Джесс Либерти-Освой Cpp Самостоятельно За 21 День

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646
647
652
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669
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669
670
670
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674
674
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680
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685
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686
686
691
693
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700
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700
700
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65; 674
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, 272
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, 678
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, 683
, 700
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347
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348
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, 280
, 281
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, 277
, 291
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, 526
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, 673
HELLO.CPP, 40
, 44
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, 704

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, 550
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, 544
, 548
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, 433
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, 700
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bad(), 532
cin,get(), 515
cin.getline(), 518
cin.ignore(), 520
cin.peek(), 521
cin.putback(), 521
close(), 532
cout.fill, 525
cout.put(), 522
cout.setf 526
cout.width(), 524
cout.write(), 523
eof(), 532
fail(), 532
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sizeof(), 53
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Array, 597
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(Jesse Liberty) , C++
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C++ Report. Liberty Associates, Inc.
(http://www.libertyassociates.com),
Internet - ,
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(Distinguished Software
Engineer at AT&T) -
(Citibank's Development Division).
(. ) (Stacey) (Robin)
(Rachel). Internet :
j liberty@nbertyassociates.com.
Web- : http://www.libertyassociates.com
Books and Resources ( ).

(David Levine) .

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(Ron Barlow), (Ari Blachor), (Charles
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(Jay Erikson), (Mark Fiedler),
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(Christopher Gariepy), (Greg Gordon), (Charles
Hasegawa), (Elliot Kearsley), . (Andrew R. Kinnie),
(Lari Kirby), (Joe Korty), (Richard Lee),
(Roger Leininger), (Ruben Lopez),
(Ray Lush), (Frank Marrero), (Joan Mathew),
(James Mayhew), - (Sheryl McKenna),
(Judith Mills), (Terry Milner),
(Patrick Moore), (Chris Neely), (Gary Page),
(James Parsons), (Neeral Patel),
(Raoul van Prooijen), (Karen Risser), (Dan Rogers),
(Ralph Russo), (Gregory Safford),
(Joe Scalone), (Robert Sikes), (Sam Suboh),
(Walter Sun), (Paul Sutton), (James
Thompson), (Orlando Vanin), (Pascal Verdieu),
(Stephen Wain), (Jerry Wares),
(Jack White), (Scott Wilson), (Nick Witthaus),
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return 0;
:
F:\ \ Tycpp21d\ Testing\ ListOIOI.(8) : fatal error C1004:
unexpected end of file found
Error executing cl.exe.
}
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5: cout << "Hello World!\ n";
6: return 0;
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2.2. c o u t _______________________________________________
1: // 2.2. cout
2: include ciostream.h>
3: int main()
4: {
5: cout << "Hello there.\ n";
6: cout << "Here is 5: " << 5 << \ n";
7: cout "The manipulator endl writes a new line to the screen.";
8: cout <<
9:
endl:
10: cout << "Here is a very big number:\ t" 70000 << endl;
11: cout << "Here is the sum of 8 and 5:\ t" << 8+5 << endl;
12: cout << "Here's a fraction:\ t\ t" << (float) 5/8 << endl;
13: cout << "And a very very big number:\ t";
14: cout << (double) 7000 * 7000 <<
15:
endl;
16: cout << "Don't forget to replace Jesse Liberty with your name...\ n";
17: cout << "Jesse Liberty is a C++ programmer!\ n";
18: return 0;
19: }
42
. cout
2.2. , ,
: Jesse Liberty ,
.
Hello there.
Here is 5: 5
The manipulator endl writes a new line to the screen.
Here is a very big number: 70000
Here is the sum of 8 and 5: 13
Here's a fraction:
0.625
And a very very big number: 4.9e+07
Dont forget to replace Jesse Liberty with your name...
Jesse Liberty is a C++ programmer!
,
cout
. 11
:
11: cout << "Here is the sum of 8 and 5:\ t" << (8+5) << endl;
2 include <iostream.h>
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5 cout:
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43
10 \t,
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long int. 11 , cout
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12 cout 5/8.
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. 14 cout 7000 * 7000,
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4: {
5: /* ,
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8: cout << "Hello world!\ n";
9: //
10: cout << "That comment ended!\ n";
11:
12: // ,
13: /* , , */
14: return 0:
15: }
Hello world!
That comment ended!
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// DemonstrationFunction
4://
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void DemonstrationFunction()
6:
7:
8:
cout << "In DemonstrationFunction\ n";

}
9:
10:// main ,
11:// DemonstrationFunction
12:// .
13:
int main()
14:
{
15:
cout "In main\ n" ;
16:
DemonstrationFunction();
17:
cout << " Back in main\ n";
18:
return 0;
19:
>
In main
In DemonstrationFunction
Back in main
46
58 01:1:1().
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int Add (int x, int y)
3:
{
4:
5:cout << "In Add(), received " << x << " and " << << "\ n";
6:
return (x+y);
7:
}
8:
9:
int main()
10 :
11:
cout << "Im in main()!\ n";
12:
int a, b, c;
13:
cout << "Enter two numbers:
14:
cin >> a;
15:
cin >> b;
16:
cout << "\ nCalling Add()\ n";
17:
c=Add(a,b);
18: cout << "\ nBack in main().\ n";
19:
cout << "c was set to " << c;
20: cout << "\ nExiting...\ n\ n;
21:
- return 0;
22:
>
I'm in main()!
Enter two numbers: 3 5
Calling Add()
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Back in main().
was set to 8
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4:
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int main()
{
cout << Is there a bug here?";
return 0;
6: }
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4: {
5:
cout << "The size
6: cout " The size
7;
cout << " The size
8
cout << " The size
9
cout
' Thesize
cout
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10
11
cout
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a
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int is:\t\t" sizeof(int) " bytes.\n";

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long int is:\t\t" sizeof(long) " bytes.\n";
char is:\t\t" sizeof(char) " bytes,\n";
float is:\t\t" << sizeof(float) " bytes.\n";
double is:\t\t" sizeof(double) " bytes.\n";
bool is:\t\t" sizeof(bool) " bytes.\n";
12
13
14
return 0;
The
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size
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z = x * y;
return 0;
3.
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2:
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unsigned
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unsigned
short
Length;
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Width
Width;
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1:
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2:
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
unsigned short int Width = 5, Length;
7:
Length = 10;
8:
9:
// Area unsigned short
10: // Width Length
58
11
unsigned short int Area = (Width * Length);
12
<< Width << "\n";
13
cout
'Width:
14
cout
'Length : " Length << endl;
15
cout
'Area:
16
return 0
17
Area << endl;
Width: 5
Length: 10
Area: 50
2 include,
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USH0RT unsigned short int.
3.3. t y p e d e f __________________________________
I I *****************
2: // typedef
4:
3.
59
5; typedef unsigned short int USHORT; //
6:
7: int main()
8: {
9: USHORT Width = 5;
10: USHORT Length;
11; Length = 10;
12; USHORT Area = Width * Length;
13: cout "Width:" Width "\n";
14: oout "Length: " Length endi; .
15; cout "Area: " Area << endl;
16: return 0;
17: }
Width : 5
Length: 10
Area: 50
5 USHORT typedef
unsigned short int.
, 3.2,
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1: ((include ciostrean,h>
2: int nain()
3: {
4: unsigned short int smallNumber;
5: smallNumber = 65535;
6: cout "small number:" smallNumber endl;
7: smallNumber++;
8: cout "small number:" smallNumber << endl;
9; smallNumber++;
10; oout "small number:" smallNumber endl;
11: return 0;
12:}
small number:65535
small number:0
small number;1
4 smallNumber unsigned short int,

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61
3.5.
1: #include <iostream.h>
int main()
short int smallNumber;
smallNumber = 32767;
cout << "small number:'
smallNumber++;
cout << "small number:'
smallNumber++;
10: cout << "small number:'
smallNumber
endl;
smallNumber
endl ;
<< smallNumber
<< endl;
11 : return 0;
12: }
small
number:32767
small
number:-32768
small number:-32767
4 smallNumber
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2: int main()
3: {
4: for (int i = 32; i<128; i++)
5: cout << (char) i;
6: return 0;
7: }
7; ' ! "#$% ()*+, . /0123456789:; <>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMN0P

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64
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1. COLOR, .
2. : RED 0;
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red 100; blue 101; GREEN

500; WHITE 501; BLACK 700.
COLOR,
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unsigned int
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3.7 , .
66
3.7.
2: int main()
3: {
4: enum Days { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,
5: Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday };
6: int choice;
7: cout << "Enter a day (0-6): ";
8: cin choice;
9: if (choice = Sunday || choice == Saturday)
10: cout "\nYoure already off on weekends!\n;
11: else
12: cout "\nOkay, I'll put in the vacation day.\n";
13: return 0;
14: }
Enter a day (0-6): 6
Youre already off on weekends!
4 DAYS
. ,
; , (Tuesday) 2.
0 6.
Sunday,
. ,
, 9.
. ,
, 3.8.

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3.8. ,
1:
2:
int main()
3:
4:
const int Sunday = 0;
5:
6:
7:
const int Monday = 1;

const int Tuesday
= 2;
const int Wednesday = 3;
3.
67
8:
const int Thursday = 4;
9:
const int Friday = 5;
10:
const int Saturday = 6:
11:
12:
int choice;
13:
cout << "Enter a day (0-6): ";
14:
cin << choice;
15:
16:
if (choice = Sunday || choice == Saturday)
17:
cout << "\nYou re already off on weekends!\n";
18:
else
19:
cout "\n0kay, I'll put in the vacation day.\n";
20:
21:
return 0;
22:
"}
I
r
' Enter a day (0-6): 6

' ' Youre already off on weekends!

3.7. (Sunday, Monday .)
Days. ,
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1
int main()
2
3
int a=0,
cout <<
cout <<
b=0
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x:
a = 9;
b = 7;
= x =
a+b;
10:
cout <<
"a:
11:
cout
12:
return 0
13:
x:
x=0, y=35
a "
b:
x '
a "
y:
b:
" x
y:
b;
"
b;
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: 0 : 0 :
0 : 35
: 9 : 7 :
16 : 16
4.
73
4 .
5 6. 7
9. 8 7. 9
b , .
= +b, , .
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. . C++
, . C++ :
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C++ : (+), (-),
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:
. ,
74
,
.
. 4.2 ,
.
4.2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 4.2.
2: //
4:
5: int main()
6: {
7: unsigned int difference;
8: unsigned int bigNumber = 100;
9: unsigned int smallNumber = 50;
10; difference = bigNumber - smallNumber;
11: cout << "Difference is: " << difference;
12: difference smallNumber - bigNumber;
13: cout << "\nNow difference is: " difference endl;
14: return 0;
15: }
IRrlf: Difference is: 50

Now difference is: 4294967246
^
10,
* "'
11, . 12
,
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. .

.
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21 4 (21/4)
5 1.
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, 10, 20.
7.
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75

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.
5,0 / 3,0 : 1,66667.
,
float.
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4.3.
llucmuHg 4.3. npuBegewue nepeMEHHoB k
myna f l o a t
2:
3: void intDiv(int x, int y)
4:
<
5: int z = x / y;
6: cout << "z: " << z << endl;
7: }
8:
9: void floatDiv(int x, int y)
10: {
11: float a = (float)x;
//
12: float b = static_cast<float>(y)
//
13: float c = a / b;
14:
15: cout << c: " << c << endl;
16:}
17:
18: int main()
19: {
20: int x = 5, y = 3;
21: intDiv(x.y);
22: floatDiv(x,y);
23: return 0;
24: }
76
z: 1
: 1.66667
20 . 21
101, 22
floatDiv. 9. 11 12
float.
float 13
15.

, ,
. myAge
, :
int myAge = 5;
int temp;
temp = myAge +2; // 5 + 2 temp
myAge = temp;
// myAge
. C++
,
:
myAge = myAge + 2;
, C++
: myAge
myAge.
, :
+= 2;
(+=) - 1-,
1-.
4,
6.

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++ 1 , 1
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4.
77
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:
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+= 1;

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b 6, 7.
4.4
.
4.4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 4.4.
2: //
3: //
5: int main()
6: {
7:
78
int
myAge
39;
//
8:
int yourAge = 39;
9;
cout << "I am: " myAge << " years old.\ n";
10:
cout << "You are: " yourAge " years old\ n";
11:
myAge++;
12:
++yourAge; //
13:
cout << "One year passes.. n";
//
14:
cout << "I am: " myAge " years old.\ n";
15:
cout << "You are: " yourAge << " years old\ n";
16:
cout << "Another year passes\ n";
17:
cout << "I am: " << myAge++ " years old.\ n";
18:
cout << "You are: " << ++yourAge " years old\ n";
19:
cout << "Let's print it again.\ n";
20:
cout << "I am: " << myAge << " years old.\ n";
21:
cout << "You are: " << yourAge " years old\ n";
22:
return 0;
23: }
I
You
One
I
You
am
are
You
am
are
years
39
year
am
Another
I
39
are
years
old
old
passes
40
40
year
40
41
years
years
old
old
passes
years
years
old
old
Lets print it again

I
am
41
years
old
You are 41 years old
IT ; 7 8
'
39.
9 10.
11 myAge
, 12 yourAge
. 14 15;
, ( 40 ).
17 myAge (
),
. ,
, 40.
( ) 18
yourAge .
,
41.
, 20 21 .
, myAge 41,
yourAge ( :
!).
4.
79

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= 5 + 3 * 8:
, 8 * 8 , 64.
, 5 + 24, 29.
(
). , ,
29.
,
. ,
= 5 + 3 + 8*9 + 6 * 4 ;
, : 8*9 = 72 6*4 = 24.
:
= 5 + 3 + 72 + 24;
, : 5 + 3 = 8; 8 + 72 = 80; 80 + 24 = 104.

. , !
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^ = 111 + * 60
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(PeopleInThe0ffice + 10\/1::1) )
80
.
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1 = 11 * ^;

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4.
81
bool,
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, . ANSI-
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(). . 4.1.
ANSI bool,
bool true false.
C++ 0
false ( 1) true.
myAge 39,
yourAge 40, , (==),
, :
myAge == yourAge; // myAge yourAge?
0,
.
false
(),
myAge > yourAge; // myAge yourAge?
0 ( false).
++
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++ : (==),
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true false.
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82
4.1.
tB3Bpa%aeMee anaieHBe
==
100 == 50;
false
50 == 50;
true
100 ! = 50;
true
50 != 50;
false
100 > 50;
true
50 > 50;
false
100 >= 50;
true
50 >= 50;
true
100 < 50;
false
50 < 50;
false
100 <= 50;
false
50 <= 50;
true
>
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bigNumber ,
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, :
if ()
{
1;
4.
83
2\
;
}
:
if (bigNumber > smallNumber)
{
bigNumber = smallNumber;
cout << "bigNumber: " << bigNumber << "\ n";
cout << "smallNumber: " << smallNumber "\ n";
}
, bigNumber

, .
4.5 ,
.
smallNumber,
4.5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 4.5.
2: // if
4: int mainO
5: {
6: int RedSoxScore, YankeesScore;
7: cout << "Enter the score for the Red Sox:
8: ein >> RedSoxScore;
9:
10: cout << "\ nEnter the score for the Yankees: ";
11: ein >> YankeesScore;
12:
13: cout "\ n";
14:
15: if (RedSoxScore > YankeesScore)
16:
cout << "Go Sox!\ n";
17:
18: if (RedSoxScore < YankeesScore)
19: {
20: cout << "Go Yankees!\ n";
21:
cout << "Happy days in New York!\ n";
22:}
23:
24: if (RedSoxScore == YankeesScore)
25: {
26: cout "A tie? Naah, cant be.\ n";
27: cout "Give me the real score for the Yanks: ";
28: ein >> YankeesScore;
29:
30: if (RedSoxScore > YankeesScore)
84
31:
cout "Knew it! Go Sox!";
32:
33: if (YankeesScore > RedSoxScore)
34:
cout "Knew it! Go Yanks!";
35:
36: if (YankeesScore == RedSoxScore)
37:
cout << "Wow, it really was a tie!";
38; }
39:
40: cout << "\ nThanks for telling me.\ n";
41: return 0;
42: }
' Enter the score for the Red Sox: 10

Enter the score for the Yankees: 10
A tie? Naah, can1t be
Give me the real score for the Yanks: 8
Knew it! Go Sox!
Thanks for telling me..
I,

.
. if 15, 18 24.

1^8\/1 < 10);
\/1 = 10;

\/1 10 , ,
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; // , if
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if
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4.
85
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: Yankees
Red Sox, if 15 false 16
. 18 (true)
20 21. if 24
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if , .

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if ()
;
else
4.. e l s e ____________________________________
1:
// 4.6.
2:
// if else
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
int firstNumber, secondNumber;
7:
cout << "Please enter a big number:
8:
ein >> firstNumber;
9:
cout \ nPlease enter a smaller number: ";
10:
ein secondNumber;
11:
if (firstNumber > secondNumber)
12:
cout << "\ nThanks!\ n";
13:
eise
14:
cout << "\ nOops. The second is bigger!";
15:
16:
return 0;
17:
Please enter a big number: 10

Please enter a smaller number: 12
Oops. The second is bigger!
11 , if.
, 12,
16. false,
14. 13 else,
14 ,
. if-else if,
else.
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4.
87
if
i .
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''-'''''
.;:':
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if

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1;
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4;
88
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if
4.7.
4.7. if_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 4.7.
2: // if
4: int main()
5: {
6:
//
7:
// bigNumber littleNumber
8:
// bigNumber littleNumber,
9:
// ,
10:
// , ,
11:
12:
int firstNumber, secondNumber;
13:
cout << "Enter two numbers.\ nFirst:
14:
cin >> firstNumber;
15:
cout << "\ nSecond: ";
16:
cin >> secondNumber;
17:
cout "\ n\ n";
18:
19:
if (firstNumber >= secondNumber)
20:
21:
if ( (firstNumber % secondNumber) == 0) // evenly divisible?
22:
23:
if (firstNumber == secondNumber)
24:
cout << "They are the same!\ n";
25:
else
26:
cout "They are evenly divisible!\ n";
27:
28:
else
29:
cout << "They are not evenly divisible! \ n";
30:
31:
else
32:
cout << "Hey! The second one is larger!\ n";
33:
return 0;
34: }
Enter two numbers.

First: 10
4.
89
Second: 2
They are evenly divisible!
:"
( ),
. if ( 19) , .
, else, 31.
true, ,
20, if 21
, (.. ,
). ,
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, ,
.
if 21 false,
else 28.

if
1^
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if ( > )
//
if ( < ) // ,
= ; //

, if
.
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.
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. 4.8.
4.8.
e l s e i f ____________________________________________________________________
1:
// 4.8.
2:
// if
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
int x;
7:
cout << "Enter a number less than 10 or greater than 100:
8:
ein >> x;
9:
cout "\ n";
90
10
11
if ( >=
12
if ( >
13
10)
100)
cout << "More than 100, Thanks!\ n";
14
else
15
// if
cout
"Less than 10, Thanks!\ n";
16
return 0
17
18
Enter a number less than 10 or greater than 100: 20

Less than 10, Thanks!
10 100
,
.
if, 11, true,
( 12). 12 ,
10. 12 if,
true, 100.
100, 13.
10, if 11 false.
else ( 15),
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10, .
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if 11. else if
12, , .
C++
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,
. 100
.
4.9 ,
.
4.9.
1 if
1
// 4.9.
// if
include ciostream.h>
int main()
int x:
cout << "Enter a number less than 10 or greater than 100:
cout << "\ n";
cin >> x;
10:
4.
91
11: if (x >= 10)

12: {
13: if (x > 100)

14:
cout << "More than 100, Thanks!\
n";
15: }
16: else
17:
// !
cout << "Less than 10, Thanks!\ n";
18: return 0;
19: }
Enter a number less than 10 or greater than 100: 20
, 12 15, ,
---------- , , else 16
if, 11, .
20, if 11
true; if 13 false,
. ,
else 14, ,
.
, ,
, .
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II
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92

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true, true. , ,
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true, 5.
false, 5.
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true , 5.
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, :
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( == 5) ,
false (.. 5), ( ==
5), ,
.
4.
93
,
if ( ( == 5) ( == 5) )
( == 5),
{ == 5),
, .

C++ true false. ,
(. ),
.
,
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. ,
, true, 5
z 5. , , ,
true , 5 , 5.
3, z 10,
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5,
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false. , ( 3) 5,
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, .
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94

C++ false,
true. ,

if. ,
if () // ,
= 0;
'
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= 0;
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: 1 true,
2, .
.
4.
95
4.10 if.
4.1.
1:// 4.10.
2:
//
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
int x, , z;
7:cout << "Enter two numbers.\ n";

8:
cout << "First:
9:
cin >> x;
10: cout << "\ nSecond:

11: cin >> y;
12: cout << "\ n";
13:
14:
if (x > y)
15:
z = x;
16:
else
17:
z = y;
18:
19:
cout <<^'z: " << z;
20:
cout << "\ n";
21:
22:
z = (x > y) ? x : y;
23:
24:
cout "z: " z;
25:
cout << "\ n";
26:
return 0;
27:
Enter two numbers.

First: 5
Second: 8
z: 8
z: 8
: , .
. 14
if, , ,
.
19.
22
. : ,
; .
96
. 24.
, , ,
if.. .else.
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C++,
C++ if.
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,
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if ( ( = + ) == 35 )
C++.
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35. , ,
.
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) ,
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.
4.
97

,
.
, .
,
.

1. ?
2. = 5 + 7 ? ?
3. 201 / 4?
4. 201
% 4?
5.
myAge,
:
int,
myAge = 39;
myAge++;
b = ++;
6. 8+2*3?
7. if( = 3) if( == 3)?
8. true false?
)
-1
= 0
== 0 // , 0
1.
if,
,
else.
2. . , .
?
1:
2:
int main()
3:
4:
int a, b, c;
5:cout << "Please enter three numbers\ n";
98
6:
cout << "a: ";
7:
ein >> a;
8:
cout << "\ nb:
9:
cin b;
10
cout << "\ nc:
11
cin >> c;
12
13
if (c = (a-b))
14
{ cout "a:
15
cout a;
16
cout "minus b:
17
cout b;
18
cout << "equals c:
19
cout << c endl; >
20
else
21
cout << "a-b does not equal c:
22
return 0;
23
" << endl
3.
2; ,
. 20, 10 50. ,
? ?
4. :
2: int main()
3: {
4: int a = 1, = 1, ;
5: if ( = (a-b))
6: cout << "The value of is: " << c;
7: return 0;
8: }
5.
, ,
4. ? ?
4.
99

-
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100
Program
. 5.1. ,
,

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int myFunction();
, myFunction .
.
.
int myFunction(int someValue, float someFloat);
, myFunction ,
: .
,
. , , .
int theValueReturned = myFunction(5, 6. 7);
theValueReturned ,
myFunction,
5 6,7. .

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5.
101
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unsigned short int FindArea (int length, int width);

. 5.2.
,
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. . 5.2.
102

. ,
. ,
. , ,
, :
long Area(int, int);
,
long .
, .
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long Area(int length, int width);
, .
,
. , int.
, , main(),
. 5.1
, ( ).
5.1. , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 5.1.
2: int
4: int Area(int length, int width); //
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8: int lengthOfYard;
9: int widthOfYard;
10: int areaOfYard;
11
12: cout << "\ nHow wide is your yard? ";

13: >> widthOfYard;
14: cout << "\ nHow long is your yard? ";
15: ein >> lengthOfYard;
16:
17: area0fYard= Area(length0fYard,widthOfYard);
18:
19: cout << "\ nYour yard is ";
20: cout << areaOfYard;
21: cout << " square feet\ n\ n";
22:
return 0;
23: }
24:
25: int Area(int yardLengtlr, int yardWidth)
26: {
27:
return yardlength * yardWidth;
28: }
5.
103
How wide is your yard? 100

How long is your yard? 200
Your yard is 20000 square feet
i Area() 4.
>>***
, 25.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
, length
width : yardLength yardWidth.
, ;
.

; .

, . ()
widthOfYard, lengthOfYard,
widthOfYard
yardLength,

lengthOfYard yardWidth.
, , .

.
,
.
Area
(Int length, int width)
^
// Statements
return (length * width);
\ \

J
. 5.3.
,
. . 5.3.
104

:
_ _ ([ [_]..
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long FindArea(long length/ long width); // long, .
void PrintMessage(int messageNumber); // void,
ih% GrCho i ) ;f: :// pa int,
BadFunctionO; // int,
:
long FindArea(long 1, long w)
return 1 * w;
void PrintMessage(int whichMsg)
{
if (whichMsg == 0)
cout "Hello.\n": ,
: / 'if (whihMsg == 1)
cout "Soccbye.\n":
if (whichMsg > 1)..;'
'
"I'm confused.\n"; '
'
5.
105

,
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1:
2:
3:
float Convert(float);
4:
int main()
5:
6:
float TempFer;
7:
float TempCel;
8:
9:cout << "Please enter the temperature in Fahrenheit:
10:
ein >> TempFer;
11:
TempCel = Convert(TempFer);
12:cout << "\ nHeres the temperature in Celsius: ";

13:
cout << TempCel << endl;
14:
return 0;
15:
>
16:
17:
float Convert(float TempFer)
18:
19:
float TempCel;
20:
TempCel = ((TempFer - 32) * 5) / 9;
21:
return TempCel;
22:
106
Please enter the temperature in Fahrenheit: 212

Here's the temperature in Celsius: 100
Here's the temperature in Celsius: 0
Here's the temperature in Celsius: 29.4444
6 7 float: (TempFer)
,
(TempCel) . 9
, Convert().
Convert()
, 19,
, TempCel. ,
TempCel, 7.
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TempFer, main()
.
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.
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: 32 TempFer,
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107
1:
2:
3:
float Convert(float);
4:
int main()
5:
6:
float TempFer;
7:
float TempCel;
8:
9:
cout << "Please enter the temperature in Fahrenheit:
10:
ein >> TempFer;
11:
TempCel = Convert(TempFer);
12:
cout << "\ nHere's the temperature in Celsius: ";
13:
cout << TempCel << endl;
14:
return 0;
15:
16:
17:
float Convert(float Fer)
18:
19:
float Cel;
20:
Cel = ((Fer - 32) * 5) / 9;
21 :
return Cel ;
22:

, ,
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1 :
2:
void myFunctionO; //
3:
4:
int x = 5, = 7; //
5:
int main()
6:
7:
8:
cout << " from main: " << x << "\ n";
9:
cout << "y from main: " << y << "\ n\ n";
10:
myFunctionO;
11:
cout << "Back from myFunction!\ n\ n";
108
12: cout "x from main: " x "\ n";

13: cout << "y from main: " << y << "\ n";
14: return 0;
15: }
16:
17: void myFunction()
18: {
19: int y = 10;
20:
21: cout << "x from myFunction: " << x << "\ n";
22: cout << "y from myFunction: " y << "\ n\ n";
23: }
x from main: 5
from main: 7
x from myFunction: 5
from myFunction; 10
Back from myFunction!
x from main: 5
from main: 7
,
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. 4
. 5,
7.
8 9 main() .
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10 myFunction()
18, 19 ,
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// 5.4. ,
//
3
4
include
<iostream.h>
void
myFuncO;
7
8
int main()
10
int x = 5;
11
12
cout << "\ nln main x is: " << x;
13
myFunc();
14
15
cout << "\ nBack in main, x is: " << x;
16
return 0;
17
18
19
void
20
myFuncO
21
22
int X = 8;
23
cout << "\ nln myFunc, local x: " << x << endl;
24
25
26
cout << "\ nln block in myFunc, x is: " << x;
27
110
28: int x = 9;
29:
30
31
cout << "\ nVery local x: " << x;
>
32
33
cout << "\ nOut of block, in myFunc, x: " << x << endl;
34: }
In main x is: 5
In myFunc, local x: 8
In block in myFunc, x is: 8
Very local x: 9
Out of block, in myFunc, x: 8
Back in main, x is: 5

main() ( 10). 11
, 5.
MyFuncO, 22
8.
23.
, , 25, 26
. 28
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30.
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:
unsigned long myValue = 2;
unsigned long cubed = cube(myValue);
/ / 2
= 8
unsigned long squared = square(cubed);
/ / 8
= 64
unsigned long tripled = triple(squared);
// 64 * 3 = 192
unsigned long Answer = double(tripled);
// 192 *2 = 384
,
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112
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. 5.5.
5.5.
// 5.5.
/(include <iostream.h>
void swap(int x, int );
int main()
{
int x = 5, = 10;
cout << "Main, Before swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n"
swap(x,y);
cout << "Main. After swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
return 0;
>
void swap (int x, int y)
<
int temp;
cout "Swap. Before swap, x; " << x << " : " << << "\ n"
temp = x;
x = y;
= temp;
cout << "Swap. After swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
ESSS
Main,
Before
swap,
Swap.
Before
swap,
Swap.
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Main.
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10
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114
1,
5.6. r e t u r n
1: // 5.6.
2: // return
3:
5:
6: int Doubler(int AmountToDouble);
7:
8: int main()
9: {
10 :
11: int result = 0;
12: int input;
13:
14: cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 10,000 to double: ";
15: cin >> input;
16:
17: cout << "\ nBefore doubler is called... ";
18: cout \ ninput: " input " doubled: " result << "\ n";
19:
20: result = Doubler(input);
21:
22: cout << "\ nBack from Doubler...\ n";
23: cout << "\ ninput: " << input << " doubled: " << result << "\ n";
24:
25:
26: return 0;
27: }
28:
29: int Doubler(int original)
30: {
31: if (original <= 10000)
32:
return original * 2;
33: else
34:
return -1;
35: cout << "You cant get here!\ n";

36: >
Enter a number between 0 and 10,000 to double: 9000

Before doubler is called...
input: 9000 doubled: 0
Back from doubler...
Enter a number between 0 and 10,000 to double: 11000
Before doubler is called...
Back from doubler...
input: 11000 doubled: -1
5.
115
14 15 input. 18
result. 20
Doubler() .
result, 23
.
31, DoublerO,
10 . , 10 ,
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35 ,
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116
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long int.
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// 5.7.
//
int VolumeCube(int length, int width = 25, int height = 1);
int main()
{
int length = 100;
int width = 50;
int height = 2;
int volume;
volume = VolumeCube(length, width, height);
cout "First volume equals: " volume "\ n";
volume = VolumeCube(length, width);
cout << "Second time volume equals: " << volume << "\ n";
5,
117
21: volume = VolumeCube(length);

22: cout << "Third time volume equals: " << volume "\ n;
23: return 0;
24: >
25:
26: VolumeCube(int length, int width, int height)
27: {
28:
29: return (length * width * height);
30: }
: First volume equals: 10000
geconcj time volume equals: 5000

Third time volume equals: 2500
VolumeCube()B 6 ,
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16.
18 VolumeCubeO ,
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int, long, float double.
:
int Doubleint(int);
long DoubleLong(long);
float DoubleFloat(float);
double DoubleDouble(double);
:
int Double(int);
long Double(long);
float Double(float);
double Double(double);

, .
,
. 5.8.
5.
119
5.8.
I:
// 5.8.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
int Double(int);
long Double(long);
8:
9:
float Double(float);
double Double(double);
10:
II :
int main()
12:
13:
14:
int mylnt = 6500;

long myLong = 65000;
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
float myFloat = 6.5F;

double myDouble = 6.5e20;
20:
21:
float doubledFloat;
double doubledDouble;
22:
23:
24:
cout << "mylnt: " mylnt << "\ n";

cout "myLong: " << myLong "\ n";
25:
cout "myFloat: " myFloat "\ n";
int doubledint;
long doubledLong;
26:cout << "myDouble: " << myDouble << "\ n";

27:
28:
29:
doubledint = Double(mylnt);
doubledLong = Double(myLong);
30:
doubledFloat = Double(myFloat);
31:
doubledDouble = Double(myDouble);
32:
33:cout "doubledint: " doubledint "\ n";
34:cout << "doubledLong: " << doubledLong << "\ n";
35:cout "doubledFloat: " doubledFloat "\ n";
36:cout << "doubledDouble: " << doubledDouble << "\ n";
37:
38:
return 0;
39:
40:
41:
int Double(int original)
42:
43:
{
cout "In Double(int)\ n";
44:
return 2 * original;
45:
46:
47:
}
long Double(long original)
48:
<
49:
cout "In Double(long)\ n";
120
50: return 2 * original;

51: }
52:
53: float Double(float original)
54: {
55: cout << "In Double(float)\ n";
57: >
58:
59: double Double(double original)
60: {
61: cout << "In Double(double)\ n";
63; }
mylnt:
myLong:
6500
65000
nyFloat: 6.5
myDouble:
6.5e+20
In Double(int)
In Double(long)
In Double(float)
In
Double(double)
Doubledint:
DoubledLong;
DoubledFloat:
13000
130000
13
DoubledDouble: 1.3e+21
jsf**'i * , DoubleO :
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int, long, float double. 69,
41-63.
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5.9.
5.9. inline-
__________
// 5.9. inline-
inline int Double(int);
int main()
{
int target;
cout << "Enter a number to work with:
cin target;
cout "\ n";
target = Oouble(target);
122
16: cout << "Target: " << target endl;

17:
18: target = Oouble(target);
19: cout << "Target: " << target endl;
20:
21:
22: target = Double(target);
23: cout << "Target: " << target << endl;
24: return 0;
25: }
26:
27: int Double(int target)
28: {
29: return 2*target;
30: }
Enter a number to work with: 20

Target:
40
Target:
80
Target: 160
5 DoubleQ,
int int.
,
inline.

target = 2 * target;
Double():
target = Double(target);
inline
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( 15).
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5.10.
int fib (int n);
int main()
{
int n, answer;
cout << "Enter number to find: 10: cin >> n;
cout << "\ n\ n";
answer = fib(n):
cout << answer << " is the '' << n << "th Fibonacci number\ n"; 17: return 0;
}
int fib (int n)
{
cout << "Processing fib(" << n << ")... 23:
if (n < 3 )
{
cout << "Return 1!\ n":
return (1);
}
else
{
cout << "Call fib(" << n-2 << ") and fib(" << n-1 << ").\ n";
return( fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)):
>
}
5.
125
Enter number to find: 6
Processing
fib(6).. . Call fib(4)
and f b (5)
Processing
and fib(3)
Processing
fib(2).. . Return 1!
Processing
f b (3).. .Call fib(1)
Processing
f b (2).. .Return 1!
Processing
and f b (2)
Processing
and f b (4)
Processing
fib(3).. , Call fib(1)
and f b (2)
Processing
Processing
Processing
Processing
Processing
Processing
Processing
f b (2).. .Return 1!
and f b (3)
and f b (2)
8 is the 6th Fibonacci number

28,
, 28 :
( cout.
28: cout << "Call fib(" << (n-2) << ") and fib(" << n-1 << ").\ n";
9
. ()
. ^(), 20
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21 , 3, , ,
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38: 1( (-2) + ^(-1));
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6, ^(-2) , (4), (-1)
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126
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7 L 7 / retum1 / /return1 /
__________ ^-----------------------------------'fibi
return 1
/W. 5.4.
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132
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1.
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unsigned long int unsigned short int.
2.
Perimeter 1.
,
( ).
3. : ?
void myFunc(unsigned short int x);
int main()
{
unsigned short int x, y;
= myFunc(int);
cout << "x: " << x << y: '' << "\ n";
}
void myFunc(unsigned short int x)
{
return (4*x);
>
4. : ?
int myFunc(unsigned short int x);
int main()
{
= myFunc(x);
cout << "x: " x << " : " << << "\ n";
}
{
return (4*x);
}
5.
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class,
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136
class Cat
<
unsigned int itsAge;
unsigned int itsWeight;
void Meow();
Cat .
Cat, , (itsAge
itsWeight), , ( MeowO). ,
Cat, ..
Cat.
, Cat
( itsAge itsWeight). MeowO
.

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. , Cat (), Rectangle ()
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itsWeight, itsSpeed). - ,
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137

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:
unsigned int GrossWeight; //
Cat Frisky;
// Cat
GrossWeight,
unsigned int, Frisky,
( ) Cat.

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, Cat.
, Frisky Cat , GrossWeight
unsigned int.
, , .

Cat, Frisky,
.
( .). , 50
- Weight Frisky,
Frisky.Weight = 50;
, Meow() :
Frisky.Meow();
,
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int = 5;
//
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5
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int.
int ;
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= 5;
// 5
138
, 5
:
Cat.itsAge=5;
int.
//
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Cat , ,
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Cat 5
- . :
Cat Frisky;
// int ;
Frisky.itsAge = 5; // = 5;
,
, ,
: , , - , .
: , .
:
Cat Frisky;
// () Frisky
Frisky.Bark();
// Frisky
, ,
. Cat Meow() ().
Cat Meow(),
.
class
.

.(.)
- .

i
I
.

,
.
.
.
-
.

.
public () private (),
.
.
.
.
6.
139
,
.
, , :
class Cat
{
void Meow();
>;
itsAge itsWeight, Meow()
, .
, .
Cat, ,
- itsAge main() :
Cat Boots;
Boots.itsAge = 5; // !
, , itsAge, itsWeight
Cat,
- itsAge,
Boots Cat. Boots ,
, ,
.

. -
: Boots Cat,
- ,
?
, Cat
, , .
Boots ,
, . Cat,
,
.
. Cat, :
Meow()
class Cat
<
public:
void MeowQ;
};
public (itsAge, itsWeight
.
6.1 Cat .
MeowO)
140
.!.
1: //
2: //
3:
4: include <iostream.h> // cout
5:
6: class Cat //
7: {
8: public: //
9: int itsAge;
10: int itsWeight:
11: };
12:
13:
14: int main()
15: {
16: Cat Frisky;
17: Frisky.itsAge =5; // -
18: cout "Frisky is a cat who is ";
19: cout Frisky.itsAge << " years old.\n";
20: return 0;
21: >
Frisky is a cat who is 5 years old.
6 class.
, .
class.
Cat.
7
11.
8 public, , ,
private ,
.
9 10 - itsAge itsWeight.
14 main() . Frisky
16 Cat, .. Cat. 17
Frisky ( itsAge) 5.
18 19 - itsAge .
8
.
17, ,
.
6.
141

-
.
. - ,
( ).

-.

?
, ?
,
,
.
,
.
,
Cat, itsAge,
, Cat
.
- GetAgeO, Cat
, GetAgeO
. ,
unsigned integer long
.

. , , ,
, ,
.
6.2 Cat, - . ,
, .
.2. _____________________________
1: // Cat
2: // - ,
3: // -
4:
5: class Cat
6: {
7: public:
8: //
9: unsigned int GetAgeO;
10: void SetAge(unsigned int Age);
11:
12: unsigned int GetWeightO;
13: void SetWeight(unsigned int Weight);
14:
15: // -
142
16: void Meow();

17:
18: // -
19: private:
20: unsigned int itsAge;
21: unsigned int itsWeight;
22:
23: };
> . rg . 9 10
- itsAge.
12 13 - itsWeight.
- .
16 - Meow(). Meow()
. -,
, Meow .
- 20 21.
Frisky,
SetAge():
Cat Frisky;
Frisky.SetAge(5); // Frisky
-
,

, ,
,
. . (Stroustrup),
C++, : C++
, (ARM, 1990).
(
private).

- .
-,
- .

- .
6.
143
c l a s s
class :
class _
//
II
class .
- ,
, . , ,
,
':
.
. (), (). .
( ) (.). w

public private.
.

