VMWXSWYP GVIHMR'IM EPXJIP WTYW, 'IP RZMEX, HIZIRMX
SFMIGX EP TVSTSZHYMVMM R &MWIVMGE TVMQEV #M -MWYW GIP MWXSVMG, TVSVSG #M
TVSTSZHYMXSV MXMRIVERX EP QTV'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY, E GVYM ZME' XIVIWXV
XVIFYMI WMXYEX R RXVIKMQI R WJIVE MYHEMWQYPYM. )WXI PYGVY VEV GE 4EZIP W-P
HIWIQRIÎ TI -MWYW HSEV TVMR WMQTPYP PYM RYQI. 'IP QEM EHIWIE IP YXMPMÎE^,
TIRXVY E-P RYQM, S XMXYPEXYV GSQTPI\: -MWYW ,VMWXSW WEY (SQRYP -MWYW
,VMWXSW. 2YQIPI RWY#M HMWTEVI EHIWISVM WYF GSRHIMYP WY, JGRH PSG HSEV
XMXPYVMPSV HI ,VMWXSW #M (SQRYP, GEVI WYRX HI-ENYRW TIRXVY E MRHMGE R
HMWGYVW VIJIVMR'E PE -MWYW. 'GM GLMEV HIWTVI HMWGYVW IWXI ZSVFE PE 4EZIP, YR
HMWGYVW EP GVYM QMI^ IWXI -MWYW, HEV GSRWXVYMX TI GSRGITXI 3PSWS3GI #M
XISPSKMGI QTVYQYXEXI HMR PYQIE KVIEG, WXVMRI HI TVSTSZHYMVIE MWXSVMG E
PYM -MWYW #M, HI GIPI QEM QYPXI SVM, PMTWMRH HMR XI\XIPI IZERKLIPMGI. (I EPXJIP, W-
E VIQEVGEX HI QYPX G EPY^MMPI PYM 4EZIP PE ZME'E XIVIWXV E PYM -MWYW WYRX I\XVIQ
HI TY'MRI. (SEV TSZIWXMVIE 'MRIM GIPIM HI 8EMR (1 'S 1, 23-25) #M VIEQMRXMVIE
GXSVZE TSVYRGM ZIRMXI HI PE (SQRYP (HI I\IQTPY, 1 'S 7, 10-P; 9, 14) TSX 3
TYWI R TEVEPIP GY IZIRMQIRXI WEY ^MGIVM IZERKLIPMGI HI HMREMRXIE 4EXMQMPSV.
8SEXI GIPIPEPXI WYRX JSEVXI KIRIVEPI. 4YXIQ #XM, TVMR MRXIVQIHMYP PYM 4EZIP, G
-MWYW IWXI RWGYX HMR JIQIMI, RWGYX WYF 0IKI (+E 4, 4), RWGYX HMR
WQR'E PYM (EZMH, HYT XVYT (6Q 1, 3) #M G EGIWXIE EY PYEX WJV#MX TVMR
QSEVXIE PYM TI GVYGI. (EV RMGM S EPY^MI PE QMRYRM, PE TEVEFSPI WEY PE EXXIE
EPXI ITMWSEHI HMR ZME'E PYM -MWYW RY IWXI HI KWMX R ITMWXSPIPI TEYPMRI.
(I WYF TERE PYM 4EZIP #M-EY JGYX ETEVM'ME R KRHMVIE GVI#XMR
RYQIVSEWI GSRGITXI TXVYRWI QEM ETSM R ZSGEFYPEVYP XISPSKMG EP &MWIVMGMM:
VWGYQTVEVI, RHVITXEVI, GSR#XMMR', PMFIVXEXI; EGIWXI GYZMRXI EFYRH R
ITMWXSPIPI TEYPMRI, R XMQT GI ÊHEVRMG PI-EQ GYXE R )ZERKLIPMM. (I PE IPI WEY
HI PE EPXI GYZMRXI RVYHMXI E JSWX JSVQYPEX HSKQE GVI#XMR. )PI EY HIZIRMX
TMIXVIPI HI XIQIPMI EPI YRYM HMWGYVW GSIVIRX GI W-E IPEFSVEX XVITXEX, R
HIGYVWYP TVMQIPSV ZIEGYVM #M TI GEVI TVMQIPI WMRSEHI PI-EY GSRW3R'MX, HI-E
PYRKYP YRSV HI^FEXIVM HIWISVM JYVXYRSEWI. 3V MHIIE RW#M HI E WXVYGXYVE
GVIHMR'E TVMR HSKQ IWXI WXVMR MYHEMWQYPYM GEVI RY HI'MRI RMGM GSVT HI
HSGXVMR, RMGM QEKMWXIVMY MEV -MWYW RY TEVI W S 3 EZYX R TPER. 1YP'M RZ'XSVM
MYHIM WSGSXIWG G IPEFSVEVIE YRIM HSKQI IWXI S XVHEVI E HIQIVWYPYM FMFPMG.
RZ'XYVE PSV EPGXYMX HMR VIQIQSVVM EPI MRXIVZIR'MIM PYM (YQRIÎY R
MWXSVMI, HMR LEKKEHE (TSZIWXMVIE YRSV TMPHI PQYVMXSEVI) #M HMR LEPEOLE
(ETVSJYRHEVIE QSHYPYM HI E T^M TSVYRGMPI) 'MRI HI YR GY XSXYP EPX HIQIVW.
R'IPIKIQ HI GI 4EZIP, TVMRXI EP XISPSKMIM HSKQEXMGI GVI#XMRI, IWXI HISWIFMX
HI VY Z^YX R MYHEMWQ, R XMQT GI -MWYW IWXI TVMZMX EHIWIE QYPX QEM
FMRIZSMXSV. 1EM I\MWX S PEXYV TVMR GEVI 4EZIP WI HMWXER'IE^ JSEVXI QYPX HI
MYHEMWQ #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, HI -MWYW, PYGVY GEVI M RVYX'I#XI HISWIFMX HI QYPX
WMXYE'ME R SGLMM MYHIMPSV: T^MVIE TSVYRGMPSV 8SVIM. 4EZIP HIGPEV G IE RY QEM
EVI QSXMZ W I\MWXI. -MWYW, HIWMKYV, GVMXMGEWI MRXIVTVIXEVIE JSVQEPMWX E 0IKMM,
TI GEVI S JGYWIV YRMM RZ'XSVM HMR XMQTYP WY, HEV IP RY M WI WYWXVWIWI.
4EZIP, HMQTSXVMZ, IWXI JSEVXI VEHMGEP R EGIEWX TVMZMR'.
(I PE RZ'XSV PE YGIRMG (MJIVIR'IPI TI GEVI XSGQEM PI-EQ TYW R
IZMHIR' TSX 3 I\TPMGEXI R QEM QYPXI QSHYVM. 4VMQE I\TPMGE'MI IWXI YRE TYV
GVSRSPSKMG. 1MWMYRIE XIVIWXV E PYM -MWYW W-E HIWJ#YVEX R ERMM 27-30 IM IVIM
RSEWXVI. )TMWXSPE GIE QEM ZIGLI E PYM 4EZIP, GEVI IWXI R EGIPE#M XMQT #M
WGVMIVIE GIE QEM ZIGLI HMR RXVIK 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX, IWXI RHISF#XI HEXEX R
ERYP 50. 'X TVMZI#XI )ZERKLIPMMPI, TVMQE VIHEGXEX R JSVQE WE GERSRMG IWXI,
JV RHSMEP, GIE E PYM 1EVGY, TI GEVI QENSVMXEXIE FMFPM#XMPSV S HEXIE^ R
TVIENQE ERYPYM 70. (SYÎGM HI ERM HIWTEVX ZME'E PYM -MWYW HI WGVMIVIE
ITMWXSPIPSV PYM 4EZIP #M QEM IWXI RIZSMI HI EP'M HSYÎGM TIRXVY E WI ENYRKI PE
VIHEGXEVIE YRIM IZERKLIPMM GYRSWGYXI. 4EZIP IWXI TVMQYP QEVXSV EP XVEHM'MMPSV
GI YVG TR PE ITSGE PYM -MWYW. (EV EGIWXIE RY TSX 3 GYRSWGYXI WYF JSVQ HI
TSZIWXMVI HIGX TVMR WGVMIVM GEVI PI WYRX TSWXIVMSEVI. %GIEWX WMXYE'MI HI
RXVITXVYRHIVI R XMQT TVIWYTYRI GE ERYQMXI SVMKMREPMX'M HI KRHMVI, TI
GEVI GMXMXSVYP EV 3 MWTMXMX W M PI EXVMFYMI PYM 4EZIP, W WI TSEX HEXSVE EPXSVE.
4EZIP RY IWXI, TSEXI, MRZIRXEXSVYP XIVQIRMPSV RHVITXEVI #M VWGYQTVEVI,
TI GEVI M KWMQ TIRXVY TVMQE SEV RXV-YR XI\X EP GVYM WIQREXEV IWXI. )P
RWY#M IWXI TSWMFMP W-P 3 TVIPYEX HMR XVEHM'MM ERXIVMSEVI, GY RITYXMR' HI
GYRSWGYX RXVYGX RY EY PWEX YVQI WGVMWI. 8VIFYMI, RXV-EHIZV, W RI JIVMQ E
GSRJYRHE GYZMRXIPI EXVMFYMXI PYM -MWYW R )ZERKLIPMM GY MTWMWWMQE ZIVFE. % PI
GSRJYRHE EV RWIQRE W YMXQ G IZERKLIPM#XMM WYRX, PE JIP GE #M 4EZIP, XISPSKM
#M G IM SJIV HIWTVI -MWYW YR TSVXVIX GSRHM'MSREX HI TVSTVMYP PSV TVSMIGX
TIHEKSKMG, MWXSVMG #M XISPSKMG.
3 EPX I\TPMGE'MI TIRXVY HMJIVIR'IPI WIQREPEXI RXVI ITMWXSPIPI PYM 4EZIP
#M )ZERKLIPMM VI^MH R JETXYP G WYRX STIVI ETEV'MRRH YRSV KIRYVM PMXIVEVI
HMJIVMXI. )ZERKLIPMMPI WYRX XISPSKMI ?TVMRWA R TSZIWXMVI, R XMQT GI 4EZIP WGVMI
XISPSKMI WYF JSVQ HI HMWGYVW ITMWXSPEV. %GSPS YRHI 4EZIP ZSVFI#XI HI
VWGYQTVEVI ?ETSP]XVSWMWA, 1EVGY #M 1EXIM WGVMY: *MYP 3QYPYM E ZIRMX W-"M
HIE WY4IXYP VWGYQTVEVI ?P]XVSRA TIRXVY QYP'M (1G 10, 45; 1X 20, 28).
8IVQIRMM WYRX HMJIVM'M, HEV MHIIE XISPSKMG IWXI EGIIE#M. *MIGVIM JSVQI PMXIVEVI
M GSVIWTYRHI YR XMT HI ZSGEFYPEV. % GSQTEVE KRHMVIE PYM 4EZIP GY GIE E PYM
-MWYW, QYP'YQMRHY-RI W JEGIQ ETVSTMIVM GYZRX GY GYZRX, EV 3 E#EHEV S
QIXSH RITSXVMZMX HMR HSY QSXMZI. 4VMQYP EV 3 G YR EWIQIRIE TVSGIHIY EV
GSRJYRHE R QSH EFY^MZ JSVQYPVMPI IZERKLIPMGI GY GIPI EPI PYM -MWYW RWY#M. %P
HSMPIE EV GSRWXE R E RY 'MRI WIEQE HI S HMJIVIR' JSVQEP RXVI GIPI HSY
XMTYVM HI STIV PMXIVEV.
'MXMRHY-P TI 4EZIP RHIETVSETI, VIEPM^Q G IP TYRI R ZEPSEVI YR RYQV
WIQRM3GEXMZ HI XVEHM'MM GI YVG TR PE -MWYW #M HI GEVI 'MR WIEQE #M
IZERKLIPM#XMM. %Q QIR'MSREX HINE YPXMQE 'MR, TVIGYQ #M WIVME HI PSKME HIWTVI
HIWJEGIVIE GWXSVMIM #M TPEXE TVSTSZHYMXSVMPSV. 4YXIQ EHYKE ^MGIVMPI HIWTVI
E HSYE ZIRMVI, HIWTVI GYV'MI #M RIGYV'MI, YXMPMÊVIE XIVQIRYPYM EZZE R
EHVIWEVIE GXVI (YQRIÎY, QEM QYPXI RZ'XYVM IXMGI #M HIWTVI QTV'MI,
GVMXMGMPI RHVITXEXI QTSXVMZE GTIXIRMMPSV VIPMKMSEWI EPI -IVYWEPMQYPYM,
GYZMRXIPI HIWTVI GIE QEM QEVI TSVYRG, TVMQMVIE GIPSV QVYR'M #M E
WVQERMPSV, MIVXEVIE TGXS#MPSV.
9R TEVGYVW SVMKMREP -MWYW RY TVWMWI WEY ETVSETI RY TVWMWI 'MRYXYP
MYHEMG. 4EZIP, HMR GSRXV, E JSWX QEVXMVMÊX PE 6SQE, HYT GI E GYXVIMIVEX QVM
#M 'VM. 1SHYP HI ZME' MR4YIR'IE^ QSHYP HI E KRHM. )WXI 3VIWG, TVMR YVQEVI,
GE IM HSM W RY 3 VSWXMX EGIPIE#M PYGVYVM, GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX YRYP IWXI
WGVMMXSV, MEV GIPPEPX RY. )WXI PE QMNPSG XSXY#M S HISWIFMVI JYRHEQIRXEP WEY
GLMEV, GYQ W-E #M TVIXMRW, S XVHEVI#
3VMKMREPMXEXIE KRHMVMM TEYPMRI JE' HI GIE E PYM -MWYW TSEXI 3 TIVGITYX
RGITRH GY HVYQYP TEVGYVW HI ETSWXSP HI PE RE#XIVI #M TR PE QSEVXIE WE. )P
MRGPYHI QYPXI VYTXYVM, QYPXI TVEKYVM, EQ TYXIE WTYRI, VIPYRH YR XIVQIR PE
QSH. (EG RY 'MRIQ WIEQE HI EGIEWXE, VMWGQ W RY R'IPIKIQ RMGM VIPE'ME
HMRXVI 4EZIP #M -MWYW, RMGM GLMEV KRHMVIE PYM 4EZIP.
R ZVIQI GI -MWYW IVE HMR +EPMPIIE, TVSZMRGMI MYHEMG HIWGLMW
MR4YIR'IPSV HMR EJEV, HEV JGRH TEVXI HMR XIVMXSVMYP MYHEMG, 4EZIP IWXI YR
MYHIY HMR HMEWTSVE, RWGYX PE 8EVW, R 'MPMGME. *MI G E JGYX WEY RY WXYHMM PE
-IVYWEPMQ TVSFPIQE IWXI RG HI^FXYX KVIEGE M IVE PMQFE QEXIVR, MEV
&MFPME HMR GEVI W-E LVRMX GVIHMR'E PYM HI GSTMP, ETSM HI EHSPIWGIRX, IWXI
7ITXYEKMRXE. 3QYP WI E4 PE LSXEVYP E HSY GYPXYVM: GIE MYHEMG #M GIE KVIEG.
4SEXI G P GMXMWI TI *MPSR, GIPIFVYP 3PSWSJ EPI\ERHVMR; R SVMGI GE^, IWXI WMKYV
G EZIE S JSVQE'MI MRXIPIGXYEP HI RMZIP VMHMGEX. *V RHSMEP, E ZIRMX HI QEM
QYPXI SVM R TIPIVMREN PE -IVYWEPMQ, TI GRH IVE GSTMP, HEV WYRX XSEXI #ERWIPI W
RY-P 3 RXPRMX RMGMSHEX TI -MWYW, GEVI IP RWY#M, HI EPXJIP, RY ^FSZIE EGSPS
HIGX R QSH XVIGXSV. 4VMQE WE VETSVXEVI PE -MWYW -S QVXYVMWI#XI R ITMWXSPI
E GSRWXEX QEM RXM R TIVWIGYXEVIE HMWGMTSPMPSV EGIWXYME (+E 1, 13-23). )WXI GY
RITYXMR' HI GYRSWGYX GY GIVXMXYHMRI VE'MYRIE EGIWXIM TVMKSERI, RW GIPI
GXIZE VRHYVM EYXSFMSKVE3GI HMR )TMWXSPE GXVI +EPEXIRM RI RKHYMI W
TVIWYTYRIQ G PMFIVX'MPI TI GEVI #M PI PYEWI XRVE &MWIVMG JE' HI 0IKIE
MYHEMG, EP GVIM ÎPEXSV VMKYVSW WI HSVIE 4EZIP, #M EZIEY VSPYP PSV (+E 1, 14).
1EVIE GSXMXYV E ZMI'MM PYM 4EZIP IWXI HVYQYP (EQEWGYPYM. %GSPS P-E Z^YX
TI -MWYW (SQRYP (1 'S 9, 1) #M, WMXYE'MI GY XSXYP I\GIT'MSREP, JEGI HMR EGIEWX
ZM^MYRI GIE HMR YVQ ETEVM'MI E 'IPYM RZMEX (1 'S 15, 8). 9PXMQYP TI PMWXE GIPSV
GVSVE PM W-E EVXEX -MWYW, WI HIWIQRIE^ GE IOXVSQE, XIVQIR KVIGIWG TVSWX
VIHEX TVMR GYZRXYP JVERGI^ EZSVXSR* #M GEVI RWIEQR, QEM I\EGX, RSY-
RWGYX E GVYM QEQ E QYVMX R GLMRYVMPI JEGIVMM. 4VMR YVQEVI, IWXI GLMEV
YPXMQYP, QYPX XMQT HYT XS'M GIMPEP'M, MEV HYT IP RY ZSV QEM 3 EP'MM: QEXVNGIE I
GE #M VYTX. )WXI S WMXYE'MI HI I\GIT'MI, PYGVY HI GEVI IWXI GSR#XMIRX. ' E
RXQTMREX, PE RGITYX, RIRGVIHIVI HMR TEVXIE GIPSVPEP'M ETSWXSPM RMQMG QEM
RSVQEP.
(IZIRMX YGIRMG EP PYM -MWYW, JEGI EXYRGM TEVXI HMRXVI GIM TI GEVI 0YGE, R
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, M RYQI#XI IPIRM#XM, EHMG YGIRMGM MYHIM HI PMQF IPMR,
WTVI E*M HMWXMRKI HI IZVIM, YGIRMGM MYHIM HI PMQF WIQMXMG (*% 6, 1).
R &MF3 E VSQ.: RWGYX REMRXI HI ZVIQI (R.X.).
%GIEWXE M GVIIE^ GSRHM'MMPI HI E HIZIRM QEVXSV EP RZMIVMM R EJEVE
4EPIWXMRIM. (YT FSXI^YP WY PE (EQEWG, WZV#MX HI %RERME (*% 9, 18), E JGYX
TVMQIPI WEPI RGIVGVM HI TVSTSZHYMXSV EP RZMIVMM R %VEFME 4IXVIIE, YRHI E
VQEW XMQT HI XVIM ERM (+E 1, 17-P8); ETSM, HYT S WGYVX ZM^MX PE -IVYWEPMQ,
YRHI M-E RXPRMX TI YRMM ETSWXSPM (+E 1,18-P9), E TPIGEX HMR RSY, HMRXV-S HEX,
WTVI RSVH, R HMVIG'ME TQRXYPYM WY REXEP, WXEFMPMRHY-WI R TVMRGMTEP PE
%RXMSLME #M PE 8EVW.
R VWTRHMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM, %RXMSLME IWXI YR TMZSX HI TVMQ MQTSVXER'.
%GSPS, HYT WTYWIPI PYM 0YGE 3EFMP HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, R EGIEWX
TVMZMR' W-EY RGYQIXEX QMWMSREVMM W WI EHVIWIÎ TIRXVY TVMQE HEX YRSV
IPMRM (RIMYHIM), EWXJIP RGX E JSWX RIZSMI W WI MRZIRXIÎ YR RYQI TIRXVY E
HIWIQRE EGIEWX KVYTEVI VIPMKMSEW HI XMT RSY: GLVMWXMERSM WEY GVI#XMRM (*%
1, 26). RXV-S PMWX EVLEMG HI GMRGM TVSVSGM #M RZ'XSVM EM &MWIVMGMM %RXMSLMIM #M
VIXVERWGVMW HI *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV, &EVREFE IWXI RYQMX TVMQYP, MEV 4EZIP
YPXMQYP (*% 13, 1). 2Y IWXI, HISGEQHEX, HIGX YR JVYRXE# HI VERKYP EP HSMPIE,
HEV TIVWTIGXMZE PYM WI GSRJYRH GY GIE E &MWIVMGMM HMR %RXMSLME R KIRIVEP:
:IWXIE GIE &YR E RZMIVMM PYM -MWYW IWXI EXX HI MQTSVXERX TIRXVY RXVIEKE
PYQI, RGX QIVMX SWXIRIEPE HI E 3 TVSTSZHYMX IPMRMPSV. %GIEWXE RY TSEXI
HIGX MWGE HM3GYPX'M HI GSEFMXEVI RXVI GVI#XMRMM-PYHIM, T^MXSVM HMRXSXHIEYRE EM
8SVIM #M GVI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI TKR, HEV QEM FMRI W PI RJVYRXI HIGX W-#M
QVKMRIEWG TVSTSZHYMVIE HSEV PE MYHIM. %NYR#M R EGIWX TYRGX EP IZSPY'MIM PYM
4EZIP, RI HQ WIEQE G E JSWX TEVGYVW S HMWXER' IRSVQ JE' HI QSHYP HI
E EG'MSRE EP PYM -MWYW, GEVI RY RXPRMWI KVIGM #M VSQERM HIGX SGE^MSREP, R
MRXIVMSVYP 'MRYXYPYM MYHEMG. % JSWX TEVGYVW RY HI YR SQ, GM HI YR KVYT HMR GEVI
4EZIP JEGI TEVXI, JV E-P 3 IP GET HI VRH. )ZSPY'ME GEVI W-E TVSHYW HI PE
'MRGMÎGMQI #M, GY EXX QEM QYPX, HI PE -MWYW, IWXI GSRWMHIVEFMP. % RY S 3
EGGITXEX EV 3 RWIQREX RKVHMVIE VWTRHMVMM )ZERKLIPMIM PE PYQIE MYHEMG,
GEHVY TI GEVI S TEVXI RWIQREX E QMWMSREVMPSV P GSRWMHIVEY TVIE WXVQX,
'MRRH WIEQE HI GIIE GI VITVIÎRXE IE R TPERYP YRMZIVWEP EP PYM (YQRIÎY.
0SKMGE QMWMSREV 0SKMGE QMWMSREV MRWXMXYMX PE %RXMSLME MQTPMGE
RIPMQMXEVIE PE GETMXEPE TVSZMRGMIM VSQERI E 7MVMIM. 4VSTSZHYMVIE XVIFYME
PVKMX R RXVIEKE PYQI GYRSWGYX TI EXYRGM, PYQIE QIHMXIVERIER.
QTYXIVRMGM'M HI %RXMSLME, &EVREFE #M 4EZIP EY TPIGEX R 'MTVY, TEXVME PYM
&EVREFE, R 4EQ3PME #M 'MPMGME. 2MQMG QEM 3VIWG, &EVREFE IVE GSRHYGXSVYP
QMWMYRMM. 0E RGITYXYP TVMQIM GPXSVMM QMWMSREVI E PYM 4EZIP, &EVREFE IWXI
QIVIY RYQMX TVMQYP (*% 13, 2-4). 3 RSY TVSFPIQ EZIE XSXY#M W ETEV #M IE
W-E E4EX PE SVMKMRIE YRIM RSM VYTXYVM. 7 TVSTSZHYMI#XM )ZERKLIPME IPMRMPSV
XS'M ERXMSLMIRMM TVIEY HI EGSVH. (EV GYQ W ZMI'YMEWG, S HEX GSRZIVXM'M#
8VIFYMEY IM MRXIKVE'M R &MWIVMGE MYHEMG, PYGVY GI TVIWYTYRIE VIWTIGXEVIE
8SVIM, GY VIKYPMPI IM EPMQIRXEVI #M GMVGYQGM^ME# 2MGMSHEX ZVIYR KVIG RY EV
EGGITXE EWIQIRIE PYGVY GY MRMQE QTGEX. 7EY WI TYXIE EHQMXI G WMRKYVE
GIVMR' RIGIWEV QRXYMVMM IVE GVIHMR'E R -MWYW, MEV GVI#XMRMM HI SVMKMRI TKR
RY XVIFYMEY WYTY#M 0IKMM# (I^FXYX PE %RXMSLME #M -IVYWEPMQ, EGIEWX
TVSFPIQ IVE EXX HI HMWTYXEX, RGX RY W-E ENYRW PE S EHIZVEX R'IPIKIVI,
R TS3HE VIPEXVMM QTGMYMXSEVI TI GEVI 0YGE S JEGI EHYRVMM HI PE -IVYWEPMQ
(*% 15, P-35). 0E %RXMSLME, 4EZIP W-E GMSGRMX HI SEQIRM HMR ERXYVENYP PYM -EGSZ,
TEVXMÊR EP MQTYRIVMM TSVYRGMPSV 8EVIM RXVIKMM PYQM (+E 2, 12) #M E MRXVEX R
GSR4MGX J'M# GY 4IXVY, GVYME, ETEVIRX, M ZIRIE KVIY W WI WMXYIÎ RXVI HSY
TS^M'MM I\XVIQI (+E 2, P-P4). )P RWY#M IVE ETVXSVYP MHIMM HI E WI QIVKI TR
PE GETXYP PSKMGMM QMWMSREVI, TI GEVI S R'IPIWIWI HI PE RGITYXYVMPI #IHIVMM WEPI
PE %RXMSLME: E G#XMKE TKRM R ,VMWXSW TVIWYTYRIE W RY PM WI MQTYR
TSVYRGMPI 8SVIM; MYHIMM GVI#XMRM W GSRXMRYI E PI T^M HEG, TPMRM HI VZR, IVEY
RITYXMRGMS#M W JEG EPXQMRXIVM (6Q 14); RW PIKIE RY PI IVE HI RMGM YR JSPSW R
SVHMRIE QRXYMVMM.
%GIEWXE IWXI TS^M'ME PE GEVI ENYRKI 4EZIP #M TI GEVI E I\TVMQEX-S GY
GPEVMXEXI R )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM, HYT GI M TYWIWI FEÎPI R )TMWXSPE GXVI
+EPEXIRM. 4VMR EGIEWXE, E JGYX GY EHIZVEX STIV SVMKMREP #M W-E XVI^MX HIWXYP
HI M^SPEX R &MWIVMG, YVQEX HSEV HI G'MZE YGIRMGM TI GEVI M JSVQEWI IP RWY#M.
0WEWI HITEVXI R YVQE PYM &MWIVMGE HMR %RXMSLME. %WXJIP, EXYRGM GRH ZMRI R
EGIWX SVE# TIRXVY YPXMQE SEV (*% 18, 23), R'IPIKIQ G RY TSEXI TSTSWM
HIGX TIRXVY WGYVX XMQT (*% 18, 23). &MWIVMGE PSGEP TVIJIVE, RXV-EHIZV, W RY
SJIVI TVIE QYPX ZVIQI SWTI'MI EGIWXYM TIVWSREN WXMRKLIVMXSV, GEVI WIQRE
^ÊRMI TI SVMYRHI XVIGIE. )E RY M QEM HHIE FMRIGYZRXEVIE WE. (I EMGM,
4EZIP E TSVRMX RIRXV^MEX R E XVIME WE GPXSVMI, JV RHSMEP WTVI Y#YVEVIE
QYPXSVE.
'XVI S TVSTSZHYMVI YRMZIVWEP (MR HMJIVMXI QSXMZI, RXVI GEVI GIP QEM
QVYRX RY IWXI GYGIVMVIE -IVYWEPMQYPYM HI GXVI VSQERM, R ERYP 70 #M WPFMVIE
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM MYHEMG GEVI M-E YVQEX, MWXSVME M-E HEX HVITXEXI PYM 4EZIP. %GIWX
PYGVY RY W-E RXQTPEX JV HM3GYPX'M WEY JV VYTXYVM. 'IE QEM RWIQREX
TEKYF GEVI E VI^YPXEX HI EMGM IWXI EGIIE G, RXV-S ERYQMX QWYV,
GVI#XMRMWQYP #M-E TMIVHYX VHGMRMPI IZVIMI#XM. (EV E HSFRHMX S HMQIRWMYRI
YRMZIVWEP TI GEVI RMGM GSRWIVZEXSVMWQYP PYM -EGSZ, RMGM TS^M'ME QEM QSHIVEX
E PYM 4IXVY RY EV 3 TYXYX W M-S EWMKYVI.
%WXJIP WI I\TPMG, R QEVI TEVXI, HISWIFMVMPI HMRXVI 4EZIP #M -MWYW, QEM
EPIW HEG RI VIJIVMQ PE 4EZIP GIP HI TI YVQ, EHMG EYXSVYP QEVMPSV ITMWXSPI.
R SVMGI GE^, GIM HSM RY EZIEY I\EGX EGIIE#M VIPMKMI. 6IPMKME PYM -MWYW IVE, JV
HMWGY'MI, MYHEMWQYP. 'IE E PYM 4EZIP E IZSPYEX: MYHIY HI SVMKMRI, MYHIY ZE
VQRI. (EV MXMRIVEVYP TI GEVI P-E EZYX WI GSRJYRH GY IXETIPI TI GEVI PI-E
TEVGYVW VEQYVE GVI#XMR E MYHEMWQYPYM TIRXVY E WI GSRWXMXYM XVITXEX RXV-S
VIPMKMI RSY, GYVRH RYQMX GVI#XMRMWQ. -EV YPXMQMM TKRM TI GEVI M-E G#XMKEX
RXVY ,VMWXSW EY JSWX WGYXM'M E QEM TVEGXMGE 0IKIE MYHEMG, RW RIRGIXRH W
GSRWMHIVI :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX HVITX XIQIM EP GVIHMR'IM PSV.
% WTYRI HEG S EXEVI IZSPY'MI IWXI S XVHEVI E QIWENYPYM PYM -MWYW WEY
HEG, HMQTSXVMZ, IE IWXI HVYQYP EHIZVEXIM GVIHMR'I RY 'MRI HI GSQTIXIR'E
MWXSVMGYPYM. )\MWX GVIHMR'I EPI HYLYPYM GEVI WI EFEX HI PE PMXIV, TIRXVY G
PMXIVE YGMHI, MEV HYLYP JEGI ZMY. 4EZIP PI-S WGVME GSVMRXIRMPSV (2 'S 3, 6). )\MWX
R EGIWX ZIVWIX S GLIMI QENSV TIRXVY R'IPIKIVIE #M E TIVWSERIM #M E KRHMVMM
PYM.
1MGLIP 5YIWRIP 4EVXIE E XVIME )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 6SQE
-WXSVMGYP R JE'E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM GXIZE VI4IG'MM -WXSVMGMM WYRX ZMGXMQI EPI
GSQTEVXMQIRXVMM HMWGMTPMRIM PSV. -WXSVME IWXI GSRWXVYMX TI FEÊ YRSV HSQIRMM
HI WTIGMEPMXEXI, MEV WTIGMEPM#XMM MIW EVEVISVM HMR TVSTVMYP GQT HI WXYHMY. 1EM
EPIW EXYRGM GRH HSGYQIRXE'ME PSV RY M MRZMX PE E#E GIZE. -WXSVMGYP -QTIVMYPYM
6SQER WI GSRJVYRX GY RYQVYP JSEVXI QMG HI M^ZSEVI RIGVI#XMRI GEVI
ZSVFIWG HIWTVI GVI#XMRMWQ, M EGSVH, TVMR YVQEVI, EGIWXYME YR PSG TI QWYV.
0E VRHYP PSV, WTIGMEPM#XMM MWXSVMIM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM YXMPMÎE^ YR GSVTYW HMJIVMX, R
TVMRGMTEP WGVMIVMPI GERSRMGI. )M EY HYVEX S HMWGMTPMR EYXSRSQ GEVI EGSVH S
QEVI MQTSVXER' SVMKMRMPSV #M MWXSVMIM MRXIVRI EPI QM#GVMM. +VIYXEXIE GSRWX R
E VEGSVHE EGIWXI HSY GQTYVM MWXSVMGI.
*ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV WYRX, TIRXVY MWXSVME -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER, S QVXYVMI
HIWTVI ZME'E GIX'MPSV #M JVQRXEVIE WSGMEP #M VIPMKMSEW. R EXEVI GEPMXEXI, IPI
TSX 3 YXMPMÊXI JV RMGM S HMQIRWMYRI GVI#XMR. -WXSVMGYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, R
WGLMQF, ZE GMXM *ETXIPI TIRXVY GSR'MRYXYP PSV GY TVMZMVI PE TVSTSZHYMVI.
R GSRWIGMR', WTIGMEPMWXYP R -QTIVMYP 6SQER TSEXI WTYRI JSEVXI TY'MRI
HIWTVI TVMQMM ERM EM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM: -R4YIR'E EGIWXYME HMR YVQ TEVI ETVSETI
RYP R WIGSPYP -, MEV HI^ZSPXEVIE WE RY TEVI W 3 EXVEW WGLMQFVM TIVGITXMFMPI
R 6WVMXYP QIHMXIVERIER EP WIGSPYPYM YVQXSV. R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, R WGLMQF,
GVI#XMRMM WYRX RHIENYRW HI RYQIVS#M TIRXVY E MR4YIR'E IZSPY'ME WSGMIX'MM.
-WXSVMGYP RY TSEXI HIGIPE, R M^ZSEVIPI HI GEVI HMWTYRI (GY I\GIT'ME PMXIVEXYVMM
GVI#XMRI, GEVI TEVI R QSH RIGIWEV TY'MR WYWTIGX), YVQI GVI#XMRI EWYTVE
WSGMIX'MM.
:IWXMKMMPI EVLISPSKMGI #M XI\XIPI WYRX VEVI #M HMWTIVWEXI. %WXJIP, R 12-P3,
4PMRMY GIP 8RV, KYZIVREXSV EP &MXMRMIM, M WGVMI QTVEXYPYM 8VEMER, RXVIFRHY-P
GYQ W WI TSEVXI GY GVI#XMRMM GEVI VIJY^ W EHYG WEGVM3GMM ÎMPSV -QTIVMYPYM.
R EGIWX GE^, WI TEVI G GVI#XMRMM WYRX RYQIVS#M R XSEXI QIHMMPI. 'Y TVYHIR',
8VEMER P WJXYMI#XI W WI QVKMRIEWG PE S GSRHEQREVI E VIGEPGMXVER'MPSV. 3V,
TI TPER EVLISPSKMG, EGI#XM GVI#XMRM RY EY PWEX RMGM S YVQ, R ZVIQI GI
MR4YIR'E PSV IWXI, JV RHSMEP, GEYÊ HIRYR'YVMPSV GVSVE PI WYRX ZMGXMQI.
8VIFYMI E#XITXEX WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE TIRXVY E KWM, R *VMKME, TVMQIPI
ZIWXMKMM EVLISPSKMGI WXIPI JYRIVEVI #M WIGSPYP EP --PIE TIRXVY GE IPI W 3I
QEM RYQIVSEWI.
8SXY#M, GVI#XMRMWQYP E WJV#MX TVMR E WI MQTYRI R -QTIVMY. 4IRXVY MWXSVMG,
TVSFPIQE IWXI HI E VIWTIGXE RXVY XSXYP GVSRSPSKME. 'VI#XMRMWQYP E HMWXVYW S
ERYQMX JSVQ E -QTIVMYPYM, TIRXVY E-P WYFWXMXYM S EPXE, HEV QEM XV^MY, R
WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE. %GIEWXE E PYEX XMQT #M WYRXIQ RHVITX'M'M W GVIHIQ G
WSGMIXEXIE MQTIVMEP E JSWX QSHIPEX HI GVI#XMRMWQ. (EV I PE JIP HI EHIZVEX
G IWXI ETVSETI GY RITYXMR' W #XMQ GYQ ERYQI. %YXSVMM TKRM RY JEG EPY^MI
PE GVI#XMRM WEY EQIWXIG MYHIM #M GVI#XMRM. )M JSPSWIWG PE EHVIWE EGIWXSV
GSQYRMX'M GYZMRXI I\XVEZEKERXI #M ZHIWG TY'MR GYVMS^MXEXI TIRXVY
QEVKMREPM, GEVI R VIEPMXEXI RY-P MRXIVIWIE^.
(EG -QTIVMYP TVSGIHE PE VIGIRWQMRXI, RYQVXSEVIE RY 'MRIE WIEQE
HI VIPMKMI. 6IGIRWQRXYP PYM 8MFIVMY, HIWTVI GEVI WI ZSVFI#XI R )ZERKLIPMM,
RYQVE WYTY#MM HSEV TIRXVY VE'MYRM 3WGEPI. % WSGSXM SEQIRMM HYT VIPMKMI EV
3 JSWX PMTWMX HI WIRW, TIRXVY G RY I\MWXEY HIGX GYPXI HIWGLMWI XYXYVSV. %FME
HYT VWGSEPE HMR 6/70 WI XVIGI PE S RYQVXSEVI I\GPYWMZ E MYHIMPSV, TIRXVY
E PM WI MQTYRI YR FMV WTIGMEP.
R WIGSPYP -, MYHIMM WYRX QYPX QEM FMRI GYRSWGY'M HIGX GVI#XMRMM. 7YRXIQ
TI HITPMR R QWYV W MHIRXM3GQ GSQYRMX'MPI HI MYHIM, R ZVIQI GI IWXI
MQTSWMFMP W S JEGIQ R GE^YP GVI#XMRMPSV (I\GITXRH PMWXIPI HIWTVMRWI HMR
WGVMIVMPI GERSRMGI), MEV FMPER'YP EVLISPSKMG EP SVE#IPSV YRHI WI KWIWG YVQI EPI
TVIÎR'IM MYHEMGI IWXI FSKEX. 6WTRHMVIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R -QTIVMY RY E JSWX,
JV RHSMEP, S QM#GEVI GSRXMRY, RIRXVIVYTX. 9RE HMRXVI IVI^MMPI WIGSPYPYM EP
--PIE, QSRXERMWQYP, M EGY^ TI ITMWGSTMM MRWY3GMIRX HI EWTVM JE' HI GVI#XMRMM
GEVI SWGMPIE^ RXVI GVI#XMRMWQ #M SFMGIMYVMPI TKRI, XVIGRH HMRXV-S TEVXI
RXV-EPXE. %GIWXIE 3MRH ^MWI, MWXSVMGMM KIRI-VEPM#XM EV XVIFYM W EGSVHI QEM QYPX
EXIR'MI TVIÎR'IM GVI#XMRMPSV R -QTIVMY, GGM QYPX ZVIQI EGI#XME RY TEV W
I\MWXI, TIRXVY GE HMRXV-S HEX -QTIVMYP W 3I GVI#XMR. 0E VRHYP PSV, MWXSVMGMM
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM EV TYXIE PYE QEM QYPX R GSRWMHIVEVI QIHMYP R GEVI W-E JSVQEX
KRHMVIE GVI#XMR. 8IEQE HI E RY WYTVEIZEPYE JIRSQIRYP GVI#XMR M-E JGYX,
JV RHSMEP, TI MWXSVMGM W-P QMRMQEPMÎÎ RXVYGXZE. 2SY RI VIZMRI WEVGMRE
HI E GSRWYPXE HSGYQIRXIPI TI GEVI PI HI'MRIQ, R RGIVGEVIE HI E HIWPY#M
QIVIY QEM FMRI VIEPMXEXIE.
1EYVMGI 7EVXVI 'SQYRMX'MPI MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE 'SQYRMX'MPI HI MYHIM HMR
6SQE RY TVIÎRXEY I\EGX EGIPIE#M WXVYGXYVM GE EGIPIE HMR %RXMSLME WEY HMR
%PI\ERHVME: WI TEVI G IPI RY EY GYRSWGYX S MRWXER' GIRXVEPMÊXSEVI.
:IGLMPI MRWGVMT'MM MYHEMGI HIWGSTIVMXI PE 6SQE TIVQMX PSGEPMÊVIE E
YRWTVIÎGI WMREKSKM1 WEY GSQYRMX'M MYHEMGI. R VWXMQTYP TVMQIPSV ZIEGYVM
EPI IVIM RSEWXVI, GMRGM HMRXVI IPI QIVMX E 3 WIQREPEXI: 1) 7MREKSKE IZVIMPSV,
RYQMX EWXJIP, TSEXI, RXVYGX PIGXYVMPI HMR HMQMRIE'E WEFEXYPYM EZIEY PSG EMGM
R IFVEMG #M RY R KVIEG, E#E GYQ WI RXQTPE R KIRIVEP R HMEWTSVE; S EPX
WMREKSK E IZVIMPSV IWXI GYRSWGYX PE 'SVMRX. *V RHSMEP, IVE ZSVFE R
EGIWX GE^ HI TIVIKVMRM MYHIM WSWM'M HI TY'MR XMQT PE 6SQE; 2) 7MREKSKE
ZIVREGYPMPSV, EHMG E WGPEZMPSV #M PMFIV'MPSV, SEVIGYQ EWIQRXSEVI WMREKSKMM
MYHIS-IPIRMWXI ^MW E 0MFIVXMRMPSV, HMR -IVYWEPMQ (*% 6, 9); 3) 7MREKSKE
%YKYWXMRMPSV, R SRSEVIE PYM 'IÊV %YKYWXYW, JSEVXI JEZSVEFMP MYHIMPSV HMR
6SQE, GE QEM REMRXI -YPMY 'IÊV; 4) 7MREKSKE %KVMTMPSV, HI PE RYQIPI PYM
%KVMTE, KMRIVIPI PYM %YKYWXYW; 5) R WJV#MX, WMREKSKE PYM :SPYQRYW, TSEXI YR
TVMIXIR EP PYM -VSH, PIKEX EP 7MVMIM R ERYP 8.
%WIQIRIE EHYRVM WEY WMREKSKM RY EZIEY, R ITSG, RMQMG HI QMVEVI,
GRH TVIXYXMRHIRM WI VWTRHIEY EWSGME'MM HI XSEXI WSMYVMPI, QI#XI#YKVI#XM
WEY VIPMKMSEWI, RYQMXI R PEXMR 'SPPIKME, MEV R KVIEG, TVMRXVI EP'M XIVQIRM,
XLMEWIW. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW QIR'MSRIE^ EWXJIP HIGVIXYP PYM 'IÊV R JEZSEVIE
MYHIMPSV: %XYRGM GRH 'EMYW 'IÊV, KIRIVEPYP RSWXVY SGVQYMXSV, E HEX SVHMRYP
TVMR GEVI EY JSWX STVMXI PE 6SQE EHYRVMPI TYFPMGI, MYHIMM WYRX WMRKYVMM TI GEVI
RY M-E STVMX HI PE GSPIGXEVIE FERMPSV #M HI PE QIWIPI R GSQYR. (%RXMGLMX'M
MYHEMGI <-:, 215). 4IRXVY VSQER, WMREKSKE IWXI HIGM EWMQMPEX YRYM XLMEWSW,
YRIM EHYRVM.
3VKERMÊVIE EHYRVMPSV MYHEMGI 3VKERMÊVIE MRXIVR E EGIWXSV
GSQYRMX'M MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE RY TEVI HMRXVI GIPI QEM PMQTI^M. +LMGMQ
WMQMPMXYHMRM, R EGIPE#M XMQT GY S ERYQMX HISWIFMVI WXVYGXYVEP, GY 4EPIWXMRE
WEY GY VIWXYP HMEWTSVIM. R -WVEIP.
R HMEWTSVE, GSRWXVYG'MMPI WPYNMRH HVITX PSG HI EHYREVI R ^MYE HI WEFEX
WI RYQIEY TVSWIYGLIW WEY GEWI HI VYKGMYRI #M RMGMHIGYQ WMREKSKM GE R
4EPIWXMRE #M 7MVME (PE %RXMSLME, HI TMPH). 0E 6SQE, RXV-S KVIEG PEXMRMÊX, WI
JSPSWIE GYZRXYP TVSWIYGLE.
3VE#IPI #M XVKY#SEVIPI WYRX EHQMRMWXVEXI HI #ETXI NYHIGXSVM RYQM'M #M
EVLSR'M WEY TEQEWLMQ, GEVI HMWTYRIEY, RXVI EPXIPI, EWYTVE XYXYVSV
WIVZMGMMPSV HI RXVENYXSVEVI: FPMHYP WVEGYPYM #M GS#YP ZHYZIM (GJ. .SWITLYW,
%RXMGLMX'M -:, 214-287; 6^FSMYP -, 568-571). *ETXIPI %TSWXSPMPSV 6, P-7
EQMRXIWG #M IPI EPIKIVIE E #ETXI QIQFVM #M, R XMQTYP EGIWXIM VIWXVYGXYVVM
IGPI^MEPI, IZVIMM WYRX HMJIVIR'ME'M HI IPIRM#XMM MYHIS-GVI#XMRM HMR -IVYWEPMQ.
4I PRK EVLSR'MM WEY MYHIMM HI JVYRXI _GJ *% 17, 4) GI GVQYMEY VIEPQIRXI
GIXEXIE, TVIGYQ #M TI PRK EVLMWMREKSKMM RWS'M'M HI WPYNMXSVYP WMREKSKMM (0I 4,
20), W WIQREPQ #M FXVRMM WEY TVI^FM'MM, QIQFVM EM WJEXYPYM GEVI RY TEV W
NSEGI YR VSP JSEVXI RWIQREX. R RXVIEKE HMEWTSV KWMQ EGIWXI HMZIVWI
HIRYQMVM, TVIXYXMRHIRM GY QIR'MSREVIE EVLSR'MPSV YR XMXPY TI GEVI
GSQYRMX'MPI GVI#XMRI RY P-EY EGGITXEX HI EPXJIP RMGMSHEX.
0E %PI\ERHVME #M, JV RHSMEP #M PE %RXMSLME TI 3VSRXI, XSEXI EHYRVMPI
HMR SVE# #M E4EY YRMXEXIE R GEHVYP YRYM TSPMXIYQE MYHEMG, YR WSM HI
SVKERMÊ'MI GSQYREP GY EVLSR'M EPI#M #M TVI^FM'M. 0E %PI\ERHVME GIP TY'MR R
WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI YR KIVSYWME (WEY FSYPI), EHMG YR WJEX EP SF#XMM,
GSRHYGIE RXVIEKE GSQYRMXEXI. 8SWIJXE 7YOE 4, 6 QIR'MSRIE^ EGIWX WJEX, GY
GIM #ETXIÎGM #M YRY HI QIQFVM EM WM. %WXJIP HI GSRWMPMM TYXIEY XVMQMXI R
KVEF HIPIKE'M R EJEVE LSXEVIPSV, GYQ IWXI HIPIKE'ME GSRHYW HI *MPSR HMR
%PI\ERHVME PE 6SQE, R ITSGE PYM 'EPMKYPE. (I EWIQIRIE, WJEXYP TYXIE GSRZSGE
S EHYREVI TYRGXYEP E MYHIMPSV HMR TSPMXIYQE, EHYREVI HIRYQMX R EGIWX GE^
IGGPIWME.
2MGM S PIKXYV RXVI WMREKSKMPI VSQERI 0E 6SQE, HYT XSEXI
ETEVIR'IPI, RY IVE PE JIP. (MZIVWIPI WMREKSKM-EHYRVM TEV EYXSRSQI, JV
PIKXYV RXVI IPI, JV WJEX WEY SVKERMÊVI HI ERWEQFPY TIRXVY XS'M MYHIMM HMR
YVFI. R EGIWX GSRXI\X JVQM'EX, IWXI TSWMFMP GE S QWYV GI M EJIGXIE^ TI
MYHIMM #M HIGM TI MYHIS-GVI#XMRMM YRSV WMREKSKM WEY EM EPXSVE W RY MRXIVIWIÎ
PE JIP HI QYPX QEWE VMWMTMX E MYHIMPSV HMR 3VE#. *V RHSMEP, EWXJIP W-E
RXQTPEX R GE^YP HIGVIXYPYM HI I\TYPÊVI EP QTVEXYPYM 'PEYHMY, GEVI RY M-E
EJIGXEX TI XS'M MYHIMM HMR 6SQE, GM QEM HIKVEF VEQYVE MYHIS-GVI#XMR, HMR
GEVI JGIEY TEVXI, RXVI EP'MM, 4VMWGMPE #M %GZMPE.
:SQ QEM VIQEVGE, HYT QVXYVME MRWGVMT'MMPSV, G ETEVIRX RY I\MWX
FXVRM WEY TVI^FM'M PE 6SQE, RY QEM QYPX HIGX PE %RXMSLME, HI EPXJIP. )WXI
EHIZVEX G EGI#XM FXVRM RY NYGEY HIPSG YR VSP EGXMZ R GSQYRMX'M. 0E
GVI#XMRMM HMR 6SQE, RY M ZIHIQ QIR'MSRE'M HIGX RGITRH GY 'PIQIRX
6SQERYP #M R 1 4IXVY 5, P-5, EHMG RXV-S ITSG XEVHMZ.
-RZMHME EPXSV QMRSVMX'M 7MREKSKMPI WEY EHYRVMPI MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE, HYT
QSHIPYP EHYRVMPSV HI EGIPE#M XMT HMR VIWXYP HMEWTSVIM, XVIFYMEY, JV RHSMEP,
W XVIÎEWG SEVIGEVI MRZMHMM HMR TEVXIE GIPSVPEPXI QMRSVMX'M IXRMGI #M E
RIRYQVEXIPSV )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 317 XLMEWIW VIPMKMSEWI EPI
ZVIQMM. %GIWXI XLMEWIW, R KIRIVEP EGGITXEXI WEY XSPIVEXI, HYT GE^, JV E
EZIE RW S I\MWXIR' PIKEP TVSTVMY-^MW, RY EZIEY WSPMHMXEXIE #M RMGM, QEM
EPIW, TVMZMPIKMMPI WMREKSKMPSV MYHEMGI. 4VMZMPIKMMPI HI GEVI ZSVFMQ IVEY EXYRGM
GSRWMHIVEFMPI. -YHIMM HMR 6SQE WI TYXIEY RXVYRM R HMQMRIE'E WEFEXYPYM #M R
XMQTYP EGIPSV QIWI GSQYRI PE GEVI 3IGEVI TEVXMGMTE, JV RHSMEP, GY FERM
WEY R REXYV. 4YXIEY GLMEV EHYRE FERM TIRXVY E-P XVMQMXI PE -IVYWEPMQ,
GSRXVMFYMRH EWXJIP PE MQTS^MXYP TIRXVY 8IQTPY #M NIVXJIPI EGIWXYME, SFMGIM PEVK
TVEGXMGEX HI SEQIRMM HMR HMEWTSV, JV GE QGEV 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI W-P SFPMKI
HMVIGX PE EGIEWXE. -YHIMM VIWTIGXEY, R TPYW, SHMLRE HI WEFEX, GIIE GI HHIE
RE#XIVI EHIWISVM MVSRMIM PE EHVIWE PSV. 'Y I\GIT'ME GE^YPYM R GEVI WI SJIVIEY
ZSPYRXEVM, RY IVEY HIPSG WMPM'M W WPYNIEWG WYF EVQI: SHMLRE HI WEFEX #M, QEM
QYPX, GMRWXMVIE HMZMR HEXSVEX RWIQRIPSV MQTIVMEPI RY PI-S RKHYME GXY#M
HI TY'MR. %GIWXI JIPYVMXI TVMZMPIKMM EGSVHEXI R QSH SFM#RYMX MYHIMPSV
GSRWXMXYMEY YR EHIZVEX WXEXYX HI I\GIT'MI.
R'IPIKIQ QEM FMRI EXYRGM RITPGIVMPI RXQTMREXI HI MYHIM, VERGLMYRMPI
#M YVE QIVKRH YRISVM TR PE V^ZVXMVIE ERXM-PYHEMG PE %PI\ERHVME, HI
I\IQTPY HYT GYQ R'IPIKIQ #M HVEQE TVSZSGEX HI WGM^MYRIE XVITXEX
RXVI MYHIMM GVIHMRGMS#M I\GPYWMZ 0IKMM PYM 1SMWI #M EGI#XM MYHIS-GVI#XMRM
TVSQSXSVM EM YRIM GVIHMR'I RSM. 6IGYRSE#XIVIE YRIM WMREKSKM GVI#XMRI, GY
QIWIPI WEPI GSQYRMXEVI WEY GMRI EPI (SQRYPYM, RY TYXIEY W RY WXV-RIEWG
QTSXVMZMVI.
'LEVPIW 4IVVSX (MEWTSVE MYHEMG HMR 6SQE R WIGSPYP - EP IVIM RSEWXVI,
MYHIMM WYRX VWTRHM'M TIWXI XSX, HMR &E^MRYP QIHMXIVERIER, E4EX WYF HSQMRE'MI
VSQER #M TR R -QTIVMYP TEVX, R 1IWSTSXEQME. RW HMEWTSVE MYHEMG HMR
6SQE RY SGYT WJIVIPI REPXI EPI WSGMIX'MM #M RY GSRWXMXYMI S IPMX MRXIPIGXYEP,
E#E GYQ WI RXQTP PE %PI\ERHVME.
RG HI PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM - . ,V., EYXSVYP 3VEGSPIPSV WMFMPMRI HIGPEVE
TSTSVYPYM PYM -WVEIP: *MIGEVI FYGEX HI TQRX ZE 3 TPMR HI GIM HI-YR RIEQ
GY XMRI #M E#MNHIVIE 3IGEVI QEVI #M XSEX PYQIE 'M ZE YV SFMGIMYVMPI (3V. 7MF.
-, 271). 0E JIP, 7XVEFSR, MWXSVMGYP #M KISKVEJYP PYM %YKYWXYW, WGVMI G RG HMR
XMQTYP PYM 7YPPE (GXVI 85 . ,V.), EGIWX TSTSV W-E TVMT#MX R XSEXI GIX'MPI #M RY
IWXI PYGVY Y#SV W KWI#XM YR PSG R PYQIE XSEX GEVI W RY-P 3 TVMQMX #M W RY-
P 3 WMQ'MX TYXIVIE (HYT .SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M <-:, 15). :SQ VIQEVGE #3GLMYP
SWXMP GEVI V^FEXI HMR EGIWXI XI\XI. 7TVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM -, MWXSVMGYP MYHIY
*PEZMYW .SWITLYW SFWIVZ PE VRHYP WY: 2Y I\MWX TSTSV TI PYQI JV REX HMR
RIEQYP RSWXVY (6^FSMYP -, 398). %GIEWXE I\TVMQ GSRZMRKIVIE MYHIMPSV HMR
ITSG HI E 3 EXMRW HINE QEVKMRMPI PYQMM, R XMQT GI R PYQIE QIHMXIVERIER IM
RY VITVIÎRXEY HIGX ÎGI PE WYX WEY GIZE QEM TY'MR HMR TSTYPE'ME HI EXYRGM
GIIE GI IWXI HINE GSRWMHIVEFMP!
"ETXI QMPMSERI HI MYHIM R -QTIVMYP 6SQER#
1EM QYP'M WTIGMEPM#XM QSHIVRM IZEPYIE^ TSTYPE'ME MYHEMG E EGIPYM XMQT
PE GMVGE #EWI WEY #ETXI QMPMSERI. &EVLIFVIYW, YR GVSRMGEV WMVMEG HMR WIGSPYP EP
<P--PIE, ZSVFI#XI GLMEV HI YR VIGIRWQRX EP XYXYVSV MYHIMPSV, HIWJ#YVEX WYF
QTVEXYP 'PEYHMY (4P-54), GEVI EV HE GMJVE HI 6 94 0 HI MYHIM RYQEM R
-QTIVMYP 6SQER. 2Y #XMQ YRHI E TYXYX KWM EGIWX #SEVIGI HI FMFPMSXIG S
EWIQIRIE MRJSVQE'MI. )KMTXYP EZIE IP WMRKYV YR QMPMSR HI MYHIM, TSXVMZMX PYM
*MPSR, %PI\ERHVME 3MRH GIP QEM QEVI SVE# MYHEMG HMR PYQI. 3V, R WIGSPYP -,
6SQE XVIFYMI W RY 3 HIT#MX, JV RHSMEP, GXIZE ÎGM HI QMM; YRMM ZSVFIWG
HI 30 0 HI MYHIM. 'SQYRMX'MPI VSQERI TEV QEM HIKVEF WVEGI GE RYQV. 3
EWIQIRIE GMJV ZEVME, IZMHIRX, R JYRG'MI HI QTVINYVVM, HI E4Y\YP WGPEZMPSV #M
HI HMZIVWIPI I\TYP^VM.