, .
.
1:
unsigned int Age;

unsigned int Weight;
void Meow();
Frisky.Age = 8;
Frisky Weight = 18;
Fiisky.Meowt):
2:
public:
// -
void Start().
void AccelerateO;
void SetYear(int year);
144
// -
private:
' -:-
' int Year;
Char Model [255];
II
Car OldFaithful;
//
int bought;
01dFaithful.SetYear(84);
// 84
// int
bought = OldFaithful.GetYear();
// bought 84
OldFaithful. StartO;
StartO

,
- . ,
, . ,
.
- ,
, . 6.3
Cat,
-.
8.3. Bnpegetem | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: //
2: //
3:
4: ((include <iostream.h>
// cout
5:
6: class Cat
//
7: {
8: public:
// public
9: int GetAgeO;
//
10: void SetAge (int age);
//
11: void Meow();
//
12: private:
// private
13: int itsAge;
// -
14: };
15:
16: // GetAge, ,
17: // - itsAge
18: int Cat::GetAge()
19: {
20: return itsAge;
21: }
22:
23: // SetAge
6.
145
24: // SetAge
25: // - itsAge
26: void Cat::SetAge(int age)
27: {
28:
//
29:
//
itsAge
30: itsAge = ;
31: }
32:
33: // Meow
34: // void
35: //
36: // "Meow"
37: void Cat::Meow()
38: {
39: cout "Meow.\n";
40: }
41:
42: // , ,
43: // , , .
44: int main()
45: {
46: Cat Frisky;
47: Frisky,SetAge(5);
48: Frisky.Meow();
49: cout << "Frisky
is a cat
is ";
years old.\n";
who
50: cout Frisky. QetAge() "

51: Frisky,Meow();
52: return 0;
53: }
Meow.
Meow.
614 Cat. 8
public, ,
. 9
GetAgeO, - itsAge,
13. 10 SetAgeO,

itsAge .
11 Meow().
- Meow.
12 ,
- itsAge ( 13).
14.
1821 - GetAge().
. ,
146
,
( 18). - ,
GetAgeO , Cat.
, Get Age () , .
GetAgeO ,
, - itsAge.
, main() ,
Cat. main( )
GetAge(). GetAgeO Cat, - itsAge.
GetAgeO itsAge mal().
26 - Set -
itsAge
( 30). Cat, SetAgeO - itsAge.
37 Meow() Cat.
, Meow,
. , \.
44 main();
. 46 main() Cat
Frisky.
47 - itsAge 5
SetAge(). ,
(Frisky), (.),
(SetAgeO).
.
48 - MeowO, 49
- GetAgeO. 51
Meow() .

. -,
, ( )
, :
int Weight; //
//
Weight =7; //
, :
' j
int Weight = 7; // |
RJTaKi

.
. , ,
, , ,
.
6.
147
- ?
-, .
, void.
, .
, .
,
.
(') .
.
Cat :
CatO:
,
,
.
.

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,
?
, , ,
, ,
.
.
, .1
. ,
,
, .. .
,
, ?
. ,
,
. ,
,
Cat Rags; // Rags
:
,Cat();
.
Cat , Cat
:
Cat Frisky (5,7);
148
Cat Frisky (3);
, (..
), :
Cat Frisky;
, ,
, .
:
Cat Frisky;
,
, , .
,
, .
, .. .
,
.
,
, .
, ,
. .
6.4 Cat .
Cat
. ,
.
.4. muipgumpH
1: //
2: // Cat
-5
0
.
// 01^
6: class Cat
//
7: {
8; public:
9:
10
Cat(int initialAge);
~Cat();
11
int GetAgeO;
12
void SetAge(int age);
13
14
15
16
//
//
//
//
//
void Meow();
private:
int itsAge;
//
// -
};
17
18
// Cat
19
Cat::Cat(int initialAge)
6.
149
20 : <
21: itsAge = initialAge;
22 : }
23:
24: Cat::_Cat()
// ,
25: {
26: }
27:
28: // GetAge, ,
29: // - itsAge
30: int Cat::GetAge()
31: {
32: return itsAge;
33: >
34:
35:
//
36:
//
SetAge,
37:
38: void Cat::SetAge(int age)
39: {
40: // - itsAge
41: // , age
42: itsAge = age;
43: }
44:
45: // Meow
46: // void
47: //
48: // "Meow"
50: {
51: cout << "Meow.\n";
52: }
53:
54: // , ,
55: // , , .
56: int main()
57: {
58: Cat Frisky(5);
59: Frisky.Meow();
60: cout << "Frisky is a cat who is ";
61: cout << Frisky.QetAge() << " years old.\n";
62: Frisky.Meow();
63: Frisky.SetAge(7);
64: cout "Now Frisky is " ;
65: cout << Frisky. |() << " years old.\n";
66: return 0;
67: >
150
Meow.
Meow.
Now Frisky is 7 years old.
6.4 6.3 , 9
,
. 10 ,
. , ;
, ,
void.
1922 ,
SetAgeO, .
2426 'Cat -
, ,
.
58 Cat Frisky.
Frisky 5.
- SetAgeO, Frisky
5, - itsAge, 61.
63 itsAge Frisky 7,
SetAgeO. 65.

.
.
-
const
C++ ,
- .
const,
, . , -
SomeFunctionO, void:
void SomeFunctionO const;
i
y/i

Cat :
const.
void SetAge(int anAge);

int GetAge();
6.
151
Set Age () const,

- itsAge. Get ()
const,
. GetAgeO
- itsAge. ,
:
'
void SetAge(int anAge);
int GetAgeO const;
const,
- ,
. , GetAgeO
, , Cat,
, (..
GetAgeO) Cat.
const -,
.
.
const , ,
.
.

, ,
. (
) ,
.
, Cat , -

SetAgeO GetAgeO.
, Cat Meow
- Meow(). ,
- itsAge,
.
GetAgeO SetAgeO,
itsAge, , .
GetAgeO const,
, ,
GetAgeO Cat.
C++ ,
,
.
6.5 , -
.
152
6.5 !
S.S.
// ,
//
include <iostream.h> // cout
class Cat
{
public:
Cat(int initialAge);
"Cat();
int GetAge() const; // const
void SetAge (int age);
void Meow();
private:
int itsAge;
>;
// Cat
Cat::Cat(int initialAge)
{
itsAge = initialAge;
cout << "Cat constructor\n";
}
Cat::"Cat()
//
{
cout "Cat destructor\n";
>
// GetAge const,
// !
int Cat::GetAge() const
{
return (itsAge++); // !
>
// SetAge
//
void Cat::SetAge(int age)
{
// - itsAge
//
itsAge = ;
>
6.
153
44:
45: // Meow
46: // void
47: //
48: // "Meow"
50: {
51: cout << "Meow.\n";
52: }
53:
54: //
55: // ,
56: int main()
57: {
58: Cat Frisky; //
59: Frisky,Meow();
60: Frisky. Bark(); // , .
61: Frisky.itsAge = 7; // itsAge
62: return 0;
63: >
, . I., * .
,
.
11 GetAge( ) -
, const. GetAgeO,
32, - itsAge.
const, itsAge.
, .
13 Meow(),
const. ,
. ,
- Cat, const.
58 Cat Frisky.
Cat ,
. .
58 , .
- ,

^
.
.
60 BarkQ. ,
, .
154
61 7.
-,
.

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, , ,
. , , .
, ,
.
, , ,
:
, ,
, .
, .. , ,
, .
. ,
,
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,
.

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C++ ,
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, ,
. ++.
, .
++.
6.
155
,
. ,
, ,
,
, . h, . hp . hpp.
. hpp, .
, Cat CAT, hpp,
..
..
. :
include "Cat.hpp"
CAT. hpp
. include ,

. ,
include .
hpp
,
? ,
.

. ,
, . hpp
, .
,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
, .

. .
. , .. ,
, , .

inline
, . inline
. ,
- GetWeightO :
inline int Cat: .GetWeigtrtt)
{
return itsweight; // - Weight
156
,
:
class Cat
{
public:
int GetWeightO { return itsWeight; } //
void SetWeight(int aWeight);
>;
GetWeightO.
,
.
,
. , ,
:
class Cat
{
public:
int GetWeightO const
{
return itsWeight:
}
//
void SetWeight(int aWeight);
};
6.6 6.7 Cat,
CAT.hpp, .. ,
6.7 Meow() .
> 8 . . c a t c a t , h p p ________________________________
1: iinclude <iostream.h>
2: class Cat
3: {
4:
public:
5:
Cat (int initialAge);
6:
~Cat();
7:
int GetAgeO const { return itsAge; >
8:
void SetAge (int age) { itsAge = age;} // !
// !
9:
void Meow() const { cout << "";} // !
10: private:
11:
int itsAge;
12: };
6.
157
.7. Cat cat .

1: //
2: //
3:
4: include "cat.hpp" // !
5:
6:
7: Cat::Cat(int initialAge) //
8: {
9: itsAge = initialAge;
10: }
11:
12: Cat::Cat() // ,
13: {
14: }
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
// , ,
// , , " .
int main()
{
Cat Frisky(5);
Frisky. MeowQ;
22: cout << "Frisky is a cat who is ";

23: cout << Frisky.QetAge() << " years old.\n";
24: Frisky.Meow();
25: Frisky.SetAge(7);
26: cout << "Now Frisky is " ;
27: cout << Frisky.GetAge() << " years old.\n";
28: return 0;
29: }
*,. ' - Meow.

Meow.
Now Frisky is 7 years old.
-:
, 6.6 6.7,
'
6.4 ,
, CAT. hpp.
7 Get ()
. 8 9 ,
.
4 -6.7' include ' cat.hpp"
CAT. hpp.
cat . hpp , 5.

,
. C++.
hpp,
. include.
158
1829 main( ) 6.4.

,
.
,
-

.
, , , ..,
.
. , .
. .
. . 6.8
Rectangle, RECTANGLE, hpp.
, ,
, Point
, . 6.9 .
6.8. _______________________________
1:
// Rect.hpp
2:
3:
class Point // x,y
4:
5:// ,
6:
public:
7:
void SetX(int ) { itsX = ; }
8:
void SetY(int y) { itsY = y; }
9:
int GetX() const < return itsX;}
10:
int GetY() const { return itsY;}
11:
private:
12:
int itsX;
13:
int itsY;
14:
}; // Point
15:
16:
17:
class Rectangle
18:
19:
public:
20:Rectangle (int top, int left, int bottom, int right);;

21:
22:
'Rectangle () <} . |
ht
23:
int GetTopO const { return itsTop; }
24:
int GetLeftO const { return itsLeft; }
25:
int GetBottomQ const { return itsBottom; }
26:
int GetRightO const { return itsRight; }
'if'.'
7
27:
6.
159
28:
Point GetUpperLeft() const { return itsUpperLeft; >
29:
Point GetLowerLeft() const { return itsLowerLeft: >
30:
Point GetUpperRight() const { return itsllpperRight; }
31:
Point GetLowerRight() const { return itsLowerRight; }
32:
33:
void SetUpperLeft(Point Location) {itsUpperLeft = Location;}
34:
void SetLowerLeft(Point Location) {itsLowerLeft = Location;}
35:
void SetUpperRight(Point Location) {itsUpperRight = Location;}
36:
void SetLowerRight(Point Location) {itsLowerRight = Location;}
37:
38:
void SetTop(int top) { itsTop = top; }
39:
void SetLeft (int left) { itsLeft = left; }
40:
void SetBottom (int bottom) { itsBottom = bottom; }
41:
void SetRight (int right) { itsRight = right; }
42;
43:
int GetArea() const;
44:
45: private:
46:
Point itsUpperLeft;
47:
Point itsUpperRight;
48:
Point itsLowerLeft;
49:
Point itsLowerRight;
50:
int itsTop;
51:
int itsLeft;
52:
int itsBottom;
53:
int itsRight;
54: };
55: // Rect.hpp
6.9. rect. ____________________________

1:
2:
// rect.
include "rect.hpp"
3:
Rectangle::Rectangle(int top, int left, int bottom, int right)
4:
5:
6:
7:
{
itsTop = top;
itsLeft = left;
itsBottom = bottom;
8:
itsRight = right;
9:
10: itsUpperLeft.SetX(left);
11: itsUpperLeft.SetY(top);
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
itsUpperRight.SetXtright);
itsUpperRight.SetY(top);
itsLowerLeft.SetX(left);
itsLowerLeft.SetY(bottom);
18:
760
19: itsLowe rRight.SetX(right);

20: itsLowerRight.SetY(bottom);
21: }
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
// , ,
// ,
int Rectangle::GetArea() const
{
28: int Width = itsRignt - its Left ;

29: int Height = itsTop - itsBottom;
30: return (Width * Height);
31: }
32:
33: int main()
34: {
35: // Rectangle
36: Rectangle MyRectangle (100, 20, 50, 80 );
37:
38: int Area = MyRectangle.GetArea();
39:
40: cout << "Area: "<< Area << "\n";
41: cout "Upper Left X Coordinate:";
42: cout MyRectangle. GetllpperLeft( ), GetX( ) ;
43: return 0;
44: }
Area: 3000
Upper Left X Coordinate: 20
3-14 6.8 Point,

, .
Point .
.
Point ( 12 13) (itsX itsY). .
.
.
( ). ,
.
Point nline- ,
X Y,
7-10. Point
, . ,
.
17 Rectangle,
, .
Rectangle ,
top (), left (), bottom () right (). -
6.
161
, , - (. 6.9), (
Point).
- , Rectangle
GetAreaO, 43.
28 29
6.9.
, .

UpperLeft X. GetUpperLeftO
Rectangle,
, itsUpperLeft.
itsUpperLeft Point, itsX
, GetUpperLeftO .
itsX
GetX().
33 6.9 .
36 , , . ,
, ,
( , ).
36 ( Rectangle)
, Left, Bottom Right.
37 int.
.
, - GetAreaO Rectangle.
Rectangle Rectangle ,
GetAreaO.
6.8 Rect.hpp.
, Rectangle,
, GetAreaO int.
Rectangle GetAreaO.
, Rectangle
GetAreaO, , Rectangle.

?
, ,
.
class
. C++
, .
, , -
struct,
162
. ,
,
.
6.8 :
3 class Point struct
17 class
Rectangle
Point;
struct
Rectangle.
.
.

, , ,
. . C++
. ,
. C++, , ,
struct class,
.

. ,
. -.
const
, .
,
,
.
, .
, , .
-,
, . , , . -
- .
,
. ,
- .
,
, , . hpp.
.
.
, ,
, .
6.
163

?
. , .
,
.
,
, , .
Cat itsAge,
Cat Friscky Boots, Boots
- itsAge Friscky?
. - ,
. ,
Friscky Boots Cat, - Friscky
( Friscky),
Boots.
- ?
-
, , . ,
Cat GetAgeO, Cat
( Cat), , -
- .
const ,
const
?
- ,
const
, , GetAge()
Cat, :
if (itsAge = 100) cou << "Qio! \";
GoiAyeO const
.
itsAge 100,
100 itsAyn. , (
cunsi) , ,
.
, ,
. , . ,
, (
), .
C++?
struct ,
.
, .
.
164
, , .
,
, .

,
.
, .
,
.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4.

?
5. - ?
(public)
(private)
6. - ?
7.

- itsAge?
8.
?
?
Cat,
9.
- Meow Cat,
void?
10. ?
1.
,
-: (), yearsOfService
().
Employee
()
) Salary
2.
Employee, -
-.
3. Employee,
Employee; - age, YearsOfService Salary,
.
4.
3 Employee,
, , 1
.
5. Employee , -
age, YearsOfService Salary .
6.
165
6. : ?
class Square
{
public:
int Side;
}
7. : ?
class Cat
<
int GetAgeO const;
private:
int itsAge;
};
8. : ?
class TV
{
public:
void SetStation(int Station);
int GetStation() const;
private:
int itsStation;
};
main()
<
TV myTV;
myTV.itsStation = 9;
TV.SetStation(IO);
TV my0therTv(2);
166

.
if. :
if/else

. (. 5)
.
.
goto
, ,
.
.
, .
C++ , (:).
,
. goto,
. goto 7.1.
7.1. g o t o _________________________________
1:
// 7.1.
2:
// goto
3:
4:
7.
167
5:
6:
int
main()
7: {
8
9:
int counter = 0; //
loop: counter ++;
//
10
cout. << "counter: " << counter << "\ n";
11
if (counter < 5) //
12
goto loop; //
13
14
cout
15
return 0;
<<
"Complete.
Counter:
"
<<
counter
<<
",\
n";
16
counter:
counter:
counter:
counter:
counter: 5
Complete. Counter: 5.
8 counter .
loop: 9 .
counter . 11
counter. ,
goto,
9. ,
counter .
.
yoo
goto , ,
. goto
.

, .

: goto.
goto
, : for, while do. . .while.
goto
,
.
goto .
ANSI . ,
: !
!
168
while
, while,
,
. 7.1 counter
, . 7.2
, whi 1 .
7.2. w h i l e __________________
1: // 7.2.
2: // while
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int counter = 0;
//
9:
10:
while(counter < 5) //
11 : {
12:
counter++;
13:
cout << " counter: " << counter << "\ n";
14:
//
15:
16: cout << " Complete. Counter: " << counter << ",\ n";
17: return 0:
18: }
counter:
counter:
counter:
counter:
counter: 5
Complete. Counter: 5.

while.
, , ,
.
counter, ( 10). ,
. 12
, 13 .
, ( 11 14)
15.
7.
169
while
, while,
. while
C++.
: && ( ), 11 ( ), ! ( ).
7.3
while.
7.3. w h i l e ______________________________________
1: // 7.3.
2: // while
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
unsigned short small;
9:
unsigned long large;
10:
const unsigned short MAXSMALL=65535;
11:
12:
cout << "Enter a small number: ";
13:
cin >> small;
14:
cout << "Enter a large number: ";
15: cin >> large;

16:
17:
cout "small: " < 0 && small < MAXSMALL)
22: {
23:
24:
if (small % 5000 == 0) // 5000

cout
25:
26:
small++;
27:
28:
large-=2;
29: }
30:
31: cout << "\ nSmall: " small " Large: " large << endl;
32: return 0;
33: }
Enter a small number: 2

Enter a large number: 100000
small: 2..........
Small: 33335 Large: 33334
170
.
small large.
, ,
. : , .
1215 . 20
.
1. small large.
2. large .
3. small MAXSMALL.
, 23, small 5000,
small . small 5000 ,
0.
. 26
small 1, 28 large 2.
, .
29, .
break u continue

. continue.
, ,
. break.
7.4.
. ,
, .
, small
. large ,
(skip). , small
, large. large
(target), .
, , target.
7.4. b r e a k c o n t i n u e
1 :
// 7.4.
2:
// break continue
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
unsigned short small;
9:
unsigned long large;
10;
unsigned long skip;
11;
unsigned long target;
12:
const unsigned short MAXSMALL=65535;
13:
7.
171
14:
cout "Enter a small number:
15:
cln small;
16:
cout "Enter a large number: ";
17:
oin large;
18:
cout << "Enter a skip number: ";
19:
cin skip;
20:
cout "Enter a target number: ";
21:
cln >> target;
22:
23:
cout "\ n"
24:
25:
//
26:
while (small < large && large > 0 && small < MAXSMALL)
27;
28: {
29:
30:
small++;
31:
32;
if (small % skip == 0) // large?
33;
34;
cout << "skipping on:" << small << endl;
35:
continue;
36:
37;
38:
if (large == target) //
39:
40:
cout << " Target reached!";
41:
break;
42:
43:
44:
large-=2;
45:
} //
46:
47;
cout << "\ nSmall: " << small << " Large: " << large << endl;
48: return 0;
49: }
Enter a small number: 2

Enter a large number: 20
Enter a skip number: 4
Enter a target number: 6
skipping on 4
skipping on 8
Small: 10 Large: 8
172

, , *
, .
.
small large, large small
SMALLINT, .
32 small
skip. small skip, continue
( 26).
large.
target large 38. ,
.
, break 46.
while(true]
, ,
,
C++. , .

true. 7.5 ,
.
7.5. w h i l e ______________________________
1: // 7.5.
2: // ""
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int counter = 0;
9:
10:
while (true)
11: {
12:
counter ++;
13:
if (counter > 10)
14:
break;
15:
16:
cout << "Counter: " << counter << "\ n";
17:
return 0;
18: }
".
4-'
counter
7.
Counter: 11
, , 10,
. ( 12)
. ,
173
counter 10.
14, counter ( 16).
,
. while.
counter .
C++
. ,
.
break
du...while
while ,
.
, ,
,
. 7.6.
7.. w h i l e ________________________________
1:
// 7.6.
2:// ,
3:
// .
4:
5:
6:
7:
int main()
8:
9:
{
int counter;
10;
cout "How many hellos?: ";
11:
cin counter;
12:
while (counter > 0)
13:
14:
cout << "Hello!\ n";
15:
counter--;
16:
17:
cout << "Counter is OutPut: " << counter;
18:
return 0;
19:
pjffl How many hellos?: 2

Udmm Hello!
Hello!
Counter is OutPut: 0
How many hellos?: 0
Counter is OutPut: 0
174
10 ,
counter. 12
, .
,
. 0. ,
.
.
, ?
while ,
.
if counter.
If (counter < 1) //
counter = 1;
, .
du...wlrilc
do...while
.
. 7.7 ,
while do.. while.
7.7. d o . . w h i l e _____________________________________
1:
// 7.7.
2:
// do...while
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
{
int counter;
9;
cout << "How many hellos? ";
10:
cin >> counter;
11:
do
12 : {
13:
cout << "Hello\ n";
14:
counter--;
15:
} while (counter >0 );
16:
cout "Counter is: " << counter << endl;
17:
18:
return 0;
}
How many hellos? 2

Hello
Hello
Counter is: 0
7.
175
f'
9
, counter. do.. while
,
. 13 ,
14 counter .
15. ,
( 13).
16.
do.. while break continue
, while.
.
, .
for
while
: ,

( 7.8).
7 . 8 . while___________________________
1: // 7.8.
2: // while
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int counter = 0;
9:
10:
while(counter < 5)
11 : {
12:
counter++;
13:
cout << " Looping!
14:
15:
16: cout << "\ nCounter: " << counter << " \ n";
17: return 0;
18: }
Looping! Looping! Looping! Looping! Looping!

Counter: 5.
8 counter
. 10 ,
12 . 13
176
, . ,
.
for , ,
. : ,
. for
, ,
.
.
for .
, , ,
for, C++
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(
).
C++. , , for
C++,
, .
for 7.9.
7 . 8 . f o r ___________________________________________
1:
// 7 ,9 .
2:
// for
3:
4:
((include <iostream. h>
5:
6 :
i n t
7:
<
8:
int counter;
9:
for (counter = 0; counter < 5; counter++)
10:
m a i n ( )
cout << " Looping! ";
11:
12:
cout << "\ nCounter: " << counter << .\ n";
13:
return 0;
14:

' ' Counter: 5,
9 for ,
counter.
counter
. , 10.
.
l
7.
177
for
f o r

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.
f o r
for :
f or (, ,
||
',^ ;
. C++,
.
true, ,
, , ,
.
1:
/ ;;1'::;^|;':^
for(int i;=0;
cout "Hello! "
2:
f o r ( i n t
0 ;
cout << "He] lo! " e
t;>; <:out <<:^h"valui0fi%sr^". ^ i
} :-r:: .
f
1. .
2. , .
3. true, ,
.
2 3 .

for ,
.
,
. 7.10
, .
178
7.10. f o r
1
// 7.10.
//
// for
4
5
ftinclude <iostream.h>
6
7
int main()
for (int i=0, j=0; i<3
10: cout << ": "
i++, j++)
<< " j: " << j << endl;
11: return 0;
12: }
i: 0 j:
........ i: 1 j: 1
i: 2 j: 2
9 i j .
i<3 , ,
.
. for,
- .
10 .
, . ,
.
.
for
for .
. , ,
for (;).
for, 7.11,
while.
7 . . f o r ______________________________________________
1 : // 7 .1 1 .
2: // for
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int counter = 0;
9:
10:
for( ; counter < 5; )
7.
179
11 : {
12:
counter++;
13:
14:
cout "Looping!
}
15:
16:
cout << "\ nCounter: " << counter << ",\ n";
17:
return 0:
18: }

Counter: 5.
,
while 7.8. 8
counter. for,
10, .
for . ,

while (counter < 5).
, C++
. 7.11
C++,
for .
for,
break continue. for
7.12.
7 . 1 2 . f o r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 7.12.
2: // for
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int counter=0;
9:
int max;
10:
cout << " How many hellos?";
11:
cin >> max;
12:
for (;;)
13:
//
14:
if (counter < max)
15:
16:
cout "Hello!\ n";
17:
counter++;
180
,//
//
//
18: }
19:
else
20:
break;
21: }
22: return 0;
23: }
* i How many hellos?3
1*
11
1iI
Hello!
Hello!
Hello!
for
. , .
8 .
( 14), ,
, , 17
. , break 20
.
,
, for( ;; ) while( true )
.
switch.
for
for
,
. , ,
(;).
for. 7.13.
7 . 1 3 . f o r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
// 7.13.
2:
// for
3:
// ""
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
for (int i = 0; i<5; cout "i: " i++ endl)
9:
10:
return 0;
11 :
: 2
:
: 4
7.
181
for 8 .
i
0. i<5, , ,
for
.
for,
. ,

. :
8: for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
9:
cout << "i: " << i << endl;
,
.

, , .
.
7.14 .
7 . 1 4 .
1: // 7.14.
2: // for
3:
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int rows, columns;
9:
char theChar;
10:
cout << "How many rows? ";
11:
cin rows;
12:
cout << "How many columns? ";
13:
cin >> columns;
14:
cout << "What character? ";
15:
cin >> theChar;
16:
for (int i = 0; i<rows; i++)
17:
18:
19:
20:
for (int j = 0; j<columns; j++)

cout << theChar;
cout "\ n";
21: }
22: return 0;
23: }
182
How many rows? 4

How many columns? 12
What character? x
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxx

, ,
. 16 i,
.
( 18)
. j 0
. 19 , ,
. .
,
(j<columns). j
columns, .
(12 )
20 .
(i<rows) , ,
.
:
. j ,
.
,
. ,
:
, columns,
rows.
- for
, for,
. ,
ANSI, , ,
. , ,
, .
,
.
int main()
{
//
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "i: " <
i
7;
//
return 0;
>

5
. , 1, 1,
2, 3, .
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34...
, - (n-I)-ro
. ( 7.15).
(-2)-
7.15. - ________________
1;
// 7.15.
2:
// n-
3:
//
4:
5:
6:
8:
9:
10:
int fib(int position);

int main()
11:
12:
int answer, position;
13:
cout << "Which position? ";
14:
cin >> position;
15:
cout <x "\ n";
16:
17:
184
answer = fib(position);
18:
cout << answer << " is the
19:
cout << position << "Fibonacci number.\ n";
20:
return 0;
21: }
22:
23: int fib(int n)
24: {
25:
int minusTwo=1, minus0ne=1, answer=2;
26:
27:
if (n < 3)
28:
return 1;
29:
30:
for (n -= 3; n; n--)
31:
<
32:
minusTwo = minusOne;
33:
minusOne = answer;
34:
answer = minusOne + minusTwo;
35:
36:
37:
return answer;
38: }
Which position? 4
3 is the 4th Fibonacci number,
Which position? 5
5 is the 5th Fibonacci number.
Which position? 20
6765 is the 20th Fibonacci number.
Which position? 100
3314859971 is the 100th
Fibonacci number.
l-'"
* . , 7.15,
. ...
.
, for. ,
.
13
. fib(),
.
, 1. ,
2, .
1.
: minusTwo=1, minus0ne=1, answer=2.

, , 3,
.
2.

. :
minusTwo minusOne;
minusOne answer;
1.
185
minusOne minusTwo answer;
3. , answer.
,
. , ,

1, 1, 2,
. (2+1=3),

2 3, 5. ,
.
for,
. C++. -
' =0. C++ 0
false,
. ,
for (-=3; !=0; --)
. ,
C++
, .
. ,
25- (. 5)
. , ,
, ,
.
. ,

.
,
.
.
switch
4 if if/else.
if
, ,
. C++
switch. if ,
,
. switch :
switch ()
{
case : ;
break;
186
case : ;
break;
case _: ',
break;
;
default:
}
switch ,
.
,
, ( ,
). ._____________________
s w i t c h
. :
switch: {)
:;lgi
: ;
case : ;
case _: ;
defauIt:: ;
v)
' '. :
switch
,
.
,
casf,
sw. :; h, ,
'..V-'.:
: -jk.
:.*
.!!; ,
,
vw: ,
.
1:
switch (choice)
{ 1.. ...
case 0:
cout << "Zero!" endl;
Âbreak;
case 1
'
':~;i
cout "One!" endl;
;::.::;- break;
case 2:
' :: cout "Two!" endl;
/ : break;
<< "Default!" endl;
7.
187
2:
.:!
switch'^
case 0: ' vcase 1:

case 2 :
i!':'::';.:;'
; : v r s >
i;,/':\ ; K ' ^ ' v '
: ';:1-: f
;:"'cout "Less than 3!" endi;
< j
case 3:
.. .........*?c6ifc?<? "Equa Is. .31' .:'<<."*endl:i;'.v
default:
cout "Greater than 3!" endl;
$.....
break , case,
case.
, break . , break
, .
switch 7.16.
7 . 1 . s w i t c h __________________________________________
1: / / 7.16.
2: // switch
3:
5:
6: ' int main()
7: {
8:
unsigned short int number;
9:
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5: ";
10:
cin >> number;
11:
switch (number)
12: {
13:
case 0: cout << "Too small, sorry!";
14:
break;
15:
case 5: cout << "Good job!\ n"; // fall through
16:
case 4: cout << "Nice Pick!\ n"; // fall through
17:
case 3: cout << "Excellent!\ n"; // fall through
18:
case 2: cout << "Masterful!\ n"; // fall through
19:
case 1: cout << "Incredible!\ n";
20:
break;
21:
default: cout << "Too large!\ n";
22:
23:
break;
>
24: cout "\ n\ n";

25: return 0;
26: }
188
Enter a number between 1 and 5: 3

Excellent!
Masterful!
Incredible!
Enter a number between 1 and 5: 8
Too large!
.
switch. 0, case 13 Too small, sorry!,
break switch.
5, 15 .
16, ,
20. break switch.
, 1 5
. , 5, 21
default, Too large!.
switch
for(;;).
, ,
break, .
( 7.17).
,
. , .
,
. break,
7 . 1 7 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
2:
/ / 7,17.
//
3:
4:
5:
//
include <lostream.h>
6:
//
7:
8:
9:
Int menu();
void DoTaskOnoO;
void DoTaskMany(int);
10
11
12
int main()
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
bool exit = false;

for (;;)
int choice = menu();
switch(choice)
20
21
7,
case (1)
DoTaskOneO;
189
22:
break;
23 :
24:
case (2):
DoTaskMany(2);
25:
break;
26:
27:
28:
case (3):
DoTaskMany(3);
break;
29:
30:
31:
case (4):
continue;
break;
32:
33:
case (5):
exit=true;
34:
break;
35:
36:
37:
38:
//
default:
cout << " Please select again!\ n";
break;
>
// switch
39:
40:
if (exit)
41:
break;
42: }
//
43: return 0;
44: }// main()
45:
46: int menuQ
47: {
48:
int choice;
49:
50:
cout " **** Menu ***\ n\ n;
51:
cout << "(1) Choice one.\ n";
52:
53:
54:
55:
56:
cout << "(2)

cout << "(3)
cout << "(4)
cout << "(5)
cout << ":
57:
58:
Choice two.\ n";

Choice three.\ n";
Redisplay menu.\ n";
Quit.\ n\ n";
";
cin >> choice;

return choice;
59: }
60:
61: void DoTaskOneO
62: {
63:
cout "Task 0ne!\ n";
64: }
65:
66: void DoTaskMany(int which)
67: {
68:
69:
if (which == 2)
cout << "Task Two!\ n";
70:
else
71:
72: }
190
cout << "Task Three!\ n";
: **** Menu ****

:*****, (1) Choice one.
(2) Choice two.
(3) Choice three.
(4) Redisplay menu.
(5) Quit.
:1
Task One!
**** Menu ****
(1) Choice one.
(2) Choice two.
(3) Choice three.
(4) Redisplay menu.
(5) Quit.
: 3
Task Three!
**** Menu ****
(1) Choice one.
(2) Choice two.
(3) Choice three.
(4) Redisplay menu.
(5) Quit.
: 5
,
.
switch.
15. menu()
.
switch 1838.
case
(1): ( 21). , 21, DoTaskOneO,
.
break (
22). break switch
39. , 40, exit. ,
break 41.
( 15).
continue 30.
, ,
, .
, break, if ,
exit false, .
continue
exit.
7.
191

C++
. while , ,
. do. . . while
. for ,
. , ,
, for.
.
goto ,
, .
continue
while, do.. .while for, a break .

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?
if/else
switch,

switch.
while do..
if,
while?
,
do,..while. while.
while for?
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,
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, ?
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, ,
.
, f
(;;)
while(true) ?

,
.
, .
,
.
192

1. for -?
2. goto?
3. for ,
?
4. while for?
5. , ? .
6. ?
1. for
(int
= 0; <
100; ++)?
2. for, 10x10.
3. for, 100 200 2.
4. while, 100 200 2.
5. do..
while,
100 200 2.
6. : .
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
cout << "counter: " counter;
>
7. : .
for (int counter = 0; counter < 10; counter++);
cout << counter << " ";
8. : .
int counter = 100;
{
cout << "counter: " << counter;
counter--;
}
9. : .
cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 5: ";
ein >> theNumber;
switch (theNumber)
7.
193
case 0:
doZero();
case
case 2
case 3
case 4
//
//
//
//
case 5
doOneToFive();
break;
default:
doDefault();
break;
194

#include <iostream.h>
intintboolfalsetrue
enum CHOICE { DrawRect = 1, GetArea,
GetPerim, ChangeDimensions, Quit} ;
// Rectangle
class Rectangle
{
public:
// constructors
Rectangle(int width, int height);
Rectangle();
//
int GetHeightO const { return itsHeight; }
int GetWidth() const { return itsWidth; }
int GetArea() const { return itsHeight * itsWidth; }
int GetPerim() const { return 2*itsHeight + 2*itsWidth; }
void SetSize(int newWidth, int newHeight);
//
private:
int itsWidth;
int itsHeight;
//
void Rectangle::SetSize(int newWidth, int newHeight)
{
itsWidth = newWidth;
itsHeight = newHeight;
1.
195
34:
35:
36:Rectangle:: Rectangle(1nt width, int height)
37:
38:
itsWidth = width;
39:
40:
41 :
itsHeight = height;
>
42:
Rectangle:;"Rectangle() { }
43:
44:
int DoMenuO;
45:
void DoDrawRect(Rectangle);
46:
void DoGetArea(Rectangle);
47:
void DoGetPerim(Rectangle);
48:
49:
int main ()
50:
{
51:// rectangle 30,5
52:
Rectangle theRect(30,5);
53:
54:
int choice = DrawRect;
55:
int fQuit = false;
56:
57:
while (!fQuit)
58:
59:
choice = DoMenuO;
60; if (choice < DrawRect || choice > Quit)

61:
62:cout << "\ nlnvalid Choice, please try again.\ n\ n"

63;
continue;
64:
65:
switch (choice)
66;
67:
case DrawRect:
68:
69:
DoDrawRect(theRect) ;
break;
70:
71:
case GetArea:
DoGetArea(theRect) ;
72:
break;
73:
case GetPerim:
74:
DoGetPerim(theRect);
75:
break;
76:
case ChangeDimensions:
77:
int newlength, newWidth;
78:
79:
cout "\ nNew width: ";

cin >> newWidth;
80 :
81 :
cout << "New height : " ;

cin >> newLength;
82: theRect.SetSize(newWidth, newLength);

83:
196
DoDrawRect(theRect);
84:
break;
85:
case Quit:
86:
fQuit = true;
87:
cout "\ nExiting...\ n\ n"
88:
break;
89:
default:
90:
cout "Error in choice!\ n"
91:
92:
fQuit = true;
break;
93:
> // end switch
94: } // end while

95: return 0;
96; }
// end main
97:
98: int DoMenu()
99: {
100
int choice;
101
cout << "\ n\ n *** Menu *** \ n";
102
cout
103
104
cout << "(2) Area\ n";

cout
cout
105
106
"(1)
Draw
Rectangle\
n;
"(3) Perimeter\ n";

"(4) Resize\ n";
cout "(5) Quit\ n";
107
108
cin >> choice;
109
return choice;
110 }
111
112
void DoDrawRect(Rectangle theRect)
113
114
int height = theRect.GetHeightO;

int width = theRect.GetWidth();
115
116
117
for (int i = 0; i<height; i++)
118
119
<
for (int j = 0; j< width; j++)
120
cout <<
121
122
123
124
cout << "\ n";
}
}
125
126
void DoGetArea(Rectangle theRect)
127
128
129
130
131
void DoGetPerim(Rectangle theRect)
cout << "Area: " << theRect.GetArea() endl;
132
1.
133:
cout
<<
"Perimeter:
"
theRect.GetPerim()
endl;
134: }
<0utput>
* * * Menu * * *
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
******************************
******************************
******************************
******************************
******************************
*** Menu ***

(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
2
Area: 150
*** Menu ***
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
3
Perimeter: 70
*** Menu ***
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
4
New Width: 10
New height: 8
198
* * * Menu * * *
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
2
Area: 80
** * Menu * * *
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
3
Perimeter: 36
* * * Menu * * *
(1) Draw Rectangle
(2) Area
(3) Perimeter
(4) Resize
(5) Quit
5
Exiting. . .

, .
, ,
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626 Rectangle.
,
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202
theAge
I......................................
1I!I!
10110101 11110110
01110110 11101110
____I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I___ I I
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
- 1
unsigned long int theAge = 4 = 32
theAge
theAge = 10
. 8.1. theAge
8.1. ________________________________________
1:
// 8.1.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
unsigned short shortVar=5;
9:
unsigned long longVar=65535;
10:
long sVar = -65535;
11:
12:
cout << "shortVar:\ t" << shortVar;
13:
cout " Address of shortVar:\ t";
14:
cout &shortVar "\ n";
15:
16:
cout "longVar:\ t" longVar;
17:
cout " Address of longVar:\ t" ;
18:
cout &longVar << "\ n";
19:
20:
cout "s.Var:\ t" sVar;
21:
cout << " Address of sVar:\ t" ;
22:
cout << &sVar << "\ n";
23:
24:
return 0;
25:}
shortVar: 5
Address of shortVar: 0x8fc9:fff4
longVar: 65535 Address of longVar: 0x8fc9:fff2

sVar: -65535 Address of sVar: 0x8fc9:ffee
( .)
8.
203
\ :
v 8 unsigned short, 9 unsigned
long, 10 long. 12-16
, (&).
80386
shortVar 5, 0x8fc9:fff4.
.
.
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short 2 ,
4 long.
. 8.2.

. ,
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long . ,
.

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.
.
, howOld int.
, :
int *pAge = 0;
int. ,
int.
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(, int) ,
.
- , , .
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.
, 0, .
- .
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0.
.
0,
- , howOld. ,
:
unsigned short int howOld = 50; //
unsigned short int *pAge = 0; .
//
pAge = &how01d;
//
howOld
204
. 8.2.
howOld unsigned short int

50. unsigned short
int, 0. (*),
, , .
howOld.
(&) howOld.
, , ,
.
howOld,
50.
:
unsigned short int howOld = 50;
//
unsigned short int * pAge = &how01d;
// howOld
howOld.
, .
50. howOld
,
howOld, .
, .
,
, .

,
.
(
. pointer), pNumber.

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unsigned short int, ,
:
unsigned short int yourAge;
yourAge = howOld;
,
. yourAge howOld,
, , :
unsigned short int yourAge;
yourAge = *pAge;
(*)
, . ,
: , , ,
yourAge.
206

: .
, , , :
unsigned short * pAge = 0; //
// unsigned short
,
,
, , :
* = 5; // 5 pAge
(*).
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C++,
, , ,
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.
:
int theVariable = 5;
int * pPointer = &theVariable ;
theVariable.
5. int,
theVariable. pPointer
theVariable. , ,
pPointer, 5. . 8.3 .
theVariable
pPointer
IIII
0000 0000
0000 0101
V. J
5
IIII
" ".........." I I I
0000 0000 0000 0110
0000 0000 0000 0101
V. _ 1
' ' Y...... '
101
IIIII
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
. 8.3.
8.
207

- ,
. 8.2
.
8.2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
// 8.2.
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
USHORT myAge; //
9:
USHORT * pAge = 0; //
10:
myAge = 5;
11:
cout << "myAge: " << myAge << "\ n";
12:
pAge = &myAge; // pAge myAge
13:
cout << "*pAge: " << *pAge << "\ n\ n";
14:
cout << "*pAge = 7\ n";
15:
*pAge = 7; // myAge 7
16:
cout << "*pAge: " *pAge << "\ n";
17:
cout << "myAge: " myAge << "\ n\ n";
18:
cout << "myAge = 9\ n";
19:
myAge = 9;
20:
cout << "myAge: " << myAge << "\ n";
21:
cout << "*pAge: " << *pAge << "\ n";
22:
23:
return 0;
24:
>
myAge:
*pAge: 5
pAge = 7
*pAge: 7
myAge:
myAge = 9
myAge:
*pAge: 9
: myAge unsigned short pAge,

. 10 pAge
5, 11 .
12 pAge myAge.
, , pAge,
( 13). ,
ill
208
. 15 , ,
7.
7. ( 16, 17).
19 .
9. 20 21
( ) .
,

, . ,

. ?
, 8.3.
8.3. ?_______________________________
1:
// 8.3. ?
2:
3:
4:
#include ciostream.h>
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
unsigned short int myAge = 5, yourAge = 10;
9:
unsigned short int * pAge = &myAge; //
10:
cout << "myAge:\ t" << myAge << "\ t yourAge:\ t" << yourAge "\ n";
11:
cout << "&myAge:\ t" << &myAge << "\ t&yourAge:\ t" &yourAge << "\ n";
12:
cout << "pAge:\ t" << pAge << "\ n";
13:
cout << "*pAge:\ t" << *pAge << "\ n";
14:
pAge = &yourAge; //
15:
cout << "myAge:\ t" << myAge << "\ t yourAge:\ t" << yourAge "\ n";
16:
17:
cout << "&myAge:\ t" &myAge << "\ t&yourAge:\ t" << SyourAge << "\ n";
cout << "pAge:\ t" << pAge << "\ n";
18:
cout << "*pAge:\ t" << *pAge << "\ n";
19:
20:
cout << "&pAge:\ t" << &pAge << "\ n";

return 0;
21:
>
myAge:
&myAge:
pAge:
5
0x355C
10
&yourAge:
0x355E
0x355C
* pAge:
myAge:
&myAge:
yourAge:
0x355C
pAge:
0x355E
pAge:
10
&pAge:
0x355A
yourAge:
10
&yourAge:
0x355E
( .)
8.
209
8 unsigned short myAge

, 9, ().
myAge.
10 11 myAge .
myAge
13. ,
, .
.
14 yourAge.
.
, ,
you , .
19 .
, ,
. .
yourAge.
(*)
,
,
,
.
,
.

, ,
, (*),
, :
unsigned short int * pPointer =0;
(&), :
unsigned short int theVariable = 5;
unsigned short int * pPointer = & theVariable;
(*):
unsigned short int theValue = pPointer
210

.
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:
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:
unsigned short int * pPointer;
pPointer = new unsigned short int;
, :
unsigned short int * pPointer = new unsigned short int;
pPointer
, unsigned short. pPointer
.
- , :
pPointer = 72;
212
: 72 ,
pPointe.
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delete
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,
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delete
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. delete
, :
Animal *pDog = new Animal;

delete pDog; //
pDog = 0 //
// ...
delete pDog; // ,
8 . 4 . ,
1;
// 8,4,
2;
// ,
3;
4:
include <lost roam,h>
5:
int main()
6:
8.
213
7:
int localVariable = 5;
8:
int * pLocal= &localVariable;
9:
int * = new int;
10
pHeap = 7;
11
cout << "localVariable: " << localVa
12
cout << "pLocal:
13
cout << "*pHeap:
14
delete ;
15
pHeap = new int;
16
pHeap = 9;
17
cout << "pHeap:
18
delete pHeap;
19
return 0;
20
>
localVariable
<< *pLocal << "\

<< *pHeap "\ n
<< pHeap << \ n
: 5
*pLocal: 5
pHeap: 7
*pHeap: 9

,
( 8). 9 int
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( 10). ,
.
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10, ,
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delete 14.
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. 17 ,
.
, 18 ,
.

. ,
.
localVariable.
214

. , , ,
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1;
2;
pPointer
3;
4;
pPointer = 84;
= 72;
1
unsigned short int.
72. 3 ,
84 ( 4). ,
72, ,
. ,
.
:
1:
2:
*pPointer
3;
delete pPointer;
4;
5;
pPointer = 84;

( 3).
= 72;
new,
delete. ,
,
.

,
. , Cat,
,
, , .
, :
Cat *pCat = new Cat;
new
, .. , . ,
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.
8.
215

delete,
, .
.
, , , .
8.5.
8 . 5 .
1: // 8.5.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class SimpleCat
7: <
8:
public:
9:
10:
SimpleCat();
"SimpleCat();
11: private:
12:
int itsAge;
13: >;
14:
15: SimpleCat::SimpleCat()
16: {
17:
cout << "Constructor called.\ n";
18:
itsAge = 1;
19: >
20:
22: {
23:
24; }
cout "Destructor called.\ n";
25:
26: int main()
27: <
28:
cout "SimpleCat Frisky...\ n";
29:
SimpleCat Frisky;
30:
cout "SimpleCat *pRags = new SimpleCat..,\ n";
31:
SimpleCat * pRags = new SimpleCat;
32:
cout "delete pRags...\ n";
33:
delete pRags;
34:
cout "Exiting, watch Frisky go...\ n";
35:
return 0;
36: }
216
| ^ ,
SimpleCat Frisky...
. Constructor called.
SimpleCat *pRags = new SimpleCat..
Constructor called.
delete pRags...
Destructor called.
Exiting, watch Frisky go...
Destructor called.
613 SimpleCat. 9,
15-19. 10, 21-24.
29 , .
SimpleCat.
31.
pRags. .
SimpleCat 33
delete pRags. Frisky
.
.s

, ,
(.).
, , ,
. , - GetAge
:
(*pRags).GetAge();
,
GetAge().
.
,
(->).
: . C++
. 8.6
,
.
8 . 6 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 8.6.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class SimpleCat
7: {
8:
public:
8.
217
9:
SimpleCatO { itsAge = 2; }
10:
'SimpleCatO { }
11:
int GetAgeQ const { return itsAge; >
12:
void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
13:
private:
14:
int itsAge;
15:
};
16:
17:
int main()
18:
19:
SimpleCat * Frisky = new SimpleCat;
20:
cout "Frisky " Frisky->GetAge() << " years old\ n";
21:
Frisky->SetAge(5);
22: cout << "Frisky " << Frisky->GetAge() << " years old\ n";
23:
delete Frisky;
24:
return 0;
25:
'f. . : Frisky 2 years old

Frisky 5 years old
f : 19 .............. SimpleCat. ,
, .
- GetAgeQ, 20.
,
(->). 21
SetAgeQ, GetAge()
( 22) .

,
.
.
, , ( 8.7.).
8 . 7 .
1:
// 8.7.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
class SimpleCat
7:
8:
9:
218
public:
SimpleCatO;
10:
~SimpleCat();
11:
int GetAge() const { return *itsAge; }
12:
13:
14:
int GetWeightO const < return itsWeight; }
15:
void setWeight (int weight) { *itsWeight = weight; }
16:
17: private:
18:
int * itsAge:
19:
int * itsWeight;
20: } ;
21:
23: {
24:
itsAge = new int(2);
25:
itsWeight = new int(5);
26: }
27:
28: SimpleCat::~SimpleCat()
29: {
30:
delete itsAge;
31:
delete itsWeight;
32: }
33:
34: int main()
35: {
36;
SimpleCat Frisky = new SimpleCat;
37:
cout << "Frisky " << Frisky->GetAge() << " years old\ n";
38:
Frisky->SetAge(5);
39:
cout << "Frisky " << Frisky->GetAge() << " years old\ n";
40: delete Frisky;

41: return 0;
42: }
Frisky 2 years old

Frisky 5 years old
, -
int. ( 2226)
, .
- (
2832).
, .
,
0.
,
( main()), ,
. (GetAgeO
SetAgeQ), .
8.
219
Frisky ( 40)
SimpleCat. , , .

, .

, , , ,
-, ,
, ?
''#iftC.:lude:<iostream.;h>.'
class SimpleCat -
{
" . public
. SlmplsCatO; -
"'>' , Slmi)
, u.jint;G@tAge{) .const..-{return *itsAge; } .
' , //.
i:!: :nt-;::itsAge' : .
' i V; .int::;'*::?!!: sWe
};
SimpleCat '!^',^:1.:
}
.SiîeCat: :"Sifflg.leCatfpf.v'A'. ..^..V^Wv!..
{
;,
.delete :.itsAge:;; .
}
int mainO
{
.^wySi^RleCatifrisky^1^::;^
:;.7 a cotit'<< "Frisky is; Frisky.GetAgeO << " years old\n";
return 0;
}
Frisky.
,
.
, Frisky
.
, .
.
220
, . ,
. , ,
, ,
.
, ..
.
, , .
, . ,
.
.
9.
this
this.
.
GetAgeO SetAgeO .
8.8 this .
8 . 8 . t h i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 8.8.
2: // this
3:
4: include <iostrearn. h>
5:
6: class Rectangle
7: {
8
public:
9:
Rectangle();
10
'Rectangle();
11
void
12
int GetLength() const { return this->itsLength; }
SetLength(int
length)
this->itsLength
length;
13
14
void
15
SetWidth(int
width)
itsWidth
width;
16
17
private;
18
int
19
int itsWidth;
itsLength
20; };
21
22
Rectangle;:Rectangle()
23; <
24
itsWidth = 5;
25
itsLength = 10;
26;
27;
RRectangle : :"Rectangle( )
28;
{<
29;
8.
221
30
int main()
31
32
Rectangle theRect;
33
cout << "theRect is
theRect.GetLength()
34
cout << "theRect is
theRect.GetWidth() << " meters wide.\ n"
35
theRect. SetLength(20)
36
theRect.SetWidth(10);
37
cout "theRect is
38
cout "theRect is
39
40
<<
"
meters
long.\
theRect.GetLength()<< " meters long.\

<< theRect.GetWidth()<< " meters wide.\ n;
n"
return 0;
}
theRect is 10 meters long.
theRect is 5 meters wide.

theRect is 20 meters long.
theRect is 10 meters wide.
SetLengthO GetLength()
Rectangle this .
SetWidthO GetWidthO .
, .
this , .
this ,
.
( 10)
this.
, this , ,
.
this .
.
I
,

, . (,
, ) ,
delete 0.
.
.
, .
, .
, .
, - ...
, ,
delete. -
, .
.
, , ,
222
.
.
0.
8.9.
8.9. _________________________
1:
// 8.9.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
USHORT * pint = new USHORT;
9;
pint = 10;
10; cout << "pint: " << *plnt << endl;

11: delete pint;
12:
13: long * pLong = new long;

14: pLong = 90000;
15: cout "*plong: " << *pLong << endl;
16:
17: pint = 20; //
18:
19: cout << "pint: " << pint << endl;
20: cout << "pLong: " << pLong << endl;
21: delete pLong;
22: return 0;
23: }
pint: 10
pLong: 90000
pint: 20
pLong: 65556
( .)
8 pint USHORT.
. 9
10, 10 . ,
pint, delete.
, .
13 (pLong)
new . 14
90000, 15 .
20 , pint, 20. ,
,
.
.
8.
223
19 pint . ,
, 20. 20 pLong. ,
, 65556. .
1. pLong, ?
2. 20, 17?
, , , . 17
20 , pint. ,
11,
. pLong ( 13)
, pint. ,
. 20 ,
pint, pLong, .
.
,
.
pint pLong.
.
, plong
65556.
1. pint , 10.
2.
delete
. pLong.
3.
*pLong 90000.
long ,
90000 (00 01 5F 90) 5F 90 00 01.
4.
pint 20, 00 14
.
, 90000 .
00 14 00 01.
5. Long 00
01 00 14, 65556.
delete

, .
new
delete.
new.
224

?
delete,

, ,
, .
myPtr
0:, .
delete,
, . ,
.
(.. myPtr = 5) ,
,
.
const
const
. , ,
:
const int * pOne;
int * const pTwo;
const int * const pThree;
pOne int.
, , .
pTwo int.
, , ,
.
, pThree int.
, ,
, .
,
. const,
, . const
, .
const int
* pi; //
ini
int * const 2: // ,
8,
225
const
-
4 const
- .
.
,
, const ( 8.10).
8.10. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 8.10.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class Rectangle
7: {
8
public:
9:
Rectangle();
10
11
void
12
int
13
void
14
"Rectangle();
SetLength(int
GetLength()
SetWidth(mt
length)
const
width)
itsLength
return
{
itsLength;
itsWidth-
length;
width:
15
16
private :
17
int
18
int itsWidth;
itsLength;
19
20
21
Rectangle::Rectangle()
22
23
itsWidth
24
itsLength = 10;
5;,
25
26
27
Rectangle : :~Rectangle( )
28
29
30
int main( )
31
32
Rectangle* pRect = new Rectangle;
33
const Rectangle * pConstRect = new Rectangle;
34
Rectangle * const pConstPtr = new Rectangle;
35
36
cout << "pRect width: " << pRect->GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
37
cout << "pConstRect width: " << pConstRect-> GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
38
cout << "pConstPtr width: " << pConstPtr-> GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
226
39:
40:
pRect->SetWidth(10) ;
41:
// pConstRect->SetWidth(10);
42:
pConstPtr->SetWidth(10);
43:
44:
cout << "pRect width: " << pRect->GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
45:
cout<< "pConstRect width:" pConstRect->GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
46:
cout << "pConstPtr width: "<< pConstPtr->GetWidth() << " meters\ n";
47:
return 0;
48:
pRect width: 5 meters

pConstRect width: 5 meters
pConstPtr width: 5 meters
pRect width: 10 meters
pConstRect width: 5 meters
pConstPtr width: 10 meters
619 Rectangle. ,
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32 Rectangle, 33
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3638 .
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1:
2:
include <ctype.h>
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3:
include <string.h>
4:
bool GetWord(char* string, char* word, int& wordOffset);
5:
//
6:
int main()
7
const int bufferSize = 255;
9:
char buffer'[bufferSize+1 ];
//
10
char word[bufferSize+1 ];
//
11
int wordOffset = 0;
//
12
13
cout << "Enter a string: ":
14
ein. getline(buffg,bufferSize);
15
16
while (GetWord(buffer,word,wordOffset))
17
18
cout << "Got this word: " << word << endl:
19
20
21
return 0;
22
23
24
25
26
// ,
27
bool GetWord(char* string, char* word, int& wordOffset)
28
29
30
if (Istring[wordOffset]) // ?
31
return false;
32
33
34
char *p1, *p2;

p1 = p2 = string+wordOffset;
//
35
36
//
37
for (int i = 0; i<(int)strlcn(p1) && ! isalnuin(p1[0]); i++)
38
p1++;
39
228
<10;
//
41:
if (11(1[0]))
42;
return false;
43;
44;
// 1 !
45:
// i 2
46;
2 " |)1;
47;
48;
// 2
49;
while (isalnum(p2[0]))
50;
2++;
51;
62;
// 2
53:
// 1 -
54;
//
55:
int len = int (2 - 1);
56:
57:
//
58:
strncpy (word,1,len);
59:
60:
//
61:
word[len]=1\ O' ;
62:
63:
//
64:
for (int i = int(p2-string); i<(int)strlen(string) && !isalnum(p2[0]); i++)
65: p2++;
66;
67:
wordOffset = int(p2-string);
68:
69:
return true;
70:
Enter a string: this code first appeared in C++ Report

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8.
231
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, youiAge unsigned
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3. you f Age 50.

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((include 

int mainQ
{
int * pint;
pint = 9;
cout "The value at pint: " << * pint;
return 0;
}
6. : .
int main()
{
int SomeVaiable = 5;
cout << "SomeVariable: " << SomeVariable << "\ n";
int *pVar = & SomeVariable;
pVar = 9;
cout << "SomeVariable: " << *pVar << "\ n";
return 0;
232
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233
8 . 1 .
1:
2:
// 9.1.
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8:
{
int intOne;
9:
int &rSomeRef = intOne;
10 :
11:
intOne = 5;
12:
cout << "intOne: " << intOne << endl;
13:
cout << "rSomeRef: " << rSomeRef endl;
14:
15:
rSomeRef = 7;
16:
17:
18:
cout << "rSomeRef: " << rSomeRef << endl;

return 0;
19:
>
^:
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1:
5
7
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8 ,
9 rSomeRef ,
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234
9.Z.
1: // 9.2.
2: //
3:
4: ((include <iostream. h>
5:
6: int main()
7: {
8:
int intOne;
9:
int &rSoneRef = intOne;
10:
11:
intOne = 5;
12:
13:
cout << "rSomeRef: " << rSomeRef << endl;
14:
15:
cout << "&i.ntOne: " << &intOne << endl;
16:
cout << "&rSomeRef: " << &rSomeRef << endl;
17:
18: return 0;
19: }
intOne: 5
rSomeRef: 5
&intOne: 0x3500
&rSomeRef: 0x3500
- rSomeRef

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:
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City boston;
City
, :
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9.
235
City;
. ,
beanTown, boston.
& 9 9.2,
rSomeRef int, &
15 16, intOne
rSomeRef.
.
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9.3.
8.3. ___________________________________________
1:
// 9.3.
2:
//
3
4
((include ciostream.h>
int main()
int intOne;
9:
int &rSomeRef = intOne;
10 :
11:
intOne = 5;
12:
cout << "int0ne:\ t" << intOne << endl;
13:
cout << "rSomeRef:\ t" << rSomeRef << endl;
14:
cout << "&int0ne:\ t" << &int0ne << endl;
15:
cout << "&rSomoRef:\ t" << &rSomeRef << endl;
16:
17:
int intTwo = 8;
18:
rSomeRef = intTwo; // !
19:
cout << "\ nintOne:\ t" << intOne << endl;
20:
21:
22:
cout << "intTwo:\ t" << intTwo << endl;

cout << "rSomeRef:\ t" << rSomeRef << endl;
cout << "&int0ne:\ t" << &int0ne << endl;
23:
cout << "&intTwo:\ t" << &intTwo << endl;
24;
cout << "&rSomeRef:\ t" << &rSomeRof << endl;
25:
return 0;
26:
236
intOne:
rSomeRef;
intOne:
0x213e
0x213e
intOne:
intTwo:
rSomeRef:
&intOne:
CO
&rSomeRef:
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0x2130
&rSomeRef:
0x213e
8 9
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int & In tRef = int; //
rlntRef
, :
int howBig = 200:

int & rlntRef = howBig;
CAT:
CAT & rCatRef = CAT; //
9.
237
rCatRef
CAT:
CAT frisky;
CAT & rCatRef = frisky;
, . -
( . ) , , ,
. 9.4.
9.4. _____________________________________________
1: // 9.4.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class SimpleCat
7: {
public
9:
SimpleCat (int age, int weight);
10
~SimpleCat() { }
11
int
12
int GetWeightO { return itsWeight; }
13
return
itsAge;
private:
14
int itsAge;
15
16:
GetAge()
int itsWeight;
} ;
17:
18:
Sim
SimpleCat::SimpleCat(int age, int weight)
19:
20
itsAge = age;
21
22:
itsWeight = weight;
23:
24:
int main()
25:
26
SimpleCat Frisky(5,3);
27
SimpleCat & rCat = Frisky;
28
29
cout << "Frisky: ";
30
cout << Frisky.GetAge() << " years old. \ n;
31
cout " Frisky : ";
32
cout << rCat. GetWeight() << " kilograms. \ n>>;
33
return 0;
34
Frisky: 5 years old.

Frisky : 3 kilograms.
238
26 Frisky
27 rCat
SimpleCat,
Frisky. 30 32 SimpleCat,
SimpleCat (Frisky),
SimpleCat (rCat). , .
: .
SimpleCat.
,
(&) . .
1:
int
hisAge;
int &rAge'= hisAge;
2:
CAT boots;
CAT &rCatRef = boots;

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1; // 9.5.
2:
3:
4:
5:
void swap(int x, int y);
6:
7: int main()
8
9:
int x = 5, = 10;
10
11
cout << "Main. Before swap, x: " << x << " ; " << << "\ n";
12
swap(x,y);
13
cout << "Main. After swap, x: << x << " : " << << "\ n";
14
return 0;
15
16
17
void swap (int x, int y)
18
19
int temp;
20
21
cout << "Swap. Before swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
22
23
temp = x;
24
x = y;
= temp;
25
26
27
cout: << "Swap. After swap, x;
x " :
" << << "\ n";
28
29
Main. Before swap, x: 5 y: 10

Swap. Before swap, x: 5 y: 10
Swap. After swap, x: 10 y: 5
Main. After swap, x: 5 y: 10
240
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. 9.6.
8.. ______________________
1:
// 9.6.
2
3
(finclude <iostream. h>
4
5
void swap(int *, int *y);
6
7
8
9:
10
11
12
13
14
int x = 5, = 10;
cout << "Main. Before swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
swap(&x,&y);
return 0;
15
16
17
void swap (int *px, int *py)
18
19
int temp;
20
21
cout << "Swap. Before swap, *px: " << *px << " *py: " << *py << "\ n";
22
23
temp = *px;
24
*px = *py;
25
*py = temp;
26
27
cout << "Swap. After swap, *px: " << *px << " *py: " << *py << "\ n"
28
29
9.
241
Main. Before swap, x: 5 y: 10

Swap. Before swap, *px: 5 *py: 10
Swap. After swap, *px: 10 *py: 5
Main. After swap, x: 10 y: 5
! 5 swapQ
int,
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C++
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9.7, swapQ .
swap()
9.7. s w a p ( ) , ________________________
1:
// 9.7. -.
2:
// !
3
4
void swap(int &, int &);
int main()
9:
10
int x = 5, = 10;
11
12
cout << "Main. Before swap, x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
13
swap(x,y);
14
242
15
return 0;
16
17
18
void swap (int &rx, int &ry)
19
int temp;
20
21
cout << "Swap. Before swap, rx: " << rx " ry: " << ry << "\ n";
22
23
24
temp = rx;
25
rx = ry;
26
ry = temp;
27
28
cout << "Swap. After swap, rx: " << rx << " ry: " ry << "\ n";
29
30
Main. Before swap, x:5 y: 10
Swap.
Before
Swap.
After swap, rx:10 ry:5
swap, rx:5 ry:10
Main. After swap, x:10, y:5
, , 10
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9.
243
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(Colonel John Roebling)
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. 9.8 , :
- .
.8. _____________________________ _
1:
// 9,8,
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
int
6:
short Factor(int n, int* pSquared, int* pCubed);
7:
8:
int tnain()
9:
244
10:
int number, squared, cubed;
11:
short error;
12:
13:
cout << "Enter a number (0 - 20): ";
14:
cin >> number;
15:
16:
error = Factor(number, &squared, &cubed);
17:
18:
if (!error)
19:
20:
cout << "number: " << number << "\ n";
21:
cout << "square: " << squared << "\ n";
22:
cout << "cubed: " << cubed "\ n";
23:
24:
else
25:
26:
cout << "Error encountered!!\ n";

return 0;
27: }
28:
29: short Factor(int n, int pSquared, int *pCubed)
30: {
31: short Value = 0;
32:
if (n > 20)
33:
Value = 1;
34:
else
35:
36:
*pSquared = n*n;
37;
pCubed = n*n*n;
38:
Value = 0;
39:
40:
return Value;
41: }
Enter a number (0-20): 3

number: 3
square: 9
cubed: 27
10 number, squared cubed

int. number ,
. , squared cubed
Factor () .
FactorO , .
20 ( , ),
Value ,
. , FactorO
1, 0, ,
, , 40.
9.
245
, ( )
,
, .
36 37 main()
. 38 Value
, . 40
Value .
,
:
enum ERR0R_VALUE { SUCCESS, FAILURE} ;
SUCCESS
FAILURE.

9.8 ,
, , .
9.9 ,
,
ERROR.
3.9. _________________________________
1 :
// 9.9,
2:
//
3:
//
4
5
typedef unsigned short USHORT;
enum ERR_C0DE < SUCCESS, ERROR }
9:
10
ERR_C0DE Factor(USH0RT, USH0RT&, USH0RT&);
11
12
int main()
13
14
USHORT number, squared, cubed;
15
ERR_C0DE result;
16
17
cout << "Enter a number (0 - 20)
18
cin >> number;
19
20
21
result = Factor(number, squared, cubed);
22
if (result == SUCCESS)
23
24
cout << "number: " << number << "\ n";
25
cout << "square: " << squared << "\ n";
26
cout << "cubed: " << cubed "\ n";
246
27:
28:
else
29:
cout "Error encountered!!\ n";
30: return 0;
31: }
32:
33: ERR_C0DE Factor(USH0RT n, USHORT &rSquared, USHORT &rCubed)
34: {
35:
if (n > 20)
36:
return ERROR; // simple error code
37:
else
38:
39:
rSquared = n*n;
40:
rCubed = n*n*n;
41:
42:
return SUCCESS;
}
43: >
Enter a number (0 - 20): 3

number: 3
square: 9
cubed: 27
9.9 9.8 .
ERR C0DE (. 36
41), , , ( 22).
Factor().
, squared cubed,
.

. .
5 ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. -. - , ,
,
, .
, .
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9.
247
-, ,
- ,
.
,
, .
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. 9.10
SimpleCat.
, , ,
- .
, 9.10 SimpleCat,
. Cat ,
. , ,
.
3.10. _________________________
1 : // 9.10.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class SimpleCat
7: {
8: public:
9:
SimpleCat ();
10:
SimpleCat(SimpleCat&); // -
//
11:
"SimpleCatO;
//
12:}:
13:
15: {
16:
cout << "Simple Cat Constructor...\n";
17: }
18:
19: SimpleCat::SimpleCat(SimpleCat&)
20: {
21:
cout << "Simple Cat Copy Constructor...\ n";
22: }
23:
24: SimpleCat::"SimpleCat( )
25: {
26:
cout << "Simple Cat Destructor..,\ n";
27: }
28:
29: SimpleCat FunctionOne (SimpleCat theCat);
30: SimpleCat* FunctionTwo (SimpleCat *theCat);
31 :
32: int main()
248
33: {
34:
cout "Making
35:
SimpleCat Frisky;
36:
cout "Calling FunctionOno...\ n";
cat...\ n";
37;
FunetionOna(Frisky);
38:
cout << "Calling FundionTwo.. ,\ n";
30:
FunctionTwo(&Frisky);
40: return 0;
41: }
42:
43: // FunctionOne,
44: SimpleCat FunationOne(Simp 1eCat theCat)
45: {
46:
cout "Function One, Returning,
47:
return theCat;
48: }
49:
50: // FunctionTwo,
51: SimpleCat* FunctionTwo (SimpleCat *theCat)
,,\ ri";
52: <
53:
cout << "Function Two. Returning..,\ n";
54:
return theCat;
55: }
Making a cat...
Simple Cat Constructor...
Calling FunctionOne...
Simple Cat Copy Constructor...
Function One. Returning...
Simple Cat Copy Constructor...
Simple Cat Destructor...
Calling FunctionTwo...
Function Two. Returning...
.
.
6~12 .
, -
, ,
.
34 ( ) ,
. 35
. , ,
( 2 ).
9.
249
36 main() FunctionOne,
( 3 ).
FunctionOne() SimpleCat ,
SimpleCat .
,
( 4).
46,
, ( 5
).
, SimpleCat .
- , ,
( 6 ).
, FunctionOne(),
, ,
, , ,
, 7
. FunctionOneO ,
,
, 8 .
main(),
FunctionTwo(), .
, . FunctionTwoO , 10
, SimpleCat
( ), .
Frisky ,
, ( 11
).
, ,
FunctionOne()
, ,
FunctionTwoO .

FunctionTwoO ,
, .
FunctionTwoO ,
SimpleCat, SimpleCat.
,
.

. - ,
.

.
,
SimpleCat.
, SimpleCat.
9.11.
250
9.11. ____________________________
1:
// 9.11.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
class SimpleCat
7:
8:
public:
9:
SimpleCatO;
10:
SimpleCat(SimpleCat&);
11:
'SimpleCatO;
12:
13:
int GetAgeO const { return itsAge; }
14:
15:
16:
private:
17:
int itsAge;
18: > ;
19:
20:
SimpleCat::SimpleCat()
21: {
22:
cout "Simple Cat Constructor...\n";
23:
itsAge = 1;
24:
25:
26:
SimpleCat::SimpleCat(SimpleCat&)
27:
28:
cout << "Simple Cat Copy Constructor..,\n";
29:
30:
31:
SimpleCat::~SimpleCat()
32:
33:
cout << "Simple Cat Destructor...\n";
34:
35:
36:
const
SimpleCat
const
FunctionTwo
(const
SimpleCat
const
theCat);
37:
38:
int main()
39:
40:
cout "Making a cat...\ n";
41:
SimpleCat Frisky;
42:
cout "Frisky is " ;
43
cout << Frisky.GetAge();
44:
cout " years old\ n";
45:
int age = 5;
46:
Frisky.SetAge(age);
47:
cout "Frisky is " ;
48
cout Frisky.GetAge();
9.
251
49:
cout << " years ol(i\ n";
50:
cout << "Calling FunctionTwo,\ n";
51:
FunctionTwo(&F:risky) ;
52:
cout "Frisky is " :
53:
cout Frisky, GotAgeO;
54:
cout " years _old\ n":
55: return 0
56:
57:
58: // functionTwo, passes a const pointer
59: const SimpleCat * const FunctionTwo (const SinipleGat * const theCat)
60: {
61:
cout "Function Two, Returning,..\ n";
62:
cout "Frisky is now " theCat->GetAge();
63:
cout << " years old \ n";
64:
// theCat->SotAge(8): const!
65:
return theCat:
66: }
Making a cat,,,
Simple Cat constructor.,.
Frisky is 1 years old
FunctionTwo. Returning...
Frisky is now 5 years old
r
- SimpleCat :
GetAgeO ( 13), ,
SetAgeO ( 14), .
- itsAge ( 17).
, - -
. -
,
. 41 ,
. 42.
46 itsAge Set ,
47.
FunctionOne , FunctionTwoO,
. 36. ,
.
, ,
- .
FunctionTwoO , ,
SetAge().
SetAgeO 64 ,
.
252
, , main(),
Frisky SetAge().
FunctionTwoO, ,
FunctionTwoO ,
, ,
!

, 9.11,
,
, .
,
. -
,
.
, , ,
, .
9.12.
3.12.
1: // 9.12.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class SimpleCat
7: {
8: public:
9:
SimpleCat();
10:
SimpleCat(SimpleCat&);
11:
"SimpleCat();
12:
13:
int GetAge() const { return itsAge; >
14:
15:
void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age: }
16: private:
17:
int itsAge;
18: } ;
19:
21: {
22:
cout << "Simple Cat Constructor..,\n";
23:
itsAge = 1;
24: }
25:
26: SimpleCat::SimploCat(Si mploCat&)
27: {
28:
9.
cout "Simple Cat Copy Constructor,.,\n";
253
29: }
30:
31: SimpleCat::~SimpleCat()
32: {
33:
34:
cout << "Simple Cat Destructor...\n;

>
35:
36:
const SimpleCat & FunctionTwo (const SimpleCat & theCat);
37:
38: int main()
39: {
40:
cout << "Making a cat...\ n";
41:
SimpleCat Frisky;
42:
cout << "Frisky is " << Frisky.GetAge() << " years old\ n";
43:
int age = 5;
44:
Frisky,SetAge(age);
45:
46:
cout << "Calling FunctionTwo...\ n";
47:
FunctionTwo(Frisky);
48:
49: return 0;
50:
51:
52:
// functionTwo, passes a ref to a const object
53:
const SimpleCat & FunctionTwo (const SimpleCat & theCat)
54:
55:
cout << "Function Two. Returning...\ n";
56:
cout << "Frisky is now " << theCat. GetAgeO;
57:
cout << " years old \ n";
58:
// theCat.SetAge(8); const!
59:
return theCat;
60: }
Making a cat...
Simple Cat constructor...
FunctionTwo. Returning...
Frisky is now 5 years old
,
9.11.
FunctionTwo() .
- , ,
,
const.
254

, C++,
SimpleCat SimpleCat.
, ,
. const,
, .
,
-
,
. ,
, .
.
, , .
, , - ,
, .
.
new. new
, .
, ,
, . , :
int * pint = new int;
if (pint != NULL)
int &rlnt = pint;
pint int,
, new.
( pint) , , null, pint
. int
int, rlnt . ,
rlnt int, new.

, .
, .
const
,
.
9.
,
.

.
255

,
, , , :
CAT * SomeFunction (Person &theOwner, House *theHouse, int age);
, SomeFunction .
Person,
House, .
CAT.
,
(&)
(*). :
1: & rFrisky;
2: CAT
& rFrisky;
3: CAT &rFrisky;]
C++
, , ,
, .
,
, . ,
.
. rFrisky
rFrisky,
CAT. ,
& .
. CAT . &
, .
, & CAT
:
& rFrisky, rBoots;
,
rFrisky, rBoots
CAT. .
, rFrisky CAT,
rBoots ( )
, CAT.
-:
CAT &rFrisky, rBoots;
,

. :
& rFrisky;
CAT Boots;
256
,
, , ,
(, , ),
2:
2: CAT
& rFrisky;
, (&)
(*).
, ,
,
.

.
1.
,
.
2.
,
.
,
!
,
. , . ,
.
: ,
,
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9.13 ,
, .
9.13.
1:
_______
// 9.13.
2:
// ,
3:
//
4:
5:
6:
7:
class SimpleCat
8:
9:
public:
10:
11:

'SimpleCat() { }
12:
int GetAge() { return itsAge; }
13:
14:
int GetWeight() { return itsWeight; }

private:
9.
257
15:
int itsAge;
16:
int itsWeight;
17: > ;
18:
19: SimpleCat::SimpleCat(int age, int weight)
20: {
21:
itsAge = age;
22:
itsWeight = weight;
23: }
24:
25: SimpleCat &TheFunction();
26:
27: int main()
28: {
29:
SimpleCat &rCat = TheFunction();
30:
int age = rCat.GetAge();
31:
cout "rCat " << age " years old!\n";
32: return 0;
33: }
34:
35:
SimpleCat &TheFunction()
36:
37:
SimpleCat Frisky(5,9);
38:
return Frisky;
39: }
Compile error: Attempting to return a reference to a local object! (

"
: !)
Borland,
Microsoft.

.
717 SimpleCat. 29
SimpleCat
TheFunction(), 25.
SimpleCat.
TheFunction() SimpleCat
. .
,
, . (
, )
.
TheFunctionQ Frisky
(, ). ,
, , .
258

, 9.13,
TheFunctionO Frisky
. TheFunctionO
Frisky .
: ,
Frisky, ?
9.14.
.14.
1: // 9.14.
2: //
4:
5:
class SimpleCat
6: {
7:
public:
8:
9:
"SimpleCatO { }
10:
int GetAgeO { return itsAge; >
11:
int GetWeightO { return itsWeight; }
12:
13 private:
14:
int itsAge;
15:
int itsWeight;
16: } ;
17:
18:
SimpleCat::SimpleCat(int age, int weight)
19: {
20:
itsAge = age;
21:
itsWeight = weight;
22: }
23:
24: SimpleCat & TheFunctionO;
25:
26; int main()
27: {
28:
SimpleCat & rCat = TheFunctionO;
29:
int age = rCat.GetAgeO;
30:
cout "rCat " age << " years old!\n";
31:
cout "&rCat: << &rCat << endl;
32:
// ?
33;
SimpleCat * pCat = &rCat;
34:
delete pCat;
9.
259
35:
// , rCat??
36: return 0;
37: }
38:
39:
SimpleCat &TheFunction()
40:
41:
SimpleCat * pFrisky = new SimpleCat(5,9);
42:
cout << "pFrisky: " << pFrisky << endl;
43:
44:
return pFrisky;
}
pFrisky: 0x00431C60
rCat 5 years old!
&rCat: Ox00431C60
, , , .
.
. () ,
. 41
.
, 11
.
28 ()
,
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, , (), ,
,
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^0**..... . ---
260
,
(
),
.
.
SimpleCat 28 TheFunction
. SimpleCat (
TheFunction()), , TheFunction()
. , ,
delete.
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, TheFunction()ccbuiKy .
?

. ,
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.
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261
,
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,
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1. ?
2. , ?
3. new, ?
4. ?
5. ?
262

1. , int,
int int.
int.
2. ,
. ,
varOne. varOne 6.
, varOne 7.
varTwo. ,
varTwo. .
3. , 2.
? ?
4. , .
5. 4, .
6. , .
7. 6.
8. : ?
2:
3: class CAT
4: {
5:
public:
6:
CAT(int age) { itsAge = age; }
7:
CAT(){ >
8:
int GetAge() const { return itsAge;}
9:
private:
10:
11:
12:
int itsAge;
) ;
13: CAT & MakeCat(int age);

14: int main()
15: {
16:
int age = 7;
17;
CAT Boots = MakeCat(age);
18;
cout "Boots is " Boots.GetAgeO " years old!\n";
19;
return 0;
20: }
21:
22: CAT & MakeCat(int age)
23: {
24:
25;
CAT * pCat = new CAT(age);

return *pCat;
26: }
9. 8.
9.
263

5
. , , ,
. :
-
5 ,
.
. - .
Rectangle ( 10.1) DrawShape(). ,
, ,
.
, .
10.1. -___________________________________________
1:
// 10.1. -
2:
((include <iostream.h>
3:
4:
int
5:
// Rectangle
6:
class Rectangle
7:
264
8: public:
9:
//
10: Rectangle(int width, int height):
11: 'Rectangle(){ }
12:
13:
// - DrawShape
14: void DrawShape() const;

15: void DrawShape(int aWidth, int aHeight) const;
16:
17: private:
18: int itsWidth;
19: int itsHeight;
20: } ;
21:
22: //
23: Rectangle::Rectangle(int width, int height)
24: {
25: itsWidth = width;
26: itsHeight = height;
27: }
28:
29:
30: // DrawShape -
31: // ,
32: void Rectangle::DrawShape() const
33: {
34: DrawShape( itsWidth, itsHeight);
35: >
36:
37:
38: // DrawShape -
39: // ,
40: void Rectangle::DrawShape(int width, int height) const
41: {
42: for (int i = 0; i<height; i++)
43: {
44:
for (int j = 0; j< width; j++)
45:
46:
cout << "*";
47:
48:
cout "\n;
49: >
50; }
51:
52:
//
53: int main()

54: {
55:
// 30 5
56: Rectangle theRect(30,5);

57: cout << "DrawShape(): \n";
10.
58: theRect. DrawShapeO;

59:
cout
''\nDrawShape(40,
2):
\n";
60: theRect.DrawShape(40,2);
61:
return 0;
62:
>
******************************
******************************
DrawShape(40,2):
************************************************************
************************************************************
10.1 , .
,
.
.
14 15,
DrawShapeO. ,
30 50. , DrawShapeO
, ,
-.
.
,
.
52 62
DrawShapeO. ,
unsigned short integer.

.
DrawShapeO,
, ,
.
,
- , ,
, . - ,
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10.2
266
1B.Z. ,
1: // 10.2. ,
2: ((include <iostream.h>
3:
4: int
5:
6: // Rectangle
7: class Rectangle
8: {
9: public:
10:
//
11: Rectangle(int width, int height);

12: "Rectangle( ) { }
13: void DrawShape(int aWidth, int aHeight, bool UseCurrentVals = false) const;
14:
15: private:
16: int itsWidth;
17:
int itsHeight;
18: } ;
19:
20: //
21: Rectangle::Rectangle(int width, int height):
22: itsWidth(width),
//
23: itsHeight(height)
24: < }
//
25:
26:
27: //
28: void Rectangle::DrawShape(
29: int width,
30: int height,
31:
bool UseCurrentValue
32: ) const
33: {
34:
int printWidth;
35: int printHeight;

36:
37:
if (UseCurrentValue == true)
38: {
39:
printWidth = itsWidth;
40:
printHeight = itsHeight;
41
//
:}'.'
42: else
43: <
44:
printWidth = width;
45:
printHeight = height;
//
46: >
47:
48:
10.
267
for (int i = 0; i<printHeight; i++)
49:
50:
51:
for (int j = 0; j< printWidth; j++)
52:
53:
cout
54:
55:
cout "\n";
56:
57:
58:
59://
60:
int main()
61:
62:
// 30 5
63:
Rectangle theRect(30,5);
64:
cout << "DrawShape(0,0,true)...\n";
65:
theRect.DrawShape(0,0,true);
66:
cout <<"DrawShape(40,2)...\n";
67:
68:
theRect.DrawShape(40,2);
return 0;
69:
DrawShape(0,0,true).
*******
DrawShape(40,2)...
A***********************************************************
************************************************************
10.2 DrawShapeQ
, .
13 . , aWidth aHeigth, USH0RT,
UseCurrentVals,
false.
28.
UseCurrentVals.
true, printWidth
printHeigth - itsWidth itsHeigth.
, UseCurrentVals false
, , ,
printWidth printHeigth ,
.
, UseCurrentVals ,
.
268

10.1 10.2 ,
10.1
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
? .
, :
,
;

;
, .
,
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,
.
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!