4VMQE QIR'MYRI GYRSWGYX E YRIM GSQYRMX'M MYHEMGI PE 6SQE IWXI
YVQEVI E MRXIVZIR'MIM, R ERYP 139 . ,V., E PYM 'SVRIPMYW ,MWTERYW, YR
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 319 TVEIXSV TIVIKVMRYW (QEKMWXVEX RWVGMREX
GY TVSFPIQIPI WXVMRMPSV) GEVI WI VMHMG QTSXVMZE TVSTEKERHIM MYHEMGI VMXYVM
#M TVEGXMGM WYWGITXMFMPI W WTYVGI QSVEPE VSQER TVMR GYPXYP PYM -YTMXIV
7EFE^MSW (EWMQMPEX EMGM PYM -ELZI 7EZESX!). :E YVQE S I\TYPÊVI.
R ERYP 59 . ,V., 'MGIVS, GEVI PI ME #M IP R HIVHIVI WYTIVWXM'ME
FEVFEV, IZSG R YVQXSVMM XIVQIRM RYQVYP QEVI HI MYHIM TVIÎR'M PE
TVSGIWYP TVIJIGXYPYM *PEGGYW: "XMM GI QEVI QYP'MQI WYRX, GYQ WYRX GY XS'MM YR
XVYT, GI RVYVMVI EY R RXVYRMVM (4VS *PEGGS 28). )WXI EHIZVEX G FMVYMR'E PYM
4SQTIM EWYTVE -IVYWEPMQYPYM TVSZSGEWI S QEWMZ E4YIR' HI TVM^SRMIVM MYHIM
PE 6SQE. 0E JIP WI ZE RXQTP, FE GLMEV RQYP'MX, HYT HMWXVYKIVIE
-IVYWEPMQYPYM, R ERYP 70 EP IVIM RSEWXVI: R WGLMQFYP E 30 HI HMREVM, TYXIEM
EZIE PE 6SQE YR WGPEZ GMVGYQGMW (4IXVSRMY, 7EXMVMGSR 68). (EV PE RGITYXYP
WIGSPYPYM -, RYQVYP PSV RY XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX HIPSG VIQEVGEFMP. *MPSR WGVMI R
PIKXYV GY IM: RXMRWYP GEVXMIV EP 6SQIM, HMRGSPS HI 8MFVY ?.A, IVE SGYTEX #M
PSGYMX HI MYHIM. 'IM QEM QYP'M HMRXVI IM IVEY PMFIV'M VSQERM. %HY#M R -XEPME GE
TVM^SRMIVM HI V^FSM, EY JSWX ETSM IPMFIVE'M HI WXTRYP PSV, JV E 3 WMPM'M W-#M
WGLMQFI RMGMYRE HMR HEXMRM (0IKE'MS EH 'EMYQ 15). 'IIE GI RY-P QTMIHMGE W
3I PIKE'M HI SVE#YP PSV, GYQ IVEY #M HI -QTIVMY. .SWITLYW WTYRI HI EPXJIP G,
HYT QSEVXIE PYM -VSH GIP 1EVI R ERYP 4 . ,V., ETVSETI 8 0 HI MYHIM VSQERM,
GY WTVMNMRYP RSXEFMPMPSV ZIRM'M HMR -IVYWEPMQ, M-EY GIVYX PYM 'IÊV %YKYWXYW W
GSRHYG HMVIGX 4EPIWXMRE, R PSGYP YVQE#MPSV PYM -VSH. %XE#EQIRXYP MYHIMPSV
VSQERM JE' HI TSPMXMGE MQTIVMEP IWXI GY EXX QEM TYXIVRMG, GY GX WMXYE'ME PSV
IGSRSQMG #M TSPMXMG VQRIE TVIGEV.
(VITX FEKEN YR WRST HI JR (YT GYQ HIGPEV *MPSR, MYHIMM PSGYMIWG
QEM EPIW GEVXMIVYP 8VERWXIZIVI, EP TEMWTVIÎGIPIE #M YPXMQYP GEVXMIV EP 3VE#YPYM
HYT QTV'MVIE IJIGXYEX HI %YKYWXYW WMXYEX HI GIEPEPX TEVXI E TSVXYPYM
(IQTSVMYQ). 7XV^MPI WYRX EMGM RKYWXI #M RXSVXSGLIEXI, GY GSGMSEFI YRIPI
TIWXI EPXIPI, HITEVXI HI JVYQSEWIPI GEWI VSQERI RP'EXI TI GSPMRI. *SEVXI
ETVSETI WI E4 GEXEGSQFE 1SRXIZIVHI, GIE QEM ZIGLI GEXEGSQF MYHEMG
HIWGSTIVMX PE 6SQE. 1SVQMRXIPI HI EMGM, GY S RJ'M#EVI QEM HIKVEF
WVGGMSEW, WYRX EHIWIE PMTWMXI HI GYFMGYPE (RGTIVM JYRIVEVI), ETVSETI
JV TSHSEFI, JV ^YKVZIEP: HSEV GXIZE SFMIGXI HI GYPX GE QIRSVE
(WJI#RMGYP), #SJEVYP (GSVRYP), IXVSKYP (GLMXVE) #M PYPEFYP (VEQYVE HI TEPQMIV)
TIVQMX MHIRXM3GEVIE PSV GE IZVIMI#XM. (YT GYQ S HSZIHIWG MRWGVMT'MMPI EGIWXIM
GEXEGSQFI GIP TY'MR, MYHIMM HMR 6SQE ZSVFIEY GYVIRX KVIEGE #M, HI EWIQIRIE,
PEXMRE. "M EPXI GEVXMIVI EY JSWX JVIGZIRXEXI HI MYHIM, GYQ IWXI 7YFYVE (RXVI
:MQMREP #M )WUYMPMR, YR GEVXMIV VY-JEQEX) WEY GLMEV ^SRE GYTVMRW RXVI 'MVGYP
1EVI ('MVGYW 1E\MQYW) #M 4SEVXE 'ETIRE. -YZIREP ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI EGIWXI
PSGYVM RGLMVMEXI MYHIMPSV, GEVI RY EY EZYX HVITX FEKEN HIGX YR WRST HI
JR (7EXMVMGSR 3, P-P4).
VNEMRXI HI ERYP 70, PE 6SQE KWMQ MYHIM R XSEXI TXYVMPI WSGMIX'MM WEY
ETVSETI R XSEXI, HEV QEM EPIW TVMRXVI WGPEZM, PMFIV'M, TIVIKVMRM #M TPIFI. *MPSR
IZSG JS#XMM TVM^SRMIVM #M VSFM MYHIM, EGYQ IPMFIVE'M. *PEZMYW .SWITLYW
QIR'MSRIE^ #M IP WGPEZM MQTIVMEPM HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG (%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 134). 4I
GSPMRE 4EPEXMRYPYM, YRHI WI E4E #M VI#IHMR'E QTVEXYPYM, EY JSWX HIWGSTIVMXI
QEM QYPXI GERHIPI IZVIMI#XM. 7XEXYXYP IGSRSQMG #M WSGMEP EP YRSV EWXJIP HI
WGPEZM P HIT#IE GY QYPX, IWXI EHIZVEX, TI EP QYPXSV GIX'IRM HI SVMKMRI
QSHIWX.
6WGYQTVE'M HIWISVM HI GSVIPMKMSREVMM PSV #M IPMFIVE'M, GYQ WTYRI *MPSR,
MYHIMM RY VQRIEY QEM TY'MR R WXVRW HITIRHIR', WYF XYXIPE WEY QEM
HIKVEF R GPMIRXIPE JS#XMPSV PSV WXTRM. 2I TYXIQ RXVIFE XSXY#M HEG EZIE
PSG RXSXHIEYRE S IPMFIVEVI JSVQEP R EWXJIP HI GE^YVM #M HEG QYP'M MYHIM RY
IVEY HMR GETYP PSGYPYM E^ZVPM'M R VRHYP TIVIKVMRMPSV. %GI#XM ZIRIXMGM GY
PSGYMR', QMGM QI#XI#YKEVM, TVZPME#M WEY PYGVXSVM R TSVX, RY EZIEY RMGM YR
HVITX, HSEV TI EGIPE HI E 3 Y#SV I\TYPÊ'M R GE^ HI JVQR-XVM. 'IIE GI EZIE
HI EPXJIP W WI RXQTPI R ERYP 49, WYF 'PEYHMY, ERXVI-RRH TPIGEVIE HMR
6SQE E 4VMWGMPIM #M E PYM %GZMPE (6Q 16, 3 #M *% 18, 2).
'IX'IRM HI VERKYP HSM %P'M MYHIM, 3M HI PMFIV'M, IVEY VIGYRSWGY'M HVITX
GIX'IRM R YVQE YRIM IPMFIVVM JSVQEPI. %GI#XM SEQIRM HMR TPIFI, GPEWE'M RXVI
LYQMPMSVIW, IVEY XSXY#M PE EHTSWX HI I\TYPÊVI, RY RW #M HI S RVSPEVI
JSV'EX. R ERYP 19 EP IVIM RSEWXVI, 8MFIVMY E I\TYPÊX MYHIM TIVIKVMRM #M E
RVIKMQIRXEX GY JSV'E TEXVY QMM HI MYHIM PMFIV'M, TIRXVY E-P XVMQMXI W 'MR
TMITX XPLEVMPSV R 7EVHMRME. R %REPI 2, 85, 5, 8EGMX EHEYK HIWTVI IM G, HEG
EZIE W-P YGMH GPMQE EGIPIM MRWYPI, R-EV 3 GMRI #XMI GI WGSJEP! :IGLMPI
MRWGVMT'MM MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE QIR'MSRIE^ VEV S EWIQIRIE GIX'IRMI, RXV-EXX
VQRI HI QEVI HMJIVIR'E JE' HI GEXIKSVME GIX'IRMPSV RYQM'M LSRIWXMSVIW,
SEQIRM HMR GPEWIPI RWXVMXI GI 'MR HI SVHMRYP IGZIWXVY, EP GEZEPIVMPSV, WEY, S
JSVXMSVM, HI SVHMRYP WIREXSVMEP. %GI#XM MYHIM IPMFIVE'M VQRIEY WVEGM. 7XEXYXYP
PSV HI GIX'IER XVIFYMI W PI 3 RPIWRMX XSXY#M RXVYRMVIE EGIPSV GSPPIKME
XIRYMSVYQ, EHMG E EGIPSV EWSGME'MM QI#XI#YKVI#XM #M VIPMKMSEWI GY QEVI
WYGGIW R ITSG, MRGPYWMZ HIWJ#YVEVIE SWTI'IPSV GSQYRI. .SWITLYW
QIR'MSRIE^ EGIWXI GMRI SF#XI#XM MYHEMGI, HIRYQMXI W]RHIMTRE; HI EPXJIP, W-EY
KWMX PE 6SQE GYTI TYVXRH MRWGVMT'ME TSXMV HI FMRIGYZRXEVI, JSPSWMXI R
RGLIMIVIE QIWIPSV. 'VI#XMRMM ZSV TVIPYE SFMGIMYP, TYRRHY-P R ZEPSEVI, WI
R'IPIKI (1 'S 10, 16; 1, 20 HIWTVI GMRE (SQRYPYM).
2Y WI GYRSWG GE^YVM HI MYHIM VSQERM TPEWE'M R VRHYP GPEWIPSV REPXI, GM
HSEV WMQTEXMÊRXI EPI PSV, GYQ I 4STTIE, WS'ME PYM 2IVS, YGMW HI EGIWXE R
ERYP 65 (.SWITLYW, %RXMGLMX'M <, 193-P95). *V RHSMEP, RY IVE WMRKYVE, GGM
QEM QYPXI JIQIM TVSÎPMXI WYRX EQMRXMXI R MRWGVMT'MM, HEV RY PE JIP HI QYP'M
FVFE'M. 2Y-P ZIHIQ TI 3ZMHMY HINE EQY^RHY-WI TI WIEQE EGIPSV HSEQRI
GEVI TVMRWIWIV KYWXYP HI E WI RXPRM R ^MYE HI WEFEX (%VW EQEXSVME -, 76)# 8SX
R QIHMYP GSRHYGXSV, W QIR'MSRQ TVIÎR'E PE 6SQE E 3MPSV PYM -VSH GIP
1EVI #M, QEM EPIW, E PYM %KVMTE -, TVMIXIR EP PYM 'EPMKYPE #M EP PYM 'PEYHMY. (EV
EGI#XM SEQIRM RY TVIE EZIEY PIKXYVM GY TSTYPE'ME MYHEMG E SVE#YPYM.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 7VGMI GYPXYVEP #M VIPMKMSEW -YHIMM HMR
6SQE IVEY WVEGM HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI 3RERGMEV #M GYPXYVEP. *ETXYP WI TSEXI
GSRWXEXE TR #M HMR MRWGVMT'MMPI JYRIVEVI, EHIWISVM TPMRI HI KVI#IPM HI
SVXSKVE3I. -M ZIHIQ TVEGXMGRH XSEXI QIWIVMMPI YQMPI: RIKYWXSVM EQFYPER'M
WEY ZR^XSVM HI GLMFVMXYVM, PE WGLMQF GY WXMGP WTEVX; GIV#IXSVM #M TSZIWXE#M
TSTYPEVM, GE EGIE JIQIMI GEVI ZMRHI ZMWI #M-#M RZE' GSTMMM W GIEV HI
TSQER PE PSG GY ZEH; #EVPEXERM WEY IWGVSGM, GE EGIM TEXVY MYHIM GEVI EY
WYWXVEW FERM HI PE WS'ME YRYM WIREXSV, *YPZME, EXE#EX XSXY#M GEYÎM IZVIMI#XM.
%GIWX YPXMQ WGERHEP E JGYX QEVI ZPZ R ITSG, HYT GYQ S QVXYVMWIWG
.SWITLYW (%RXMGLMX'M <:-, 8P-84), 7YIXSRMY, 8EGMX #M (MS 'EWWMYW. 1EM KWMQ
HEWGPM HI #GSEP MYHIM (S QIWIVMI TVSWX TPXMX), EGXSVM, YR TSIX, GYQ I EGIP
1IRSTLMPSW, EGYÊX HI 1EV'MEP G M-EV 3 JYVEX ZIVWYVMPI. 'E W RY QEM ZSVFMQ
HI QYRGMXSVMM MYHIM PYGVXSVM R TSVXYP JSEVXI ETVSTMEX WEY HI JGXSVMM HI
GSVXYVM, R JIPYP PYM %GZMPE SVM EP PYM 4EZIP (*% 18, 2). (IWMKYV, QEM IVEY #M G'MZE
RIKY'XSVM GI ZMRHIEY, HI TMPH, EGIM TI#XM YWGE'M OE#IV (GYVE'M), GXIZE
EQJSVI TIRXVY TWXVEVIE EGIWXSVE 3MRH HIWGSTIVMXI PE 4SQTIM.
7VGME GYPXYVEP #M VIPMKMSEW E MYHIMPSV HMR 6SQE RY IWXI QEM TY'MR
QEVI. 'IPI QEM ZIGLM MRWGVMT'MM TEV QYXI EWYTVE YRYM WYFMIGX EXX HI
MQTSVXERX GYQ IWXI RZMIVIE QSV'MPSV #M XVIFYMI E#XITXEX EP HSMPIE WIGSP EP IVIM
RSEWXVI TIRXVY E GMXM JVYQSEWE MRWGVMT'MI RYQMX HI PE 6IKMRE, R GEVI
QSXMZYP IWXI TYXIVRMG WYFPMRMEX. R WTIGMEP EWYTVE YRYM EWTIGX QIVMX W
VI4IGXQ. (MWTYRIQ HI RYQIVSEWI WGVMIVM MYHEMGI GSRWMHIVEXI ETSGVMJI WEY
MRXIVXIWXEQIRXEVI. 3V RMGMYRYP HMRXVI EGIWXI XI\XI RY TSEXI VIZIRHMGE R QSH
GIVX S SVMKMRI VSQER, R ZVIQI GI, HMR GSRXV, XI\XIPI IKMTXIRI, WGVMWI
RHISWIFM PE %PI\ERHVME, WYRX R RYQV QEVI. -YHIMM HMR 6SQE RY TEV E 3
JSEVXI GYPXMZE'M.
9R EWIQIRIE MYHEMWQ TSTYPEV RY TYXIE XSXY#M W RY EXVEK SWXMPMXEXIE
GIPSVPEPXI WXVEXYVM EPI TSTYPE'MIM, MRGPYWMZ HMWTVI'YP MRXIPIGXYEPMPSV ZVIQMM,
I\XVIQ HI EWTVM JE' HI MYHIM, QEM GY WIEQ PE 6SQE. 7IRIGE #M FEXI GY
Y#YVMR' NSG HI WEFEX, FYR TIRXVY XVRHEZM #M PE JIP 4IXVSRMY #M EP'M EYXSVM PEXMRM,
GE 4IVWMYW, 5YMRXMPMER, 1EV'MEP #M -YZIREP. (MR EGIWX TYRGX HI ZIHIVI, MYHIMM
VSQERM RY TVIE EZIEY, JV RHSMEP, HI GI-P MRZMHME TI GIM HMR %PI\ERHVME, GIP
TY'MR R ITSGE MQTIVMEP, R XMQT GI MYHIMM HMR %WME 1MG #M HMR 7MVME WI FYGYVEY
QEM HIKVEF HI SEVIGEVI TEGI GY GIM HMR TVIENQE PSV. 'Y I\GIT'ME RHISWIFM
E ITSGMM PYM 'EPMKYPE, MYHIMM HMR 6SQE RY IVEY QEM TY'MR TVSXINE'M HI TYXIVIE
MQTIVMEP, GIIE GI PI TIVQMXIE W WYTVEZMI'YMEWG, R TS3HE SWXMPMX'MM
RGSRNYVXSEVI.
'LEVPIW 4IVVSX )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 0E 6SQE, GYPXI ZIRMXI HMR
3VMIRX 7TVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - EP IVIM RSEWXVI, 1MXLVE, ÎYP MVERMER, IWXI WSPMH
MQTPERXEX R QEM QYPXI GEVXMIVI EPI 6SQIM, &EEP HMR (SPMGLIME (WYH-IWXYP
8YVGMIM HI E^M) EVI YR WERGXYEV TI %ZIRXMR, ÎYP HI PE &EEPFIO #M EVI EHSVEXSVMM
TI GSEWXE GSPMRIM -ERMGYPYQ. 'YVRH, WSEVIPI HMR )QIWE -YR FIXMP, S TMEXV
WEGV RP'EX, GE TMEXVE RIEKV E 'MFIPIM ZE EZIE PE 4EPEXMR YR XIQTPY
RZIGMREX GY TEPEXYP GIÊVMPSV, MEV QEVIPI WY TVISX, QTVEXYP RWY#M, P ZE
MRZSGE HR'YMRH QTVINYVYP EPXEVIPSV, RXSGQEM GE R PMXYVKLME WMVMER.
'Y YR WIGSP R YVQ, R XMQTYP PYM 2IVS (54-68), 7IRIGE 3PSWSJYP, GEVI
JYWIWI TVIGITXSVYP TVMRGMTIPYM, REMRXI HI E-P HIZIRM TVMRGMTEPYP WJIXRMG,
HITPRKIE HINE MQTEGXYP RGLMRVMPSV EHYWI IKMTXIRGIM -WMW #M JVMKMIRIM 'MFIPE
EWYTVE QMR'MM RIPMRM#XMXI E GSRXIQTSVERMPSV WM: 'RH ZVIYRYP GI-#M WGYXYV
WMWXVYP QMRXI PE TSVYRG; GRH YR TSXPSKEV WXTRI#XI EVXE HI E-#M GVIWXE
QY#GLMM #M, HMRXV-S QM#GEVI Y#SEV, #M QRNI#XI YQIVMM GY WRKI; GRH S
JIQIMI YVP TI WXVEH, XVRHY-WI R KIRYRGLM; GRH YR FXVR RZI#QRXEX R
MR, 4YXYVRH HIEWYTVE GETYPYM YR PEYV #M S GERHIP, TVSGPEQ G YRYP HMR ÎM
IWXI QRMEX, EPIVKE'M KPSEX, EWGYPXE'M #M, RXVI'M-RRHY-Z YRYP EPXYME, TI
RXVIGYXI, YPYMEPE, WTYRI'M G IWXI YR XVMQMW EP ÎMPSV ((I ZMXE FIEXE, 26, 8).
'YQ WI I\TPMG JETXYP G YR TSTSV PIKEX GY EXXE RZIV#YREVI HI
XVEHM'MMPI WEPI, GYQ IVETSTYPYW VSQERYW, E RHVKMX EXXIE ÎMX'M WXVMRI#
)WXI, R TVMQYP VRH, YRE HMR GSRWIGMR'IPI GYGIVMVMM, GEVI E VIYRMX RXV-YR
WMRKYV MQTIVMY RIEQYVM HMR XVIM GSRXMRIRXI. %GIWX WTE'MY QYPXM-IXRMG #M
QYPXMGYPXYVEP E JEZSVMÊX WGLMQFYVMPI, GSRXEGXIPI #M WMRGVIXMWQIPI, QEM EPIW R
QEVMPI GIRXVI YVFERI, RGITRH GY 6SQE RW#M, HIWTVI GEVI 8MXYW 0MZMYW WGVMI
(-WXSVME 6SQIM 39, 3, 6) G, RG HMR E HSYE ^M HYT GIP HI-EP HSMPIE V^FSM
TYRMG, S QYP'MQI HI WXVMRM RGYVGEY SVE#YP. 9VFW WI ZE TVIWGLMQFE VETMH R
GIXEXI GSWQSTSPMX, HYT GLMTYP PYQMM TI GEVI S WXTRI#XI. :SGE'ME IM
MRXIKVEXSEVI, GEVI ZE JEGI HMR WYTY#MM WM GIX'IRM VSQERM, E JSWX ETPMGEX
ÎMPSV RXSGQEM GE #M SEQIRMPSV.
'X QEM QYPXI TVSTXIPI HMZMRI (EV REMRXI GLMEV HI I\TERWMYRIE
QIHMXIVERIER E 6SQIM, VIEPMWQYP IM VIPMKMSW HIWGLMWIWI GEPIE GXVI S PVKMVI
E TERXISRYPYM WY XVEHM'MSREP. 6MXYEPMWQYP RY I\GPYHI EMGM RMGMSHEX
STSVXYRMWQYP, HYT GYQ RMGM VIWTIGXEVIE WXVMGX E TVEGXMGMPSV RY I\GPYHI YR
WMQ' TVEGXMG HI RIRJVRX. %XIR'M W VQR R FYR TEGI GY ÎMM (TE\
HISVYQ), VSQERMM SFWIVZ R QMRYRM GIPI QEM QVYRXI WIQRI HI
RIQYP'YQMVI WEY HI TYRIVI R KEVH. 7I GSRWYPX EXYRGM 'V'MPI WMFMPMRI,
GSPIG'MI HI SVEGSPI GYQTVEXI SHMRMSEV HI 8EVUYMRMYW GIP &XVR HI PE S
ZVNMXSEVI #M TI GEVI YR KVYT HI GYRSWGXSVM IWXI RWVGMREX W PI XPQGIEWG.
4VSFPIQE WI TYRI GY EXX QEM QYPX EXYRGM GRH 7XEXYP IWXI TRHMX HI S
GYQTR KVEZ, GRH S ITMHIQMI FRXYMI PE RIWJV#MX, JV GE JSVQYPIPI
GSRWEGVEXI, VYKGMYRMPI WEY WEGVM3GMMPI Y^YEPI W EMF IJIGXIPI WGSRXEXI. 7I
KWIWG, TVMR YVQEVI, WEY WI WMQYPIE^ E WI KWM R SVEGSPI MHIIE HI E VIGYVKI
PE EP'M ÎM HIGX GIM EM GIX'MM. %WXJIP #M-EY JGYX MRXVEVIE R 6SQE %TSPPS,
%WGPITMSW, 1EVIE 1EQ JVMKMER. 3 EPX TVSGIHYV TVMIPRMG EHSTXVMM GYPXIPSV
WXVMRI IWXI IYSGEXMS, GEVI GSRWX R GETXEVIE TSXIR'MEPYPYM YRIM ÎMX'M
SGVSXMXSEVI E TSTSVYPYM HY#QER. % JSWX GE^YP -YRSRIM (9RM HMR :IMM), ZIRIVEX
GE 6IKMRE TI %ZIRXMR, WEY EP *IGMSEVIM 'IPIWXI TI GEVI 7GMTMS %IQMPMERYW
E IZSGEX-S HMR 'EVXEKMRE, R 146 . ,V. )WXI ZSVFE, HIWMKYV, HI ÎM'I GEVI RY
EY VWTYRW HSVMR'IPSV GVIHMRGMS#MPSV PSV. (EV TSEXI G EGI#XME PI
RIQYP'YQMWIV: HEG EF'MRIVIE ÎMX'MPSV E JEZSVMÊX 6SQE, XVIFYMI W PM WI
EVEXI TY'MR VIGYRS#XMR' #M, R SVMGI GE^, YR VSQER #M WTYRI G RY WI #XMI
RMGMSHEX. 1EM FMRI W WI TYR FMRI GY GX QEM QYPXI TVSTXIPI HMZMRI!
%GIWX HIQIVW WI MQTYRI R GE^YP PYM R TPER MRHMZMHYEP, GE #M R GIP EP
IZPEZMIM TYFPMGI. )ZMHIRX, EXYRGM GRH PIKXYVMPI GIX'IERYPYM GY GIXEXIE XMRH
W WPFIEWG, VIPMKME TIVWSREP E VSQERMPSV #M E VSQERIPSV HI XSEXI GSRHM'MMPI
ZE 3 GY EXX QEM TVMQMXSEVI GY I\SXMWQYP GYPXYEP. -R4YIR'E RGLMRVMPSV HI
SFV#MI SVMIRXEP RY TYXIE HIGX W WI GSRWSPMHIÎ TI JSRHYP YRYM EWXJIP HI
TVSGIW. R WTE'MYP SEVIGYQ WYTVERE'MSREP EP -QTIVMYPYM 6SQER, QSFMPMXEXIE
ÎMPSV QIVKIE QR R QR GY GIE E SEQIRMPSV.
9R ÎY ZIRMX HMR 4IVWME (MR EGIWX TYRGX HI ZIHIVI, QMXLVEMWQYP EZIE
EXYYP QENSV EP VIPMKMMPSV GEVI WI TSX VWTRHM #M #M TSX RQYP'M GSQYRMX'MPI WEY
PIKXYVMPI, JV E-#M TMIVHI RMQMG HMR TYXIVIE HI WIHYG'MI. 1MXLVE, ÎYP
TIVWER, EZYWIWI #M EZERXENYP HI E WEGVEPMÊ ERYQMXI ZEPSVM WTIGM3G VSQERI,
TVIGYQ 3HIW (GYZRXYP HEX) #M HMWGMTPMRE QMPMXEV. 'MGIVS WGVME HINE G RMGM S
WSGMIXEXI RY TSEXI WYTVEZMI'YM JV S 3HIW RXIQIMEX TI IZPEZME JE' HI ÎM
((I REXYVE HISVYQ -, 4).
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- >IY MRHS-PVERMER EP GVYM RYQI
RWIEQR GSRXVEGX, 1MXLVE IWXI REMRXI HI XSEXI YR ÎY EP WSPHE'MPSV #M EP
TVMIXIRMIM ZMVMPI, HIGM GEVI I\GPYHI JIQIMPI. )P GLI^#YMI#XI, RXV-EHIZV,
PIKQMRXIPI TIGIXPYMXI TVMR NYV-QRX, GEVI PIEK MRHMZM^MM HI PE FVFEX PE
FVFEX #M RY R ZMVXYXIE YRIM PIKEPMX'M EFWXVEGXI. R EGIEWX GEPMXEXI IWXI
MRZSGEX R ERYP 1380 . ,V., RXV-YR XVEXEX RGLIMEX RXVI VIKIPI LMXM'MPSV #M GIP EP
QMXERMPSV (LYVM'M HI SVMKMRI EVMER), GE QEVXSV #M ^PSK EP GYZRXYPYM HEX. RXV-
YR MQR GEVI M IWXI RGLMREX, IWXI TVIEWPZMX GE ÎY EP EYVSVIM GI SGVSXI#XI
XYVQIPI #M GVIE'ME PYM %LYVE-1E^HE, GE T^MXSV EP HVITXYPYM GI EWMKYV ZMGXSVME
#M TVSWTIVMXEXIE. :SQ VIKWM YRIPI HMR EGIWXI XVWXYVM R ÎYP REXYVEPMÊX R
3GGMHIRX. RW RI PMTWIWG QEM QYPXI ZIVMKM HMR PER'YP GEVI P PIEK TI MVERMERYP
1MXLVE HI GIP EP QMWXIVIPSV KVIGS-VSQERI.
>IYP QMWXIVIPSV RY WI EVEX R GSRXEGX GY PYQIE VSQER HIGX R ERYP
67 REMRXIE IVIM RSEWXVI. 4MVE'MM GMPMGMIRM REZMKEY EXYRGM HI-E PYRKYP GSEWXIPSV #M
TI QEVI R 1IHMXIVERE VWVMXIER. )VEY VIGVYXE'M HI S3'IVM VXGM'M EM
EVQEXIM PYM 1MXLVMHEXI )YTEXSV, GEVI #M GSRXMRYEY EWXJIP PYTXE QTSXVMZE
6SQIM, RXV-YR JIP EWIQRXSV TEVXMÊRMPSV. RWY#M RYQIPI VIKIPYM 4SRXYPYM
(GEVI RWIEQR HEX HI 1MXLVE) EVEX G, R EGIWXI VIKEXI HMR %WME 1MG GI #M
VIZIRHMGEY S EWGIRHIR' ELIQIRMH, ÎYP GSRWIVZE YR TVIWXMKMY HMREWXMG. 3V
E4Q HI PE 4PYXEVL G TMVE'MM TVSGIHEY PE ERYQMXI WEGVM3GMM WTIGMEPI,
GIPIFVRH QMWXIVI GE EGIPIE EPI PYM 1MXLVE, TI GEVI IM PI-EY JGYX GIM HMRXM
GYRSWGYXI #M GEVI GSRXMRY #M E^M W 3I TVEGXMGEXI, TVIGMÎE^ MWXSVMGYP KVIG.
2Y IWXI WYVTVMR^XSV G YR ÎY EP NYVQRXYPYM E MRWTMVEX KVYTVMPI GPERHIWXMRI
HI VI^MWXIR' EVQEX QTSXVMZE MQTIVMEPMWQYPYM VSQER. 'EHVYP YRYM GYPX
MRM'MEXMG IVE TVMIPRMG TIRXVY SVKERMÊVIE YRIM EVQEXI MRHMKIRI, SWXMPI
GSXVSTMXSVYPYM. 4EVEHS\EP IWXI JETXYP G EGIWX GYPX ZE EXVEKI PIKMSREVM
RWVGMRE'M GY QIR'MRIVIE SVHMRMM VSQERI!
4I TEVGYVWYP YVQXSEVIPSV HSY WIGSPI, EGIEWX VIPMKMI HI TMVE'M #M ZE
G#XMKE EHIT'M R VRHYP S3'IVMPSV #M REP'MPSV JYRG'MSREVM, R EGIIE#M QWYV GE
R VRHYP WGPEZMPSV #M PMFIV'MPSV MQTIVMEPM, EP QI#XI#YKEVMPSV, EP RIKYWXSVMPSV #M
QEM GY WIEQ R QIHMYP YVFER, R TSVXYVM, HI-E PYRKYP QEVMPSV E\I QMPMXEVI #M
IGSRSQMGI, TI JVSRXMIVE VIRER #M TI GIE HYRVIER, QTVEXYP 'SQSHYW ZE
3 MRM'MEX R QMWXIVIPI QMXLVEMGI, MEV R ERYP 307, QTVE'MM (MSGPI'MER, +EPIVMY #M
0MGMRMY ZSV MRZSGE SFPHYMVIE PYM 1MXLVE GE JEYXSV MQTIVMM WYM (3GVSXMXSV EP
VIKEXYPYM PSV). 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, QMXLVEMWQYP ZE VQRI QIVIY R QEVKMRIE
GYPXIPSV S3GMEPI #M, HYT GSRZIVXMVIE PYM 'SRWXERXMR PE GVI#XMRMWQ, ÎYP TIVWER
RY ZE QEM TWXVE GVIHMRGMS#M HIGX PE 6SQE, R EVMWXSGVE'ME WIREXSVMEP.
3 PMXYVKLMI E QIWIM QTVX#MXI )WXI S VIPMKMI E KVYTYVMPSV QMGM, HEG
IWXI W NYHIGQ HYT PGE#IPI HI GYPX, GEVI WYRX YRISVM JSEVXI WXVMQXI. )PI
WYRX GVMTXI WEY RESWYVM RXSGQMXI WEY HIGSVEXI EWXJIP RGX W RGLMTYMI RM#XI
TI#XIVM (WTIPEIE), MQMXE'MI E EGIPIME R GEVI 1MXLVE XVWI #M NIVX3WI YR XEYV.
%HIWISVM, EGIWXI 1MXLVEIE WYRX E#IÊXI PE QEVKMRIE SVE#YPYM, WTVMNMRMXI HI YR
TIVIXI WXRGSW (GE PE &SYVK-7EMRX-%RHISP), R ETVSTMIVIE YRYM M^ZSV WEY E YRYM
GYVW HI ET. 'ETEGMXEXIE PSV RY HIT#I#XI XVIMÎGM WEY TEXVYÎGM HI
GVIHMRGMS#M, R KIRIVEP, YRISVM GMRGMWTVIÎGI WEY GIP QYPX HSYÎGM, PYGVY Y#SV
QWYVEFMP HYT FERGLIXIPI ^MHMXI (TSHME) TI GEVI WI RXMRHIEY GVIHMRGMS#MM
TIRXVY E WI QTVX#M HMR TMRIE #M GVRYVMPI WEGVM3GEXI, HMR ETE #M ZMRYP
W3R'MXI. 'GM 1MXLVEIYQ-YP RY EVI RMQMG HMRXV-YR XIQTPY TVSTVMY-^MW: IWXI S
WEP HI QIWI. %MGM WI EHYR SEQIRMM TIRXVY E PYE TEVXI PE FERGLIXYP HI HYT
YR WEGVM3GMY. *VIWGIPI HMR 7ERXE 4VMWGE, TI %ZIRXMR, RI EVEX TVSGIWMYRIE
NIVXJIPSV, TYRIVIE REMRXI E TMRMM #M E ZMRYPYM, TVI^MHEXI HI 1MXLVE #M HI WSEVI
(EPI GVYM EXVMFYXI PI QFVGEY, TSEXI, TVMRXIPI SF#XMM #M EKLMSXERXYP WY).
1EWE WEGVM3GMEP IVE TVIGIHEX HI S MRM'MIVI. RXV-EHIZV, YRIPI HMRXVI
VIPMIJYVMPI GYPXYEPI GEVI IVEY I\TYWI R GSVYP GVMTXIM WYRX WGYPTXEXI TI
EQFIPI JI'I, MEV I\EQMREVIE QEXIVMEP E EGIWXSV QSRYQIRXI HSZIHI#XI G
IPI IVEY VWYGMXI WTVI TVMZMXSVM R JYRG'MI HI QSQIRXIPI JSVXI EPI GIVIQSRMIM.
9RE HMRXVI JI'I VITVI^MRX QMXYP PYM 1MXLVE TR PE WEGVM3GEVIE XEYVYPYM;
GIEPEPX, SWT'YP ÎYPYM #M EP WSEVIPYM TI TMIPIE NIVXJIM. %PXJIP WTYW, GIPI HSY
JI'I GSVIWTYRH GIPSV HSY JEÎ EPI PMXYVKLMIM: GSQIRXEVMY EP KIWXIM WEGVI (TI
FEÊ YRYM LMIVSW PSKSW, JSVQYPEV WEGVY, TI GEVI RY-P GYRSE#XIQ) #M FERGLIX
TSWXWEGVM3GMEP. -QEKIVME TMGXEX WEY WGYPTXEX E EGIWXSV 1MXLVEIE IZSG ZME'E
QMXMG E PYM 1MXLVE, E GVIM I\TPMGEVI SGYTE TVMQE TEVXI E WPYNFIM PMXYVKMGI: ÎYP
TVMRHI #M WEGVM3G YR XEYV HI'MRXSV EP JSV'IM ZMXEPI E PYRMM, TI GEVI TYXIVMPI
RXYRIVMGYPYM VMWG W S HIWGSQTYR #M EWMKYV EWXJIP M^FZMVIE SQIRMVMM; HMR
VERE #M HMR GSEHE 3EVIM NIVX3XI VWEV HIRHEX WTMGI.
1MXLVE, VMZEPYP PYM ,VMWXSW#
)WXI XMXPYP YRIM GSQYRMGVM MRKIRMSEWI TI GEVI 1EVGIP 7MQSR E
TVIÎRXEX-S PE EP HSMPIE 'SRKVIW MRXIVRE'MSREP HI WXYHMM QMXLVEMGI (8ILIVER,
1975), TIRXVY E GSRXIWXE JEMQSEWE E3VQE'MI E PYM )QIWX 6IRER: (EG
GVI#XMRMWQYP EV 3 JSWX STVMX R GVI#XIVIE PYM HI ZVIS FSEP YGMKXSEVI, PYQIE EV
3 JSWX QMXLVEMWX.
4VMR I\GPYHIVIE JIQIMPSV HI PE GYPXYP WY, QMXLVEMWQYP #M RWXVMRE QEM
QYPX HI NYQXEXI HMR WTM'E YQER. 3 VIPMKMI QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR IPMXMWX HI
QMGM KVYTYVM QEVKMREPMÊXI, VIGVYXEXI EHIWISVM HMRXVI QMKVER'M (QMPMXEVM,
JYRG'MSREVM, RIKYWXSVM) WEY HMRXVI HI^VHGMRE'M, RY TVIE EZIE #ERWI W WI
MQTYR R WSGMIXEXIE ERXMG. (EV GE #M GVI#XMRMWQYP, EZIE EGIP EZERXEN QENSV
HI E TVSTYRI EGIIE#M XISPSKMI, EGIIE#M PMXYVKLMI, EGIIE#M MQEKIVMI TI
'VQYVMPI )YJVEXYPYM, GE #M TI KVERM'E &VMXERMIM WEY E 6MRYPYM. RGSVTSVRH YRIPI
EWTIGXI EPI QMXSPSKMIM, 3PSWS3IM #M EWXVSPSKMIM KVIGI#XM, IE VWTYRHIE
EWTMVE'MMPSV QMWXMGI WEY FMS-GSWQMGI EPI YRIM PYQM R GYXEVI HI WMRI.
8VIFYMI GVI^YX G QMXLVEMWQYP EZIE YR MQTEGX R VRHYP STMRMIM
TSTYPEVI, RXVYGX GVI#XMRMM W-EY RZIV#YREX QTSXVMZE PYM #M E PGE#IPSV PYM HI
GYPX.
RGITRH GY 8IVXYPMER (GEVI ENYRKI XSXY#M TR PE E-P HE HVITX I\IQTPY
TI QMXLVEMGM GSVIPMKMSREVMPSV WM!), 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM HIRYR' RXV-YR KPEW EGIWX
GYPX EP TI#XIVMPSV RXYRIGEXI, GEVI P MQMX JVEYHYPSW TI GIP EP PYM ,VMWXSW. -YWXMR
WI VIZSPX G QMXLVEMGMM GYXIE^ W W3R'IEWG TMRIE #M ETE. %#E GYQ S ZE
JEGI #M *MVQMGYW 1EXIVRYW TIWXI HSY ZIEGYVM, -YWXMR GSRHEQR R
VITVIÎRXEVIE ÎYPYM TIXVSKIR (RWGYX HMR TMEXV) S GSRXVEJEGIVI
HMEZSPIEWG E TMIXVIM HMR GETYP YRKLMYPYM TVSVSGMXI HI (ERMIP #M -WEME!
(MWXVYKIVIE ZMSPIRX #M HIPMFIVEX E RYQMXIPSV 1MXLVEIE, R GEVI
VIPMIJYVMPI GYPXYEPI EY JSWX KWMXI ^HVSFMXI GY PSZMXYVM HI WIGYVI WEY HI GMSGER,
HIGETMXEVIE WMWXIQEXMG E MHSPMPSV, YVQIPI HI MRGIRHMY GE W RY QEM ZSVFMQ
HI WGLIPIXYP R PER'YVM HIWGSTIVMX PE 7EVVIFSYVK HSZIHIWG S EKVIWMZMXEXI JV
TIVIGLI. 0IKMWPE'ME QTVE'MPSV GVI#XMRM QTSXVMZE NIVXJIPSV RSGXYVRI #M GY
ZVWEVI HI WRKI WTSVIE HMWGVIHMXEVIE YRYM GYPX GPHMX TI NIVX3VIE #M
GSRWYQEVIE GVRMM RGLMREX HIQSRMPSV. R 1MXLVE, EGIWX ÎY QMNPSGMXSV #M
M^FZMXSV, GMRWXMX GE 7SP -RZMGXYW (7SEVI RIRZMRW), TVMRXV-YR SWT' HI
GYQMRIGEVI #M R WTIGMEP HYQMRMGE, IM FMRI, R IP GVI#XMRMM EY VIGYRSWGYX WEY,
GIP TY'MR, EY FRYMX YR VMZEP EP PYM ,VMWXSW.
6SFIVX &YVGER 'EXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI HMR 6SQE "EWI GEXEGSQFI MYHEMGI
EY JSWX MHIRXM3GEXI PE 6SQE: HSY TI :ME 2SQIRXERE (ZMPE 8SVPSRME), YRE TI
:ME %TTME (:MKRE 6ERHERMRM), YR QEVI GSQTPI\ TI TSZVRM#YVMPI HMR
1SRXIZIVHI, TI :ME 4SVXYIRWMW, GEVI E JSWX TVMQYP HIWGSTIVMX #M R WJV#MX, HSY
LMTSKII HI HMQIRWMYRM QSHIWXI, TI :ME 0EFMGERE #M TI :ME %TTME (:MKRE
'MQEVVE).
(IWXMRYP EGIWXSV GEXEGSQFI IWXI RIQEMRXPRMX: HSEV GIE HI PE :MKRE
6ERHERMRM TSEXI 3 EWX^M ZM^MXEX, HEV RYQEM HI GXVI WTIGMEPM#XM #M GY
EYXSVMÊ'MI. 'IPI HSY GEXEGSQFI HI PE ZMPE 8SVPSRME (GEVI, MVSRMI E WSV'MM, E
JSWX VI#IHMR'E S3GMEP E PYM 1YWWSPMRM!) IVEY RG EGGIWMFMPI EGYQ G'MZE ERM,
RW MRXVEVIE R GMQMXMV E JSWX QTVINQYMX GY ^MHYVM, TIRXVY E WI IZMXE
HIXIVMSVEVIE QSRYQIRXYPYM. 4VEGXMG, RY WI QEM TSEXI ZIHIE RMQMG HMR EGIWXI
GEXEGSQFI, ETVSETI XSEXI WTEXI R WXVEXYVM HI XYJ HI TVSEWX GEPMXEXI.
4VMQE HIWGSTIVMVI R XYJYP HMR 1SRXIZIVHI 4VMQE I\TPSVEVI E QEVMM
GEXEGSQFI HMR :ME 4SVXYIRWMW E JSWX IJIGXYEX PE 14 HIGIQFVMI 1602 HI GXVI
%RXSRMS &SWMS, YR TIVWSREN SEVIGYQ QMXMG EP EVLISPSKMIM GVI#XMRI. %GIEWX
RXVITVMRHIVI W-E JGYX GY TVI'YP E QMM HI ZMXVIKMM #M HI TVMQINHMM, HMR TVMGMRE
MRWXEFMPMX'MM KEPIVMMPSV, QYPXI HMRXVI IPI 3MRH EWXYTEXI GY QSVQERI HI
HVQXYVM. 'IVGIXVMPI EY GSRXMRYEX, RW ZE XVIFYM E#XITXEX ERYP 1915
WXVMGGMYRM MVITEVEFMPI WI TVSHYWIWIV HINE TIRXVY E EZIE S TVMZMVI HI
ERWEQFPY EWYTVE GEXEGSQFIM. 0E 14 SGXSQFVMI 1929, S RSY TVFY#MVI E
HMWXVYW #M GI QEM VQWIWI. R QSH TEVEHS\EP, QSXMZYP EGIWXSV HIÊWXVI E JSWX
GEPMXEXIE FYR E 3PSERIPSV HI XYJ HMR 1SRXIZIVHI, GEVI WI KWIE PE YR RMZIP
MRJIVMSV GIPYM EP GEXEGSQFIPSV: IVE YXMPMÊX TIRXVY GSRWXVYG'MM, MEV KSPYVMPI
WTEXI HI GEVMIVI W-EY E4EX PE SVMKMRIE WYVTVMPSV.
:MKRE 6ERHERMRM: S GEXEGSQF GSQTPI\ 4S^M'ME EGIWXIM GEXEGSQFI E
JSWX QEM FMRI EPIEW, MEV KEPIVMMPI M WYRX RG R QEVI TEVXI EGGIWMFMPI.
(IWGSTIVMVIE I HEXIE^ HMR 1859. 8SX R EGIEWX VIKMYRI, TI :ME %TTME, WI
KWIWG GEXEGSQFIPI GVI#XMRI 4VIXI\XEX, 7JRXYP 7IFEWXMER #M 7JRXYP 'EPMWX, MEV
PE WYTVEJE' RYQIVSEWI GSPYQFVME, GSRWXVYG'MM TVIZ^YXI GY 3VMHI GEVI
EHTSWXIEY YQIPI JYRIVEVI. R JE'E GEXEGSQFIM WI RP'E YR IHM3GMY GY
TEZMQIRX QSÊMGEX. 7ITYPXYVMPI GI WI KWIEY EMGM WI RJ'M#EY WYF JSVQE YRSV
EVGSWSPME*1 TVEGXMGEXI R ^MHYVM, QSHM3-GRH WXVYGXYVMPI TVIGIHIRXI. %GIWXIE
EY JSWX MRXIVTVIXEXI GE 3MRH VQ#M'IPI YRIM WMREKSKM, HEV S EWIQIRIE MTSXI^
IWXI R XSXEP GSRXVEHMG'MI GY GSRGITXYP MYHEMG HI RIGYV'MI PIKEX HI QSEVXI
#M, HI EPXQMRXIVM, GY XSX GIIE GI GYRSE#XIQ HIWTVI WMREKSKMPI HMR HMEWTSVE.
)WXI TSWMFMP, R WGLMQF, GE SF#XIE MYHEMG W 3 YXMPMÊX R WGSTYVM JYRIVEVI S
GSRWXVYG'MI TKR.
7 TXVYRHIQ QTVIYR R EGIEWX GEXEGSQF. -RXVEVIE IM, E#E GYQ
IWXI EWX^M, RI TSEVX RXV-S WPM' R QMNPSGYP GVIME WI E4 YR TY'. %TE IVE,
RXV-EHIZV, MRHMWTIRWEFMP HIWJ#YVVMM VMXYEPYPYM JYRIVEV. %GIEWX RGTIVI
HHIE RXV-YR QMG WTE'MY HMR GEVI TSVRIE VI'IEYE HI KEPIVMM. (MJIVMXIPI XMTYVM
HI QSVQMRXI WYRX EMGM KVYTEXI TI VIKMYRM: R TVMQE TEVXI #M RXV-S EPX ^SR
QVKMRMX, WYRX GSRGIRXVEXI QENSVMXEXIE E#E-RYQMXIPSV GYFMGYPE*, R XMQT GI
OSGLMQ* WYRX WMXYEXI RXV-YR EPX WTE'MY.
R TVMQE KEPIVMI, QEM GYVRH PEX, WI KWIWG GYFMGYPE WTSMXI TI
HMRYRXVY GY S XIRGYMEP EPF. 9RYP WMRKYV HMRXVI EGIWXIE, GEVI GSR'MRI YR
EVGSWSPMYQ, TVI^MRX S QIRSVEL* TMGXEX TI YRYP HMR TIVI'M #M S QTV'MVI
XVMTEVXMX E FSP'MM. 'SRXMRYRHY-RI HVYQYP TVMR EGIEWX KEPIVMI, RXPRMQ EPXI
HSY XVERWZIVWEPI; YRE HMRXVI IPI, HYT YR GSX EHRG, RI GSRHYGI RXV-S EPX
VIKMYRI. %GIEWXE TVI^MRX S QTV'MVI E WTE'MYPYM QEM HIKVEF VIKYPEX, GY
KEPIVMM GI WI RGVYGM#IE^ R YRKLMYVM HVITXI. 0E FEÊ TIVI'MPSV PSV WI E4
RYQIVSEWI OSGLMQ. 9R WMRKYV GYFMGYPYQ WI KWI#XI R EGIEWX ^SR; IP IWXI
TVIGIHEX HI YR ZIWXMFYP EM GVYM TPEJSR #M TIVI'M IVEY QTSHSFM'M GY TMGXYVM.
9R RSY VEGSVH YRI#XI EGIEWX VIKMYRI* HI S EPXE #M IE VIKYPEX #M
HMWTYRRH HI OSGLMQ. 2I E4Q EMGM R WIGXSVYP GIP QEM TVSFPIQEXMG EP
GEXEGSQFIM: RSMPI KEPIVMM TSVRIWG HI JETX HMRXV-S WGEV GY TEPMIV GEVI HYGI PE
WYTVEJE'. %ZIE GEXEGSQFE HSY MRXVVM# 7EY W 3I ZSVFE HI HSY GEXEGSQFI
HMJIVMXI, PIKEXI RXVI IPI GE YVQEVI E YRIM RXPRMVM RXQTPXSEVI# 6WTYRWYP
VQRI MRGIVX.
7GIRI TKRI GEVI RI TYR TI KRHYVM 3 EPX TVSFPIQ TI GEVI S
RXPRMQ EMGM TVSZMRI HI PE HIGSVEVIE YRYM GYFMGYPYQ HYFPY, EHMG TVIGIHEX HI
S QMG WEP. %GIWXI TMGXYVM, HI FYR GEPMXEXI, VITVSHYG WYFMIGXI TKRI: R
EJEVE WGIRIPSV FYGSPMGI, 4IKEW, S :MGXSVMI REVMTEX RGSVSRRH YR XRV,
3VJIY R QMNPSGYP 3EVIPSV, 8]LI GY GSVRYP EFYRHIR'IM. "XMQ G, TIRXVY MYHIM,
VITVIÎRXEVIE ERMQEPIPSV #M E SEQIRMPSV IVE TVSLMFMX. )WXI EHIZVEX G MYHIMM
HMR HMEWTSVE RY VIWTIGXEY RXSXHIEYRE EGIEWX MRXIVHMG'MI. 9RISVM, R GE^YP
WEVGSJEKIPSV, HI 1. 8IVQIRMM YVQE'M HI YR EWXIVMWG WYRX HI3RM'M R PI\MGYP GI
3KYVIE^ R ERI\E EGIWXYM EVXMGSP.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- I\IQTPY, EFEXIVIE HI PE PIKI WI TYXIE
HEXSVE PMTWIM EXIPMIVIPSV WTIGM3GI: XVIFYMEY EXYRGM W GYQTIVI WEVGSJEKI KEXE
WGYPTXEXI #M W WI QYP'YQIEWG E PI EHYGI GXIZE QSHM3GVM. %GIEWXE IWXI
WMXYE'ME YRYM I\IQTPEV HIWGSTIVMX, HIWMKYV, R GEXEGSQFE RSEWXV #M GEVI E
JSWX MYHEMÊX TVMR EHYKEVIE YRIM QIRSVEL. )WXI ZSVFE HIWTVI YR XMT JSEVXI
VWTRHMX, R GEVI GIM TEXVY TYXXM, WMQFSPYVM EPI ERSXMQTYVMPSV, TSEVX S VEQ
GMVGYPEV R GEVI 3KYVIE^ TSVXVIXIPI HIJYRG'MPSV (HI QYPXI SVM WYRX WEVGSJEKI
HYFPI, HIWXMREXI YRSV GYTPYVM). %MGM, TSVXVIXIPI EY JSWX IPMQMREXI #M RPSGYMXI GY
QIRSVEL. 'YFMGYPYQ-YRSWXVY HYFPY, R WGLMQF, VITVI^MRX YR GE^ YRMG, R
GSQTEVE'MI GY GIPIPEPXI RGTIVM JYRIVEVI HMR GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI HI PE
6SQE, GEVI VITVSHYG TR PE SFWIWMI SFMIGXIPI PIKEXI HI GYPX _QIRSVEL,
#SJEV, PYPEF* IXG). 8SEXI EGIWXI WMQFSPYVM PMTWIWG R GE^YP RSWXVY. (EV HEG
SFWIVZQ QSHYP R GEVI KEPIVME WE IWXI PIKEX HI VIWXYP GEXEGSQFIM MYHEMGI,
TYXIQ GVIHI G EGIWX GYFMGYPYQ M IWXI GSQTPIX WXVMR #M G IE P-EV 3
RXPRMX, GE W ^MGIQ E#E, R XMQTYP I\XMRHIVMM WEPI WYFXIVERI. 7I #XMI G
EGIEWX VIKMYRI HMR :ME %TTME IVE SGYTEX HI RYQIVSEWI RIGVSTSPI.
:MPE 8SVPSRME: RSM HIWGSTIVMVM 1EVIPI GMQMXMV MYHEMG HI PE ZMPE 8SVPSRME E
JSWX HIWGSTIVMX HMR RXQTPEVI R 1918, GE YVQEVI E PYGVVMPSV HI GSRWSPMHEVI
E KVENHYVMPSV ZMPIM. R 1930 E ETVYX GEVXIE GEVI M JGIE TYFPMGI XSTSKVE3E #M
TMGXYVMPI. R 1973 #M 1974, RSM GIVGIXVM IJIGXYEXI HI 4VMRXIPI 9QFIVXS 1.
*EWSPE M-EY TIVQMW EGIWXYME W ENYRK PE GSRGPY^MM HISWIFMX HI MRXIVIWERXI,
RWS'MXI HI TYFPMGEVIE QEM QYPXSV MRWGVMT'MM. 4VMQMM IHMXSVM EM GEXEGSQFIM
EGIEWXE EZRH HSY RMZIPYVM HMJIVMXI GI RY WI WYTVETYR HIGX I\XVIQ HI
TEV'MEP WI KRHMWIV HINE G TYXIE 3 ZSVFE HI HSY GMQMXMVI WITEVEXI PE
SVMKMRI. -TSXIÊ E TYXYX 3 GSR3VQEX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE: 4VMRXIPI *EWSPE E
HIQSRWXVEX G YRE HMRXVI GEXEGSQFI GIE MRJIVMSEV S TVIGIHEWI TI
GIEPEPX R XMQT. *MIGEVI #M EZIE TVSTVME MRXVEVI; XILRMGMPI HI WTEVI E
KEPIVMMPSV #M GSR3KYVE'ME PSV WYRX GY XSXYP HMJIVMXI.
%GGIWYP R GEXEGSQFE MRJIVMSEV WI JGIE TVMRXV-S WGEV GEVI HMWTYRIE
HI YR TEPMIV EWIQRXSV GIPYM TI GEVI P-EQ RXPRMX R GEXEGSQFE HI PE :MKRE
6ERHERMRM; RI E4Q, TVSFEFMP, R TVIÎR'E EXVMYQ-YPYM TVIWGVMW HI 1M#RE.
6IKMYRIE WTVI GEVI JEGMPMXE EGGIWYP TVI^MRX TIVI'M E GVSV QTV'MVI E JSWX
TVSKVEQEX TVMR FIR^M HI ZEV EPF GI HIPMQMXIE^ WTE'MMPI VIKYPEXI R GEVI
XVIFYMEY WGSFM'M PSGYPM; EGI#XME WYRX RGLM#M #M XIRGYM'M GY KVMN. %GIEWX
GEXEGSQF QEM ZIGLI RY TSWIH HIGX YR GYFMGYPYQ #M YR RYQV VIHYW HI
EVGSWSPME, GSI\MWXRH GY YR XMT HISWIFMX HI PSGYPM TIRXVY HSM HIJYRG'M VMKYVSW
HIWTV'M'M E GVSV TEVXI WYTIVMSEV IWXI Y#SV EVGYMX; EGIEWX TEVXMGYPEVMXEXI
JEGI W 3I RYQM'M PSGYPM GY EVGSWSPMYQ.