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Rectangle .
.
.
.
10.
269
, , .
.
, Rectangle .
,
.
10.3.
10.3. ____________________________ _________________

1 : // 10.3.
2: //
3:
5:
6: class Rectangle
7: {
public:
RectangleO;
Rectangle(int width, int length);
9:
10
11
"RectangleO { >
12
int GetWidthO const < return itsWidth; }

int GetLength() const { return itsLength; }
13
14
private:
int itsWidth;
15
int itsLength;
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Rectangle::Rectangle()
itsWidth = 5;
itsLength = 10;
23
24
25
Rectangle:: Rectangle (int width, int length)
26
27
itsWidth = width;
28
itsLength = length;
29
30
31
int main()
32
33
Rectangle Recti;
34
cout "Recti width: " Recti.GetWidth() endl;
35
cout "Recti length: " Recti.GetLength() endl;
36
37
int aWidth, aLength;
38
cout << "Enter a width:
39
cin aWidth;
40
cout << \ nEnter a length:
41
cin aLength;
42
270
43
Rectangle Rect2(aWidth, alength);
44
cout
45
cout Rect2 length: " Rect2.GetLength() endl;
46
"\
nRect2
width:
"
Rect2.GetWidth()
endl;
return 0;
47
Recti width: 5
Recti
length:
10
Enter a width: 20
Enter a length: 50
Rect2 width: 20
Rect2 length: 50
Rectangle 6 17.
: ( 9), ( 10). 33
.
, , 34 35. 37
41
. 43 ,
. ,
, , 44 45.
,
, .

- .
:
.
:
, .
, , -
.
-:
CAT():
//
itsAge(5), //
itsWeigth(8)
{}
//
.
-.
.
, .
10.4 ,
10.3.
.
10.
271
10.4. -
1: Rectangle : :Rectangle():
2: itsWidth(5),
3: itsLength(IO)
4: <
5: }
6:
7: Rectangle::Rectangle (int width, int length):
8:
itsWidth(width),
9:
itsLength(length)
10 : {
11:
>

: , . , - ,
-
.
-
,
-, ,
.
,
, . ,
, , 9.6.

. ,
. :
CAT(const CAT & theCat);
CAT CAT.
- theCat.
, , - -
. ; ,
, , -
.
-
, .
.
272
, CAT - theCat,
,
. theCat CAT
theCat CAT.
(. 10.1).
. 10.1. ,
,
CAT. ,
, .
CAT , CAT
, .
. 10.2.
. 10.2.
,
,
-
. 10.5
10.5. -______________________________________________
1:
// 1 0 .5 .
2:
// -
3:
4:
5:
6:
class CAT
7:
{
8: public:
9:
CAT();
//
10:
// -
CAT (const CAT &);
10.
273
11:
"CATO; //
12:
int GetAgeO const { return *itsAge; }
13:
int GetWeightO const { return *itsWeight; >
14:
void SetAge(int age) { *itsAge = age; }
15:
16:
private:
17:
int *itsAge;
18:
int *itsWeight;
19:
} ;
20:
21:
CAT:: CATO
22:
23:
itsAge = new int;
24:
itsWeight = new int;
25:
itsAge = 5;
26:
*itsWeight = 9;
27:
28:
29:
CAT::CAT(const CAT & rhs)
30:
31:
itsAge = new int;
32:
33:
*itsAge = rhs.GetAgeO;
34:
itsWeight = *(rhs.itsWeight); //
35:
//
36:
37:
CAT::'CATO
38:
39:
delete itsAge;
40:
itsAge = 0;
41:
delete itsWeight;
42:
43:
44:
itsWeight =0;
}
45:
46:
int mainO
{ ;
47:
CAT frisky; .
48:
cout "frisky's age: " << frisky.GetAge() << endl;
49:
cout << "Setting frisky to 6...\ n";
50:
frisky.SetAge(6);
51:
cout "Creating boots from frisky\ n";
52:
CAT boots(frisky);
53:
cout "friskys age: " << frisky.GetAge() << endl;
54:
cout << "boots age: " boots.GetAgeO << endl;
55:
cout << "setting frisky to 7.. n";
56:
frisky.SetAge(7);
57:
cout << "friskys age: " frisky.GetAgeO endl;
58:
cout << "boot's age: " << boots. GetAgeO << endl;
59:
return 0;
60:' }
274
friskys age: 5
Setting frisky to 6...
Creating boots from frisky
frisky's age: 6
boots' age: 6
setting frisky to 7. . .
friskys age: 7
boots' age: 6
6 19 CAT. , 9 ,
10 -.
17 18 -,
. ,
-
.
-,
.
21 27
.
29. ,
rhs. rhs,
right-hand side ( ), .
33 34, ,
( ).
. 31 32
. , 33 34
CAT.
rhs CAT,
. CAT, rhs CAT.
CAT -
CAT.
, . - rhs.GetAge()
, - itsAge, rhs.
, , . 10.3. ,
- CAT,
, - CAT.
47 frisky CAT. ,
frisky, , 50
6. 52 frisky
boots CAT.
frisky, .
53 54 . ,
frisky boots 6, boots

, 5.
56 7
. frisky
7, boots 6. ,
frisky boots .
10.
275
. 10.3.
CAT,
. CAT
37 43. delete itsAge itsWeigth,
.

C++ , int, real, char
..
(+) (*). , C++
.
, 10.6
Counter. Counter
,
.
10.G. C o u n t e r
1:
// 10.6.
2:
// Counter
3:
4:
int
5:
6:
7:
class Counter
8:
9: public:
10:
Counter();
11:
~Counter(){ }
12:
int GetItsVal()const { return itsVal; }
13:
void SetItsVal(int x) { itsVal = x; )
14:
15: private:
16:
276
int itsVal;
17:
18: } ;
19:
20: Counter::Counter():
21: itsVal(O)
22: { }
23:
24: int main()
25: {
26:
Counter i;
27:
cout << "The value of i is " << i.GetItsVal() << endl;
28: return 0;
29: }
* * i The value of i is 0
*- 1
'
7 18,
. -
int. , 10
20, - .
int, Counter
, ,
.
.

, ,
. ,
Counter.
, , 10.7.
10.7. ________________________________
1:
// 10.7.
2:
// Counter
3:
4:
int
5:
6:
7:
class Counter
8:
<
9: public:
10:
Counter();
11:
~Counter(){ }
12:
13:
void SetItsVal(int x) { itsVal = x; }
14:
void IncrementO { ++itsVal; }
10.
private:
int itsVal;
}
Counter::Counter():
itsVal(O)
{>
int main()
{
Counter i;
cout << "The value of i is " << i.GetltsValQ endl;
i.Increment();
cout "The value of i is " << i.GetItsVal() << endl;
return 0;
The value of is 0
The value of is 1
10.7 , 0 14_ ,
. ++1,
.
...

,
:
returnType Operator op ()
.

void operator++ ()
10.8.
10.8.
// 10.8.
// Counter
int
class Counter
278
9:
public:
10:
CounterO;
11:
'Counter(){ }
12:
13:
14:

void Increments) { ++itsVal; >
15:
void operator++ () <
++itsVal; }
16:
17:
private:
18:
int itsVal;
19:
20: } ;
21 :
22: Counter::Counter( ) :
23: itsVal(O)
24: { }
25:
26: int main()
27: {
28:
29:
Counter i;
cout
"The
value
of
i is
"
i is
"
i.GetltsValO
endl;
<<
endl;
30: i.IncrementO;
31:
cout
<<
"The
value
of
i.GetltsValO
32: ++i;
33:
cout
"The
value
of
i is " << i.GetltsValO << endl;
34: return 0;
35:
The value of i is 0
The value of i is 1
The value of i is 2
15 operator++,
32. Counter ,
.
, ,
,
.

. :
Counter = ++i;
Counter ,
i. ,
Counter. void.
void Counter. ( -
!)
10.
279

, , Counter ,
Counter. ?
, .
10.9.
10.8.
1: // 10.9.
2: //
3:
4: int
6:
7: class Counter
8: {
9: public:
10:
Counter();
11:
Counter(){ }
12:
13:
14:
15:
Counter operator++ ();
16:
17: private:
18:
int itsVal;
19:
20: } ;
21:
22: Counter::Counter() :
23: itsVal(O)
24: { >
25:
26: Counter Counter::operator++()
27: {
28: ++itsVal;
29: Counter temp;
30: temp.SetltsVal(itsVal);
31: return temp;
32: }
33:
34: int main()
35: {
36: Counter i;
37: cout "The value of i is " << i.GetltsValO endl;
38: i.Increment();
39: cout "The value of i is " << i.GetltsValO << endl;
40:
++i;
41: cout << "The value of i is " i.GetltsValO << endl;
280
42:
Counter = ++i;
43:
cout "The value of a: " << a.GetltsValO;
44:
cout " and i: " i.GetItsVal() endl;
45:
return 0;
46: }
The value of i is 0
The value of i is 1
The value of i is 2
The value of a: 3 and i: 3
operator++ 15
, Counter. 29
temp, Counter.
, 42,
.

,
29. Counter
,
. 10.10.
10.1D.
1: // 10.10.
2: //
3:
4: int
6:
7: class Counter
8: {
9: public:
10:
Counter();
11 :
Counter(int val);
12:
'Counter(){ }
13:
14:
15:
16:
Counter operator++ ();
17:
18: private:
19:
int itsVal;
20:
21: } ;
22:
10.
281
24:
25:
itsVal(O)
<>
26:
27:
Counter::Counter(int
28:
itsVal(val)
29:
{>
val):
30:
31 :
32:
Counter Counter::operator++()
33:
++itsVal;
34:
return Counter (itsVal);
35:
>
36:
37:
38:
int main()
<
39:
Counter i;
40:
cout << "The value of i is" << i.GetItsVal() endl;
41 :
i.Increment( ) ;
42:
cout
43:
++i;
44:
cout "The value of i is" << i.GetItsVal() endl;
45:
Counter a = ++i;
46:
cout << "The value of a: " a.GetItsVal();
47:
cout
48:
return 0;
"The
"
value
and
i:
of
"
is"
i.GetltsValO
i.GetltsValO
<<
endl;
endl;
49:
The value of i is 0
The value of i is 1
The value of i is 2
11 ,
int. 27 29.
itsVal ,
.
. 33
itsVal. 34
Counter, itsVal.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, i ,
? this.
282
this
this.
- ,
-. this i , itsVal
. 10.11 this,
.
10.11. t h i s __________________________________________
1 : // 1 0 .1 1 .
2: // this
3:
4: int
5: include <iostream. h>
6:
7: class Counter
8: {
9: public:
10:
Counter();
11:
'Counter(){ }
12:
13:
14:
void IncrementQ { ++itsVal; }
15:
const Counter& operator++ ();
16:
17:
18:
private:
int itsVal;
19:
20: } ;
21:
23: itsVal(O)
24: { } ;
25:
26: const Counter& Counter::operator++()
27: {
28: ++itsVal;
29: return this;
30: }
31;
32; int main()
33: {
34;
Counter i;
35; cout << "The value of i is " << i.GetItsVal() << endl;
36: i.Increment();
37; cout << "The value of i is " i.GetltsValO << endl;
38: ++i;
39; cout "The value of i is " << i.GetltsValO << endl;
10.
283
40
Counter a = ++i;
41
cout
<<
42
cout
43
return 0;
"The
"
and
value
i:
of
"
<<
a:
"
a.GetltsValO;
i.GetltsValO
endl;
44
The value of is 0
The value of is 1
The value of is 2
The value of a: 3 and : 3
26 30 this . Counter .
, Counter ,
-. , , .
,
Counter, -
. const,
.

.
? :
.
,
. .
, , .

,
, .
4 (. 4.3).
, , ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
,
.
. :
= ++;
5,
5, 6.
, , 5
284
, 6,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
10.12 .
10.12. _____________________________
1: // 10.12.
2: // this
3:
4: int
6:
7: class Counter
8: {
9: public:
10: Counter();
11:
"Counter(){ }
12:
13: void SetItsVal(int x) { itsVal = x; >

14:
const Counter& operator++ ();
//
15:
const Counter operator++ (int);
//
16:
17: private:
18: int itsVal;
19: } ;
20:
22: itsVal(O)
23: { }
24:
25: const Counters, Counter: :operator++()
26: {
27:
++itsVal;
28: return this;

29: }
30:
31: const Counter Counter::operator++(int x)
32: {
33: Counter temp(*this);
34: ++itsVal;
35:
return temp;
36: }
37:
38: int main()
39: {
40: Counter i;
41: cout << "The value of i is " i.GetltsValO endl;
10.
285
42:
i++;
43:
44:
cout "The value of i is " i.GetltsValO endl;

++i;
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
50:
51:
52:
53:
cout "The value of i is " i.GetltsValO endl;

Counter a = ++i;
cout "The value of a: " a.GetltsValO;
cout << " and i: " << i.GetltsValO << endl;
a = i++;
cout << "The value of a: " << a.GetltsValO;
cout " and i: " i.GetltsValO endl;
return 0;
>
fgffff The
|,
value of i is 0
The value of i is 1
The value of i is 2
15
31 36. ,
14 ,
. ,
, .
.

, .
operator, .
,
, .
:
const Counter^ Counter::operator++ ();
:
const Counters Counter::operator-- (int);

, ,
. (+) .
.
Counter?
, Counter,
, :
Counter _, _, _;
_= _ + _;
286
Add(), Counter
. , Counter
. 10.13.
10.13. A d d ( ) _______________________________
1 : // 1 0 .1 3 .
2: // Add
3:
4: int
6:
7: class Counter
8: {
9: public:
10: Counter();
11: Counter(int initialValue);
12: Tounter(){ }
13: int GetItsVal()const {return itsVal; }
14:
15:
void SetItsVal(int x) {itsVal = x; >

Counter Add(const Counter &);
16:
17: private:
18:
int itsVal;
19:
20: } ;
21:
22: Counter::Counter(int initialValue):
23: itsVal(initialValue)
24: { }
25:
27: itsVal(0)
28: { }
29:
30: Counter Counter::Add(const Counter & rhs)
31: {
32:
return Counter(itsVal+ rbs.GetltsValO);
33: }
34:
35: int main()
36: {
37:
Counter var0ne(2), varTwo(4), varThree;
38: varThree = varOne.Add(varTwo);

39: cout << "varOne: " << varOne.GetItsVal()<< endl;
40: cout << "varTwo: " << varTwo.GetItsVal() endl;
41: cout << "varThree: " varThree.GetItsVal() endl;
42:
43: return 0;
44: }
10.
287
varOne:
varTwo:
varThree: 6
Add () 15.
Counter, , . Counter,
,
(=), 38. varOne , varTwo
Add(), a varThree ,
.
varThree -
, , .
varThree , 2224.
, , 11.

Add() 3033. ,
. (+)
Counter ( 10.14).
10.14. ___________________________________
1:
// 10.14.
2:
// (+)
3:
4:
int
5:
6:
7:
8:
class Counter
9:
10:
public:
Counter();
11:
Counter(int initialValue);
12:
"Counter(){ >
13:
int GetItsVal()const { return itsVal; >
14:
15:
Counter operator+ (const Counter &);
16:
private:
17:
int itsVal;
18:
} ;
19:
20:
Counter::Counter(int initialValue):
21:
itsVal(initialValue)
22:
{}
23:
24:
Counter::Counter():
25:
itsVal(O)
26:
{ }
27:
288
28: Counter Counter::operator+ (const Counter & rhs)

29: {
30: return Counter(itsVal + rhs.GetltsValO);
31: }
32:
33: int main()
34: {
35: Counter var0ne(2), varTwo(4), varThree;
36: varThree = varOne + varTwo;
37: cout << "varOne: " << varOne.GetItsVal()<< endl;
38: cout << "varTwo: " << varTwo.GetItsVal() << endl;
39: cout << "varThree: " << varThree.GetItsVal() << endl;
40:
41: return 0;
42: }
<.,}
t-. x
varOne: 2
varTwo: 4
varThree: 6
15 (operator+),
2831.
Add () . .
.
, (+)
varThree = varOne + varTwo;
Add():
varThree = varOne.Add(varTwo);
,
, .
,
, (operator--).
(operator++),

,
, , .
.
Counter:
'
Counter Counter::operator+ (const Counter & rhs);
:
Counter Counter::operator~ (const Counter & rhs);
10.
289

-,
, -, .
14
.
.
(=), ([]), (())
(->).
[ ] ,
14
.

( int).
.
, ,
. ,
; , (**)
.
, ,
. ,
(, : myValue++), ,
(, : +).
?,
: ( > b ? : ).

,
C++, (
) .
.
,
.
, + ,
* ,
, .
+ ,
/ ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, .
290
,

.

.

,
.

, , ,
, , , ,
(operator=()).
, , :
CAT catOne(5,7);
CAT catTwo(3,4);
// ...
catTwo = catOne
catOne, itsAge
5, itsWeigth 7. catTwo
3 4.
catTwo catOne.
, itsAge ,
catTwo?
-,
, (. . 10.1 10.2).
C++ .
,
.

.
. 10.3.
.
,
. , catTwo ,
.
.
, catTwo :
catTwo = catTwo
,
. ,

, .
,
catTwo,
catTwo , .
10.
291
,
,
. this,
10.15.
10.15.
// 10.15.
// -
3
4
class CAT
{
public:
CAT();
//
// - !
int GetAgeO const { return *itsAge; }
int GetWeightO const { return *itsWeight; }
void SetAge(int age) { *itsAge = age; >
CAT & operator=(const CAT &);
private:
int *itsAge;
int *itsWeight;
>;
CAT::CAT()
{
itsAge = new int;
itsAge = 5;
itsWeight = 9;
CAT & CAT::operator=(const CAT & rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs)
return this;
*itsAge = rhs.GetAge();
itsWeight = rhs.GetWeightO;
return *this;
int mainO
{
CAT frisky;
cout << "friskys age: " << frisky.GetAgeO << endl;
cout << "Setting frisky to 6...\ n";
292
45
frisky.SetAge(6);
46
CAT whiskers;
47
cout << "whiskers' age:
48
cout << "copying frisky to whiskers...\ n";
49
whiskers.GetAge() << endl;
whiskers = frisky;
50
cout << "whiskers' age:
51
<< whiskers.GetAge() endl;
return 0;
52
" ,
frisky's age: 5
'
Setting frisky to 6...

whiskers age: 5
copying frisky to whiskers...
whiskers' age: 6
10.15 CAT. ,
' ' -
. 14 ,
3037.
32 , ,
, CAT,
. , rhs this.
, (=)
, , .
*fr

, int unsigned short, , ?
10.16 Counter
int.
10.16 !
10.16. C o u n t e r
i n t ______________________________
1:
// 10.16.
2:
// !
3:
4:
int
5:
6:
7:
class Counter
10.
293
8:
9:
public:
10:
CounterO;
11:
~Counter(){ }
12:int GetItsVal()const { return itsVal; }

13:void SetItsVal(int x)
14:
private:
15:
int itsVal;
{ itsVal = x; }
16:
17:
} ;
18:
19 :
Counter ::Counter():
20:
itsVal(O)
21:
{}
22:
23:
int main()
24:
25:
int theShort = 5;
26:
Counter theCtr = theShort;
27:cout << "theCtr: " << theCtr.GetItsVal() << endl;

28:
return 0;
29:
,
int Counter.
Counter, 7-17,
, .
int Counter,
26. , ,
int - itsVal.
10.17
. , Counter
int.
t'
10.17. i n t C o u n t e r
I : // 10.17.
2: //
3:
4: int
6:
7: class Counter
8: <
9:
public:
10:
CounterO;
II :
12;
Counter(int val);
'Counter(){ }
13:
int GetltsValOconst { return itsVal; }
294
14:
15:
private:
16:
int itsVal;
17:
18: } ;
19:
20:
Counter::Counter():
21:
itsVal(O)
22: { }
23:
24: Counter::Counter(int val):
25: itsVal(val)
26: { }
27:
28:
29: int main()
30: {
31: int theShort = 5;
32:
Counter theCtr = theShort;
33:
34:
cout << "theCtr: " << theCtr. GetltsValQ << endl;

return 0;
35: }
the Ctr; 5
11,
, int,
2426, .
- Counter int.
,
.
.
1: Counter theCtr.
, ; int = 5,
5. theCtr
Counter, theShort short int.
2: theCtr theShort.
short, Counter! , ,
Counter.
, , .
Counter,
, short:
class Counter
{
Counter (short int x);
// . . .
};
10.
295
Counter,
, short.
, , short
, Counter wasShort.
3: wasShort thoCtr,
"theCtr = wasShort";
wasShort, ,
theCtr, Counter.
, theCtr.
, ,
, ,
operator. ( =
+) ,
. ,
= b

a.operator=(b);
, , :
1 : Counter theCt(5);
2: int theShort = theCtr;
3: cout << "theShort : " << theShort endl;
.
, Counter int,
, .

, C++
, .

.
10.18. :
. ,
.
10.18. C o u n t e r
1:
u n s i g n e d
short( )
2:
3:
class Counter
4:
5:
public:
6:
Counter();
7:
Counter(int val);
8:
'Counter(){ }
9:
10:
296
11: operator unsigned short();

12: private:
13: int itsVal;
14:
15: } ;
16:
18: itsVal(O)
19: < }
20:
21: Counter::Counter(int val):
22: itsVal(val)
23: < }
24:
25: Counter::operator unsigned short ()
26: {
27: return ( int (itsVal) );
28: }
29:
30: int main()
31: <
32: Counter ctr(5);
33: int theShort = ctr;
34: cout "theShort: " theShort << endl;
35: return 0;
36: }
theShort: 5
11 . * ' , .
2528. 27 itsVal,
int.
, int
,
int.
'''
- .
, , ,
.

, .
,
.
10.
297
-
, .
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
C++ ,
,
. ,
, , C++.
this
-. this
.

, .
, ,
, , , .
.

, , ?
, . ,
, , ,
, . ,

.
, ?
,
, , . ,
, .
-
, ?
:
-. ,

.
, ?
. ,
.
, .
,
.
- , ?
,
inline. ,
298
, . ,
-
inline, .

,
.
, .
,
.

1.
-,
?
2.
3. -?
4.
5. - (=)?
6. this?
7.
8. operator^ short int?
9.
C++ operator++ ,
?
10.
1.
SimpleCircle
itsRadius. ,
, .
2.
, 1, ,
, itsRadius 5.
3.
,
itsRadius.
4.

SimpleCircle itsRadius.
5.
SimpleCircle , itsRadius
.
6. SimpleCircle -.
7. SimpleCircle .
10.
299
8.
, SimpleCircle.
, ,
9.
. ,
.
9.
:
?
SQUARE SQUARE ::operator=(const SQARE & rhs)
<
itsSide = new int;
itsSide = rgs.GetSideO;
return *this;
}
10. :
?
VeryShort VeryShort ::operator+ (const VeryShort& rhs)
{
itsval += rhs. GetltsValO;
return *this;
>
300

,
.
,
, , .
, ++
. :

? , ?
, .
, ,
, ,
/.
,
, :
, ..

: , , , , , .

. , .
. , , ,
. ,
.
, -,
. , ,
, ( )
.
11.
301

, , ,
, .
, , ,
. .
,
, , ,
, ... , ! , .
, , .
: , ..
, , ,
, , ,
, .., ,
. . 11.1,
.
. 11.1.
C++ ,
.
. ,
Dog () Mammal (). ,
Mammal Dog. ,
, ,
Dog , ,
Mammal.
302
, .
, ,
C++ , Mammal.

,
.
, , .
, , ,
, , , ..,
, ,
. .
,
, .
, ,
, , .

class,
, , (public
- ), , :
class Dog : public Mammal
.
. ,
, ,
. Dog Mammal 11.1.
11.1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
/ / 1 1 . 1 .
2:
3:
4:enum BREED { GOLDEN, CAIRN, DANDIE, SHETLAND, DOBERMAN, LAB }

5:
6:
class Mammal
7:
8:
public:
9:
//
10:
Mammal();
11:
"MammalO;
12:
13:
//
14:
int GetAge()const;
15:
void SetAge(int);
16:
int GetWeightO const;
17:
void SetWeightO;
18:
19:
//
11.
303
20
void Speak() const;
21
void Sleep() const;
22
23
24
protected:
25
int itsAge;
26
27
int itsWeight;
} ;
28
29
30
<
public:
31
32
33
//
34
Dog();
35
'Dog();
36
37
//
38
BREED GetBreed() const;

void SetBreed(BREED);
39
40
41
//
42
WagTail();
43
BegForFoodO;
44
45
protected:
46
47
BREED itsBreed;
> ;
,
.
.
Mammal 627. ,
,
, . C++
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
Mammal.
-, ,
. ,
. Mammal
Animals, , .
.
Mammal
304

, Mammal : ,
SpeakQ Sleep().
29 Dog Mammal. Dog
-: itsAge, itsWeight itsBreed. ,
Dog itsAge itsWeight. Dog
Mammal ,
Mammal, , .

, , 24 45 11.1
protected.
private. , private, .
, - itsAge
itsWeight public, ,
.
: -
, .
, protected.
,
.
: public, protected private.
,
- -, public.
- , ,
( private) ,
( protected).
, Dog: :WagTail()
itsBreed Mammal, public
protected.
Dog Mammal ,
- (, DomesticAnimals),
Dog Mammal,
, Dog public.
private 15.
11.2 Dog
.
1 1 . Z . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
// 11,2.
2:
3:
4:
enum BREED < GOLDEN, CAIRN, DANDIE, SHETLAND, DOBERMAN, LAB } ;
5:
6:
class Mammal
7:
11.
305
8:
public:
9:
//
10:
Mammal():itsAge(2), itsWeight(5){ }
11:
'Mammal(){ }
12:
13:
//
14:
15:
int GetAge()const { return itsAge; >

16:
17:
int GetWeightO const { return itsWeight; }

void SetWeight(int weight) { itsWeight = weight; }
18:
19:
//
20:
void Speak()const { cout "Mammal sound!\ n"; }
21:
void Sleep()const { cout << "shhh. Im sleeping.\ n"; }
22:
23:
24:
protected:
25:
26:
27:
int itsAge;
int itsWeight;
} ;
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
public:
33:
34:
//
Dog():itsBreed(GOLDEN){ }
35:
~Dog(){ }
36:
37:
//
38;
39:
BREED GetBreedO const { return itsBreed; }

void SetBreed(BREED breed) { itsBreed = breed; }
40:
41:
//
42:
void WagTailO const { cout << "Tail wagging...\ n"; }
43: void BegForFood() const { cout << "Begging for food...\
44:
45:
private:
46:
47:
BREED itsBreed;
} ;
n";
48:
49:
int main()
50:
51:
52:
Dog fido;
fido.Speak();
53;
fido.WagTailO;
54:
55:
cout << "Fido is " << fido.GetAgeO << " years old\ n";
return 0;
56:
306
Mammal sound!
Tail wagging...
Fido is 2 years old
6-27 Mammal (
). 29~47 Mammal
Dog. Fido
WagTailO, Speak() Sleep().
*'5

Dog Mammal.
. Dog Fido,
Mammal , .
Dog, .
Fido ,
, . Fido ,

Mammal Dog.
Fido
Dog, Mammal.
,
. , ,
11.3.
11.3. ___________________________________
1:
// 11.3. .
2:
3:
4:
5:
enum BREED { GOLDEN, CAIRN, DANDIE, SHETLAND, DOBERMAN, LAB } ;
6:
class Mammal
7:
8:
{
public:
9: //
10: MammalO;
11:
"MammalO;
12:
13:
//
14:
int GetAge() const { return itsAge; }
15:
void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; >
16:
17:
18:
19:
//
20:
void SpeakO const < cout << "Mammal sound!\ n"; }
21:
void SleepO const { cout "shhh. Im sleeping.\ n; >
22:
11.
307
23:
24: protected:
25: int itsAge;
26: int itsWeight;
27: } ;
28:
29: class Dog : public Mammal
30: {
31: public:
32:
33: //
34: Dog();
35: -Dog();
36:
37: //
38: BREED GetBreed() const { return itsBreed; >
39: void SetBreed(BREED breed) { itsBreed = breed; }
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
//
void WagTailO const { cout "Tail wagging...\ n"; }
void BegForFood() const { cout << "Begging for food...\ n"; >
private:
BREED itsBreed;
47: > ;
48:
49: Mammal::Mammal():
50; itsAge(1),
51; itsWeight(5)
52: {
53: cout << "Mammal constructor...\ n";
54: }
55:
56: Mammal::'Mammal()
57: {
58: cout << "Mammal destructor..,\ n";
59: }
60:
61: Dog::Dog():
62; itsBreed(GOLDEN)
63: {
64: cout "Dog constructor...\ n";
65: }
66:
67: Dog::'Dog()
68; {
69: cout << "Dog destructor..,\ n";
70: }
71: int main()
72: {
308
73:
Dog fido;
74:
fido.Speak();
75:
fido.WagTail();
76:
77:
cout "Fido is " fido.GetAge() " years old\ n":

return 0;
78:
Mammal constructor...
Dog constructor...
Mammal sound!
Tail wagging...
Fido is 1 years old
Dog destructor...
Mammal destructor...
11.3 11.2 ,

. Mammal, Dog.
Dog .
Fido,
, Dog, Mammal.

, ,
Mammal Dog, ,
, .
Mammal ? ,
Mammal, Dog?
, ,
, , 11.4.
1 1 . 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
// 11.4.
2:
3:
4:
5:
enum BREED { GOLDEN, CAIRN, DANDIE, SHETLAND, DOBERMAN, LAB } ;
6:
class Mammal
7:
8:
{
public:
9: //
10: Mammal();
11: Mammal(int age);
12: 'MammalO;
13:
14: //
15: int GetAge() const { return itsAge; }
11.
309
16:
17:
int GetWeightQ const { return itsWeight; }
18:
19:
20:
//
21:
void Speak() const { cout << "Mammal sound!\ n"; >
22: void SleepO const { cout << "shhh. I'm sleeping,\ n"; }
23:
24:
25:
protected:
26:
int itsAge;
27:
int itsWeight;
28:
29:
} ;
30:
31:
32:
{
public:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
//
Dog();
Dog(int age);
Dog(int age, int weight);
Dog(int age, BREED breed);
39:
Dog(int age, int weight, BREED breed);
40:
'Dog();
41:
42:
43:
44:
//
BREED GetBreedO const { return itsBreed; }
void SetBreed(BREED breed) { itsBreed = breed; }
45:
46:
//
47: void WagTail() const { cout "Tail wagging...\ n"; )

48: void BegForFoodQ const { cout << "Begging for food...\
49:
50:
51:
private:
BREED itsBreed;
52:
} ;
53:
54:
Mammal::Mammal():
55:
56:
57:
itsAge(1),
itsWeight(5)
{
58:
cout << "Mammal constructor..,\ n";
59:
>
60:
61:
Mammal:'.Mammal(int age):
62:
itsAge(age),
63:
64:
65:
itsWeight(5)
{
cout << "Mammal(int) constructor...\ n";
310
n";
66 :
>
67:
68: Mammal::"Mammal()
69: {
70: cout "Mammal destructor...\ n";
71:
72:
73:
74:
75:
}
Dog::Dog():
MammalO,
itsBreed(GOLDEN)
76: {
77: cout << "Dog constructor...\ n";
78: }
79:
80: Dog::Dog(int age):
81: Mammal(age),
82: itsBreed(GOLDEN)
83: {
84: cout << "Dog(int) constructor...\ n";
85: }
86 :
87: Dog::Dog(int age, int weight):
88: Mammal(age),
89: itsBreed(GOLDEN)
90: {
91: itsWeight = weight;
92: cout << "Dog(int, int) constructor...\ n";
93: }
94:
95: Dog::Dog(int age, int weight, BREED breed):
96: Mammal(age),
97: itsBreed(breed)
98: {
99: itsWeight = weight;
100: cout "Dog(int,
int,
BREED)
constructor...\
n";
101: }
102:
103: Dog::Dog(int age, BREED breed):

104: Mammal(age),
105: itsBreed(breed)
106:
107
cout << "Dog(int, BREED) constructor...\ n";
108:
109:
110: Dog::'Dog()
111:
cout "Dog destructor..,\ n";
113:
114: int main()
115:
112:
11.
311
116:
117:
Dog fido;
Dog rover(5);
118:
Dog buster(6,8);
119:
120:
121:
Dog yorkie (3,GOLDEN);

Dog dobbie (4,20,DOBERMAN);
fido.Speak():
122:
rover.WagTail();
123:
124:
125:
cout "Yorkie is " yorkie.GetAge() << " years old\ n"

cout "Dobbie weighs
cout << dobbie.GetWeightO << " pounds\ n";
126:
127:
return 0;
}
Dog constructor...
3 Mammal(int) constructor. . .
4
Dog(int) constructor...
Mammal(int) constructor...
Dog(int, int) constructor...
Dog(int, BREED) constructor....
10 Dog(int, int, BREED) constructor...

11
Mammal sound!
12
Tail wagging...
13
Yorkie is 3 years old.
14
Dobbie weighs 20 pounds.
15
Dog destructor..,
16
17
Dog destructor...
18
19
Dog destructor...
20
21
Dog destructor...
22
23
Dog destructor, . .
24
'* 11.4 Mammal 11

, .
6166 itsAge 5,
.
Dog 3539 .
, . -
312
, Mammal.
, , , .
, 74 Dog
Mammal. ,

, . ,
.
8085 Dog,
. ( 81 82)
, .
Dog 8793.
.
,
itsWeight Dog. ,

. Mammal
, ,
Dog.
,
. ,
,
.
.
Fido
, .
3 4 rover, 5 6
buster. , Dog
Mammal,
.

.
Dog, Mammal.

Dog - Mammal,
-, Dog,
WagTaill(). ,
.
, .

, , .

. ,
, , ,
, const.
11.5 Dog SpeakO,
Mammal.
.
11.
313
U . S .
1: // 11.5.
2:
4: enum BREED { GOLDEN, CAIRN, DANDIE, SHETLAND, DOBERMAN, LAB } ;
5:
6: class Mammal
7: {
8: public:
9: //
10: Mammal() < cout << "Mammal constructor...\ n"; }
11: "Mammal() { cout << "Mammal destructor..,\ n"; }
12:
13: //
14: void Speak()const { cout << "Mammal sound!\ n"; }
15: void Sleep()const { cout << "shhh. I'm sleeping.\ n"; }
16:
17:
18: protected:
19:
int itsAge;
20: int itsWeight;

21: } ;
22:
24: <
25: public:
26:
27:
//
28: Dog(){ cout "Dog constructor...\ n"; }

29: Dog(){ cout "Dog destructor...\ n"; >
30:
31:
//
32: void WagTailO const { cout "Tail wagging...\ n"; }

33: void BegForFood() const { cout << "Begging for food...\ n"; }
34: void Speak() const { cout << "Woof!\ n"; }
35:
36: private:
37:
BREED itsBreed;
38: > :
39:
40: int main()
41: {
42:
Mammal bigAnimal;
43:
Dog fido;
44:
bigAnimal.Speak();
45:
fido.Speak();
46: return 0;
47: }
314
Dog constructor...
Mammal sound!
Woof!
Dog destructor...
34 Dog

Dog Woof!. 42 bigAnimal Mammal,
Mammal
. 43 Fido Dog,
Mammal,
Dog. .
44 Mammal Speak(), 45
Dog .
, SpeakQ Dog .

.
Speak(),
.
,
.
, , .

SpeakQ Dog
, SpeakQ
. , , . Mammal
Move(), Dog, ,
MoveQ Dog .
.
. , Mammal Move
. ,
(),
( ). Dog MoveQ .
Dog
Mammal .
11.6.
11.
315
1 1 . 6 .
1: // 11.6.
2:
4:
5: class Mammal
6: <
7: public:
8: void Move() const { cout "Mammal move one step\ n"; }
9: void Move(int distance) const
10:{
11: cout "Mammal move

12: cout distance " steps.\ n";
13: }
14: protected:
15: int itsAge;
16:
int itsWeight;
17: } ;
18:
20: {
21: public:
22: // , , !
23: void Move() const { cout << "Dog move 5 steps.\
n"; }
24: } ;
25:
26: int main()
27: {
28: Mammal bigAnimal;
29: Dog fido;
30:
bigAnimal.Move();
31:
bigAnimal.Move(2);
32:
fido.MoveO;
33: // fido.Move(IO);
34: return 0;
35: }
Mammal move one step

Mammal move 2 steps.
Dog move 5 steps.

, . 8 9
Mammal Move(). 23 Move()
Dog.
30 32, , , ,
.
316
33 , .
, Dog
Move(int), Move(),
, Move(int), Dog.

.
, .
,
- ,
const,
. , const ,
, .
. .

, ,
, .
,
. : Mammal: :Move().
11.6 32 , ,
:
32:
fido.Mammal::Move();
, 11.7,
.
11.7. ____________________ _________

1: // 11.7.
2:
4:
5: class Mammal
6: {
7: public:
8: void Move() const { cout "Mammal move one step\ n"; }
9: void Move(int distance) const
10: {
11:
cout "Mammal move " << distance;
12:
cout << " steps.\ n";
13: }
14:
15: protected:
11.
317
16: int itsAge;

17: int itsWeight;
18: } ;
19:
21: {
22: public:
23: void Move()const;
24:
25: } :
26:
27: void Dog::Move() const
28: {
29: cout << "In dog move...\ n";
30: Mammal::Move(3);
31: >
32:
33: int main()
34: {
35:
Mammal bigAnimal;
36: Dog fido;

37:
bigAnimal.Move(2);
38:
fido.Mammal::Move(6);
39: return 0:
40: }
I>"

35 bigAnimal Mammal, 36
fido Dog. 37 Move(int)
Dog.
- ,
Dog Move(),
. Move (int)
38.

- .
318

, Dog
Mammal. ,
Dog () () .
C++
.
C++ ,
, :
Mammal* pMammal = new Dog;

, Mammal.
, .
Dog
. ,
, , ,

)\/().
,
1() ,
. ,
.
Mammal.
, , Dog,
,
. . 11.8 ,
.
11.8. _________________________________
1:
// 11.8.
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Mammal
6:
7:
public:
8:
Mammal():itsAge(1) { cout << "Mammal constructor... \ n"; }
9:
virtual 'MammalO { cout << "Mammal destructor. .. \ n; }
10:
void MoveQ const { cout << "Mammal move one step\ n"; }
11:
virtual void SpeakQ const { cout "Mammal speak! \ n; }
12:
protected:
13:
int itsAge;
14:
15: } ;
16:
11.
319

18: {
19: public:
20: Dog() { cout "Dog Constructor..,\ n"; }
21: virtual ~Dog()
{ cout << "Dog destructor..,\ n"; }

n"; >
22: void WagTailQ { cout << "Wagging Tail...\

23: void Speak()const { cout << "Woof!\ n; }
24: void Move()const { cout << "Dog moves 5 steps...\ n"; }

25: } ;
26:
27: int main()
28: {
29:
30: Mammal *pDog = new Dog;
31:
pDog->Move();
32:
pDog->Speak();
33:
34: return 0;
35: >
Dog Constructor...
Mammal move one step
Woof!
11 Speak() Mammal.
, .
, .
30 Mammal (pDog),
Dog. ,
. Move().
pDog Mammal,
, Move() Mammal.
32 pDog Speak().
Speak() ,
Speak(), Dog.
- . , pDog
Mammal, ,
. ,
, ,
,
. 11.9.
11.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 11.9.
2:
4:
320
5: class Mammal
6: {
7: public:
8: MammalO :itsAge(1) { }
9: virtual "MammalO { >
10: virtual void Speak() const { cout "Mammal speak!\ n"; }
11: protected:
12: int itsAge;
13: } ;
14:
16: {
17: public:
18: void SpeakOconst { cout "WoofI\ n"; }
19: } ;
20:
21:
22: class Cat : public Mammal

23: {
24: public:
25: void SpeakOconst ( cout "Meow!\ n"; }
26: } ;
27:
28:
29: class Horse : public Mammal
30: {
31: public:
32: void SpeakOconst { cout "Whinny!\ n"; }
33: } ;
34:
35: class Pig : public Mammal
36: {
37: public:
38: void SpeakOconst < cout "Oink!\ n"; >
39: } ;
40:
41: int main()
42: {
43: Mammal* theArray[5];
44: Mammal* ptr;
45: int choice, i;
46: for ( i = 0; i<5; i++)
47: {
48: cout << "(1)dog (2)cat (3)horse (4)pig:
49: cin >> choice;
50: switch (choice)
51: {
52:
case 1: ptr = new Dog;
53:
break;
54:
case 2: ptr = new Cat;
11.
321
55
break;
56
case 3: ptr = new Horse;
57
break;
58
case 4; ptr = new Pig;
59
break;
60
default: ptr = new Mammal
61
break;
62
}
theArray[i] = ptr;
63
64
65
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
theArray[i]->Speak();
66
67
68
return 0;
}
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)horse
(4)pig:
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)horse
(4)pig:
1
2
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)horse
(4)pig:
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)horse
(4)pig:
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)horse
(4>pig:
Woof!
Meow!
Whinny!
Oink!
Mammal speak!
,
.
Dog, Cat, Horse Pig,
Mammal.
10 SpeakQ Mammal. 18, 25,
32 38 .

, 4664 Mammal
.
. , ,
.
( )

virtual.
322
, .

, Dog,
, .
Dog . 11.2. ,
,
, .
VPTR

Mammal
Mammal
1
V
f Dog
Mammal
Dog
. 11.2. Dog
. 11.3.
Mammal
- ,
.
, -.
,
(1:, -).

, ,
.
. 11.4.
Dog
, vptr,
, , ,
. ( 14.)
11.
323
vptr Dog ,
Mammal, . 11.3.
Dog vptr ,
( ),
Dog (. 11.4).
Mammal vptr ,
. Speak()
, .
,
Dog WagTai 1 (),
Mammal, ,
Mammal (
Dog). WagTaiK)
Mammal, Dog
.
, C++
.
Mammal Dog,
WagTaiK). ,
,
, , 20.

,
.
, .
11.10.
1 1 . 1 0 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 11.10.
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Mammal
6:
7:
public:
8:
Mammal(): itsAge( 1) { }
9:
virtual 'MammaK) { }
10:virtual void Speak() const { cout << "Mammal speak! \ n"; }
11:
protected:
12:
int itsAge;
13:
14:
} ;
15:
16:
324
17:
public:
18:void Speak()const { cout "Woof!\ n"; }

19:
} ;
20:
21:
class Cat : public Mammal
22:
23:
public:
24:void Speak()const { cout "Meow!\ n"; >

25:
} ;
26:
27
void ValueFunction (Mammal);
28:
void PtrFunction (Mammal*);
29:
void RefFunction (Mammal&);
30;
int main()
31:
32:
Mammal* ptr=0;
33:
int choice;
34:
while (1)
35:
36:
{
bool fQuit = false;
37:-cout << "(1)dog (2)cat (O)Quit: ";

38:
cin >> choice;
39:
switch (choice)
40:
41:
case 0: fQuit = true;
42:
break;
43:
case 1: ptr = new Dog;
44:
break;
45:
case 2: ptr = new Cat;
46:
break;
47:
default: ptr = new Mammal;
48:
break;
49:
50:
51:
52:
if (fQuit)
break;
PtrFunction(ptr);
53:
RefFunction(*ptr);
54:
ValueFunct'ion( *ptr);
55:
56:
return 0;
57:
>
58:
59:void ValueFunction (Mammal MammalValue)
60:
61:
{
MammalValue.Speak();
62:
}
63:
64:void PtrFunction (Mammal * pMammal)
65:
66:
pMammal->Speak();
11.
325
67:
68:
69:
void RefFunction (Mammal & rMammal)
70:
71: rMammal.Speak();
72:
(1)dog (2)cat (O)Quit: 1

Woof
Woof
Mammal Speak!
Meow!
Meow!
Mammal Speak!
525 Mammal, Dog Cat.

PtrFunction(), RefFunction() ValueFunction().
Mammal, Mammal
Mammal. SpeakQ.
Dog Cat,
4346 .
, ,
Dog, 43-
. Dog
, .
,
, - Dog->Speak().
, .
.
Mammal,
Dog ,
Mammal. Speak(),
Mammal, ,
.
Cat.

, ,

. ,
? ,
.
,
.
: ,
.
326
-
, ,
-. ,

. ,
1(). Clone()
.
Clone() ,
, . ,
, 11.11.
11.11. -
1:
// 11.11. -
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Mammal
6:
7:
public:
8:
Mammal():itsAge(1) { cout << "Mammal constructor...\ n"
9:
virtual ~Mammal() { cout << "Mammal destructor...\ n;
10:
Mammal (const Mammal & rhs);
11:
virtual void Speak() const { cout << "Mammal speak!\ n"
12:
virtual Mammal* Clone() { return new Mammal(*this); }
13:
int GetAge()const { return itsAge; }
14:
protected:
15:
int itsAge:
16:
> ;
17:
18:
Mammal::Mammal (const Mammal & rhs):itsAge(rhs.GetAge())
19:
<
20:
21:
cout << "Mammal Copy Constructor...\ n";

}
22:
23:
24:

{
25:
public:
26:
Dog() { cout << "Dog constructor..,\ n"; }
27:
28:
virtual ~Dog() { cout << "Dog destructor...\ n"; }

Dog (const Dog & rhs):
29:
void Speak()const { cout << "Woof!\ n"; }
30:
virtual Mammal* Clone() { return new Dog(*this); }
31:
32:
} :
33:
34:
Dog::Dog(const Dog & rhs):

Mammal(rhs)
35:
36:
cout << "Dog copy constructor...\ n";
11.
327
37:
>
38:
39:
40:
41:
public:
42: Cat() { cout << "Cat constructor,,,\ n"; }
43: "Cat() { cout << "Cat destructor...\ n"; >
44:
Cat (const Cat &);
45:
void Speak()const { cout << "Meow!\ n"; }
46:virtual Mammal* CloneO ( return new Cat(*this); }

47:
} ;
48:
49:
Cat::Cat(const Cat & rhs):
50:
Mammal(rhs)
51:
52:
{
cout "Cat copy constructor..,\ n";
53:
54:
55:
56:
enum ANIMALS { MAMMAL, DOG, CAT) ;

const int NumAnimalTypes = 3;
57:
int main()
58:
59:
Mammal *theArray[NumAnimalTypes];
60:
Mammal* ptr;
61:
int choice, i;
62:
for ( i = 0; KNumAnimalTypes; i++)
63:
64:
cout << "(1)dog (2)cat (3)Mammal: ";
65:
cin >> choice;
66:
switch (choice)
67:
68:
case DOG: ptr = new Dog;
69:
70:
break;
case CAT: ptr = new Cat;
71:
break;
72;
default: ptr = new Mammal;
73:
74:
break;
}
75:
theArray[i] = ptr;
76:
>
77:
Mammal *OtherArray[NumAnimalTypes];
78:
for (i=0;i<NumAnimalTypes;i++)
79:
80;
theArray[i]->Speak();
81:
OtherArray[i] = theArray[i]->Clone();
82: }
83: for (i=0; KNumAnimalTypes; i++)
84:
OtherArray[i]->Speak();
85: return 0;
86: }
328
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)Mammal:
2 Mammal constructor...
3 Dog constructor...
4
(1)dog
(2)cat
(3)Mammal:
6 Cat constructor...
7
8
(1)dog (2)cat (3)Mammal:

9 Woof!
10 Mammal Copy Constructor.
11
Dog
12
Meow!
copy
constructor...
13
Mammal
14
Cat
15
Mammal speak!
16
Mammal
17
Woof!
Copy
copy
Constructor.
constructor.,.
Copy
18
Meow!
19
Mammal speak!
Constructor.
11.11 , Mammal
1(). Mammal,
-, this.
1() Dog Cat
, . 1()
, -,
81.
Dog, Cat Mammal.
62-74. 75
.
,
Speak() 1() (. 80 81).
, 81 .
1 1
Dog.
. Cat Mammal
4-8.
9 SpeakO Dog.
Speak() ,
, .
Clone(),
, Dog Mammal
- Dog.
Cat ( 12-14)
Mammal ( 15 16). ,
Speak().
11.
329

-,

.
, ,
.
, V ( ),
. ,
, , .
,
.
,

.
, .
public
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
, Dog Mammal,
: Mammal: :walk().
,
. ,
, ,
. .
-
, -.
330

-
? , Dog Mammal, Mammal
Animals, Dog Animals?
. ,
.
Mammal ,
Animals, Dog?
Dog Mammal, ,
Mammal, .. .
private ,
public?
. ,
. , .
?
v-,
.
.
, ,
. .
.
,
, ,
.
. , ,
, ?

.
, , .

,
.
, .
,
.
1. v-?
2. ?
3. ?
11.
331
4.
-?
5.
,
?
6.
,
?
7. ,
,
?
8.
protected?
1. ,
void.
2. Square, Rectangle, ,
, Shape.
3. , Shape
, Rectangle (length width),
Square (length); Square.
4. - Square,
3.
5. : ?
void SomeFunction(Sbape);
Shape * pRect = new Rectangle;
SoneFunction(*pRect) ;
6. : ?
class ShapeO
<
public:
Shape();
Virtual -ShapeO;
Virtual Shape(const Shape&);
};
332

, ,
int, char .
, 20 int CAT. :

,
. .
, , .
, , ,
, :
long LongArray[25];
LongAr ray,
25 long int. ,
, 25 .
long int ,
100 (. 12.1).

, .
. , -
12.
333
: [0]. ,
, : 1[0],
[ 1 ] .. , [],
, { ] [ - 1 ] .
100
. 12.1.
, LongArray[25]
1_[0] LongArray[24]. 12.1
.
12.1. _________________________________
1:
// 12.1.
2:
3:
4:
int nain()
5:
6:
int myAr[5];
7:
int i;
8:
for ( i=0; i<5; i++) // 0-4
9:
10:cout << "Value for myArray[" <> myArray[i];
12:
13:
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
14:cout << i << ": " << myArray[i] << "\ n";
15:
return 0;
16:
Value
for myArray[0]
Value
for myArray[1]
Value
for myArray[2]
Value
for myArray[3]
12
Value
for myArray[4]
15
0: 3
1: 6
2: 9
3: 12
4: 15
334
6 ,
. 8 0 4,
.
,
,
.
,
, [0], [1] ..
.
, 0,
1. ++.
, 10 ,
[0]
[9]. [ 10] .

,
.
,
1_, 1.[5].
5 ( 4 )
20 . ,
20 .
1_[50],
,
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200 ,
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,
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. [ 100],
25 , ,
. ,
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.
12.2.
12.
335

. .
12.2.
// 12.2.
// ,
//
include ciostream.h>.
int main()
{
//
long sentinel0ne[3];
long TargetArray[25]; //
long sentinelTwo[3];
int i;
for (i=0; i<3; i++)
sentinelOne[i] = sentinelTwo[i] = 0;
for (i=0; i<25; i++)
TargetArray[i] = 0;
cout << "Test 1: \ n"; // test current values (should be 0)
cout << "TargetArray[0]: " << TargetArray[0] << "\ n";
cout << "TargetArray[24]: " << TargetArray[24] << "\ n\ n";
for (i = 0; i<3; i++)
{
cout << "sentinelOne[" <
cout << "\ nAssigning,,,
for (i = 0; i<=25; i++)
TargetArray[i] = 20;
cout "\ nTest 2: \ n";
cout "TargetArray[0]: " TargetArray[0] "\ n";
cout "TargetArray[24]: " TargetArray[24] "\ n";
cout "TargetArray[25]; " TargetArray[25] "\ n\ n";
for (i = 0; i<3; i++)
{
cout
"sentinel0ne["
oout
Sintinel0ne[i]
i
"\
"];
n";
eout "sentinelTwo[" i "]:
336
44: cout << sentinelTwo[i]<< "\ n";

45: >
46:
47: return 0;
48: }
Test 1:
TargetArray[0]:
TargetArray[24]: 0
Sentinel0ne[0]:
SentinelTwo[0]:
SentinelOne[1
]:
SentinelTwo[1
]:
Sentinel0ne[2]: 0
SentinelTwo[2]:
Assigning...
Test 2:
TargetArray[0]: 20
TargetArray[24]: 20
TargetArray[25]: 20
Sentinel0ne[0]:
20
SentinelTwo[0]:
Sentinel0ne[1 ]: 0
SentinelTwo[1 ]: 0
Sent inelOne[2]: 0
SentinelTwo[2]: 0
*' 9 11 long , TargetArray.

0.
TargetArray , , . ,
. ,
TargetArray.
19-29 -
(Test 1). 33 TargetArray 20,
25, TargetArray.
36-38 TargetArray (Test 2).
, TargetAr[25]
20.
- SentinelOne SentinelTwo, ,
Sent InelOne . ,
TargetAr ray [25] ,
SentinelQns[Q]. ,
TargetArray, .
12,
337

- ,
. .
3 25
. , ,
.
, , -
,
.

,
.

, , 10- ,
1 . .
, .
, . 12.2.

. , ,
, 25 , 24
0, 1. (
, 4, .)
-------
[0] ,
. . [0]
, [1]7
? ... [24]
?
[0] , .

(, int char)
.
(=)
, . :
int IntegerArray[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
IntegerArray
10, IntegerArray[ 1 ] 20 ..
,
.
;
IntegerArray[0]
int IntegerAr[] = {10. 20, 30, 40, 50};
338
. 12.2.
, .
, ,
:
const USHORT IntegorArrayLength;
Inleget Ar ray Length = sizeof(IntegerArray)/sizeof(IntegerArray[OJ);

.
IntegerArrayLength const USHORT, .
,
, ,
, , :
int IntegerArray[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60);
:
inl IntegerArrayf5] = {10, 20};
,
, . ,
.
, - , ,
, .

, .
,
.

,
. ,
1[5], .
,
, 12,3.
1 2 . 3 .
// 12,3.
//
inclucte <iostream.h>
int main()
340
6: {
7: enum WeekDays { Sun, Mon, Tue,
8:
Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, DaysInWeek } ;
9: int ArrayWeek[DaysInWeek] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 }

10:
11:
cout << "The value at Tuesday is " << ArrayWeek[Tue];
12: return 0;
13: }
The value at Tuesday is 30
7 WeekDays, .
(Sunday) 0, DaysInWeek
7.
11 Tue
. Tue 2, 11
ArrayWeek[2].
, ,
, .
, .
1:
int MyIntegerArray[90]; ".
2:
'
long * ArrayOfPointersToLogs[ 100]; ,

, .
1:
Int theNinethlnteger = Mylntegeray[8];
'-'''i-.';- ;
2:
long * pLong = Array0fPointersToLogs[8J;
. , ,
, 0 - 1 .

, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
12.
341
- ,
, . ([])
, -
(.). 12.4
CAT.
12.4.
1: // 12.4.
2:
3: flinclude <iostream.h>
4:
5: class CAT
6: {
7: public:
8:
CAT() { itsAge = 1; itsWeight=5; }
9:
'CATO { )
10:
11:
12:
13:

14:
private:
15:
int itsAge;
16:
17: } ;
int itsWeight;
18:
19: int main()
20: {
21:
CAT Litter[5];
22: int i;
23: for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
24:
Litter[i].SetAge(2*i +1);
25:
26:
27:
for (1 = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
28:
29:
30:
cout << "cat #" << i+1<< ": ";

cout << Litter[i ]. GetAgeO << endl;
}
31: return 0;
32: }
cat #1
cat #2
cat #3
cat #4
cat #5:
517 CAT. CAT

, -
342
, . , ,
.
for ( 23 24) ,
. for ( 2630)
, , GetAge().
GetAge() , ,
([])
(.), -.

, .
. ,
, ;
.. ,
, , .
,
, (. 12.3).
. 12.3.
, SQUARE.
Board :
SQUARE Board[8][8];
64 :
SQUARE Board[64];
,
,
. ,
.
:
Boa rd[0][3 ];
12.
343
,
, .
. 12.3.

. , ,
, . ,

int theArray[5][3];
theA[0],
theArray[1] ..
:
int theArray[5][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}:
,
, :
int theArray[5][3] = {{1,2,3},
{4,5,6},
{7,8,9},
{10,11,12},
{13,14,15}};
.
,
.
,
.
12.5.
0 4,
.
12.5. ____________________________________
1: flinclude <iostream.h>
2: int in()
3: {
4: int SomeArray[5][2] = { { 0,0} , { 1,2} , { 2,4} , { 3,6} , { 4,8} }
5: for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
6:
for (int j=0; j<2; j++)
7:
8:
9:
cout << "SomeArray[" << i << "][" << j << "]: ";
cout << SomeArray[i][j]<< endl;
10 : }
11:
12: return 0;
13: }
344
[0][0]:
[0][1]:
8[1][0]:
[1][1]:
[2][0]:
8 2][1]: 4
8[3][0]:
5[3][1]:
[4][0]:
[4][1]: 8
4 .
, .
(5x2), . 12.4.
Some [5] [2]
. 12.4. 5x2
, .
f .
,
. :
SomeA[0][0], SomeAr[0][ 1 ].
, 1,
.

,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
64 , , 10
. , ,
.

, ,
.
, ,
C++ Unleashed, Sams Publishing.
, , ,
, , ,
.
12.
345

, ,
. ,
, .
,
, .
.
12.6 , 12.4,
.
,
5 500 Litter () Family ().
12.6.
1: // 12.6.
2:
4:
5: class CAT
6: {
7: public:
8:
CAT() { itsAge = 1; itsWeight=5; }
9:
'CAT() { }
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20: {
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
// destructor

void SetAge(int age) < itsAge = age; }
private:
int itsAge;
int itsWeight;
} ;
int rnainO
CAT
int
CAT
for
* Family[500];
i;
* pCat;
(i = 0; i < 500; i++)
{
pCat = new CAT;
pCat->SetAge(2*i +1);
Family[i] = pCat;
}
for (i = 0; l < 500; i++)
{
cout "Cat #" i+1 ";
cout << Family[i]->GetAge() endl;
}
return 0;
>
346
Cat #1: 1
Cat #2: 3
Cat #3: 5
Cat #499: 997
Cat #500: 999
CAT 517
12.4. , , 21
Family, 500
CAT.
( 2429)
500 CAT,
itsAge, . ,
CAT 1, 3, 5 ..
.
CAT*, ,
.
( 3135) ,
. :
Family[i], , GetAge().

. ,
.

.
new ,
, ,
:
CAT Family = new [500];
Family
CAT. ,
Fami 1[ 0 ].
,
Family
,
. , :
CAT Family = new [500];
CAT *pCat = Family; // pCat Family[0]
pCat->SetAge(10); // Family[0] 10
pCat++;
// Family[1]
pCat->SetAge(20); // Family[1] 20
500 CAT
. ,
SetAgeO, CAT,
12.
347
10.
,
20 .

:
1: Cat Family0ne[500];
2: CAT * FamilyTwo[500];
3: CAT * FamilyThree = new CAT[500];
FamilyOne, 500 CAT.

FamilyTwo, 500
CAT, FamilyThree, 500
CAT.
, ,
. ,
FamilyThree FamilyOne,
FamilyTwo.
, ,
. FamilyThree
, , FamilyOne.

C++
. ,
CAT Fami1[50];
Family &Fami]y[0].

. , Family + 4
Fami 1[ 4 ].

, , . Family +
4 ,
. ,
4, 16 .
CAT - long
- short ,
20 Family + 4 80 .

12.7.
348
12.7. n e w
1: // 12.7.
2:
3: include ciostream,h>
4:
5: class CAT
6: {
7: public:
8:
CAT() { itsAge = 1; itsWaight=5: }
9:
'CATO;
10;
11:
12:
13:
14: private:
15:
int itsAge;
16:
int itsWeight;
17: } ;
18:
19: CAT :: 'CATO
20: {
21: // cout << "Destructor called!\ n";
22 :
23:
24: int mainO
25: {
26: CAT * Family = new CAT[500];
27: int i;
28:
29: for (i = 0; i < 500; i++)
30: {
31:
Family[i].SetAge(2*i +1);
32: }
33:
34:
for (i = 0; i < 500; i++)
35:
36:
cout << "Cat #" << i+1 << ";
37:
cout << Family[i],GetAgeO << endl;
38: }
39:
40: delete [] Family;
41:
42: return 0;
43: }
12.
349
Cat #1: 1
Cat #2: 3
Cat #3: 5
Cat #499: 997
Cat #500: 999
26 Family CAT.
new [ 500]
.

CAT,
? ? Family
delete[ ] ( )
, .
,
.
, 500
10 26, 29 34. 21
cout . 43,
CAT Family.
-
new, delete,
.
new < c l a s s > [ s i z e ]
delete[]. ,
.
,
. ,
38.
21, ,
, .
!
.
0-1.
350
.

.

. ,
,
, cout, :
cout << "hello world.\n";
C++ ,
.
, , :
char Greeting[ ] = { , ' , , , '', ' ' , 'W.o.r'.'l'.'d', ' \ 0' };
(\0),
C++ .
,
, . , C++
:
char Greeting[] = "hello world";
,

.
.
,
.
Hello World 12 . Hello,

World .
. ,
, ,
, .
12.8 ,
, .
12.0.
1:
// 12.8.
2:
3:
4:
5:
int main()
6:
7:
char buffer[80];
8:
cout << "Enter the string: ";
9:
cin >> buffer;
10: cout << "Here is the buffer: " << buffer << endl;
11:
return 0;
12 :
12.
351
||||| Enter the string: Hello World

Here's the buffer: Hello
7 buffer, 80 . 79 , ,
.
8 ,
buffer 9. cin
.
, 12.8,
. -, , 79 ,
cin , -, cin
, .
, get (),
cin: oin, get (). .
ttUky'1 f
.
12.9.
12..
1:
// 12.9. cin.get()
2:
3:
4:
5:
int main()
6:
7;
char buffer[80]>
8:
cout << "Enter the string:
<
9:cin.get(buffer, 79); // 79
10:
cout << "Here's the buffer: " << buffer << endl;
11:
return 0;
12:
, , Enter the string: Hello World
Here's the buffer: Hello World
9 cin.get(). ,
'....' ......* 7, .
, 79 . 79
,
. .

.
352
strcpyO strncpyQ
C++ ,
. ,
. strcpyO strncpyQ.
strcpyO , 12.10.
12.10. s t r c p y O ___________________________________
1:
2:
include <string.h>
3:
int main()
4:
5:
char St ring 1[ ] = "No man is an island";
6:
char String2[80];
7;
8:
strcpy(String2,St ring 1);
9:
10:
cout << "Stringl: " << Stringl endl;
11:
cout << "String2: " << String2 << endl;
12:
return 0;
13:
Stringl: No man is an island

String2: No man is an island
strin . h 2.
strcpyO.
, ,
. -
, strcpyO .
,
: strncpy().
, , . strncpyO
, .
strncpyO 12.11.
1 2 . 1 1 . s t ( ) ____________________________________
include <string.h>
int main()
{
const int MaxLength = 80;
char Stringl[] = "No man is an island"
char String2[MaxLength+1];
12.
353
10: strncpy(String2,Stringl,MaxLength);
11:
12: cout << "Stringl: " Stringl << endl;
13: cout "String2: " << String2 endl;
14:
return 0;
15:
Stringl: No man is an island

String2: No man is an island
10 strcpyO
MaxLength
. String2 MaxLength+1.
,
strcpyO strncpyO.
strncpyO,

C++ ,
.
String.
C++
, strcpyO.
- . String
- -,
, ,
, .
String,
, , .
String
.
, String ,
. , .
.
,
. .

, ,
.
, .
String 12.12.
12.12. s t r i n g __________________________________________
1:
//.
12.12
2:
3:
4:
354
include <string.h>
5:
6:
// string
7:
class String
8:
9:
{
public
10
//
11:
StringO
12:
Stnng(const char *const),
13:
14:
Stnng(const String &).

"StringO
15:
16:
17:
//
char & operatorf](unsigned short offset),
18:
char operator[](unsigned short offset) const,
19:
String operator+(const String&),
20:
void operator+=(const Stnng&)
21:
String & operator= (const String &),
22:
23:
//
24:
unsigned short GetLen()const { return itsLen, }
25:
const char * GetStnngO const { return itsString, }
26:
27:
private
28:
String (unsigned short), //
29:
char * itsString,
30:
unsigned short itsLen
31:
32:
33:// , no ,
34:
String StringO
35:
36:
{
itsString = new char[1]
37 :
itsStnng[0] = \ 0 ,
38:
itsLen=0,
39:
>
40:
41:
// ()
42:
//
43:
//
4:
String String(unsigned short len)
45:
46:
{
itsString = new char[len+1]
47:
for (unsigned short l = 0 i<=len, i++)
48:
itsStnng[i] = \ 0 ,
49:
itsLen=len,
50:
51:
52:
}
//
53:
String Stnng(const char * const cStnng)
54:
12.
355
55:
itsLen = strlen(cString);
56:
itsString = new char[itsl_en+1];
57:
for (unsigned short i = 0; i<itsLen: i++)
58:
itsString[i] = cSt ring[i ];
59:
itsString[itsLen]=\ O';
60:
61:
62:
// -
63:
String::String (const String & rhs)
64:
65:
itsLen=rhs.GetLen();
66:
67:
itsString = new char[itsLen+1 ];

for (unsigned short 1 = 0 ;
icitsLen;i++)
68:
itsString[i] = rhs[i];
69:
itsString[itsLen] = \ O';
70:
71:
72:
//
73:
String::"String ()
74:
75:
76:
delete [] itsString;
itsLen = 0;
77:
78:
79:
//
80:
// string size
81:
String& String::operator=(const String & rhs)
82:
83:
if (this == &rhs)
84:
return *this;
85:
86:
87:
88:
for (unsigned short 1 = 0; KitsLen; i++)
89:
90:
itsString[itsLen] = 1\ O;
91:
return this;
92:
93:
94:
//
95:
// ,
96:
// !
97: char & String::operator[](unsigned short offset)

98:
99:
if (offset > itsLen)
100:
return itsString[itsLen-1];
101:
102:
else
return itsString[offset];
103:
104:
356
105://
106: //
(.
-!)
107: char String::operator[ ](unsigned short offset) const

108:
109:
{
110:
return itsString[itsl_en-1];
111:
112:
else
113:
114:
115:
//
116:
117:
// rhs
String String::operator+(const Strings rhs)
118:
119:
{
unsigned short totalLen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();
120:
String temp(totalLen);
121:
122:
unsigned short i;
for ( i= 0; i<itsl_en; i++)
123:
temp[i] = itsString[i];
124: for (unsigned short j = 0; j<rhs.GetLen(): j++, i++)
125:
temp[i] = rhs[j];
126:
temp[totalLen]=\ 0;
127:
return temp;
128:
129:
130:
}
// void
131:
void String::operator+=(const String& rhs)
132:
133:
{
unsigned short rhsLen = rhs.GetLenO;
134:
unsigned short totalLen = itsLen + rhsLen;
135:
136:
137:
unsigned short i;
for (i = 0; KitsLen; i++)
138:
139: for (unsigned short j = 0; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)
140:
141:
temp[i] = rhs[i-itsLen];
temp[totalLen]=\ 0;
142:
this = temp;
143:
144:
145:
int main()
146:
147:
{
String s1("initial test");
148:
cout << "S1:\ t" s1. GetStringO endl;
149:
150:
char * temp = "Hello World";
151:
s1 = temp;
152:
cout << "S1:\ t" s1 .GetStringO << endl;
153:
154:
char tempTwo[20];
12.
155:
strcpy(tempTwo,nice to be here!");
156:
s1 += tempTwo;
157:
cout "tempTwo:\ t" << tempTwo endl;
158:
cout "S1:\ t" s1.GetStringO endl;
159:
.160:
cout "SI[4]:\ t" << si[4] << endl;
161:
si[4]='o;
162:
cout "S1:\ t" s1.GetStringO endl;
163:
164:
cout "SI[999]:\ t" si[999] endl;
165:
166:
String s2(" Another string");
167:
String s3;
168:
s3 = s1+s2;
169:
cout << "S3:\ t" s3.GetString() << endl;
170:
171:
String s4;
172:
s4 = "Why does this work?";
173:
cout "S4:\ t" << s4. GetStringO << endl;
174:
175:
return 0;
}
S1:
initial
S1:
Hello
test
world
tempTwo: ; nice to be here!

S1: Hello world; nice to be here!
SI [4]:
S1: Hello World; nice to be here!
SI[999]: !
S3: Hello World; nice to be here! Another string
S4: Why does this work?
7-31 String. 1113 , -

( ).
String ([]), (+)
(+=). , char,
, char.
161:
SomeString[4]=';
.
, .
,
String, - 63. ,
rhs[i], rhs const String &.
, -.
.
358
, ,
, .
, .
, , 3339.
. , String
. , ,
, .
- 6370.

. -
.
5360 ,
. -.
strlen() String.
28 , String(unsigned short),
-. ,
String - .
String
, , , 131 operator+=.
, operator+=.
String(unsigned short)
NULL. for <=1, i<len.
, 7377, ,
String. , delete
. ,
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
, :
Stringl = String2 = St ;
.
. ,
, (1-1).
117128 (+)
. ,
:
St = Stringl + String2;
(+)
,
, NULL.
.
(*this), (rhs).
for
". for .
, ,
j rhs.
temp.
12.
359
temp ,
(stringl). +=
, stringl += string2.
+= , ,
temp , (this = temp), 142.
main() ( 145175)
. 147 String ,
. 148
GetString(). 150
. 151
, 152 .
154 tempTwo.
155 strcpyO
nice to be here!. 156 +=
tempTwo s1.
158.
160 s1.
161
([]). 162, ,
.
164 .
,
.
166 167 String, 168
. 169.
171 String s4. 172
, 173 .
, String,
21,
. ?
, String,
,
. 12 ,
String . String
.
.
, ,
.

.
,
.
, . ,
.

. ,
,
360
. , ,
, CAT Rectangle, , ,
, . ,
, ,
-.
. ,
.
.
.

.
. ,
, ,
: ... ,
...
. ,
.
. 12.5.

,
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.

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,
.
.
.
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.
12.
361
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, .
,
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362
12.13 ,
.
12.13.
0
1
II **********************************************
//
//
12.13.
//
// :
//
//
//
//
//
10
// .
11
12
// .
Copyright
()
1998
Liberty
Associates,
Inc.
// ,
13
14
// : ,
15
16
// .
17
// Data.
18
//
//
II
***********************************************
19
20
21
22
23
enum { klsSmaller, klsLarger, klsSame} ;
24
//
26
27
// :
28
class
//
Show
25
Compare
Data
Data
29
30
31
public:
Data(int val):myValue(val){ }
"Data( ){ >
32
33
int Compare(const Data &);

void Show() { cout myValue endl; }
34'
35
private:
36
31
3.8
39
//
40
// .
41
int Data::Compare(const Data & theOtherData)
42
{'
int myValue;
};
43
44
if (myValue < theOtherData.myValue) .
45
if (myValue > theOtherData.myValue)
return klsSmaller;
12.
363
return klsLarger;
46:
47:
else
48:
49:
return klsSame;
50:
51:
//
52:
class Node;
class HeadNode;
53:
54:
55:
class TailNode;
class InternalNode;
56:
57:
// ADT- .
58:
// Insert Show
59:
class Node
60:
61:
public:
62:
Node(){ }
63:
virtual Node(){ }
64:
virtual Node * Insert(Data * theData)=0;
66:
virtual void Show() = 0;

private:
67:
};
65:
68:
69:
// .
70:
71:
// Data
72:
// ,
73:
class InternalNode: public Node
// 0 ,
74:
75:
public:
76:
InternalNode(Data * theData, Node * next);
77:
'InternalNode(){ delete myNext; delete myData; }
78:
79:
virtual Node * Insert(Data * theData);

virtual void Show() { myData->Show(); myNext->Show(); } // !
80:
81:
private:
Data * myData; //
82:
83:
84:
Node * myNext; //
};
85:
86:
// ,
87:
InternalNode::InternalNode(Data * theData, Node * next):
88:
myData(theData), myNext(next)
89:
90:
<
}
91:
92:
// .
93:
// ,
94:
//
95:
//
96: Node * InternalNode::Insert(Data * theData)

97: {
98:
99: // ?
100: int result = myData->Compare(*theData);
101:
102:
103: switch(result)
104: {
105:
// (lo , ,
106: case klsSame: //

107: case klsLarger: //
108: {
109:
InternalNode * dataNode = new InternalNode(theData, this);
110:
return dataNode;
111: }
112:
113:
// ,
114:
// , , .
115: case klsSmaller:

116:
myNext = myNext->Insert(theData);
117:
return this;
118: }
119: return this; // MSC
120: }
121:
122:
123: //
124:
125: class TailNode : public Node
126: {
127: public:
128: TailNode(){ }
129: "TailNode(){ }
130: virtual Node * Insert(Data * theData);
131: virtual void Show() { }
132:
133: private:
134:
135: > ;
136:
137: // , ,
138: //
139: Node * TailNode::Insert(Data * theData)
140: {
141: InternalNode * dataNode = ew InternalNode(theData, this);
142: return dataNode;
143: }
144:
145: // ,
12.
365
146:
//
147:
class HeadNode : public Node
148:
<
149:
public:
150: HeadNodeO;
151: "HeadNodeO { delete myNext; }
152: virtual Node * Insert(Data * theData);
153: virtual void Show() { myNext->Show(); }
154:
private:
155: Node * myNext:

156:
157:
} ;
158:
// ,
159:
//
160:
HeadNode::HeadNodeO
161:
162: myNext = new TailNode;

163:
>
164:
165:
// ,
166:
//
167:
168:
Node * HeadNode::Insert(Data * theData)

{
169: myNext = myNext->Insert(theData);

170: return this;
171:
172:
173:
//
174:
class LinkedList
175:'
176:
public:
177: LinkedList();
178: 'LinkedListO { delete myHead; }
179: void Insert(Data * theData);
180: void ShowAllO { myHead->Show(); }
181:
private:
182: HeadNode * myHead;

183:
} ;
184:
185:
// ,
186:
// ,
187:
// , ,
188:
// , , ,
.
189:
190:
LinkedList:: LinkedListO
<
191: ;myHead = new HeadNode;

192:'! }
193:
194:
366
// , ,
195: void LinkedList: :Insert(Data * pData)

196: {
197: myHead->Insert(pData);
198: }
199:
200: //
201 : int main()
202: {
203: Data * pData;
204: int val;
205: LinkedList 11;
206:
207: // ,
208: //
209: for (;;)
210: {
211:
cout "What value? (0 to stop): ";
212:
ein val;
213:
214:
if (! val)
break;
215:
pData = new Data(val);
216:
217: }
ll.Insert(pOata);
218:
219: //
220: ll.ShowAllO;
221: return 0; // 11 !
222: >
What value?
What value?
(0 to stop):
(0 to stop):
5
8
What value?
(0 to stop): 3
(0 to stop): 9
What value?
(0 to stop):
What value?
(0 to stop):
10
What value?
(0 to stop):
What value?
8
9
10
, , , 1511, ^ ^.
, , ().
, , .
12.
367
2837 Data, 39-49

Compare(). Data
Data. Show(),
Data.
,
, . 201
, 203 Data, 205
.
189 .
, , HeadNode
, 182.
HeadNode ,
160163, , , Tai 1 Node
myNext, HeadNode.
TailNode Tail Node, 128.
, .
,
,
,
, . 12.6.
209 .
, .
. 0 .
213.
, 215
Data, 216 . ,
15, 195 Insert.

. 12.6.

, 167 Insert.
( 139 Insert),
myNext.
(,
).
TailNode , ,
TailNode: Insert, . ,
141 InternalNode,
.
87 InternalNode.
InternalNode Data
, myNext
368
, .
, ,
, this.
, InternalNode,
dataNode 141,
TailNode: :Insert(). HeadNode: :Insert(),
InternalNode myNext HeadNode ( 169). ,
HeadNode , 197
( ,
).
, ?
Insert Node.
. HeadNode: :Insert(),
.
HeadNode .
- ? .
. ,
.
. ,
.
, myNext
. , , :
(. 12.7).
211
. ,
3. 215
Data 216.

. 12.7. ,

197 HeadNode.
HeadNode: :Insert(), , ,
myNext. , , Data
15. 96 InternalNode: :Insert().
12.
369
100 myData InternalNode (

15) Compare ),
Data 3. 41.
, , myValue
15, a theOtherData.myValue 3, klsLarger.

109.
InternalNode .
InternalNode, InternalNode
InternalNode: ;Insert() HeadNode. ,
, ,
, , . 12.8.
8. 3, 15,

. , ,
, CompareO Data,
3, klsSmaller, klsLarger,
( 3 8).
InternalNode: :Insert()
116. ,
Insert , myNext
. InsertNode ,
15.
,
.
, 15,
3, 116.

. 12.8. ,

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,
,
.
.
370

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12.
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372
char *
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.

1. SomeArray[25]?
2. ?
3. ,
2.
4. SomeArray[10][5][20]?
5. ,
?
6. ?
7. ?
1. ,
.
2. , 0
.
3. Node, .
4. : ?
unsigned short SomeArray[5][4];
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
for (int j = 0; j<5; ]++)
SomeArray[i][j] = i+j;
5. : ?
for (int i = 0; i<=5; i++)
for (int j = 0; j<=4; j++)
SomeArray[i][j] = 0;
12.
373

,
.

. :

,
, - .
Bird, , Mammals, .
Bird - Fly(), . Mammals
, Horse. WhinnyO GallopO, .

(Pegasus), -
Horse Bird. , , ,
.
Pegasus Bird,
WhinnyO GallopO. Pegasus Horse,
Fly().
, Fly()
Horse, Pegasus. (Bird
Horse) Fly(),
.
, .
, ,
.
374
Bird Horse,
. , Pegasus
, .
.
, GallopO
Move(), Pegasus ,
Fly(). Horse Move()
, GallopO. Pegasus
, GallopO,
Fly :
Pegasus::Move(long distance)
{
if (distance > veryFar)
fly(distance);
else
gallop(distance);
}
,
. ,
Fly() Horse, 13.1? ,
, , ,
, Pegasus, .
13.1. ...
//
13.1. ...
// Fly() Horse
class Horse
{
public:
void Gallop(){ cout << "Galloping...\ n"; }
virtual void Fly() { cout "Horses cant fly.\ n" ; }
private:
int itsAge;
> I
class Pegasus : public Horse
<
public:
virtual void Fly() { cout << "I can fly! I can fly! can
fly!\ n"; }
> ;
const int NumberHorses = 5;
int main()
{
Horse* Ranch[NumberHorses];
13.
375
25
Horse* pHorse; ,
26
int choice,i;
27
for (i=0; KNumberHorses; i++)
28
{
cout << "(1)Horse (2)Pegasus:
29
30
cin >> choice;

if (choice == 2)
31
32
pHorse = new Pegasus;
33
else
34
pHorse = new Horse;
35
Ranch[i] = pHorse;
36
37
}
cout << "\ n";
38
for (i=0; KNumberHorses; i++)
39
{
Ranch[i]->Fly();
40
41
delete Ranch[i];
42
43
}
return 0;
44
>
: (1)Horse
(2)Pegasus:
(1)Horse (2)Pegasus:
Horses cant fly.

I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!
Horses cant fly.
Horses cant fly.
, Horse
Fly(). 10.
, .
Pegasus 18 ,
, .
24 Horse,
Fly() . ,
,
.
376
,
,
. ,
.

,
. ,
, .
C++,
.
,

. , , Bird Horse
Animal, ,
, Eat(). Fly() ,
,
.

,
, Fly() ,
Pegasus.
, .
RTTI (Runtime Type Identification
). RTTI
C++.
RTTI,
, ,
.
Fly() ,
Pegasus.
,
,
.
, ,
.
Fly(),
, , Horse,
Pegasus. ,
Horse Pegasus.
, , C++,
dynamic_cast.
Horse
Pegasus,
. ,

dynamic_cast.
13.
377

. , ,
, ,
.
.
13.2.
13.2.
1://
2:
3
13 2 dynamic_cast
// rtti
4:
#include <iostream h>
5:
enurn TYPE { HORSE, PEGASUS } ,
6:
7'
class Horse
8'
9.
public
10:virtual void Gallop(){ cout "Galloping...\n"; >

11:
12:
private13:
int itsAge;
14:
15.
> ,
16:
class Pegasus : public Horse
17:
18:
19:
public:
20:virtual void Fly() { cout "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!\ n"; }
21:
22:
} ;
23.
24:
const mt NumberHorse = 5,
mt main()
25:
26'
Horse* Ranch[NumberHorse];
27:
Horse* pHorse;
28:
int choice,l,
29:
30:
for (i=0: i<NumberHorse, i++)

{
31:
cout "(1)Horse (2)Pegasus:
32:
cin choice;
33.
if (choice == 2)
34:
pHorse = new fegasus;
35:
else
36:
pHorse = new Horse;
37:
Ranch[i] = pHorse,
38:
39:
cout << "\ n";
40:
41:
for (i=0; -KNumberHorses; i++)

{
42.Pegasus *pPeg = dynamic_cast< Pegasus *> (Ranch[ij);
378
4.2
if (pPeg)
43
44
else
45
46
47
pPeg->Fly();
cout "Just a horse\ n";
delete Ranch[i];
48
49
50
return 0;
(1)Horse (2)Pegasus: 1
(1)Horse {2)Pegasus:
Just a horse
Just a horse
Just a horse.