3 EPX WGEV HHIE EGGIW R GEXEGSQFE WYTIVMSEV, QEM VIGIRX. %MGM,
GYFMGYPE WYRX QEM RYQIVS#M; ZSQ VIQEVGE QEM EPIW YRYP HMRXVI IM, QTSHSFMX
GY TMGXYVM. (IWGLMHIVIE WE WTVI KEPIVMI IWXI RGEHVEX HI HSM QMGM WXPTM,
HIEWYTVE GVSVE WI REP' GETMXIPYVM GMSTPMXI R XYJ. 8EZERYP, GY JEPW FSPX R
QYGLMM, IVE HIGSVEX GY S QIRSVEL RGSRNYVEX HI PYRIXI #M HI GIVGYVM.
%VGSWSPMYQ-YP IVE FSKEX SVREQIRXEX: TI FSPXE PYM, S QIRSVEL RGSRNYVEX HI
HSY GIVGYVM #M, R HSY WIQMGIVGYVM, PE WXRKE, QEGYP #M IXLVSK*-YP, PE
HVIETXE, WYPYP 8SVIM*. 'LMZSXYP WJRX, WXVNYMX HI WSEVI #M HI PYR, QTSHSFIE
PYRIXE HMR JYRHEP, HEV WTEVIE YRYM PSGYPYW E HMWXVYW ETVSETI R RXVIKMQI
EGIEWX JVYQSEW TMGXYV. R EGIIE#M KEPIVMI, YR EPX QSVQRX GY EVGSWSPMYQ
HYFPY TVI^MRX S HIGSVE'MI TMGXEX VIQEVGEFMP. *VSRXMWTMGMYP, GEVI MQMX YR
WEVGSJEK GY TIVMM HI FEMI (WXVMKMPMW) #M GETIXI HI PIY, TSEVX R GIRXVY S
QIRSVEL. &SPXE TVI^MRX HSY TERSYVM GY WGIRI FYGSPMGI. 4I TIVIXIPI HMR
WTEXI, YR EVSR* GSR'MRI WYPYVMPI 0IKMM. )WXI RGEHVEX HI HSY QIRSVSXL, GY
PYQMRMPI ETVMRWI. R TEVXIE HI WYW, WSEVIPI, PYRE, S WXIE; R GIE HI NSW, YR JVYGX
(VSHMI WEY GETWYP HI QEG), ZEWYP HI YPIM, YR #SJEV, YR IXLVSK, GY'MXYP HI
GMVGYQGM^MI.
%GIEWX TVIYQFPEVI TVMR GEXEGSQFIPI MYHII HMR 6SQE RY XVIFYMI W RI
JEG W PI YMXQ TI XSEXI GIPIPEPXI GI RI WYRX GYRSWGYXI R -XEPME #M R EPXI
TV'M: PE :IRSWE, R ERXMGE %TYPME, R 7MGMPME, 7EVHMRME #M PE 1EPXE. RJ'M#EVIE PSV
ZEVME^ R JYRG'MI HI GSRHM'MMPI KISPSKMGI PSGEPI, HIXIVQMRRH R YRIPI GE^YVM
GSR3KYVE'MM GY XSXYP HMJIVMXI HI GIPI HMR GMQMXMVIPI VSQERI.
'EXEGSQFI MYHEMGI #M GEXEGSQFI GVI#XMRI 'E #M RIGVSTSPIPI TKRI #M
GEXEGSQFIPI GVI#XMRI, GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI VIWTIGX TVMRGMTMYP WMXYVMM R
EJEVE LEFMXEXIPSV #M W-EY HI^ZSPXEX TI QEVMPI E\I GEVI MI#IEY HMR SVE#.
(EG YRIPI GMQMXMVI LMTSKII RY TSX 3 EXVMFYMXI R QSH GIVX GVI#XMRMPSV
WEY EHIT'MPSV WIGXIPSV 3PS^S3GS-VIPMKMSEWI, HMR TVMGMRE EQFMKYMX'MM QSXMZIPSV
TMGXEXI, JVIWGIPI #M HMZIVWIPI KVE5XM HMR GEXEGSQFIPI TKRI RY PEW RMGM S
YVQ HI RHSMEP. (YT GYQ EQ Z^YX, HIZS'MYRIE E HYW PE YXMPMÊVIE HMR TPMR
E WMQFSPYVMPSV VIPMKMSEWI GPEVI.
2Y I\MWX HMJIVIR'I WXVYGXYVEPI QENSVI RXVI GEXEGSQFIPI GVI#XMRI #M
GIPI MYHEMGI. R EGIWXIE HMR YVQ, KEPIVMMPI WYRX R KIRIVEP QEM PEXI (TR PE
2,20 Q PE :MKRE 6ERHERMRM). R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI XMTYVMPI HI WITYPXYVM, PSGYPM #M
EVGSWSPME PI WYRX GSQYRI EQRHYVSVE; HSEV GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI TSWIH
OSGLMQ, XMT HI RLYQEVI QEM HIKVEF VWTRHMX R 3VMIRX. R QSH SFM#RYMX, R
GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI PSGYPM-P IVEY ^MHM'M #M EGSTIVM'M GY ZEV, GIIE GI Y#YVE
TVEGXMGE ITMXEJYVMPSV TMGXEXI WEY MRWIVEVIE YRIM PIWTI^M HI QEVQYV TYVXRH
MRWGVMT'ME #3#. R GEXEGSQFIPI GVI#XMRI, RGLMHIVIE QSVQMRXIPSV IVE VIEPMÊX
QEM HIKVEF GY 'MKPI WEY GY TPGM HI QEVQYV RGEWXVEXI #M 3\EXI GY ZEV.
(EV, SFWIVZRH EGIWXI HMJIVIR'I, WYRXIQ MQTVIWMSRE'M QEM GY WIEQ HI
XMTYP HI WSGMIXEXI TI GEVI P VI4IGX IPI. 'SQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG ETEVI TYXIVRMG
WXVYGXYVEX: WI VIQEVG EHIWISVM S QTV'MVI TVIWXEFMPMX E WTE'MMPSV JYRIVEVI.
R TPYW, RYQVYP VIPEXMZ WG^YX HI GYFMGYPE TMGXE'M, EHMG HI PY\SEWI RGTIVM
JYRIVEVI, TEVI W HIRSXI YR GEVEGXIV IKEPMXEV WEY, GIP TY'MR, MRI\MWXIR'E YRSV
QEVM HIÎGLMPMFVI WSGMEPI.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 6QR QYPXI RXVIFVM.
(I GI WYTSVXYVM HMWTYRIQ TIRXVY E 3\E S GVSRSPSKMI E EGIWXSV
JEWGMRERXI GMQMXMVI WYFXIVERI# 7I GYZMRI QEM RXM W WXEFMPMQ S GVSRSPSKMI
VIPEXMZ, R WTI' VETSVXYP REMRXI/HYT GI GEVEGXIVMÎE^ PIKXYVMPI HMRXVI
HMZIVWIPI KEPIVMM #M VIKMYRM. 'EXEGSQFIPI RSEWXVI VI^YPXRH HMR I\XIRWMM
WYGGIWMZI, TYXIQ WXEFMPM IXETIPI WTVMM PSV. %WXJIP, HI TMPH, KEPIVME WTVI GEVI
SJIV EGGIW WGEVE GI GSFSEV HI PE WYTVEJE' ZE 3 R QSH WMKYV ERXIVMSEV
KEPIVMIM HI PE QEVKMRI.
8SXY#M, S HEX WXEFMPMXI EGIWXI PMRMM HI HI^ZSPXEVI, XVIFYMI RGIVGEX W
3\Q S GVSRSPSKMI EFWSPYX, W R'IPIKIQ R GI ITSG EY EZYX PSG EGIWXI
PYGVVM. (EXIPI HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ WYRX, HMR TGEXI, VIWXVRWI. %Q EZIE RIZSMI
HI IPIQIRXI GIVXI PE JE'E PSGYPYM, S MRWGVMT'MI WEY S TMGXYV FMRI HEXEXI. (YT
GYQ ZSQ ZIHIE, XMTEVYP ITMXEJYVMPSV WI VITIX R XMQT JV SVMKMREPMXEXI, MEV
TMGXYVMPI, R QENSVMXEXIE GE^YVMPSV, RY TSX 3 HEXEXI GY TVIGM^MI. 9RISVM, XSXY#M,
TYXIQ KWM SPERI WEY GVQM^M EPI GVSV WIQRXYVM WYRX HEXEXI. R WXEVIE
EGXYEP, FM^YMRHY-RI #M TI HSGYQIRXE'ME JYVRMÊX HI GEXEGSQFIPI GVI#XMRI,
TYXIQ WTYRI G EGIWXI GEXEGSQFI MYHEMGI TEV W WI REWG R XMQTYP WIGSPYPYM
EP --PIE #M G IPI WI HI^ZSPX R GYVWYP GIPYM HI-EP -:-PIE.
(EV ETEVI EXYRGM S EPX TVSFPIQ: GEVI, RXVI GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI #M
GIPI GVI#XMRI, PI-EY TVIGIHEX TI GIPIPEPXI# %GIEWX ZIGLI TSPIQMG E JGYX W
GYVK VYVM HI GIVRIEP. R ZVIQI GI GSQYRMXEXIE MYHEMG IWXI EXIWXEX PE
6SQE GY QYPX REMRXI HI RGITYXYVMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, IWXI RXV-EHIZV
WYVTVMR^XSV GE TVSTVMMPI-P GEXEGSQFI W RY ETEV HIGX R WIGSPYP EP --PIE.
%GIEWX TVSFPIQ XVIFYMI W RI MRGMXI W VI4IGXQ RXV-YR QSH QEM KIRIVEP
GY TVMZMVI PE JIRSQIRYP GEXEGSQFIPSV.
(MR GI QSXMZI, PE YR QSQIRX HEX, QEVMPI GMQMXMVI WYFXIVERI VWEV R
NYVYP 6SQIM# 4SEXI G WTE'MYP HMWTSRMFMP PE WYTVEJE' IVE HINE GSQTPIX SGYTEX#
)\TERWMYRIE YVFER, TVIGYQ #M YXMPMÊVIE R WGSTYVM EKVMGSPI E ^SRIPSV TVMR
XVEHM'MI JYRIVEVI EY TYXYX QTMIHMGE HI^ZSPXEVIE WEY GLMEV WYTVEZMI'YMVIE
RIGVSTSPIPSV# 8VIFYMI W QEM 'MRIQ WIEQE #M HI JETXYP G XVIGIVIE HI PE VMXYP
MRGMRIVVMM PE GIP EP RLYQVMM GVIEWI RIZSME HI GMQMXMVI QEM RXMRWI, WTE'MYP
SGYTEX HI S YVR 3MRH EXYRGM RQYP'MX GIP TY'MR GY GMRGM.
7XYHMMPI R EGIWX HSQIRMY RY WI E4 HIGX PE RGITYXYVMPI PSV. 2Y TYXIQ
I\GPYHI JETXYP GE MYHIM #M GVI#XMRM W 3 KWMX R TEVEPIP WSPY'ME GEXEGSQFIPSV PE
TVSFPIQIPI PSV HI WTE'MY JYRIVEV, HEV IWXI TVIE HIZVIQI W S E3VQQ GY
GIVXMXYHMRI.
3 RXVIFEVI VQRI HISGEQHEX JV VWTYRW: REMRXI HI TIVMSEHE
GEXEGSQFIPSV, YRHI IVEY RKVSTE'M MYHIMM# "XMQ G VMXYEPYP PSV JYRIVEV IVE
JSEVXI WXVMGX #M TVIZIHIE SFPMKEXSVMY RLYQEVIE. 4VMRXVI JIPYVMXIPI MRXIVHMG'MM
HMGXEXI HI MQTYVMXEXIE GEHEZVYPYM, WI RYQVE TVSQMWGYMXEXIE, WTVI HISWIFMVI
HI GVI#XMRM, GEVI RY EY EZYX RMGM S I^MXEVI W WI PEWI RQSV-QRXE'M R ^SRI
JYRIVEVI TKRI. (MR TGEXI, RG QEM E#XITXQ TVMQE HIWGSTIVMVI R EGIWX
HSQIRMY.
'MR^ME :MWQEVME .
%2)<% 0I\MG %VGSWSPMYQ: WITYPGVY HIEWYTVE GVYME WI REP' YR EVG
WTEX R TIVIXIPI YRIM KEPIVMM WEY EP YRYM GYFMGYPYQ.
'YFMGYPYQ: GEQIV JYRIVEV GEVI WI HIWGLMHI R KIRIVEP HI-E PYRKYP
YRIM KEPIVMM HI GEXEGSQF.
)XLVSK: GLMXVE, RXVIFYMR'EX R PMXYVKLME WVFXSVMM 7YGSX.
/SGLMQ: QSVQRX GY GYTXSV. 7ITYPXYV GY PYRKMQIE WTEX
TIVTIRHMGYPEV TI KEPIVME GEXEGSQFIM.
0SGYPYW: QSVQRX WTEX TI PYRKMQI R TIVIXIPI YRIM KEPIVMM WEY EP YRYM
GYFMGYPYQ.
0YPEF: VEQYVE HI TEPQMIV YXMPMÊX PE WPYNFE HI 7YGSX WEY 7VFXSEVIE
'SVXYVMPSV.
1IRSVEL: WJI#RMG GY #ETXI FVE'I (QIRSV).
4VSWIYGLI: IHM3GMY HI EHYREVI TIRXVY VYKGMYRI, WMRSRMQ EP WMREKSKMM,
GEVI PE SVMKMRI MRHMGE QEM HIKVEF GSQYRMXEXIE.
6IKMYRIE (YRIM GEXEGSQFI): ERWEQFPYP KEPIVMMPSV WTEXI PE YR QSQIRX
HEX, EHIWISVM HYT YR TPER TVIWXEFMPMX.
"SJEV: KSEVR GSRJIG'MSREX HMRXV-YR GSVR HI FIVFIG, JSPSWMX GY TVMPINYP
ERYQMXSV GIVIQSRMM, GE, HI TMPH, HI 6S# ,E#ERE.
8SVEL: 0IKIE WJRX, EPI GVIM WYPYVM WYRX TWXVEXI RXV-YR HYPET WTIGMEP
(EVSR).
'EXEGSQFIPI: QMXYVM, QMWXIVI #M. 6IEPMX'M RXV-S WSGMIXEXI GEVI TEVI
EHIWISVM W-#M 3 YMXEX VHGMRMPI #M XVEHM'MMPI, XVIGYXYP GIP QEM RHITVXEX #M
QERMJIWXVMPI PYM GSRGVIXI, TI GEVI EVLISPSKME EVI HVITX QIRMVI W RM PI
VIWXMXYMI, EY RG HEVYP HI E JEWGMRE. 1VXYVMMPI PIKEXI HI PYQIE WYFXIVER
WYRX TVMRXVI GIPI GY GIE QEM QEVI GYXEVI. (MR RIJIVMGMVI, R EGIPE#M XMQT WI
HI^ZSPX KYWXYP TIRXVY XIÎPI JERXI^MWXI, RWGSGMXI QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR
VIGIRX, TIRXVY E E''E GYVMS^MXEXIE QEVIPYM TYFPMG.
'Y XSEXI G XISVMMPI #XMMR'M3GI IZSPYIE^, MEV GIVGIXXSVMM VIEHYG PE
HMQIRWMYRMPI PSV VIEPI QIWENIPI TI GEVI RM PI XVERWQMX QSRYQIRXIPI ERXMGI,
YRIPI PSGYVM GSQYRI GSRXMRY W GMVGYPI. 2Y GMXMQ HI EXXIE SVM G, HI TMPH,
GEXEGSQFIPI EY JSWX GY TVIGHIVI VIJYKMMPI WIGVIXI EPI TVMQMPSV GVI#XMRM
TVMKSRM'M, HI#M QVXYVMMPI EVLISPSKMGI EY M^FYXMX W VIWTMRK EGIWX TSRGMJ#
RG HI PE RGITYX #M R QSH WMKYV TR PE YPXMQE TIVWIGY'MI HI
EQTPSEVI QTSXVMZE GVI#XMRMPSV (E PYM (MSGPI'MER, R ERYP 303), GEXEGSQFIPI EY
JSWX I\GPYWMZ GMQMXMVI #M RMQIRM RY E XVMX WEY W-E VIJYKMEX EGSPS. :SQ ZIHIE,
TIRXVY 3IGEVI GEXEGSQF R TEVXI, HMRXVI GIPI HIWGVMWI EMGM TI WGYVX, G
TVMQIPI PSV GSR3KYVE'MM, R XMQTYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, VIWXVRWI #M PE ZIHIVI, RY
PI EJIGXE, GY WMKYVER', YRIM JYRG'MM HI VIJYKMY. R QSH WGLIQEXMG, TYXIQ
QTV'M R XVIM QEVM TIVMSEHI MWXSVME GMQMXMVIPSV GVI#XMRI HMR 6SQE, EGIWXI
HMZM^MYRM XVIFYMRH, 3VI#XI, RYER'EXI TIRXVY 3IGEVI HMR GIPI #EMÎGM HI
GEXEGSQFI HIWGSTIVMXI TR EGYQ R ^SR.
3VMKMRIE GEXEGSQFIPSV R XMQTYP TVMQIPSV HSY WIGSPI EPI IVIM RSEWXVI,
GVI#XMRMM WYRX RQSVQR-XE'M R QSH ERSRMQ R RIGVSTSPIPI TKRI E#IÊXI R
NYVYP 6SQIM (E#E W-E RXQTPEX GY GIM QEM ZIWXM'M HMRXVI IM, 4IXVY #M 4EZIP).
'MQMXMVI I\GPYWMZ GVI#XMRI RY ETEV HIGX PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE: IPI WI
TVI^MRX EXYRGM GE RM#XI QMGM LMTSKII WYFXIVERI, TVIZ^YXI RXV-S TVMQ JE^
W EHTSWXIEWG HSEV GXIZE ÎGM HI QSVQMRXI.
%GIEWX RSY TVEGXMG JYRIVEV WI VWJVRKI R IKEP QWYV #M EWYTVE
TEKMRMPSV, HMR QYPXMTPI VE'MYRM TVEGXMGI. 3 HEX GY XVIGIVIE XVITXEX HI PE VMXYP
MRGMRIVVMM PE GIP EP RLYQVMM, R HIGYVWYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE H. ,V. "M R GSRHM'MMPI
R GEVI QTVINYVMQMPI HVYQYVMPSV GSRWYPEVI HMR EJEVE ^MHYVMPSV SVE#YPYM RY QEM
HMWTYR HIGX HI YR RYQV JSEVXI PMQMXEX HI WTE'MM HMWTSRMFMPI, RIZSMPI
GSQYRMX'MM YVFERI HI RSM PSGYVM HI RKVSTEVI GVIWG GSRWMHIVEFMP. R
QEYWSPIIPI R GEVI RQSVQRXEVIE QEM IVE TSWMFMP, GSRWXEXQ G S
RLYQEVI SGYT PSGYP GEVI GSVIWTYRHIE REMRXI QEM QYPXSV YVRI GMRIVEVI.
%XYRGM ETEV TVMQIPI YXMPM^VM EPI WYFWSPYPYM, WYF JSVQIPI GIPI QEM ZEVMEXI
#M, PE RGITYX, HI HMQIRWMYRM VIHYWI. 7I GYRSWG, HI I\IQTPY, QEM QYPXI GE^YVM
HI GEQIVI JYRIVEVI (HI YRYP TR PE XVIM IXENI WYTVETYWI), WTEXI HIHIWYFXYP
QEYWSPIIPSV GSRWXVYMXI R IPIZE'MI #M SGYTRH EGIIE#M WYTVEJE' GE EGIWXIE.
1MGM WGVM HI EGGIW, WTEXI R MRXIVMSVYP TEVXIVIPSV QEYWSPIYPYM, HI-E PYRKYP
YRYME HMRXVI TIVI'M, GSRHYG GXVI WYFWSP. R XMQTYP EGIWXIM TIVMSEHI HI
RGITYX, LMTSKIIPI XVIFYMEY W VIWTIGXI QEVKMRMPI TVSTVMIX'MPSV E4EXI PE
WYTVEJE'.
%GIWXIM RSM RIZSM HI WTE'MY, HEXSVEXI TVEGXMGMM RLYQVMM, M WI EHEYK, R
WIGSPYP EP --PIE, WYTVEEKPSQIVEVIE RIGVSTSPIPSV GEVI JYRG'MSREY HI PE
RGITYXYVMPI ITSGMM VITYFPMGERI. 7SPY'ME WYFXIVER IWXI EXYRGM MQTYW HI
RIGIWMXEXIE RIRHITVXVMM TVIE QEVM HI SVE#. 7I GSRWXEX HI EWIQIRIE G PE
6SQE, R EGIEWX TIVMSEH, TVSTVMIX'MPI WYFYVFERI (ZMPPEI) #M TQR-XYVMPI
GYPXMZEXI EJIVIRXI EGIWXSVE, WMXYEXI RHISF#XI PE S ^M HI QIVW HI GIRXVYP
YVFER, MRZEHIE^ #M QEVKMRMPI SVE#YPYM, R ^SRI SGYTEXI TR EXYRGM HI
RIGVSTSPI.
R HIGYVWYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P--PIE, EGIWXI JSVQI RSM HI WITYPXYVM WYFXIVERI,
HISWIFMX HI TY'MR GSWXMWMXSEVI TIRXVY KVYTYP WSGMEP JVEKMP HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI
IGSRSQMG TI GEVI P GSRWXMXYMI GSQYRMXEXIE GVI#XMR TVMQEV, WI HI^ZSPX
EWXJIP RGX TIVQMX W WI ZSVFIEWG R YRIPI GE^YVM ('EPMWX, (SQMXMPE WEY
4VMWGMPE, HI I\IQTPY) HI GEXEGSQFI HI EWX HEX WTIGM3G GVI#XMRI. 8VIFYMI
XSXSHEX W WIQREPQ #M I\MWXIR'E GEXEGSQFIPSV MYHEMGI, R XMQT GI RMQMG RY
RI RKHYMI W ZSVFMQ HIWTVI RIGVSTSPI TKRI HI EGIWX XMT, GEVI W
HIT#IEWG GIPI GXIZE ÎGM HI QSVQMRXI.
)\XMRHIVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV #M GYPXYP QEVXMVMPSV 6IGYRSE#XIVIE S3GMEP E
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM HI GXVI 'SRWXERXMR #M GSRZIVXMVIE QEWMZ GI M-E YVQEX
GSRWXMXYMI YR QSQIRX HI GSXMXYV TIRXVY HI^ZSPXEVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV GVI#XMRI.
'YPXYP QEVXMVMPSV RGITI R EGIEWX ITSG. "M GYQ W-'M EV'M QEM FMRI
ZIRIVE'ME HIGX PWRHY-XI RQSVQRXEX GX QEM ETVSETI GY TYXMR' HI
W3RXIPI PSV QSE#XI# %GIEWX TVEGXMG EXVEKI R QEM QYPXI GE^YVM I\XMRHIVIE
TIWXI QWYV E VI'IPIPSV HI KEPIVMM WYFXIVERI, TI HSY, XVIM, TEXVY WEY GLMEV
GMRGM RMZIPYVM (WEY IXENI) WYTVETYWI, GYQ IWXI GMQMXMVYP 7JRXYP 'EPMWX. R XMQT
GI GEXEGSQFIPI HMR WIGSPYP EP -P--PIE GSR'MRIEY GXIZE ÎGM, TR PE GXIZE
WYXI HI WITYPXYVM, GIPI HMR WIGSPIPI EP -:-PIE #M EP :-PIE GSR'MR GXIZE QMM, FE
GLMEV ÎGM HI QMM!
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- (MZIVWIPI WIGXSEVI EPI EGIWXSV VI'IPI HI
KEPIVMM WI HMZIVWM3G HI EGYQ REMRXI R JYRG'MI HI GPEWIPI WSGMEPI. 4VMZMPIKME'MM
WEY QIQFVMM GPIVYPYM TSWIH QSVQMRXI FSKEX QTSHSFMXI, EHIWISVM ZIRXMPEXI
#M PYQMREXI HI PQTM GEVI GSQYRMG GY WYTVEJE'E. 'EQIVIPI PSV JYRIVEVI
(GYFMGYPE) GSR'MR 3I QSVQMRXI WTEXI WYF YR EVG (EVGSWSPME), 3I WEVGSJEKI.
4VMRXVI EGIWXI RLYQVM TVMZMPIKMEXI, XVIFYMI W PE WSGSXMQ #M TI GIPI HMR
MQIHMEXE ETVSTMIVI E QSVQMRXIPSV HI QYGIRMGM, GLMEV HEG IPI WYRX YRISVM
ERSRMQI.
1SVQMRXIPI GIPI QEM WVQERI #M HI HITEVXI GIPI QEM RYQIVSEWI, WI
KWIWG R KIRIVEP PE QEVKMRIE VI'IPIPSV GEVI EHTSWXIWG QSVQMRXIPI GIPI QEM
FSKEXI; EMGM RXPRMQ ETVSETI RYQEM PSGYPM, XMTYP HI QSVQRX GIP QEM QSHIWX:
S WMQTP GEZMXEXI HVITXYRKLMYPEV, WTEX PSRKMXYHMREP R TIVI'MM KEPIVMIM.
%GI#XM PSGYPM WYRX YRISVM EGSTIVM'M GY HEPI HI QEVQYV TYVXRH WEY RY
MRWGVMT'MM #M GIP QEM EHIWIE GY SPERI WEY JVEKQIRXI HI SPERI, 3\EXI GY
QFMRVM HMR ZEV.
0E WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, TETE (EQEWYW (36-384) SVKERMÎE^ YR
GYPX S3GMEP EP QEVXMVMPSV, QEXIVMEPMÊX TVMR EQIRENVM PMXYVKMGI HIEWYTVE
QSVQMRXIPSV EGIWXSVE #M TVMR GVIEVIE HI WERGXYEVI WYFXIVERI QEM QYPX WEY
QEM TY'MR WTE'MSEWI. )P VIÎVZ, HI EWIQIRIE, 3IGVYM QEVXMV MRWGVMT'MM, R
KIRIVEP QIXVMGI, GY GEVEGXIVI VE3REXI, KVEZEXI #M WIQREXI, R GE^YP YRSVE, HI
GEPMKVEJYP WY, *YVMYW (]SRMWMYW 4LMPSGEPYW.
4VWMVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV #M WXVQYXEVIE QSE#XIPSV 0E WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM
EP :-PIE RGITI EFERHSREVIE XVITXEX E JSPSWMVMM GEXEGSQFIPSV. *ETXYP WI
I\TPMG TVMR WGHIVIE HIQSKVE3G HIGYVKRH HMR TMIVHIVIE R MQTSVXER' E
6SQIM R GEHVYP -QTIVMYPYM, HEV #M TVMR ETEVM'ME E RSM QSHI. RG HI PE WJV#MXYP
ZIEGYPYM EP -:-PIE ETEV HMR RSY, HIEWYTVE GEXEGSQFIPSV, QEYWSPII HI GIPI
QEM ZEVMEXI JSVQI. 7ITYPXYVMPI WI GSRGIRXVIE^ R MRXIVMSVYP #M R NYVYP QEVMPSV
FE^MPMGM (WYFXIVERI WEY GSRWXVYMXI PE WYTVEJE') WMXYEXI HIEWYTVE QSVQMRXIPSV
HI QEVXMVM WEY GSQYRMGRH GY EGIWXIE. 4VSFEFMP G R EGIIE#M ITSG QSVQMRXI
V^PI'I RGIT W 3I TVEGXMGEXI R GEVXMIVI WEY R QSRYQIRXI TYFPMGI TVWMXI,
R MRXIVMSVYP SVE#YPYM. %GIWX JIRSQIR GEVEGXIVMÎE^ #M YRIPI FMWIVMGM YVFERI,
REMRXI HI E HIZIRM YRE HMR RSMPI VIKYPM JYRIVEVI, RG HI PE NYQXEXIE
WIGSPYPYM EP :P-PIE.
'EXEGSQFIPI VSQERI RY QEM WYRX HI EGYQ JVIGZIRXEXI HIGX TIRXVY
WERGXYEVIPI PSV WYFXIVERI, TI GEVI TETMM PI ZSV RXVI'MRI TR PE RGITYXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP -<-PIE. R EGIEWX TIVMSEH, VIPMGZIPI RGIT W 3I XVERWJIVEXI R
SVE#, TIRXVY E 3 JIVMXI HI NEJYVM, HEV QEM GY WIEQ HI YR RIKS' R4SVMXSV.
%GIWXI WXVQYXVM ZSV PYE WJV#MX GXVI QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP -<-PIE.
6IHIWGSTIVMVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV 2YQEM YRIPI HMRXVI EGIWXI WERGXYEVI #M
GXIZE KEPIVMM EPI GEXEGSQFIPSV, GEVI GSQYRMGEY GY TVMQIPI, EY GSRXMRYEX W
3I GYRSWGYXI R XMQTYP )ZYPYM 1IHMY. 6IHIWGSTIVMVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV RY E EZYX
PSG, TI FEÎ EPI GIVGIXVMM #XMMR'M3GI, HIGX PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <:--PIE, S
HEX GY TVMQYP EVLISPSK TEPISGVI#XMR EP MWXSVMIM, %RXSRMS &SWMS. 'SRXMRYEXSVMM
PYM, R WIGSPIPI EP <:--PIE #M EP <:--PIE, EY JSWX GY TVIGHIVI MRXIVIWE'M HI
HIWGSTIVMVIE VIPMGZIPSV. )M EY HIWGLMW WMWXIQEXMG QSVQMRXIPI YRSV WMQTPM
HIJYRG'M TI GEVI M-EY FSXIÊX QEVXMVM, MVSWMRH EWXJIP YR TEXVMQSRMY MWXSVMG #M
EVLISPSKMG HI MQIRW ZEPSEVI. %FME S HEX GY +MSZERRM &EXXMWXE HI 6SWWM, R
WIGSPYP EP <P<-PIE, EVLISPSKME GVI#XMR E HIZIRMX S EHIZVEX #XMMR', MEV
GEXEGSQFIPI EY JSWX WXYHMEXI GY WIVMS^MXEXI. R 1852 E JSWX JSRHEX 'SQMWME
TSRXM3GEP HI EVLISPSKMI WEGV, RWVGMREX GY GSRWIVZEVIE GEXEGSQFIPSV;
ETSM, R 1925, -RWXMXYXYP TSRXM3GEP HI EVLISPSKMI GVI#XMR, GEVI GSRWEGV
WXYHMYPYM EGIWXSV GMQMXMVI GVI#XMRI HI RGITYX S FYR TEVXI HMR IRIVKMMPI
TVSJIWSVMPSV #M WXYHIR'MPSV WM.
4LMPMTTI 4IVKSPE 'EXEGSQFE HMR :ME 0EXMRE: RXVI &MFPMI #M QMXSPSKMI R
GMYHE E GIIE GI W-E GVI^YX QYPX XMQT HIWTVI IPI, GEXEGSQFIPI HEXIE^ GIP QEM
HIZVIQI HMR TVMQIPI HIGIRMM EPI WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, HIGIRMM QEVGEXI HI S
EHIZVEX E#IÊVI E FMWIVMGMPSV, GEVI EY HSFRHMX EXYRGM S VIEP ZM^MFMPMXEXI, E
GVIM TVMQ QVXYVMI S GSRWXMXYMI XSGQEM GMQMXMVIPI: EGIWX JETX H WIEQ
HIWTVI GX HI JEPW IWXI GPM#IYP XIREGI GEVI JEGI HMR IPI WMQFSPYP YRIM &MWIVMGM
TVMQEVI GPERHIWXMRI #M TIVWIGYXEXI. "M GYQ GVI#XMRMM EZIEY EGYQ GEW PE
WXVEH, WI TYXIEY WMRKYPEVMÊ TR #M R HIGSVYP TI GEVI #M-P EPIKIEY WTVI E
RZI#QRXE QSEVXIE. %WXJIP EY ETVYX TVMQIPI IFS#I EPI YRIM EVXI WEY, QEM
FMRI, EP YRYM EVXMÊREX GVI#XMR.
3 TVSHYG'MI EVXMÊREP WXIVISXMT VI4IGX FMRI QIRXEPMXEXIE GYVIRX E
YRIM ITSGM; #M, HI JETX, TMGXSVMM EY VITVSHYW PE RIWJV#MX GIIE GI %RHVI +VFEV
E HI3RMX, TI FYR HVITXEXI, GE MQEKMRM-WIQR. %GIWXI MQEKMRM, XSXY#M, RY
SGYT HIGX YR PSG VIHYW R RGTIVMPI JYRIVEVI, YRHI HSQMRERX IWXI S
HIGSVE'MI ZIWIP #M R4SVEX, R KIRIVEP HIWXYP HI WMQTP GY I\GIT'ME
GE^YVMPSV GRH WI MQMX WYF TQRX FSKEXIPI QEYWSPII HMR GMQMXMVIPI HI
WYTVEJE'. (IGSV EP QSV'MM MRIZMXEFMP TIRXVY ERXMGM, IP WI VIKWI#XI #M R
QSVQMRXIPI TKRI #M R GEXEGSQFIPI MYHEMGI WEY GVI#XMRI.
'IE QEM FYR MPYWXVEVI E EGIWXYM JIRSQIR IWXI SJIVMX HI GMQMXMVYP HMR
:ME 0EXMRE, HI PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE. )P E EHTSWXMX, RXV-EHIZV, GVI#XMRM
#M TKRM, R RGTIVM HMWXMRGXI TI GEVI RMQMG RY PI HISWIFI#XI RXVI IPI, R
EJEV HI YRIPI TERSYVM 3KYVEXI, WMRKYVIPI GI TIVQMX KLMGMVIE VIPMKMIM
HIWXMREXEVMPSV. R GE^YP GVI#XMRMPSV, TERSYVMPI WYRX RGLMREXI QEVMPSV 3KYVM EPI
:IGLMYPYM 0IKQRX #M VITVIÎRXVMM PYM ,VMWXSW GE XQHYMXSV #M QRXYMXSV. R
GE^YP TKRMPSV, WYRX ^YKVZMXI GMGPYVM QMXSPSKMGI, GYQ IWXI GIP EP PYM ,IVGYPI,
GEVI GYV'EWI TQRXYP HI QSR#XVM #M XVIGYWI TSV'MPI ,EHIWYPYM TIRXVY E S
RETSME TI %PGIWXE WS'YPYM IM. 8SXY#M, VIZIRMVIE VIKYPEX E EGIWXSV MQEKMRM,
QIVIY R EGIPE#M PSG, I\TVMQ JETXYP G IPI XVERWQMX YR QIWEN MHIRXMG HI
M^FZMVI: TIRXVY QSVXYP E#IÊX WYF TVSXIG'ME PSV, IP RWIEQR JKHYMR'E YRYM
TVIEJIVMGMX HMRGSPS.
%HIT'MM RSM GVIHMR'I #M TEVXMÊRMM VIPMKMIM XVEHM'MSREPI WI QEM TYXIEY
RXPRM #M R EPXI MQEKMRM, QEM TY'MR GSRSXEXI. )WXI GE^YP WGIRIPSV HMR ZME'E
GYPXYVEP, TI GEVI PI RHVKIEY FSKE'MM GSQERHMXEVM EM GMQMXMVIPSV. "M EXYRGM,
GYPXYV WEGV WEY GYPXYV TVSJER# 'YQ EQ TYXIE #XM #M, HI EPXJIP, RXVIFEVIE
EVI ZVIYR WIRW# 4IRXVY E VIPYE S JSVQYP PMXYVKMG E ZVIQMM, R TIVJIGX
EVQSRMI GYQ WI #M GEHI GY HIGSVYP GEVI RGSRNYVE TI EXYRGM QSEVXIE, EXX
S GYPXYV, GX #M GIEPEPX GPYÎEY R IKEP QWYV WTVI EGIP PSG VGSVSW,
PYQMRSW #M QTGEX GI PI IVE JKHYMX QSV'MPSV.
.IER +Y]SR 4IVWIGY'MMPI: XVMFYXYP &MWIVMGMM *. 1 HMR 6SQE -V.
-M;~ M &MWIVMGE 6SQIM RY E JSWX GVY'EX HI TIVWIGY'MMPI GVSVE GVI#XMRMM PI-
EY JSWX TIVMSHMG ZMGXMQI R -QTIVMYP 6SQER TR PE HSQRME PYM 'SRWXERXMR.
(EG PIKIRHI TMSEWI, MRZIRXEXI JSEVXI XMQTYVMY #M TSTYPEVMÊXI TR R ^MPIPI
RSEWXVI HI VSQER WEY HI GMRIQE, EY RQYP'MX I\GIWMZ RYQVYP QEVXMVMPSV, RY
IWXI QEM TY'MR EHIZVEX G #M GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER YRE HMRXVI GIPI QEM ZIGLM
EPI -QTIVMYPYM #M TVMQE EXIWXEX R 3GGMHIRX E TPXMX YR XVMFYX HISWIFMX HI
ETWXSV TVMKSRMXSVMPSV TKRM.
QFVGRH YR GEVEGXIV WXVMGX PSGEP, LMXYMVMPI HIGPER#EXI TR PE WJV#M-
XYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE QTSXVMZE GVIHMRGMS#MPSV ZMÎE^, PE 6SQE, S &MWIVMG GI RY
EVI XSXY#M QSXMZI W RKVMNSVIÎ TYXIVIE TVMR IJIGXMZI WEY TVMR JSV':
GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER, GY XSEXI G RY GSRXIRI#XI W GVIEWG, VQRI, R
EGIEWX TIVMSEH, VIPEXMZ TY'MR RYQIVSEW, R GSQTEVE'MI GY &MWIVMGMPI HMR
6WVMX; TI HI EPX TEVXI, &MWIVMGE 6SQIM, JSRHEX HI 4IXVY, ETSM GSRHYW HI
WYGGIWSVMM %TSWXSPYPYM, FIRI3GME^, JV RHSMEP, HI YR TVIWXMKMY WTMVMXYEP HI
RIGSRXIWXEX TI PRK GIPIPEPXI &MWIVMGM, GEVI HSVIWG W 3I R GSQYRMYRI GY IE;
ITMWGSTYP WY RW RY I\IVGMX RMGM S EYXSVMXEXI HSKQEXMG WEY HMWGMTPMREV
EWYTVE GIPSVPEPXI GSQYRMX'M, M^SPEXI RXV-S PYQI RG JSEVXI TVIGYQTRMXSV
TKR.
(I JETX, GVI#XMRMM GEVI TIVIKVMRIE^ R 3VE#YP )XIVR EXVEK, GE YVQEVI
E EGIWXIM MQTPERXVM, EXIR'ME EYXSVMX'MPSV TKRI, IZMHIRX TVISGYTEXI W
QIR'MR SVHMRIE TSPMXMG #M QSVEP R GETMXEP, VI#IHMR' E QTVEXYPYM,
TVIGYQ #M PSG HI JVYRXI EP TKRMWQYPYM. 3V R EGIEWX TIVMSEH, R GEVI RMGM
YR IHMGX KIRIVEP RY TVSWGVMI I\TPMGMX GVI#XMRMWQYP HI#M EGIWXE R QSH ZHMX
RY 'MRI HI GEXIKSVME VIPMKMMPSV PMGMXI GVIHMRGMS#MM WYRX HIRYR'E'M EYXSVMX'MPSV #M
EVIWXE'M GE EYXSVM EM YRSV WEQEZSPRMGMM GEVI PI WYRX EXVMFYMXI HI ^ZSRYVMPI
TSTYPEVI WEY GE YVQEVI E YRSV XYPFYVVM HI GEVI, GY XSEXI G PI WYRX ZMGXMQI,
WYRX GSRWMHIVE'M VWTYR^XSVM. 7SQE'M R JE'E XVMFYREPYPYM W EHYG NIVXJI ÎMPSV
-QTIVMYPYM, IM RY EY HI EPIW HIGX RXVI QEVXMVMY #M ETSWXE^MI.
1VXYVMMPI HI GEVI HMWTYRIQ MPYWXVIE^ EGIWX TVSGIW. 7YF HSQRME PYM
'PEYHMY (4P-54), XMQTYP R GEVI TVIÎR'E PSV PE 6SQE IWXI EXIWXEX TIRXVY
RXME SEV, YRMM GVI#XMRM Z^Y'M GE EKMXEXSVM MRHI^MVEFMPM WYRX MRGPY#M RXV-S
QWYV HI I\GIT'MI GEVI-P ZMÎE^ TI MYHIM, HI GEVI RMQIRM TI EXYRGM, R
STMRME TKR, RY M HMWXMRKI RG; YRMM HMR IM WI WYWXVEK XSXY#M EGIWXYM SVHMR
MQTIVMEP, RXVYGX P TSX TVMQM TI ETSWXSPYP 4EZIP R 57/58, GY SGE^ME TVMQIM
WEPI HIWGMRHIVM R 3VE#.
4IVWIGY'ME RIVSRMER, GE YVMREVI E MRGIRHMIVMM 6SQIM 64 IWXI ERYP R
GEVI WI HIGPER#IE^ PE 6SQE TVMQE TIVWIGY'MI ERXMGVI#XMR, PE MRWXMKE'ME PYM
2IVS: EGIWXE EGY^ GVI#XMRMM HI MRGIRHMIVIE 3VE#YPYM, TVSFEFMP TIRXVY E TYRI
GETX ^ZSRYPYM TSXVMZMX GVYME EV 3 XSGQMX IP RWY#M MRGIRHMEXSVMM, WTVI E-#M
JEZSVMÊ TVSTVMMPI TVSMIGXI HI YVFERMWQ. 4VMR EQTPSEVIE #M TVMR VE3REQIRXYP
GVY^MQMM GY GEVI QEVXMVMYP GVIHMRGMS#MPSV E JSWX SVKERMÊX R GLMT HI WTIGXEGSP
KVERHMSW, EGIEWX TIVWIGY'MI M-E RKVS^MX TR #M TI TKRM, GYQ IWXI MWXSVMGYP
8EGMX, GEVI RI-S VIPEXIE^, RXVI RYQIVSEWIPI IM ZMGXMQI HEG RY R 64, GIP
TY'MR R ERMM YVQXSVM R GEVI WI TVIPYRKIWG LV'YMIPMPI WI KWIEY ETSWXSPYP
4IXVY, ENYRW HI TY'MR XMQT R SVE#, YRHI TVIPYEWI GSRHYGIVIE GSQYRMX'MM,
ETSM ETSWXSPYP 4EZIP, VIRXSVW PE 6SQE WTVI E-#M KWM WJV#MXYP.
(SQM'MER PSZI#XI R TVSTVME WE JEQMPMI (YT YR VWXMQT HI XMLR,
TVMKSERE W-E VIRWY4I'MX WYF HSQRME PYM (SQM'MER (8P-96), GSRWMHIVEX HI
MWXSVMSKVE3E GVI#XMR EP HSMPIE QTVEX TIVWIGYXSV: QEM QYPXI TIVWSRENI WYW-
TYWI HMR JEQMPME MQTIVMEP WEY HI PE GYVXI EGYÊXI S3GMEP HI EXIMWQ, 3MRHG
TVMR GSRZIVXMVIE PSV M VIRIKEY TI ÎMM REMRXE#MPSV, EY JSWX I\IGYXEXI, E#E GYQ
E JSWX, TVSFEFMP #M ITMWGSTYP 'PIQIRX.
R ITSGE %RXSRMRMPSV, GY XSEXI G EGI#XM TVMRGMTM EY VIJYÊX I\TPMGMX W-P
LMXYMEWG HMR S3GMY TI GVI#XMRM, EGI#XME HMR YVQ EY GSRXMRYEX W EMF S
WMXYE'MI TVIGEV, QIVIY PE HMWGVI'ME HIPEXSVMPSV. R ZVIQI GI ,EHVMER (17-P38)
WXTRIE -QTIVMYP, EP #ETXIPIE ITMWGST EP 6SQIM, 8IPIWJSV, E WYJIVMX YR KPSVMSW
QEVXMVMY. 7YF GVQYMVIE PYM %RXSRMR GIP 4MSW (138-P61), ,IVQE, R PYGVEVIE-P
GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI HI 4WXSVYP #M -YWXMR, R %TSPSKME WE, WIQREPIE^
GE^RIPI RHYVEXI R GETMXEP HI GVIHMRGMS#M, JV E EWGYRHI G EP'MM, HMR
WPFMGMYRI, P-EY VIRIKEX TI ,VMWXSW. -YWXMR RWY#M E JSWX TVMRW #M GSRHEQREX R
XMQT GI HSQRIE QTVEXYP-3PS^SJ 1EVG %YVIPMY (162-P80). R ZVIQI GI
'SQSHYW (180-P92) M-E WYGGIHEX EGIWXYME HMR YVQ, 'EPMWX (WEY 'EPM\X), ZMMXSV
ITMWGST EP 6SQIM, E JSWX WYVKLMYRMX PE QMRIPI HMR 7EVHMRME, REMRXI HI E
FIRI3GME HI S MIVXEVI E TIHITWIM, TI GRH GSRXIQTSVERYP WY, QEM TY'MR
RSVSGSW, 3PSWSJYP GVI#XMR %TSPSRMSW, HIJIVMX 7IREXYPYM, E JSWX SWRHMX W M WI
XEMI GETYP.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, YRMVI WJRX R NYVYP
QTVEXYPYM 3 HEX GY WIGSPYP EP --PIE RGITI TIRXVY &MWIVMGE 6SQIM, GE TIRXVY
RXVIEKE GVI#XMRXEXI, S TIVMSEH RSY. %QIRMR'VMPI TI GEVI FEVFEVMM PI JEG W
ETIWI EWYTVE XYXYVSV JVSRXMIVIPSV -QTIVMYPYM M MQTYR EGIWXYME QSFMPMÊVIE
XYXYVSV JSV'IPSV HI GEVI HMWTYRI, MEV 6SQE, E GVIM TS^M'MI IWXI TVIE TIVMJIVMG,
IWXI HINE HI QYPXI SVM EFERHSREX GE VI#IHMR' HI GXVI QTVE'M, GEVI WI
MRWXEPIE^ R EPXI GETMXEPI, QEM ETVSTMEXI HI XIEXVIPI HI STIVE'MYRM. R SGLMM
EYXSVMX'MPSV, EQTPSEVIE TVMQINHMMPSV VIGPEQ, HI EWIQIRIE, S YRMVI WJRX R
GYPXYP HMZMRMX'MPSV TVSXIGXSEVI EPI -QTIVMYPYM #M HIGM IPMQMREVIE SVMGVSV JSVQI
HI HMWMHIR' VIPMKMSEW: HI EXYRGM RGI-TRH, IHMGXIPI GY FXEMI KIRIVEP
WXEXSVRMGIWG ZREVIE TVIXYXMRHIRM #M JV I\GIT'MI E GVI#XMRMPSV. R EGIWXI
GSRHM'MM, GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER IWXI I\TYW JYVMIM TIVWIGY'MMPSV, R EGIIE#M
QWYV GY GIMPEP'M, HI 3IGEVI HEX GRH GVMÊ WI RVYX'I#XI; HEV R TS3HE
HMWXER'IM JE' HI TYXIVIE MQTIVMEP, IE VQRI R QSH WTIGMEP ZMÊX HI
EGIWXI QWYVM HI VITVMQEVI HMR GEYÊ MQTSVXER'IM RSM #M E VSPYPYM WY
GVIWGRH: RXV-EHIZV, TI JSRHYP TIVMSEHIPSV HI EGEPQMI, GSRZIVXMVMPI
RQYP'IWG, R XSEXI QIHMMPI WSGMIX'MM VSQERI, RYQVYP GVIHMRGMS#MPSV PYM
,VMWXSW; TI HI EPX TEVXI, &MWIVMGE 6SQIM, TVMR ITMWGSTYP IM, #M ZIHI GVIWGRH
TVIWXMKMYP R VRHYP XYXYVSV GIPSVPEPXI &MWIVMGM, EWXJIP RGX TR #M EYXSVMX'MPI
TKRI ENYRK YRISVM W #M HIE WIEQE HI EGIWX PYGVY.
'ETMM &MWIVMGMPSV HITSVXE'M WEY QEVXMVMÊ'M (EG MRXIV^MGIVIE HI GXVI
7ITXMQMY 7IZIV (193-21) E TVSÎPMXMWQYPYM MYHEMG #M GVI#XMR RY TEVI W 3 TVIE
EZYX IJIGX PE 6SQE, RY PE JIP WI RXQTP GY IHMGXYP TVMR GEVI 1E\MQMR 8VEGYP
(235-238) E HMWTYW YVQVMVIE GETMPSV &MWIVMGMPSV. R ZMVXYXIE EGIWXIM LSXVVM,
ITMWGSTYP 6SQIM, 4SR'MER (230-235) #M MPYWXVYP GVXYVEV ,MTSPMX EY JSWX XVMQM#M PE
QMRIPI HMR 7EVHMRME, YRHI VIPIPI XVEXEQIRXI PI-EY TVSZSGEX GYVRH QSEVXIE.
4I HYVEXE EFWIR'IM WEPI, 4SR'MER E JSWX RPSGYMX R WGEYRYP VSQER HI GXVI
%RXIVSW, GEVI E QYVMX REMRXIE PYM, QEVXMV, TSEXI, IP RWY#M.
(YT S TIVMSEH HI Y#YVEVI WYF HSQRME PYM *MPMT %VEFYP (24-249), GEVI
M-E TIVQMW PYM *EFMER, WYGGIWSVYP PYM %RXIVSW, W EHYG HMR 7EVHMRME XVYTYP
7JRXYPYM 4SR'MER, (IGMYW, ENYRW PE TYXIVI R ERYP 249, RXV-S WMXYE'MI QMPMXEV
GEXEWXVSJEP, E RGITYX S TSPMXMG HI VITVIWMYRI WMWXIQEXMG QTSXVMZE XYXYVSV
HMWMHIR'MPSV: YR IHMGX M-E SFPMKEX TI XS'M PSGYMXSVMM -QTIVMYPYM W RHITPMRIEWG,
TVMRXV-S NIVXJ, YR EGX HI EHIVEVI PE GYPXYP TKR. R JVYRXIE GIPSV GEVI EY
VIJYÊX GY TVI'YP ZMI'MM PSV W S JEG, WI E4 PE 6SQE ITMWGSTYP *EFMER,
QEVXMVMÊX PE 20 MERYEVMI 250, QTVIYR GY QEM QYP'M QIQFVM EM GPIVYPYM WY #M
GY PEMGM HI VERK REPX. 8SXY#M, ETSWXE^MMPI EY JSWX RYQIVSEWI R VRHYP RIS3'MPSV
RIRHIENYRW HI S'IPM'M.
8VIFSRMER +EPPYP E VIETVMRW TVMKSERE, WTVI E TSXSPM STMRME TSTYPEV GEVI
M GSRWMHIVE TI GVI#XMRM VWTYR^XSVM TIRXVY XIVMFMPE ITMHIQMI HI GMYQ GI
TYWXME EXYRGM -QTIVMYP: R ERYP 253, ITMWGSTYP 'SVRIPMY E JSWX EPYRKEX HMR
6SQE #M E QYVMX R I\MP; YVQE#YP WY, 0YGMYW, E JSWX #M IP RHITVXEX HMR SVE#,
HEV E TYXYX 3 VIGLIQEX HYT QSEVXIE QTVEXYPYM.
2MGM RKHYMR', RMGM EWTVMQI TIWXI QWYV TIRXVY VIRIKE'M 7YJIVMR'IPI
VFHEXI IVSMG GSRWSPMHEY EYXSVMXEXIE QSVEP E WGEYRYPYM ITMWGSTEP VSQER:
EXYRGM GRH W-E TYW TVSFPIQE MIVXVMM TGEXIPSV GVIHMRGMS#MPSV GEVI EY GIHEX R
XMQTYP TVMKSERIM (PETWM), 'SVRIPMY, YRMRHY-#M IJSVXYVMPI GY EPI PYM 'MTVMER HI
'EVXEKMRE TIRXVY E RHITVXE PE\MWQYP I\GIWMZ, GE #M WIZIVMXEXIE I\XVIQ, E
JGYX W XVMYQJI S GEPI HI QMNPSG: EGI#XM PETWM GEVI WI GMIWG EV TYXIE 3 MIVXE'M
HYT S TIRMXIR' QWYVEX R JYRG'MI HI KVEZMXEXIE TGEXYPYM PSV.
(YT G'MZE ERM HI EGEPQMI, QTVEXYP :EPIVMER (253-259), RXV-S WMXYE'MI
MEV#M I\XVIQ HI GVMXMG, MRXIV^MGI R ERYP 257 GYPXYP GVI#XMR, LSXV#XI
SQSVVIE GPIVMGMPSV #M E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV GEVI VIJYÊY W WI PITIHI HI GVIHMR' #M
GSR3WGEVIE FYRYVMPSV PSV. 'SQYRMXEXIE VSQER, EPI GVIM FSK'MM VIEPI WEY
RGLMTYMXI MWTMXIEY 3WGYP MQTIVMEP WVGMX, E JSWX YRE HMRXVI GIPI QEM RGIVGEXI:
R EYKYWX 258 EY TMIVMX, RXVI EP'MM, TETE 7M\XYW EP --PIE #M HMEGSRMM WM, TVMRXVI
GEVI 0EYVIR'MY, TI GEVI 4EXMQMPI WEPI P RJ'M#IE^ EV^RH PE JSG QSGRMX TI YR
KVXEV, TIRXVY E 3 VIJYÊX W TVIHIE XIÊYVIPI ETEV'MRRH &MWIVMGMM.
)HMGXYP PYM +EPMIR MRWXEYVIE^ QMGE TEGI E &MWIVMGMM M )<4%27-92)%
'6)"8-2-71909- (MWTEVM'ME PYM :EPIVMER, JGYX TVM^SRMIV HI TIV#M R 259, M-E
TIVQMW, RXV-S WMXYE'MI HVEQEXMG, 3YPYM #M WYGGIWSVYPYM WY +EPMIR (253-268)
W WGLMQFI TSPMXMGE: IP E TVSGPEQEX TVMRXV-YR IHMGX TVMQE HIGPEVE'MI S3GMEP
R EGIWX HSQIRMY XSPIVER'E PE EHVIWE GVI#XMRMPSV, GVSVE PI IVEY VIWXMXYMXI
PGE#IPI HI GYPX #M GMQMXMVIPI: QWYVE MQTPMGE S VIGYRSE#XIVI E TVSTVMIX'MM
IGPI^MEWXMGI, HEV RY JGIE HMR GVI#XMRMWQ S VIPMKMI PIKMXMQ. 6KE^YP EZIE W
HYVIÎ TEXVYÎGM HI ERM, EFME RXVIXMEX HI GXIZE EGXI V^PI'I HI SWXMPMXEXI. 0E
YQFVE PYM, TYXIVIE MQTIVMEP E JSWX EHYW GLMEV W VIGYRSEWG EYXSVMXEXIE
WTMVMXYEP E ITMWGSTYPYM 6SQIM: MQTVIWMSREX HI GSR4MGXYP GI STYRIE R 6WVMX
HSM ITMWGSTM VMZEPM, R PIKXYV GY HI'MRIVIE FMWIVMGMM ITMWGSTEPI, QTVEXYP
%YVIPMER E TSVYRGMX R 272 GE EGIEWXE W 3I RGVIHMR'EX EGIPYME HMRXVI
GSQTIXMXSVM GEVI WI E4E R GSQYRMYRI GY WGEYRYP HI PE 6SQE. %GIEWX QMG
TEGI E &MWIVMGMM E JEZSVMÊX, HI EWIQIRIE, YR RSY EZRX EP QM#GVMM
GSRZIVXMVMPSV PE 6SQE.
4IVWIGY'ME WYF (MSGPI'MER 4YRIVIE R TVEGXMG HI GXVI (MSGPI'MER E
WMWXIQYPYM XIXVEVLMG HEXSVMX GVYME, RGITRH HMR 293, HSM EYKY#XM #M HSM GIÊVM
#M QTV'IEY WEVGMRMPI KYZIVRVMM #M ETVEVIE -QTIVMYPYM, E TIVQMW VIWXEYVEVIE
EGIWXYME, HEV E HI^PR'YMX TIRXVY &MWIVMG S QEVI GYQTR. 2SYP VIKMQ, HI
IWIR' XSXEPMXEV, GEVI #M RXIQIME PIKMXMQMXEXIE TI S XISPSKMI TSPMXMG GI-P
EWSGME TI WYZIVERM WIQMR'MIM PYM -YTMXIV #M E PYM ,IVGYPI, RY TYXIE W XSPIVIÎ
QYPX ZVIQI GVI#XMRMWQYP, GY EXX QEM QYPX GY GX TVMRXVI WSPHE'MM GVI#XMRM WI
QERMJIWXEWIV GXIZE EGXI HI RIWYTYRIVI. R 303 #M 304, GXIZE IHMGXI EY
LSXVX VRH TI VRH HMWXVYKIVIE FMWIVMGMPSV #M E GV'MPSV W3RXI (E#E E TMIVMX
FMFPMSXIGE &MWIVMGMM HMR 6SQE), RXIQRM'EVIE GPIVMGMPSV, ETSM E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV #M R
WJV#MX TIHIETWE GY QSEVXIE TIRXVY XS'M GVI#XMRMM GI EV 3 VIJYÊX W EHYG
NIVXJI.