4541: <dynamic_cast'
used on polymorphic type class Horse with/GR-; unpredictable behavior may result
?
MFC .
, .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ProjectoSettings.
C/C++.
Category C++ Language.
Enable Runtime Type Information (RTTI).
.
Fly() Horse
. Pegasus,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
13.
379

, Pegasus Horse
Bi rd.
Fly ( ) , ,
.
, ,
. Fly( ),
WhinnyO GallopO Animal,
Bird Horse. Bird Horse
Animal. ,
.
, ,
Horse, Bird Pegasus,
!

.
,

.
,
.

. .
, . 13.3
Pegasus ,
Bird Horse. Pegasus .
13.3. __________
1:
// 13.3. .
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
6:
class Horse
7:
8:
{
public:
9:
10:
Horse() { cout << "Horse constructor... }

virtual "HorseO { cout << "Horse destructor..
11: virtual void WhinnyO const { cout << "Whinny!
380
12: private:
13: int itsAge;
14: } ;
15:
16: class Bird
17: {
18: public:
19: Bird() { cout "Bird constructor... }
20: virtual Bird() { cout << "Bird destructor... }
21: virtual void ChirpO const { cout << "Chirp... }
22: virtual void Fly() const
23: {
24: cout << "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!
25: }
26: private:
27: int itsWeight;
28: } ;
29:
30: class Pegasus : public Horse, public Bird
31: {
32: public:
33: void Chirp() const { WhinnyO; }
34: PegasusO i cout << "Pegasus constructor... }
35: 'PegasusO { cout << "Pegasus destructor... }
36: } ;
37:
38: const int MagicNumber = 2;
39: int main()
40: {
41: Horse* Ranch[MagicNumber];
42: Bird* Aviary[MagicNumber];
43: Horse * pHorse;
44: Bird * pBird;
45: int choice,i;
46: for (i=0; KMagicNumber; i++)
47: {
48: cout << "\ n(1)Horse (2)Pegasus:
49: cin >> choice;
50: if (choice == 2)
51:
pHorse = new Pegasus;
52: else
53:
pHorse = new Horse;
54: Ranch[i] = pHorse;

55: }
56: for (i=0; KMagicNumber; i++)
57: {
58: cout << "\ n(1)Bird (2)Pegasus: ";
59: cin >> choice;
60: if (choice =- 2)
61:
pBird = new Pegasus;
13.
381
else
pBird = new Bird;
62:
63:
Aviary[i] = pBird;
64:
65:
>
66:
(67:
cout "\ n";

for (i=0; i<MagicNumber;
68:
69:
70:
{
cout "\ nRanch[" <<
71:
Ranch[i]->Whinny();
i++)
i "]:
delete Ranch[i];
72:
73:
>
74:
75:
for (i=0; i<MagicNumber;
i++)
76:
77:
{
cout << "\ nAviary["
i "]
78:
Aviary[i]->Chirp();
79:
Aviary[i]->Fly();
delete Aviary[i];
80:
81:
82:
83:
}
return 0;
}
Horse constructor...
Horse constructor... Bird constructor... Pegasus constructor...
(1)Bird (2)Pegasus: 1
Bird constructor...
(1)6ird (2)Pegasus: 2
Horse constructor... Bird constructor... Pegasus constructor...
Ranch[0]: Whinny!... Horse destructor...
Ranch[1]: Whinny!... Pegasus destructor... Bird destructor...
Horse destructor...
Aviary[0]: Chirp... I can fly! I can fly! I can fly! Bird destructor...
Aviary[1]: Whinny!... I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!
Pegasus destructor... Bird destructor... Horse destructor...
614 Horse.
, WhinnyO Whinny!
(--).
Bird 1628.
: Chi() Fly(),
.

.
382
, 30-36 Pegasus.
Bird Horse. Chi() ,
WhinnyO, Horse.
: Ranch (), 41
Horse, Aviary (), 42 Bird.
46-55 Ranch Horse Pegasus. 56-65
Aviary Bird Pegasus.
Bird Horse
Pegasus. , 78 Chi()
,
Aviary. Bird ,
.
,
Pegasus Bird, Horse Pegasus,
.
, Bird Horse,
.

,
, ,
.
1:
dass Pegasus : public Horse, public Bird
2:
class Schnoodle : public Schnauzer, public Poodle
,

Pegasus,
, . 13.1.
/
/
Horse
/
Bird
/
Pegasus
. 13.1. ,

13.
383

. , ,

? ?
,
? ,
.
,

Pegasus Bird Horse,
, Pegasus
. , 13.4.
13.4.
1
// 13.4.
//
ffinclude
typedef int HANDS;

enum COLOR { Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, White, Black, Brown };
<iostream.h>
6
7
class
public:
10
Horse
Horse(C0L0R
color,
HANDS
height);
11
12
virtual "HorseO { cout << "Horse destructor. . n"; }

virtual
void
Whinny()const
13
virtual
HANDS
GetHeightO
const
14
virtual
COLOR
GetColorO
15
16
"Whinny!...
return
return
";
itsHeight;
itsColor;
private:
HANDS itsHeight;
COLOR itsColor;
17
18
const
cout
};
19
20
Horse::Horse(C0L0R color, HANDS height):
21
22
itsColor(color),itsHeight(height)
{
cout << "Horse constructor..,\ n";
23
24
25
26
class
27
Bird
28
29
public:
Bird(C0L0R
30
virtual
"Bird()
31
virtual
void
32
virtual void Fly()const
color,
{
bool
migrates);
cout
ChirpQconst
"Bird
{
cout
destructor..,\
<<
"Chirp...
n";
";
33
384
34:
cout << "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!
35:
36:virtual COLOR 6etColor()const { return itsColor; }

37: virtual
bool
GetMigration()
const
return
38:
39:
40:
41:
private:
COLOR itsColor;
bool itsMigration;
42:
} ;'
43:
44:
Bird::Bird(C0L0R color, bool migrates):
45:
itsColor(color), itsMigration(migrates)
46:
47:
cout << "Bird constructor...\ n";
48:
49:
50:
class Pegasus : public Horse, public Bird
51:
52:
public:
53:
54:
void ChirpQconst ( Whinny O; }

Pegasus(C0L0R, HANDS, bool,long);
55:PegasusO { cout << "Pegasus destructor. .. \ n";>

56:
57:
virtual long GetNumberBelieversO const

{
58:
return itsNumberBelievers;
59:
60:
61:
private:
62:
long itsNumberBelievers;
63:
} ;
64:
65:
Pegasus::Pegasus(
66:
67:
COLOR aColor,
HANDS height,
68:
bool migrates,
69:
70:
long NumBelieve):
Horse(aColor, height),
71:
Bird(aColor, migrates),
72:
itsNumberBelievers(NumBelieve)
73:
74:
cout << "Pegasus constructor..,\ n";
75:
76:
77:
int main()
78:
79: Pegasus *pPeg = new Pegasus(Red, 5, true, 10);

80:
81:
pPeg->Fly();
pPeg->Whinny();
82:cout << \ nYour Pegasus is " pPeg->GetHeight();

83:
cout << " hands tall and ";
13.
itsMigration;
84:
if (pPeg->GetMigration())
85:
cout << "it does migrate.";
86:
else
87:
cout << "it does not migrate.";
88:cout << "\ nA total of " << pPeg->GetNumberBelievers();

89:
cout << " people believe it exists.\ n";
90:
delete pPeg;
91:
return 0;
92:
*'*
r Horse constructor...
Bird constructor...
Pegasus constructor...
I can fly! I can fly! I can fly! Whinny!...
Your Pegasus is 5 hands tall and it does migrate.
A total of 10 people believe it exists.
Pegasus destructor...
Bird destructor...
Horse destructor...
Horse 718.
: , 5,
, typedef 4.
2024. -
Horse.
2642 Bird,
4549. .
;
,
. , ,
, .
Pegasus 5063, 6575.
Pegasus .
Horse . Bird
. ,
- itsNumberBelievers, Pegasus.
Pegasus.
main() Pegasus,
- .

13.4 Horse Bird GetColor().
Pegasus, ;
? ,
, .
,
.
386
:
COLOR currentColor = pPeg->GetColor();
Member is ambiguous: Horse: :GetColor and

' Bird : :GetColor' ( ).
, ,
:
COLOR currentColor = pPeg->Horse::GetColo();
,
- ,
.
Pegasus ,
, - Pegasus:
virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return Horse::GetColor(); }
,
.
,
.
COLOR currentColor = pPeg->Bird::GetColo ( ) :

, , ,
, , ,
Bird Horse Animal. . 13.2.
. 13.2.
. 13.2, , Pegasus,
Animal.
Bird Horse ,
13.
387
. , Animal
- itsAge - GetAgeO,
pGet->GetAge( ), GetAgeO,
Bird Animal Horse ?
13.5.
13.5. 8
1:
// 13.5.
2;
//
3:
4:
5:
typedef int HANDS;
6: enum COLOR { Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, White, Black, Brown >
7:
8: class Animal // horse bird
9:
10:
{
public:
11:
Animal(int);
12: virtual "AnimalO { cout << "Animal destructor. ..\ n"; }

13:
virtual int GetAgeO const { return itsAge; >
14:
virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; >
15:
private:
16:
int itsAge;
17:
> ;
18:
19:
Animal::Animal(int age):
20:
itsAge(age)
21:
22:
cout << "Animal constructor..,\ n";
23:
24:
>
25:
class Horse : public Animal
26:
27:
{
public:
28:
Horse(C0L0R color, HANDS height, int age);
29:
virtual "HorseO { cout << "Horse destructor. . n"; }
30:
virtual void Whinny()const { cout << "Whinny!... "; >
31:
virtual HANDS GetHeightO const { return itsHeight; }
32:
virtual COLOR GetColorO const { return itsColor; }
33:
protected:
34:
HANDS itsHeight;
35:
COLOR itsColor;
36:
} ;
37:
38:
Horse::Horse(C0L0R color, HANDS height, int age):
39:
40:
Animal(age),
41:
42:
cout << "Horse constructor..,\ n";
388
43:
44:
45:
class Bird : public Animal
46:
47:
{
public:
48:
49:
Bird(COLOR color, bool migrates, int age);

virtual "Bird() { cout << "Bird destructor...\ n"; }
50:
virtual void Chirp()const { cout << "Chirp... "; }
51:
virtual void FlyOconst
52:
{ cout << "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly! }
53:
virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return itsColor; )
54:
virtual bool GetMigration() const { return itsMigration; }
55:
protected:
56:
57;
COLOR itsColor;
bool itsMigration;
58:
) ;
59:
60:
Bird::Bird(C0L0R color, bool migrates, int age):
61:
62:
Animal(age),
63:
64:
{
65:
66:
67:
68:
69:
public:
70:
void Chirp()const { WhinnyO; >
71:
Pegasus(C0L0R, HANDS, bool, long, int);
72:
virtual "PegasusO { cout "Pegasus destructor. ..\ n";}
73:
virtual long GetNumberBelievers() const
74:
{ return itsNumberBelievers; }
75:
76:
virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return Horse::itsColor; >

virtual int GetAge() const { return Horse::GetAge(); }
77:
78:
private:
79:
} ;
80:
81:
Pegasus::Pegasus(
82:
COLOR aColor,
83:
HANDS height,
84:
bool migrates,
85;
long NumBelieve,
86:
int age):
87:
Horse(aColor, height,age),
88:
Bird(aColor, migrates,age),
89:
90:
91:
cout "Pegasus constructor..,\ n";
92:
13.
93:
94:
int main()
95:
96:
Pegasus *pPeg = new Pegasus(Red. 5, true, 10, 2);
97:
int age = pPeg->GetAge();
98:
cout << "This pegasus is " << age << " years old.\ n";
99:
delete pPeg;
100:
return 0;
101:
Animal constructor...
Bird constructor...
This pegasus is 2 years old.
Bird destructor...
Animal destructor...
Horse destructor...
. , 817
Animal - itsAge
GetAgeO SetAgeO.
25 Horse Animal. Horse
, Animal.
, Horse GetAgeO , .
46 Bird Animal.
,
Animal. GetAgeO .
Pegasus Horse Bird,
Animal .
Animal GetAgeO,
, ,
GetAgeO Pegasus.
GetAgeO Pegasus
,
.

. -,
; -, ,

, .

, .
Pegasus : ,
( ); , ,
; , ,
390
. 87 ,
Horse (, ). ,
Bird: , . , 89
itsNumberBelievers, Pegasus.
Horse 87 ,
38. Horse
itsAge, Horse Animal.
- Horse itsColor itsHeight.
Bird 88 ,
60.
-, Bird Animal.
, Pegasus
- , Bird Horse.
itsAge ,
Animal.

13.5 , :
getAgeO Pegasus.
Animal.
C++ ,
, . 13.2, (. 13.3).
. 13.3.
Animal
, Horse Bird. Animal .
Horse Bird ,
Animal. Pegasus .

- . ,
.
13.
391
, ,
. Animal
Horse Bird, Pegasus.
Horse Bird
Animal, Pegasus
.
13.6 13.5,
,
.
. 13.#. __________________________
1:
//
13.6.
2:
//
3:
4:
5:
typedef int HANDS;
6:enum COLOR { Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, White, Black, Brown } ;

7:
8:class Animal // horse bird
9;
10:
{
public:
11:
12:
Animal(int);
virtual 'Animal() { cout "Animal destructor...\ n"; }
13:
virtual int GetAgeO const { return itsAge; }
14:
virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; )
15:
private:
16:
int itsAge;
17:
} ;
18:
19:
20:
itsAge(age)
21:
22:
cout << "Animal constructor...\ n";
23:
24:
25:
class Horse : virtual public Animal
26:
27:
public:
28:
Horse(C0L0R color, HANDS height, int age);
29:
virtual "Horse() { cout "Horse destructor.. n"; }
30:
virtual void Whinny()const { cout "Whinny!... "; }
31:
virtual HANDS GetHeightO const { return itsHeight; }
32:
virtual COLOR GetColor() const { return itsColor; }
33:
protected:
34:
HANDS itsHeight;
35:
COLOR itsColor;
36:
} ;
37:
38:
Horse::Horse(C0L0R color, HANDS height, int age):
39:
Animal(age),
392
40:
41:
42:
cout "Horse constructor..,\ n";
43:
44:
45:
class Bird : virtual public Animal
46:
47:
48:
{
public:
Bird(C0L0R color, bool migrates, int age);
49: virtual "Bird() { cout << "Bird destructor..,\ n"; }

50:
virtual void Chirp()const { cout << 'Chirp... "; >
51:
virtual void FlyQconst
52:
{ cout "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly! "; }
53:
virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return itsColor; }
54:virtual bool GetMigration() const { return itsMigration; }

55:
protected:
56:
COLOR itsColor;
57:
bool itsMigration;
58:
} ;
59:
60:
Bird::Bird(C0L0R color, bool migrates, int age):
61:
Animal(age),
62:
63:
64:
65:
66:
67:
68:
69:
public:
70:
void Chirp()const { WhinnyO; >
71:
Pegasus(C0L0R, HANDS, bool, long, int);
72:virtual ~Pegasus() { cout << "Pegasus destructor. .. \ n";}

73:
74:
virtual long GetNumberBelievers() const

{ return itsNumberBelievers; }
75:virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return Horse::itsColor; }

76:
77:
private:
78:
> ;
79:
80:
Pegasus::Pegasus(
81:
COLOR aColor,
82:
HANDS height,
83:
bool migrates,
84:
long NumBelieve,
85:
86:
87:
int age):
Horse(aColor, height,age),
Bird(aColor, migrates,age),
88:
Animal(age*2),
89:
13.
90: {
91: cout << "Pegasus constructor...\ n";
92: }
93:
94: int main()
95: {
96: Pegasus *pPeg = new Pegasus(Red, 5, true, 10, 2);
97: int age = pPeg->GetAge();
98: cout << "This pegasus is " << age << " years old.\ n";
99: delete pPeg:
100: return 0;
101: }
Bird constructor. . .
This pegasus is 4 years old.
Bird destructor.. .
Horse destructor...
25 Horse Animal,
45 Bird. ,
- Animal.
Pegasus, Animal,
. ,
. itsAge
2, Pegasus .
98 4.
Pegasus
, GetAgeO
Animal. GetColorO -
, , Horse Bird.

, .
, ++
; , ,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
.
394

,
,
.
1:
dass
Horse
virtual
public
Animal
class Bird : virtual public Animal
dass Pegasus : public Horse, public Bird
2:
class
Schnauzer
virtual
public Oog
class Poodle ; virtual public Oog

class Schnoodle : public Schnauzer, public
Poodle
,
,
.
,

.
,

.

,
.
^.
Horse
Animal Displayable,
.
- , ,
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).
-
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, ,

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13.
395
, , Horse Animal
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. Horse
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- (capability class) (mixin).
,
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, -
SCOOPS, .

. , Shape,
Rectangle Circle. Rectangle Square,
.
Draw(), GetAreaO .
Shape Rectangle Circle
13.7.
161 13.7. Shipi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1:
// 13.7. Shape
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
class Shape
7:
8:
{
public:
9:
10:
Shape(){ >
virtual 'Shape(){ >
11:
virtual long GetAreaO { return -1; >
12:
virtual long GetPerimO < return -1; }
13:
virtual void Draw() { }
14:
private:
15:
} ;
16:
17:
class Circle : public Shape
18:
<
19:
20:
public:
Circle(int radius):itsRadius(radius){ }
21:
"Circle(){ }
22:long GetAreaO { return 3 * itsRadius * itsRadius; }
23:
long GetPerimO { return 6 * itsRadius; }
24:
void Draw();
25:
private:
26:
int itsRadius;
396
27:
int itsCircumference;
28: } ;
29:
30: void Circle::Draw()
31: {
32: cout << "Circle drawing routine here!\ n";
33: }
34:
35:
36: class Rectangle : public Shape
37: {
38: public:
39:
Rectangle(int len, int width): ,-
40:
itsLength(len), itsWidth(width){ >
41:
virtual 'Rectangle() { }
42:
virtual long GetArea() { return itsLength * itsWidth; }
43:
virtual long GetPerim() < return 2*itsLength + 2*itsWidth;
44:
virtual int Getlength() { return itsLength; }
45:
virtual int GetWidth() { return itsWidth; }
46:
virtual void Draw();
47: private:
48: int itsWidth;
49:
int itsLength;
50: } ;
51:
52: void Rectangle::Draw()
53: {
54:
for (int i = 0; icitsLength; i++)
55: {
56:
for (int j = 0; jcitsWidth; j++)
57:
cout << "x ";
58:
59:
cout "\ n";
60: >
61: >
62:
63: class Square : public Rectangle
64: {
65: public:
66:
Square(int len);
67:
Square(int len, int width);
68:
~Square(){ }
69:
long GetPerim() { return 4 * GetLength();}
70: } ;
71:
72: Square::Square(int len):
73:
Rectangle(len,len)
74: { }
75:
76: Square::Square(int len, int width):
13.
Rectangle(len,width)
77:
78:
79:
80:
if (GetLength() != GetWidthO)
cout << "Error, not a square... a Rectangle??\ n";
81:
82:
83:
84:
int main()
85:
{
int choice;
86 :
87:
bool fQuit = false;
88:
Shape * sp;
89:
90:
while ( ! fQuit )
91:
92:
cout << "(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (0)Quit:";
93:
cin choice;
94:
switch (choice)
95:
96:
<
97:
case 0: fQuit = true;

break;
98:
99:
case 1: sp = new Circle(5);

break;
100:
101 :
102 :
case 2: sp = new Rectangle(4,6);

break;
case 3: sp = new Square(5);
103:
104:
break;
105:
default: cout << "Please enter a number between 0 and 3 << endl;
106:
107:
continue;
break;
108:
109:
110 :
if(! fQuit)
sp->Draw();
111:
delete sp;
112 :
cout << "\ n;
113:
114:
>
return 0;
115:
(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (0)Quit: 2

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
X X X X X X
(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (0)Quit:3

x x x x x
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X , X X
(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (0)Quit:0
615 Shape. GetAreaO GetPerimO

-1 , Draw()
. , ?
, ,
, .
Ci rcle Shape,
. ,
V i r t u a l ,
.
.
Square Rectangle ,
GetPerimO .
,
Shape, .

. Shape , ,
,
, ADT (Abstract Data Type).
, ,
, . C++ ADT
,
.

C++
. ,
, :
Virtual void Draw() = 0;
, , ADT.
, ADT.
.
:
, ADT,
, ,
. , Rectangle Shape,
, Rectangle
, ADT. 13.8 -
13.
399
ca Shape , .
13.7 , .
7-16 13.7 13.8 .
13.1. |______________________________________
1:
Shape
2:
3:
public:
4:
Shape(){ }
5:
6:
'Shape(){ ) .
virtual long GetArea() = 0: //
7:
virtual long GetPerim()= 0;
8:
virtual void Draw() = 0;
9:
private:
10:
};
81
(1)Circle
(2)Rectangle
(3)Square
(O)Quit:
(3)Square
(O)Quit:
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
(1)Circle
(2)Rectangle
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
X X X X X
(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (O)Quit: 0
, .
Shape.

,
.
- , .
virtual void DrawO = 0; //
Vv-
%&'7W0 :
400

.
, , ff
. ADT ,
.

. , ADT,
.
13.9 13.7, Shape
ADT Draw().
Circle,
,
.
.

.
, ,
, .
13.9.
1
//
include
<iostream.h>
4
5
class
Shape
public :
Shape( ){ }
8
9
virtual ~Shape(){ }
10
virtual long
11
virtual long
GetAreaO =
GetPerim()=
0;
0;
virtual void Draw() = 0;
12
13
14
private :
};
15
16
void Shape : :Draw()
17
{
cout << "Abstract drawing mechanism!\ n";
18
19
20
21
class Circle : public Shape
22
23
24
public :
25
Circle(int
radius):itsRadius(radius){
virtual ~Cirole( ){ }
26
long GetAreaO { return 3 * itsRadius * itsRadius; }
27
long GetPerim() { return 9 * itsRadius; }
13.
401
28: void Draw();

29: private:
30: int itsRadius;
31: int itsCircumference;
32: } ;
33:
34: void Circle::Draw()
35: {
36: cout "Circle drawing routine here!\ n";
37: Shape::Draw();
38: }
39:
40:
41: class Rectangle : public Shape
42: {
43: public:
44: Rectangle(int len, int width):
45:
itsLength(len), itsWidth(width){ }
46: virtual "Rectangle(){ }

47: long GetArea() { return itsLength * itsWidth; }
48: long GetPerim() { return 2*itsLength + 2*itsWidth: }
49: virtual int GetLength() { return itsLength; }
50: virtual int GetWidth() { return itsWidth; }
51: void Draw();
52: private:
53: int itsWidth;
54: int itsLength;
55: } ;
56:
57: void Rectangle::Draw()
58: {
59: for (int i = 0; i<itsLength; i++)
60: {
61: for (int ] = 0; j<itsWidth; j++)
62:
cout << "x ";
63:
64: cout << "\ n";
65: }
66: Shape::Draw();
67: }
68:
69;
70; class Square : public Rectangle
71: {
72: public:
73: Square(int len);
74: Square(int len, int width);
75: virtual 'Square(){ }
76: long GetPerim() { return 4 * GetLengthO;)
77: } ;
402
78:
79: Square::Square(int len):
80: Rectangle(len,len)
81: { }
82:
83: Square::Square(int len, int width):
84: Rectangle(len,width)
85:
86: {
87: if (GetLengthO != GetWidthO)
88: cout << "Error, not a square... a Rectangle??\ n";
89: }
90:
91: int main()
92: {
93: int choice;
94: bool fQuit = false;
95: Shape * sp;
96:
97: while (1)
98: {
99:
cout
<<
"(1)Circle
(2)Rectangle
(3)Square
(O)Quit:
";
100: cin >> choice;
101 :
102: switch (choice)
103: {
104: case 1: sp = new Circle(5);
105: break;
106:
case 2: sp = new Rectangle(4,6);
107: break;
108: case 3: sp = new Square (5);
109: break;
110:
default: fQuit = true;
111:
break;
112: }
113: if (fQuit)
114:
break;
115:
116: sp->Draw();
117: delete sp;
118; cout "\ n";
119: }
120: return 0;
121 : }
(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (0)Quit: 2

x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
13.
403
Abstract drawing mechanism!

(1 )Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (O)Quit: 3
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
Abstract drawing mechanism!

(1)Circle (2)Rectangle (3)Square (O)uit: 0
514 Shape
. ,
ADT,
.

Ci rcle Rectangle, Draw()
,
.

.

ADT ADT,
, ADT
, ,
.
, Animal Eat(), SI( ), Move() ReproduceQ
. Animal
Mammal Fish.
,
, Mammal ReproduceQ ,
EatQ, SleepQ MoveQ .
Mammal Dog,
,
Dog.
, ADT ADT
,
.
13.10 ,
.
13.10. __________________________
1 : // 13.10.
2:
// Deriving ADTs from other ADTs
3:
ftinclude <iostream.h>
4:
5:
404
enum C0L0R { Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, White, Black, Brown } ;
6:
7:class Animal // Mammal Fish
8:
<
9:
public:
10:
Animal(int);
11: virtual 'Animal() { cout << "Animal destructor...\ n"; }

12:
13:
virtual int GetAgeO const { return itsAge; >

virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
14:
virtual void SleepO const = 0;
15:
virtual void Eat() const = 0;
16:
virtual void ReproduceO const = 0;
17:
virtual void Move() const = 0;
18:
virtual void Speak() const = 0;
19:
private:
20:
int itsAge;
21:
} ;
22:
23:
24:
25:
itsAge(age)
{
26:
cout << "Animal constructor...\ n";
27:
>
28:
29:
class Mammal : public Animal
30:
31:
public:
32:
Mammal(int age):Animal(age)
33:
{ cout << "Mammal constructor...\ n";}
34: virtual 'MammalO { cout << "Mammal destructor. .. \ n";>

35:
virtual void ReproduceO const
36:
{ cout << "Mammal reproduction depicted...\ n"; }
37:
} ;
38:
39:
40:
class Fish : public Animal

{
41:
public:
42:
43:
Fish(int age):Animal(age)
{ cout << "Fish constructor...\ n";)
44:
virtual "Fish() { cout << "Fish destructor...\ n"; }
45:virtual void SleepO const { cout << "fish snoring...\ n"; }

46:virtual void Eat() const { cout << "fish feeding...\ n"; }
47:
virtual void ReproduceO const
48:
{ cout << "fish laying eggs...\ n"; }
49:
virtual void Move() const
50:
{ cout << "fish swimming...\ n"; }
51:
52:
virtual void Speak() const { }

} ;
53:
54:
class Horse : public Mammal
55:
13.
405
56:
public:
57:
Horse(int age, COLOR color ):
58:
Mammal(age), itsColor(color)
59:
{ cout << "Horse constructor..,\ n"; }
60:
virtual ~Horse() { cout << "Horse destructor, .. \ n"; }
61:
virtual void Speak()const { cout << "Whinny!... \ n"; }
62:
virtual COLOR GetltsColorQ const { return itsColor; }
63:
64:
virtual void Sleep() const

{ cout << "Horse snoring...\ n"; }
65:
virtual void Eat() const { cout "Horse feeding...\ n"; }
66:
virtual
void
Move()
const
cout
<<
"Horse
running...\
n";>
67:
68:
protected:
69:
COLOR itsColor;
70:
} ;
71:
72:
73:
<
74:
public:
75:
Dog(int age, COLOR color ):
76:
Mammal(age), itsColor(color)
77:
{ cout "Dog constructor...\ n"; }
78:
virtual 'Dog() { cout << "Dog destructor...\ n"; }
79:
virtual void Speak()const { cout << "Woof!... \ n"; }
80:
virtual void Sleep() const { cout << "Dog snoring...\ n"; }
81:
virtual void Eat() const < cout "Dog eating...\ n"; }
82:
virtual void Move() const { cout << "Dog running...\ n"; }
83:
virtual void Reproduce() const
84:
{ cout "Dogs reproducing..,\ n"; }
85:
86:
protected:
87:
COLOR itsColor;
88:
};
89:
90:
91:
int main()
{
92:
Animal *pAnimal=0;
93:
' int choice;
94:
bool fQuit = false;
95:
96:.
9,7:
while (1)
, {
98:
cout << "(1)Dog (2)Horse (3)Fish (O)Quit: ";
99:
cin >> choice;
100:
101:
switch (choice)
102:
103:
104:
case 1: pAnimal = new Dog(5,Brown);

break;
105:
case 2: pAnimal = new Horse(4,Black);
406
break;
106
107
case 3: pAnimal = new
108
break;
109
default: fQuit = true

break;
110
111
}
if (fOuit)
112
break;
113
114
115
pAnimal->Speak();
116
pAnimal->Eat();
117
pAnimal->Reproduce();
118
pAnimal->Move();
119
pAnimal->Sleep();
120
121
delete pAnimal;
cout << "\ n";
122
123
124
}
return 0;
}
v (1)Dog (2)Horse (3)Bird (O)Quit: 1

Dog constructor...
Woof!...
Dog eating.. .
Dog reproducing....
Dog running...
Dog snoring.. .
Dog destructor...
(1)Dog (2)Horse (3)Bird (O)Quit: 0
721 Animal.
, ,
itsAge.
SleepO, Eat(), ReproduceO, Move() Speak() .
Mammal Animal 2937
. ReproduceO, ,
. Fish
Animal, ReproduceO , Mammal (
).
, Mammal,
ReproduceO,
, , , 83
Dog. Fish,
Horse Dog, .
13.
407
Animal,
. ,
, .
Animal
Mammal .

, , Animal
, .
?
, .
,
, . ,
, Animal
, Dog.
, Dog
, ,
. ,
.

.

.
,
,
.

C++
.
,
.
.
, Timer, .
- itsSeconds, ,
itsSeconds.
,
itsSeconds. , ,
Timer -.
,
.
408

,
,
.
,
Observer Update().
Subject.
Observer. , :
RegisterO, Observer, NotifyO,
.
.
, ,
Observer. Timer Subject.
( itsSeconds)
NotifyO, Subject.
, ObserverTimer,
Observer Timer,
.
,
Java
, Java C++.
, Java
, , ,
,
Java. Java, 90% ,
, .
Java
, , ,
.
.
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,
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. ,
C++,

, Java ( ).
C++ Java
: Robert Martin, C++ and Java: A Critical Comparison // C++
Report. January, 1997.
13.
409

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410
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1. ?
2. v-ptr?
3.
,
RoundRect, Rectangle Circle,
, , Shape.
Shape RoundRect?
4.
Horse Bird Animal ,

Animal?
Pegasus , Horse Bird,
Animal?
5. Vehicle () .
6.
ADT
, ,
?
1. JetPlane ( ),
Rocket () Airplane ().
2. JetPlane, , 747.
13.
411
3.
()

4.
,
ADT, : SportsCar (
), Wagon () Coupe ( -).
, Vehicle,
.
412
, ( ) Bus
Vehicle (). Vehicle
. Bus
.

C++
.
, ,
, . ,
- . :
- -
- -
-
,
, ,
. , Cat,
, ..
.

. ,
. - .
,
, , , , .
, , .
,
. 14.1 Cat
HowManyCats. Cat,
HowManyCats
.
14.
413
14.1. -
1:// 14.1. -
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Cat
6:
{
7:
public:
8:Cat(int age):itsAge(age){ HowManyCats++; }
9:
virtual "Cat() { HowManyCats--; }
10: virtual int GetAgeO { return itsAge; }

11:virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
12:
static int HowManyCats;
13:
14:
private:
15:
int itsAge;
16:
17:
} ;
18;
19:
int Cat::HowManyCats = 0;
20:
21:
int main()
22:
23:
{
const int MaxCats = 5; int i;
24:
Cat *CatHouse[MaxCats];
25:
for (i = 0; KMaxCats; i++)
26:
CatHouse[i] = new Cat(i);
27:
28:
29;
30:
cout "There are ";
31:
cout << Cat::HowManyCats;
32:
cout << " cats left!\ n";
33: cout << "Deleting the one which is .";
34:
cout CatHouse[i]->GetAge();
35:
cout << " years old\ n";
36:
37:
delete CatHouse[i];
CatHouse[i] = 0;
38:
39:
return 0; ,
40:
There are 5 cats left!

Deleting the one which is 0 years old
414

Cat 517.
static 12 -
HowManyCats int.
HowManyCats
, ..
, , ,
- Cat.
HowManyCats 19.
- (
).
:
undefined symbol Cat::HowManyCats
, - itsAge
, -
Cat, , , 26.
Cat, 8,
- . , 9,
1. , HowManyCats
Cat.
2140 Cat,
. Cat,
HowManyCats,
0.
for Cat ,
HowManyCats.
5 ( ) .
: HowManyCats public
main(). -
.
Cat, - . ,
Cat,
, 14.2,
-. .
14.2.
// 14.2. -
class Cat
{
public:
14.
415
8: Cat(int age):itsAge(age){ HowManyCats++; }

9: virtual Cat() { HowManyCats--; }
11: virtual void SetAge(int age) {itsAge = age;}
12: static int HowManyCats;
13:
14: private:
15; int itsAge;
16;
17: } ;
18;
19; int Cat::HowManyCats = 0;
20:
21: void TelepathicFunction();
22:
23: int main()
24: {
25: const int MaxCats = 5; int i;
26; Cat *CatHouse[MaxCats];
27:
28:
29:
30;

{
TelepathicFunction();
31: }
32:
33: for ( i = 0; KMaxCats; i++)
34; {
35: delete CatHouse[i];
36: TelepathicFunction();
37; }
38: return 0;
39: }
40:
41: void TelepathicFunction()
42: {
43: cout << "There are ";
44: cout << Cat::HowManyCats << " cats alive!\ n";
45: }
There
are 1 cats alive!
There
are 2 cats alive!
There are 3 cats alive!

There
are 4 cats alive!

416
* 14.2 14.1,
' TelepahicFunction(). Cat
, - HowManyCats.
, -
- , .
public, .
- ,
-.
. 14.3.
-.
*
14.3. -
// 14.3. -
class Cat
{
public:
Cat(int age):itsAge(age){ HowManyCats++; }
virtual "Cat() { HowManyCats--; }
virtual int GetAge() { return itsAge; }
virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
virtual int GetHowMany() { return HowManyCats; }
private:
int itsAge;
static int HowManyCats;
);
int Cat::HowManyCats = 0;
int main()
{
const int MaxCats = 5; int i;
Cat *CatHouse[MaxCats];
for (i = 0; i<MaxCats; i++)
{
cout << "There are ";
cout << CatHouse[i]->GetHowMany();
cout << " cats left!\ n";
cout << "Deleting the one which is
cout << CatHouse[i]->GetAge()+2;
cout << " years old\ n";
delete CatHouse[i];
14.
417
38: CatHouse[i] = 0;
39: }
40: return 0;
41: }
There are 5 cats
left!
Deleting the one
which
is 2 years old
There are 4 cats

left!
Deleting the one which
is 3 years old
There are 3 cats
left!

There are 2 cats
is 4 years old
left!
is 5 years old
There are 1 cats

left!
is 6 years old
17 - HowManyCats private.
,
, TelepathicFunction .
HowManyCats ,
. , GetHoqMany(),
, -.
GetHowManyO , .

.

-, private
protected.
-
.

.
-
- -:
, .
,
, 14.4.
14.4. -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 14.4. -
2:
4:
5: class Cat
418
:2
6: {
7: public:
8: Cat(int age):itsAge(age){ HowManyCats++; }
9: virtual Cat() { HowManyCats--; >
11: virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
12: static int GetHowManyO { return HowManyCats; }
13: private:
14: int itsAge;
15: static int HowManyCats;
16: } ;
17:
18: int Cat::HowManyCats = 0;
19:
20: void TelepathicFunction();
21:
22: int main()
23: {
24: const int MaxCats = 5;
25: Cat *CatHouse[MaxCats]; int i;
26: for (i = 0; i<MaxCats; i++)
27: {
28: CatHouse[i] = new Cat(i);
30: }
31:
32: for ( i = 0; KMaxCats; i++).
33: {
34: delete CatHouse[i];
36: }
37: return 0;
38: }
39:
40: void TelepathicFunction()
41: {
42:
cout
<<
"There
are
"
<<
Cat::GetHowMany()
"
cats
alive!\
n"
43: >

There
are 3 cats alive!

There
are 2 cats alive!

14.
.419
. ' -
15 Cat * . - HowManyCats. 12
- GetHowManyO GetHowManyO ,
,
Cat. TelepathicFunctionO 42
GetHowManyO, Cat. , GetHowManyO
main , Cat.
- this.
const. ,
- -
this, -
-!
-
- ,
-, ,
.
:
static int GetHowManyO {. return; HowManyCats; }
^MsltaliJJint^llowMahyCSlST^
.
911
..
:
'' ..Cat theCat; - // on |

howMany = theCat.GetHowManyO; //
);;/ // '.'

, ,
. -
.
, ,
, .

, . int
.
.
420

long (* funcPtr) (int);
funcPtr ( *
),
long. (* funcPtr) ,
(int)
(*). , funcPtr,

long. (, C++ .)
:
long * Function (int);
long (* funcPtr) (int);
FunctionO ,
long. funcPtr
,
long.

, .
14.5.
14.5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1;// 14.5.
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
void Square (int&,int&);

void Cube (int&, int&);
7:
void Swap (int&, int &);
8;
9;
void GetVals(int&, int&);

void PrintVals(int, int);
10;
11;
int main()
12;
13;
14;
void (* pFunc) (int &, int &);

bool fQuit = false;
15:
16:
int val0ne=1, valTwo=2;
17:
int choice;
18:
19:
while (fQuit == false)

{
20:cout "(O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap";

21:
22:
ein choice;
switch (choice)
23:
24:
{
case 1: pFunc = GetVals; break;
25:
case 2: pFunc = Square; break;
26:
27:
case 3: pFunc = Cube; break;

case 4: pFunc = Swap; break;
28:
default : fQuit = true; break;
14.
421
29: }
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
if (fQuit)
break;
PrintVals(valOne, valTwo);
pFunc(valOne, valTwo);
}
return 0;
39: }
40:
41: void PrintVals(int x, int y)
42: {
43: cout << "x: " << x " y: " << y << endl;
44: }
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
void Square (int & rX, int & rY)

{
rX *= rX;
rY *= rY;
50: }
51:
52: void Cube (int & rX, int & rY)
53: {
54: int tmp;
55:
56: tmp = rX;
57: rX *= rX;
58: rX = rX * tmp;
59:
60: tmp = rY;
61: rY *= rY;
62: rY = rY * tmp;
63: >
64;
65: void Swap(int & rX, int & rY)
66: {
67: int temp;
68: temp = rX;
69: rX = rY;
70: rY = temp;
71: }
72:
73: void GetVals (int & rValOne, int & rValTwo)
74: {
75: cout << "New value for ValOne: ";
76: cin >> rValOne;
77: cout << "New value for ValTwo: ";
78: cin >> rValTwo;
79: }
422
(O)Ouit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 1

x: 1 y: 2
New value for ValOne: 2
New value for ValTwo: 3
x: 2 y: 3
(O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 3
x: 2 y: 3
x: 8 y: 27
(O)Qult (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 2
x: 8 y: 27
x: 64 y: 729
x: 64 : 729
x: 729 : 64
58
. void
int.
13 pFunc ,
int void.
. ,
pFunc. 3436
,
.

,
, .
.
,
- . , ,
.
, .
, .
:
1:0^>'!'*'' , ! : ! ;

, 14.5,
,
: .
14.6 14.5,
. .
14.
423
14.. 14.S
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:// 14,6. 14,5
//
2:
3:
include <lostream.h>
4:
5:
void Square (int&,int&) ;
6:
7:
8:
9:
void PrintValsCint, int);
10 :
11:
int main()
12:
13:
bool fQuit = false;
14:
int valOne=1, valTwo=2;
15:
16:
int choice;
17:
{
18:cout "(O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap";
19:
cin >> choice;
20:
switch (choice)
21:
22:
case 1:
23:
24:
GetVals(valOne, valTwo);
25:
26:
break;
27:
28:
29:
30:
case 2:
Square(valOne,valTwo);
31:
32:
break;
33:
34:
case 3:
35:
36;
Cube(valOne, valTwo);
37:
38:
break;
39:
40:
41:
case 4:
42:
43:
Swap(valOne, valTwo);
44:
break;
45:
46:
424
default :
47:
fOuit = true;
48:
break;
49: }
50:
51: if (fOuit)
52:
break;
53: }
54: return 0;
55: }
56:
57: void PrintVals(int x, int y)
58; {
59: cout << "x: " << x << " y: " << y << endl;
60: }
61:
62: void Square (int & rX, int & rY)
63: {
64: rX *= rX;
65: rY *= rY;
66: }
67:
69: {
70: int tmp;
71:
72: tmp = rX;
73: rX *= rX;
74: rX = rX * tmp;
75:
76: tmp = rY;
77: rY *= rY;
78: rY = rY * tmp;
79: >
80:
82: {
83: int temp;
84: temp = rX;
85: rX = rY;
86: rY = temp;
87: }
88:
90: {
91: cout "New value for ValOne:
92: cin rValOne;
93: cout "New value for ValTwo: ";
94: cin rValTwo;
95: }
14.
425
t \ (O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 1

ifatosiiilii x: 1 y: 2
x: 2 : 3
x: 8 y: 27
x: 8 y: 27
x: 64 y: 729
x: 64 : 729
x: 729 y: 64
, 14.5. ,
, .
22 46 . , PrintVals()
case.
PrintValsO
while, case.
PrintVals() , .
.....

,
. , , pFunc ,
long,
pFunc. :
' Futve,)i{ :) 4 ;
.
, .

. ,
.
,
.
,
.

,
. 14.7 14.5,
.
426
14.7.
1:
//
14.7.
2:
4:
5: void Square (int&,int&);
6: void Cube (int&, int&);
7: void Swap (int&, int &);
8: void GetVals(int&, int&);
9: void PrintVals(int, int);
10:
11: int main()
12:
13: int valOne=1, valTwo=2;

14: int choice, i;
15: const MaxArray = 5;
16: void (*pFuncArray[MaxArray])(int&, int&);
17:
18: for (i=0;i<MaxArray;i++)
19: {
20: cout << "(1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: ";
21: cin >> choice;
22: switch (choice)
23: (
24:
case 1:pFuncArray[i] = GetVals; break;
25:
case 2:pFuncArray[i] = Square; break;
26:
27:
case 3:pFuncArray[i] = Cube; break;

case 4:pFuncArray[i] = Swap; break;
28:
default:pFuncArray[i] = 0;
29: }
30: }
31:
32: for (i=0;i<MaxArray; i++)
33: {
34: if ( pFuncArray[i] == 0 )
35:
continue;
36: pFuncArray[i](valOne,valTwo);
37: PrintVals(valOne,valTwo);
38: }
39: return 0;
40: }
41:
42; void PrintVals(int x, int y)
43: {
44: cout "x: " << x << " y: " << << endl;
45: }
46:
48: <
49: rX *= rX;
14.
50: rY *= rY;
51: }
52:
54: {
55: int tmp;
56:
57: tmp = rX;
58: rX *= rX;
59: rX = rX * tmp;
60:
61: tmp = rY;
62: rY *= rY;
63: rY = rY * tmp;
64: }
65:
67: {
68:
69:
70:
71:
int temp;
temp = rX;
rX = rY;
rY = temp;
72: }
73:
75: {
76: cout "New value for ValOne: ";
77: cin >> rValOne;
78: cout "New value for ValTwo: ";
79: cin rValTwo;
80: >
(1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 1

New Value for ValOne: 2
New Value for ValTwo: 3
x: 2 y: 3
x: 4 y: 9
x: 64 y: 729
x: 729 y: 64
x: 531441 :4096
,
,
, 14.5. 16 pFuncArray,
, void
int.
428
18-30
. .
32-38,
.

( )
.
14.5 ,
( main()), ,
.
14.8.
14.8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:// 14.8.
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:

7:
8:
9:void PrintVals(void (*)(int&, int&),int&, int&);

10 :
11:
int main()
12:
13:
int val0ne=1, valTwo=2;
14:
int choice;
15:
bool fQuit = false;
16:
17:
18:
void (*pFunc)(int&, int&);
19:
20:
21:cout << "(O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: ";

22:
cin >> choice;
23:
switch (choice)
24:
25:
case 1:pFunc = GetVals; break;
26:
case 2:pFunc = Square; break;
27:
case 3:pFunc = Cube; break;
28:
case 4:pFunc = Swap; break;
29:
default:fQuit = true; break;
30:
31:
32:
if (fQuit == true)
break;
33:
PrintVals ( pFunc, valOne, valTwo);
34:
35:
14.
429
36: return 0;
37: }
38:
39: void PrintVals( void (*pFunc)(int&, int&),int& x, int& y)
40: {
41: cout << "x: " << x << " y: " y << endl;
42: pFunc(x,y);
43: cout << "x: " << x << " y: " y << endl;
44: }
45:
47: {
48: rX *= rX;
49: rY *= rY;
50: }
51:
53: {
54: int tmp;
55:
56: tmp = rX;
57: rX *= rX;
58: rX = rX * tmp;
59:
60: tmp = rY;
61: rY *= rY;
62: rY = rY * tmp;
63: }
64:
65: void Swap(int & rX, int & -rY)
66: {
67: int temp;
68: temp = rX;
69: rX = rY;
70: rY = temp;
71: }
72:
74: {
76: cin >> rValOne;
78: cin >> rValTwo;
79: }
PESVJIkTAT

x: 1 y: 2
430
Heenn2
fJTl x: 2 y: 3
iSMS (O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap: 3

x: 2 y: 3
x: 8 y: 27
x: 8 y: 27
x: 64 : 729
x: 64 : 729
x: 729 :64
17 pFunc,
int void. PrintVals,
, 9.
, void int.
PrintVals
int. , 33
PrintVals.
, C++,
:
void PrintVals(void (*)(int&, int&), int&, int&);
,
, .
,
.
tgpedef |
void (*)(int&, int&) .
typedef, ( VPF)
, void
int. 14.9 14.8
.
14.8. typedef

14.9.
//
//
typedef
9:
10:
typedef
void
void
(*VPF)
(int&,
PrintVals(VPF,int&,
int&)
int&);
11:
14:
12; int main()

13: {
14: int valOne=1, valTwo=2;
15: int choice;
17:
18: VPF pFunc;
19:
20: while (fQuit == false)
21: {
22: cout << "(O)Quit (1)Change Values (2)Square (3)Cube (4)Swap:
23: cin choice;.
24: switch (choice)
25: {
26: case 1:pFunc = GetVals; break;
27: case 2:pFunc = Square; break;
28: case 3:pFunc = Cube; break;
29: case 4:pFunc = Swap; break;
30: default:fQuit = true; break;
31:
32:
}
if (fQuit == true)
33:
break;
34:
PrintVals ( pFunc, valOne, valTwo);
35:
36:
return 0;
37:
38:
39:
void PrintVals( VPF pFunc,int& x, int& y)
40:
41:
cout "x: " x " y; " y endl;
42:
43:
pFunc(x.y);
cout "x: " x " y: " << y endl;
44:
45:
46:
47:
void Square (int & rX, int & rY)

{
48: rX *= rX;
49: rY *= rY;
50:
51:
52:
void Cube (int & rX, int & rY)
53:
54: int tmp;

55:
56: tmp = rX;
57: rX *= rX;
58: rX = rX * tmp;
59:
60: tmp = rY;
61: rY *= rY;
432
62: rY = rY * tmp;
63: }
64:
66: {
67: int temp;
68: temp = rX;
69: rX = rY;
70: rY = temp;
71: >
72:
74: {
76: cin >> rValOne;
78: cin >> rValTwo;
79: }
' "

x: 1 y: 2
x: 2 y: 3
x: 2 : 3
x: 8 y: 27
x: 8 y: 27
x: 64 : 729
x: 64 y: 729
x: 729 y: 64
9 typedef VPF
, void int.
10 PrintVals(), : VPF
integer. 18 Pfunc VPF.
VPF pFunc
PrintValsO . ,
, .
-

, - .
, ().
14.
433
,
, (::
, pFunc - Shape,
void, :
void (Shape::*pFunc) (int.int);
- ,
. ,
,
. 14.10 .
14.10. -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1: // 14.10. -
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Mammal
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
public:
Mammal():itsAge(1) { }
virtual ~Mammal() { }
virtual void Speak() const = 0;
virtual void Move() const = 0;
protected:
13:
int itsAge;
14:
15:
} ;
16:
17:
18:

{
public:
19:
void Speak()const { cout << "Woof!\ n"; }
20:void Move() const { cout << "Walking to heel...\ n"; }
21:
};
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:

{
public:
27:
28:
void Speak()const { cout << "Meow!\ n"; }

void Move() const { cout << "slinking...\ n"; }
29:
30:
} ;
31:
32:
33:
34:
class Horse : public Mammal

{
public:
35:
36:
37:
void Speak()const { cout "Whinny!\ n"; }

void Move() const { cout << "Galloping..,\ n"; }
} ;
38:
39:
434
40:
int main()
41:
42:
void (Mammal::*pFunc)() const =0;
43:
44:
Mammal* ptr =0;

int Animal;
45:
int Method;
46:
47;
bool fQuit = false;
48:
49:

{
50:
51:
cout << "(O)Quit (1)dog (2)cat (3)horse

cin >> Animal;
52:
switch (Animal)
53:
54:
case 1: ptr = new Dog; break;
55:
case 2: ptr = new Cat; break;
56:
57:
58:
59:
60:
case 3: ptr = new Horse; break;

default: fQuit = true; break;
}
if (fQuit)
break;
61:
62:
cout << "(1)Speak (2)Move:
63:
64:
cin >> Method;

switch (Method)
65:
66:
67:
{
case 1: pFunc = Mammal::Speak; break;
default: pFunc = Mammal::Move; break;
68:
69:
70:
71:
72:
73:
74:
(ptr->*pFunc)();
delete ptr;
}
return 0;
}
I";
(0)Quit (1)dog (2)cat (3)horse: 1
Mi! run ftiff (i)Speak (2)Move: 1
Woof!
(0)Quit
(1)Speak
(1)dog (2)cat (3)horse: 2

(2)Move: 1
Meow!
(0)Quit
(1)Speak
(1)dog (2)cat (3)horse: 3

(2)Move: 2
Galloping
(0)Quit (1)dog (2)cat (3)horse: 0
414 Mammal ^'

Speak() Move(). Mammal
Dog, Cat Horse,
Speak() Move().
14.
435
main()
,
, 5456 ptr.
, pFunc.
70
ptr pFunc.
, 71 ptr delete,
, . ,
delete pFunc, ,
.
.
-
, -
.
-. ,
, .
14.11.
14.11. -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
// 14.11. -
2:
3:
ffinclude <iostream,h>
4:
5:
class Dog
6:
<
7:
public:
8:
void SpeakQconst { cout << "Woof!\ n"; }
9:
void Move() const { cout << "Walking to heel...\ n"; }
10:
void Eat() const { cout << "Gobbling food...\ n"; }
11:
void Growl() const { cout << "Grrrrr\ n"; }
12:
void WhimperO const { cout << "Whining noises...\ n"; }
13:
void RollOverO const { cout << "Rolling over...\ n"; }
14:void PlayDeadO const { cout << "Is this the end of Little Caesar?\ n"; }
15:
> ;
16:
17:
typedef void (Dog::*PDF)()const ;
18:
int main()
19:
20:
const int MaxFuncs = 7;
21:
PDF DogFunctions[MaxFuncs] =
22:
{ Dog::Speak,
23:
Dog::Move,
24:
Dog::Eat,
25:
Dog::Growl,
26:
Dog::Whimper,
27:
Dog::Roll0ver,
28:
Dog::PlayDead } ;
436
29:
30: Dog* pDog =0;
31: int Method;
33:
34: while (!fQuit)
35: {
36:
37:
cout
cout
<<
"(O)Quit
"
(1)Speak
(5)Whimper
(6)Rol1
(2)Move
Over
(3)Eat
(7)Play
(4)Growl";
Dead:
";
38: cin >> Method;

39: if (Method == 0)
40: {
41:
fQuit = true;
42: }
43: else
44: {
45:
pDog = new Dog;
46:
(pDog->*DogFunctions[Method-1 ])();
47:
delete pDog;
48: >
49: }
50: return 0;
51: }
(0)Quit (1)Speak (2)Move (3)Eat (4)Growl (5)Whimper (6)Rol1 Over (7)Play

Dead: 1
Woof!
(0)Quit (1)Speak (2)Move (3)Eat (4)Growl (5)Whimper (6)Roll Over (7)Play
Dead: 4
Grrr
Dead: 7
Is this the end of Little Caesar?
Dead: 0
.,
515 Dog, -,
.
17 typedef PDF -
Dog, .
2128 DogFunctions,
-.
36 37 .
, Quit, Dog,
( 46). ,
, C++:
(pDog->*-Dog Functions[Method-1 ])();
, , ,
-, .
14.
437

.
^
-.

-,
.
- ,
, -, ,
. - public,
, ,
.
-
. ,
,
-.
,
-.
- ,
-. -
, .
-.
- this,
-.
- this -
const. , - const
, this .
, ,
-,
.
, -
,
.
.

, ?
.
- ,
, ( , -
public), - .
- ,
438
. ,
++, -
.
-,
?
-
, :
1:: 1().

-?
. .
.

,
.
, .
,
.
1. - ?
2. -.
3. .
4.
, int
long.
5. , 4, - .
6. , 5.
1.
, - -. ,
-
-. ,
.
2.
1,
, ,
- - .
-.
14.
439
3.
2 ,
- -.
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4. 3 -
-
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5.
- .
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440

,
,
.
, ,
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. ++
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.
,
.
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.
311 .
, , .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
//
II * * * *
2.
441
18:
20:
21:
22:
23: f f **************** ***********'*

24:
25: // ,
26: class Part
27: {
2: public:
29:
rt():itsPartNumber(1) { }
30:
Part(int PartNumber):itsPartNumber(PartNumber){ }
31:
virtual "Part(){ } ;
32:
int GetPartNumber() const { return itsPartNumber; }
33:
virtual void DisplayO const =0: // private
34: private:
35:
int itsPartNumber;
36: > ;
37:
38: //
39: //
40: void Part::Display() const
41: {
42:
cout << "\ : " << itsPartNumber endl;
43: }
44:
45: // ************* **********
46:
47: class CarPart : public Part
48: {
49: public:
50:
CarPartO : itsModelYear(94) { }
51:
CarPart(int year, int partNumber);
52:
53:
virtual void DisplayO const

{
54:
55:
56:
Part::DisplayO; cout " : ";

cout << itsModelYear << endl;
}
57: private:
58:
int itsModelYear;
59: } ;
60:
61: CarPart::CarPart(int year, int partNumber):
62:
63:
itsModelYear(year),
Part(partNumber)
64: { }
65:
66:
67; // ************* **********
442
68:
69: class AirPlanePart : public Part
70: {
71: public:
72:
AirPlanePart():itsEngineNumber(1) { } ;
73:
AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber);
74:
75:

{
76:
Part::Display(); cout << " :
77:
cout << itsEngineNumber << endl;
78:
79: private:
80:
int itsEngineNumber;
81: } ;
82:
83: AirPlanePart::AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
84:
itsEngineNumber(EngineNumber),
85:
Part(PartNumber)
86 : { }
87:
88: // ************** **********
89: class PartNode
90: {
91: public:
92:
PartNode (Part*);
93:
"PartNodeO;
94:
void SetNext(PartNode * node) { itsNext = node; }
95:
PartNode * GetNextO const;
96:
Part * GetPart() const;
97: private:
98:
Part *itsPart;
99:
100: } ;
PartNode * itsNext;
101 :
102: // PartNode...
103:
104: PartNode::PartNode(Part* pPart):
105: itsPart(pPart),
106: itsNext(O)
107: { }
108:
109: PartNode::'PartNode()
110: {
111:
delete itsPart;
112:
itsPart = 0;
113:
delete itsNext;
114:
itsNext = 0;
115: }
116:
117: // NULL, PartNode
2.
118: PartNode * PartNode::GetNext() const

119: {
120:
return itsNext;
121: }
122:
123: Part * PartNode::GetPart() const
124: {
125:
126:
if (itsPart)
return itsPart;
127:
else
128:
return NULL; //
129: }
130:
131: // **************** *.****.***
132: class PartsList
133: <
134: public:
135:
136:
137:
PartsList();
//
-PartsListO;
,
138:
139:
int GetCountO const { return itsCount; }
140:
Part* GetFirstO const;
141:
142:
static PartsList& GetGlobalPartsList()

{
143:
144:
Part* Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const;
return GlobalPartsList;
}
145:
void
146:
void
147:
Insert(Part *);
Iterate(void (Part::*f)()const) const;
Part* operator[](int) const;
148: private:
149:
PartNode * pHead;
150:
151:
int itsCount;
static PartsList GlobalPartsList;
152: } ;
153:
154: PartsList PartsList::GlobalPartsList;
155:
156: // ,,.
157:
158: PartsList::PartsList():
159:
pHead(O),
160:
itsCount(O)
161: { }
162:
163: PartsList::"PartsList()
164: {
165:
delete pHead;
166: }
167:
444
168: Part* PartsList::GetFirst() const

169: {
170:
if (pHead)
171:
172:
return pHead->GetPart();
else
173:
return NULL; //
174: }
175:
176: Part * PartsList::operator[](int offSet) const
177: {
178:
PartNode* pNode = pHead;
179:
180:
if (!pHead)
181:
return NULL; //
182:
183:
if (offSet > itsCount)
184:
return NULL; //
185:
186:
for (int i=0;i<offSet; i++)
187:
188:
189:
pNode = pNode->GetNext();
return pNode->GetPart();
190: }
191:
192: Part* PartsList::Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const
193: {
194:
PartNode * pNode = 0;
195:
for (pNode = pHead, position = 0;
196:
pNode!=NULL;
197:
pNode = pNode->GetNext(), position++)
198:
199:
{
if (pNode->GetPart()->GetPartNumber() == PartNumber)
200:
break;
201: }
202;
if (pNode == NULL)
203:
204:
return NULL;
else
205:
206: >
207:
208: void PartsList::Iterate(void (Part::*func)()const) const
209: {
210:
if (!pHead)
211:
return;
212:
213:
do
214:
215:
(pNode->GetPart()->*func)();
while (pNode = pNode->GetNext());
216: }
217:
2.
218:
void PartsList::Insert(Part* pPart)
219:
<
220 :
221:
PartNode * pNode = new PartNode(pPart);
222:
PartNode * pNext = 0;
223:
224:
int New = pPart->GetPartNumber();
PartNode * pCurrent = pHead;
225:
int Next = 0;
226:
227:
itsCount++;
228:
if (!pHead)
229:
{
pHead = pNode;
230:
return;
231:
232:
233:
234:
// ,
235:
//
if (pHead->GetPart()->GetPartNumber() > New)
236:
237:
238:
{
pNode->SetNext(pHead);
pHead = pNode;
239:
return;
240:
241:
242:
243:
for (;;)
244:
245:
// ,
246:
if (!pCurrent->GetNext())
247:
<
248:
pCurrent->SetNext(pNode);
return;
249:
250:
>
251:
// , ,
252:
// . Next
253:
254:
255:
pNext = pCurrent->GetNext();
Next = pNext->GetPart()->GetPartNumber();
256:
if (Next > New)
257:
258:
259:
pNode->SetNext(pNext);
return;
260:
261:
262:
pCurrent = pNext;
263:
264:
>
}
265:
266:
int main()
267:
268:
Pa rtslist&pl = PartsList::GetGlobalPa rtsList();
269:
Part * pPart = 0;
270:
int PartNumber;
271:
int value;
272:
int Choice;
273:
274:
while (1)
275:
276:
277:
cout << "(O)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: ";

cin >> choice;
278:
279:
if (Ichoice)
280:
break;
281:
282:
cout << "New PartNumber?: ";
283:
cin >> PartNumber;
284:
285:
if (choice == 1)
286: {
287:
cout << "Model Year?: ;
288:
cin >> value;
289:
pPart = new CarPart(value,PartNumber);
290:
291:
}
else
292:
293:
cout << "Engine Number?: ";
294:
cin >> value;
295:
296:
pPart = new AirPlanePart(value,PartNumber);

}
297:
298:
299:
300:
301:
302:
pi.Insert(pPart);
}
void (Part::*pFunc)()const = Part:: Display ;
pl.Iterate(pFunc);
return 0;
303: }
(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 1

New PartNumber?: 2837
Model Year? 90
Engine Number?: 4938
Model Year? 94
Model Year? 93
2.
447
(O)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane:

Part Number: 378
Engine No.: 4938
Part Number: 2837
Model Year: 90
Part Number: 3000
Model Year: 93
Part Number: 4499
Model Year: 94
Part.
,
,
.
Part, Part
,
- itsPartNumber. Part
CarPart AirPlanePart.
Part 2636, -
. ,

. Part ,
DisplayO.
, 4043
DisplayO. , DisplayO
,
.
, CarPart AirPlanePart,
4759 6987 . DisplayO
DisplayO .
PartNode Part rtList.
Part .

Part.
PartsList,
132152.
(pHead) , ,
.
, NULL.
, .

,
.
PartsList ,
. ,
.
448
Find() PartNumber int.

PartNumber,
Part . PartNumber
, NULL.
GetCountO
. PartsList - itsCount,
, .
GetFirstO Part
NULL, .
QetQlobalrtsList () -
GiobalPartsList. GlobaiPartsList
PartsList, , ,
.
Part ,
GiobalPartsList.
Insert Part,
PartNode Part PartNumber.
Iterate - Part
, void.
Part . Part
DisplayO, . ,
DisplayO, Part.
Operator[] Part
.
: , ,
NULL, .

.
main() 266-303. 268
PartsList GiobalPartsList.
, GiobalPartsList 154. ,
-
. -
.
274299 ,
. ,
, 298.
InsertO PartList 218264.
2837 CarPart,
Linked Li st: :Insert()c 90.
220 PartNode,
. New . - itsCount
PartsList 226.
228 pHead NULL.
TRUE, pHead
. 230 pHead
.
.
37 4938.
2.
449
PartsList:: Insert() pNode .

- itsCount 2 pHead.
pHead , .
236 , ,
pHead ( 2837), 378.
, 236 TRUE
.
238 pNode ,
pHead. ,
, , . 239 pHead
.
4499
94.
.
, pHead,
for 243.
378.
2837. 4499.
pCurrent . next
, pCurrent, .
, 246 False.
pCurrent , .
246 .
, .
3000.
,
2837, 4499. 256
TRUE, .
0, 279 TRUE
while(1) . 300 - DisplayQ
- pFunc.
, .
- Iterate PartsList. 208
Iterate() , . 213215
-
Part. Part
DisplayO, .
450

, ++ .
-
, .

. 16 , 17
++ .
18 - .
,
- . 19
, 20
. ,
++,
.

. :
, , , ,
, -
. C++ ,
. , Employee -
( )
( ..).
15.1 , String.
- ,
.
15.1. s t r i n g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
2:
include <string.h>
3:
4:
class String
5:
6:
<
public:
7:
//
8:
St ring();
9: String(const char *const);
452
10:
String(const String &);
11:
"StringO;
12:
13:
//
14:
char & operator[](int offset);
15:
16:
char operator[](int offset) const;

String operator+(const String&);
17:
void operator+=(const StringS);
18:
String & operator= (const String &);
19:
20:
//
21:
int GetLen()const { return itsLen; }
22: const char * GetStringO const { return itsString; }

23:// ConstructorCount;
24:
25:
private:
26:
String (int); //
27:
char * itsString;
28:
29:
unsigned short itsLen;
30:
} ;
31:
32:// String 0
33:
34:
String::St ing()
{
35:
itsString = new char[1];
36:
itsString[0] = '\ O;
37:
itsLen=0;
38:
// cout "\ tOefault string constructor\ n";
39:
// ConstructorCount++;
40:
41:
42:
43:
// ,
//
44:
// ,
45:
String:;String(int Ian)
46:
47:
itsString = new char[len+1]:
48;
for (int 1 = 0; i<=len; i++)
49;
itsString[i] * \ O';
50:
itsLen=len;
51:
// cout << "\ tString(int) constructor n";
52:
53:
54:
55:
//
56:
String::St ing(const char * const cString)
57:
58:
59:
itsString = new char[itsLen+1];
15.
60:
for (int i = 0; icitsLen; i++)
61:
62:
itsString[itsLen]='\ O':
63: // cout << "\ tString(char*) constructor\ n";

64:
65:
66:
67:
// -
68:
69:
70:
itsLen=rhs.Getlen();
71:
72:
for (int i = 0; i<itsLen;i++)
73:
itsString[i] = rhs[i ];
74:
itsString[itslen] = '\ O;
75: // cout "\ tString(String&) constructor\ n";

76:
77:
}
78:
79:
//
80:
String::"String ()
81:
82:
83:
{
itsLen = 0;
84:
// cout "\ tString destructor\ n";
85:
86:
87: // ,
88:
//
89: Striflg& String::operator=(const String & rhs)

90:
91:
92:
93:
if (this == &rhs)
return this;
94:
95:
96:
for (int i = 0; KitsLen; i++)
97:
98:
itsString[itsLen] = \ O;
99:
return *this;
100:
// cout << "\ tString operator=\ n";
101:
102:
103: // ,
104:// ,
105:
106:
107:
//
char & String::operato[](int offset)
{
108:
if (offset > itslen)
109:
454
110:
else
111:
return itsStnng[offset];
112 :
113:
114:
// ,
115:// (. -!)
116:
char String::operato[](int offset) const
117:
118:
119:

return itsString[itsl_en-1 ];
120:
else
121:
122:
123:
124:
// ,
125:
// rhs
126:
String String::operator+(const String& rhs)
127:
128:
int totalLen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();
129:
130:
131:
132:
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<itslen; i++)
temp[i] = itsString[i ];
133:
for (j = 0; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)
134:
temp[i] = rhs[j ];
135:
136:
temp[totalLen]=\ O';
return temp;
137:
138:
139: // ,
140:
141:

{
142:
unsigned short rhsLen = rhs.GetLen();
143:
144:

145:
int i, j;
146:
147:
148:
149:
temp[i] = rhs[i-itsLen ];
150:
temp[totalLen]='\ O;
151:
*this = temp;
152:
153:
154:
// int String::ConstructorCount = 0;
15.
455
15.1 String ,
12.12.
: 12.12
,
. 15.1 ,
.
- Const ructorCount
23 154.
String.
.
15.2 Employee, String.
15.2. E m p l o y e e _________________________________________________________
1:
include "String.hpp"
2:
3:
class Employee
4:
5;
6:
public:
7:
8:
EmployeeO;
Employee(char *, char *, char *, long);
9:
'EmployeeO;
10:
Employee(const Employee&);
11:
Employee & operator= (const Employee &);
12;
13;
const String & GetFirstName() const
14:
{ return itsFirstName; }
15;const String & GetLastName() const { return itslastName; }

16:const String & GetAddressO const { return itsAddress; }
17:
long GetSalaryO const { return itsSalary; }
18:
19;
void SetFirstName(const String & fNama)
20:
{ ItsFirstName = fName; }
21:
void SetLastName(const String & INama)
22:
23:
{ itsLastName = INamo; }
void SetAddress(const String & address)
24:
{ itsAddress = address; }
25:void SetSalary(long salary) { ItsSalary = salary; }

25:
27;
private:
String itsFirstName;
28;
String itslastName;
29:
String itsAddress;
30:
long ItsSalary;
31:
32:
} ;
33:
Employee:: EmployeeO :
34:
itsFirstNameC"),
35: itsLastNameC"),
36; itsAddressC"),
456
37:
itsSalary(O)
38:
{ }
39:
40:Employee::Employee(char * firstName, char * lastName,
41:
char * address, long salary):
42:
43:
itsFirstName(firstName),
itsLastName(lastName),
44:
itsAddress(address),
45:
itsSalary(salary)
46:
47:
{ >
48: Employee::Employee(const Employee & rhs):

49:
itsFirstName(rhs.Get FirstName()),
50:
itsLastName(rhs,Get LastName()),
51:
itsAddress(rhs.GetAddressO),
52:
itsSalary(rhs.GetSalaryO)
53:
54:
{ }
55:
Employee:;Employea() { }
56:
57:Employee & Employee::operator= (const Employee & rhs)
58:
59:
60:
if (this == &rhs)
return this;
61:
62:
itsFlrstName = rhs.GetFirstName();
63:
itsLastName = rhs.GetLastNameO;
64:
itsAddress = rhs,GetAddress();
65:
itsSalary = rhs.GetSala ry();
66:
67:
return this;
68:
69:
70:
int main()
71:
{
72:Employee Edie("Jane","Doe","1461 Shore Parkway", 20000);
73:
Edie.SetSalary(50000);
74:
String LastName("Levine");
75:
Edie.SetLastName(lastName);
76:
Edie.SetFirstName("Edythe");
77:
78:
cout << ": ";
79: cout Edie.GetFirstName().GetString();
80:cout << " " << Edie.GetLastName().GetString();
81:
82:
cout << ".\ : ";

cout Edie.GetAddress().GetString();
83:
cout << ",\ : " ;
84:
85:
cout Edie.GetSalaryO;
return 0;
86 :
15.
457
15.1 String.hpp.
, String,
15.1, include "String, hpp".
15.2.
Name: Edythe Levine.
Address: 1461 Shore Parkway.
Salary: 50000
15.2 Employee, -
String itsFirstName, itsLastName itsAddress.
72 Employee,
. 73 SetSalary Employee,
50000.
,
.
74
String, 75 SetLastName().
76 SetFirstName Employee
.
Employee, , SetFirstName(),
. SetFirstNameQ
String.
, 9 15.1 ,
String .

Employee String. Edie Employee
- itsLen, itsFirstName, .
. Employee
String, Employee
String, , - itsSalary .

, , , String operator+.
operator+ . ,
Employee , ,
GetFirstNameQ, . operator+
( ) ( , ),
:
Employee
String buffer = Edie.GetFirstName() + Edie.GetLastName();
458
GetFirstNameO
operator+ .
, GetFirstNameO
, :
const String & GetFirstNameO const { return itsFirstName; }
String & GetFirstNameO { return itsFirstName; }
, ,
-.
. .

,
Employee.
cout 15.1 ( 38, 51,
63, 75, 84 100), , . 15.3
, 15.2,
,
Employee.
.
38, 51, 63, 75, 84

100 15.1.
flucfflm 15.3. KoHcmppinopbi BAOieHHbix KnaccoB_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1:
2:
3:
class Employee
4:
5:
6:
public:
7:
EmployeeO;
8:
9:
"EmployeeO;
10;
11:
12 ;
13:
const String & GetFirstNameO const
14:
15:const String & GetLastName() const { return itsLastName; }

16:const String & GetAddressO const { return itsAddress; }
17:
18:
19:
void SetFirstName(const String & fName)
20:
{ itsFirstName = fName; }
15.
459
21:
void SetLastName(const String & IName)
22:
{ itslastName = IName; }
23:
24:
{ itsAddress = address; }
25:void SetSalary(long salary) { itsSalary = salary; >
26:
27:
private:
28:
String itsLastName;
29:
String itsAddress;
30:
long itsSalary;
31:
32:
} ;
33:
Employee::Employee():
34:
itsFirstName(""),
35;
itsLastNameC"),
36:
itsAddressC"),
37:
itsSalary(O)
38;
{ }
39:
41:
42:
itsFirstName(firstNama),
43;
44;
itsAddrsss(address),
45;
itsSalary(salary)
46;
{ >
47:
48: Employee::Employee(const Employee & rhs):
49;
itsFi rstName(rhs,Get FirstName()),
50:
itsLastName(rhs.Get LastName()),
51:
52:
itsAddress(rhs.GetAddressO),
itsSalary(rhs.GetSalaryO)
53:
54:
{ }
55:
Employee::Employee() { }
56:
57;Employee & Employee::operator= (const Employee & rhs)
58:
59:
if (this == &rhs)
60:
return this;
61:
62:
itsFirstName = rhs.GetFi.rstName();
63;
64:
itsAddress = rhs.GetAddress();
65:
itsSalary = rhs. GetSalaryO;
66:
67:
return this;
68:
69:
70;
460
int main()
71
{
cout "Creating Edie...\ n";
72
73
Employee Edie("Jane","Doe","1461 Shore Parkway", 20000);
74
Edie,SetSalary(20000);
75
cout "Calling SetFirstName with char n";
76
Edie. SetFirstNameCEdythe");
77
cout "Creating temporary string LastName,,,\ n";
78
79
Edie,SstLastName(LastName);
80
81
cout "Name;
82
cout Edie,QetFirstName(),Q@tString();
83
cout << " " << Edie,GetLastName().QetStrlng();
84
cout << "\ nAddress:
85
cout << Edie.GetAddress(),GetString();
86
87
oout << "\ nSalary: " ;

cout << Edie.GetSalary();
88
89
90
oout << endl;

return 0;
}
Creating Edie.,,
String(char*) constructor
Calling SetFirstName with char *...
String destructor
Creating temporary string LastName,
10 Name: Edythe Levine

11
12
Address: 1461 Shore Parkway

Salary: 20000
13
String
destructor
14
String
destructor
15
String
destructor
16
String destructor
15.3 ,
, cout .
, , , .
72 15.3 Creating Edie...,
. Edie Employee
.
String, .
75 SetFirstName.
, Edie.SetFirstName('Edythe"), String
"Edythe",
15.
461
String (. 6- ). ,
-,
String (. 7- ).
, .
,
String. ,
78 String. , ,
9- . ,
, .

Employee,
, Employee,
Last .

15.3 , Employee
String. 15.4
.
15.1 ( )
- ConstructorCount, String.
15.1, ConstructorCount
String.
, 15.4, Employee
, . - ConstructorCount ,
String Employee
.
15.1
, 15.3,
23, 39, 52, 64, 76 153.
15.4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
2:
3:
class Employee
4:
5:
6:
public:
7:
Employee();
8:
9;
10;
11:
"EmployeeO;
12:
13:
const String & GetFirstName() const
14:
15:const String & GetLastName() const { return itsLastName; }
462
16:const String & GetAddressQ const { return itsAddress;

17:
18:
19:
void SetFirstName(const String & fName)
20:
21:
{ itsFirstName = fName; }
void SetLastName(const String & IName)
22:
{ itsLastName = IName; }
23:
24:
{ itsAddress = address; >
25:void SetSalary(long salary) { itsSalary = salary; }

26:
private:
27:
28:
String itsLastName;
29:
String itsAddress;
30:
long itsSalary;
31:
} ;
32:
33:
Employee::Employee():
34:
itsFirstName(""),
itsLastName(-'),
35:
36:
itsAddressO"),
37:
itsSalary(O)
38:
39:
{ }

41:
42:
itsFirstName(firstName),
43:
44:
itsAddress(address),
45:
itsSalary(salary)
46:
{ }
47:
48:
49:
50:
Employee::Employee(const Employee & rhs):

itsFi rstName(rhs.GetFi rstName()),
itsLastName(rhs.GetLastName()),
51:
itsAddress(rhs.GetAddress()),
52:
itsSalary(rhs.GetSalary())
53:
{ }
54:
55:
Employee::Employee() { }
56:
57:Employee & Employee::operator= (const Employee & rhs)
58:
59:
if (this == &rhs)
60:
return *this;
61:
62:
itsFirstName = rhs.GetFirstName();
63:
64:
itsAddress = rhs.GetAddressO;
65:
itsSalary = rhs.GetSalaryO;
15.
66:
67:
return *this;
68:
69:
70:
void PrintFunc(Employee);
71:
void rPrintFunc(const Employees.);
72:
73:
int main()
74:
75:Employee Edie("Jane","Doe","1461 Shore Parkway", 20000);

76;
Edie.SetSalary(20000);
77:
Edle,Set FirstName(Edythe");
78:
79:
Edle,SetlastName(LastName);
80:
81:
cout "Constructor count: " ;
82:
oout String;:ConstructorCount << endl;
83:
rPrintFunc(Edie);
84:
85:
86:
cout << "Constructor count: ";

cout << String::ConstructorCount endl;
PrintFunc(Edie);
87:
88:
89:
cout << "Constructor count: ";

cout << String::ConstructorCount endl;
return 0;
90:
91:
void PrintFunc (Employee Edie)
92:
93:
94:
95:
cout << "Name: ";

cout << Edie,GetFirstName().GetString();
96:
97;
98;
cout << " " << Edie.GetLastName().GetString();

cout ",\ nAddress: ";
cout << Edie.GetAddress().GetString();
99:
100:
cout << ",\ nSalary: " ;

101:
cout << endl;
102:
103:
104:
105:
void rPrintFunc (const Employee& Edie)
106:
107;
cout << "Name: ";
108:
cout << Edie.GetFirstName().GetString();
109;
cout << " " << Edie.GetLastName().GetString();
110;
111:
cout << "\ nAddress: ";

cout << Edie.GetAddress().GetString();
112:
113:
cout << "\ nSalary: " ;

114:
cout << endl;
115:
464
St ring(cha r*) constructor
St ring(cha r*) constructor
String destructor
St ring(char*) constructor
Constructor count: 5
Name: Edythe Levine
Address: 1461 Shore Parkway
Salary: 20000
Constructor count; 5
tring(Strlng&) constructor
String(String&) constructor
String(String&) constructor
Name: Edythe Levine,
Address: 1461 Shore Parkway.
Salary: 20000
String
String
destructor
destructor
String
Constructor
destructor
count; 8
String
destructor
String
destructor
String
destructor
String destructor
Wi'f*1 , , 0 Employee String.

Employee rPrintFuncO ,
Employee .
String. ( , , .)
Employee PrintFuncO ,
Employee String (
-).

. , ,
PartsCatalog. PartsCatalog
, .
PartsCatalog ,
.
, ,
PartsList. ,
PartsCatalog. PartsList
PartsCatalog, PartsCatalog
PartsList.
15,
465
. PartsCatalog
. ,
( public)
.
PartsCatalog PartList?
, .
rtsList,
1. PartsList , PartsCatalog?
, , , .
2.
PartsCatalog
PartsList,
, , .
PartsList?
3.

?
.
, ,
, (.
) . ,
.
, , .
PartsCatalog PartsList? ,
PartsCatalog
PartsList. , PartsList
, ,
. PartsCatalog
.
, PartsList PartsList
public,
InsertO ([]).
.
PartsCatalog, ,
operator+ .
PartsList.