4IVWIGY'ME E JGYX WYQIHIRMI HI ETSWXE'M, RHISWIFM R VRHYVMPI GIPSV
RSY-GSRZIVXM'M, HEV #M QMM HI ZMGXMQI. 6SQE E JSWX WYTYW GVYHIM VITVIWMYRM TI
GEVI EYKYWXYP 1E\MQMER S JGIE W HSQRIEWG R XIVMXSVMMPI E4EXI WYF
EYXSVMXEXIE WE; TSXVMZMX 4EXMQMPSV GEVI EY GSRWIVZEX RYQIPI QEVXMVMPSV, EXYRGM
EY JSWX SQSV'M 73R'MM 1EVGY #M 1EVGIPMR, TVIGYQ #M 7JRXE %KRIW #M TSEXI G
#M TETE 1EVGIPMR.
&MWIVMGE 6SQIM MIWI RXVMX HMR RGIVGVMPI WEPI %FHMGEVIE PYM 1E\MQMER
R 305 E EHYW 3VE#YPYM RGIXEVIE TIVWIGY'MMPSV, S3GMEP GSRW3R'MX R 31 TVMR
IHMGXYP HI XSPIVER' EP PYM +EPIVMY, GEVI HIGPEVE GVI#XMRMWQYP VIPMKMI PIKEP.
6SQE, GEVI FIRI3GME HMR 306 HI TSPMXMGE HI VIPE\EVI EHSTXEX HI Y^YVTEXSVYP
1E\IR'MY, E KWMX R 'SRWXERXMR, HYT ZMGXSVME WE HI PE 4SHYP 1MPZMYW (28
SGXSQFVMI 312), YR TVMRGMTI RKHYMXSV #M JSEVXI JEZSVEFMP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM:
&MWIVMGE VSQER E FIRI3GMEX HMR FIP#YK HI FMRIJEGIVMPI #M KIRIVS^MX'MPI PYM,
MEV TETE 1MPXMEHI E JSWX RWVGMREX HI QTVEX, R ERYP 313, W EVFMXVIÎ
GSR4MGXYP GEVI M STYRIE, R %JVMGE, TI GEXSPMGM #M VMKSVM#XMM HSREXM#XM R
GLIWXMYRIE E#E-RYQM'MPSV XVEHMXSVIW.
(EG PWQ HISTEVXI WGYVXYP MRXIVPYHMY R XMQTYP GVYME -YPMER %TSWXEXYP
E TVEGXMGEX S TSPMXMG SWXMP JE' HI &MWIVMG, ZVIQIE TIVWIGY'MMPSV IVE HINE
RGLIMEX. &MWIVMGE VSQER MI#IE HMR RGIVGEVI EYVISPEX HI TVIWXMKMYP
QEVXMVMPSV #M QVXYVMWMXSVMPSV WM; ETVSETI ÎGI HMRXVI ITMWGSTMM IM
QVXYVMWMWIV, TVMR NIVXJE PSV, GVIHMR'E TI GEVI S QS#XIRIEY, RXV-S XVEHM'MI
RIRXVIVYTX, HI PE RXIQIMIXSV, ETSWXSPYP 4IXVY, GSRXVMFYMRH EWXJIP PE RXVMVIE
EYXSVMX'MM E GIIE GI IVE HI EGYQ TETEPMXEXIE.
0YGI 4MIXVM -
'6)"8-2-7190 0% 631% "- 2 -14)6-9 'XVI -QTIVMYP GVI#XMR R -QTIVMYP
6SQER, GVI#XMRMWQYP RY IWXI XSPIVEX R QSH S3GMEP HIGX RGITRH GY WIGSPYP
EP -:-PIE, R WTI' PE XVIM WYXI HI ERM HYT QSEVXIE PYM -MWYW. 'I #XMQ HIWTVI
IZSPY'ME PYM R TIVMSEHE HI HMREMRXI# (SGYQIRXIPI TI GEVI PI HI'MRIQ RY RI
TIVQMX WXEFMPMVIE YRSV WXEXMWXMGM, HEV TYXIQ WTYRI G, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --
PIE, GVI#XMRMWQYP IWXI JSEVXI MRIKEP VWTRHMX TI VIKMYRM. 6WVMXYP (%WME 1MG,
)KMTXYP) IWXI HINE QEWMZ GVI#XMREX, HEV %TYWYP, GY QYPX QEM TY'MR. (I^ZSPXEVIE
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM WI EGGIPIVIE^ HI JETX GE YVQEVI E YRIM HIGM^MM TSPMXMGI
IHMGXYP HI XSPIVER' EP PYM +EPIVMY, HMR 31. (SM ERM QEM XV^MY, 'SRWXERXMR PI
EGSVH GVI#XMRMPSV S HITPMR PMFIVXEXI HI GYPX #M PI RETSME^ FYRYVMPI
GSR3WGEXI.
'EVI IVE KVEHYP HI EHIVEVI EP PYM 'SRWXERXMR PE GVI#XMRMWQ# )WXI GY
RITYXMR' HI TXVYRW R EHRGYP GSR#XMMR'IPSV. % JSWX FSXIÊX PE WJV#MXYP ZMI'MM,
GYQ IVE TI EXYRGM SFMGIMYP. R WGLMQF, IWXI WMKYV G E TVEGXMGEX S TSPMXMG HI
FYRZSMR' JE' HI GVI#XMRM #M G E RGITYX W GEYXI TVMGMR ERYQMXSV TVEGXMGM
EPI GYPXYPYM TKR.
%GIEWX XIRHMR' WI EGGIRXYIE^ HI-E PYRKYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, RITY-
RRH PE WSGSXIEP WGYVXE TEVERXI^ E PYM -YPMER %TSWXEXYP (36P-363). 8VIFYMI
E#XITXEX, XSXY#M, WJV#MXYP ZIEGYPYM TIRXVY GE 8ISHSWMI W MRXIV^MG, R 392,
GIPIFVEVIE GYPXYPYM TKR. %GIWXE RY E HMWTVYX HMRXV-S HEX. -RXIVHMG'ME IWXI
VIRRSMX JV RXVIVYTIVI R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE. (IGVIXIPI MRWXMXYMI HMWXVYKIVIE
XIQTPIPSV; YRIPI VQR RW R TMGMSEVI. R %WME 1MG, VMXYVMPI TKRI GSRXMRY
W 3I TVEGXMGEXI R ERYQMXI SVE#I. R 6WVMX, PE &MÊR', -YWXMRMER IWXI GIP GEVI
PI TYRI GETX, WYTVMQRH R ERYP 529 PMFIVXEXIE HI GSR#XMMR' #M TSVYRGMRH GE
TKRMM W WI FSXIÎ. 6I^MWXIR'IPI, MGM #M GSPS, WYRX JSEVXI MRXIRWI, MEV
QTVEXYP XVIFYMI W XVMQMX R ERYQMXI VIKMYRM QMWMYRM HI GSRZIVXMVI #M GLMEV
W YÎÎ HI VITVIWEPMM. 7MRKYVE HMWMHIR' TIVQMW IWXI EXYRGM MYHEMWQYP; HEV
RG #M IZVIMM WYRX HIWXYP HI RHIETVSETI GSRXVSPE'M. 0M WI VIGSQERH W
GMXIEWG &MFPME QEM HIKVEF R XVEHYGIVIE KVIEG E 7ITXYEKMRXIM. R ERYP 535,
GRH -YWXMRMER VIGYGIVI#XI %JVMGE HI 2SVH HMR QRE ZERHEPMPSV, RGVIHMR'IE^
WMREKSKMPI GVI#XMRMPSV.
REMRXI W HIZMR VIPMKME S3GMEP E -QTIVMYPYM, JEGXSVMM HI EXVEG'MI EM
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM IVEY RYQIVS#M. )\MWX R TVMQYP VRH S EXVEG'MI TIRXVY VIPMKMMPI
SVMIRXEPI, HI GEVI FIRI3GME^ #M GVI#XMRMWQYP, RWGYX 3MRH R 6WVMX. (I EPXJIP,
EPXI VIPMKMM SVMIRXEPI EY TVS3XEX #M IPI HI VWTRHMVIE PYM. 'VI#XMRMWQYP
VWTYRHI, ETSM, YRYM ERYQMX RYQV HI HSVMR'I EPI SEQIRMPSV ZVIQMM: HSVMR'E
HI YR (YQRIÎY TIVWSREP, YR (YQRIÎY TVISGYTEX HI SQ #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT,
HSVMR'E HI RIQYVMVI. 4VSÎPMXMWQYP IWXI HI RIXKHYMX, HEV TIVWIGY'MMPI EVEX
G QM#GEVIE GVI#XMR IWXI EHIWISVM TVSWX TVMQMX, TVSWX EWMQMPEX, G TYVXVMPI
M WYRX WSGSXMXI WIGXEVI. 1EVIE TVMKSER HMSGPI'MER (303) RY IWXI RYQEM S
HIGM^MI MQTIVMEP. )E WI FYGYV #M HI WTVMNMRYP YRYM ERYQMX RYQV HI 3PSWS3,
GE 4SV3V (GEVI WGVMWIWI QTSXVMZE GVI#XMRMPSV). R TPYW, R QSQIRXYP
TIVWIGY'MMPSV, PITHVMPI HI GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR WYRX, JV HSEV #M TSEXI, GY QYPX
QEM RYQIVSEWI HIGX QEVXMVMMPI. )\TVIWME TSXVMZMX GVIME WRKIPI QEVXMVMPSV
IWXI WQR'E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM IWXI, RXV-S ERYQMX QWYV, S JSVQYP
ETSPSKIXMG. 7YGGIWYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM WI HEXSVIE^ QYPX, R 3RI, SVKERM^VMM
WEPI, 1EVMM &MWIVMGM. 7XVYGXYVE TMVEQMHEP E MIVEVLMIM PYM ETEVI R WIGSPYP EP --
PIE. &MWIVMGE WI MR3PXVIE^ R 'IWYXYP WSGMEP #M ME R TVMQMVI EGXMZMX'M HI
FMRIJEGIVI, E^MPYVM. R EGIIE#M TIVMSEH, IVI^MMPI KRSWXMGI WYRX QYPX QEM TY'MR
SVKERMÊXI, GIIE GI I\TPMG R TEVXI RIVIY#MXE PSV.
(I JETX, &MWIVMGE E MRWXEPEX S TYXIVI. 4IXIV &VS[R E VI^YQEX EGIEWX
IZSPY'MI R XMXPYP YRIME HMR GV'MPI WEPI, 4SYZSMV IX TIVWYEWMSR HERW P%RXM-UYMXI
XEVHMZI. 4VIHMGEXSVYP E RGITYX W 3I RWS'MX, RGIX-RGIX, HI JSV'E TSTYPEV.
8SXY#M, RPSGYMVIE XVITXEX E GYPXYVMM ERXMGI (TEMHIME) GY GIE GVI#XMR RY W-E
JGYX JV QTSXVMZMVI, RHISWIFM HMR TEVXIE EVMWXSGVE'MIM, GEVI E ETVEX QYPX
ZVIQI WYTIVMSVMXEXIE GYPXYVMM TKRI, MRGPYWMZ TVMR RGIVGEVIE HI E PI MRXIV^MGI
GVI#XMRMPSV I\IVGMXEVIE EGXMZMX'MM HMHEGXMGI. 4IRXVY IE IVE HI RIGSRGITYX W
EFERHSRIÎ VIPMKME PYM 4PEXSR R WGLMQFYP YRIM VIPMKMM E ZYPKYPYM. 9RYP HMRXVI
4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM, +VMKSVI HI 2E^MER^, GEVI WI GSRWMHIVE JSEVXI GYPXMZEX (GYQ #M
IVE, HI EPXJIP), E EZYX GYZMRXI JSEVXI KVIPI PE EHVIWE PYM -YPMER %TSWXEXYP GEVI,
TVMR MRXIVHMG'ME WE, E ZVYX W VIJYÎ GVI#XMRMPSV SVMGI HVITX EWYTVE GYPXYVMM. R
%TYW, EFME HYT WPFMVIE QSHIPIPSV GPEWMGI, RGITRH GY WIGSPYP EP :-PIE,
ITMWGSTMM EY TVIPYEX #XEJIXE #M EY MQTYW S GYPXYV GVI#XMREX.
'YPXYP GVI#XMR E GSRWXMXYMX SEVI, TIRXVY TKRM, YR IPIQIRX HI EXVEG'MI
GXVI RSYE VIPMKMI# +VIY HI WTYW, HISEVIGI TKRMM RY EZIEY HVITXYP W
TEVXMGMTI PE GIVIQSRMMPI GVI#XMRI. 8VIFYME W 3M GIP TY'MR GEXILYQIR TIRXVY E
TYXIE EWMWXE PE IPI.
8SXY#M, S ERYQMX WIHYG'MI IWXIXMG WI TSEXI W 3 GRXVMX #M IE R JIPYP
WY. %YKYWXMR IZSG JVYQYWI'IE GRXVMPSV. 'YPXYP QEVXMVMPSV TEVI W 3 EZYX #M
IP QEVI JSV'. 7VFXSVMPI GIPIFVEXI PE QSVQMRXIPI EGIWXSVE TIVQMX
I\TVMQEVIE YRYM IRXY^MEWQ TSTYPEV GEVI YRISVM EVI XIRHMR'E HI E-P GYTVMRHI
#M TI EP'MM, HYT GYQ EVEX TVIHMGMPI PYM -SER +YV HI %YV PE %RXMSLME.
R I\XMRHIVIE GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, RY IWXI WMKYV G IP E TVIWYTYW S QEVI
HMJIVIR' RXVI QIHMYP SV#IRIWG #M GIP VYVEP. 2MZIPYP HI YVFERMÊVI IVE JSEVXI
MRIKEP PE RMZIPYP VIKMYRMPSV. (SY HMRXVI GIPI QEM TYXIVRMGI VI^MWXIR'I EY ZIRMX
HMR TEVXIE EVMWXSGVE'MIM HINE QIR'MSREX R RYQIPI QS#XIRMVMM GYPXYVEPI R
GEVI WI RWGVME TKRMWQYP #M HMR TEVXIE 'VERMPSV, PIKE'M HI VIPMKME REXYVEP.
6SPYP QSXSV P-E NYGEX, R SVMGI GE^, TYXIVIE TSPMXMG, R 3GGMHIRX, VIKEXIPI GEVI
M WYGGIH -QTIVMYPYM, R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE, WYRX GVI#XMRI. &MWIVMGE IWXI S MRWXMXY'MI
GEVI VI^MWX. 6SPYP ITMWGSTMPSV IWXI )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 349 JSEVXI
MQTSVXERX. )M WYRX EPI#M R JYRG'MI HI GYPXYVE, HI VIGYRSE#XIVIE PSV WSGMEP
HMR EGIWX TYRGX HI ZIHIVI, RYQMVIE 7JRXYPYM 1EVXMR, YR GPYKV QYVHEV #M GY
TVYP R RISVRHYMEP, E GVIEX SEVIGEVI TVSFPIQI! %VI PSG S KPMWEVI RXVI
ZIGLIE EVMWXSGVE'MI WIREXSVMEP #M S EVMWXSGVE'MI RSY, R VRHY-VMPI GVIME
ITMWGSTMM HI'MR YR PSG RWIQREX. %GIEWX IZSPY'MI E JSWX FMRI TYW R IZMHIR'
HI PYGVVMPI YRSV 4IXIV &VS[R WEY /EVP *IVHMRERH ;IVRIV. 9R EPX MWXSVMG,
6EQWE] 1EG1YPPIR, TYRI EGGIRXYP TI VIGYVKIVIE PE GSR-WXVRKIVI R TVSGIWYP
HI GVI#XMREVI. 7MPRMGME E JSWX VIEP, GLMEV HEG, R EGIWX MQIRW -QTIVMY,
XVERWQMXIVIE SVHMRIPSV PYE XMQT, MEV YRMM WPYNFE#M RY PI ETPMGEY. 0E +EÊ, YR
XIQTPY WI QEM E4 R TMGMSEVI, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, HSEV TIRXVY G
KYZIVREXSVYP VSQER RY ZVIE W-P HMWXVYK. 'VI#XMRMM R#M#M EY EZYX RHSMIPM GY
TVMZMVI PE ETPMGEVIE JSV'IM. 8VIFYMI SEQIRMM SFPMKE'M W WI GSRZIVXIEWG#
%YKYWXMR #M TYRI EGIIE#M TVSFPIQ R PIKXYV GY HSREXM#XMM. 7I XVIGI HI PE S
EXMXYHMRI GEVI EHQMXI HMEPSKYP, PMFIVXEXIE HI EPIKIVI, PE GSRWXVRKIVI; HEV S
I\TPMGE'MI WX #M R JETXYP G I\MWX XIQIVIE GE XS'M EGI#XM SEQIRM W RY WI
TMEVH.
R EGIWX GSRXI\X, RY IWXI Y#SV HI IZEPYEX KVEHYP HI EHIVEVI PE GVIHMR'E
RSY. %YKYWXMR IVE JIVMGMX W ZEH QYP'M GVIHMRGMS#M RSM MRXVRH R &MWIVMG, HEV
WI RXVIFE HIWTVI GI JIP HI GVI#XMRM IVE ZSVFE, PYRH TVMR YVQEVI R GEPGYP YR
ERYQMX GSRJSVQMWQ HMR TEVXIE EGIWXSVE.
0E PMRME HI WSWMVI WI TEVI G R WIGSPYP EP :P-PIE QEVIE QENSVMXEXI E
TSTYPE'MIM HMR JSWXIPI TVSZMRGMM SGGMHIRXEPI EPI -QTIVMYPYM IWXI FSXIÊX. 'I WI
R'IPIKI RW TVMR GVI#XMREVI# 0E GI RMZIP WI WMXYIE^ IE# 6IQMRMWGIR'IPI
TKRI RY EY HMWTVYX RMGMSHEX GY HIWZV#MVI. 6EQWE] 1EG1YPPIR MRWMWX
EWYTVE QIR'MRIVMM R GSRXMRYEVI E WYTIVWXM'MIM. %VI HVITXEXI, RW GY GSRHM'ME
HI E HISWIFM GPEV GVIHMR'IPI HI TVEGXMGM. %ZIQ TY'MRI MRJSVQE'MM R TVMZMR'E
TEWXSVEPIM GSR'MRYXYPYM GVIHMR'IM. *V RHSMEP, GVI#XMRMM HMR ITSG TVMQIEY
YRIPI MHIM HIWTVI MWXSVME QRXYMVMM #M GXIZE RHVYQVM HI FYR-TYVXEVI. 6MWGYP
HI GSRJY^MI GY VMXYVMPI TKRI IVE E#EHEV JSEVXI QEVI. 1YPXI HMRXVI SFMGIMYVMPI
TWXVEXI IVEY RIZMRSZEXI, GLMEV HEG ITMWGSTMM PYTXEY QTSXVMZE PSV. 4VMRXVI
TGEXIPI IRYQIVEXI R GERSERIPI HI HMWGMTPMR 3KYVEY, HIWMKYV, GIPI
VIJIVMXSEVI PE QSVEZYVM, HEV #M VIGYVKIVIE PE KLMGMXSVM SVM PE ZVNMXSVM. 4I HI EPX
TEVXI, YRIPI TVEGXMGM EY JGYX SFMIGXYP YRSV VIGYTIVVM EFMPI: IWXI GE^YP
VMXYEPYPYM HI MRGYFE'MI, GEVI GSRWXE R GYPGEVIE R TVIENQE QSVQMRXIPSV HI
QYGIRMGM. 7VFXSVMPI GVI#XMRI W-EY WYFWXMXYMX WVFXSVMPSV TKRI.
'VI#XMREVIE E JSWX YR JIRSQIR HI PYRK HYVEX, QYPX QEM KVEHEX HIGX
W-E GVI^YX YRISVM. 'SRWXVRKIVIE E JSWX MQTSVXERX; VSPYP TYXIVMM TSPMXMGI #M EP
ITMWGSTMPSV HIXIVQMRERX. (SEV HMR QSQIRXYP R GEVI TYXIVIE MQTYRI
GVI#XMRMWQYP, WI MQTYRI #M EGIWXE HMR YVQ. -EV EGIEWX TYXIVI JEZSVMÎE^
YR GVI#XMRMWQ: SVXSHS\ME GEVI EVI WTVMNMRYP QTVEXYPYM.
RXVIFEVIE GEVI WI TYRI ETSM IWXI HI E #XM GYQ ERYQI IWXI XVMX ZME'E
GVI#XMR. 'Y TVMZMVI PE EGIEWXE, MWXSVMGYP EVI QYPX QEM TY'MRI GIVXMXYHMRM.
4MIVVI 1EVEZEP
B. *9~. FF.: ",; M! * 8 3 XRV &MWIVMG R HMWTYXI JXEH- 1. 'YXEVIE
YRIM R'IPITGMYRM -P -RMQ E ZMI'MM GYPXYVEPI HMR &E^MRYP QIHMXIVERIER, 6SQE
EXVEKI XSEXI QM#GVMPI WTMVMXYEPI GEVI WI HI^ZSPX PE RGITYXYP IVIM #M GEVI
TVIXMRH G VWTYRH RXVIFVMPSV IWIR'MEPI EPI GSRXIQTSVERMPSV GY TVMZMVI PE
QRXYMVI #M PE HIWXMR. )\XVIQ HI XSPIVERX, TSPMXIMWQYP VSQER QERMJIWX TY'MR
VI^MWXIR' JE' HI GYPXIPI WXVMRI ZIRMXI HMR 3VMIRX. 'VI#XMRMWQYP RY IWXI, PE
RGITYX, HIGX YRE HMRXVI EGIWXI VIPMKMM VWVMXIRI GEVI, S HEX GY
EQIWXIGYVMPI HI TSTYPE'MM #M HI GYPXYVM, KIRIVEXI HI GYGIVMVM, WI VWTRHIWG R
RXVIK -QTIVMYP. 8SXY#M, IP TVI^MRX S SVMKMREPMXEXI JYRGMEV TI GEVI KRHMXSVMM
GVI#XMRM, HIWGLM^RHY-#M IM R#M#M #GSPM HI 3PSWS3I, WI ZSV WXVHYM W S WGSEX PE
PYQMR.
6IPMKMMPI HI QMWXIVI GYPXI MRM'MEXMGI GEVI TVIWYTYR S EWGI^, TYVM3GVM,
VIKYPM HI ZME' #M GEVI TVSTYR S QRXYMVI VWTYRH GY QYPX QEM FMRI QEVMPSV
TVSFPIQI I\MWXIR'MEPI HIGX VIGIE VIPMKMI GMZMG XVEHM'MSREP.
'YPXYP 'MFIPIM, 1EVIE 1EQ E >IMPSV 'IE QEM ZIGLI HMRXVI VIPMKMMPI HI
QMWXIVI IWXI GIE E 1EVMM 1EQI E >IMPSV, 'MFIPE, MRXVSHYW R TERXISRYP VSQER
RG HI PE EP HSMPIE V^FSM TYRMG #M VSQERMÊX. %WSGMEX GY PIKIRHE XVSMER,
IE GIPIFVIE^ GY IQYPE'MI SVMKMRMPI JVMKMIRI EPI 6SQIM. QTVEXYP 'PEYHMY
(4P-54) MRXVSHYGI S3GMEP PE 6SQE WVFXSVMPI HI TVMQZEV ,MPEVME, MEV
QTVEXYP %RXSRMR EWSGME^ WXVRW TIVIGLIE 'MFIPE-%XXMW GY VIRRSMVIE TI GEVI
S EWMKYV GIPIFVEVIE E#E-RYQMXIPSV :MGIRREPME, WVFXSVM QIRMXI E EHYGI
TVMRGMTIPYM #M 6SQIM S RSY TIVMSEH HI TVSWTIVMXEXI.
4STSVYP VSQER TSEXI EWXJIP TEVXMGMTE PE TVSGIWMYRM ^KSQSXSEWI #M
HIQSRWXVEXMZI GI WXVFEX WXV^MPI SVE#YPYM. (YT ^MPIPI HI HSPMY GEVI
GSQIQSVIE^ QSEVXIE #M JYRIVEPMMPI PYM %XXMW, ,MPEVME WVFXSVIWG PE 25 QEVXMI
RZMIVIE XRVYPYM ÎY, MEV GMGPYP WVFXSVMPSV WI RGLMHI PE 27 QEVXMI, TVMRXV-S
TVSGIWMYRI WSPIQR GEVI TSEVX WXEXYME 'MFIPIM TI QEPYVMPI TVYPYM %PQS, R
ETVSTMIVI HI 6SQE, YRHI IWXI QFMEX, ETSM VIRWS'MX R XIQTPYP WY HI TI
4EPEXMR.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 9R GYPX ZIRMX HMR )KMTX: QMWXIVIPI PYM -WMW
*VYQSEWIPI GLIQVM PE TYVMXEXI EPI GYPXYPYM PYM -WMW, ZIRMX HMR )KMTX #M HI QEM
QYPXI SVM VITVMQEX HI EYXSVMX'MPI VSQERI, EXVEK #M IPI RYQIVS#M GVIHMRGMS#M.
8IQTPYP PYM -WMW 'EQTIRWMW, GSRWXVYMX TI 'QTYP PYM 1EVXI, E HIZIRMX YRYP HMR
GIPI QEM QMRYREXI EPI 6SQIM. 7GVMMXSVYP %TYPIMYW (GXVI 125-P75) HIWGVMI R
EQRYRX QEVIE WVFXSEVI E 2EZMKMYQ -HMWMW GEVI, PE 5 QEVXMI, MREYKYVIE^
VIPYEVIE REZMKE'MIM R 1IHMXIVERE. -RM'MEX R QMWXIVIPI PYM -WMW, %TYPIMYW RI JEGI
GYRSWGYXI, R VSQERYP WY 1IXEQSVJSÎ, TVIKXMVIE VMKYVSEW #M EWGIXMG,
VMXYEPYVMPI HI TYVM3GEVI #M GIVIQSRME GIPSV HSYWTVIÎGI WXSPI HI GSRWEGVEVI
GEVI P JEG TI GVIHMRGMSW W WI MHIRXM3GI GY ÎYP 3WMVMW, WS'YP ÎM'IM #M W QSEV
EWIQIRIE PYM, TIRXVY E VIRE#XI PE S RSY ZME': 'Y EHIZVEX, GLIMPI MRJIVRYPYM
#M GLI^#ME M^FZMVMM WXEY R QMRMPI ÎM'IM, RWY#M VMXYEPYP MRM'MIVMM RJ'M#IE^ S
QSEVXI HI FYRZSMI #M S QRXYMVI HSFRHMX TVMR FYRZSMR'E IM. 4I QYVMXSVMM
GEVI, ENYRKRH PE GETXYP ZMI'MM #M GPGRH TVEKYP YRHI WI WJV#I#XI PYQMRE,
HEG PM WI TSX RGVIHMR'E JV XIEQ EYKYWXIPI XEMRI EPI VIPMKMIM, TYXIVIE ÎM'IM
M EXVEKI PE IE, M JEGI SEVIGYQ W VIREWG TVMR VI^YPXEXYP TVSZMHIR'IM WEPI #M PI
HIWGLMHI, VIHRHY-PI ZME'E, YR HVYQ RSY (1IXEQSVJSÎ <-, 19).
'YPXYP PYM 1MXLVE: S HMWGMTPMR QMPMXEV 4VMR HMWGMTPMRE WE VMKYVSEW, TVMR
VIHYXEFMPIPI PYM TVSFI MRM'MEXMGI #M REPXIPI-P I\MKIR'I QSVEPI, QMXLVEMWQYP HI
SVMKMRI MVERMER GYRSE#XI YR JSEVXI QEVI WYGGIW R QIHMMPI QMPMXEVI. 1EVIPI
WERGXYEV, WMXYEX ETVSETI HI 7ERXE 4VMWGE, HEV RHISWIFM 1MXLVIYQ-YP, GEVI QEM
TSEXI 3 RG ZM^MXEX WYF EGXYEPE FE^MPMG 7JRXYP 'PIQIRX, TWXVIE^ YVQI EPI
EGIPSV GSQYRMX'M HI HMWGMTSPM EM PYM 1MXLVE GEVI EHYREY QMGM KVYTYVM HI
GVIHMRGMS#M, YRM'M TVMR PIKXYVM HI JV'MIXEXI R NYVYP SWTI'IPSV PMXYVKMGI.
7YGGIWYP #GSPMPSV 3PSWS3GI 'YVIRXIPI 3PSWS3GI, YRISVM VITVMQEXI HI
EYXSVMX'MPI VSQERI, WYRX #M IPI QEVXSVI EPI EGIWXIM SWQSÎ RXVI IPIRMWQ #M
GYVIRXIPI ZIRMXI HMR 3VMIRX; IPI GSRXMRY W WI HI^ZSPXI, IPEFSVRH EVXI HI E
XVM, WXMPYVM HI ZME' TI XIVQIR PYRK #M, YRISVM, EHIZVEXI HSGXVMRI QMWXMGI.
7XSMGMWQYP TVMR 7IRIGE, )TMGXIX, ETSM TVMR QTVEXYP 1EVG %YVIPMY -
HI^ZSPX S GYRSE#XIVI PYGMH #M TIWMQMWX E ZMGMMPSV #M E QEPEHMMPSV WY4IXYPYM #M
IPEFSVIE^ EHIZVEXI XVEXEXI HI RHVYQEVI WTMVMXYEP. *E' HI YQERMWQYP
WXSMG, TMXEKSVMWQYP, GEVI TEVI W GYRSEWG S VIRZMIVI R XMQTYP QTVEXYPYM
'PEYHMY, WI EVEX E 3 QYPX QEM QIXE3^MG. )P EWSGME^ YRIM QSVEPI TVEGXMGI #M
EWGIXMGI S GSRGIT'MI TVIGMW HIWTVI WSEVXE WY4IXYPYM HYT QSEVXI #M S
EVMXQSPSKMI QIXE3^MG HVITX QIXSH HI EGGIW PE VIEPMXEXIE RIWIRWMFMP.
&E^MPMGE 4SV'MM 1EVM E JSWX, WI TSEXI, PGE# HI GYPX RISTMXEKSVIMG.
(EV QEM GY WIEQ STIVIPI PYM 4PEXSR WYRX GIPI GEVI WYWGMX S VIRE#XIVI
E MRXIVIWYPYM. (ISTSXVMZ XISPSK, TVISX #M 3PSWSJ, 4PYXEVL (GIE 46-GGE 125),
GEVI TIXVIGI PYRKM WINYVYVM PE 6SQE, QFSK'I#XI QS#XIRMVIE KVIGS-VSQER
GY XSX GIIE GI EHYWIWI RSY GYPXYP PYM -WMW. 4VIPYRH QEVMPI QMXYVM EPI
HIWXMRYPYM, IP HIWGVMI YR WY4IX GVIEX REMRXI HI XVYT #M GEVI XVIFYMI W WI
HIWTEVX HI EGIWXE #M HI MRXIPIGX, TI GEVI PI PEW R PYQIE WYFPYREV, TIRXVY
E YVGE TVMRXVI WJIVIPI GIPIWXI #M E-#M VIG#XMKE EHIZVEXYP PSG.
-HIRXMXEXIE GVI#XMR R TPMR XVEZEPMY R RIWJV#MXE ZEVMIXEXI E EGIWXSV
KVYTYVM VIPMKMSEWI WEY GYVIRXI 3PSWS3GI, QM#GVMPI MYHEMGI #M GIPI GVI#XMRI
E3#IE^ S SVMKMREPMXEXI WXVYGXYVEP: IPI TVSJIWIE^ YR VIJY^ EP TSPMXIMWQYPYM #M
YR QSRSXIMWQ FMFPMG EFWSPYX, JV IGLMZEPIRX R XVEHM'ME TKR #M E3VQ
PIKQRXYP (YQRIÎYPYM &MFPMIM GY PYQIE MWXSVMG. (EG 7GVMWSEVIE PYM
'PIQIRX 6SQERYP #M 4WXSVYP PYM ,IVQE HIRSX RG YR TYXIVRMG MYHIS-
GVI#XMRMWQ, HSGYQIRXIPI TI GEVI PI GYRSE#XIQ HIWTVI XRVE &MWIVMG HMR
WIGSPYP EP -P-PIE RI JEG W TXVYRHIQ TI XVQYP YRSV GSRXVSZIVWI KVEZI, R
GEVI WI E4 R NSG HISTSXVMZ MHIRXMXEXIE, WTIGM3GMXEXIE #M GETEGMXEXIE IM HI E
VWTYRHI TVSFPIQIPSV TI GEVI M PI TYRI WSGMIXEXIE XMQTYPYM WY. 6SQE TEVI
EXYRGM YR I\XVESVHMREV GVIYÎX HI EGYPXYVE'MI, MEV GVI#XMRMWQYP MRGMTMIRX YR
JSVQMHEFMP JSGEV HI MRGYPXYVE'MI.
7MRKYVE 3PSWS3I WMKYV #M GY JSPSW -YWXMR, YRYP HMRXVI EGXSVMM EGIWXYM
XVEZEPMY, VITVI^MRX TIRXVY RSM QEVXSVYP GIP QEM HI TVI' R TVSGIWYP PE GEVI
RI VIJIVMQ. %GGITXRH W WI GSRJVYRXI GY PYQIE MRXIPIGXYEP E ZVIQMM PYM, IP
PVKI#XI SVM^SRXYP GSQYRMX'MM WEPI, RRSMI#XI I\TVIWME GVIHMR'IM #M IPEFSVIE^
S XISPSKMI GEVI RGITI W YXMPMÎÎ MRWXVYQIRXYP GSRGITXYEP EP 3PSWS3IM.
2WGYX PE 2ETPY^, R 7EQEVME, PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE, RXV-S
JEQMPMI KVIEG #M TKR, -YWXMR TSZIWXI#XI RHVNMXE PYM GYXEVI E EHIZVYPYM.
(YT GI E XVIGYX VRH TI VRH TI PE #GSEPE YRYM WXSMG, E YRYM TIVMTEXIXMGMER
^SVMX W-#M ZRH 3PSWS3E TI EVKMR'M, ETSM E YRYM TMXEKSVIMG GEVI P RWTMQR
TVMR QYP'MQIE #XMMR'IPSV GI WI GEH GYRSWGYXI TIRXVY E HSFRHM JIVMGMVIE, IWXI
EXVEW HSEV HI TPEXSRMGMER. (I EPXJIP, R TPMR EWGI^ TPEXSRMGMER, -YWXMR
RXPRI#XI YR FXVR GEVI M HIWGSTIV WGVMIVMPI 4VSVSGMPSV: )<4%27-92)%
'6)"8-2-71909- (EV HMRXV-S HEX YR JSG W-E ETVMRW R WY4IXYP QIY; EQ JSWX
GYTVMRW HI HVEKSWXI TIRXVY 4VSVSGM #M TIRXVY EGI#XM SEQIRM, TVMIXIRM EM PYM
,VMWXSW. 6ITIXEQ R WMRIE QIE XSEXI EGIWXI GYZMRXI, QM-EQ HEX WIEQE G IVE
WMRKYVE 3PSWS3I WMKYV #M GY JSPSW. -EX GYQ #M HI GI WYRX 3PSWSJ. %# ZVIE GE
XS'M W EMF EGIPIE#M WMQ'QMRXI GE QMRI #M W RY WI RHITVXIÎ HI RZ'XYVE
1RXYMXSVYPYM. 'GM GY EHIZVEX, IE EVI S QVI'MI HI XIQYX, GEVI S TSEXI JEGI
W-P RJVMGS#IÎ TI GIM GI WI EFEX HI PE HVYQYP HVITX. (MR GSRXV, EHYGI GIE
QEM HYPGI XMLR GIPSV GEVI M WI EPXYV. (EG XI RKVMNI#XM GX HI GX HI XMRI,
HEG ZVIM W 3M QRXYMX #M HEG EM RGVIHIVI R (YQRIÎY, GYQ RY I#XM WXVMR
HI PYGVYVMPI EGIWXIE, P TS'M GYRSE#XI TI ,VMWXSW EP PYM (YQRIÎY, TS'M ENYRKI
HIWZV#MX #M TS'M 3 JIVMGMX ((MEPSK GY 8VMJSR 8).
-EV -YWXMR HIZMRI 3PSWSJ GVI#XMR, TVMIXIR EP R'IPITGMYRMM, TI GEVI S
MHIRXM3G GY TIVWSERE PYM ,VMWXSW; HI EXYRGM REMRXI, #M TYRI XSEXI LEVYVMPI R
WPYNFE YRYM ÎP QMWMSREV GEVI P QTMRKI W ZIWXIEWG HVYQYP ZMI'MM
TVIEJIVMGMXI. 'E QYP'M TVSTSZHYMXSVM #M XISPSKM HMR EGIEWX ITSG, WI
MRWXEPIE^ PE 6SQE #M HIWGLMHI S #GSEP HI 3PSWS3I GVI#XMR. 0SGYMI#XI
HIEWYTVE YRYM ERYQI 1EVXMR, R ETVSTMIVI HI FEME PYM 8MQSXIM. %GSPS PI
TVIH HMWGMTSPMPSV WM, TYVXRH FEVFE #M QERXME 3PSWS3PSV.
R GVI#XMRMWQ, GE #M R MYHEMWQ, VSPYP VIGYRSWGYX MQTSVXER'IM PIGXYVMPSV
FMFPMGI, 'V'MPSV, EHMG 7GVMTXYVMPSV IZVIMI#XM TI GEVI GVI#XMRMM PI GMXIWG R
PYQMRE IZIRMQIRXYPYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW #M GEVI, TR PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE,
WYRX WMRKYVIPI PSV GV'M W3RXI, TYRI R IZMHIR' S HMQIRWMYRI MRXIPIGXYEP GI
TYXIE VQRI #M JSEVXI QSHIWX, HEV #M WYW'MRI S EHIZVEX IPEFSVEVI
XISPSKMG. 0YGVY GY EXX QEM Y#SV, GY GX PMQFE PMXYVKMG E EGIWXIM GSQYRMX'M
GSRXMRY W 3I KVIEGE, PMQFE XYXYVSV EGIWXSV TSTYPE'MM ZIRMXI HMR 6WVMX, HEV
#M PMQFE 3PSWS3PSV.
RZVNFMX GY EGIEWX WSGMIXEXI FRYMXSEVI #M TVMKSRMXSEVI JE' HI GVI#XMRM,
-YWXMR EGGITX HMWTYXE, WI GIEVX GY GIMPEP'M 3PSWS3, RY #SZMI W-P EGYÎ
RSQMREP TI YRMM EHZIVWEVM GEVI TVIXMRH G TSX NYHIGE GVI#XMRMWQYP JV RW E
GYRSE#XI RMQMG HIWTVI EGIWXE #M PI TVSTYRI QTVE'MPSV W SVKERMÎÎ S
HI^FEXIVI TYFPMG RXVI 3PSWSJYP GMRMG 'VIWGIRW #M IP, TIRXVY E JEGI W 3I
VIGYRSWGYX EHIZVYP.
8E'MER #M TYRI WY4IXYP PE #GSEPE PYM (YQRIÎY 3VMKMREV HMR %WMVME, 8E'MER
IVE, GE #M QEKMWXVYP WY -YWXMR, YR GYXXSV HI EHIZV. 7I GSRZIVXI#XI JV
RHSMEP PE 6SQE, GXVI ERMM 150, REMRXI HI E YVQE RZ'XYVE PYM -YWXMR:
%HRGMX R QMRI RWYQM, Q RXVIFEQ GYQ E# TYXIE HIWGSTIVM EHIZVYP. R
XMQT GI GLMF^YMEQ GYXRH FMRIPI, EQ ENYRW W RXPRIWG WGVMIVM FEVFEVI, QEM
ZIGLM HIGX HSGXVMRIPI KVIGMPSV, HI MRWTMVE'MI TVIE ZHMX HYQRIÎMEWG TIRXVY
E 3 EWIQYMXI GY KVI#IPMPI EGIWXSVE; #M EQ ENYRW W GVIH R IPI ?.A. 7Y4IXYP QIY
W-E E#IÊX EWXJIP PE #GSEPE PYM (YQRIÎY. %Q R'IPIW G HSGXVMRIPI ZSEWXVI HYG
PE SWRH, GX ZVIQI GIPIPEPXI IPMFIVIE^ HI WPYKVRMGME PYQMM EGIWXIME, RI
M^FZIWG HI QYP'M WXTRM #M HI XMVERM JV RYQV, RI HEY RY GIIE GI RY EQ
TVMQMX, GM GIIE GI EQ JSWX QTMIHMGE'M TVMR KVI#IEP W TWXVQ ('YZPRX GXVI
KVIGM 29).
'GM 3PSWS3E GVI#XMR RY IWXI S 3PSWS3I TVMRXVI EPXI 3PSWS3M; IE IWXI
EHIZVEXE 3PSWS3I; MEV 8E'MER, EWIQIRIE PYM -YWXMR, TSPIQMÎE^ GY GIM TI GEVI
M GSRWMHIV JEP#M EWGI'M, GEVI ZRH QRXYMVIE TI FERM R GEXIHVIPI TVSJIWSVEPI
EPI WXEXYPYM: *MPSWS3M ZS#XVM WYRX EXX HI HITEVXI HI E WI WYTYRI EGIWXIM
HMWGMTPMRI, RGX WYRX YRMM GEVI TVMQIWG HI PE QTVEX R 3IGEVI ER GXI #EWI
WYXI HI QSRIHI HI EYV, TI HIKIEFE; GE W RY-#M PEWI RMGM QGEV FEVFE W PI
GVIEWG TI KVEXMW. 'VIWGIRW, HI TMPH, GEVI WI STPS#MWI R QEVIPI SVE#, M
RXVIGIE TI XS'M GIMPEP'M R TIHIVEWXMI #M IVE JSEVXI HIHYPGMX PE PGSQMI. )P, TVMR
YVQEVI, GEVI RHIQRE PE HMWTVI'YMVIE QSV'MM, WI XIQIE EXX HI XEVI HI
QSEVXI, RGX E JGYX XSX GI-P IVE R TYXMR' GE W RI E^ZVPI, TI -YWXMR #M TI
QMRI, R FVE'IPI IM, GE #M GYQ QSEVXIE EV 3 ZVIYR VY. %WXE 3MRHG -YWXMR, GEVI
TVSTSZHYME EHIZVYP, #XME W HIE TI JE' RVEZYVMPI #M R#IPXSVMMPI
3PSWS3PSV ('YZRX GXVI KVIGM 19).
"XMQ G -YWXMR ZE WYJIVM QEVXMVENYP QTVIYR GY EP'M G'MZE HMR XSZEV#MM
WM, GXVI ERMM 165. %GXIPI QEVXMVMGI, ETVSTMEXI HI TVSGIWIPI-ZIVFEPI GI
GSRWIQREY NYHIGEXE, RI TWXVIE^ HMEPSKYP PYM -YWXMR GY TVIJIGXYP SVE#YPYM,
-YRMYW 6YWXMGYW JV RHSMEP, HI XIRHMR' WXSMG #M QVXYVMWMVMPI HI GVIHMR'
EPI QEVXMVMPSV.
(YT QSEVXIE QEIWXVYPYM WY, 8E'MER #M HIWGLMHI TVSTVME #GSEP. )P WI
RJ'M#IE^ GE YR 3PSWSJ FEVFEV, QFSK'MX GY EGIE R'IPITGMYRI TI GEVI
KVIGMM S HMWTVI'YMEY #M GEVI WI VIKWI#XI R XVEHM'ME FMFPMG: %GIWXI PYGVYVM, S,
KVIGMPSV, PI-EQ EPGXYMX TIRXVY ZSM, IY, 8E'MER, 3PSWSJ FEVFEV. 1-EQ RWGYX R
'EVE EWMVMIRMPSV; EQ JSWX QEM RXM MRWXVYMX R RZ'XYVMPI ZSEWXVI, MEV ETSM R
GIPI TI GEVI PI TVSTSZHYMIWG IY RWYQM EGYQ. 4VMR YVQEVI, #XMMRH HI EGYQ
GMRI IWXI (YQRIÎY #M GEVI M IWXI PYGVEVIE, Q RJ'M#I^ GLMEV IY ZSY, KEXE
W 3Y RXVIFEX HIWTVI RZ'XYVMPI QIPI #M PIKEX TI ZIGM HI EGIWX QSH HI
ZME', GEVI IWXI HYT (YQRIÎY _'YZRX GXVI KVIGM 42).
8E'MER TEVI W 3 JSWX EHITXYP YRIM EWGIÎ VEHMGEPI GEVI STYRIE SQYP
RSY (,VMWXSWYP RITVMLRMX, RJVREX #M WVEG #M, TI YVQIPI PYM, SQYP RJV-REX)
GIPYM ZIGLM, %HEQ GIP HINE SWRHMX. (EG -VMRIY HMR 0]SR, ETSM RXVIEKE XVEHM'MI
SGGMHIRXEP, GEVI E HSVMX W ZEH R IP JSRHEXSVYP WIGXIM IRGVEXM-'MPSV, M NYHIG
JSEVXI EWTVY VIWTMRKIVIE GWXSVMIM, GSRHEQREVIE JSPSWMVMM GVRMM #M E ETIM R
GIPIFVEVIE IYLEVMWXMIM, 8E'MER VITVI^MRX XSXY#M S XIRHMR' JSEVXI EWGIXMG GI
WXVFEXI GVI#XMRMWQYP R EGIE ITSG #M JE' HI GEVI &MWIVMGE ZE XVIFYM W ME
TS^M'MI.
*VERGMRI 'YPHEYX 3 XRV &MWIVMG R HMWTYXI 2. 0E VWGVYGI HI HVYQYVM
RG HI PE QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, ETSM HI-E PYRKYP GIPYM HI-EP -P--PIE,
GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR, #GSPMPI KRSWXMGI, TYXIVRMGYP GYVIRX RISTPEXSRMGMER #M VIPMKMMPI
HI QMWXIVI #M ZSV HMWTYXE GYGIVMVIE WY4IXIPSV VSQERI. 6IPE'MMPI PSV WI
RXIQIME^ TI YR JSRH HI VMZEPMXEXI #M HI GSR4MGX, HEV YRISVM #M HI WGLMQFYVM #M
HI SWQS^. 'SQYRMXEXIE GVI#XMR WI E4 PE VWGVYGI HI HVYQYVM: RXVI
MYHEMWQ #M IPIRMWQ, IE XVIFYMI W-#M GSRWXVYMEWG MHIRXMXEXIE R QMNPSGYP
GYPXYVMM R GEVI WI MQTPERXIE^. 4IRXVY GIM GI ZIRIEY HMR TKRMWQ,
QS#XIRMVIE MYHEMWQYPYM RY WI R'IPIKIE HI PE WMRI. (I EMGM, YRIPI IVI^MM #M S
GPEVM3GEVI XVITXEX E SVXSHS\MIM R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI WXEXYXYP 7GVMTXYVMPSV
MYHEMGI.
2Y IWXI S RXQTPEVI HEG -YWXMR RXVIFYMR'IE^ XIVQIRYP LEMVIWMW
TIRXVY E HIWIQRE XIRHMR'IPI HMR MRXIVMSVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, VIJIVMRHY-WI
I\TPMGMX PE #GSPMPI 3PSWS3IM KVIGI#XM. 8IVQIRYP LEMVIWMW WIVZIE HINE R
MYHEMWQYP IPIRMÊX PE GEXEPSKEVIE HMZIVWIPSV GYVIRXI IZVIMI#XM. RGITRH HI PE
-YWXMR, IP ZE HIWIQRE, R GVI#XMRMWQ, IVI^ME, EHMG TIRXVY PMRME HVITXIM-
GVIHMR'I, KVI#IEPE.
)VI^MMPI #M WXEXYXYP 0IKMM QSÊMGI 'IVHSR, TSEXI SVMKMREV HMR 7MVME,
WSWI#XI PE 6SQE GXVI 138-P42 #M TVSTS-ZHYMI#XI G (YQRIÎY GIP ZIWXMX HI
0IKI #M HI 4VSJI'M RY IWXI 8EXP PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW: % ZIRMX R &MWIVMG #M E JGYX
TIRMXIR' R JE'E XYXYVSV; HEV RY E WXVYMX QEM TY'MR R IVI^MI, GRH
TVSTSZHYMRH R XEMR, GRH JGRH HMR RSY TIRMXIR', GRH, R WJV#MX,
RGVIHMR'EX G TVSTSZHYMI#XI KVI#IEPE "M RHITVXEX HMR GSQYRMXEXIE
JVE'MPSV (-VMRIY, %HZIVWYW ,EIVIWIW -, 4,3). :IRMRH HMR %PI\ERHVME, :EPIRXMR WI
MRWXEPIE^ PE 6SQE GXVI ERYP 140 "M RXIQIME^ S #GSEP YRHI #M TVIH
TVSTVMMPI HSGXVMRI. +RHMVIE PYM IWXI KVIY HI VIGSRWXMXYMX; ERYQMXI XI\XI HMR
QERYWGVMWIPI HI PE 2EK ,EQQEHM ZHIWG RW S PIKXYV GPEV GY WMWXIQYP
ZEPIRXMRMER. +RHMXSV WTIGYPEXMZ "M QMWXMG, :EPIRXMR E EZYX QYP'M EHIT'M. %GIWX
JVEKQIRX GSRWIVZEX R WGVMIVMPI PYM 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP TIVQMXI R'IPIKIVIE
JSV'IM TI GEVI S GSR'MRI QIWENYP WY: )\MWX S WMRKYV JTXYV, MEV PMFIVXEXIE
GYZRXYPYM IM IWXI QERMJIWXEVIE WE TVMR 3YP. 2YQEM TVMR IP TSEXI 3 GYV'MX
MRMQE, GRH XSX HYLYP VY IWXI EVYRGEX HMR IE. 'GM QYPXI HYLYVM GEVI
WP#PYMIWG R MRMQ RY RKHYMI W 3I GYV'MX #M 3IGEVI HMR IPI #M QTPMRI#XI
R IE PYGVVMPI WEPI, TR-KVMRH-S EHIWISVM GY TSJXI RIVY#MREXI. "M QM WI TEVI
G MRMQE RHYV GIZE EWIQRXSV GY GI WI TIXVIGI RXV-YR LER; EGIEWXE, RXV-
EHIZV, IWXI WXVTYRW HMRXV-S TEVXI RXV-EPXE #M WGSFMX, HI QYPXI SVM YQTPYX
GY FPIKEV, SEQIRMM TYVXRHY-WI JV VY#MRI #M JV RMGM S GVY'EVI TIRXVY GI
IWXI EP PSGYPYM, GE #M GYQ PI-EV 3 GIZE WXVMR. %#E IWXI XVEXEX MRMQE, EXX XMQT
GX RY RXPRI#XI S MRXIVZIR'MI TVSRMEXSEVI: IWXI RIGYVEX #M WPE#YP E QYP'M
HIQSRM. (EV EXYRGM GRH WMRKYV 8EXP GEVI IWXI FYR E ZM^MXEX-S, IWXI W3R'MX,
WXVPYGI#XI HI PYQMR, MEV GIP GY EWIQIRIE MRMQ IWXI TVIEJIVMGMX, 3MRHG ZE
ZIHIE TI (YQRIÎY (7XVSQEXI -, 20, 14).
4XSPIQIY: S RSY PIGXYV E :IGLMYPYM 8IWXEQIRX 7GVMWSEVIE TI GEVI
4XSPIQIY, YR HMWGMTSP EP PYM :EPIRXMR, S EHVIWIE^ *PSVIM, S EYHMXSEVI GEVI M
TYRI RXVIFVM HIWTVI GLIWXMYRIE, EV^XSEVI R ITSG, E WXEXYXYPYM 0IKMM
QSÊMGI, RI JEGI GYRSWGYXI QIXSHIPI HI TVIHEVI #M HI I\IKI^ EPI EGIWXSV
XISPSKM #M RI HI^ZPYMI KVEZMXEXIE TVSFPIQIPSV GI WI TYRIEY GVI#XMRMWQYPYM HI
EXYRGM: ' 0IKIE VRHYMX HI 1SMWI, FYRE QIE WSV *PSVE, RY E JSWX R'IPIEW
TR EGYQ HI QYP'M SEQIRM, 3MRHG RY WI HSFRHMWI S GYRSE#XIVI TVIGMW
RMGM E PIKMYMXSVYPYM EHIZVEX, RMGM E TSVYRGMPSV WEPI, S W Z 3I JSEVXI PMQTIHI,
WSGSXIWG, GRH ZI'M 3 E4EX TVIVMPI GSRXVEHMGXSVMM GEVI GMVGYP TI WIEQE
PSV (3, 1).
4XSPIQIY TVI^MRX EGIWXI TS^M'MM GSRXVEHMGXSVMM: GIE E MYHIMPSV #M
GVI#XMRMPSV HMR PMRME SVXSHS\MIM GEVI EXVMFYMI 8SVE PYM (YQRIÎY-8EXP #M GIE GEVI
S EXVMFYMI :VNQE#YPYM, HMEZSPYP GSVYTXSV.
4XSPIQIY, GEVI E TVMQMX +RSÊ, GYRSE#XIVIE, WMRKYVYP TVMRGMTMY
ITMWXIQSPSKMG GI KEVERXIE^ S MRXIVTVIXEVI EYXIRXMG, TSEXI XPGYM GSVIGX
0IKIE QSÊMG. 'IIE GI RWIEQR, GSRXVEV E GIIE GI WI E3VQ EHIWISVM, G
KRSWXMGMWQYP VIGYRSE#XI 7GVMTXYVE MYHEMG, HEV GY TVI'YP YRIM EXMXYHMRM GVMXMGI
#M EP YRIM PIGXYVM LVMWXSPSKMGI GEVI HYGI PE WGSEXIVIE PE MZIEP E YRSV WXVEXYVM
HI SVMKMRI #M HI ZEPSEVI HMJIVMXI HMR :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX. )\IKIÊ PYM 4XSPIQIY
JEGI GSRWXERX VIJIVMVI PE 'YZMRXIPI 1RXYMXSVYPYM, GEVI EPGXYMIWG KRSÊ
QRXYMXSEVI; EGIEWXE TIVQMXI HMWXMRKIVIE, TSXVMZMX XIÎPSV PYM 4XSPIQIY, GIPSV
GI WYRX HI PE (YQRIÎY HI GIPI GI EY SVMKMRI SQIRIEWG #M, HI EWIQIRIE,
WI ERGSVIE^ R WXVYGXYVE JYRHEQIRXEP E QMXYPYM KRSWXMG GEVI STYRI PYQIE #M
GVIEXSVYP IM, (IQMYVKYP, EHIZVEXYPYM (YQRIÎY, 8EX HI RIGYRSWGYX.
'GM, HEG (YQRIÎY S RKHYMI, ZI'M TVMQM QEM XV^MY PQYVMVM QEM
PMQTI^M HIWTVI TVMRGMTMYP #M RE#XIVIE PSV, GRH ZI'M 3 WSGSXMX HIQR HI
GYRSE#XIVI TVIHERME ETSWXSPMPSV, TI GEVI #M RSM EQ TVMQMX-S TVMR QS#XIRMVI. "M
HI EWX HEX, RSM ZSQ RXVM GSRGIT'MMPI RSEWXVI TVMR GYZMRXIPI 1RXYMXSVYPYM
RSWXVY (7GVMWSEVI GXVI *PSVE 7, 9).
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- ,IVEGPISR: )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER R
PIGXYVE KRSWXMGMPSV ,IVEGPISR #M IP HMWGMTSP EP PYM :EPIRXMR, IWXI, JV RHSMEP,
TVMQYP GEVI E VIEPMÊX YR GSQIRXEVMY WYW'MRYX EP )ZERKLIPMIM HYT -SER,
TSVRMRH HI PE SVM^SRXYP IM HI MRXIVTVIXEVI: XI\XYP MSERIMG GSQIRXIE^ #M
EGXYEPMÎE^ QMXYP KRSWXMG. )JSVXYP HI KRHMVI EP KRSWXMGMWQYPYM GSRWX R
TVMRGMTEP R ZSMR'E HI E I\TPMGE QSHYP R GEVI SQYP, GIP WTMVMXYEP, GEVI HI'MRI
R WMRI S JVQ HI HYQRIÎMVI, TSEXI TVWM PYQIE QEXIVMIM, E XMQTYPYM, E
XVYTYPYM GEVI P JEGI W WYJIVI #M VIHSFRHMTPIVSQE, TPMRXEXIE 8EXPYM HI
RIGYRSWGYX. (YQRIÎYP GVIEXSV, (IQMYVKYP, IWXI EXYRGM EWMQMPEX Y#SV GY
(YQRIÎYP *EGIVMM #M EP 8SVIM, YR (YQRIÎY GEVI MQTYRI SEQIRMPSV S PIKI E
VSFMIM #M E XMVERMIM, R XMQT GI (YQRIÎYP XVERWGIRHIRX, GY XSXYP HIWTV'MX HI
PYQI, IWXI (YQRIÎYP FYRX'MM, 8EXP PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW, GEVI PI HI^ZPYMI
HMWGMTSPMPSV +RSÎM QIWENYP )ZERKLIPMIM.
1EVGMSR: YR GVI#XMRMWQ JV VHGMRM MYHEMGI#
8SX PE 6SQE WI MRWXEPIE^, GXVI 135 #M 1EVGMSR, SVMKMREV HMR 4SRX, HMR
SVE#YP 7MRSTI. (YT GI E HEX KVI# R IJSVXYVMPI HI E-#M JEGI EGGITXEX HSGXVMRE
HI GXVI GPIVYP HMR 6SQE, IWXI I\GPYW R ERYP 14 HMR 1EVIE &MWIVMG #M #M
RXIQIME^ TVSTVME &MWIVMG, &MWIVMGE QEVGMSRMX, GEVI ZE HIZIRM VETMH QEVIE
VMZEP E GIPIM HMRXM. 4IRXVY MWXSVMGYP KIVQER %. ZSR ,EVREGO, 1EVGMSR EV 3, R
QSHYP PYM SVMKMREP, YR GVI#XMR GSRWIGZIRX. 1M^RH TI RSYXEXIE FMRIZIWXMVMM
GVI#XMRI, IP JSRHIE^ S VIPMKMI RSY, GEVI VIJY^ SVMGI PIKXYV GY MYHEMWQYP.
'Y XSEXI G XISVMMPI KRSWXMGYPYM 'IVHSR M-EY TYXYX MR4YIR'E HMWTVI'YP TIRXVY
XVYT, RY I\MWX PE IP RMGM YVQ HI MRXIVTVIXEVI E QMXYPYM KRSWXMG.
(MWGMTSP EP PYM 4EZIP, 1EVGMSR STYRI R QSH VEHMGEP LEVYP #M PIKIE.
(YEPMWQYP PYM IWXI EVXMGYPEX R NYVYP YRIM GSRGIT'MM HIWTVI &MFPMI GY XSXYP
WTIGM3GI. 1IWENYP )ZERKLIPMIM HI^ZPYMI YR (YQRIÎY FYR, VFHXSV #M
QMPSWXMZ #M S QRXYMVI GEVI IPMFIVIE^ HMR EGIEWX PYQI, HIWGLM^RH GEPIE
GXVI S GY XSXYP EPX VIEPMXEXI. -EV EGIWX (YQRIÎY RHYVXSV HMR )ZERKLIPMI
RY TSEXI 3 GIP GEVI ZSVFI#XI #M EG'MSRIE^ R 7GVMTXYVMPI IZVIMI#XM. 6IWTMR-
KRH QIXSHIPI HI I\IKI^ EPIKSVMG #M XMTSPSKMG, 1EVGMSR RXVITVMRHI S
EHIZVEX QYRG HI GVMXMG HI XI\X, ITYVRHY-P HI JEPWM3GVMPI TI GEVI PI TYRI
TI WIEQE MYHEMÊR'MPSV. )P IPMQMR HMR )ZERKLIPME HYT 0YGE #M HMR )TMWXSPIPI
PYM 4EZIP, GEVI GSRWXMXYMI GERSRYP 7GVMTXYVMPSV WEPI, SVMGI YVQ E :IGLMYPYM
8IWXEQIRX.
6I^YPXEXYP IWXI HI^ZSPXEVIE YRIM 3KYVM GVI#XMRI GSQTPIX VYTXI HI
VHGMRE WE MYHEMG. 1IWENYP RSYX'MM VEHMGEPI E )ZERKLIPMIM HYT 1EVGMSR
I\IVGMX S JEWGMRE'MI EWYTVE GVIHMRGMS#MPSV TVSZIRM'M HMR TKRMWQ,
HI^SVMIRXE'M HI EGGIRXIPI &MFPMIM MYHEMGI.
- 6SHSR, EWMEXMG TVMR RE#XIVI, HMWGMTSP, PE 6SQE, EP PYM 8E'MER, WI ZE
QTSXVMZM GY TYXIVI &MWIVMGMM QEVGMSRMXI. )P TSZIWXI#XI YRE HMRXVI
GSRXVSZIVWIPI WEPI GY %TIPPIW, EHITX EP PYM 1EVGMSR, EYXSV EP YRIM ZEWXI PYGVVM,
7MPSKMWQI #M EP YRIM GVMXMGM #M VIJYXE'MM E 0IKMM PYM 1SMWI.
(YQRIÎMVIE PYM ,VMWXSW, RIKEX HI 8ISHSX 4Y'MR QEM XV^MY, PE WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, YR GVI#XMR HMR &MÊR', 8ISHSX, GI-#M G#XMKE XVEMYP HMR TMIPVMI,
VWTRHI#XI PE 6SQE HSGXVMRE TSXVMZMX GVIME ,VMWXSW EV 3 HSEV YR SQ GI RY E
HIZIRMX (YQRIÎY HIGX HYT RZMIVI. 2EXEPMSW, GEVI JYWIWI QVXYVMWMXSV R
XMQTYP TVMKSERIM HMR 202-203, EGGITX, R WGLMQFYP YRIM WMQFVMM, W 3I
ITMWGSTYP &MWIVMGMM RXIQIMEXI HI 8ISHSX. *EGI RW TIRMXIR' #M WI RJ'M#IE^
ITMWGSTYPYM >I3VMR, GEVI P VITVMQI#XI R GSQYRMXEXIE IGPI^MEP. )YWIFMY VIH
GYZMRXIPI YRYM WGVMMXSV, GY TVMZMVI PE EGIEWX KVYTEVI: 4VWMRH 73RXIPI
7GVMTXYVM EPI PYM (YQRIÎY, IM WI RHIPIXRMGIWG GY KISQIXVME, WYF TVIXI\X G
WYRX EM TQRXYPYM, ZSVFIWG HIWTVI TQRX #M P RIWSGSXIWG TI GIP GI ZMRI HI
WYW. )YGPMH, R EHIZV, KISQIXVMÎE^ GY SWVHMI R GE^YP YRSVE HMRXVI IM.
%VMWXSXIP #M 8ISJVEWX WYRX 'MRXIPI EHQMVE'MIM PSV; +EPIR IWXI GLMEV ETVSETI
ZIRIVEX HI YRMM HMR IM ?.A. (MR EGIEWX TVMGMR, #M TPMQF JV XIEQ QMRMPI
TVMR 73RXIPI 7GVMTXYVM, WTYRRH G PI RHVIETX ()YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE, -WXSVME
FMWIVMGIEWG :, 28, 14-P5).
6IEG'ME KRHMXSVMPSV GVI#XMRM 8SEXI EGIWXI HMWTYXI R NYVYP 7GVMTXYVMM
EXIWX S PYGVEVI MRXIRW HI MRGYPXY-VE'MI GEVI W-E TVSHYW EXYRGM GRH KRHMVIE
FMFPMG #M GVI#XMR E TXVYRW R QIHMMPI MRXIPIGXYEPI HINE HI'MRXSEVI EPI YRIM
GSRGIT'MM IPEFSVEXI HIWTVI HYQRIÎMVI. (YQRIÎYP XVERWGIRHIRXEP, HIWTV'MX
HI PYQI, TI GEVI P E3VQ EGIWXI GYVIRXI WIEQR QEM QYPX GY S TYV
IRXMXEXI KVIEG, (YQRIÎYP 3PSWS3PSV, HIGX GY (YQRIÎYP PYM %ZVEEQ, EP PYM
-WEEG #M -EGSZ, XEX EP PYM -MWYW ,VMWXSW.
-YWXMR IWXI TVMQYP GEVI VIEG'MSRIE^ GY XVMI QTSXVMZE EGIWXSV IVI^MM GI
WI R3VMT: 1EVGMSR HMR 4SRX, GEVI QEM TVIH GLMEV #M EWX^M, QVXYVMWI#XI
GVIHMR'E RXV-YR (YQRIÎY QEM TVIWYW HI 'VIEXSV. 8S'M WIGXER'MM EGIWXIM #GSPM,
HYT GYQ EQ WTYW, WYRX RYQM'M GVI#XMRM, R EGIPE#M GLMT R GEVI, R GMYHE
HISWIFMVMPSV HI HSGXVMR, RYQIPI HI 3PSWS3 IWXI HEX XYXYVSV EGIPSVE GEVI WI
RHIPIXRMGIWG GY 3PSWS3E (%TSPSKME -, 26).
R JE'E WXVHERMMPSV HI E GSRWXVYM YR GVI#XMRMWQ VYTX HI VHGMRMPI PYM
MYHEMGI, JV E QEM 3 HIGM RIZSMI HI E VIGYVKI PE 0IKIE PYM 1SMWI, WI TYRIE
TVSFPIQE HI3RMVMM, TVIGM^VMM PIGXYVMM GVI#XMRI E 7GVMTXYVMPSV MYHEMGI #M WXEFMPMVMM
E GI ERYQI EZIE W VQR RSVQEXMZ R VETSVXEVIE PE 8SVE, GE )<4%27-92)%
'6)"8-2-71909- 8I\X 7JRX #M GE TE^ E TSVYRGMPSV. -I#MRH HMR QEXVMGIE
IZVIMEWG #M FMRIZIWXMRH RIEQYVMPSV, GVI#XMRMWQYP XVIFYME W-#M EWYQI S
QS#XIRMVI JSRHEXSEVI, HMWXER'RHY-WI R EGIPE#M XMQT HI IE. 8VIFYME W EPIEK
RXVI S FMRIZIWXMVI VEHMGEP, LV^MX XYXYVSV #M YR IPMXMWQ WTMVMXYEP. -EV
MRXIRWMXEXIE EGIWXSV HI^FEXIVM GEVI WXVFEX GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER HSZIHI#XI
G STIVE'ME RY IVE WMQTP. -VMRIY HMR 0]SR, GEVI E ^FSZMX PE 6SQE, E JSWX
QEVXSVYP HI GTXM EP EPGXYMVMM #M VIGYRSE#XIVMM YRYM GSVTYW HI 7GVMTXYVM GI
QFMR 7GVMIVMPI ETSWXSPMGI #M 8SVE. )P QVXYVMWI#XI EWXJIP TI (YQRIÎYP
GVIEXSV EP GIVYPYM #M EP TQRXYPYM, GEVI E JGYX YR PIKQRX GY SQYP, YR
PIKQRX GI #M-E EXMRW HITPMRXEXIE R -MWYW ,VMWXSW.
(MZIVWMXEXIE ST'MYRMPSV #M PMFIVXEXIE XYXYVSV EGIWXSV GSRXVSZIVWI EVEX
MRXIVIWYP #M HMREQMWQYP QMWMSREV TI GEVI PI-E WYWGMXEX IZIRMQIRXYP -MWYW
,VMWXSW, HEV HI^ZPYMI R EGIPE#M XMQT VMWGYVMPI EWYQEXI, TVMQINHMMPI
RXQTMREXI #M GVIEXMZMXEXIE TYW R NSG TIRXVY KWMVIE YRSV WSPY'MM GEVI RY
IVEY HEXI HI-E KEXE #M GEVI, R ITSG, RY IVEY Y#SV HI EWMQMPEX. )VE ZSVFE HI
KIWXMSREVIE ZIGLMYPYM (QS#XIRMVIE 7GVMTXYVMPSV IZVIMI#XM) #M E RSYPYM (WMXYE'ME
QMWMSREV E ZVIQMM), R GVIHMR'E RXVY -MWYW ,VMWXSW.
(EXE 4E#XIPYM: HMJIVIR'I #M YRMXEXI R GSQYRMXEXIE GSWQSTSPMX GEVI IVE
GVI#XMRXEXIE HMR 6SQE, HMZIVWMXEXIE HI TVSZIRMIR' E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV MQTYRIE
S TPYVEPMXEXI HI GYXYQI PMXYVKMGI, QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR GSQTEXMFMPI GY
YRMXEXIE IM.
R QSH IZMHIRX, SFMGIMYVMPI HMJIVMXI R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI QSQIRXYP #M
QSHYP HI E GIPIFVE VMXYEPYP TEWGEP HI^ZPYMI EGGIRXIPI TEVXMGYPEVI, HEV RY
STYWI, EPI YRSV HMVIG'MM XISPSKMGI HMJIVMXI. %WXJIP, R %WME 1MG, WI MRWMWX QEM
QYPX EWYTVE 4XMQMVMM PYM ,VMWXSW, GEVI VIEWYQ RXVIEKE 8SV, JV RW E WI
WYFIWXMQE RZMIVIE. 4V^RYMVIE 4E#XIPYM RY IWXI PIKEX E#EHEV HI ^MYE HI
HYQMRMG, GM WI GIPIFVIE^ R E TEMWTVIÎGIE ^M E PYRMM RMWER, R VIPE'MI GY
4EWXIPI IZVIMIWG.
0E 6SQE, HMQTSXVMZ, SFMGIMYP IWXI HI E WVFXSVM 4EWXIPI R HYQMRMGE
YVQXSEVI PYM 14 RMWER, ^MYE RZMIVMM (SQRYPYM. (EV #M GIEPEPX TVEGXMG,
HIRYQMX GZEVXSHIGMQER, IWXI XSPIVEX. 8SXY#M, HEG RI TYXIQ RGVIHI R
QVXYVME PYM 4WIYHS-8IVXYPMER, EGIWX SFMGIM TEVI W 3 EXVEW YR TVISX TI RYQI
&PEWXYW #M TI GVIHMRGMS#MM PYM PE EWGYPXVM MYHEMÊRXI, HI YRHI S ERYQMX
RIRGVIHIVI HMR TEVXIE EYXSVMX'MPSV GSQYRMX'MM. R TS3HE EGIWXSV HM3GYPX'M
VIEPI, WSPY'ME TIRXVY EWIQIRIE GSR4MGXI, KWMX HI &MWIVM-GMPI-WYVSVM, IWXI
VIWTIGXEVIE TPYVEPMX'MM HMVIG'MMPSV XISPSKMGI #M GSRWXVYMVIE YRIM GSQYRMYRM R
VIWTIGXYP HMJIVIR'IPSV. -RXIVZIR'MMPI ITMWGSTYPYM :MGXSV #M VI^SPZEVIE GVMÎM
HI^ZPYMI RW, R EGIPE#M XMQT, KVMNE #M QIRMVIE WTIGMEP TI GEVI S EVI
GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER, HI E 3 S VIJIVMR' TIRXVY YRMXEXIE IGPI^MEP.
,MTSPMX, KRHMXSV KVIG TI XVQ PEXMR ,MTSPMX IWXI, JV RMGM S RHSMEP,
QEVIE 3KYV MRXIPIGXYEP E GSQYRMX'MM VSQERI HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE. R ERYP
212, GRH 3VMKIR ZM^MXIE^ SF#XIE VSQER, M ZE 3 HEX W EWGYPXI S TVIHMG E
PYM ,MTSPMX RXV-S FMWIVMG HMR 6SQE. 7XEXYME GSRWIVZEX PE QYÎYP :EXMGERYPYM,
VMHMGEX R GMRWXIE PYM -HIWMKYV, HI HMWGMTSPM SVM EHQMVEXSVM P RJ'M#IE^ R
GLMT HI 3PSWSJ E#IÊX TI YR WSGPY TI GEVI WI E4 KVEZEXI YR GSQTYX TEWGEP #M
S PMWX HI XVIMWTVIÎGI STIVI.
7GVMIVMPI WEPI WYRX RYQIVSEWI, MQTSVXERXI, MEV MR4YIR'E PSV E JSWX HI
WIEQ; EXVMFYMVIE PSV VMHMG RW TVSFPIQI HM3GMPI MWXSVMGMPSV. %GIEWXE TIRXVY G
EQMRXMVIE EYXSVYPYM PSV W-E TMIVHYX JSEVXI VITIHI. R QSQIRXYP R GEVI
GSQYRMXEXIE VSQER WI SVKERMÎE^, PYTX I3GMIRX QTSXVMZE HMZM^VMPSV, R
QSQIRXYP R GEVI GSRXYVEVIE YRYM GEXILYQIREX EXIWX TVSKVIWIPI GSRZIVXMVMM
#M S MRXIKVEVI R TQRXYP PEXMR, ,MTSPMX IWXI YPXMQYP EYXSV GVI#XMR HI PMQF
KVIEG HMR 6SQE. 0EXMRMÊVIE VETMH E &MWIVMGMM VSQERI R WIGSPYP EP --PIE
I\TPMG, HIWMKYV, JETXYP G IP RY W-E FYGYVEX RMGM HI YR XVEHYGXSV, RMGM HI YR
MWXSVMG. 4VISX VSQER, ZIRMX HMR +VIGME WEY HMR 3VMIRX, ,MTSPMX IWXI TVMQYP EYXSV
GVI#XMR GEVI GSQIRXIE^ R QSH WYW'MRYX GV'M RXVIKM EPI :IGLMYPYM 8IWXEQIRX,
TIRXVY E VWTYRHI PE GIIE GI HIZIRMWI S EHIZVEX RIGIWMXEXI TIRXVY
&MWIVMG. 8EFIPIPI TEWGEPI KVEZEXI TI WSGPYP WXEXYMM PYM ,MTSPMX #M VIHEGXEVIE
YRIM GVSRMGM TEWGEPI QVXYVMWIWG S TVISGYTEVI HIWXYP HI EQRYR'MX, TVMR
ZSMR'E PSV HI E WXEFMPM S GVSRSPSKMI FMFPMG #M HI E HEXE, TSVRMRH HI PE 4EXMQM,
TVMR VIGYVIR', GIPIPEPXI 4E#XM MWXSVMGI, GEVI P-EV 3 TVI3KYVEX TI GIP EP
1RXYMXSVYPYM. )WXI ITSGE R GEVI 'EVXIE :IGLMYP #M 2SYP 8IWXEQIRX GETX
YR PSG IWIR'MEP R RZ'XYVE #M R PMXYVKLME GVI#XMR. ,MTSPMX #M TVIME QSHIPIPI
HMR MYHEMWQ, HMR MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQ #M HMR SQMPIXMGE GVI#XMR E WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE,
HI^ZSP-XRH MRXIVTVIXEVIE XMTSPSKMG HINE YXMPMÊX HI -YWXMR #M MKRSVRH
GSQTPIX EPIKSVMWQYP EPI\ERHVMR.
R EXQSWJIVE TIVWIGY'MMPSV GI EY YVQEX IHMGXYPYM PYM 7ITXMQMY 7IZIV
(202), GEVI MRXIV^MGIE TVSÎPMXMWQYP MYHEMG #M GVI#XMR, #M VIHEGXIE^ ,MTSPMX
'SQIRXEVMYP PE GEVXIE (ERMIP. -EX QSHYP R GEVI HI3RI#XI &MWIVMGE: 'Y
EHIZVEX, YR WMQTPY PGE# RY TSEXI 3 RYQMX &MWIVMG, HYT GYQ RMGM S GEW
HYVEX HMR TMEXV #M LYQ. 2MGM SQYP, TVMR IP RWY#M, RY TSEXI 3 RYQMX &MWIVMG,
RXVYGX S GEW WI RVYMI, MEV SQYP QSEVI. 'I IWXI ZEW^MG &MWIVMGE#
'SQYRMXEXIE 73R'MPSV ZMI'YMXSVM R EHIZV (-, 18, 6-7).
R JE'E RYQVYPYM QEVI HI RSM GSRZIVXM'M #M E TVSFPIQIPSV HM3GMPI TI GEVI
PI VMHMG ETSWXE^MMPI R ZVIQIE TIVWIGY'MMPSV, TETE 'EPMWX EHSTX S EXMXYHMRI HI
FYRZSMR' JE' HI GVIHMRGMS#MM G^Y'M R KVI#IEP HYT FSXI^ #M RPIWRI#XI
RWS'MVIE EVMWXSGVE'MPSV GVI#XMRM GY TEVXIRIVM GEVI QTVX#IWG EGIIE#M
GVIHMR', HEV WYRX HI VERK WSGMEP MRJIVMSV, JV RW E WI ERKENE RXV-S GWXSVMI
PIKEP, GEVI M-EV JEGI W TMEVH EZERXENIPI SJIVMXI HI RE#XIVIE PSV. ,MTSPMX, GEVI
GSRGITI &MWIVMGE HVITX S EHYREVI E HVIT'MPSV, RY EVI EGIIE#M R'IPIKIVI
EWYTVE EGIWXIM WMXYE'MM TEWXSVEPI RSM.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- R EGIPE#M JIP, GLMEV #M EGYQ, GIP GEVI E
HSFRHMX GVIHMR'E, HEV RY TÎ#XI TSVYRGMPI, IWXI HI^FVGEX HI 7JRXYP (YL:
EPYRKEX HMR &MWIVMG, RIQEM3MRH R (SQRYP, GM HIZIRMX 'VR, WI RXSEVGI PE
SQYP GIP ZIGLM ('SQIRXEVMY PE (ERMIP -, 18, 14).
(ITSVXEX R 7EVHMRME QTVIYR GY TETE 4SR'MER, ,MTSPMX QSEVI R I\MP TI
MRWYPE QSV'MM.
+RHMXSVYP KVIG 4PSXMR: YR QMWXMG TKR R XMQT GI &MWIVMGE VSQER WI
PEXMRMÎE^ #M, GSRJVYRXEX GY #GSPMPI KRSWXMGI, STXIE^ HMR GI R GI QEM
PMQTIHI TIRXVY S MRWXMXY'MSREPMÊVI GEVI W-P EHYG VIGYRSE#XIVI HMR TEVXIE
PYQMM #M E MWXSVMIM, 4PSXMR WSWI#XI PE 6SQE R ZEVE ERYPYM 24. :E TVIHE EMGM, R
KVIGI#XI, TR PE QSEVXIE WE, R 270, QSHYP R GEVI WY4IXYP, TVMR QIHMXE'MI #M
EWGI^, WI TSEXI HIWTVMRHI HI WIRWMFMP, VIHSFRHM 9RYP #M VIG#XMKE ZME'E-P
HYQRIÎMEWG.
'Y GX WI KVFI#XI WTVI REPX, GY EXX YMX PYGVYVMPI HI EMGM, HI NSW, RYQEM
HEG RY GYQZE ZME'E PYM TI TQRX W 3I E#E RGX, EQMRXMRHY-#M-S, W RY
EMF E-#M EQMRXM HIGX PYGVYVM QMRYREXI. 'GM #M EMGM, NSW, IWXI FMRI W XI
WYWXVEKM KVMNMPSV SQIRI#XM ?.A. %WXJIP, IP RY WI QTSZVIE^ GY QYPXI PYGVYVM; GM
IWXI Y#SV, RY I HIGX IP RWY#M. "M EMGM, NSW, HEG ZSMI#XI W 3I nNSW~,
VQRRH R EGIPE#M XMQT nEMGM~, IP TVWI#XI XSEXI GIPIPEPXI
PYGVYVM ()RRIEHI -:, 3, 32, 13).
2WGYX R )KMTX, HEV 3PSWSJ KVIG, 4PSXMR IWXI GYRSWGXSV EP RXVIKMM
R'IPITGMYRM ERXMGI #M QEVXSV EPIW EP RXPRMVMM XVEHM'MMPSV VWVMXIRI GY GIPI
ETYWIRI. "XMQ, TVMR HMWGMTSPYP WY 4SV3V, G W-E RVSPEX R EVQEXE QTVEXYPYM
+SVHMER, R WXVHERME HI E HSFRHM GYRSE#XIVIE RIQMNPSGMX E 3PSWS3IM TI
GEVI S TVEGXMG TIV#MM #M E GIPIM E4EXI PE QEVI GMRWXI PE MRHMIRM, R IP, 6E'MYRIE
KVIEG WI RWS'I#XI GY IPERYVMPI YRIM EHIZVEXI QMWXMGM.
4VMR I\IKIÊ XI\XIPSV PYM 4PEXSR #M TVMR TVIHMGMPI WEPI HYT RZ'XYVE
PYM %QQSRMY, QEKMWXVYP EPI\ERHVMR EP GVYM HMWGMTSP E JSWX #M GEVI M-E QEVGEX
XSEX ZME'E, IP SJIV S EHIZVEX JSVQE'MI WTMVMXYEP RZ'GIMPSV WM.
)RRIEHIPI, EGIWXI GMRGMÎGM #M TEXVY HI XVEXEXI 3PSWS3GI, WYRX TYV #M WMQTPY
XVERWGVMIVIE GYVWYVMPSV PYM TYFPMGI HI GXVI HMWGMTSPYP WY 4SV3V. 'E #M -YWXMR, GE
#M ,MTSPMX, 4PSXMR RXPRI#XI PE #GSEPE WE EYHMXSVM #M GVMXMGM KRSWXMGM. -RXV R
HMWTYX HIWGLMW GY IM #M M VIWTMRKI R EP RSYPIE XVEXEX EP GIPIM HI-E HSYE
)RRIEHI: QTSXVMZE GIPSV GEVI WTYR G (IQMYVKYP PYQMM IWXI VY #M G PYQIE
IWXI VIE. 4PSXMR HIWGVMI RP'EVIE WY4IXYPYM GEVI, HI^FVGEX HI SVMGI JSVQ,
M^FYXI#XI W ENYRK PE &MRI #M HIZMRI &MRIPI TPMR HI HYPGIE', HI FYRZSMVI #M
HI KMRK#MI: )P IWXI HISTSXVMZ MYFMX, MYFMVI #M MYFMVI HI WMRI, 3MRHG RY IWXI
JVYQSW HIGX TVMR IP RWY#M #M R IP RWY#M. R IP, HSVMR'E PYM TIRXVY WMRI RWY#M #M
3MR'E WE RY JEG HIGX YRE. 'IIE GI MYFI#XI IWXI IP RWY#M, IP EVI PSG MYFMRHY-
WI ()RRIEHI :-, 8, 15, P-8 #M 16, 14).
2Y IWXI PMTWMX HI MRXIVIW W RI EQMRXMQ G PIGXYVE WGVMIVMPSV PYM 4PSXMR -
JV RHSMEP, R XVEHYGIVIE PEXMR TI GEVI PI-E JGYX-S 1EVMYW :MGXSVMRYW -
% EHYW TI %YKYWXMR, R ERYP 386, PE TVMQYP WY I\XE^, VWTRHMRH R IP
QMVIWQIPI %VEFMIM #M ETVMR^RHY-P YR RIEWIQYMX TVNSP GEVI P-E JGYX W
XVMEWG I\TIVMIR'E 8VERWGIRHIR'IM, QEM REMRXI HI E HIWGSTIVM R GVIHMR'E
GVI#XMR WQIVIRME GI P-E JGYX TI (YQRIÎY W WI REWG HMR JIQIMI #M W
QSEV TIRXVY XS'M SEQIRMM.
3 &MWIVMG RZIHIVEX PEXMR ,MTSPMX, WGVMMXSVYP GVI#XMR TVIE TY'MR GYRSWGYX,
3MRHG WGVMI R KVIGI#XI GRH &MWIVMGE VSQER XVIGI R QSH MVIZIVWMFMP PE
PMQFE PEXMR #M 4PSXMR, QEVIPI QMWXMG TKR E GVYM STIV XVEHYW R PEXMRI#XI
ZE I\IVGMXE S MR4YIR' LSXVXSEVI EWYTVE WTMVMXYEPMX'MM SGGMHIRXEPI, WYRX
QEVXSVMM TEVEHS\EPM, HEV IWIR'MEPM EM YRIM &MWIVMGM VSQERI HIWGLMWI JE' HI
GYVIRXIPI HI GYPXYV EPI ITSGMM IM #M GEVI, GSR#XMIRX HI WEVGMRE WE QMWMSREV,
HIZMRI RZIHIVEX PEXMR.
-EX, HIGM, S, SQYPI! 'IIE GI EPXHEX IVE TIGIXPYMX #M HI RIGYRSWGYX
IWXI EWX^M ZIWXMX JV SGSP, TI EGSTIVM#YVM (1X 10, 27 0I 12, 3). 'EVXIE ZMI'MM,
HIWGLMW EGYQ PE PYQMRE ^MPIM, IWXI HIWJ#YVEX TI PIQR, GY XMXPYP R PEXMRI#XI,
R KVIGI#XI #M R IZVIMI#XI (-R 19, 20), TIRXVY GE VSQERMM, IPIRMM #M IZVIMM W-#M
XVEK HI EMGM RZ'XYVE, TIRXVY GE, R E#XITXEVIE GIPSV FYRI GI ZSV W ZMR,
SEQIRMM W GVIEH R GIPI GEVI EY JSWX WGVMWI R GEVXIE ZMI'MM, R GIPI GEVI EY
JSWX ZIWXMXI PYQMM RXVIKM (,MTSPMX, 'SQIRXEVMY PE (ERMIP -:, 60).
*VERGMRI 'YPHEYX nMN*8 3;~ *1
'VI#XMRMM PE %PI\ERHVME: JSGEV HI GYPXYV GVI#XMR 0E %PI\ERHVME WI
RXPRIWG, TI YR JSRH HI TKRMWQ IKMTXIER, QEVMPI GYVIRXI VIPMKMSEWI #M
WTMVMXYEPI EPI PYQMM ERXMGI: 3PSWS3I VIPMKMSEW HI MRWTMVE'MI TPEXSRMGMER,
WMRGVIXMWQ KVIGS-IKMTXIER, KRSÎ TSTYPEVI WEY WEZERXI WEZERXI.
-R4YIR'E PYM *MPSR (MR XSEXI EGIVI GYVIRXI HMZIVWI, ZSQ VI'MRI TI HI S
TEVXI XVEHM'ME MYHEMG, EP GVYM GIP QEM GYRSWGYX VITVIÎRXERX IWXI *MPSR (GIE
20 . ,V.
'GE 50 H. ,V.). -YHIY GYGIVRMG, GVIHMRGMSW 0IKMM, JSEVXI I\TIVMQIRXEX R
7GVMTXYV, S MRXIVTVIXIE^ E#E GYQ 3PSWS3E IPIRMWXMG EPIKSVMÊ QMXYVMPI ZIGLM
#M TSZIWXMVMPI LSQIVMGI #M EGIEWXE R GEHVYP YRIM 3PSWS3M TPEXSRMGMIRI.
6IEPMÎE^ EWXJIP, RXV-YR QSH QEM QYPX WEY QEM TY'MR JIVMGMX, WMRXIÊ RXVI
XVEHM'ME FMFPMG #M IPIRMWQ. -R4YIR'E PYM *MPSR EWYTVE KRHMVMM GVI#XMRI E JSWX
GSRWMHIVEFMP. -M TYXIQ HINE ZIHIE S YVQ R )TMWXSPE GXVI )ZVIM. 'PIQIRX
%PI\ERHVMRYP #M 3VMKIR, MEV R %TYW 7JRXYP %QFVS^MI EP 1MPERYPYM ZSV 3 #M IM
TYXIVRMG RVYVM'M HI *MPSR.
'YVIRXIPI KRSWXMGI 4I HI EPX TEVXI, HMJIVMXIPI GYVIRXI KRSWXMGI,
ETVYXI R YRIPI QIHMM MYHIS-GVI#XMRI, HEV EZRHY-#M WSVKMRXIE R M^ZSEVI QEM
RHITVXEXI (WMVMIRI, MVERMIRI), KWIWG R )KMTX YR XIVIR TVMIPRMG, TI GEVI WI
RXPRIWG RY RYQEM WYTIVWXM'MM TSTYPEVI, GM #M WMWXIQI XISPSKMGI JSEVXI
IPEFSVEXI, GE EGIPE EP PYM :EPIRXMR. )WIR'E EGIWXIM XISPSKMM TEVI W 3I YR
HYEPMWQ GEVI STYRI PYQIE HMZMR #M PYQIE QEXIVMIM, PYGVEVI E YRYM HIQMYVK
(YRMM ZSV WTYRI E YRYM HYQRIÎY VY); WY4IXIPI EY G^YX R QEXIVMI, YRHI
WYRX ^ZSVMXI, IPI TYXRHY-WI IPMFIVE TVMR GYRSE#XIVI _KRS^), GEVI PI TIVQMXI
W YVGI HMR RSY WTVI PYQIE HMZMR E PYQMRMM (TPIVSQE). 8VERWTYW RXV-YR
ZSGEFYPEV GVI#XMR, EGIWX PYGVY RWIEQR RIKEVIE VEHMGEP E QMWXIVYPYM
1RXYMVMM, RXVYTVMM, 'VYGMM #M RZMIVMM. %GIWXIM KRSÎ GY RYQI
R#IPXSV (-VMRIY, GJ. 1 8M 6, 20) M ZSV 'MRI TMITX QEI#XVMM #GSPMM HMR
%PI\ERHVME, GEVI ZSV GYXE W IPEFSVIÎ S KRS^ EYXIRXMG #M SVXSHS\.
(I PE 4ERXIR PE 'PIQIRX %XYRGM GRH JSPSWMQ XIVQIRYP HI #GSEPE HMR
%PI\ERHVME, S JEGIQ GY #SZMVI. )WXI YR XIVQIR JSEVXI EQFMKYY #M EV 3
IVSREX HEG RI-EV HYGI GY KRHYP PE S MRWXMXY'MI #GSPEV, GLMEV YRMZIVWMXEV, GY
S WYGGIWMYRI HI TVSJIWSVM #M HI RZ'GIM GEVI HIZMR PE VRHYP PSV QEKM#XVM.
)YWIFMY RI-E MRHYW R IVSEVI, TSEXI, R EGIEWX TVMZMR', ZSVFMRHY-RI, R
PIKXYV GY 4ERXIR, HIWTVI TVIHEVIE WGVMIVMPSV W3RXI (-WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG :,
10, 1). 'Y TVMZMVI PE EGIWX 4ERXIR RY GYRSE#XIQ, RXV-EHIZV, QEVI PYGVY.
3VMKMREV HMR 7MGMPME, E ZIRMX GXVI 180 W WI WXEFMPIEWG PE %PI\ERHVME. 2Y IWXI
WMKYV G E HIWGLMW EMGM S #GSEP R WIRWYP I\EGX EP GYZRXYPYM; RY WI R'IPIKI
RMGM G EV 3 PWEX WGVMIVM. (EV WI TEVI G EV 3 EXVEW R NYVYP WY QMR'M HSVRMGI HI
E 3 MRM'MEXI R GYRSE#XIVIE 7GVMTXYVMM #M RXV-S ZME' WTMVMXYEP TVSJYRH. R EGIWX
WIRW ZSVFI#XI 'PIQIRX HIWTVI IP GE HI TVSJIWSVYP WY (7XVSQEXI -, 1, 1; GJ.
)YWIFMY, -WXSVME FMWIVMGIEWG :, 40, 2. 4).
'PIQIRX RI IWXI QEM FMRI GYRSWGYX. 2WGYX GXVI 150, TSEXI PE %XIRE,
GSRZIVXMX PE GVI#XMRMWQ, RXVITVMRHI S PYRK GPXSVMI R GYXEVIE YRIM MRWXVYG'MM
GVI#XMRI QEM EHRGM #M WI WXEFMPI#XI R GIPI HMR YVQ PE %PI\ERHVME, R TVIENQE
PYM 4ERXIR. %V 3 RGITYX W TVIHIE, PE VRHYP WY, WTVI 190. 'RH, R ERYP 202,
YR IHMGX EP PYM 7ITXMQMY 7IZIV MRXIV^MGI GVI#XMRMPSV SVMGI TVSÎPMXMWQ #M SVMGI
RHIPIXRMGMVI TIHEKSKMG, 'PIQIRX TVWI#XI %PI\ERHVME, VIJYKMMRHY-WI R
'ETEHSGME, TI PRK HMWGMTSPYP WY %PI\ERHVY, GEVI ZE ENYRKI ITMWGST EP
-IVYWEPMQYPYM. 7I TEVI G E QYVMX REMRXI HI ERYP 215.
2Y ZSQ TVIÎRXE EMGM R HIXEPMY PYGVVMPI GEVI RI-EY VQEW HI PE IP, S
)\SVXE'MI WEY 'YZRX HI RHIQR GXVI KVIGM (4VSXVITXMGYP), GY WGSTYP HI E-P
EHYGI PE GVI#XMRMWQ; GIPI XVIM GV'M EPI 4IHEKSKYPYM, ZM^RH JSVQEVIE QSVEP E
GVI#XMRYPYM R ZME'E PYM HI ^M GY ^M; GIPI #ETXI GV'M EPI 7XVSQEXIPSV ('SZSEVI),
GYPIKIVI GSQTS^MX HI QMWGIPERII HIWTVI GIPI QEM ZEVMEXI WYFMIGXI, GEVI
R^YMIWG W-P JSVQIÎ TI EHIZVEXYP KRSWXMG. *V E RI TVSTYRI W GYXQ
R WYMXE EGIWXSV WGVMIVM I\IGYXEVIE YRYM TVSKVEQ HMREMRXI WXEFMPMX, RY TYXIQ W
RY ZIHIQ R IPI MRM'MIVIE XVITXEX E WY4IXIPSV: GSRZIVXMVIE PSV HI PE TKRMWQ,
JSVQEVIE HITVMRHIVMPSV GVI#XMRI, MRWXVYMVIE R HSKQE GVI#XMR #M GPY^MVIE
GXVI HIWZV#MVIE WYTVIQ, EHIZVEXE KRS^.
'PIQIRX TVI^MRX YR TVS3P MRXIPIGXYEP #M WTMVMXYEP JSEVXI GETXMZERX. (MR
ERWEQFPYP HIWXYP HI HMWTEVEX #M YRISVM TY'MR HIÊQKMXSV EP STIVIM PYM WI
HIWTVMRH GXIZE XVWXYVM TI GEVI XVIFYMI W PI WYFPMRMIQ EMGM. "M R TVMQYP
VRH, S RXMRW GYPXYV WEY, QEM HIKVEF, TSEXI, S ZEWX IVYHM'MI,
IRGMGPSTIHMG (IROYOPMSW TEMHIME), HMR GEVI XVERWTEVI S EHIZVEX HVEKSWXI
TIRXVY IPIRMWQ #M TIRXVY 3PSWS3I. 4VMR EGIWXIE, 'PIQIRX WI E4 R STS^M'MI GY
ERXM-PRXIPIGXYEPMWQYP ERYQMXSV QIHMM GVI#XMRI EPI XMQTYPYM WY #M ZHI#XI YR
STXMQMWQ JYRGMEV GEVI WI QERMJIWX #M R IXMGE WE. *MPSWS3E IWXI PYGVY FYR;
KVIGMM TVMQMWIV WGRXIMPI PSKSW-YVWTRHMX R PYQI (GJ. HINE 7JRXYP -YWXMR), MEV
3PSWS3E IVE TIRXVY IM YR HEV HMZMR GEVI M TVIKXIE TIRXVY )ZERKLIPMI, S
TIHEKSKMI GEVI M GPYÎE PE ,VMWXSW; IE WPYNI#XI EGYQ GVI#XMRYPYM TIRXVY E-#M
ETVE, MPYWXVE, EHRGM GVIHMR'E.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 4IRXVY S KRS^ SVXSHS\ 4I HI EPX
TEVXI #M, JV RHSMEP, IWXI GIIE GI RI MRXIVIWIE^ GIP QEM QYPX EMGM
'PIQIRX HSVI#XI W IHM3GI, QTSXVMZE JEPWIM KRSÎ IVIXMGI, S KRS^ SVXSHS\,
W-P JSVQIÎ TI EHIZVEXYP KRSWXMG. %GIEWX KRS^, GEVI WI ZVIE S GYRSE#XIVI
QEM TVSJYRH E QMWXIVYPYM (RY IWXI PMTWMX HI YR ERYQI I^SXIVMWQ), IWXI
RXIQIMEX TI GVIHMR'E GVIME 'PIQIRX M WGLM'IE^ XISPSKME. (EV GVIHMR'E,
XIQIPMI RIGIWEV, RY IWXI HIGX S TVMQ IXET, GEVI XVIFYMI HIT#MX TIRXVY
E 3 TSWMFMP VMHMGEVIE TR PE KRS^. %WXJIP, 'PIQIRX WYW'MRI YR MHIEP HI ZME'
GVI#XMR WYTIVMSEV, ZME' ZMVXYSEW R EGIPE#M XMQT GY GYXEVI MRXIPIGXYEP,
WXYHMY EP 7GVMTXYVMM MRXIVTVIXEXI HYLSZRMGI#XI, VYKGMYRI RIRXVIVYTX,
R'IPITGMYRI GEVI IWXI HISTSXVMZ XISPSKMI, GSRXIQTPE'MI #M QMWXMG. %GIEWX
KRS^ IWXI, RXV-EHIZV, GSRXIQTPE'MI (XLISVME), ZM^MYRI (ITSTXIME). R XSEXI
EGIWXIE, VIKWMQ ZSGEFYPEVYP VIPMKMMPSV HI QMWXIVI, IPIQIRXI EPI YRIM 3PSWS3M
TPEXSRMGMIRI, HEV R IKEP QWYV #M XVIFYMI W MRWMWXQ EWYTVE EGIWXYM
EWTIGX, S MRWTMVE'MI TVSTVMY GVI#XMR GEVI WI XVEHYGI, HI I\IQTPY, TVMR PSGYP
EGSVHEX QMPSWXIRMIM, MYFMVMM PYM ,VMWXSW, 'YZRXYP, RZ'XSV YRMG GI P HIWGSTIV
TI 8EXP. % GYRSWGYX 'PIQIRX S I\TIVMIR' QMWXMG, R WIRWYP QSHIVR EP
XIVQIRYPYM# *V RHSMEP G E MRXYMX #M #M-E HSVMX S EWIQIRIE XVMVI. R GMYHE
QYPXSV MRGIVXMXYHMRM EPI KRHMVMM WEPI #M E MQTVIGM^MMPSV HI PMQFEN, WI TSEXI
WTYRI G EHIZVEXYP KRSWXMG, R STMRME PYM 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP, IWXI YR
GSRXIQTPEXMZ GVI#XMR. %#E P ZE R'IPIKI GY QYPX QEM XV^MY *IRIPSR, R ZVIQIE
HMWTYXIM EWYTVE MYFMVMM TYVI!
-QIRWE STIV E PYM 3VMKIR 2Y RI TYXIQ KRHM W SJIVMQ EMGM QEM QYPX
HI S WGLM' E FMSKVE3IM QEVIPYM 3VMKIR, RMGM W IRYQIVQ XSEXI XMXPYVMPI
YVME#IM WEPI STIVI. 2WGYX PE %PI\ERHVME R ERYP 185, 3Y HI QEVXMV (XEXP WY
IWXI HYW PE QSEVXI R XMQTYP TVMKSERIM PYM 7ITXMQMY 7IZIV R ERYP 202),
HMWGMTSP EP PYM 'PIQIRX, HEG I W-P GVIHIQ TI )YWIFMY (-:, 45), HI'MRI PE
RGITYX S #GSEP HI KVEQEXMG, ETSM IWXI RWVGMREX HI ITMWGSTYP (IQIXVMYW
GY MRWXVYG'ME GEXILYQIRMPSV. *IRSQIRYP TEVI HIWXYP HI RSY #M EFME EXYRGM EQ
TYXIE ZSVFM HI S #GSEP HMR %PI\ERHVME, GEVI IWXI R TVMQYP VRH YRE
GEXILIXMG. 7YGGIWYP QIXSHIM WEPI HIXIVQMR TI XRVYP HMHEWGP W-P
RGVIHMR'IÎ YRYM HMWGMTSP, ,IVEGPEW, GEXILIÊ FETXMWQEP, VIÎVZRHY-#M WMI#M
RZ'QRXYP WYTIVMSV, TIRXVY GEVI WI TVIKXMWI TVMR WXYHMYP EWMHYY EP
7GVMTXYVMM #M, R IKEP QWYV, TVMR WXYHMYP 3PSWS3IM. %WMWX PE TVIPIKIVMPI RIS-
TPEXSRMGME-RYPYM %QQSRMY 7EGGEW, EP GVYM HMWGMTSP ZE 3 #M 4PSXMR. "GSEPE PYM
3VMKIR IWXI EXYRGM, EQ WTYRI RSM, YR WSM HI #GSEP WYTIVMSEV HI I\IKI^ #M
HI XISPSKMI, HEV #M HI WTMVMXYEPMXEXI, GLMEV HI QMWXMG #M, HI EWIQIRIE, HEXI
3MRH GSRHM'MMPI ITSGMM, HI TVIKXMVI TIRXVY QEVXMVMY.
7YGGIWYP PYM 3VMKIR #M, JV RHSMEP, MQTVYHIR'IPI WEPI, M EHYG
QTSXVMZMVM, GEVI HYG PE GSRHEQREVIE #M HITYRIVIE WE HI GXVI HSY WMRSEHI
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- WYGGIWMZI HMR %PI\ERHVME (230-231). 7I
VIJYKME^ R 'IÊVIIE 4EPIWXMRIM, TI PRK ITMWGSTYP 8ISGXMWX, GIP GEVI QEM
REMRXI P LMVSXSRMWMWI TVISX, #M GSRXMRY TVISGYTVMPI HI I\IKI^ #M EGXMZMXEXIE
HI TVIHMGEXSV. R XMQTYP TIVWIGY'MIM PYM (IGMYW (250), IWXI XSVXYVEX GY GVY^MQI;
QSEVI HI TI YVQE EGIWXYM WYTPMGMY, GXVI 254. 2I WYRX GYRSWGYXI RYQIPI
YVQE#MPSV PYM 3VMKIR R JVYRXIE #GSPMM GEXILIXMGI; GY XS'MM EY HIZIRMX ITMWGSTM EM
%PI\ERHVMIM: ,IVEGPEW, (MSRMWMI GIP 1EVI, 4IXVY, GEVI E WJV#MX QEVXMV R
XMQTYP QEVMM TVMKSERI (31).
3VMKIR, MRXIVTVIX EP XEMRIPSV 7GVMTXYVMM 2Y IWXI S RXQTPEVI G GIP QEM
QEVI QEIWXVY EP I\IKIÎM GVI#XMRI HMR TVMQIPI WIGSPI E JSWX SVMKMREV HMR
%PI\ERHVME. R EGIEWX GIXEXI, QEM QYPX HIGX EPXYRHIZE, 3VMKIR E TYXYX, TI
HI S TEVXI, W WI MRM'MIÎ R QIXSHIPI I\IKIÎM EPIKSVMGI, TVEGXMGEX HI GIP
TY'MR XVIM WIGSPI HI GXVI MYHIMM EPI\ERHVMRM #M R EGIPE#M XMQT, W HSFRHIEWG
S WIVMSEW JSVQE'MI 3PSPSKMG, KVEQEXMGEP #M 3PSWS3G, JV HI GEVI
MRXIVTVIXEVIE XI\XIPSV IWXI WSVXMX QIHMSGVMX'MM. -PYWXVEX E#E GYQ E JGYX-S
3VMKIR, I\IKIÊ EPIKSVMG IWXI S EHIZVEX #XMMR' GI VIGYVKI PE XILRMGM
TVIGMWI #M GEVI WI FM^YMI TI S XISVMI E MRXIVTVIXVMM XI\XIPSV FMFPMGI.
4IRXVY XISPSKYP EPI\ERHVMR, &MFPME IWXI R RXVIKMQI MRWTMVEX HI
(YQRIÎY. 'IP QEM QVYRX GYZRX, GIE QEM QMG TSZIWXMVI GI ETEVI RXV-YR
XI\X VWTYRHI YRIM MRXIR'MM HMZMRI, 3I G IWXI ZSVFE HI YR GYZRX EP PYM
,VMWXSW, 3I HI S KIRIEPSKMI. 6RH GY VRH, MRXIVTVIXYP ZE GYXE W HIWGSTIVI
R'IPIWYP TI GEVI (YQRIÎY P-E VRHYMX XI\XYPYM. -EV EGIWX R'IPIW ZE XVIFYM W
3I HI PE YR GETX PE EPXYP HIQR HI (YQRIÎY, 3MRHG IP IWXI GIP GEVI E
MRWTMVEX 7GVMTXYVE.
(EV GYQ W KWI#XM TIWXI XSX YR R'IPIW HIQR HI (YQRIÎY# 9RIPI
TEWENI TEV W RY WI WYTYR EGIWXYM TVMRGMTMY. (IWGVMIVIE QMRY'MSEW E EVGIM
PYM 2SI, HI I\IQTPY, WI TSEXI TVIXE YRIM MRXIVTVIXVM HIQRI HI (YQRIÎY# "M
XI\XIPI NYVMHMGI, TSZIWXMVMPI HI EVQI, GIPI EPI MYFMVMPSV MRGIWXYSEWI WEY
EHYPXIVMRI# *V W QEM ZSVFMQ HI TEWENIPI R GEVI (YQRIÎY IWXI HIWGVMW GE
YR SQ (TVIYQFPRHY-WI TVMR KVHMRE 6EMYPYM, QRMMRHY-WI.).
)WXI YR JETX, TIRXVY 3VMKIR, G YRIPI XI\XI, PYEXI PMXIVEP, WYRX MRGETEFMPI
W TVMQIEWG YR R'IPIW HIQR HI (YQRIÎY. 4IRXVY E ENYRKI PE EGIWX R'IPIW,
WI GYZMRI EXYRGM W RI RHVITXQ HMRGSPS HI PMXIV, WTVI E RGIVGE W HIWPY#MQ
VIEPMXEXIE WTMVMXYEP TI GEVI (YQRIÎY E EWGYRW-S WYF GYZMRXI. 8SGQEM EQ
WTYW-S: (YQRIÎY E EWGYRW R 7GVMTXYV RZ'XYVM HYLSZRMGI#XM. %GIWX PYGVY
IWXI EHIZVEX RY RYQEM HIWTVI TEWENIPI TI GEVI PI-EQ IZSGEX EHMRIEYVM, GM
HIWTVI XSEX 7GVMTXYVE. 'LMEV HEG MRXIVTVIXEVIE PMXIVEP M^FYXI#XI W
HIWTVMRH YR R'IPIW HIQR HI (YQRIÎY, XI\XYP EWGYRHI RXSXHIEYRE YR
EPXYP, QEM REPX, QEM FSKEX, QEM HI S TSXVMZ GY GIP GEVI P-E MRWTMVEX. 8VIFYMI
VMHMGEX ZPYP GYZMRXIPSV, WTEXI TY'YVMPI TIRXVY E ENYRKI PE M^ZSV, HIWGLMWI
Y#MPI TIGIXPYMXI.
8SX GIIE GI I GSRWIQREX R 7GVMTXYV, E WGVMW 3VMKIR, IWXI WMQFSPYP YRIM
XEMRI. 7GVMTXYVE IWXI R'IWEX HI WMQFSPYVM #M HI IRMKQI. >EHEVRMG MQTPSV
I\IKIXYP FYRZSMVIE PYM (YQRIÎY #M-#M HIWJ#SEV GSQSVMPI QMR'MM RY ZE
TXVYRHI RMGMSHEX XSEXI XEMRIPI. %#E GYQ (YQRIÎY VQRI HI RIGYTVMRW
TIRXVY SQ, PE JIP 7GVMTXYVE EGSTIV EHRGMQM GEVI WGET GIVGIXVMM RSEWXVI.
'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, MRXIVTVIXYP XVIFYMI W WSRHIÎ EGIWXI XEMRI EXX GX TSEXI #M
EXX GX M-S RKHYMI (YQRIÎY.
0IGXYVE 7GVMTXYVMM HIZMRI EWXJIP S GSRXMRY VMHMGEVI GXVI VIEPMX'MPI TI
GEVI (YQRIÎY PI-E EWGYRW WYF WMQFSPYVM. 4Y'MRM XISPSKM EY R'IPIW PE JIP HI
FMRI GE 3VMKIR G I\IKIÊ IVE GIE QEM HIWZV#MX HMRXVI EVXI #M, R EGIPE#M
XMQT, S #XMMR' MQTIVJIGX. )E EVI R ZIHIVI VIEPMX'MPI GIPI QEM REPXI, JV
RW E PI TYXIE HSQMRE. 'Y GX E4 QEM QYPX, GY EXX M VQR QEM QYPXI HI
HIWGSTIVMX. 4I QWYV GI REMRXQ R PIGXYV, XEMRIPI WI RQYP'IWG R GEPIE
RSEWXV.
3 WMRXI^ XISPSKMG 2Y TYXIQ RMGM I\TYRI EMGM, R GXIZE VRHYVM, ZEWXE
WMRXI^ XISPSKMG E PYM 3VMKIR, HMQIRWMYRMPI IM GSWQMGI, ERXVSTSPSKMGI,
IGPI^MEPI, IWLEXSPSKMGI. 8VIFYMI WYFPMRMEX RW G, R TS3HE RHV^RIPMPSV,
MQTVIGM^MMPSV, YRISVM GLMEV E IVSVMPSV PYM, 3VMKIR R'IPIKI W VQR SQ EP
&MWIVMGMM, ZMV IGGPI-WMEWXMGYW (3QMPMI PE 0YGE 16, 2), TXVYRW HI S GEPH MYFMVI
TIRXVY -MWYW _(IWTVI )TMWXSPE GXVI 6SQERM :, 10), 3HIP VIKYPMM HI GVIHMR' #M
XVEHM'MIM &MWIVMGMM. 3Q EP &MWIVMGMM #M SQ EP 7GVMTXYVMM: IP RY GSRXIRI#XI W-P
QFSPHIEWG TI WGVMMXSVM PE E WTE R 3IGEVI ^M HYT ETE ZMI HMR JRXRE
7GVMTXYVMM. +RSÊ WTVI GEVI ZVIE W-#M GPYÎEWG EWGYPXXSVYP WEY GMXMXSVYP
IWXI MRXIVTVIXEVIE WTMVMXYEP E 7GVMTXYVMM. %GIEWXE RWIEQR RY S EPIKSVMI JV
QWYV, GM S XPGYMVI HMRGSPS HI WPSZ, HI MWXSVMI PE GEVI 'MRI. RWIEQR YR
R'IPIW QEM TVSJYRH, QEM MRXMQ, GEVI IWXI ,VMWXSW, ,VMWXSWYP XSXEP, TVI3KYVEX #M
VITVIÎRXEX TVMR MQEKMRM #M XMTYVM: WIRWYP EPIKSVMG WEY QMWXMG EP 7GVMTXYVMM IWXI
WIRWYP IM XISPSKMG #M WTMVMXYEP. :SQ JEGI XVMQMXIVI, HI I\IQTPY, PE PYGVVMPI
4VMRXIPYM ,. HI 0YFEG TIRXVY E RI GSRZMRKI G EGIEWX I\IKI^ WTMVMXYEP
IWXI I\IKIÊ GIE QEM XVEHM'MSREP _(IWTVI TVMRGMTMM, -, TVIJ. 8). ,VMWXSW IWXI
GIRXVYP #M 3REPMXEXIE SVMGVIM 7GVMTXYVM. 4VIPYRKMRH #M HIT#MRH KRHMVIE PYM
'PIQIRX, 3VMKIR HIWGVMI GY TVIGM^MI IXETIPI EWGIRWMYRMM WTMVMXYEPI (3QMPMI PE
2YQIVMM; #M RXV-YR EPX GSRXI\X, (IWTVI 'RXEVIE 'RXVMPSV) #M PIKXYVMPI HMRXVI
EG'MYRI #M GSRXIQTPE'MI. )P ZVIE W-P GSRHYG TI GVI#XMR TR PE EHIZVEXE
KRS^, GYRSE#XIVI GEVI IWXI YRMVI #M GSQYRMYRI. 8ISPSKME IWXI GYRSE#XIVIE
MYFMXSEVI HI (YQRIÎY. (IWZV#MVIE #XMMR'IM (KRSÊ) IWXI GYRSE#XIVIE
8VIMQMM; #M GI EPX HIWZV#MVI I\MWX, HEG RY E GYRSE#XI TI 8EXP, TI *MYP #M TI
(YLYP 7JRX# (3QMPMI PE 2YQIVMM <, 3). -EV EWIQIRIE QVXYVMWMVI, TI GEVI S
HIWPY#MQ RXV-S 3QMPMI PE 'RXEVIE 'RXVMPSV (-, 7), IWXI XSGQEM IGSYP YRIM
I\TIVMIR'I WTMVMXYEPI TI GEVI RY ZSQ I^MXE W S RYQMQ QMWXMG. 4VMR )ZEKVMI
4SRXMGYP #M +VMKSVI HI 2]WWE, MR4YIR'E PYM 3VMKIR EWYTVE WTMVMXYEPMX'MM
VWVMXIRI W-E TVIPYRKMX TR PE 7JRXYP 1E\MQ #M QEM HITEVXI #M GLMEV R %TYW,
TVMR 'EWMER, TR PE 7JRXYP &IVREVH: SQMPMMPI PYM 3VMKIR PE 'RXEVIE 'RXVMPSV
P-EY MRWTMVEX TI EFEXIPI HMR 'PEMVZEY\.
3 GSRXVMFY'MI PE KRHMVIE GVI#XMR 2I TYXIQ RXVIFE EGYQ, R GLMT HI
GSRGPY^MI, GEVI E JSWX, TIRXVY GYPXYVE #M KRHMVIE GVI#XMR, GSRXVMFY'ME #GSPMM
HMR %PI\ERHVME, R'IPIKRH TVMR EGIEWXE XVEHM'ME MRXIPIGXYEP #M WTMVMXYEP
GVIME 3VMKIR M-E JSWX VITVIÎRXERXYP GIP QEM HI WIEQ.
:SQ WTYRI QEM RXM G IWXI ZSVFE HIWTVI YR WTMVMX PEVK HIWGLMW GXVI
KRHMVIE IPMR, GXVI GYPXYVE IPIRMG #M HIWTVI MRXIR'ME HI E S MRXIKVE TI
EGIEWXE HMR YVQ RXV-S WMRXI^ GVI#XMR. R GI QWYV E M^FRHMX EGIWX IJSVX,
R GI QWYV EGIEWX QFV'M#EVI E IPIRMWQYPYM E EPXIVEX TYVMXEXIE GVIHMR'IM
GVI#XMRI RY IWXI PSGYP W HMWGYXQ EMGM. :E 3 HI ENYRW W VIQEVGQ G
MR4YIR'E PYM 3VMKIR WI JEGI WMQ'MX PE GIM QEM SVXSHSG#M RZ'XSVM EM &MWIVMGMM,
GYQ WYRX GETEHSGMIRMM #M G 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ E JSWX GY XSXYP RIHVITX
XVERWJSVQRHY-P R TVMRXIPI EVMIRMPSV!
4I HI EPX TEVXI, EGIEWX XISPSKMI, SVMGX HI RHV^RIE' EV 3 IE, IWXI
MRWITEVEFMP HI S EWTMVE'MI TVSJYRH GXVI VYKGMYRI. 1EVIPI SVMKIRMWX GEVI E
JSWX )ZEKVMI 4SRXMGYP HMWGMTSP #M EP 7JRXYPYM :EWMPI #M EP 7JRXYPYM +VMKSVI HI
2E^MER^ E WTYW-S RXV-S JSVQYP LSXVXSEVI: (EG I#XM XISPSK, XI ZIM VYKE
GY EHIZVEX, MEV HEG XI VSKM GY EHIZVEX, I#XM XISPSK ((IWTVI VYKGMYRI 60).
'YQ EQ E3VQEX QEM HIZVIQI, TSEXI G R HSQIRMYP ZMI'MM WTMVMXYEPI #M QMWXMGI
#M-E I\IVGMXEX #GSEPE HMR %PI\ERHVME MR4YIR'E GIE QEM XVEMRMG.
4YXIQ WYW'MRI G R IE WI E4 EHIZVEXE KRS^# (MR WIGSPYP EP --PIE,
GYZRXYP IWXI RGVGEX HI VI^SRER'I WYTVXSEVI (I^SXIVMWQ, VIGYVKIVI PE
XVEHM'MM WIGVIXI, MPYQMRMWQ.). (I GYVRH, TETE 4EYP EP :P-PIE, IZSGRH 3KYVE
7JRXYPYM -VMRIY HMR 0]SR, ZSVFIE HIWTVI EQIRMR'EVIE nKRSÎPSV~ GI EV TYXIE
HM^SPZE GVIHMR'E #M GEVI, GLMEV TWXVRH GYZMRXIPI IZERKLIPMGI, W PI
KSPIEWG HI WYFWXER'E PSV, R JYRG'MI HI MHISPSKMMPI RGSRNYVXSEVI, RWIXEXI W
VE'MSREPMÎÎ XEMRE ('XVI ITMWGSTMM HMR VIKMYRIE ETSWXSPMG GIRXVEP-
VWVMXIER, 20 MYRMI 197). %ZRH R ZIHIVI EGIEWX VIÎVZ, ZSQ TYXIE
WTYRI G, TIRXVY EPI\ERHVMRMM RS#XVM, KRSÊ IWXI, R MRXIVMSVYP GVIHMR'IM #M EP
XVEHM'MIM &MWIVMGMM, YR IJSVX HI TXVYRHIVI MRXIPIGXYEP E 6IZIPE'MIM, RHISWIFM
E 7GVMTXYVMM (EGIP MRXIPPIGXYW 3HIM EP 7JRXYPYM %YKYWXMR) #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, S
R^YMR' WTVI S GYRSE#XIVI GEVI W 3I YRMVI #M GSQYRMYRI R MYFMVI. 3 XISPSKMI
GEVI W 3I VYKGMYRI.
4. 8L. 'EQIPSX, S.
8IVXYPMER, YR TKR 4VMRXI EP &MWIVMGMM 2Y XI RE#XM, GM HIZMM GVI#XMR!,
I\GPEQ 8IVXYPMER R (IWTVI QVXYVME WY4IXYPYM. 2WGYX TKR, GE 7JRXYP
%YKYWXMR, W-E VIXVEW HMR ZME'E TYFPMG, TIRXVY E QYVM, EWIQIRIE YRYM 3PSWSJ
ERXMG HEG RY GE YR TKR, GIP TY'MR ETVSETI GE YR IVIXMG, HYT GI WI
VEPMEWI MHIMPSV QSRXERMWXI. RXVI XMQT, HVYMWI &MWIVMGMM GI RGITIE W TVMRH
XVYT IWIR'MEPYP ZSGEFYPEVYPYM IM XISPSKMG #M, QEM QYPX, S FYR TEVXI HMR
XISPSKME IM GIE QEM WSPMH, HIWTVI FSXI^, WI\YEPMXEXI, QSEVXI, 8VIMQI.
4I GX WTIGXVYP PYM 8IVXYPMER FRXYMI MWXSVME &MWIVMGMM #M TI GIE E HSKQIM -
EWXJIP RGX ,EVREGO, I\IKIXYP KIVQER HI PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE,
WEPYXE R IP TI JSRHEXSVYP XISPSKMIM SGGMHIRXEPI TI EXX ZME'E PYM VQRI
HIWXYP HI TY'MR GYRSWGYX. 7YRXIQ WMPM'M HSEV W TVIWYTYRIQ G E GSTMPVMX R
XMQTYP QTVEXYPYM %RXSRMR GIP 4MSW (138-P61), RXV-S JEQMPMI HMR GIE QEM FYR
WSGMIXEXI GEVXEKMRI^. R EJEV HI PIGXYVE GPEWMGMPSV #M E XVEKMGMPSV KVIGM, GE #M E
WGVMMXSVMPSV PEXMRM, 8IVXYPMER ZE JEGI HSZEHE YRIM RIW'MSEWI GYVMS^MX'M TIRXVY
XSEXI HSQIRMMPI 3PSWS3IM (GY S RIX TVIHMPIG'MI, RMGMSHEX HI^QMR'MX, TIRXVY
WXSMGM #M R WTIGMEP TIRXVY HVEKYP WY 7IRIGE, TI GEVI EHIISVM RM P-EQ
RWY#MX), HEV QEM EPIW TIRXVY HVITX #M #XMMR'I. 'ETSHSTIVE PMXIVEV #M QSHIPYP
HI EVX E TPIHVMM GEVI IWXI %TSPSKIXMGE TSEVX EWXJIP QEVGE YRSV WXYHMM
NYVMHMGI TVSJERI ETVSJYRHEXI, GEVI, HYT S XMRIVI'I HI TPGIVM #M TGEXI GY
XSXYP EYKYWXMRMER, EY JGYX HMR IP GIP QEM WXVPYGMX EZSGEX EP GVI#XMRMPSV R JE'E
TVMKSRMXSVMPSV. %XYRGM GRH EQMRXI#XI, R %TSPSKIXMGE, VMGERVMPI TI GEVI M PI
MRWTMVEY HSKQIPI GVI#XMRI, S JEGI TIRXVY E-#M EGYÊ #M QEM QYPX PMTWE HI
MRXIVIW HI SHMRMSEV, FE GLMEV TIVJIGXE RIGYRSE#XIVI E &MFPMIM #M MWTMXE
HIVHIVMM. 4SEXI G RWY#M 8IVXYPMER W-E E4EX TVMRXVI EGIM KYV-GEWG GI M-EY
YVQVMX GY GSEHE SGLMYPYM TI QEVXMVMM HMR 7GMPPMYQ, EKSRM^RH R MYPMI 180. '
WTIGXEGSPYP P ZE 3 ^KYHYMX QYPX, RY EQ TYXIE-S GSRGLMHI HMR QVXYVME WE,
EPXJIP HIGX HMR MRWMWXIR'E GY GEVI VITIX G WXVYMR'E R'IPITXYPYM GVI#XMR RY
TYXIE JEGI HIGX S MQTVIWMI TYXIVRMG YRYM HMWGMTSP EP 4SVXMGYPYM (7XSE).
)WXI EHIZVEX G HEXE PE GEVI 8IVXYPMER E VYTX GY TKRMWQYP TVMR'MPSV
WM RI IWXI RIGYRSWGYX: WMRKYVYP MRHMGMY IWXI G TVMQYP WY KIRMY EP
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, WGVMW R ERYP 197, EPXJIP WTYW %TSPSKIXMGE WE, QVXYVMWI#XI
HINE S TIVJIGX WXTRMVI E TVSGIHYVMPSV TYWI R TVEGXMG R TIVWIGY'MM #M S
I\GIPIRX GYRSE#XIVI E XISPSKMIM GVI#XMRI. (EG VIJIVMR'IPI, YRISVM
WYVTVMR^XSEVI, PE GPEWMGMM KVIGM #M PEXMRM EFYRH RG R %TSPSKIXMGE, GMXEXIPI
XI\XYEPI WEY ETVS\MQEXMZI HMR &MFPMI WYRX ETVSETI PE JIP HI RYQIVSEWI #M WI
ZSV RQYP'M GSRXMRYY R PYGVVMPI WEPI YPXIVMSEVI (R XSXEP, EY JSWX RYQVEXI R
STIVE WE TIWXI GMRGMWTVIÎGI QMM HI GMXEXI #M EPY^MM FMFPMGI).
0E MHIM RSM, GYZMRXI RSM %WXJIP, EGIPE#M 8IVXYPMER, HYT GEVI PMXIVEXYVE
WPYNI#XI TIRXVY XSEX ZME'E #M GVYME GPEWMGMM M WXXIEY TI PMQF, IWXI #M
EYXSVYP TEVEHS\EP EP JEMQSEWIM ETSWXVSJI: 'I EVI R GSQYR %XIRE GY
-IVYWEPMQYP# %GEHIQME GY &MWIVMGE#. %#E GYQ 'MGIVS #M 7IRIGE WI WXVHYMWIV
W ZMSPIRXIÎ PMQFE PEXMR EWXJIP RGX W-P MQTYR GSRGITXIPI 3PSWS3IM
KVIGI#XM, 8IVXYPMER WI ZE SWXIRM W JEG -IVYWEPMQYP W TXVYRH R %XIRE,
&MWIVMGE R %GEHIQMI. R EGIWX WIRW, QYRGE PYM ZE 3 R TVMRGMTEP S STIV HI
XVEHYGIVI, EHMG HI XVIGIVI HI PE S GYPXYV PE EPXE. n'SRZIVXMVIE~ PMQFMM #M
nGSRZIVXMVIE~ GYPXYVMM WYRX MRHM-WSGMEFMPI, VIEQMRXI#XI ..- '. *VIHSYMPPI, YRYP
HMR GIM QEM FYRM WTIGMEPM#XM QSHIVRM R 8IVXYPMER, MEV TVMQE WEVGMR E XISPSKYPYM
ZE 3, R GSRWIGMR', RY W XVEHYG 7GVMTXYVMPI, VSP VIÎVZEX 7JRXYPYM -IVSRMQ,
PYM 6Y3R #M EPXSV G'MZE, GM W XVEHYG, RMGM QEM QYPX, RMGM QEM TY'MR, PMQFE #M
GYPXYVE PEXMR R PMQF #M GYPXYV GVI#XMR. 4VMR YVQEVI, 8IVXYPMER W-E KRHMX W
TYR PE TYRGX YR RZ'QRX WTIGM3G GVI#XMR, GLMEV HEG VIGYVKI WMWXIQEXMG PE
I\IQTPE WEIGYPEVME, R GMYHE TVIXMRWIM PYM EPIVKMM PE GYPXYVE TKR.
%TSPSKIXMGE, HI TMPH, HI^ZSPX HSY XIQI TIVQERIRXI R VI4IG'ME WE:
TVMQE IWXI GIE E RI#XMMR'IM TEKMRMPSV, TI GEVI EYXSVYP S #3GLMYMWI QEM REMRXI
R %H REXMSRIW, S TVMQ GEVXI EGY^RHY-PI MKRSVER'E GVEW GY TVMZMVI PE
GVI#XMRMWQ #M PE GVIHMRGMS#MM EGIWXYME, S E HSYE EVXRH G ÎMM TEKMRMPSV WYRX
JEP#M HYQRIÎM, TI WGYVX, RXSVGRH QTSXVMZE PSV, RY JV WEVGEWQI, PIG'MMPI
IYLIQIVMWQYPYM. % HSYE XIQ 8IVXYPMER S ZE EFSVHE QEM TI RHIPIXI R
(IWTVI QVXYVME WY4IXYPYM, YRHI, JGRHY-WI, TIRXVY RIZSMPI GEYÎM WEPI,
EIHYP YRYM KIR HI VIPMKMI REXYVEP, TPIHIE^ G EHIZVYP PYM ,VMWXSW IWXI PE
RHIQRE 3IGVYME R EHRGYP WY4IXYPYM, RYQEM W #XMI W-P EWGYPXI: IP
QIHMXIE^ EWYTVE W3R'IRMIM #M QEVXMVMYPYM, YRYP HMR QEVMM WM GEM HI FXEMI,
TIRXVY E EVXE G GIM QEM FYRM HMRXVI TKRM EY HIWGLMW GEPIE PYM ,VMWXSW #M
W3R'MPSV PYM.
(I 3IGEVI HEX GRH TPIHIE^ GEYÊ -IVYWEPMQYPYM, GY IPSGZIR'E YRYM
'MGIVS #M ZIVZE YRYM 0YGMER HMR 7EQSWEXE, 8IVXYPMER WI EHVIWIE^, RXV-EHIZV,
MQTPMGMX YRSV MRXIVPSGYXSVM TKRM #M TVSFPIQEXMGMM PSV. 'IPIM E PYM 4PMRMY GIP
&XVR WEY 7IRIGE, HI I\IQTPY, GRH, TIRXVY RXME SEV, IP IWXI GIP GEVI
HI3RI#XI GVIHMR'E GVI#XMRMPSV TVMR EGIIE G (YQRIÎY E QYVMX #M XSXY#M
XVMI#XI ZI#RMG (%HZIVWYW 1EVGMSRIQ). RW EGIEWX PYGVEVI HI GSRZIVXMVI
RY WI QTPMRI#XI JV RHV^RIEP WEY MRSZE'MI. 2Y IWXI ZSVFE RYQEM HI
XYVREVIE YRSV GSRGITXI GVI#XMRI R GYZMRXI PEXMRI#XM, GM #M HI TPWQYMVIE YRSV
GYZMRXI RSM, TIRXVY MHIM RSM. )WXI GE^YP WYFWXERXMZYPYM WEGVEQIRXYQ GEVI, HI
PE .YVQRXYP PEXMRMPSV, HIZMRI S XVEHYGIVI E KVIGIWGYPYM Q]WXIVMSR, HIGM
HSFRHI#XI MTWS JEHS WIRWYP WY WTIGM3G GVI#XMR. 'YQ TI FYR HVITXEXI
WTYRI %. 0IYTMR R VIQEVGEFMPE WE *MGXMSR IX MRGEVREXMSR, HYT 2SYP
8IWXEQIRX, 8IVXYPMER VITVI^MRX QSQIRXYP HMWGYVWMZ )<4%27-92)%
'6)"8-2-71909- R GEVI XSXYP WI WGLMQF: XIÎM GMGIVSRMIRI GY TVMZMVI PE
REXYVE VIXSVMG E KRHMVMM #M E VITVIÎRXVMM, GEVI M-E EPMQIRXEX JSVQE'ME
MRXIPIGXYEP, IP M ZE STYRI GSRWXVYMVIE YRIM HSKQEXMGM GY XSXYP RSM. +VMNE
GSRWXERX E PYM 8IVXYPMER ZE 3 EXYRGM HI E QEVGE VYTXYVE, YVQRH YR HIQIVW
GYRSWGYX WYF RYQIPI HI XISVIQE PYM /SNIZI: 2Y I\MWX RMGMGRH ZVIS
WMRSRMQMI RXVI S RS'MYRI GEVI 'MRI HI WMWXIQYP TKR HI KRHMVI #M S RS'MYRI
GVI#XMR. 'SVSPEVYP IM IWXI SQSRMQME KIRIVEPMÊX, GEVI HYGI PE RQYP'MVIE
HYFPIPSV R'IPIWYVM #M E EPYRIGVMPSV HI WIRW, GY VMWGYP GVIVMM HI GSRXVE-WIRWYVM.
8IVXYPMER E JSWX, GE #M 3VMKIR, HEV QEM QYPX HIGX SVMGEVI EPXYP, YR XISPSK
SGE^MSREP, EHMG YR SQ EXIRX PE HMWTYXIPI #M PE TVSFPIQIPI QSQIRXYPYM.
4IRXVY IP, RY I\MWX EHIZV HIGX R GPMTE R GEVI EGIWXE FMVYMI#XI GSRZMRKIVIE
GIPYM GEVI, R RSETXIE WMQ'YVMPSV WEPI, W-E VXGMX. %TSM, EHIZVYP GIVI W 3I
#PIJYMX HYT QSHIPYP I\IVGM'MMPSV WTMVMXYEPI TKRI: STIVIPI 3PSWS3GI EPI
ERXMGMPSV 3MRH QEM TY'MR RM#XI XVEXEXI GX RM#XI I\IVGM'MM WTMVMXYEPI TI GEVI
EYXSVYP PI TVEGXMGE TIRXVY WMRI #M TIRXVY EYHMXSVMM WM. (EG IWXI W-P GVIHIQ
TI -IVSRMQ, GEVI M-E TWXVEX QIVIY PYM 8IVXYPMER S EJIG'MYRI RIRHSMSEW, HEV
TVIGEYX, MRGSVMKMFMPYP GVGSXE# #M-EV 3 XVMX, RXV-EHIZV, FXVRI'IE R
WMRKYVXEXI, VYTRH HI EGIEWX HEX GY QSRXE-RM#XMM. 7I TEVI G E ZVYX W
TYR R IZMHIR' EGIEWX ERELSVI^ TVMRXV-YR YPXMQ XVEXEX, 1ERXME, YRHI #M
QEVGLIE^ S HEX R TPYW WMRKYPEVMXEXIE, PITHRH XSKE VSQER TIRXVY
TEPPMYQ, EGIE QERXMI KVIEG JSEVXI WGYVX, VIÎVZEX HI EGYQ RYQEM
3PSWS3PSV #M EWGI'MPSV. 73HRH KPYQIPI VYXGMSEWI EPI WSGMIX'MM EPIWI
GEVXEKMRIÎ, EHSTXEWI EGIEWX QFVGQMRXI TKR TIRXVY E-#M WYFPMRME QEM
FMRI ETEVXIRIR'E PE GIXEXIE PYM (YQRIÎY #M RITWEVIE JE' HI XYPFYVVMPI
QYRHERI. 1ERXME, GEVI IWXI, RXV-YR ERYQI WIRW, YR VQEW-FYR HI PE PYQI,
WI TVI^MRX EXYRGM 3VIWG GE S GSRJIWMYRI RIKEXMZ #M GE S VIRYR'EVI PE XSEXI
GIPI R WPYNFE GVSVE #M JSPSWMWI JSV'IPI #M HEVYVMPI: 2Y WYRX RMGM NYHIGXSV, RMGM
WSPHEX, RMGM VIKI: Q-EQ VIXVEW HMR QMNPSGYP TSTSVYPYM.
R EJEVE EGIWXSV HIRIKE'MM EPI YRYM SQ TVISGYTEX W-#M ETIVI VITYXE'ME,
EGIWX XIWXEQIRX QSVEP #M MRXIPIGXYEP IWXI HI EWIQIRIE, TVMR YRIPI PEXYVM, S
EVW QSVMIRHM R KIRYP PYM 7IRIGE, HYFPEX HI S PEYH XVRHZMIM: % Q
KRHM PE QMRI RWYQM IWXI WMRKYVE QIE XVIEF: WMRKYVE-QM KVMN IWXI W RY EQ
KVMNM. 8I FYGYVM HI S ZME' QEM FYR R WMRKYVXEXI HIGX WYF TVMZMVMPI QYP'MQMM.
:IM HMWTVI'YM EGIEWX ZME' HI XVRHZMI, WTYRRH: TIRXVY TEXVMI, TIRXVY
-QTIVMY, TIRXVY XVIFYVMPI SF#XI#XM XVIFYMI W XVMI#XM! (EV EGIEWX QE\MQ IVE
FYR R EPXI XMQTYVM. 2MQIRM RY WI RE#XI TIRXVY EPXYP; GGM 3IGEVI XVIFYMI W
QSEV TI GSRX TVSTVMY. %GIWXI YPXMQE ZIVFE VWTYRH JSEVXI GMSVERMIRIPSV
WEPI ZSVFI HMR XMRIVI'I: 2MQMG RY RI MRXIVIWIE^ R PYQIE EGIEWXE HIGX W
MI#MQ HMR IE GX QEM MYXI _%TSPSKIXMGE, 41, 5). R GMYHE EQVGMYRMPSV, E
TVIXMRWIPSV WEPI WGLMQFVM HI SVMIRXEVI #M E EPXSV EGVSFE'MM, 8IVXYPMER ZE 3 HEX
HSZEH HI EGIE GSRWXER' R GEVI 7IRIGE VIGYRS#XIE ETERENYP R'IPITXYPYM #M
TI GEVI S EHQMVE RXV-EXX PE QEVXMVM, RXV-YR ERYQI JIP, GVI#XMRYP #XMYWI W
VQR TKR.
4MIVVI-)QQERYIP (EYÊX )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- (VIETX-
GVIHMR' #M IVI^MM R TVMQIPI WIGSPI 6ETSVXYVMPI HMRXVI SVXSHS\MI #M IVI^MM R
TVMQIPI ZIEGYVM EPI IVIM RSEWXVI WYRX I\XVIQ HI GSQTPI\I #M EY WYWGMXEX
HMWTYXI TXMQE#I. 4VSFPIQE JYRHEQIRXEP IWXI W WXEFMPMQ GEVI JIRSQIR E
JSWX QEM REMRXI: SVXSHS\ME WEY IVI^ME#
'E R SVMGI PSKMG GI WI VIWTIGX, GE W I\MWXI IVSEVIE, XVIFYMI QEM RXM
W I\MWXI YR EHIZV; GE W I\MWXI S EFEXIVI, IWXI RIZSMI HI S RSVQEPMXEXI.
'SRJSVQ YRYM EXEVI VE'MSREQIRX, IWXI HI PE WMRI R'IPIW G SVXSHS\ME XVIFYMI
W TVIGIEH IVI^ME.
2Y I\MWX YQFV JV GSVT %GIEWX GSRGIT'MI E RXMIX'MM SVXSHS\MIM
JE' HI IVI^MI E JSWX XIÊ GPEWMG E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, E GVIM TVMQ I\TVIWMI S
KWMQ PE 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM HMR WIGSPYP EP -P-PIE. %HIZVYP HSGXVMREP IWXI GIP HMRXM
#M EFME HYT EGIIE ETEV HIJSVQVMPI EGIWXYM EHIZV #M ERYQI IVI^MMPI. )VI^ME
IWXI HIGM S ETEVM'MI TSWXIVMSEV SVXSHS\MIM, YR IZIRMQIRX GEVI RY 'MRI HI
TIVMSEHE RGITYXYVMPSV, GM HI HIGYVWYP MWXSVMIM &MWIVMGMM.
-VMRIY HMR 0]SR WGVMI EGIWX XI\X WIQRM3GEXMZ: %FME RXV-S ITSG JSEVXI
XV^MI, RXV-S ITSG R GEVI &MWIVMGE QTPMRMWI HINE NYQXEXI HMR ZVWXE IM, W-EY
VMHMGEX SEQIRMM EGI#XME R ETSWXE^ME PSV (%HZIVWYW LEIVIWIW -, 4, 3). "M EHEYK
R GEVXIE E :-E: 8S'M EGI#XM SEQIRM EY ETVYX GY QYPX HYT ITMWGSTMM GVSVE
ETSWXSPMM PI RGVIHMR'EWIV &MWIVMGMPI. 8IVXYPMER WI JEGI IGSYP ITMWGSTYPYM HMR
0]SR EXYRGM GRH WGVMI, GIZE QEM XV^MY: 2MGMSHEX YQFVE RY I\MWX QEM
REMRXI HI XVYT, RMGMSHEX GSTME REMRXI HI SVMKMREP (%TSPSKIXMGE 47,14), WEY
RG: ) GY TYXMR' GE IVI^ME W 3 I\MWXEX REMRXI HI EHIZVEXE HSGXVMR# (EV
R XSEXI PYGVYVMPI, EHIZVYP ZMRI REMRXIE VITVIÎRXVMM; EFME ETSM M YVQIE^
VITVIÎRXEVIE ((I TVEIWGVMTXMSRMFYW, 29, 4-5).
(EG SVXSHS\ME IWXI GIE HMRXM, RI TYXIQ RXVIFE HI GI E ETVYX IVI^ME.
8IÊ KIRIVEP E 73R'MPSV 4VMR'M GSRWX R E WTYRI G IVI^ME IWXI S
GSRXEQMREVI E SVXSHS\MIM HI GXVI KRHMVIE 3PSWS3G KVIEG. %GIEWXE IWXI
GSRGIT'ME GPEWMG #M TVMQEV HIWTVI VIPE'ME SVXSHS\MI-IVI^MI. 'Y HSEV GXIZE
ENYWXVM #M S I\TVMQEVI QEM #XMMR'M3G, IE E VQEW MHIRXMG TR R ^MPIPI
RSEWXVI.
%RXIVMSVMXEXIE IVI^MIM JE' HI SVXSHS\MI R 1934, ;. &EYIV TYFPMGE S
PYGVEVI1 GEVI VIGSRWMHIVE WSPY'ME XVEHM'MSREP #M TVSTYRIE S RSY
TVSFPIQEXMG. 8IÎPI WEPI EY EZYX S MR4YIR' GSRWMHIVEFMP #M EY HEX YR
MQTYPW RSY GIVGIXVMM. 0I-EQ TYXIE JSVQYPE, WGLIQEXMG, HYT GYQ YVQIE^:
IVI^ME E JSWX QERMJIWXEVIE TVMQ E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, SVXSHS\ME 3MRH YR JIRSQIR
YPXIVMSV.
&EYIV ZE E3VQE E#EHEV G TVMQIPI QERMJIWXVM EPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM EY
JSWX IVIXMGI WEY, R SVMGI GE^, QEM ETVSTMEXI HI GIIE GI WI ZE RYQM ETSM IVI^MI
HIGX HI SVXSHS\MI. 4IRXVY E-#M HIQSRWXVE XISVME, IP ZE WXYHME RGITYXYVMPI
GVI#XMRMWQYPYM R QEVMPI GIRXVI GVI#XMRI EPI %RXMGLMX'MM: )HIWE, %PI\ERHVME,
%WME 1MG #M 6SQE. "M ZE GSRWXEXE G, I\GITXRH 6SQE, EGIWXI GIRXVI 'MR HI
YR GVI#XMRMWQ HIWXYP HI HIZMERX #M JSEVXI RHITVXEX HI SVXSHS\ME YPXIVMSEV.
R GE^YP )HIWIM, M^ZSEVIPI TI GEVI PI HI'MRIQ (PIKIRHE PYM %FKEV #M
,VSRMGYP.) EXIWX G EGIEWX &MWIVMG E JSWX TYXIVRMG QEVGEX HI XIRHMR'I
WTIGMEPI, HEXSVEXI PYM 1EVGMSR, &EVHIWER, 1ERM. %FME QEM XV^MY #M JSEVXI
ERIZSMI E M^FYXMX SVXSHS\ME, VITVIÎRXEX HI ITMWGSTYP 4EPYX, W WI MRWXEPIÎ R
SVE#.
3VMKMRMPI GVI#XMRX'MM PE %PI\ERHVME WYRX SFWGYVI #M, JV RHSMEP, GY
RYER'I HI IVI^MI. ) YR JETX G QEVMM KRSWXMGM EY XVMX R )KMTX WEY TVSZMR HI
EGSPS, HYT GYQ S HSZIHI#XI FMFPMSXIGE KRSWXMG HI PE 2EK ,EQQEHM.
RGITYXYVMPI IVIXMGI EPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM IKMTXIER I\TPMG HI GI MWXSVMGMM
FMWIVMGI#XM EY MRZIRXEX HIWXYP HI XV^MY PIKIRHE RXIQIMIVMM &MWIVMGMM HMR
%PI\ERHVME HI GXVI ETSWXSPYP 1EVGY. %GIEWXE TIVQMXIE RXSEVGIVIE PE SVMKMRM
E YRIM SVXSHS\MM ETVYXI EFME R E HSYE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP -P-PIE.
0E JIP WXEY PYGVYVMPI #M R GE^YP GSQYRMX'MPSV HMR %WME 1MG: GVI#XMRMWQYP,
JSEVXI VWTRHMX R EGIEWX VIKMYRI, IWXI #M IP MQTVIKREX HI IVI^MI. "M RYQEM
HYT PYTXI QTSXVMZE HSGLIXM#XMPSV, KRSWXMGMPSV #M MYHIS-GVI#XMRMPSV ENYRKI
SVXSHS\ME W WI MQTYR, R WTIGMEP HEXSVMX PYM -KREXMI EP %RXMSLMIM.
&MWIVMGE VSQER #M-EV 3 MQTYW SVXSHS\ME 6SQE JEGI I\GIT'MI, GGM EMGM
ZE 3 IPEFSVEX GVI#XMRMWQYP SVXSHS\. RGIX-RGIX, &MWIVMGE VSQER ZE JEGI W
XVMYQJI TYRGXYP IM HI ZIHIVI, EHMG SVXSHS\ME, R RXVIKYP &E^MR QIHMXIVERIER.
%ZIQ HVITX HSZEH, RXVI QYPXI EPXIPI, ITMWXSPE WGVMW HI &MWIVMGE HMR 6SQE
GXVI GSVMRXIRM, ITMWXSP R GEVI 6SQE MRXIVZMRI R HMWIRWMYRMPI HMR 'SVMRX #M
RGIEVG W JEG W TVIZEPIÎ TYRGXYP WY HI ZIHIVI EWYTVE KRSWXMGMÊR'MPSV #M
IVIXMGMPSV HI XSEXI WSMYVMPI. -EV EGIEWX MRXIVZIR'MI TVIKXI#XI #M EPXIPI. %WXJIP
#M ZE I\XMRHI 6SQE MR4YIR'E EWYTVE RXVIKMM GVI#XMRX'M #M ZE EWMKYVE XVMYQJYP
SVXSHS\MIM.
-V -RXMXYPEX 6IGLXKPEYFMKOIMX YRH /IXÎVIM MQ PXIWXIR 'LVMWXIRXYQ,
IHM'ME E -P-E 8MMFMRKIR, .. '. &. 1SLV (4EYP 7MIFIGO), 1964.
3 EWIQIRIE XI^, GVIME YR VI^YQEX GE EGIWXE RY-P TSEXI VIHE
EQTPSEVIE #M RYER'IPI, E QSHM3GEX ZIGLIE ZM^MYRI HIWTVI VIPE'MMPI SVXSHS\MI-
IVI^MI. 6IMIWI G QERMJIWXVMPI HI RGITYX EPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM RY WYRX
SVXSHS\I, GM HMZIVWI, ZEVMEXI, GSQTSVXRH IPIQIRXI TI GEVI PI TYXIQ RYQM
IVIXMGI. (MRXVI EGIWXI GVI#XMRMWQI, YRYP ENYRKI W FMVYMEWG, EGIPE EP &MWIVMGMM
HMR 6SQE #M HI EXYRGM RGITRH, IP ZE JEGI 3KYV HI GVI#XMRMWQ SVXSHS\.
*MVI#XI, EGIEWX XI^ GIVI HIWXYPI VIÎVZI #M TYRIVM PE TYRGX, HEV EVI EZERXENYP
HI E TVSTYRI S ZM^MYRI HI ERWEQFPY HIWTVI SVMKMRMPI GVI#XMRMWQYPYM QEM
GSRJSVQ GY VIEPMXEXIE MWXSVMG. R SVMGI GE^, RY WI QEM TSEXI E3VQE G
SVXSHS\ME IWXI YR HEX TVMQ.
(VIETXE-GVIHMR', S GSR3KYVEVI XVITXEX 'E YVQEVI E PYGVVMPSV PYM ;.
&EYIV #M EPI YRYM QEVI RYQV HI MWXSVMGM #M I\IKI'M, EQ JSWX EHY#M R WMXYE'ME
HI E MRWMWXE XSX QEM QYPX EWYTVE QYPXMTPMGMX'MM, HMZIVWMX'MM GVI#XMRMWQYPYM PE
RGITYXYVMPI WEPI. 7I QIVKI TR PE E WI ZSVFM HI GVI#XMRMWQI TVMQEVI, GIIE
GI ZE TIVQMXI TVIGMÊVIE RS'MYRMM HI SVXSHS\MI.
0E TYRGXYP HI TSVRMVI EP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM WI E4 IZIRMQIRXYP JSRHEXSV,
-MWYW ,VMWXSW, GEVI IWXI YRMG. (EV EGIWX IZIRMQIRX RY IWXI R'IPIW R EGIPE#M
QSH HI GXVI XS'M QEVXSVMM PYM #M WYGGIWSVMM EGIWXSVE. )P TVMQI#XI MRXIVTVIXVM
HMJIVMXI R JYRG'MI HI QIHMM, SEQIRM, GYPXYVM. (ITEVXI HI E QERMJIWXE S YRMXEXI,
GVI#XMRMWQYP TVMQIPSV ^MPI IWXI QYPXMTPY #M ZEVMEX, HMZIVW, EGIWXI HMZIVWMX'M
QIVKRH EHIWIE TR PE STS^M'MI #M I\GPYHIVI VIGMTVSG. )WXI WY3GMIRX EMGM W
RI KRHMQ PE MYHIS-GVI#XMRMWQYP MIVYWEPM-QMXIER, PE IPIRM#XM, PE GVI#XMRMWQYP
TEYPMR, MSERIMG, IPIRMWXMG. %#EHEV, PE RGITYXYVM GSI\MWX RYQIVSEWI GYVIRXI
GEVI RY WYRX IVIXMGI, R QWYVE R GEVI EGIEWX RS'MYRI RY IWXI HI3RMX, HEV
GEVI RY WYRX RMGM SVXSHS\I, HMR EGIPE#M QSXMZ.
(I-E PYRKYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, ZIHIQ HIWTVMR^RHY-WI RGIXYP GY RGIXYP
S HSGXVMR HSQMRERX, S SVXSHS\MI GEVI ZE ENYRKI W WI MQTYR #M GEVI WI ZE
STYRI EPXSVE, GEPM3GEXI HVITX IVIXMGI. %GIWXE I QSXMZYP TIRXVY GEVI SVXSHS\ME
RY IWXI YR HEX TVMQ, GM YR RXVIK TVSGIW. :SQ ZIHIE EGIEWX SVXSHS\MI
GSRXYVRHY-WI TI TEVGYVWYP QEVMPSV GVMÎ XISPSKMGI, GYQ IWXI GVMÊ XVMRMXEV #M
LVMWXSPSKMG.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 8VEHM'ME ETSWXSPMG XVERWQMW HI
ITMWGSTM RW SVXSHS\ME RY IWXI, GYQ GVIHIE ;. &EYIV, FMVYMR'E YRIM &MWIVMGM,
GIE HMR GETMXEP, EWYTVE GIPSVPEPXI, GM WI RWGVMI RXV-S HI^ZSPXEVI XISPSKMG
WYW'MRYX #M PSKMG. )E WI ZE GSRXYVE TY'MR GXI TY'MR, EHSTXRH RSVQI GEVI M
ZSV GSRJIVM S MHIRXMXEXI. 4VMQE HMRXVI EGIWXIE IWXI VIJIVMR'E PE ETSWXSPM:
EHIZVEXE R'IPIKIVI E IZIRMQIRXYPYM JSRHEXSV IWXI GIE TI GEVI S HEY HIWTVI
IP QEVXSVMM PYM, ETSWXSPMM. %TSWXSPEXYP VQRRH YR GSRGITX HIWXYP HI JSVQEP, IP
ZE 3 TVIGMÊX VIGYVKRHY-WI PE 7GVMIVMPI ETSWXSPMGI. %WXJIP WI JSVQIE^, R
WIGSPYP EP HSMPIE, GERSRYP 2SYPYM 8IWXEQIRX, GEVI ZE WIVZM HVITX RSVQ TIRXVY
SVXSHS\MI. 3VMGI KVYT GEVI VIWTMRKI XSXYP WEY S TEVXI HMR WGVMIVM EWIQIRIE
MYHIS-GVI#XMRMPSV, KRSWXMGMPSV, QEVGMSRM-'MPSV.
7I WMXYIE^ R EJEVE SVXSHS\MIM.
(EV EGIEWX 7GVMTXYV XVIFYMI MRXIVTVIXEX R QSH GSVIGX. %GIWXE ZE 3
VSPYP ITMWGSTMPSV, GEVI WI E4 R TVIPYRKMVIE ETSWXSPMPSV. 4VMR QEKMWXIVMYP PSV, IM
M ZSV HE 7GVMTXYVMM S PIGXYV GSRJSVQ GY KRHMVIE ETSWXSPMPSV. 8S'M EGIME, RW,
GEVI RY WI TSX VIZIRHMGE HI PE S WYGGIWMYRI ETSWXSPMG VIEP WYRX R EJEVE
SVXSHS\MIM #M WYRX GSRWMHIVE'M IVIXMGM.
7MQFSPYP %TSWXSPMPSV: YR GEHVY RSVQEXMZ 3 EPX RSVQ ZMRI W WI EHEYKI
TIRXVY HI3RMVIE SVXSHS\MIM: 7MQFSPYP ?'VI^YPA ETSWXSPMG. R QSQIRXYP
FSXI^YPYM, GVI#XMRYP IWXI SFPMKEX W-#M E3VQI GVIHMR'E. 0E RGITYX, EGIEWX
QVXYVMWMVI RY IWXI IPEFSVEX, HEV VETMH IE GETX JSVQI WTIGM3GI, TVIWYTYWI
E I\TVMQE GVIHMR'E %TSWXSPMPSV. )WXI HI ENYRW W RI KRHMQ PE 7MQFSPYP
%TSWXSPMPSV, EP GVYM XMXPY WTYRI HIWXYP GY TVMZMVI PE EGIEWX R^YMR'. 0E JIP WI
ZE RXQTPE GY 'VI^YP HI PE 2MGIIE-'SRWXERXMRSTSP, GEVI RY EVI EPX WGST HIGX
VIE3VQEVIE GVIHMR'IM ETSWXSPMPSV, HEV R EPXI GMVGYQWXER'I. %WXJIP, 7MQFSPYP
GSRXVMFYMI PE GSRWXMXYMVIE SVXSHS\MIM #M PE HI3RMVIE IVI^MIM.
%WMWXQ TVMR YVQEVI HI-E PYRKYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, PE IPEFSVEVIE YRIM
SVXSHS\MM GI WI VIEÎQ TI ETSWXSPMGMXEXI. %GIEWX SVXSHS\MI RY IWXI YR HEX
TVMQ, HYT GYQ RY IWXI RMGM VSHYP IVI^MIM: IE WI HIWTVMRHI XVITXEX HMRXV-YR
GVI#XMRMWQ GY QYPXMTPI JE'IXI, TIRXVY E HI^ZSPXE S HSGXVMR GSIVIRX, R
EGIPE#M XMQT R GEVI WI JSVQIE^ SVXSHS\ME, ETEVI IVI^ME, GE VIJY^ #M STS^M'MI
JE' HI RSVQIPI GI GEVEGXIVMÎE^ EHIZVEXE HSGXVMR.
3VXSHS\ME IWXI HIGM YR TVSGIW, S HIZIRMVI. RXVIFEVIE GEVI WI TYRI EMGM
IWXI HI E #XM HEG EGIWX TVSGIW W-E RGLIMEX S HEX GY WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --
PIE WEY HEG WI TVIPYRKI#XI TIWXI ZIEGYVM: SVXSHS\ME IWXI S IXIVR GYXEVI.
2Y WI E4 IE #M EGYQ REMRXIE RSEWXV#
%RHVI &IRSMX )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 1IHMMPI KRSWXMGI GVIEXSEVI
HI )ZERKLIPMM 8IVQIRYP HI )ZERKLIPMI EGSTIV PE KRSWXMGM VIEPMX'M HMZIVWI. 'E
#M R TVSTSZHYMVIE GVI#XMR, IP GMVGYP, JV RHSMEP, HI JSEVXI XMQTYVMY,
HIRYQMRH :IWXIE GIE &YR, ETSM, R E HSYE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, ZE 3
JSPSWMX TIRXVY E HIWIQRE, R TPYW, XI\XYP TVSTVMY-^MW EP )ZERKLIPMMPSV. (EV XSX R
EGIEWX ITSG )ZERKLIPMMPI WI RQYP'IWG R QIHMMPI KRSWXMGI, R XMQT GI
&MWIVMGE S3GMEP RY VI'MRI HIGX TEXVY. (IQIVWYP WI HSZIHI#XI E 3 YRYP
GSQTPIX HMJIVMX.
7I GEHI W WYFPMRMIQ QEM RXM G ERXSPSKMMPI QSHIVRI EY XIRHMR'E HI E
VIKVYTE R GEXIKSVME )ZERKLIPMMPSV KRSWXMGI XI\XI GEVI 'MR R QSH ZHMX HI
HMZIVWI KIRYVM PMXIVEVI #M GEVI TVSZMR HMR QIHMM HMJIVMXI. 9RIPI HMR EGIWXI XI\XI
TSEVX XMXPYP HI )ZERKLIPMI (TVIGYQ )ZERKLIPME %HIZVYPYM), HEV GI ERYQI PI
RHVITX'I#XI JSPSWMVIE EGIWXYME# %PXIPI, GEVI RY P TSEVX, GSVIWTYRH E GIIE
GI GI E JSWX RYQMX R QSH XVEHM'MSREP S )ZERKLIPMI ETSGVMJ, EHMG S TSZIWXMVI
WEY S PIKIRH GEVI TYRI R WGIR TIVWSRENI IZERKLIPMGI R NYVYP YRIM VIZIPVM
E 1RXYMXSVYPYM YGIRMGMPSV WM (TVIGYQ 'EVXIE PYM 8SQE EXPIXYP, *ETXIPI PYM
4IXVY #M EPI GIPSV (SMWTVIÎGI %TSWXSPM, (MEPSKYP 1RXYMXSVYPYM).
-VMRIY HMR 0]SR GVMXMG S )ZERKLIPMI E %HIZVYPYM RG HI PE WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, )ZERKLIPMMPI KRSWXMGI XVIÎEY MRHMKREVIE YRYM QEVI ITMWGST,
-VMRIY HMR 0]SR, GEVI PYTXE QTSXVMZE YRIM JSVQI HI KRS^ GVI#XMR, E
ZEPIRXMRMIRMPSV: 'X TVMZI#XI TI HMWGMTSPMM PYM :EPIRXMR, SEQIRM QEM TVIWYW HI
SVMGI JVMG #M TYFPMGRH WGVMIVM TI GEVI IM R#M#M PI-EY EPGXYMX, WI PEYH G EY
QEM QYPXI )ZERKLIPMM HIGX I\MWX. %Y ENYRW, RXV-EHIZV, PE EXXE RHV^RIEP
RGX W RYQIEWG n)ZERKLIPME %HIZVYPYM~ S PYGVEVI GSQTYW HI IM RY
HIQYPX #M GEVI RY WI TSXVMZI#XI HIPSG GY )ZERKLIPMMPI ETSWXSPMPSV. (EG IWXI
HISWIFMX HI GIPI 'I GEVI RM PI-EY XVERWQMW ETSWXSPMM, XS'M GIM GEVI ZSV TSX W-#M
HIE WIEQE (QTSXVMZE IVI^MMPSV -, 1, 8)1.
4VMR EGIWX WGYVX I\XVEW, ZIHIQ G -VMRIY GYRS#XIE I\MWXIR'E
)ZERKLIPMMPSV GERSRMGI GEVI GMVGYPEY R &MWIVMG, )ZERKLIPMMPI ETSWXSPMPSV. )P
GEYX W HSZIHIEWG, HI EPXQMRXIVM, G RY I\MWX HIGX TEXVY )ZERKLIPMM
GERSRMGI, R ZVIQI GI GVI#XMRMM HMR WIGSPYP EP --PIE EY GYRSWGYX S QEVI
ZEVMIXEXI HI XVEHM'MM GMVGYPRH WYF RYQIPI GXI YRYM ETSWXSP TVIWXMKMSW. %
GSRWMHIVE G )ZERKLIPMMPI IVIXMGMPSV EY JSWX EPGXYMXI VIGIRX IWXI S
GEVEGXIVMWXMG E PYTXIM QTSXVMZE IVI^MMPSV. (YT -VMRIY, IVI^MMPI TVSTEKEXI HI
KRSWXMGM EY JSWX GSQTYWI RY HIQYPX, R GSRXVEWX GY XVEHM'ME ZIGLI E
ETSWXSPMPSV, XVERWQMW 3HIP R &MWIVMG HI PE RGITYXYVM.
(IWGSTIVMVMPI HI PE 2EK ,EQQEHM EY WGSW PE PYQMR S )ZERKLIPMI E
%HIZVYPYM TI GEVI EQ TYXIE 3 MWTMXM'M W S ETVSTMIQ HI XI\XYP ZEPIRXMRMER
MRGVMQMREX HI -VMRIY. (I JETX, GEVXIE WI HIWGLMHI TVMRXV-S VIJIVMVI PE
TVSTSZHYMVIE )ZERKLIPMIM: )ZERKLIPME %HIZVYPYM IWXI FYGYVMI TIRXVY XS'M
GIM GEVI EY TVMQMX HI PE 8EXP %HIZVYPYM HEVYP HI E-0 GYRSE#XI TVMR TYXIVIE
'YZRXYPYM., GGM RYQIPI HI )ZERKLIPMI IWXI QERMJIWXEVIE RHINHMM #M S
HIWGSTIVMVI TIRXVY XS'M EGIME GEVI P GEYX. (TT. 16, 31 #M YVQ.). 8SXY#M,
GSR'MRYXYP EGIWXIM )ZERKLIPMM, EP EGIWXIM FYRIMZIWXMVM KRSWXMGI, RY EVI RMQMG E
JEGI GY S IZSGEVI E ZMI'MM (SQRYPYM, E GYZRXVMPSV WEY QMRYRMPSV WEPI. ) ZSVFE
R IE, HMR GSRXV, HI GIIE GI KRSWXMGMM EY E3VQEX RXSXHIEYRE: QRXYMVIE
XVIGI TVMR EGIPI GYZMRXI EPI PYM -MWYW HMVIGX XVERWQMWI R EGIWXI VIZIPE'MM WGVMWI,
TVIGYQ #M TVMR GSQIRXEVMMPI GEVI PM WI JEG. %GIWX PYGVY RY TYXIE W RY-P
#SGLIÎ TI -VMRIY.
)ZERKLIPME HIWZV#MVMM: YR HIÊWXVY HIWZV#MX
0E TY'MR HYT QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, )TMJERMI, ITMWGST EP 7EPEQMRIM,
VIHEGXIE^ YR MQIRW XVEXEX R GEVI VIKWMQ TERSTPME XVEHM'MSREP E
MRZIGXMZIPSV QTSXVMZE IVI^MMPSV. )P QIR'MSRIE^ ERYQM'M KRSWXMGM GEVI WGSX R
JE' S WGVMIVI QTSHSFMX #M EHIQIRMXSEVI, QEPHV HI FEPMZIVRI TI GEVI PI-EY
R^SV^SREX GY YR RYQI GEVI TVIXMRHI G IWXI S )ZERKLIPMI E HIWZV#MVMM. R
VIEPMXEXI, RY IWXI ZSVFE HI S ZIWXI FYR, HI S n)ZERKLIPMI~, GM HI YR
HIÊWXVY HIWZV#MX. %P'MM RY WI VY#MRIE^ W TSQIRIEWG S )ZERKLIPMI E )ZIM.
%GI#XME #M RGLMTYMI G EY JSWX GVIE'M R RYQIPI )ZIM, HIWTVI GEVI IM TVIWYTYR
E 3 KWMX nLVERE GYRSE#XIVMM~ RXV-S VIZIPE'MI TI GEVI M-EV 3 XVERWQMW-S
GSRZSVFMXSVYP WY, #EVTIPI. (4EREVMSR 26, 2, 5 #M YVQ.)1.
'IPI HSY VIJIVMR'I PE RM#XI )ZERKLIPMM KRSWXMGI WYFPMRME^, R TPYW, G
EGIWXI XI\XI RY R^YMIWG W I\TPMGI ZME'E #M PYGVEVIE PYM -MWYW, GM QEM HIKVEF
W TVSQSZIÎ S VI4IG'MI HMR TEVXIE GVIHMRGMSWYPYM KRSWXMG R ZIHIVIE
QTPMRMVMM, E HIWZV#MVMM, E QRXYMVMM, GEVI WI WZV#I#XI GY ENYXSVYP
VIZIPE'MIM KRSWXMGI. )ZERKLIPME )ZIM XVMQMXI PE S PIGXYV TY'MR SVXSHS\ E
XI\XYPYM FMFPMG. "EVTIPI WPYNI#XI HI MRM'MEXSV )ZIM, TVSXSXMT EP GVIHMRGMSWYPYM
KRSWXMG, GEVI, KVE'MI LVERIM GEVI IWXI MRM'MIVIE R GYRSE#XIVIE KRSWXMG, ZE 3
^QMWPMX RXV-YR RSY QSH.
1. )HM'ME %. 6SYWWIEY, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 1984, T. 316.
1. 8VEH. JV. 1. 8EVHMIY, )TMTLERI GSRXVI -IW KRSWXMUYIW, 8IP 5YIP, RV. 8,
QEM 1981, T. 6.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 'SQYRMX'M KRSWXMGI, GSQYRMX'M
GVI#XMRI %GIWXI GXIZE VIJIVMR'I ZIGLM MPYWXVIE^ JYRG'MSREVIE EGIWXSV KVYTYVM
KRSWXMGI. 1RXYMVIE IWXI TVSTYW WYF JSVQE GYRSE#XIVMM; EGGIWMFMP TVMR
MRXIVQIHMYP YRIM VIZIPE'MM SVEPI, YRISVM XVERWQMW #M R WGVMW, EGIEWX VIZIPE'MI
GSRWX R TVMRGMTEP R GYZMRXI EXVMFYMXI 1RXYMXSVYPYM WEY R GSQIRXEVMMPI
EGIWXSV GYZMRXI. (EG GMXMQ )TMWXSPE PYM 4XSPIQIY GXVI *PSVE1, ZSQ ZIHIE G
XVERWQMXIVIE EGIWXSV GYRSE#XIVM YVQIE^ VIKYPM JSEVXI TVIGMWI: IWXI ZSVFE HI
S XVERWQMXIVI WXVMGX E XVEHM'MMPSV GEVI TVSZMR HMR ITSGE 1RXYMXSVYPYM
()TMJERMI, 4EREVMSR 31, 7, 9). 'IVGYVMPI KRSWXMGI JYRG'MSRIE^ TVMR YVQEVI GY
GEXIKSVMM HI QEI#XVM WTMVMXYEPM, RGSRNYVE'M HI HMWGMTSPM EZM^M W REMRXIÎ TI
GEPIE GYRSE#XIVMM. (YT WTYWIPI 4VMR'MPSV &MWIVMGMM #M PE PIGXYVE XI\XIPSV
KRSWXMGI R WMRI, RI TYXIQ KRHM G IVE TSWMFMP GE EGIWXI KVYTVM W WI
WMXYIÎ R QEVKMRMPI GSQYRMX'MPSV GVI#XMRI, R MRXIVMSVYP WEY R EJEVE EGIWXSVE.
'Y I\GIT'ME GEVEGXIVYPYM IPMXMWX EP YRYM EGGIW PE QRXYMVI VIÎVZEX GIPSV GI-#M
JSPSWIWG MRXIPMKIR'E #M GYPXYVE, XVIFYMI W 3 JSWX YRISVM HM3GMP W HMWXMRKM YR
KRSWXMG HI YR GVIHMRGMSW GVI#XMR SFM#RYMX.
2YQIVSEWI XI\XI KRSWXMGI WYFPMRME^ I\MWXIR'E YRIM VIPE'MM JVEXIVRI
JSEVXI GEPHI RXVI QIQFVMM KVYTYPYM HI EHIT'M. 6IPE'ME HMVIGX GY YR QEIWXVY
WTMVMXYEP RGYVENE #XIVKIVIE HMJIVIR'IPSV WSGMEPI; WI TSEXI GE EGIWX EWTIGX W
GSVIWTYRH ZSVFIPSV TI GEVI ETSWXSPYP 4EZIP PI WTYRIE HIWTVI GSQYRMX'MPI
GVI#XMRI R GEVI RY QEM IWXI MYHIY, RMGM IPMR; RY QEM IWXI RMGM VSF, RMGM PMFIV;
RY QEM IWXI TEVXI FVFXIEWG #M TEVXI JIQIMEWG (+E 3, 28). (EV EGIEWX
VIPE'MI HMVIGX GY 1RXYMXSVYP RZMEX, TVMR GYZMRXIPI QEIWXVYPYM WTMVMXYEP, WI
TYXIE PMTWM HI S QMNPSGMVI HMR TEVXIE MIVEVLMIM FMWIVMGI#XM; EGIWX JETX E KIRIVEX
GSR4MGXI GY MIVEVLME FMWIVMGIEWG SVXSHS\, KVMNYPMI W WI VIWTIGXI YR
QMRMQYQ HI SVHMRI R GIPIFVVMPI PMXYVKMGI. %V 3 RW MRI\EGX W GVIHIQ G
TYXIQ HI3RM KRSWXMGMM TVMRXV-YR ERXMVM-XYEPMWQ. %GGIWYP PE GYRSE#XIVI XVIGIE #M
TVMRXV-S VMXYEPMÊVI TVIGMW, HYT GYQ S EVEX, HI TMPH, )ZERKLIPME PYM *MPMT WEY
)ZERKLIPME IKMTXIRMPSV. R JYRG'MI HI KVYTYVM, TYXIE 3 RXPRMX 3I YR WSM HI VMX
HI MRM'MIVI GVI#XMR, 3I S GVMXMG E VMXYVMPSV GVI#XMRI, R WTIGMEP E FSXI^YPYM WEY
E TIRMXIR'IM.
3 QIHMGMR E WY4IXYPYM (I EPXJIP, EHIT'MM KVYTVMPSV KRSWXMGI IVEY
RGYVENEXI W HYG YR QSH HI ZME' EWGIXMG. 8I\XI TVIGYQ )ZERKLIPME PYM
8SQE, 'EVXIE PYM 8SQE EXPIXYP, RZ'XYVMPI PYM 7MPZER EV QIVMXE W 3KYVIÎ R
ERXSPSKMMPI HI XI\XI HYLSZRMGI#XM. 'E YVQEVI E TS^M'MMPSV 4VMR'MPSV &MWIVMGMM,
KRSWXMGMM 1. 8VEH. JV. +MPPIW 5YMWTIP, 0IXXVI E *PSVE, 7SYVGIW GLVIXMIRRIW, RV.
24 FMW, 0I 'IVJ, 4EVMW, 196.
%Y JSWX PYE'M TVIE EHIWISVM HVITX RM#XI MRXIPIGXYEPM HMWTVI'YMRH PYQIE #M
TVSTVMYP XVYT. )ZERKLIPME PYM 8SQE IWXI YR JVYQSW I\IQTPY HI MRZMXE'MI PE
HIWGSTIVMVIE #M PE WXTRMVIE XVYTYPYM. 8I\XI GE 8VEXEXYP XVMTEVXMX, %TSGVMJYP PYM
-SER SVM 3VMKMRIE PYQMM EV MPYWXVE #M EPXI JE'IXI EPI QIHMMPSV KRSWXMGI,
QTXMQMXI HYT I\IKI^ FMFPMG, XISPSKMI, EWXVSRSQMI, GSWQSPSKMI, VI'IXI
QIHMGEPI WEY HSEV HYT TWMLSPSKMI.
+RSÊ IWXI, R GIPI HMR YVQ #M S QIHMGMR E WY4IXYPYM, S HIWGSTIVMVI
GEVI XVIGI TVMR GYRSE#XIVIE HI WMRI. )WXI, TSEXI, WMRKYVYP PYGVY GEVI S
QIR'MRI R EGXYEPMXEXI TR R ^MYE HI E^M.
.IER-(ERMIP (YFSMW )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 3VMKMRMPI PYM -MWYW R
PMXIVEXYVE GVI#XMR ETSGVMJ *E' HI TSZIWXMVMPI HIWTVI GSTMPVME PYM -MWYW GEVI
WYRX MRGPYWI R )ZERKLIPMMPI GERSRMGI HYT 1EXIM #M HYT 0YGE, GIPI TWXVEXI
R XI\XIPI ETSGVMJI WYRX QYPX QEM FSKEXI #M QEM ZEVMEXI. 'IPI QEM ZIGLM HMRXVI
EGIWXI MWXSVMWMVM ETSGVMJI HIWTVI ^QMWPMVIE #M RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW WI KWIWG R
4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ, 9VGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -WEME #M %TSGEPMTWE PYM %HEQ.
%PXI TSZIWXMVM WYRX HI EWIQIRIE SJIVMXI R 3HIPI PYM 7SPSQSR, *ETXIPI PYM 4IXVY
#M )TMWXSPE GXVI %TSWXSPM.
(MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI MWXSVMG, WI GYZMRI W RI JIVMQ R TVMQYP VRH E
GSRWMHIVE TSZIWXMVMPI GERSRMGI HVITX WYTIVMSEVI GIPSV ETSGVMJI. 0E ZVIQIE
VIHEGXVMM PSV WTVI WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM - #M TI HYVEXE RXVIKYPYM WIGSP EP ,-PIE
EXX YRIPI, GX #M GIPIPEPXI EZIEY R QSH GIVX EGIPE#M WXEXYX XISPSKMG. (I
EGIIE, GLMEV HEG RY EY JSWX TWXVEXI R GERSR, TSZIWXMVMPI ETSGVMJI XVIFYMI
GSRWMHIVEXI RM#XI QEVXSVM EM VITVIÎRXVMPSV HIWTVI ^QMWPMVIE #M RE#XIVIE PYM
-MWYW GEVI GMVGYPEY R ITSG. RXV-EHIZV, R WRYP YRIM FSKEXI HMZIVWMX'M
HSGXVMREPI R TEVXI XVIGYX WYF XGIVI, R YVQE GERSRM^VMM EY R4SVMX
TSZIWXMVMPI ETSGVMJI HIWTVI GSTMPVMI, 3I TIRXVY E WI STYRI ERYQMXSV XIRHMR'I
QEVKMREPI (GEVI ZSV HIZIRM LIXIVSHS\I), 3I TIRXVY E ETVE ERYQMXI XIRHMR'I
QENSVMXEVI (GEVI ZSV HIZIRM SVXSHS\I).
4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ R 4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ, YR XI\X HI PE
QMNPSGYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, WYRX VIHEXI HSY TSZIWXMVM: YRE HIWTVI ^QMWPMVI
(1), GIEPEPX HIWTVI RE#XIVI (17, 18 #M 19, P-2). )PI RY XVIFYMI TVMZMXI GE RM#XI
MRXIVTVIXVM EPI TSZIWXMVMPSV HMR )ZERKLIPME HYT 0YGE. %XX YRIPI, GX #M
GIPIPEPXI VWTYRH QEM HIKVEF ERYQMXSV TVSFPIQEXMGM HSGXVMREPI HMR ITSGMPI
PSV. (MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI HSGXVMREP, TSZIWXMVMPI HIWTVI ^QMWPMVIE #M RE#XIVIE PYM
-MWYW HMR 4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ XVIFYMI TPEWEXI R GSRXI\XYP GSR4MGXIPSV HMR
NYVYP HSGLIXMWQYPYM EHMG QTSXVMZMRHY-WI ERYQMXSV GVI#XMRM GEVI GSRWMHIVEY
YQERMXEXIE PYM -MWYW HVITX S ZMVXYEPMXEXI #M RY S VIEPMXEXI. R GI TVMZI#XI
^QMWPMVIE, WTVI HISWIFMVI HI TSZIWXMVIE GERSRMG, TSZIWXMVIE ETSGVMJ EHYGI
S HI^ZSPXEVI. R TVMQE, RY IWXI ZSVFE HIGX HIWTVI ^QMWPMVI, JV EPXI
PQYVMVM. R E HSYE, ^QMWPMVIE IWXI HIWGVMW GE VSH EP 'YZRXYPYM. %GIWXE HMR
YVQ RY TEVI W 3I, XSXY#M, YR MRHMGMY WY3GMIRX TIRXVY E GSRWMHIVE GE
HSGLIXMÊRX E HSYE TSZIWXMVI HIWTVI ^QMWPMVIE PYM -MWYW. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE,
QSXMZYP ^QMWPMVMM TVMR 'YZRX E HEX RE#XIVI YRSV QSXMZI WTIGM3G
HSGLIXMÊRXI, GYQ EV 3, HI I\IQTPY, ^QMWPMVIE TVMR YVIGLI. R KIRIVEP,
HSGLIXM#XMM EY JSWX MRXIVIWE'M GY TVIGHIVI HI TVSFPIQIPI PIKEXI HI RE#XIVIE
PYM -MWYW #M RY HI ^QMWPMVIE WE. -QTSVXERX TIRXVY IM IVE GE RE#XIVIE PYM W 3I
JV TEX EHMG JV RIGYV'MI QIVKRH TR PE E JEGI S EWIQIRIE
RE#XIVI ZMVXYEP #M RY VIEP.
R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI RE#XIVIE, JE' HI TSZIWXMVIE GERSRMG, TSZIWXMVIE
ETSGVMJ EHYGI #M IE S HI^ZSPXEVI WIQRM3GEXMZ. R TVMQE, RY IWXI ZSVFE HIGX
HIWTVI RE#XIVI, HI EWIQIRIE JV EPXI TVIGM^VM. R E HSYE, RE#XIVIE IWXI
HIWGVMW GY I\TVIWMM FMFPMGI YXMPMÊXI, TI HI EPX TEVXI, GY SGE^ME QERMJIWXVMPSV
XISJERMGI. %GIWXIE HMR YVQ RY WYRX XSXY#M MRHMGMM GEVI W TIVQMX
GSRWMHIVEVIE GE HSGLIXMÊRX E TSZIWXMVMM RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW HMR 4VSXSIZERKLIPME
PYM -EGSZ. )WXI IZMHIRX, XSXY#M, G EYXSVYP EGIWXIM TSZIWXMVM WI ^FEXI RXVI
RIGIWMXEXIE HI E EVXE G RE#XIVIE PYM -MWYW IWXI R EGIPE#M XMQT VIEP RY
ZMVXYEP #M QMRYREX. )P XVIFYMI, RXV-EHIZV, W EVEXI G -MWYW W-E RWGYX
EWIQIRIE XYXYVSV SEQIRMPSV, HEV G W-E RWGYX #M RXV-YR GLMT QMVEGYPSW
WMRKYVYP QSH HI E-P QVXYVMWM GEVEGXIVYP HMZMR.
4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ MRXVSHYGI R 19, 3; 20 S QSE#, QEVXSV E
QMRYRMM MZMVMM GSTMPYPYM HMRXV-YR RSV PYQMRSW GI RZPYMI TI#XIVE. %GIEWX QSE#
M TSZIWXI#XI YRIM ERYQI 7EPSQIIE G S JIGMSEV XSGQEM E RWGYX R GLMT
QMRYREX. 7EPSQIIE ZVIE W TVSFIÎ RXQTPEVIE GY TVSTVME QR, GEVI M IWXI
EVW, ETSM ZMRHIGEX.
(YT XSEXI ETEVIR'IPI, 4VSXSIZERKLIPME PYM -EGSZ WI STYRI YRSV GVI#XMRM
GEVI TVSJIWIE^ XIRHMR'I HSGLIXMÊRXI. R EGIWX WGST, IE JSPSWI#XI QEM EPIW
QSXMZI FMFPMGI TVSZIRMXI HMR :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX EGSVHRH YR PSG MQTSVXERX
QMVEGYPSWYPYM.
9VGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -WEME 9VGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -WEME, YR XI\X HI PE WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM -, GSR'MRI S TSZIWXMVI JSEVXI SVMKMREP E RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW, R GEVI
TVSJIXYP -WEME, VMHMGEX R EP #ETXIPIE GIV R XMQTYP YRIM ZM^MYRM, E TYXYX ZIHIE
RY RYQEM TI 1IWME TVII\MWXRH, GM #M ZMMXSEVIE WE GSFSVVI R EGIEWX PYQI,
VWXMKRMVIE #M RP'EVIE PYM TVMR WJIVIPI GIVI#XM.
%TEVM'ME PYM 1IWME R PYQI IWXI TSZIWXMX HIWXYP HI EQRYR'MX, GGM #M
TVSTYRI MPYWXVEVIE QSHYPYM R GEVI EGIEWX 3MR' GIVIEWG WI TSEXI QERMJIWXE
WYF S JSVQ YQER, RI3MRH XSXY#M YR SQ R GEVRI #M SEWI. R JETX, 1IWME IWXI
WSGSXMX GE WMQYPRH S ZME' SQIRIEWG RSVQEP, TIRXVY E RY 3 VIGYRSWGYX HI
(MEZSP; EGIEWX WMQYPEVI RGITI I\EGX S HEX GY WEVGMRE 1VMIM.
-HIIE ^QMWPMVMM JIGMSVIPRMGI E PYM -MWYW HI GXVI 1VME IWXI I\TPSEXEX
EMGM TIRXVY E HSZIHM G 1IWME RY E JSWX GSRGITYX EWIQIRIE SVMGVIM 3MR'I
YQERI. R EGIWX GSRXI\X, 9VGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -WEME 1, 2-5 JYVRMÎE^ S
TSZIWXMVI TEVEPIP GIPIM HMR 1EXIM 1, 18-25. 1VME, PSKSHRMGE PYM -SWMJ, WI
XVIÎ#XI RWVGMREX, HI#M IWXI JIGMSEV; -SWMJ ZVIE W S EPYRKI, RW HYT S
ETEVM'MI RKIVIEWG RKIVYP IWXI EMGM 7JRXYP (YL RWY#M, R XMQT GI ^QMWPMVIE
RY IWXI EXVMFYMX 7JRXYPYM (YL S TWXVIE^ PRK IP, JV RW E S EXMRKI. 0E
HSEV HSY PYRM HI PE ^QMWPMVI, EVI PSG RE#XIVIE TVYRGYPYM, GEVI, HI EPXJIP, RY
IWXI S RE#XIVI TVSTVMY-^MW. 1VME #M -SWMJ WYRX WMRKYVM, EGEW, PE &IXPIIQ.
(ISHEX, 1VME ZIHI YR GSTMPE#, ETSM #M H WIEQE G WRYP IM E VIHIZIRMX GE
REMRXI HI E ^QMWPM. RHEX HYT EGIIE, SGLMM PYM -SWMJ WI HIWGLMH #M IM, IP ZIHI
TVYRGYP #M M EHYGI WPEZ PYM (YQRIÎY, R ZVIQI GI YR KPEW M TSVYRGI#XI W
RY TSZIWXIEWG EGIEWX ZIHIRMI RMQRYM. 2Y #XMQ RMGM QGEV HEG TVYRGYP E
MI#MX HMR TRXIGIPI 1VMIM WEY RY; GIIE GI GSRXIE^ IWXI G 1VME #M -SWMJ ZH
MZMVIE, R EGIEWX PYQI, E GIPYM GI ZE XVIGI HVITX 3YP PSV, HEV HIWTVI GEVI IM
WYRX WMRKYVMM GI #XMY G, R VIEPMXEXI, E ZIRMX HI EPXYRHIZE. 8S'M GIMPEP'M ZSV
XVIFYM W GVIEH G IWXI YR GSTMP GE XS'M GIMPEP'M, HEV ZSV 3 XSXY#M RIHYQIVM'M HI
QTVINYVVMPI I\XIVMSEVI MI#MXI HMR GSQYR EPI RE#XIVMM, GEVI M ZSV XYPFYVE.
%GIEWX TSZIWXMVI E RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW WI MRWTMV HMRXV-S HSGXVMR E TVII\MWXIRXIM
#M E GSFSVVMM R EWGYRW E PYM 1IWME R EGIEWX PYQI. 2YER'IPI HSGLIXMWXI WYRX
RYQIVSEWI, IPI XMRH W RIKI VIEPMXEXIE SQIRIEWG E PYM -MWYW, R FIRI3GMYP
VIEPMX'MM WEPI HMZMRI.
4IRXVY EYXSVYP 9VGVMM PE GIV E PYM -WEME, ^QMWPMVIE #M RE#XIVIE ZMVKMREP
WYRX S HSZEH G -MWYW RY IWXI TVMR RMQMG EWIQRXSV GIPSVPEPXI JTXYVM
SQIRI#XM.
%TSGEPMTWE PYM %HEQ R %TSGEPMTWE PYM %HEQ YR XI\X KRSWXMG HI PE
RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, HIWGSTIVMX R )KMTX, PE 2EK ,EQQEHM KWMQ S
PMWX E HMZIVWIPSV QSHYVM HI E HIWGVMI SVMKMRMPI PYM -MWYW.
%GIWXI VITVIÎRXVM MEY JSVQE E TEMWTVIÎGI RSXM'I HIWTVI ^QMWPMVMPI #M
RE#XIVMPI PYM -MWYW: TVMQIPI XVIMWTVIÎGI HI SVMKMRI MYHEMG WEY TKR WYRX
WSGSXMXI HI EYXSV GE 3MRH EFIVERXI (7, 26-82, 19); YPXMQE, GSVIWTYR^XSEVI
STMRMIM WEPI (82, 19-28), WI GSRWMHIV GE PMTWMRHY-WI HI QVXYVMMPI TVSJIXMGI.
%HZIVWEVMM ZMÊ'M R TVMQIPI XVIMWTVIÎGI RSXM'I RY WYRX TVIGMÊ'M HIGX GIP
QYPX JSEVXI MQTIVWSREP. % TEMWTVIÎGIE WXVSJ IWXI ERXMXIÊ GIPSV XVIMWTVIÎGI
HI QEM REMRXI. 4SXVMZMX EGIWXIME, GY RMGM YR GLMT RY TSEXI I\MWXE ZVIYR
EQIWXIG RXVI SQIRIWG #M HYQRIÎMIWG. %PXJIP WTYW, -MWYW E ETVYX HMRXV-S
7JIV WXVMR (82, 26): IP IWXI S 3MR' HMZMR #M RY YRE SQIRIEWG #M RG #M
QEM TY'MR S 3MR' HMZMR #M XSXSHEX SQIRIEWG; IP IWXI I\GPYWMZ S IQERE'MI
HYQRIÎMEWG WXVMR HI PYQIE SEQIRMPSV.
7YRXIQ RIZSM'M W VIPMIJQ, R PMXIVEXYVE ETSGVMJ, I\XVIQE R4SVMVI E
KRHMVMM GVI#XMRI GY TVMZMVI PE SVMKMRIE PYM -MWYW: IVE IP S 3MR' SQIRIEWG
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- WEY YRE HYQRIÎMEWG# 1YPXMTPMGMXEXIE #M
HMZIVKIR'E VWTYRWYVMPI EHYWI HI EGIEWX PMWX EVEX R GI QWYV XVIFYMI W
3 JSWX HI^FXYXI EGIWXI TVSFPIQI REMRXI GE SVXSHS\ME W ENYRK W YRM3GI
EGIWXI XVEHM'MM TVMR GERSRMÊVI. (MZIVWMXEXIE GIPSV TEMWTVIÎGI RSXM'I HMR
%TSGEPMTWE PYM %HEQ HIQSRWXVIE^, HEG QEM IVE RIZSMI, G RY WI #XME RMQMG
I\EGX HIWTVI SVMKMRMPI PYM -MWYW. 3 EWIQIRIE HMZIVWMXEXI R VITVIÎRXEVIE
^QMWPMVMM #M RE#XIVMM PYM -MWYW RY WI TSEXI I\TPMGE EPXJIP! (EG EV 3 I\MWXEX
XVEHM'MM MWXSVMGI HIWTVI SVMKMRMPI PYM -MWYW, IPI EV 3 JSWX STYWI, JV RMGM S
RHSMEP, XYXYVSV EGIWXSV I\TPMGE'MM. 4SZIWXMVMPI HMR 1EXIM P-2 #M HMR0YGE P-2
XVIFYMI W RY 3 JSWX VIGYRSWGYXI HI XS'M GE EYXIRXMGI.
7MQSR 1MQSYRM 4IPIVMRMM TVMQIPSV WIGSPI PE &IXPIIQ %XYRGM GRH, PE
RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, ME RE#XIVI QEVIE QM#GEVI E TIPIVMRENIPSV GXVI
4EPIWXMRE, &IXPIIQYP WI E4 R JVYRXIE PSGYVMPSV ZM^MXEXI. R E WE (IQSRWXVE'MI
IZERKLIPMG, WGVMW GXVI 312, )YWIFMY HI 'IÊVIIE SFWIVZ G TIPIVMRMM
-IVYWEPMQYPYM WI RHVIETX #M WTVI &IXPIIQ, TIRXVY E-P GYRSE#XI PSGYVMPI (W
IZMHIR'MIQ, R XVIEGX, EGIEWX HSVMR' HI E WI MRWXVYM, TI GEVI S RXPRMQ
JVIGZIRX PE ZM^MXEXSVMM HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE). %GIEWX QM#GEVI RY ZE RGIXE R
XMQTYP WIGSPIPSV YVQXSEVI, &IXPIIQYP E4RHY-WI EXX HI ETVSETI HI
-IVYWEPMQ #M, HI EWIQIRIE, R WJIVE PYM HI MR4YIR'. %GI#XM TIPIVMRM EM
&IXPIIQYPYM RY WYRX RW GIM HMRXM, RXVYGX R TVMQE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP
--PIE, 3VMKIR RWY#M XVIGYWI TI EMGM, YRHI Z^YWI TI#XIVE #M MIWPIE #M RXVYGX,
HYT QVXYVME PYM -YWXMR, R TVMQE NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, EMGM IVE
TVIÎRXEX S TI#XIV R GEVI IVE TPEWEX 2E#XIVIE PYM ,VMWXSW. 7I TEVI, XSXY#M,
HEG M HQ GVIÊVI 7JRXYPYM -IVSRMQ, G RXV-S ERYQMX TIVMSEH, S THYVI
WEGV RGLMREX PYM %HSRMW W-EV 3 E4EX R ETVSTMIVIE TI#XIVMM #M EV 3 RHITVXEX
ZM^MXEXSVMM. R SVMGI GE^, EFME RGITRH GY WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE ZE GTXE
MQTSVXER' ZEPYP ZM^MXEXSVMPSV EGIWXYM PSG #M RY RYQEM.
QTVXIEWE )PIRE RXVI TVMQMM ZM^MXEXSVM EM &IXPIIQYPYM WI HMWXMRKI
)PIRE, QEQE PYM 'SRWXERXMR, ZIRMX R 4EPIWXMRE R ERYP 327 (HEXE IWXI
GSRXVSZIVWEX: EV TYXIE 3 TVMQZEVE ERYPYM 325) W ZM^MXIÎ 0SGYVMPI 73RXI.
1SXMZE'MMPI TIPIVMRENYPYM RXVITVMRW HI %YKYWXE WYRX QYPXMTPI: TI PRK QSXMZYP
S3GMEP PYGVEVIE LEVYVMPSV TIRXVY XVMYQJYP QTVEXYPYM GVI#XMR TYXIQ
TVIWYTYRI S HSVMR' VITEVEXSVMI TIRXVY HVEQE GEWRMG GI RHSPMEWI HI GYVRH
JEQMPME MQTIVMEP (WS'ME #M 3YP PYM 'SRWXERXMR, YGM#M PE SVHMRYP EGIWXYME); W
VI'MRIQ, GIP TY'MR, G )PIRE QEM EZIE GE QMWMYRI WYTVEZIKLIVIE PYGVVMPSV HI
GSRWXVYG'MI RXVITVMRWI PE PSGYVMPI W3RXI HMR TSVYRGE 3YPYM IM. R EGIWX GSRXI\X,
QEM QYP'M MWXSVMGM HMR ZIGLMQI M-EY EXVMFYMX MRM'MEXMZE ^MHMVMM FE^MPMGMM 2E#XIVMM
(SQRYPYM HMR &IXPIIQ. 2Y XVIFYMI, JV RHSMEP, W I\EKIVQ VSPYP
QTVXIWIM, GGM GSRWXVYG'ME FE^MPMGMM HMR &IXPIIQ RY IWXI HIGX YR IPIQIRX
EP YRYM TPER ETSPSKIXMG HI ERWEQFPY, GEVI ZMÊ VMHMGEVIE YRSV WSQTXYSEWI
FMWIVMGM TI PSGYVMPI 2E#XIVMM (SQRYPYM,
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 385 EPI 4EXMQMM #M RZMIVMM (1EVX]VMYQ #M
%REWXEWMW), EPI RP'VMM ()PISRE) -PPYWXVRH EWXJIP GIPI XVIM E3VQE'MM EPI
'VI^YPYM: W-E RWGYX, E TXMQMX #M E RZMEX, W-E YVGEX PE GIVYVM.
4IPIVMRM HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE 4IPIVMRYP HMR &SVHIEY\ H WIEQ, R ERYP 3,
HIWTVI WXEHMYP HI EZERWEVI E EGIWXSV GSRWXVYG'MM GSRWXERXMRMIRI. )P IWXI
TVMQYP GEVI WIQREPIE^ PE &IXPIIQ FE^MPMGE 2E#XIVMM (SQRYPYM. 1IR'MSRIE^,
HI EWIQIRIE, QSV-QRXYP PYM (EZMH (GVYME M EPXYV TI PIWIM, 7SPSQSR #M TI
XVIM XSZEV#M HI EVQI EM PYM (EZMH), YR QSVQRX TI GEVI P ZSV WIQREPE, XMQT
HI QEM QYPXI ZIEGYVM, ZM^MXEXSVMM &IXPIIQYPYM.
R GI S TVMZI#XI TI )KIVME, IE W-E HYW PE &IXPIIQ HI QEM QYPXI SVM R
XMQTYP #IHIVMM WEPI R 3VMIRX, HMR 381 TR R 384; HMR RIJIVMGMVI, S 3P HMR
QERYWGVMW E HMWTVYX, EGIIE GEVI HIWGVME GIVIQSRMMPI HI &SFSXIE^
HIWJ#YVEXI R FMWIVMGE RYQMX 'QTYP 4WXSVMPSV #M R GIE E 2E#XIVMM
(SQRYPYM. )E RI EHYGI R EPX TEVXI S MRJSVQE'MI MRXIVIWERX GY TVMZMVI PE
GIPIFVEVIE PE &IXPIIQ, PE 18 QEM, E YRIM WVFXSVM R GMRWXIE 73R'MPSV -RSGIR'M.
7I TEVI G, RG HI TI ZVIQIE WE, IVE SFMGIMYP W 3I EVXEXI, RXV-S FMWIVMG
HMR TEVXIE PSGYPYM, VIPMGZIPI EGIWXSVE HMR YVQ.
3 MIWPI HI EVKMRX 0E HSEV G'MZE ERM QEM XV^MY, 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ WI ZE
MRWXEPE PE &IXPIIQ QTVIYR GY 4EYPE #M )YWXSGLMYQ, WGYQTIPI WEPI 3MGI
WTMVMXYEPI, YRHI ZE VQRI TR PE QSEVXIE WE R ERYP 420. )P IZSG EHIWISVM
R WGVMIVMPI WEPI TI#XIVE 2E#XIVMM (SQRYPYM. 7-P EWGYPXQ HIWGVMMRH
WMQ'QMRXIPI 4EYPIM PE ZIHIVIE EGIWXIM TI#XIVM: 3 EWGYPXEQ NYVRHY-QM GYQ
GSRXIQTPE GY SGLMM GVIHMR'IM TVYRGYP RJ#YVEX R WGYXIGI #M WGRGMRH R MIWPIE
PYM, QEKMM EHSVRHY-P TI (YQRIÎY, WXIEYE GEVI WXVPYGIE HIEWYTVE, *IGMSEVE
1VME, XEXP R3IXSV TYVXRHY-WI TVIZIRMXSV, TWXSVMM HRH JYKE HI GY RSETXI
TIRXVY E ZIHIE GI WI RXQTPEWI ?.A, TVYRGMM QGIPVM'M, -VSH #M JYVME PYM. 4I
-SWMJ #M 1VME JYKMRH R )KMTX. %QIWXIGRHY-#M PEGVMQMPI GY FYGYVME, WXVMKE:
n&YR KWMX, &IXPIIQI, GEW E TMRMM, YRHI W-E RWGYX TMRIE GIE GSFSVX HMR
GIV~.. (I EPXJIP, -IVSRMQ RI ZSVFI#XI RHIPYRK HIWTVI MIWPI, QLRMX HI JETXYP
G EGIIE HI PE RGITYX, S MIWPI HI PYX, E JSWX RPSGYMX -WEY QEM HIKVEF, JV
RHSMEP, EGSTIVMX GY S MIWPI HI EVKMRX: %L, QGEV HI QM-EV 3 HEX W ZH
EGIEWX MIWPI YRHI W-E SHMLRMX (SQRYP! (EV, ZEM! (MRXV-YR WMQ'QRX HI
ZIRIVE'MI TIRXVY ,VMWXSW, RSM EQ HEX PE S TEVXI MIWPIE HI PYX, WTVI E-P TYRI R
PSG YRE HI EVKMRX. 'Y GX QEM HI TVI' IVE TIRXVY QMRI GIE HEX PE S TEVXI!
%VKMRXYP #M EYVYP WYRX FYRI TIRXVY TKRM; EGIEWX MIWPI HI PYX IVE QEM
TVI'MSEW TIRXVY GVIHMR'E GVI#XMR!. -IVSRMQ QEM GYRSE#XI PE &IXPIIQ
QSVQRXYP PYM (EZMH, MEV R QTVINYVMQMPI PYM, 'QTYP 4WXSVMPSV, YRHI EGI#XME
#M TÎEY XYVQIPI EXYRGM GRH EY TVMQMX WSPME RKIVMPSV. 7MXYEX R ETVSTMIVIE
XYVRYPYM %HIV, YRHI #M TEXVMEVLYP -EGSZ PI TWGYWI TI EPI WEPI, EGIWX PSG M
MRWTMV PYM -IVSRMQ YRE HMR EGIPI HI^ZSPXVM R GEVI I\IKIÊ XMTSPSKMG
EQIWXIG JV W GPMTIEWG QEM QYPXI XI\XI FMFPMGI, RY JV E WXVIGYVE HMWGVIX
S XVMQMXIVI PE QMXSPSKME GPEWMG: R ZVIQI GI TWXSVMM #M TÎEY SMPI, EY KWMX
1MIPYP (SQRYPYM, GY PRE GYVEX #M RITVMLRMX GEVI E JSWX YQI^MX HI VSY
GIVIEWG, R ZVIQI GI XSX TQRXYP IVE YWGEX, IP, EP GVYM WRKI E VMHMGEX
TGEXIPI PYQMM #M, QTV#XMEX TI Y#SVMM Y#MPSV, E TYW TI JYK TMIV^XSVYP HMR
)KMTX. 8SEXI EGIWXI XI\XI EPI PYM -IVSRMQ XVEHYG MYFMVIE PYM TIRXVY EGIWXI
PSGYVM, HIWTVI GEVI QVXYVMWI#XI #M EPIKIVIE EQTPEWVMM QSVQRXYPYM WY,
GLMEV PE MRXVEVIE R TI#XIV.
'PYKVM #M IVIQM'M R WIGSPYP EP :-PIE, TY'MRM TIPIVMRM EM &IXPIIQYPYM RI-
EY PWEX EQMRXMVMPI PSV. )YGLIVMYW (HEG P TYXIQ HEXE HMR EGIEWX ITSG) E JSWX
YMQMX HI QMGMQIE WEXYPYM, QTVINQYMX HI YR ^MH HI MRGMRX WGYRH #M PMTWMX HI
XYVRYVM. 7IQREPIE^ #M IP MIWPIE #M WXVPYGMXSEVIE IM VEGP HMR EYV #M EVKMRX.
%GIEWXE IWXI ITSGE R GEVI QYP'M GPYKVM WI MRWXEPIE^ R HI#IVXYP -YHIMM, E4EX
JSEVXI ETVSETI. 2Y HITEVXI HI WEX, TI S GSPMR, 8ISHSWMSW #M XSZEV#MM WM WI
E#E^ RXV-S TI#XIV TI GEVI S WSGSXIWG GE 3MRH GIE R GEVI QEKMM EY JGYX
TSTEW, TI HVYQYP HI RXSEVGIVI HI PE -IVYWEPMQ GXVI 'MRYXYP PSV. 7I RXIQIME^
#M S QRWXMVI PE /EXLMWQE, RXVI -IVYWEPMQ #M &IXPIIQ, RY HITEVXI HI
QSVQRXYP 6ELIPIM, TI PSGYP R GEVI WI TVIWYTYRI G *IGMSEVE 1VME EV 3
#I^YX GY SGE^ME WSWMVMM WEPI PE &IXPIIQ.
&E^MPMGE PYM -YWXMRMER.
7IGSPYP EP :P-PIE IWXI S ITSG MQTSVXERX TIRXVY 0SGYVMPI 73RXI HMR
&IXPIIQ. &E^MPMGE PYM 'SRWXERXMR, HMWXVYW R ERYP 529, R XMQTYP YRIM VIZSPXI
WEQEVMXIRI, IWXI VIGSRWXVYMX PE TY'MR XMQT HYT EGIIE, HMR SVHMRYP PYM
-YWXMRMER, HYT YR TPER Y#SV HMJIVMX HI GIP HMREMRXI, HEV PE JIP HI WSQTXYSW;
IWXI FE^MPMGE TI GEVI S QEM TYXIQ ZIHIE #M EWX^M PE &IXPIIQ. %GIEWX
VIGSRWXVYG'MI IWXI RWS'MX #M HI TYRIVIE R ZEPSEVI E PSGYPYM: EWXJIP, EXYRGM
GRH TIPIVMRYP HMR 4MEGIRÊ P ZM^MXIE^ TVMR ERMM 560-570, HIGPEV G IWXI YR
PSG QMRYREX. 7-P HQ GYZRXYP: 7I E4 EMGM TI#XIVE R GEVI W-E RWGYX
(SQRYP #M R GEVI WI KWI#XI MIWPIE QTSHSFMX GY EYV #M EVKMRX; PYQMRMPI
WXVPYGIWG EMGM ^M #M RSETXI. +YVE TI#XIVMM IWXI JSEVXI WXVMQX. 7JRXYP -IVSRMQ,
YR TVISX, E WTEX WXRGE PE MRXVEVIE R KVSX, JGRHY-#M EGSPS YR QSVQRX,
YRHI E #M JSWX E#IÊX. R EJEV HI FE^MPMGE 2E#XIVMM (SQRYPYM, IP E Z^YX #M YR
EPX WERGXYEV, EWYTVE GVYME QVXYVME PYM IWXI HI QEVI RWIQRXEXI: 0E S
NYQXEXI HI QMP HI &IXPIIQ, RXV-S QELEPE, WYRX HSY QSVQMRXI YRHI
SHMLRIWG (EZMH #M 7SPSQSR; M WI WTYRI PSGYPYM n7JRXYPYM (EZMH~. 'STMMM TI
GEVI -VSH M-E HEX QSV'MM#M EY EMGM )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- QSVQRXYP;
SHMLRIWG R IP XS'M PESPEPX, P HIWGLM^M #M PI ZI^M SWIQMRXIPI, R WJV#MX, TI
HVYQYP HMRWTVI -IVYWEPMQ, TIPIVMRYP RSWXVY QEM Z^YWI QSVQRXYP 6ELIPIM #M
PSGYP R GEVI #I^YWI *IGMSEVE, GY M^ZSVYP GEVI ETVYWI PE VYKE IM.
'VY'EX QYP'YQMX QEKMPSV 'XVI EGIIE#M TIVMSEH, R RHITVXEXE-P
+EPMI, +VMKSVI HI 8SYVW GYPIKIE QEM QYPXI TSZIWXMVM EPI TIPIVMRMPSV R 3VMIRX:
TVMR IP GYRSE#XIQ I\MWXIR'E, R FE^MPMGE 2E#XIVMM (SQRYPYM, E YRYM TY'
WYTVERYQMX EP *IGMSEVIM #M ZMVXY'MPI QMVEGYPSEWI GI M IVEY EXVMFYMXI. 'IM GEVI
TVMZIEY R EGIWX TY', WI TSZIWXI#XI, HMR GPMTE R GEVI EZIEY MRMQE GYVEX,
TYXIEY ZIHIE EGSPS WXIEYE GEVI PI ETVYWI QEKMPSV, EPYRIGRH HI PE YR
TIVIXI PE EPXYP. 3VMGYQ EV WXE PYGVYVMPI R GE^YP EGIWXIM PIKIRHI TMSEWI, W
SFWIVZQ G XS'M ZM^MXEXSVMM TYXIEY GIP TY'MR ZIHIE EGIEWX WXIE TI YR QEVI
QSÊMG TEVMIXEP GEVI VITVIÎRXE %HSVE'ME QEKMPSV. %GIWX QSÊMG E WEPZEX
FMWIVMGE HI PE HMWXVYKIVI R ERYP 612: EXYRGM GRH TIV#MM EY MRZEHEX 4EPIWXMRE #M
M-EY NIJYMX VRH TI VRH WERGXYEVIPI, EY GVY'EX RYQEM FE^MPMGE 2E#XIVMM
(SQRYPYM, 3MRHG M Z^YWIV R IE TI QEKM VITVIÎRXE'M R ZI#QMRXI TIVWERI.
)TMWGSTYP KEPMG %VGYPJ 7 RGLIMIQ EGIEWX TVMZMVI HI ERWEQFPY EWYTVE
TIPIVMRMPSV HMR ZIGLMQI GY ITMWGSTYP KEPMG %VGYPJ, ZIRMX HMR +EPME R E HSYE
NYQXEXI E WIGSPYPYM EP :PP-PIE, RXV-S ITSG R GEVI EVEFMM GYGIVMWIV 4EPIWXMRE.
"M IP E VIQEVGEX GEVEGXIVYP QSHIWX EP &IXPIIQYPYM #M QIXIVIÎPI PYM JV
XYVRYVM; E Z^YX TI#XIVE, QTSHSFMX XSEX GY QEVQYV, HI YRHI VIPMGZEVMYP
MIWPIM TEVI W 3 HMWTVYX, GGM JYRHYP TI#XIVMM IWXI RYQMX R ZVIQIE EGIIE
MIWPI; E Z^YX S WGPHXSEVI R GEVI EV 3 JSWX QFMEX TVYRGYP -MWYW #M R GEVI
TIPIVMRMM #M WTPEY JE'E; E QEM Z^YX FMWIVMGE GY QSVQRXYP PYM (EZMH #M S EPXE
GY GIP EP 7JRXYPYM -IVSRMQ (GEVI E JSWX HIGM HITPEWEX); S EPX FMWIVMG, R
WJV#MX, TI 'QTYP 4WXSVMPSV, YRHI IVEY GLMEV EVXEXI QSVQMRXIPI E XVIM HMRXVI
IM! 'Y XMQTYP, HYT GYQ WI ZIHI, PIKIRHE &IXPIIQYPYM W-E QFSK'MX, PYGVY
GEVI ZE GSRXMRYE #M HI-E PYRKYP WIGSPIPSV YVQXSEVI. 'GM EXVEG'ME QMGMM GIX'M
RY ZE WPFM #M QYP'M ZSV 3 GIM GEVI ZSV VWTYRHI MRZMXE'MIM PYM -IVSRMQ, HI E
ZIRM EMGM TIRXVY E MRXVE R GSVXYP WY #M E ZIRIVE PSGYP TI YRHI M-EY GPGEX
TE#MM.
4MIVVI 1EVEZEP 8VMYQJYP GEPIRHEVYPYM GVI#XMR NVXS,
'VI#XMRM EWGYR#M R GEXEGSQFI, R XMQT GI HIWJVYVMPI #M GVY^MQMPI
VSQERI WI HI^PR'YMEY HIEWYTVE PSV: WI #XMI EWX^M R GI QWYV EGIEWX
MQEKMRI IWXI JEPW. 4VMQMM GVI#XMRM XVMEY, R GIE QEM QEVI TEVXI E PSV, MRXIKVE'M
RXV-S WSGMIXEXI EPI GVIM ZEPSVM #M HIWJXVM PI QTVX#IEY #M IM GY RHIWXYPEVI.
(IWMKYV, HIGSVYP #M WVFXSVMPI, TYFPMGI #M TEVXMGYPEVI, EPI QEMIWXYSEWIPSV ZMPI
VSQERI VQRIEY GY HIWZV#MVI WXVMRI HIZS'MYRMPSV TVSTVMM EHIT'MPSV PYM
,VMWXSW. (EV R ERYP 312, TVMR ZSMR'E PYM 'SRWXERXMR, GVI#XMRMWQYP RGIXIE^ E
QEM 3 YR GYPX QEVKMREP, GIP QEM EHIWIE XSPIVEX #M YRISVM MRXIV^MW, HIZIRMRH S
VIPMKMI SGVSXMX #M HMR GI R GI QEM WXVRW EWSGMEX TYXIVMM.
8MQTYP GVI#XMR E EZYX, RG HI PE RGITYX, YR VMXQ TVSTVMY. "XMQ, TVMR
MRXIVQIHMYP *ETXIPSV %TSWXSPMPSV #M EP PYM 4EZIP, G, E HSYE ^M HYT WEFEX,
GVIHMRGMS#MM WI EHYREY R EQMRXMVIE RZMIVMM PYM ,VMWXSW #M E ETEVM'MMPSV WEPI HMR
HMQMRIE'E #M WIEVE EGIWXIM ^MPI. 3QYP HI PMXIVI PEXMR 4PMRMY GIP 8RV,
KYZIVREXSV EP &MXMRMIM (RSVH-ZIWXYP %REXSPMIM) HMR WITXIQFVMI 1 TR R MERYEVMI
13, SJIV, RXV-S GSVIWTSRHIR' GIPIFV GY QTVEXYP 8VEMER TI XIQE
GVI#XMRMPSV, TVMQE HIWGVMIVI WMRXIXMG E EGIWXSV EHYRVM: %Y SFMGIMYP W WI
RXVYRIEWG PE SV 3\, REMRXI HI MZMVIE ^SVMPSV, W TWEPQSHMIÎ YR MQR GXVI
,VMWXSW GE YRYM ÎY, VWTYR^RHY-#M TI VRH, GSV #M WSPMWX #M W WI PIKI TVMR
NYVQRX RY WTVI ZVIS QM#IPMI, GM WTVI E RY WZV#M RMGM JYVXM#EK, RMGM XPLVMI,
RMGM HI^Q', E RY-#M GPGE ZSVFE, E RY WI QTSXVMZM W RETSMIÎ YR XIÊYV
EXYRGM GRH PM WI GIVI W-S JEG. (YT GI EY QTPMRMX EGIWXIE, VIKYPE PSV IWXI W
WI HIWTEVX, ETSM W WI EHYRI MEV#M GE W QRRGI, QIVMRHI SEVIGEVI #M
RIZMRSZEXI. (I EPXQMRXIVM, EY VIRYR'EX PE EGIWX HMR YVQ SFMGIM HYT IHMGXYP
QIY, TVMR GEVI, TSXVMZMX TSVYRGMPSV XEPI, TYWIWIQ GETX RXVYRMVMPSV.
%HYREVIE HI WIEV EZIE GE WGST JVRKIVIE TMRMM, GIIE GI TVIGIHE
GIPIFVEVIE IYLEVMWXMG (HI PYGVEVI E LEVYVMPSV), YVQEX HI S GMR R GSQYR,
R GEVI TMRIE, ZMRYP #M TI#XIPI IVEY JIPYVMPI JEZSVMXI, GGM EHYGIEY EQMRXI RY
RYQEM HI 'MRE GIE HI 8EMR, GM #M HI RQYP'MVIE TMRMPSV #M HI RYRXE HMR 'ERE.
%GIEWX GMR, EKETI (MYFMVI, E PYM (YQRIÎY TIRXVY SEQIRM #M E SEQIRMPSV,
YRMM JE' HI EP'MM), E HMWTVYX GXVI WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE; WGVMWSEVIE PYM 4PMRMY EVEX
G PE QEWE PYEX R GSQYR GVI#XMRMM TYXIEY VIRYR'E GIP QEM Y#SV. *V RHSMEP,
TIRXVY G IVE QEM ETVSTMEX HI YR FERGLIX SFM#RYMX (TKR), GEVI RGITIE
#M IP, 3VI#XI, TVMR VYKGMYRM. % WYTVEZMI'YMX )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909-
JSPSWMVIE YRIM LVERI WMQFSPMGI, HITVMRHIVI GI RY TYXIE EZIE YR WGST
EPMQIRXEV #M E JSWX HIZERWEX PE GIPIFVEVIE HI HMQMRIE'. %GIEWX JVR-KIVI
E TMRMM E JSWX WMRKYVE JSVQ HI NIVXJ EHQMW HI GVI#XMRM, VIWTMR-KRHY-WI
EWXJIP SVMGI JSVQ HI ZVWEVI HI WRKI.
R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI EGIWX YPXMQ EWTIGX, GVI#XMRMM WI RWGVMEY RXV-S
XIRHMR' HI JSRH HMR GI R GI QEM QERMJIWX R -QTIVMY, MEV RXPRMVMPI PSV
WTXQREPI RY EZIEY RMQMG HMR ZSMS#ME YRYM FERGLIX RXVI GSRZMZM. %#E RGX
6EQWE] 1EG1YPPIR, MWXSVMG EP %RXMGLMX'MM XV^MM, RY #SZMI W TYR R GSRXVEWX
3KYVE FMRI-HMWTYW E GVIHMRGMS#MPSV HMZMRMX'MPSV ZMRHIGXSEVI KVIGS-VSQERI,
GY QMRE EFXYX, GY GSP'YVMPI KYVMM G^YXI, E 3KYVMPSV FMÊRXMRI. 'SRXVEWX
WYKIWXMZ, HEV TY'MR EVXM3GMEP: TI HI S TEVXI, FMÊRXMRMM RY RIWSGSXIEY FYGYVME
HI E XVM, RMGM GLMEV R TVEGXMGE PSV VIPMKMSEW (PYGVEVIE LEVYVMPSV IYLEVMWXMGI
IWXI TVMR HI3RM'MI S FYGYVMI) #M, TI HI EPX TEVXI, EGIWXI GLMTYVM GY I\TVIWMM
WIZIVI TVSZMR HI-E HVITXYP HMR GYPXYVE TKR, HMR MGSRSKVE3E MQTIVMEP
VSQER, RGITRH GY ITSGE PYM 'EVEGEPPE. 3FMIGXYP HMWGY'MIM RY IWXI RW S
GEVEGXIVMWXMG MRXVMRWIG E GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, GM EWSGMIVIE WXVRW E EGIWXIM
QM#GVM, HEXSVMX PYM 'SRWXERXMR, GY S TYXIVI GEVI, QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI, HSVIE
W WI JEG XIQYX.
%GIEWX EWSGMIVI, GEVI E HYW GVI#XMRMWQYP PE RPSGYMVIE R XSXEPMXEXI E
VSPYPYM ZIGLMPSV GYPXI, P-E WMPMX W SVKERMÎÎ YR GMGPY GVI#XMR EP ERYPYM GEVI 3I
W MRXIKVIÎ, 3I W XSPIVIÎ QYPXMTPIPI WVFXSVM TYFPMGI PSGEPI, RHI-
TVXRHY-WI XSX QEM QYPX HI VIJIVMR'IPI MYHEMGI MRM'MEPI. RXV-EHIZV, GLMEV R
VRHYP GIPSV GI RY IVEY MYHIS-GVI#XMRM, VMXQYP ERYPYM VQRIE TYXIVRMG
QEVGEX HI WVFXSVMPI IZVIMI#XM, QEM GY WIEQ HI 4E#XI, GEVI GSMRGMHIE GY
4EXMQMPI #M RZMIVIE PYM ,VMWXSW. -RXIVHMG'MMPI TVIZ^YXI HI GSRGMPMM (GSRGM-PMYP HI
PE )PZMVE, RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE) EVEX G VMXYEPYVMPI MYHEMGI VQRIEY
YR QSHIP TIRXVY RYQIVS#M GVI#XMRM.
4VMQIPI WVFXSVM GVI#XMRI RW GLMEV R MRXIVMSVYP GVI#XMRMWQYPYM, R
WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, E JSWX VITVSHYW #M XVERWJSVQEX GMGPYP 4E#XIPYM IZVIMIWG, GY GIPI
#ETXI WTXQRM QTPMRMXI EPI WEPI (TEXVYÎGM #M RSY HI ^MPI) #M S WVFXSEVI
HI RGLIMIVI, 'MRGM-ÎGMQIE, GYZRX GEVI RWIEQR R KVIGI#XI E GMRGMÎGIE
?^MA (TIRXIOSWXI). %GIWXI GIVIQSRMM WYRX VIMRXIVTVIXEXI: 4EWXIPI, WVFXSEVIE
8VIGIVMM (RKIVYPYM TI HIEWYTVE GEWIPSV MYHIMPSV, GJ. W 12, 13: 4IWEL), TEVI, R
XVERWGVMIVIE 4EWGLE, W 3I QS#XIRMX HMR ZIVFYP KVIGIWG TEWGLS, WYJV,
TXMQIWG #M HIGM HMR 4EXMQMPI PYM ,VMWXSW. 1EM QYPX, S HEX GY WMRSHYP HI PE
2MGIIE (325), 4EWXIPI GVI#XMR E JSWX HIWTVMRW HI HEXE 4E#XIPYM IZVIMIWG, HMR 14
RMWER, 3MRH WXEXSVRMGMX R TVMQE HYQMRMG HI HYT TVMQE PYR TPMR GI
YVQIE^ IGLMRSG'MYPYM HI TVMQZEV. 3VKERMÊVIE GSQTPIX E XMQTYPYM TEWGEP
EVI PSG R WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, S HEX GY WVFXSEVIE RP'VMM (TEXVYÎGM HI ^MPI
HYT 4E#XI) #M GY TVIWMQMPI, VIWTIGXMZ GIPI TEXVYÎGM HI ^MPI HI TSWX GI
TVIGIH 4EWXIPI, TSWXYP 3MRH YRE HMR TVEGXMGMPI VIPMKMSEWI JEZSVMXI EPI
%RXMGLMX'MM XV^MM, MRHMJIVIRX HI GSRJIWMYRI. 4I PRK EHYRVMPI PE S ^M HYT
WEFEX #M TI PRK GIPIFVEVIE TEWGEP, TVMQIPI WVFXSVM GVI#XMRI IVEY
RGLMREXI QYGIRMGMPSV. 'YPXYP QEVXMVMPSV E M^ZSVX HMR GYPXYP QSV'MPSV, TVEGXMGEX
HI ETVSETI XSEXI VIPMKMMPI PYQMM KVIGS-VSQERI #M VITVSHYGI ERYQMXI XVWXYVM
EPI EGIWXYME, R WTIGMEP SWTI'IPI R ZIGMRXEXIE YRYM QSVQRX, FE GLMEV RXV-S
RGTIVI WTIGMEP EQIRENEX. 9RYP HMRXVI GIM QEM ZIGLM QEVXMVM EP GVYM GYPX
IWXI EXIWXEX IWXI 4SPMGEVT, ITMWGST EP 7QMQIM, I\IGYXEX PE 23 JIFVYEVMI 167.
'YPXYP QEM KIRIVEP EP W3R'MPSV RY WI HI^ZSPX REMRXI HI WJV#MXYP
WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE; WXVQYXEVIE #M VITEVXMÊVIE XVYTYVMPSV, GE #M GYPXYP
QSE#XIPSV, ETEV TIRXVY MWXSVMGM PIKEXI HI 7JRXYP :EZMPE, PE %RXMSLME, R ERYP
351, PE YR ZIEG HYT QEVXMVMYP WY, RXQTPEX PE 24 MERYEVMI 251. %FME EXYRGM
XVYTYP WY IWXI XVERWTSVXEX RXV-S FMWIVMG ERYQI GSRWXVYMX, PE (ETLRI,
GEVXMIV VI^MHIR'MEP HMR %RXMSLME, GEVI EHTSWXIE YR GIPIFVY WERGXYEV EP PYM
%TSPPS. %TSPPS, ÎYP TYV, IVE EPIVKMG PE TVIÎR'E GEHEZVIPSV R ZIGMRXEXIE
WERGXYEVIPSV WEPI, MEV MRWXEPEVIE PYM :EZMPE IVE YR FYR QMNPSG HI E-P EPYRKE,
TWXVRH R EGIPE#M XMQT GEVEGXIVYP WEGVY EP PSGYPYM. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, TI
TEVGYVWYP RXVIKYPYM WIGSP EP -:-PIE MEY EQTPSEVI TIPIVMRENIPI, QEM RXM PE
-IVYWEPMQ, PE 1YRXIPI 1WPMRMPSV. 2Y IWXI S RSYXEXI: R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, 3VMKIR
Z^YWI HINE PE &IXPIIQ TI#XIVE YRHI WI RWGYWI ,VMWXSW #M GLMEV MIWPIE R GEVI
JYWIWI RJ#EX. RW RQYP'MVIE PSGYVMPSV W3RXI HI-E PYRKYP WIGSPYPYM
EPGXYMI#XI S KISKVE3I WJRX (4MIVVI 1EVEZEP), GY S QTPIXMXYV HMR GI R GI
QEM WXVRW, GYVRH TYRGXEX HI IHM3GMM KVERHMSEWI.
'SRWXERXMR MRWXMXYMI VITEYWYP HYQMRMGEP (SQRME PYM 'SRWXERXMR E
RWIQREX S GSXMXYV HIGMWMZ R GVIEVIE XMQTYPYM GVI#XMR, TVMR WXEXSVRMGMVIE
VMXQYPYM WTXQRMM #M TVMR GSQIQSVEVIE, PE 25 HIGIQFVMI, E RE#XIVMM PYM
,VMWXSW, EPXJIP WTYW, E RXVYTVMM PYM (YQRIÎY.
7XEXSVRMGMVIE WTXQRMM, TYRGXEXI HI VITEYWYP PE 3IGEVI #ETXI ^MPI,
IWXI S IXET R YRMJSVQMÊVIE -QTIVMYPYM XV^MY. RXV-EHIZV, WMRKYVIPI ^MPI HI
SHMLR R PYQIE KVIGS-VSQER IVEY ^MPIPI WVFXSVMPSV VIPMKMSEWI; EGIWXIE
IVEY RYQIVSEWI #M ZEVMEXI, R JYRG'MI HI TSTSEVI, GIX'M, JEQMPMM. 9RIPI IVEY
TVIXYXMRHIRM VIWTIGXEXI: GEPIRHIPI PYM MERYEVMI, ERMZIVWEVIE QTVEXYPYM, GIE
E 6SQIM (ETSM EPI GIPSV HSY 6SQI, GIE HI TI 8MFVY #M GIE HI TI 'VQYVMPI
&SWJSVYPYM).
(IGM^ME PYM 'SRWXERXMR, R 321, GEVI TVIZIHIE TIRXVY XS'M VITEYWYP HI
HYQMRMG, QEVGE E#EHEV S MRSZE'MI MQTSVXERX. 8SXY#M, IE HIRYQI#XI
HYQMRMGE HVITX ^M E 7SEVIPYM, WVFXSVMX TIRXVY GYPXYP 3IGVYME, RIJ-GRH,
TVMR YVQEVI, HMR EGIEWXE S ^M HI SHMLR WTIGM3G GVI#XMR. 2I E4Q, XSXY#M, GY
TEXVY ERM REMRXI HI GSRGMPMYP HI PE 2MGIIE (325) #M GXVI ITSGE R GEVI ETEVI
WVFXSEVIE 'VGMYRYPYM. 0IKMYMXSVYP TWXVIE^ RYQIPI TPERIXEV EP HYQMRMGMM,
TI R'IPIWYP XYXYVSV, JV RHSMEP. 7TXQRE TI GEVI S GYRSE#XIQ RY IWXI
HIGM EHETXEVIE GVI#XMR E YRYM VMXQ EP I\MWXIR'IM IZVIMI#XM. 'SRWXERXMR RY E
JGYX HIGX W YXMPMÎÎ YR TVSGIHIY HI GEPGYP EP XMQTYPYM HINE RGIX'IRMX #M
GY QYPX QEM WMQTPY HIGX WMWXIQYP KVIGIWG EP )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909-
391 HIGEHIPSV WEY HIGX GIP PEXMR EP GEPIRHIPSV, RSRIPSV #M MHIPSV, GGM IWXI
GSQTPIX HIWTVMRW HI VMXQYP RIVIKYPEX EP PYRMPSV.
8IVQIRMM RXVIFYMR'E'M HI GERGIPEVME MQTIVMEP EQMRXIWG G, PE SVMKMRI,
WTXQRE VSQER IWXI YRE WXVMGX TPERIXEV, ^MPIPI 3MRH EXVMFYMXI GXI YRIME
HMR GIPI #ETXI TPERIXI, GYQ QEM IWXI #M EWX^M R IRKPI^, YRE HMR VEVIPI PMQFM
GEVI E TWXVEX WMWXIQYP MRXEGX, GY XSEXI G R KIRIVEP E RPSGYMX RYQIPI
PEXMRI#XM EPI TPERIXIPSV TVMR IGLMZEPIRXIPI PSV KIVQERMGI. 8SXY#M, ETVSETI XSEXI
GEPIRHEVIPI WTXQREPI GVI#XMRI EY RPSGYMX GYVRH ^MYE PYM 7EXYVR (R
IRKPI^, 7EXYVHE]), GEVI HIWGLMHIE WTXQRE TPERIXEV, GY ^MYE HI
WEFEX (WEQFEXY ?QA R PEXMRE XV^MI, HI YRHI 7EQWXEK, WEQIHM, WEFFEXS.),
GEVI, HMQTSXVMZ, S RGLIME, 3MRHG, IXMQSPSKMG, WEFEXYP IWXI E #ETXIE ^M, GIE
R GEVI (SQRYP W-E SHMLRMX HYT *EGIVIE PYQMM. >MYE 7SEVIPYM (R IRKPI^,
7YRHE]) E HIZIRMX ^MYE (SQRYPYM (HYQMRMGE RSEWXV, GEVI ZMRI HMR HMI ?QA
HSQMRMGE ?QA, GE #M MXEPMIRIWGYP HSQIRMGE #M WTERMSPYP HSQMRKS); KVIGIWYP
O]VMEOM EVI EGIPE#M WIRW. 8SXY#M, GEPIRHEVIPI WTXQREPI VWVMXIRI (GIP KVIG)
RY EY EHSTXEX RYQIPI TPERIXIPSV #M W-EY QYP'YQMX W RYQIVSXIÎ ^MPIPI, HI
PYRM (E HSYE ^M E WTXQRMM) TR NSM (E GMRGIE) PE KVIGM, ZMRIVIE IWXI ^MYE
TVIKXMVMM (TEVEWOIZM) YPXMQIM QIWI HI WEFEX E PYM ,VMWXSW; VY#MM EY EHSTXEX
PYRIE GE TVMQE ^M, TR ZMRIVM, E GMRGIE, WQFXE 3MRH ^MYE WEFEXYPYM, MEV
HYQMRMGE ^MYE RZMIVMM. R WJV#MX, HEG EVYRGQ S TVMZMVI EWYTVE WTXQRMM
MWPEQMGI #M EMGM ^MPIPI WYRX RYQIVSXEXI, HSEV HSY, YRISVM XVIM, TWXVRHY-#M YR
RYQI EP PSV: ZMRIVIE, ^M HI EHYREVI E SF#XMM GVIHMRGMS#MPSV _GYQE, R XYVG) #M
HYQMRMGE, ^M HI TME' (FEÊV), YRISVM WQFXE (GLERFE, R TIVWER).
8MQTYP 'VGMYRYPYM 8SX R ERMM GEVI TVIGIH GSRGMPMYP HI PE 2MGIIE RGITI
W 3I TPEWEX GSQIQSVEVIE RE#XIVMM (SQRYPYM PE 25 HIGIQFVMI. 0E RGITYX
GSMRGMWIWI GY WVFXSEVIE MYHEMG E GSVXYVMPSV (7YGSX), WVFXSEVI HI XSEQR,
HYT GYQ RHIQRE )ZERKLIPME HYT -SER, WTYRRH #M 'YZRXYP W-E JGYX
XVYT #M 7-E WP#PYMX RXVI RSM. 'X TVMZI#XI HEXE HI 25 HIGIQFVMI, IE QEVGE
HMR ZVIQIE QTVEXYPYM %YVIPMER (270-275) ERMZIVWEVIE 7SEVIPYM RIRZMRW.
'XVI 36, WVFXSEVIE GVI#XMR HMR HIGIQFVMI IWXI QIR'MSREX R %TYW #M WI
VWTRHI#XI GXVI 380 R 6WVMX, YRHI EVI PSG PE 6 MERYEVMI (&SFSXIE^) #M RY
PE 25 HIGIQFVMI. -RXIVTIXEVIE PYM ,VMWXSW GE 7SEVI IWXI I\XVEW HMRXV-YR TEWEN
EP TVSVSGYPYM QMG 1EPIELM: . "M ZE VWVM TIRXVY ZSM, GIM GEVI Z XIQI'M HI
RYQIPI 1IY, WSEVIPI HVITX'MM, GY XQHYMVI ZIRMRH R VEÎPI PYM (1EP 3, 20);
GSRGITIVIE PYM ,VMWXSW, RZMRKXSV EP RXYRIVMGYPYM QSV'MM, GE 7SEVI RIRZMRW,
EHMG VIRWGRH R 3IGEVI HMQMRIE' HMR RXYRIGMQIE RST'MM, M JGIE TI
GVI#XMRM, PE &MWIVMGE 7JRXYP 4IXVY HMR 6SQE, W WI VSEKI R HMVIG'ME VWVMXYPYM,
GY WTEXIPI PE EFWMHE FE^MPMGMM, GIIE GI PI-E EXVEW VITVS#YVM HMR TEVXIE TETIM
0ISR GIP 1EVI (40-461).
R TEVEPIP GY XMQTYP TEWGEP, XMQTYP 'VGMYRYPYM EWXJIP MRWXEYVEX GSQTPIXE
GVI#XMREVIE ERYPYM. 2SMPI WVFXSVM TYXIEY TVIE WSFVI #M GLMEV EYWXIVI JE' HI
ZEVMIXEXIE, I\YFIVER'E #M XIEXVEPMXEXIE WVFXSVMPSV TSPMXIMWXI, SVKERMÊXI HI
FVIWPI WTIGMEPMÊXI. %GIWXIE HMR YVQ RI WYRX GYRSWGYXI TVMR HIGVIXIPI HI PE
RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP :-PIE, GEVI PI WYTVMQ EGXMZMX'MPI WEY GEYX W #XIEVK
EWTIGXIPI VIPMKMSEWI, R GE^YP GSVTSVE'MMPSV TVSJIWMSREPI GI SVKERMÎE^ WIVFVM
R GMRWXIE HMZMRMX'MM TVSXIGXSEVI E QIWIVMIM PSV. %WXJIP WI JEGI G FVIWPIM E#E-
RYQM'MPSV HIRHVSTLSVM, RIKYWXSVM HI PIQRI TIRXVY HSKVMI, M VIZIRIE WEVGMRE
HI E TYVXE TMRYP WEGVY R GIVIQSRMMPI RGLMREXI 1EVMM 1EQI E >IMPSV #M PYM %XXMW.
%GI#XM HIRHVSTLSVM IVEY, HI EPXQMRXIVM, EWSGME'M GY HYPKLIVMM (JEFVM) #M QI#XIVMM
HI TVIPEXI (GIRXSREVMM), QTVIYR EPGXYMRH YR GSVT HI TSQTMIVM. %GIPIE#M
XEKQI SVKERMÊY TEVEHI, JIWXMRYVM, WTIGXEGSPI, MEV RYQIPI PSV MRHMGE YRISVM
VSPYP TI GEVI P HI'MRIEY R GEHVYP GIVIQSRMMPSV: HI TMPH, JVIHMERM WEY
JIVIXVMERM, TYVXXSVM HI FVERGEVHI TI GEVI HI3PEY GLMTYVMPI HMZMRI; WSHEPIW
FEPPEXSVIW ']FIPEI, GEPJIPI HR'YMXSEVI EPI 'MFIPIM, GERXEFVEVMM WEY TYVXXSVMM
HI 4EQYVM, RIQIWMEGM WEY KLMGMXSVMM, ZMXYXMEVMM WEY VIGMXEXSVMM HI PEYHI RP'EXI
HMZMRMX'MM. )RYQIVEVIE RSEWXV JEGI W VIRZMI GYPSVMPI, QM#GVMPI #M WYRIXIPI
TVSGIWMYRMPSV, EWIQRXSEVI GY GIPI GEVI QEM EY RG PSG R XSX GYTVMRWYP
QIHMXIVERIER, RGLMREXI W3R'MPSV RW, RY ÎMPSV.
-RXIKVEVIE IPIQIRXIPSV JIWXMZI TKRI R JE'E TEVXMGMTER'MPSV PE EGIWXI
GIPIFVVM, QTVE'MM WYRX SFPMKE'M W WI RGSRNSEVI HI TVIGEY'MM, MEV YRISVM WYRX
#SZMXSVM TVIGYQ ,SRSVMYW R 3GGMHIRX, TVMR HIGVIXIPI WEPI GSRXVEHMGXSVMM HMR
408, 412-413 #M 415 GGM TSTYPEVMXEXIE EGIWXSV WIVFVM IVE QEVI, IPI 3MRH YR
ETEREN EP ZMI'MM YVFERI. (YT GYQ TVIGMÎE^ HSY HIGVIXI HMR 376 #M 379,
EQ RKHYMX GE EVXIPI HMWXVEG'MIM W 3I TVEGXMGEXI, HI XIEQ GE S TVIE
WXVE#RMG RKVHMVI W RY HIE RE#XIVI RXVMWXVMM.
+YWXYVMPI IZSPYIE^, HI EPXQMRXIVM. %WXJIP WI JEGI G PYTXIPI HI
KPEHMEXSVM ETYR R HIGYVWYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE R 3VMIRX, PE RGITYXYP GIPYM HI-EP
:-PIE R 3GGMHIRX, WYTVEZMI'YMRHY-PI RW ZRXSVMPI WTIGXEGYPSEWI R
EQ3XIEXVY #M GYVWIPI HI GEVI, GI ZSV JEGI SFMIGXYP YRIM I\XVESVHMREVI
RWY4I'MVM R &MÊR'. 4VSXIGXSEVIE EGIWXSV HMWXVEG'MM, ÎM'E 2IQIWMW, GSRXMRY W
3I SRSVEX HI GVIHMRGMS#MM WM TVMR WEZYVSEWI JIWXMRYVM, R GEVI PYQIE WI
HIWJEX GY KWG JVMTX #M SY. RXV-EHIZV, 2IQIWMW, TVIWGLMQFEX R KWG,
R WTIVER'E HI E WGTE HI WXVYMR'IPI PYM >IYW, M GIHEWI ÎYPYM WYF EGIEWX
RJ'M#EVI #M, R YVQE QTVIYRVMM PSV, E VI^YPXEX YR SY (WEY HSY) HMR GEVI W-EY
RWGYX 'EWXSV #M 4SPPY\, TI HI S TEVXI, )PIRE #M 'PMXIQRIWXVE, TI HI EPXE.
(IWMKYV, IWXI GEPI PYRK RXVI ZIGLIE PIKIRH KVIEG #M QSÊMGYP GEVI
MQSVXEPMÎE^ EGIWXI GLMSPLERYVM PE 8VIZIW, PE WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE.
7YTVEZMI'YMVIE ÎM'IM TR PE EGIEWX HEX XV^MI E JSWX EWMKYVEX, GE #M GLMTYP
IM GMSTPMX, HI ZSKE GYVWIPSV HI GEVI #M E WTIGXEGSPIPSV GY 3EVI WPFEXMGI. 1EM
ETSM, PE PMXIVE'MM FMÊRXMRM, 2IQIWMW E WYTVEZMI'YMX HSEV GE 3KYV QMXSPSKMG HI
SVREQIRX #M EY XVIFYMX KWMXI EPXI TVIXI\XI TIRXVY E TYRI R GYTXSV S KWG
FMRI YQTPYX.
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 393
(MR YRIPI GYPXI EY JSWX VIGYTIVEXI XVWXYVMPI GIPI QEM MQTSVXERXI: -WMW
PE 'EXERE, ÎM' E REZMKE'MIM, E HEX RE#XIVI 73RXIM %KEXE GEVI TVIME YR ITMXIX
EP ÎM'IM, %KEXLI (HEMQSR), HMZMRMXEXIE FMRIZSMXSEVI #M 7JRXYPYM )YTPS, GEVI
IZSG TI S EPXE, IYTPSME, ÎM' E XVEZIVWVMM PMRM#XMXI. 7JRXYP )YTPS #M EVI
WVFXSEVIE PE 12 EYKYWX, ^M GSQIQSVEXMZ E RE#XIVMM ÎM'IM #M RYQMX
%TVMRHIVIE GERHIPIPSV, HI PE RYQIPI YRIME HMR TVEGXMGMPI TKRI TI GEVI
GVI#XMRMM EY EHSTXEX-S GX WI TSEXI HI FYGYVS#M.
%HSVQMVIE 1EMGMM (SQRYPYM, TV^RYMX PE 15 EYKYWX R RXVIEKE PYQI
GVI#XMR, E ZIRMX PE XERG GX W JEG E-P 3 YMXEX VMZEPE HMR 12!
7JRXE %KEXE, WVFXSVMX PE 5 JIFVYEVMI, R ZVIQI GI -WMW IVE WIVFEX PE
5 QEVXMI, E QTVYQYXEX HI PE REMRXE#E WE QEVIE QERXMI-ZP TVSXIGXSEVI,
4YXYVEX R XMQTYP TVSGIWMYRMPSV #M QEM EPIW GMYXYVMPI R JSVQ HI WRM GEVI S
IZSGEY TI -WMW GE HSMG; %KEXE 3MRH RW JIGMSEV, WRMM EQMRXIWG EMGM HI JETXYP
G YR KYZIVREXSV VSQER TYWIWI W-P 3I VIXIÊ'M GY GVY^MQI R XMQTYP
QEVXMVMYPYM IM.
7-E RXQTPEX #M GE TVSGIWMYRMPI W 3I TYV #M WMQTPY QIR'MRYXI, HEV
HIWEGVEPMÊXI; E JSWX GE^YP 1EMYQIM, WVFXSEVI GIPIFVEX PE SVMKMRI, TEVI-WI,
R TSVXYP +EÊ. 8SXY#M, IE IWXI GSRHEQREX R QEM QYPXI VRHYVM, R WIGSPYP EP
-:-PIE, RY EXX HI GVI#XMRM, GX HI TKRM WIVMS#M TVIGYQ QTVEXYP -YPMER WEY
VIXSVYP 0MFERMSW, GEVI RY ETVIGME^ WIR^YEPMXEXIE WGPHEXYPYM #M E FERGLIXIPSV
WEPI. 'E #M R WMXYE'ME FVIWPIPSV IZSGEXI QEM WYW, QTVE'MM GVI#XMRM EY SWGMPEX,
GY TVMZMVI PE 1EMYQE, RXVI XSPIVER' #M MRXIVHMG'MI, RW RKHYMR'E E EZYX
G#XMK HI GEY^ #M QTVE'MM FMÊRXMRM R#M#M, TR R WIGSPYP EP :9--PIE, RY W-EY
HEX R PXYVM HI PE E WZV#M 1EMYQE TIRXVY E WVFXSVM GMRI #XMI GI ZMGXSVMI.
R WJV#MX, YR IPIQIRX EP GMGPYPYM JIWXMZ EP ERYPYM E JSWX EWMQMPEX JV
TVSFPIQI: GIVIQSRMMPI GYPXYPYM MQTIVMEP. 9RE HMR TVEGXMGMPI PSV, IXMQE^ME WEY
EHSVEVIE XVSRYPYM KSP, TI GEVI WYRX HSEV E#IÊXI, TI S TIVR, RWIQRIPI
MQTIVMEPI, E JSWX TVIPYEX GE EXEVI R MGSRSKVE3E GVI#XMR. -EV HIWGVMIVIE TI
GEVI YR REPX JYRG'MSREV HI PE GYVXIE PYM -YWXMRMER, 4EYP 7MPIR'MEVYP, S JEGI
WIVFVMPSV HI MREYKYVEVI E 73RXIM 7S3E, PE 'VGMYRYP HMR ERYP 562, EVEX G HI
EGYQ XSX GIIE GI JGYWI WTPIRHSEVIE ZIGLMPSV GIVIQSRMM #M RY GSRXVEZIRIE
QSVEPIM %RXMGLMX'MM XV^MM E JSWX RGSVTSVEX RSMPSV PMXYVKLMM: TVSGIWMYRM, GRXVM,
NSGYVM HI PYQMR.
3VMGEVI EV 3 JSWX QMNPSEGIPI JSPSWMXI WYTVETYRIVI, WYFWXMXY'MI,
EFWSVF'MI YR XMQT GVI#XMR E WYFNYKEX #M YRM3GEX, RGIXYP GY RGIXYP, VMXQYVMPI
HMREQMGI EPI QYPXMTPIPSV XMQTYVM ETEV'MRRH TSPMXIMWQYPYM. 9PXMQMM TKRM, WMPM'M
W WI QYP'YQIEWG GY VYKGMYRM R WMRIE PSV, W EHSVI TI JYVM# QMRYRMPI
REXYVEPI, ZHYZM'M HI XIQTPIPI WXVPYGMXSEVI GEVI GSRWXMXYMWIV QRHVME PSV #M
HI ZSMSEWIPI GEVREZEPYVM GEVI, ZVIQI EXX HI RHIPYRKEX, PI WYHEWIV
WSPMHEVMXEXIE, M-EY PWEX TI GVI#XMRM W TYR WXTRMVI TI RXVIK GEPIRHEVYP
GEVI HIETR TR E^M PMXERME W3R'MPSV, PE HVITX ZSVFMRH, QEM HIPSG TYVXXSVM
HI WVFXSEVI.
4MIVVI 'LYZMR %VXE #M GSRZIVXMVIE 6SQIM *V EVXE TKR, RY EV I\MWXE
EVXE TEPISGVI#XMR, E#E GYQ S GYRSE#XIQ EWX^M. (ITEVXI HI E WI TMIVM,
QMXSPSKME RW#M E WYTVEZMI'YMX R GYPXYVE GVI#XMR E -QTIVMYPYM XV^MY, MRWTMVRH
EXX TSI'MM, GX #M QSÊMGEVMM, EYVEVMM #M WGYPTXSVMM. %GIEWX WMQFMS^ E
MQEKMREVYVMPSV IWXI S GEVEGXIVMWXMG TVIE TY'MR GYRSWGYX E XVEHM'MIM RSEWXVI
SGGMHIRXEPI.
%VXE GVI#XMR RY ETEVI KEXE RÎWXVEX GY S XVEHM'MI EYXSRSQ, GE #M GYQ
EV 3 TVS3XEX HI YR KSP TI GEVI P-EV 3 PWEX S EVX TKR QYVMFYRH #M HI
EGYQ WXIVMP. 7GYPTXYVE VSQER RY #M-E TMIVHYX RMQMG HMR ZMKSEVI, IE GYRSE#XI
GLMEV YR TPYW HI SVMKMREPMXEXI R ITSGE R GEVI ETEV TVMQIPI WEVGSJEKI
GVI#XMRI, GEVI TEVXMGMT PE #M FIRI3GME^ HI EGIEWX ZMXEPMXEXI.
8SXY#M, 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM GSRXIWXEY FYGYVSW EVXE GE EXEVI. )M WI
VIZIRHMGEY HI PE :IGLMYP 8IWXEQIRX, GEVI GSRHEQR R QSH VEHMGEP
MGSRSKVE3E: W RY Z JEGI'M GLMTYVM GMSTPMXI, GEVI W RJ'M#IÎ FVFEX WEY
JIQIMI, WEY RGLMTYMVIE ZVIYRYM HSFMXSG HI TI TQRX, WEY RGLMTYMVIE
ZVIYRIM TWVM GI ^FSEV WYF GIV ?.A ZVIYRIM NMZMRI GI WI XV#XI TI TQRX ?.A
ZVIYRYM TI#XI. IXG. ((X 4, 16-P8). &PIWXIQEX W 3I GIP GI ZE JEGI MHSP GMSTPMX
WEY XYVREX ((X 27, 15). 7 RY-'M JEGM GLMT GMSTPMX #M RMGM YR JIP HI EWIQREVI
E RMGM YRYM PYGVY HMR GXI WYRX R GIV ?.A TI TQRX ?.A WEY R ETI (W 20, 4).
R SGLMM GVI#XMRMPSV, GE #M R EM IZVIMPSV, MGSRSKVE3E IVE, HIWMKYV,
GSQTVSQMW HI MHSPEXVMI #M (GE #M XIEXVYP, TVSWGVMW R EGIPE#M QSH) HI
QMXSPSKMI, EGIE GVSRMG WGERHEPSEW HIWTVI ÎM WEY IVSM. 8IVXYPMER M MQTYX
(MEZSPYPYM WSMYP VY EP WGYPTXSVMPSV. 3VMGI JSVQ, QEVI WEY QMG, QIVMX
RYQIPI HI MHSP. 2Y EV XVIFYM RMGMSHEX RKHYM'M EVXM#XMM R 'EWE PYM (YQRIÎY.
)P RY PI VIGYRSE#XI QI#XIVMPSV PYGVXSVM R WXYG HIGX IPIQIRXIPI HIGSVEXMZI,
I\GPY^RH XSX GI IZSG YR GLMT HI SQ WEY HI ERMQEP. 4IRXVY 8E'MER, EVXE
KVIEG 'MRI HI RIFYRMI #M HI RIPIKMYMVI. 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP HIRYR'
RHIQREVIE J'EVRMG E EGIPSV EVXM#XM GEVI HI^ZIPIWG WMQ'MVIE, ^KR-HVIWG
TEXMQMPI ZXQXSEVI #M RXSVG SQYP HI PE EHIZVEXYP (YQRIÎY; EVXE IWXI
WQMRXMVI GEVI XV#XI R LY. 0E QEVIPI 3VMKIR, EVKYQIRXE'ME IWXI QEM
3PSWS3G, HEG RY HI-E HVITXYP TPEXSRMGMER: SEQIRMM E#IÊ'M R
RXYRIVMG (GE R JEMQSEWE TI#XIV HMR 6ITYFPMGE) #M STVIWG TVMZMVIE EWYTVE
XYXYVSV STIVIPSV VIPI EPI TMGXSVMPSV, EPI GMSTPMXSVMPSV, EPI WGYPTXSVMPSV HI WXEXYM,
R PSG W-#M REPXI WTMVMXYP WTVI 'VIEXSV. R SVMGI GE^, RY EV 3 GY TYXMR'
VITVIÎRXEVIE (YQRIÎYPYM GIP RIZ^YX #M RIXVYTIWG, HYT GYQ RMGM MHIMPI
PYQMM MRXIPMKMFMPI. 7XEXYMPI ?.A GEVI WYRX TPGYXI PYM (YQRIÎY RY WYRX PYGVEVIE
YRSV QI#XIVM HI VRH, GM EPI 0SBSW-YPYM HMZMR, GEVI PI )<4%27-92)%
'6)"8-2-71909- 395 WGLM'IE^ #M PI ^MHI#XI R RSM. 7YRX ZMVXY'MPI GI WI
EWIEQR 'IPYM QEM RXM-RWGYX HIGX XSEX JTXYVE #M RY WYTSVX RMGM S
GSQTEVE'MI GY GETSHSTIVIPI PYM *MHMEW, 4SPMGPIX, %TIPPIW WEY >IY\MW.
%WIQREVIE GY RWY#M (YQRIÎY IWXI GIE GEVI XVIFYMI W REWG R RSM S
WXEXYMI, 3MRHG XVYTYP RSWXVY IWXI XIQTPYP PYM (YQRIÎY. 7TYRRH EGIWXIE,
3VMKIR WI ETVSTMI QYPX HI RISTPEXSRMGMERYP 4PSXMR: EQRHSM YVQEWIV
RZ'XYVE 3PSWSJYPYM %QQSRMY 7EGGEW.
%VX #M EHIZV (EV STIVE HI EVX QEM TYXIE MRWTMVE #M VITVIÎRXEVIE GE
WIQR, GE WMQFSP (R PEXMR, WMKRE HIWIQRIE^ WXEXYMPI ÎMPSV). 4SV3V, YR
HMWGMTSP EP PYM 4PSXMR, GLMF^YMI#XI EWYTVE JSVQIPSV #M EXVMFYXIPSV MHSPMPSV.
1EKMWXVYP RWY#M RI XVMQMXI PE WXEXYM GI MPYWXVIE^ WYZIVERMXEXIE ÎYPYM GSWQMG.
4IRXVY EYXSVYP )RRIEHIPSV (:, 8, 1), EVXIPI ? A RHVIETX KRHYP WTVI
VE'MYRMPI HMR GEVI W-E RWGYX SFMIGXYP QEXIVMEP ?.A *MHMEW #M P-E JYVMX TI >IYW
JV PIKXYV GY ZVIYR QSHIP WIRWMFMP. )P P-E RGLMTYMX E#E GYQ EV 3 HEG EV
GSRWMQ'M W WI RJ'M#IÎ TVMZMVMPSV RSEWXVI. %VXE EVI, TVMR YVQEVI, GIZE
XVERWGIRHIRXEP. )\MWX YR HMRGSPS R EVX (*V. 2MIX^WGLI), HEG RY GLMEV S
EVX E GIIE GI IWXI HMRGSPS, GEVI HIT#I#XI RMZIPYP WIRWMFMP WEY WIR^YEP, R
EGIEWX HMWTYX, YRMM TKRM QIVKIEY TR EGSPS RGX WTYRIEY, GE *MPSWXVEX:
# 2Y MYFM TMGXYVE RWIEQR E RIWSGSXM EHIZVYP ?.A R'IPITGMYRIE TSI'MPSV, R
MHIIE G TSIXYP IWXI YR TVI^MGXSV, YR TVSJIX EP HMZMRYPYM, YEXIW. %VXE 'MRI HI
YR EHIZV QEM EHRG #M QEM HYVEFMP HIGX VIEPMXEXIE MQIHMEX WEY SFM#RYMX.
%WXJIP WI JEGI G YR EHIZVEX TSVXVIX MEV R EGIEWX TVMZMR', EVXE GVI#XMR RY
WI EFEXI HI PE XVEHM'ME VSQER I\TVMQ #MRIPI JYRHEQIRXEP #M GSRWXERX
QEM HIKVEF HIGX IYP ZVIQIPRMG. 'LMEV S WGIR QMXMG WEY FMFPMG, YR QSXMZ
EPIKSVMG TSX XVEHYGI S GSRZMRKIVI GEVI W XVERWKVIWIÎ GSRXYVYVMPI JSVQEPI
EPI MQEKMRMM. %VXE RY IWXI WXVMR HI ETSPSKIXMG.
3 QS#XIRMVI IVIXMG#
'SRHEQREVIE WGVMTXYVMWXMG IVE GEXIKSVMG. RW MQEKMREVYP IWXI
RXSXHIEYRE QEM TYXIVRMG HIGX HSGXVMREVMM. 7MREKSKMPI RY EY WGTEX HI
EGIEWX MVI^MWXMFMP TVIWMYRI #M RMGM GLMEV HI MGSRSKVE3E TKR. RXV-S
GEXEGSQF IFVEMG HMR 6SQE, TYXIQ ZIHIE HIP3RYP GY XVMHIRX, WMQFSP EP PYM
2ITXYR. 9R WEVGSJEK RI RJ'M#IE^, HIEWYTVE YRIM WGIRI HI ^HVSFMVI E
WXVYKYVMPSV, QIRSVEL TYVXEX HI :MGXSVMM 4ERGEXI HI HYLYVMPI %RSXMQTYVMPSV:
XVMYQJYP EWYTVE QSV'MM, GMGPYP XMQTYVMPSV HI TIWXI ER, WMQFSPMWQYP ZMRYPYM
(FYXYV E ZI#RMGMIM) EY TYXYX PIKMXMQE EGIWX WMRGVIXMWQ JE' HI GEVI RMGM
GVI#XMRMM RY EY JSWX VIJVEGXEVM.
0E RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP -:-PIE, GSRGMPMYP HI PE )PZMVE MRXIV^MGIE SVMGI
GLMT ^YKVZMX TI ^MHYVMPI FMWIVMGMPSV, RXV-S ZVIQI R GEVI, PE 6SQE, S EVX
GVI#XMR #M PYEWI HINE EZRX. R JETX, MGSRSGPEWQYP HI TVMRGMTMY VQRIE
QMRSVMXEV, GLMEV R VRHYP REPXYPYM GPIV. R PMTW HI JVIWGI WEY HI VIPMIJYVM,
MQEKMRE'ME WI HIJYPIE^ R ZMWI WEY ZM^MYRM, GE EGIPIE TI GEVI RM PI HIWGVMY
4WXSVYP PYM ,IVQE WEY %GXIPI QEVXMVMPSV. 4IVTIXYE P ZIHI TI ,VMWXSW WYF
RJ'M#EVIE YRYM TWXSV REPX, QYPKRHY-#M QMSEVIPI. ,IVQE ZIHI MRXVRH PE IP
YR SQ GY RJ'M#EVI QVIE', RZI#QRXEX GE YR TWXSV, EGSTIVMX GY S TMIPI
HI GETV EPF, GY S HIWEK TI YQV #M GY S GVN R QR. RG HMR EGIEWX
ITSG, TI WEVGSJEKIPI GI MPYWXVIE^ QMXYP PYM )RH]QMSR, ZM^MXEX HI 0YR R
XMQTYP WSQRYPYM, GMSTPMXSVMPSV R QEVQYV PI TPEGI W WYFPMRMIÎ GSRXI\XYP
FYGSPMG EP ITMWSHYPYM. 'YVRH, &YRYP 4WXSV WI ZE QYPXMTPMGE TI FSP'MPI
LMTSKIIPSV #M TI TVMQIPI WEVGSJEKI GVI#XMRI. 8IVXYPMER PI VITVS#IE^
GSVIPMKMSREVMPSV WM FYXYP HMR GYTIPI TI GEVI GLMTYP ^YKVZMX EP EGIWXYM &YR
4WXSV TRKVI#XI XEMRE PYM ,VMWXSW ?.A, MHSP TIRXVY FI'MI #M FVPSK TIRXVY
TVIEGYVZMI! 4IRXVY S GPMT, KRHYP RI-EV TYXIE TYVXE PE HIGSVYP WGEFVSW EP
YRIM ZIWIPI HMSRMWMEGI. 3V 8IVXYPMER ZMÎE^ RM#XI GEXSPMGM, MEV ITMWGSTYP PSGYPYM
TEVI W-#M 3 HEX FMRIGYZRXEVIE. 2Y IVE ZSVFE HI VITVIÎRXEVIE PYM
(YQRIÎY. (EV ,VMWXSW, GLMTYP PYM (YQRIÎY GIPYM RIZ^YX ('SP 1, 15)# 0E
WJV#MXYP WIGSPYPYM EP --PIE, -VMRIY WI PYE HI GEVTSGVE'M: IM EZIEY GLMTYVM TMGXEXI
WEY WGYPTXEXI EPI PYM ,VMWXSW, HIVMZEXI, E#E-^MGRH, HMRXV-YR TSVXVIX TI GEVI
4MPEX EV 3 TYW W-P 3I JGYX PYM -MWYW, TI GRH XVME TVMRXVI SEQIRM (%HZIVWYW
LEIVIWIW -, 25, 6): PE IM WI KRHIE 6IRER WTYRRH G EVXE GVI#XMR W-E RWGYX
IVIXMG. 'EVTSGVE'MM #M RGYRYREY MGSERIPI GY 4SVM, EWSGMMRHY-PI TSVXVIXIPI PYM
4PEXSR, 4MXEKSVE WEY %VMWXSXIP; MEV QTVEXYP %PI\ERHVY 7IZIV M ZE GMRWXM R
PEVEVMYP WY TI %ZVEEQ #M -MWYW, R EGIPE#M XMQT GY 3VJIY #M %TSPPSRMSW HMR
8]ERE. R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, JHIPMX'MPI VIPMKMSEWI IVEY RG JSEVXI HITEVXI HI S
WXVMGX HMLSXSQMI. 2Y I\MWXEY GVI#XMRM SVXSHSG#M HI S TEVXI #M TKRM HI EPXE, GM
IRSVQI MRXIVWXM'MM MRHIGMWI, SGYTEXI HI WIGXI. -VMRIY #M ,MTSPMX RY PI GSQFEX GY
EXXE EVHSEVI HIGX TIRXVY G IPI JGIEY QYP'M EHIT'M. 3V I\IKIÎPI PSV
HIWTVI PYQI #M MRHMZMH MRGPYHIEY QMXYVM TKRI.
+RSÎPI ZVIQMM XVHIE^ YR MQEKMREV XYPFYVI, EPI GVYM IPYGYFVE'MM EY
HMR FIP#YK TVMR GI HIWGYQTRM. (EV IP IWXI YR JIP HI SKPMRH QVMXSEVI E
JVQRXVMM YRSV QMR'M HIÎGLMPMFVEXI, GEVI RY EJIGXE RYQEM GIVIFVEPMXEXIE
QIHMMPSV MRXIPIGXYEPI. (MR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI GVSRSPSKMG, JIRSQIRYP GSMRGMHI, R
JEÊ WE HI QEXYVMXEXI, GY TVMQIPI QERMJIWXVM EPI YRIM EVXI GVI#XMRI TI GEVI
RI IWXI KVIY YRISVM W S HMWSGMIQ HI S EVX GVI#XMRS-IVIXMG, HYT JSVQYPE
EVLISPSKYPYM MXEPMER '. 'IGGLIPPM. RXV-S ZVIQI R GEVI (GXVI 20) GVI#XMRMWQYP
GYGIVI#XI RSM TXYVM EPI TSTYPE'MIM, GVIHMR'IPI EY XIRHMR'E HI E WI GSPSVE PE JIP
HI HMJIVMX GE VITIVXSVMYP RGSRNYVXSV. 'YPXIPI HI QMWXIVI VWTYRHIEY EGIPSVE#M
RXVIFVM GE #M MRM'MIVIE GVI#XMR, MEV VMXYEPYVMPI WI TYXIEY EWIQRE RXV-EXX
RGX -YWXMR #M 8IVXYPMER W HIRYR'I R IPI R#IPXSVME 7EXERIM. 9R ERYQMX WTMVMX
EP XMQTYPYM JGIE GE YR GVI#XMR HI EXYRGM W 3I QEM ETVSTMEX, R ERYQMXI
TVMZMR'I, HI GSRXIQTSVERMM WM TKRM HIGX EV 3 JE' HI YR GVI#XMR HI EWX^M.
4IRXVY E R'IPIKI RXSGQEM EGIEWX %RXMGLMXEXI, RY XVIFYMI W TYRIQ 'ETMM HI
S TEVXI, MEV SMPI HI GIEPEPX (HYT 3PSPSKYP KIVQER 9. ZSR ;MPEQS[MX^, 1848-
P931).
)<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- 3WQS^ WEY NY\XETYRIVI#
,MTSKIYP HI PE 6SQE EP %YVIPMIRMPSV (GXVI 240) TYRI R HM3GYPXEXI #M
QTEVXI PYQIE GSQIRXEXSVMPSV, GGM S QEVI TEVXI E HIGSVE'MIM WEPI WI WYWXVEKI
SVMGVIM GSQTEVE'MM WEY WYVTVMRHI TVMR HMWTEVMXEXI. 'XI S FSPX TSEVX R
QIHEPMSR YR TVISX GI IPMFIVIE^ GY FEKLIXE-P S JIQIMI EGSTIVMX GY ZP (#M
HIGM M MEVX TGEXIPI), R TVIÎR'E GIPYM GEVI E GEXILMÊX-S, HYT GYQ
QVXYVMWI#XI GEVXIE TI GEVI EGIWXE S 'MRI R QR. R NYVYP QIHEPMSRYPYM,
EGIPIE#M EXVMFYXI EPI M^FZMVMM #M EPI #GSPMVMM GEVEGXIVMÎE^ TEXVY TIVWSRENI
GEVI EPXIVRIE^ GY TYRM VSXMRHY-#M GSEHE. (EV HMRGSPS HI EGIWX EP HSMPIE GIVG,
QSR#XVM QEVMRM, TVIGYQ #M HSM FEGER'M WPIM'M HI FI'MI 'MR HI MQEKIVME TKR.
RXV-S EPX RGTIVI, P ZIHIQ TI &YRYP 4WXSV RGSRNYVEX HI TEXVY TYRM #M HI
Q#XM HMSRMWMEGI, TI ,VMWXSW ZIKLMRH EWYTVE XYVQIM WEPI WEY TVI^MHRH GMRE
ETSWXSPMPSV, YR QMWXIVMSW GEZEPIV EGPEQEX PE TSV'MPI YRYM SVE# #M EPXI JVIWGI TI
GEVI RMGM S GSQTEVE'MI RY RI TIVQMXI W PI IPYGMHQ. )\MWX RW YR XEFPSY
GEVI WI MHIRXM3G Y#SV HYT MGSRSKVE3E TKR: 9PMWI SF'MRRH HI PE 'MVGI
QIXEQSVJSÊ XSZEV#MPSV WM R SEQIRM. %GIWX QMX MPYWXVE GMGPYP QEPI3G EP
QIXIRWSQEXSÎPSV (EZEXEVYVMPSV), GEVI SWRHIE WY4IXYP W-#M MWT#IEWG
TGEXIPI R XVYTYVM HI ERMQEPI. RHIPIXRMGMVIE 'MVGIM HI E 'IWI WMQFSPMÊ
WMWXIQYP JEXEP EP EHIQIRMVMM WY4IXYPYM R 'IWXYVE YRSV RZIPM#YVM XVYTI#XM. 3V
GEVTSGVE'MM ERI\EY EGIEWX HSGXVMR KRSÎM PSV. 'VI#XMRM GE 3VMKIR GVIHIEY
RW R VIRGEVREVI #M RY GYRSE#XIQ XSEXI ZEVMERXIPI TI GEVI GYPXYVE TKR
MR4YIR'EX HI )ZERKLIPMI PI-E TYXYX WYWGMXE R QMNPSGYP JVQRXVMM XIS^S3GI
E EGIWXIM 6SQI WIZIVMIRI! R GEXEGSQFE 7JRXYP 7IFEWXMER, QSXMZIPI HI
SVMKMRI TVSJER (KSVKSRI, TYRM, FIVÎ) WI RZIGMRIE^ #M GY WYFMIGXI
GVI#XMRI WEY GY WGIRI GEVI RY EY JSWX RG PQYVMXI, GYQ IWXI GIE E
QEYWSPIYPYM PYM 'PSHMYW ,IVQIW, R GEVI YR TWXSV-SVEXSV HYGI GY KRHYP PE
ÎYP :IVFYPYM (0SKSW), EP GVYM RYQI GSVIWTYRHI TSVIGPIM TVSTVMIXEVYPYM. 0E JIP
HI TVSFPIQEXMGI VQR YRIPI TIVWSRENI HMR GEXEGSQFE WTEX HI-E PYRKYP
'MM 0EXMRI, R WTIGMEP JEMQSEWE 'PISTEXV GEVI EGYQ IWXI MHIRXM3GEX GY
8IVVE, HEV GEVI RY IWXI S 3KYV FMFPMG. 'EQIVE 2 HMR EGIIE#M GEXEGSQF P
KPSVM3G TI ,IVGYPI R KVHMRE ,IWTIVMHIPSV, YGMKRH LMHVE HMR 0IQE WEY
VIGYTIVRH-S TI %PGIWXE HMR -RJIVR. R RGTIVIE 3, WI HIWGMJVIE^ WYFMIGXI
WGVMTXYVMW-XMGI, EPXYVM HI QSXMZI TKRI: S EPIKSVMI E %FYRHIR'IM, (IQIXIV,
ZEVMERXI HI %QSV #M 4W]GLI (GE R GEXEGSQFE (SQMXMPIM). %GIWXI HMWTEVMX'M EY
JSWX VITVS#EXI KRSWXMGMWQYPYM (YR SEVIGEVI -YWXMR HHIE QMXYPYM LIVEGPIER S
MRXIVTVIXEVI FMFPMG), WMRGVIXMWQYPYM WEY JETXYPYM G VEQYVMPI JEQMPMIM SGYTERXI
E GEXEGSQFIM RY EHIVEY PE EGIPE#M GYPX. R RIGVSTSPE 7JRXYP 4IXVY, QEYWSPIYP
IKMTXIERYPYM EVI TMGXYVM GEVI JEG XVMQMXIVI PE ÎMX'MPI 2MPYPYM, HEV #M HSY
WEVGSJEKI HMSRMWMEGI #M YR QSVQRX EYXIRXMG GVI#XMR. %GIEWX GSEFMXEVI E
QSV'MPSV RY IVE PMTWMX HI IJIGXI EWYTVE MQEKMREVYPYM GIPSV ZMM, GEVI RY WI QEM
TYXIEY HI^FVE RMGM IM HI IVIHMX'MPI QIRXEPI.
"M QEM WIQRM3GEXMZI WYRX QSRYQIRXIPI GEVI RY EY WPYNMX HIGX YRYM
MRHMZMH WEY YRYM GYTPY HI HIJYRG'M: WEVGSJEKIPI. RXVI GIPI QEM ZIGLM HMR WIVME
GVI#XMR WI RYQV GIP EP +E]SPPIM (GXVI 230). &YRYP 4WXSV #M HIJYRGXE R
GLMT HI SVERX RGEHVIE^ EMGM, GY WMKYVER', S WGIR HI WXYHMY. 0E HVIETXE
XVSRIE^ RW YR TIVWSREN GY FEVF, EZRH WGITXVYP #M TVS3PYP PYM -YTMXIV, R
XMQT GI PE WXRKE, YR FVFEX TIWGYMI#XI GY YRHM'E, WYF FYWXYP ÎYPYM ,IPMSW. 4I
S GYZ HMR QYÎYP 'ETMXSPMR, VITVIÎRXRH QMXYP PYM 4VSQIXIY, WI HIWPY#IWG,
EPXYVM HI 'MGPSTMM GEVI JYVIWG JYPKIVYP PYM >IYW, %HEQ #M )ZE R JE'E TSQYPYM
GYRSE#XIVMM. 9R EPX WEVGSJEK ETVS\MQEXMZ GSRXIQTSVER (GXVI 270#), GSRWIVZEX
PE 6EZIRE, HEV SVMKMREV HMR 6SQE: &YRYP 4WXSV #M SVERXE TSWXYPIE^ EMGM S
MRWTMVE'MI GVI#XMR; RW TWXSVYP HI XMT FELMG #M YR %QSV HMSRMWMEG TI GSVEFMI
ETEV'MR VITIVXSVMYPYM TKR. 1EM XV^MY, R TPMR WIGSP EP -:-PIE, YR WEVGSJEK HMR
%VPIW RM-P EVEX TI GIM HSM WS'M HRHY-#M QRE R WIQR HI GVIHMR', ETSM HI
EHMS, RXVI 'EWXSV #M 4SPPY\: QMGMPI TV'M PEXIVEPI VITVI^MRX RW TI 7JRXYP
4IXVY #M RQYP'MVIE TMRMPSV. )WXI EHIZVEX G (MSWGYVMM TIVWSRM3G FYRE
R'IPIKIVI, GSRGSVHME #M G M KWMQ EWSGME'M GVYGMM TI YR XEPIV GVI#XMR HMR
1EVWMPME. 7I QEM RXQTP #M GE, TI JE'E GETEGYPYM GEVI RGLMHI YR WEVGSJEK
GVI#XMR, G'MZE QSR#XVM QEVMRM W IZSGI 3GIERYP QMXMG EP TEKMRMPSV. 4I YR
I\IQTPEV HMR &IPKVEH, YR TYXXS IWXI TYVXEX HI YR HIP3R EWIQIRIE PYM %VMSR
EPXYVM HI -SRE. R EPX TEVXI, HSM XVMXSRM 'MR TSVXVIXYP (GEXEGSQFE 4VIXI\XEX)
WEY ITMXEJYP VTSWEXIM (WEVGSJEK HMR KVSXIPI ZEXMGERI, HEXEFMP TVMR ERMM 360).
%QSV #M 4W]GLI SGYT QERHSVPE (RMQFYP) YRYM I\IQTPEV GY V^YMXSEVI HI FEMI
(+IRIZE) WEY HYFPIE^ SEVIGYQ WS'MM, HIEWYTVE YRIM PYTXI HI GSGS#M
(:EXMGER). 4I S QEVI GYZ HMR WIGSPYP EP -:-PIE, XVIM &YRM 4WXSVM RGSRNYVE'M HI
%QSVM R GLMT HI GYPIKXSVM HI WXVYKYVM EY WSGPYVMPI QTSHSFMXI GY Q#XM
HMSRMWMEGI SVM GY XVITMIHYP PYM %TSPPS, PRK GEVI WI E'MR HSM KVMJSRM. 7I
GYRSE#XI GLMEV YR WEVGSJEK GEVI, R TS3HE TVIÎR'IM PYM &EGLYW, E JSWX
VIGYTIVEX TIRXVY E EHTSWXM VQ#M'IPI YRIM GVI#XMRI. 4VMR YVQEVI, GLMEV HYT
4EGIE &MWIVMGMM, MGSRSKVE3E TKR #M GIE GVI#XMR WI EQIWXIG WEY WI
NY\XETYR, WI RXVITXVYRH WEY WI EPXYV. (I JETX, EGIEWX SWQS^ IVE
JEZSVMÊX HI TEVEPIPMWQI #M, R EGIPE#M XMQT, HI IZSPY'ME MQEKIVMIM TKRI,
GEVI XMRHIE W HIZMR EPIKSVMG.
%REGVSRMWQI #M EREPSKMM R EVXE VSQER, QMXYP KVIG RY E EZYX WGTEVI.
2MGM MQEKMREVYP GVI#XMR. 2SI, %ZVEEQ, 1SMWI, 7EQWSR, :EPEEQ #M RKIVYP PYM
WYRX RZI#QRXE'M HYT SFMGIMYP VSQER. 1SVQRXYP PYM 0E^V WIEQR GY
XIQTPIPI-QEYWSPIY GI TYXIEY 3 Z^YXI R ETVSTMIVI HI 9VFW, EPXEVYP PYM
%ZVEEQ GY GIPI TI GEVI GVI#XMRMM PI RGVGEY GY TVMRSEWI. R EXIPMIVIPI HI
WEVGSJEKI, RY WI TYXIE WGYPTXE S WGIR HI EKET JV E 3 HYW GY KRHYP PE
GYXEVI FERGLIX HI ZRXSEVI QMXMG, FE GLMEV PE FERGLIXIPI FELMGI.
6ITVIÎRXRHY-P TI -SRE EHSVQMX, R E#XITXEVIE RZMIVMM, RY IVE YMXEX WSQRYP
PYM )RH]QMSR, HEG RY GLMEV GIP EP %VMEHRIM, TI GEVI (MSR]WSW EZIE W S
XVIÎEWG PE S ZME' TVIEJIVMGMX. >YKVZMRHY-WI VMHMGEVIE PE GIV E PYM -PMI R
GEVYP WY HI JSG, WI TWXVE R QMRXI GLMTYP PYM ,IPMSW (QEM GY WIEQ RXV-S
ITSG R GEVI )<4%27-92)% '6)"8-2-71909- VIPMKME 7SEVIPYM RIRZMRW IVE
S3GMEPMÊX #M VWTRHMX HI TVSTEKERHE QSRIXEV) WEY EP PYM 1MXLVE
RP'RHY-WI R GZEHVMKE EWXVYPYM HMYVR.
0E 6SQE, QEM QYPXI QMXLVEIE W-EY RZIGMREX GY PGE#I HI GYPX GVI#XMRI
WEY EY JSWX RPSGYMXI GY FE^MPMGM (7JRXYP 'PIQIRX, 7ERXE 4VMWGE, 7ER 7XIJERS
6SXSRHS). %GIEWX ZIGMRXEXI IVE GSR4MGXYEP #M, HISTSXVMZ, MRXIVEGXMZ. 9R
TMGXSV HI JVIWGI GEVI P IZSG TI 1SMWI R JE'E TMIXVIM HI TI ,SVIF RY IVE
RXSXHIEYRE YR RIGYRSWGXSV EP QMRYRMM ETIM TI GEVI 1MXLVE S JEGI W
'#RIEWG HMR WXRG (GEXEGSQFE 7JRXYP 'EPMWX). 1EM XV^MY, (EZMH YGMKRH YR
YVW SVM YR PIY ZE EZIE EGIPE#M TVS3P GY 1MXLVE XEYVSLXSR. -WMW EPTXRHY-P TI
,SVYW E TVIGIHEX-S TI *IGMSEVE GY 4VYRGYP. 4IVWSRM3GEVIE 4VSZMHIRXME-IM TI
QSRIHIPI PYM 4IVXMRE\ (193) W-EV TYXIE W 3 MRWTMVEX MQEKMRIE TVSJIXYPYM
EVXRH YR EWXVY R GEXEGSQFE 4VMWGMPIM. 4I KMYZEIVIPI HMR TMIXVI WGYQTI SVM
TI JYRHYVMPI HI GYT, %HEQ #M )ZE R JE'E TSQYPYM GY #EVTI RI JEG W RI
KRHMQ PE -EWSR #M 1IHIIE R JE'E JEKYPYM 0RMM HI %YV, T^MX HI YR FEPEYV.
:MR RSY R FYVHYJYVM ZIGLM
(EV EPXYVM HI EGIWXI EREPSKMM, ERYQMXI SQSPSKMM GSRW3R'IWG GVI#XMREVIE
YRSV GEVEGXIVMWXMGM ZIRMXI HMVIGX HMR VITIVXSVMYP TVSJER. R WIGSPYP EP --PIE EP
IVIM RSEWXVI, QMXYP KVIGS-VSQER XMRHIE, GE SVMGI PMQFEN, WTVI EFWXVEGXMÊVIE
MHISKVEQIM. 'Y EXX QEM QYPX QSXMZIPI RIYXVI TYXIEY 3 MRXIKVEXI GE WMQFSPYVM
R WIQMSXMGE GVI#XMRMPSV. 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP M WJXYMI#XI W EHSTXI GE
RWIQRI S TSVYQFM' WEY YR TI#XI, S GSVEFMI ?.A, S PMV ?.A, S ERGSV ?.A #M,
HEG I ZSVFE HI YR TIWGEV, RI ZSQ EHYGI EQMRXI HI ETSWXSP #M HI GSTMPE#MM
WEPZE'M HMR ETI (TVMR FSXI^). )P I\GPYHI, 3VI#XI, ÎMM, EVQIPI, HEV #M S GYT,
GRH ZVIQ W T^MQ GYQTXEVIE. 8SXY#M, EVXE GVI#XMR E TSTYPEVMÊX EQJSVE
GE VIJIVMR' PE WRKIPI PYM ,VMWXSW WEY PE FI'ME TVIEJIVMGMX E GIPSV EPI#M, MEV TI
YR WEVGSJEK KIRIZI^ QEM REMRXI GMXEX, HSM &YRM 4WXSVM 'MR 3IGEVI GYTE GY
HSY XSEVXI. R SVMGI GE^, GVI#XMRMM RGVGEY EGIWXI WIQRI GY YR GSR'MRYX
RSY: R GEXEGSQFE 4VMWGMPIM, PIG'ME HI PIGXYV EVI S GY XSXYP EPX 3REPMXEXI
HIGX R JVMÊ HMSRMWMEG HI PE ZMPE -XIQ, GY XSEXI G EQFIPI WGIRI HIVMZ HMR
EGIPE#M EVLIXMT.
&YRYP 4WXSV TYVGIHI HI PE YR ,IVQIW GVMSJSV (TYVXXSV HI FIVFIG),
YR ÎY-TWXSV GEVI, R GEPMXEXI HI QMNPSGMXSV RXVI >IYW #M SEQIRM, HEV #M HI
0SKSW WEY 0SKMSW (ÎY EP :IVFYPYM), IVE JSEVXI TSXVMZMX GE EPY^MI PE ,VMWXSW.
3VERXE, EPX 3KYV Y^YEP E EGIWXIM MGSRSKVE3M, TPEKME^ QSHIPYP RWY#M EP
4MIX'MM HI TI QSRIHI #M HMR EVXE WXEXYEV (0MZME HI TI :EXMGER). 4YRYP
TEWVI E -YRSRIM, ZILMGYP #M WMQFSP EP ETSXISÎM TIRXVY QTV-XIWI XVIGIE
GE EZRH S GEVRI RIWXVMGGMSEW: GVI#XMRM #M TKRM, HISTSXVMZ, VIGYRS#XIEY
R IP S JKHYMR' E RIQYVMVMM. 'X TVMZI#XI 4LSIRM\YP, EGIEWX TEWVI WSPEV
GEVI VIRE#XI HMR TVSTVME GIRY#, IE ETEVI TI QSRIHI GE S GLIÊ# E
ZI#RMGMIM, GVI#XMRMM EHSTXRH-S TIRXVY E WIQRM3GE RZMIVIE QSV'MPSV. )E
3KYVIE^ EHIWISVM RMQFEX, EWIQIRIE PYM 1MXLVE, PYM ,IPMSW, EWIQIRIE ÎMPSV
TEPQ]VMIRM, QTVE'MPSV WEY PYM ,IVGYPI (R GEXEGSQFE HMR :ME 0EXMRE).
0Y\ QYRHM, MQEKMRI ZM^MFMP E &MRIPYM MRZM^MFMP (4PEXSR), 7SEVIPI W-E
GSRJYRHEX GY ,VMWXSW RXV-YR QSÊMG HMR RIGVSTSPE ZEXMGER, RY HITEVXI HI
QSVQRXYP PYM 4IXVY. %PX 3KYV GIPIFV E XIS^S3IM KVIGI#XM, 3VJIY, EGIWX EPX
&YR 4WXSV GEVI VIGSRGMPME^ WTIGMMPI TVMR ZMVXYXIE QEKMG E GRXYPYM WY, E
FRXYMX, GE W WTYRIQ E#E, WTMVMXYP GVI#XMRMPSV. 4IRXVY 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP,
-MWYW IWXI YR RSY 3VJIY. (I EPXQMRXIVM, WI HIWGMJVE, R ERYQMXI ZIVWYVM SV3GI,
MRXYM'ME WMRKYVYPYM #M EHIZVEXYPYM (YQRIÎY. 'VI#XMRMM #M-EY RWY#MX
RIWGLMQFEX #M MQEKIVME TKR E %RSXMQTYVMPSV. %TSPSKI'MM RY I^MXEY W PI
MRZSGI ZI#RMGE VIZIRMVI TIRXVY E NYWXM3GE HSKQE RZMIVMM, GLMEV HEG ZI#RMGME
XVERWGIRHIRXEP RY EVI RMQMG E JEGI, HI JETX, GY ZI#RMGME GMGPMG. 7I ZIVM3G
EWXJIP G, R WIGSPYP EP --PIE, S EGIIE#M MQEKMRI MQTPMGE GVIHMR'I IXIVSKIRI.
'SRWXEXQ EGIPE#M PYGVY #M R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI YR WYFMIGX HI WY4IX
TIRXVY GVIHMRGMS#MM PYM &EGLYW, GE #M TIRXVY GIM EM )ZERKLIPMIM: GYPIWYP #M
^HVSFMVIE WXVYKYVMPSV. 'VI#XMRMM GLMEV EY EHSTXEX E#E-RYQMXYP PIRSW, WEVGSJEK R
JSVQ HI GYZ TIRXVY TVIWEX WXVYKYVMM. (IJYRGXYP IVE, R GE^YP EGIWXE, MQTPMGMX
EWMQMPEX PYM (MSR]WSW->EKVIYW GIP QFYGX'MX HI XMXERM, PE JIP GYQ WYRX
QVYR'M'M GMSVGLMRMM HI TSHKSVIRM, WTVI E VIRE#XI R GLMT HI ZMR, FYXYV E
RIQYVMVMM. 4IRXVY 'PIQIRX %PI\ERHVMRYP, -MWYW IWXI GMSVGLMRIPI JVQRXEX RXVY
QRXYMVIE RSEWXV, MEV 'MTVMER ZIHI R WRKIPI ZM'IM HI ZMI WMQFSPYP RXSEVGIVMM
PE YRMXEXI. 4I >IRSW-YP HMR :ME 7EPEVME, FIVFIGM TVIGYQ GIP TYVXEX HI ,IVQIW
GVMSJSVYP SGYT PSGYP PIMPSV GEVI, TI I\IQTPEVIPI TKRI, HIZSVIE^ S ERXMPST
WEY YR VYQIKXSV GSVRYX: FYR QSWXV HI GVI#XMREVI E YRIM WGLIQI TKRI.
1MXSPSKME XVEHM'MSREP WPYNIE HI MRXIVQIHMEV, PE RIZSMI, TIRXVY
XVERWGVMIVIE RSMM GVIHMR'I. (I I\IQTPY, GIVYP RY TYXIE 3 MQEKMREX EPXJIP HIGX
WYF XVWXYVMPI YRYM ÎY YQ4RHY-#M ZI#QRXYP HIEWYTVE GETYPYM: E#E ETEVI
'EIPYW WYF ,VMWXSWYP R WPEZ E4EX TI WEVGSJEKYP HMR FE^MPMGE -YRMYW &EWWYW,
HEXEX I\EGX HMR ERYP 359.
7-'M I\TVMQM TVMR QMNPSEGI ERXMGI TSXVMZRMGME JE' HI %RXMGLMXEXI, JV E
XI TYXIE IPMFIVE HI IE MEX GEVEGXIVYP XVEKMG EP EGIWXIM TWIYHSQSVJSÎ (3.
7TIRKPIV, 3PSWSJ KIVQER, 180-P936). (I JETX, R XMQT GI 4VMR'MM &MWIVMGMM
QTVYQYXEY HMR 3PSWS3E KVIEG EVKYQIRXE'MMPI #M I\TVIWME RW#M EPI YRIM
XISPSKMM XVMRMXEVI, TMGXSVMM #M WGYPTXSVMM I\XVKIEY JV GSQTPI\I HMR MQEKMREVYP
TSPMXIMWX QEXIVMI GY GEVI W WEXMWJEG S GPMIRXIP EZMH W ZEH GIIE GI
GVIHIE, GIIE GI M WI HHIE GE RZ'XYV. R QTVINYVEVIE HI JE', IM EY #XMYX
E TYRI ZMR RSY R FYVHYJYVM ZIGLM (1G 2, 2). (I QYPXI SVM, QEVMPI QYXE'MM RY
M^FYXIWG HIGX GY EGIWX TVI'.
6SFIVX &YVGER
7*6"-8

Originile Crestinismului

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Originile Crestinismului

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

3VMKMRMPI

Вам также может понравиться