, 15.5.
466
15.5. r t s L i s t ,
r t s C a t a l o g _____________________________
2:
3; II **************** Part ************

4:
5: //
6: class Part
7: {
8: public:
9: Part(): itsPartNumber(1) { }
10: Part(int PartNumber):
11:
itsPartNumber(PartMumber){ }
12: virtual "Part(){ }
13: int GetPartNumber() const
14:
{ return itsPartNumber; }
15: virtual void DisplayQ const =0;

16: private:
17: int itsPartNumber;
18: } ;
19:
20: //
21: //
22: void Part::Display() const
23: {
24: cout << "\ nPart Number: " << itsPartNumber endl;
25: }
26:
27: // ************ **********
28:
30: <
31: public:
32: CarPartO :itsModelYear(94){ >
33: CarPart(int year, int partNumber);
34: virtual void DisplayQ const
35: {
36:
Part::Display();
37:
cout << "Model Year:
38:
cout << itsModelYear << endl;
39: }
40: private:
41: int itsModelYear;
42: } ;
43:
45: itsModelYear(year),
46: Part(partNumber)
47: { }
15.
467
48:
49:
50:
//
51:
52:
class AlrPlanePart : public Part
53:
54:
public:
AirPlanePart():itsEngineNumbr(1){ } ;
AirPlanePart
(int EnglneNumbsr, int PartNumber);
virtual void DlsplayO const
55:
56:
57:
58:
59:
<
60:
Part::Display ();
61:
cout " Engine No.:

cout itsEngineNumber endl;
62:
63:
64:
65:
private:
66:
};
67:
68:
69:
71:
AirPlanePart::AlrPlanePart
(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
Part(PartNumber)
72:
{)
70:
73:
74:
// ************** **
75:
class PartNode
76:
77:
public:
PartNode (Part*);
PartNode();
void SetNext(PartNode * node)
{ itsNext = node; }
PartNode * GetNextO const;
Part * GetPart() const;
private:
Part *itsPart;
PartNode * itsNext;
78:
79:
80:
81:
82:
83:
84:
85:
86:
87:
88:
> ;
// PartNode...
89:
90:
91:
92:
PartNode::PartNode(Part pPart):
itsPart(pPart),
itsNext(O)
93:
94:
{>
95:
PartNode::'PartNode()
96:
97:
delete itsPart;
98: itsPart = 0;
99: delete itsNext;
100: itsNext = 0;
101 : }
102 :
103: // NULL, PartNode
104: PartNode * PartNode::GetNext() const
105: <
106:
return itsNext;
107; }
108:
110 : {
111: if (itsPart)
112:
return itsPart;
113: else
114:
return NULL; //
115: }
116:
117:
118:
119: // **************** .**.*******
121:{
122: public:
123: PartsListO;
124: 'PartsListO;
125: // , -
!
126: void Iterate(void (Part::*f)()const) const;
127: Part* Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const;
128: Part* GetFirstO const;
129: void Insert(Part *);
130: Part* operator[](int) const;
131: int GetCountO const { return itsCount;}
132: static PartsList& GetGlobalPartsListO
133: (
134:
135: }
136: private:
137: PartNode * pHead;
138: int itsCount;
139: static PartsList GlobalPartsList;
140: } ;
141:
143:
144:
145: PartsList:: PartsListO :
146: pHead(O),
15.
147:
itsCount(O)
148:
{}
149:
150:
PartsList: : "PartsListO
151:
152:
153:
delete pHead;
154:
155:
Part* PartsList::GetFirst() const
156:
{
if (pHead)
157:
158:
else
159:
return NULL; //
160:
161:
162:
163:
Part * PartsList::operator[](int offSet) const
164:
165:
166:
167:
if (!pHead)
return NULL; //
168:
169:
170:
171:
return NULL; //
172:
173:
for (int i=0; KoffSet; i++)
174:
pNode = pNode->GetNext();
175:
176:
177:
178:
180:
Part* PartsList::Find(
int & position,
181:
182:
179:
int PartNumber) const
183:
184:
185:
pNode!=NULL;
186:
187:
{
if
188:
189:
(pNode->GetPart()->GetPartNumber()==
190:
191:
if (pNode == NULL)
192:
193:
194:
PartNumber)
break;
return NULL;
else
195:
196:

198: {
199: if (!pHead)
200:
return;
201: PartNode* pNode = pHead;

202: do
203:
(pNode->GetPart()->*func)();
204: while (pNode = pNode->GetNext());

205: }
206:
207: void PartsList::Insert(Part* pPart)
208: {
209: PartNode * pNode = new PartNode(pPart);
210: PartNode * pCurrent - pHead;
211: PartNode * pNext = 0;
212 :
213: int New = pPart->GetPartNumber();

214: int Next = 0;
215: itsCount++;
216:
217: if (!pHead)
218: {
219:
pHead = pNode;
220:
return;
221: }
222:
223: // ,
224: //
225: if (pHead->GetPart()->GetPartNumber() > New)
226: {
227:
228:
229:
pHead = pNode;
return;
230: }
231:
232: for (;; )
233: {
234:
// ,
235:
236:
237:
238:
239:
return;
}
240:
241:
// , ,
242:
// . Next
243:
244:
Next = pNext->GetPart()-> GetPartNumber();
245:
if (Next > New)
246:
15.
247:
248:
return;
249:
250:
}
pCurrent = pNext;
251:
252:
>
253:
254:
255:
256:
257:
class PartsCatalog
258:
<
259:
public:
260:
void Insert(Part *);
261:
int Exists(int PartNumber);
262:
Part * Get(int PartNumber);
263:
operator+(const PartsCatalog &);

void ShowAllO { thePartsList.Iterate(Part:
264:
265:
PartsList thePartsList;
266:
267:
:Display);
private:
};
268:
269:
void PartsCatalog::Insert(Part * newPart)
270:
271:
int partNumber = nawPart->GetPartNumber();
272:
int offset;
273:
if (!thePartsList.Find(offst, partNumber))
274:
275:
thePartsList,Insert(newPart);
276:
277:
else
278:
279:
cout partNumber " ";
280:
switch (offset)
281:
{
case 0: cout << "first "; break;
282:
283:
case 1: cout "second "; break;
284:
case 2: cout "third "; break;

default; cout offset+1 "th ";
285:
286:
}.
287:
cout "entry. Rejected!\ n";
288:
289:
>
}
290:
291:
int PartsCatalog::Exists(int PartNumber)
292:
293:
int offset;
294:
thePartsList.Find(offset,PartNumber);
return offset;
295:
296:
297:
298: Part * PartsCatalog::Get(int PartNumber)

299: {
300: int offset;
301; Part * thePart = thePartsList.Find(offset, PartNumber);
302: return thePart;
303; }
304;
305:
306: int main()
307: {
308: PartsCatalog pc;
309; Part * pPart = 0;
310: int PartNumber;
311: int value;
312: int choice;
313:
314: while (1)
315: {
316: cout "(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: ";
317: cin >> choice;
318;
319: if (Ichoice)
320:
break;
321;
322: cout "New PartNumber?; ";
323: cin PartNumber;
324:
325: if (choice == 1)
326: {
327:
cout "Model Year?; ";
328:
cin value;
329;
330: }
331: else
332; <
333;
cout "Engine Number?; ";
334:
cin value;
335;
336: >
337: pc.Insert(pPart);
338: }
339; pc.ShowAllQ;
340: return 0;
341; }

Model Year?: 94
15.
(O)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 1

Model Year?: 93
Model Year?: 94
1234 was the first entry. Rejected!
Model Year?: 93
Part Number: 1234
Model Year: 94
Part Number: 2345
Model Year: 93
Part Number: 4434
Model Year: 93
264,
C++.
,
264: void ShowAllO { thePartsList.Iterate(&Part::Display); }
( &)
, ,
, , "".
Part:Display.)
15.5 Part, PartNode PartsList, .

PartsCatalog 257267. PartsList
-, .
, PartsCatalog PartsList.
, PartsCatalog
PartsList. PartsList PartsCatalog,
. , PartsCatalog: :Insert()
, PartsList.
PartsCatalog: :Insert() 269.
Part, , itsPartNumber.
Find() PartsList,
, .
.
, InsertO PartCatolog
- thePartList, PartList.
,
PartsList,
- PartsCatalog.
PartsCatalog,
PartsList.
474
C++.
, PartsLists,
, PartsCatalog.
PartsCatalog PartsList.
PartsList ( )
, PartsCatalog.
PartsCatalog
( ) PartsCatalog
PartsList
PartsList, PartsList.
, PartsCatalog PartsList
PartsList
PartsCatalof, .
, :
- ,
, . ,
, - PartsCatalog, ,
PartsList. :
.
PartsList PartsCatalog.
PartsList .
PartsCatalog,
PartsList, PartsCatalog
PartList. , PartsCatalog PartsList,
. PartsCatalog
PartsList, .
.
15.6.
PartsCatalog private PartsList.
15.. ______________________________________________
1:
// 15.6.
2:
3:
4:
// **************** Part ************
5:
6:
//
7:
class Part
8:
<
9:
public:
10: Part():itsPartNumber(1) { }
12:
itsPartNumber(PartNumber){ }
13: virtual 'Part(){ }

14: int GetPartNumber() const
15.
475
15:
16:
virtual void DisplayO const =0;
17:
private:
int itsPartNumber;
18:
19:
};
20:
21:
22:
//
23:
void Part::Display() const
24:
//
25:
26:
cout << "\ nPart Number: " << itsPartNumber << endl;
27:
28:
II
**************** Qa Pa rt ************
29:
30:
class CarPart : public Part
31:
32:
public:
33:
34:
CarPart():itsModelYear(94){ }
35:
36:
37:
Part::Display();
38:
cout << "Model Year: ";

cout << itsModelYear endl;
39:
40:
41:
>
private:
int itsModelYear;
42:
43:
};
44:
45:
CarPart::CarPart(int year, int partNumber):

itsModelYear(year),
46:
47:
48:
Part(partNumber)
{}
49:
50:
51:
// *********** AirPlane Part *****
52:
53:
class AirPlanePart : public Part
54:
<
55:
public:
56:
AirPlanePartO :itsEnginsNumber(1)< } ;
57:
AirPlanePart
(Int EngineNumber, int PartNumber);
58:
59:
60:
<
61:
Part::DisplayO;
62:
cout << "Engine No.: ";

cout << itsEngineNumber endl;
63:
64:
>
65: private:
66: int itsEngineNumber;
67: } ;
68:
69: AirPlanePart::AirPlanePart
70: (Int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
71: itsEngineNumber(EngineNumber),
72: Part(PartNumber)
73: { }
74:
75: // ************ Part Node ************
76: class PartNode
77: {
78: public:
79: PartNode (Part*);
80: -PartNodeO;
81: void SetNext(PartNode * node)
82: { itsNext = node; }
83: PartNode * GetNextO const;
84: Part * GetPartO const;
85: private:
86: Part *itsPart;
87: PartNode * itsNext;
88: } ;
89: // PartNode...
90:
92: itsPart(pPart),
93: itsNext(O)
94: { >
95:
96: PartNode::'PartNode()
97: {
98: delete itsPart;
99: itsPart = 0;
100: delete itsNext;
101: itsNext = 0;
102: }
103:
104: // NULL NULL, PartNode
105: PartNode * PartNode: :GetNextO const
106: {
107:
return itsNext;
108: }
109:
111: {
112: if (itsPart)
113:
return itsPart;
114: else
15.
115:
116:
return NULL; //
117:
118:
119:
120 :
121 :
// ************ Part List ************

class PartsList
122:
<
123:
public:
124:
PartsList();
125:
126:
~PartsList();
// , -
127:
void Iterate(void (Part::*f)()const) const;
128:
Part* Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const;
129:
Part* GetFirst() const;
130:
131:
Part* operator[ ](int) const;
132:
int GetCount() const { return itsCount; }

static PartsList& GetGlobalPartsList()
133:
134:
135:
136:
137:
>
private:
138:
PartNode * pHead;
139:
int itsCount;
140:
static PartsList GlobalPartsList;
141:
};
142:
143:
PartsList PartsList::GlobalPartsList;
144:
145:
146:
PartsList::PartsList():
147:
pHead(O),
itsCount(O)
148:
149:
{>
150:
151:
PartsList::"PartsList()
152:
153:
154:
delete pHead;
155:
156:
Part* PartsList::GetFirst() const
157:
{
if (pHead)
158:
159:
160:
else
return NULL; //
161:
162:
163:

165: {
167:
168: if (!pHead)
169:
return NULL; //
170:
171: if (offSet > itsCount)
172:
return NULL; //
173:
174: for (int i=0;i<offSet; i++)
175:
pNode = pNode->GetHext();
176:
177: return pNode->GetPart();
178: }
179:
180: Part* PartsList::Find(
181:
int & position,
182:
int PartNumber) const
183: {
184: PartNode * pNode = 0;
185: for (pNode = pHead, position = 0;
186:
187:
188: {
189:
190:
pNode!=NULL;
if (pNode->GetPart()~>GetPartNumber() == PartNumber)
break;
191: }
192: if (pNode == NULL)
193:
return NULL;
194: else
195:
196: }
197:
199: {
200: if (!pHead)
201:
return;

203: do
204:
(pNode~>GetPart( )->*func) ();
205: while (pNode = pNode->GetNext());

206: }
207:
208: void PartsList::Insert(Part* pPart)
209: {
210: PartNode * pNode = new PartNode(pPart);
211: PartNode * pCurrent = pHead;
212: PartNode * pNext = 0;
213:
15.
214:
215:
int Next = 0;
216:
itsCount++;
217:
if (!pHead)
218:
219:
220:
pHsad = pNode;
221 :
return;
222:
223:
224:
// ,
225:
//
226:
227:
if (pHead->GetPart()->GetPartNumber() > New)
228:
229:
pHead = pNode;
return;
230:
231:
>
232:
233:
234:
for (;;)
<
236:
// ,
237:
235:
238:
return;
239:
240:
241:
242:
// , ,
243:
// , Next
244:
Next = pNext->GetPart()->GetPartNumber();
245:
if (Next > New)
246:
247:
{
248:
249:
return;
250:
251:
}
pCurrent = pNext;
252:
253:
254:
255:
256:
257:
258:
class PartsCatalog : private PartsList
259:
260:
public:
261:
262:
int Exists(int PartNumber);
263:
Part * Get(int PartNumber);
264: operator+(const PartsCatalog &);

265: void ShowAll() { Iterate(Part::Display); >
266: private:
267: } ;
268:
269: void PartsCatalog::Insert(Part * newPart)
270: {
271: int partNumber = newPart->GetPartNumber();
272: int offset;
273:
274: if (!Find(offset, partNumber))
275: PartsList::Insert(newPart);
276: else
277: {
278: cout << partNumber << " was the
279: switch (offset)
280: {
281:
case 0: cout << "first break:
282:
283:
case 1: cout << "second break;

case 2: cout << "third break;
284:
default: cout << offset+1 << "th ";
285: }
286: cout << "entry. Rejected!\ n";
287: }
288: }
289:
290: int PartsCatalog::Exists(int PartNumber)
291: {
292: int offset;
293: Find(offset,PartNumber);
294: return offset;
295: }
296:
297: Part * PartsCatalog::Get(int PartNumber)
298: {
299: int offset;
300: return (Find(offset, PartNumber));
301:
302: }
303:
304: int main()
305: {
306: PartsCatalog pc;
307: Part * pPart = 0;
308: int PartNumber;
309: int value;
310: int choice;
311:
312: while (1)
313: {
15.
314: cout << "(O)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane:

315: cin >> choice;
316:
317: if ('choice)
318:
break;
319:
320: cout << "New PartNumber?: ";
321: cin >> PartNumber;
322:
323: if (choice == 1)
324: {
325:
cout << "Model Year?: ";
326:
cin >> value;
327:
328: }
329: else
330: {
331:
332:
cout << "Engine Number?:

cin >> value;
333:
334: }
336: }
337: pc.ShowAll();
338: return 0;
.339; }

Model Year?: 94
Model Year?: 93
Model Year?: 94
Model Year?: 93
Part Number: 1234
Model Year: 94
Part Number: 2345
Model Year: 93
Part Number: 4434
Model Year: 93
482
15.6 PartsCatalog
main(). ,
15.5.
258 15.6 PartsCatalog private
Partslist. PartsCatalog , 15.5, ,
, PartsList - .
- ShowAll()
PartsCatalog
Iterate()
Partslist, - Part.
, ShowAllO ,
,
IterateO, PartsCatalog.
Insert() . , 274
Find() ,
. InsertO
, 275 .
, PartsCatalog
PartsList, . ,
PartsList
.
PartsCatalog
, ,
.
,

.
,

,
.
,

.

,

.

. ,
1
^^
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,

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-
, ,
. , ;1
^ , , PartsList
1 11^.
, ^
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^^, .
15.
483
, -
, .
-.
PartsNode PartsList , PartsNode PartsList.
, .
, , , ,
. , . ,
, , .
, .
- .
, ,
.
15.7 15.6,
. , PartsList PartNode.
, PartNode PartsList.
15.7. -_____________________________________________
2:
3:
4:
5:
6: // **************** Part ************
7:
8: //
9: class Part
10: {
11: public:
12: Part():itsPartNumber(1) { }
14:
itsPartNumber(PartNumber){ }
15: virtual "Part(){ }
16: int GetPartNumberO const
17:
18: virtual void DisplayO const =0;
19: private:
20: int itsPartNumber;
21: } ;
22:
23: //
24: //
25: void Part:: DisplayO const
26: {
27:
cout "\ nPart Number: ";
28:
cout << itsPartNumber << endl;
29: >
30:
31: // ************** Car Part ************
32:
484

34: {
35: public:
36: CarPart():itsModelYear(94){ }
37: CarPart(int year, int partNumber);
38: virtual void DisplayO const
39: {
40:
Part::Display();
41:
cout << "Model Year:
42:
cout itsModelYear << endl;
43: }
44: private:
45: int itsModelYear;
46: } ;
47:
49: itsModelYear(year),
50: Part(partNumber)
51: { >
52:
53:
54: // *********** AirPlane Part ***********
55:
56: class AirPlanePart : public Part .
57: {
58: public:
59: AirPlanePart():itsEngineNumber(1){ > ;
60: AirPlanePart
61:
(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber);
62: virtual void DisplayO const

63: {
64:
Part::Display();
65:
66:
cout << "Engine No.: ";

cout << itsEngineNumber endl;
67: }
68: private:
69: int itsEngineNumber;
70: } ;
71:
72: AirPlanePart::AirPlanePart
73: (int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
74: itsEngineNumber(EngineNumber),
75: Part(PartNumber)
76: { }
77:
78: // **************** Part Node ************
79: class PartNode
80: {
81: public:
82: friend class PartsList;
15.
485
83: PartNode (Part*);

84: "PartNodeO;
85: void SetNext(PartNode * node)
86:
{ itsNext = node; }
87: PartNode * GetNextO const;

88: Part * GetPartO const;
89: private:
90: Part *itsPart;
91: PartNode * itsNext;
92: } ;
93:
94:
96: itsPart(pPart),
97: itsNext(O)
98: { }
99:
100: PartNode::"PartNode()
101: {
102:
delete itsPart;
103:
itsPart = 0;
104: ' delete itsNext;
105:
itsNext = 0;
106: }
107:
108:
// NULL, PartNode
109:
PartNode * PartNode::GetNext() const
110 : {
111:
return itsNext;
112: }
113:
114:
Part * PartNode::GetPart() const
115:
116:
117:
if (itsPart)
return itsPart;
118:
else
119:
return NULL; //
120: }
121:
122:
123: // ************** Part List ************
125: {
126: public:
127: PartsListQ;
128: "PartsListO;
129: // ,
!
130: void Iterate(void (Part::*f)()const) const;
131: Part* Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const;
486
132: Part* GetFirstO const;

134: Part* operator[](int) const;
135: int GetCountO const { return itsCount; }
136: static PartsList& GetGlobalPartsListO
137:
138:
139:
140: private:
141: PartNode * pHead;
142: int itsCount;
143: static PartsList GlobalPartsList;
144: } ;
145:
147:
148: // Implementations for Lists...
149:
150: PartsList::PartsList():
151: pHead(O),
152: itsCount(O)
153: { }
154:
155: PartsList::'PartsList()
156: {
157: delete pHead;
158: }
159:
160: Part* PartsList::GetFirst() const
161: {
162: if (pHead)
163:
return pHead->itsPart;
164: else
165:
return NULL; //
166: }
167:
169: {
171:
172: if (!pHead)
173: return NULL; //
174:
175: if (offSet > itsCount)
176: return NULL; //
177:
178: for (int i=0;icoffSet; i++)
179:
pNode = pNode->itsNext;
180:
181: return pNode->itsPart;
15.
182:
>
183:
184:
185:
Part* PartsList::Find(int & position, int PartNumber) const
<
186:
187:
188:
189:
pNode!=NULL;
pNode = pNode->itsNext, position++)
190:
{
if (pNode->itsPart->GetPartNumber() == PartNumber)
191:
break;
192:
193:
194:
if (pNode == NULL)
195:
return NULL;
196:
else
return pNode->itsPart;
197:
198:
199:
200:
201:
202 :
void PartsList::Iterate(void (Part::*func)()const) const
{
if (!pHead)
return;
203:
204:
205:
do
206:
(pNode->itsPart->*func)();
207:
while (pNode = pNode->itsNext);
208:
209:
210:
void PartsList::Insert(Part* pPart)
211:
{
PartNode * pNode = new PartNode(pPart);
212:
213:
PartNode * pCurrent = pHead;
214:
PartNode * pNext = 0;
215:
216:
217:
218:
219:
itsCount++;
220 :
if (!pHead)
221:
int Next = 0;
222:
pHead = pNode;
223:
224:
return;
225:
226:
227:
// ,
228:
if (pHead->itsPart->GetPartNumber() > New)
229:
230:
231:
//
pNode->itsNext = pHead;
'pHead = pNode;
232: return;
233: >
234:
235: for (:;)
236: <
237:
// ,
238: if (!pCurrent->itsNext)
239: {
240:
pCurrent->itsNext = pNode;
241:
return;
242:
243:
244:
// , ,
245:
// . Next
246: pNext = pCurrent->itsNext;

247:
Next = pNext->itsPart->GetPartNumber();
248:
if (Next > New)
249:
250:
251:
{
pNode->itsNext = pNext;
252:
253: >
254:
return;
pCurrent = pNext;
255: >
256: }
257:
258: class PartsCatalog : private PartsList
259: {
260: public:
262: int Exists(int PartNumber);
263: Part * Get(int PartNumber);
264: operator+(const PartsCatalog &);
265: void ShowAll() { Iterate(Part::Display); }
266: private:
267: > ;
268:
269: void PartsCatalog::Insert(Part * newPart)
270: {
271: int partNumber = newPart->GetPartNumber();
272: int offset;
273:
274: if (!Find(offset, partNumber))
275: PartsList::Insert(newPart);
276: else
277: {
278:
cout << partNumber << " was the ";
279: switch (offset)

280: {
281:
case 0: cout << "first "; break;
15.
282:
case 1: cout << "second "; break;
283:
case
284:
default: cout offset+1 << "th ";
2:
cout
<<
"third
285:
286:
cout << "entry. Rejected!\ n";
287:
288:
break;
}
}
289:
290:
291:
int PartsCatalog::Exists(int PartNumber)
292:
int offset;
293:
Find(offset,PartNumber);
294:
295:
return offset;
296:
297:
Part * PartsCatalog::Get(int PartNumber)
298:
299:
300:
301:
int offset;
return (Find(offset, PartNumber));
302:
303:
304:
int main()
305:
<
306:
PartsCatalog pc;
307:
Part * pPart = 0;
308:
int PartNumber;
309:
int value;
310:
int choice;
311:
312:
while (1)
313:
<
314:
cout << "(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane:
315:
cin >> choice;
316:
317:
if (!choice)
break;
318:
319:
320:
cout << "New PartNumber?: ";
321:
cin >> PartNumber;
322:
323:
if (choice == 1)
324:
325:
cout << "Model Year?:
326:
cin >> value;
327:
328:
329:
else
330:
331:
cout << "Engine Number?: ";
332:
>> value;
333:
334: >
336: }
337: pc.ShowAllO;
338: return 0;
339: }
......

Model Year?: 94
Model Year?: 93
Model Year?: 94
Model Year?: 93
Part Number: 1234
Model Year: 94
Part Number: 2345
Model Year: 93
Part Number: 4434
Model Year: 93
82 PartsList PartNode.
public
PartNode, .
, .
-
PartNode - PartsList.
160 - GetFirstO
. pHead->GetPart
- pHead->itsPart.
InsertO pNode->itsNext = pHead
- pHead->SetNext(pHead).
,
PartsList PartNode.
, friend.
- .
- ,
15.
491

.
.
++
, -
, -
. , ,
. -
, ,
.

-
friend
. , ,
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:
"
friend class PartsList: // Partslist PartNode
-
,
-.
- .
. ,
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-
15.1 String, operator+.
,
, String
.
492
C++ ,
. ,
, : myString[] = "Hello World".
:'
String,
:
char cSt ring[] = { "Hello"} ;
String sString(" World");
String sStringTwo = cString + sString; //!
operator+.
10, cSt ring + sString
cString.operator+(sString). operator+()
, .
, - String,
operator+ , String.
String String,
- operator+, .
15.8. - o p e r a t o r ______________________________________________ _
1:
// 15.8.
2:
3:
4:
include <string.h>
5:
6:
// string
7:
class String
8:
9:
public:
10:
// constructors
11:
12:
StringO;
String(const char *const);
13:
14:.

'StringO;
15:
16:
//
17:
18:
19:

20:friend String operator+(const String&, const String&);

21:
void operator+=(const String&);
22:
23:
24:
//
25:
26:const char * GetStringO const { return itsString; }

27:
28:
private:
29:
String (int); //
30:
char * itsString;
31:
32:
> ;
33:
15.
493
34:// , , 0
35:
String::String()
36:
37:
38:
{
itsString[0] = \ O';
39:
itsLen=0;
40:
// cout << "\ tDefault string constructor\ n";
41:
42:
43:
44:
// ,
45:
//
46:
// , .
47:
String::St ring(int len)
48:
49:
itsString = new char[len+1];
50:
for (int i = 0; i<=len; i++)
51:
52:
53:
itsString[i] = '\ 0;
itsLen=len;
// cout << "\ tString(int) constructor\ n";
54:
55:
56:
57:
//
58:
String::St ring(const char * const cString)
59:
60:
{
61:
62:
63:
itsSt ring[i] = cSt ring[i];
64:
itsString[itsLen]='\ 0;
65:
66:
67:
// cout << "\ tString(char*) constructor\ n";

>
68:
69:
// -
70:
71:
72:
{
73:
74:
75:
76:
77:
// cout "\ tString(String&) constructor\ n";
78:
79:
80:
81:
// ,
82:
String::"String ()
83:
494
84:
85:
itsLen = 0;
86:
// cout << "\ tString destructor\ n";
87:
88:
89:
90:
// ,
//
91:
String& String::operator=(const String & rhs)
92:
93:
{
if (this == &rhs)
94:
return *this;
95:
96:
97:
98:
99:
100:
101:
return *this;
102:
// cout << "\ tString operator=\ n";
103:
104:
105:
}
// ,
106:
// ,
107:
// !
108:
char & String::operator[](int offset)
109:
110:
111:
return itsString[itsLen-1 ];
112:
else
113:
114:
}
115:
116:
// ,
117:// (. -
118:
char String::operator[](int offset) const
119:
120:
121:
122:
else
123:
124:
125:
// String,
126:
// rhs
127:
128:
129:
130:
int totalLen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();

131:
132:
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<itsLen; i++)
133:
temp[i] = itsString[i ];
15.
134:
for (j = 0, i = itsLen; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)

temp[i] = rhs[j];
135:
temp[totalLen]=\ 0;
136:
return temp;
137:
138:
139:
140:
141:
// String
142:
String operator+(const String& lhs, const String& rhs)
143:
// String
144:
int totalLen = lhs.GetLen() + rhs.GetLen();
145:
146:
147:
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i<lhs.GetLen(); i++)
148:
149:
for (j = 0, i = lhs.Getlen();; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)
temp[i] = lhs[i ];
temp[i] = rhs[j];
150:
temp[totalLen]='\ O';
151:
152:
153:
return temp;
>
154:
155:
int main()
156:
<
157:
String s1("String One );
158:
String s2("String Two ");
159:
char *c1 = { "-String One " } ;
160:
String s3;
161:
String s4;
162:
String s5;
163:
164:
165:
166:
167:
168:
169:
170:
171:
172:
173:
s1.GetString()
cout << "s1:
cout << s2: ' s2.GetString()
cout << "c1: ' << c1 << endl;
s3 = s1 + s2;
cout "S3: ' << s3.GetString()
s4 = s1 + cl;
cout "s4: ' s4.GetString()
s5 = C1 + s2;
cout "s5:
<< s5.GetString()
endl;
endl;
<< endl;
<< endl;
endl;
return 0;
174:
s1: String One

s2: String Two
c1: -String One
s3: String One String Two
s4: String One -String One
s5: -String One String Two
String, operator+,
, 15.1. 20 15.8
operator+,
, .
String.
, operator+ -
. - string
, .
, .
operator+ 142153.
,
15.1,
, .
171,
.
-
friend,
.
this,
-.
:
Class PartNode
.|:^r i ,.
riieod .vioidcrtsl.ist,;-::Inse
-,
://: :01' :::,
friend int SomeFunctionO;

String cout
, .
-
:
cout theString.GetStringO;

cout << theString;
operator<<().
iost reams 16.
15.9 operator .
15.
497
15.8. o p e r a t o r < < ( )

1:
2:
include <string.h>
3:
4:
class String
5:
6:
7:
{
public:
//
8:
StringO;
9:
String(const char const);
10:
11:
'StringO;
12:
13:
//
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:

friend ostream& operator
20:
( ostream& theStream,String& theString);
21:
//
22:
23: const char * GetStringO const { return itsString; }
24:
25:
private:
26:
String (int); //
27:
char * itsString;
28:
29:
30:
} ;
31:
32:// , , 0
33:
String::St ring()
34:
<
35:
36:
itsString[0] = \ O;
37:
itsLen=0;
38:
// cout "\ tDefault string constructor\ n";
39:
40:
41:
42:
// ,
43:
//
44: // , NULL,
45:
String::String(int len)
46:
<
47:
itsString = new char[k:.t1];
48:
for (int i = 0; i<=len, i++)
498
49:
50:
itsString[i] = ' \ O' ;

itsLen=len;
51:
11 cout "\ tString(int) constructor\ n";
52:
53:
54:
55:
//
56:
57:
58:
{
59:
60:
for (int i = 0; icitsLen; i++)
61:
62:
itsString[itsLen]=\ 0;
63: // cout << "\ tString(char*) constructor\ n";

64:
65:
66:
67:
// -
68:
69:
70:
{
71:
72:
73:
74:
itsString[itsLen] = '\ O;
75: // cout "\ tString(String&) constructor\ n";

76:
77:
78:
79:
//
80:
String::_String ()
81:
82:
{
83:
84:
itsLen = 0;
// cout "\ tString destructor\ n";
85:
86:
87:// ,
88:
//
89: String& String::operator=(const String & rhs)

90:
<
91:
if (this == &rhs)
92:
return *this;
93:
94:
95:
96:
for (int i = 0; icitsLen;i++)
97:
98;
15.
99:
return *this;
100:
101:
// cout "\ tString operator=\ n";
102 :
103:
104:
// ,
// ,
105: // !
106:
107:
108:

109:
110:
else
111 :
112:
>
113:
114:
// ,
115:
// (. -!)
116:
117:
char String::operato[](int offset) const
118:
119:

120 :
else
121:
122:
123:
124:
// ,
125:
// rhs
126:
127:
128:
129:
int totallen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();

130:
131:
int i, j;
for (i = 0; icitsLen; i++)
temp[i] = itsSt ring[i];
132:
133:
134:
temp[i ] = rhs[j ];
135:
temp[totalLen]='\ 0';
return temp;
136:
137:
>
138:
139:
// ,
140:
141:
142:
unsigned short rhsLen = rhs.GetLen();
143:
144:
145:
int i, j;
146:
147:
148:
temp[i]
itsString[i];
for (j = 0, i = 0; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)
149: temp[i] = rhs[i-itsLen];

150: temp[totalLen]='\ O';
151: *this = temp;
152: }
153:
154: // int String::ConstructorCount =
155: ostream& operator ( ostream& theStream,String& theString)
156: {
157: theStream << theString.itsString;
158: return theStream;
159: }
160:
161: int main()
162: {
163: String theString("Hello world.");
164: cout << theString;
165: return 0;
166: }
Hello world.
19 operator -,
ostream String ostream.
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4
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6
7
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10
public:
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11
12
13
14
15
Animal

private:
int itsWeight;
int itsAge;
16
17
18
void setValue(Animal& theAnimal, int theWeight)
19
20
21
friend class Animal;

theAnimal.itsWeight = theWeight;
22
23
24
int main()
25
26
Animal peppy;
27
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28
15.
503
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7. : :
2:
3: class Animal;
4:
5: void setValue(Animal& , int);
6: void setValue(Animal& ,int,int);
7:
8: class Animal
9: {
10: friend void setValue(Animal& ,int);
11: private:
12: int itsWeight;
13: int itsAge;
14: > ;
15:
16: void setValue(Animal& theAnimal, int theWeight)
17: {
18: theAnimal.itsWeight = theWeight;
19: }
20:
21:
22: void setValue(Animal& theAnimal, int theWeight, int theAge)
23: {
24: theAnimal.itsWeight = theWeight;
25: theAnimal.itsAge = theAge;
26: }
27:
28: int main()
29: {
30: Animal peppy;
31: setValue(peppy,5);
32: setValue(peppy, 7, 9);
33: }
8. , 7, .
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2
3
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4
5
int main()
6
7
510
int mylnt;
8:
long myLong;
9:
double myDouble;
10:
float myFloat;
11:
unsigned int myUnsigned;
12:
13:
14:
cout "int:
cin >> mylnt:
15:
16:
cout << "Long:

cin >> myLong;
17:
18:
cout "Double:
cin >> myDouble;
19:
cout << "Float: ";
20:
cin myFloat;
21:
22:
cout << "Unsigned: ";

cin >> myUnsigned;
23:
24:
25:
cout "\ n\ nlnt:\ t" mylnt endl;

cout << "Long:\ t" << myLong << endl;
26:
cout << "Double:\ t" << myDouble << endl;
27:
cout << "Float:\ t" << myFloat << endl;
28:
cout "Unsigned:\ t" << myUnsigned endl;
29: return 0;
30: }
int: 2
Long: 70000
Double: 987654321
Float: 3.33
Unsigned: 25
Int: 2
Long: 70000
Double: 9.87654e+08
Float: 3.33
Unsigned:
25
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16.
511
Jesse, YourName J, , s, s, \0.

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2:
3:
4:
Sinclude <iostream.h>
5:
int main()
6:
7:
char YourNaine[50];
8:
cout << "Your first name:
9:
cin >> YourName;
10:
cout << "Here it is: " << YourName << endl;
11:
cout "Your entire name: ";
12:
cin >> YourName;
13:
cout << "Here it is: " << YourName << endl;
14:
return 0;
15:
Your first name: Jesse

Here it is: Jesse
Your entire name: Jesse Liberty
Here it is: Jesse
7
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2:
4:
5: int main()
6: {
7:
8:
int mylnt;
long myLong;
9:
double myDouble;
10:
float myFloat;
11:
unsigned int myUnsigned;
12:
char myWord[50];
13:
14:
cout "int:
15:
cin >> mylnt;
16:
cout << "Long: ";
17:
cin myLong;
18:
19:
cout << "Double: ";

cin >> myDouble;
20:
cout << "Float: ";
21:
cin >> myFloat;
22:
23:
cout "Word: ";

cin >> myWord;
24:
cout << "Unsigned: ";
25:
cin >> myUnsigned;
26:
27:
cout << "\ n\ nlnt:\ t" << mylnt << endl;
28:
29:
cout << "Double:\ t" << myDouble endl;
30:
cout << "Float:\ t << myFloat << endl;
31:
32:
cout "Word: \ t" << myWord << endl;

cout << "Unsigned:\ t" << myUnsigned << endl;
33:
34:cout << "\ n\ nlnt, Long, Double, Float, Word, Unsigned: ";
35:
cin >> mylnt myLong >> myDouble;
36:
cin >> myFloat >> myWord >> myUnsigned;
37:
cout << "\ n\ nlnt:\ t" << mylnt << endl;
38:
39:
cout << "Double:\ t" << myDouble << endl;
40:
cout << "Float:\ t" << myFloat << endl;
41:
cout "Word: \ t" << myWord << endl;
42:
cout << "Unsigned:\ t" << myUnsigned << endl;
43:
44:
45:
return 0;
46: }
16.
513
i j '
Int: 2
ông. 30303
Double: 393939397834
Float: 3.33
Word: Hello
Unsigned: 85
Int: 2
Long: 30303
Double: 3.93939e+11
Float: 3.33
Word: Hello
Unsigned:
85
Int, Long, Double, Float, Word, Unsigned: 3 304938 393847473 6.66 bye -2
Int: 3
Long: 304938
Double: 3.93847e+08
Float: 6.66
Word: bye
Unsigned: 4294967294
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1:. // 16.4. get()
3:
4: int main()
5: {
6:
char ch;
7:
while ( (ch = cin.getO) != EOF)
8: {
9:
cout << "ch: " << ch endl;
10: }
11:
cout "\ nDone!\ n";
12: return 0;
13: }
16.
515

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16.5. g e t ( ) _____________________________
1: // 16.5. get()
3:
4: int main()
5: {
6:
char a, b, c;
7:
8:
cout "Enter three letters:
9:
10:
516
cin.get(a).get(b).get(c);
11:
12:
cout "a: " a "\ nb: " b "\ nc: " << << endl;
13: return 0;
14: }
Enter three letters: one
'' 6 a, b . 10
'
cin.get().
cin.get(a),
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// 16.6. get()c
2:
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
char stringOne[256];
7:
char stringTwo[256];
8:
9:
cout << "Enter string one: ";
10:
cin.get(string0ne,256);
11:
cout << "stringOne: " << stringOne << endl;
12 :
13:
cout << "Enter string two:
14:
cin >> stringTwo:
15:
cout << "StringTwo: " << stringTwo endl;
16:
return 0;
17:
Enter string one: Now is the time

stringOne: Now is the time
Enter string two: For all good
StringTwo: For
6 7 . 9
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cin.get() .
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1:
// 16.7. getline()
2:
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
{
char string0ne[256];
7:
8:
char stringThree[256];
9:
518
cout "Enter string

. getl ine(string0ne
cout "stringOne:
one: ";
14
cout << "Enter string
two: ";
15
>> stringTwo;
cout
'stringTwo:
stringTwo << endl;
10
11
12
256);
stringOne << endl;
13
16
17
cout << "Enter string three: ";

. getl ine(stringThree,256);
cout << "stringThree:
<< stringThree << endl;
return 0;
18
19
20
21
22
Enter string one: one two three

stringOne: one two three
Enter string two: four five six
stringTwo: four
Enter string three: stringThree: five six
,
.
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, getline().
get(), getlineO
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14 ,
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four stringTwo. Enter
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, .
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80 , .
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. ignoreO 16.8.
1.8. i g n o r e Q _____________________________________________
1: // 16.8. ignore()
3
4
int main()
char
string0ne[255];
8
9:
cout "Enter string one:";
10
cin.get(string0ne,255);
11
12
cout << "String one: " stringOne << endl;
13
cout "Enter string two: ";
14
cin.getline(stringTwo,255);
15
cout "String two: " stringTwo << endl;
16
17
18
cout << "\ n\ nNow try again..,\ n";
19
cout "Enter string one: ";
20
cin.get(stringOne,255);
21
22
cout << "String one: " string0ne<< endl;
23
cin.ignore(255,'\ n);
24
25
cout << "Enter string two: ";
26
cin.get line(stringTwo,255);
27
28
cout << "String Two: " stringTwo endl;

return 0;
29
Enter string one: once upon a time

String one: once upon a time
Enter string two: String two:
520
Now try again...

Enter string one: once upon a time
String one: once upon a time
Enter string two: there was a
String Two: there was a
6 7 . 9
. once upon
time. <Enter>. 10
get(), stringOne
, .
13 ,
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19 .
ignoreO (.
16.8 23). , getlineO 26
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16.9.
16.9. peek( ) putback()

//
16.9.
2
3
int main()
()
putback()
char ch;
cout << "enter a phrase:
while ( cin.get(ch) )
9:
10
11
if (ch == ! ' )
12
else
cin. putbackC $' );
13
14
15
cout << ch;

while (cin.peek() == '# )
cin.ignore(1, ' #' ) :
16
17
return 0;
18
enter
phrase:
Now!is#the!time#for!fun#!
Now$isthe$timefor$fun$
16.
521
6 ch, 7
.
,
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while main() ,
( <Ctrl+C> Windows
<Ctrl+Z> <Ctrl+D> MS DOS UNIX ). ( ,
cin.getO 0 .)
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cout
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cout << flush
,
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put () .
ostream, a cout ostream,
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. 16.10.
522
IB. 10. p u t ( )
1:
// 16.10. put()
2:
3:
4:
int main()
5
6
7
cout.put(H).put('e').put(1).put('1).put(o).put( \ n );
return 0;
Hello

Hello. ,
.
6 : cout. put (' ')

cout.
:
cout.put().put( ).put('1).put(o').put(\ n');
, cout.put('1'). ,
,
cout. ( \ ) .
write() , (),
, .
16.11.
1.11. w r i t e ( ) ______________________________________
1: // 16.11. write()
3: include <string.h>
4
5
int main()
6
7
char One[] = "One if by land";
8
9:
10
11
int
12
int tooShort = fullLength -4
13
int tooLong = fullLength + 6
fullLength
strlen(One)
14
15
cout.write(0ne,fullLength) << "\ n";
16.
523
16:
cout.write(One.tooShort) "\ n";
17:
cout.write(One,tooLong) << "\ n";
18:
return 0;
19:
One if by land
One if by
One if by land i?!
7 .
11
fullLength. tooShort
, tooLong .
15 write() ,
.
16 , ,
.
17,
write() .
, , .
,
,
( ),
, .
,
.
21. ostream -
.
cout.width[]
,
.
width() .
cout, -.
width() .
16.12.
524
IB.12.
1:// 16.12.
2:
3:
4:
int main()
5:
6:
{
cout "Start >";
7:
cout.width(25);
8:
cout << 123 "< End\ n";
9:
10:
cout << "Start >";
11:
cout.width(25);
12:
cout 123 "< Next >";
13:
cout << 456 << "< End\ n";
14:
15:
cout "Start >";
16:
cout.width(4);
17:
cout << 123456 << "< End\ n";
18:
19:
return 0;
20:
Start >
123< End
Start >
123< Next >456< End
Start >123456< End
( 68) 123 25
. 7.
.
123
25, 456. ,
, cout
. , width()
.
,
.
.

cout ,
width(), .
,
(). fi 11 (),
. fill()
16.13.
16.
525
16.13. f i i i ( )
1: // 16.13. fill()
2:
4:
5: int main()
6: {
7:
cout << "Start >";
8:
cout.width(25);
9:
cout << 123 << "< End\ n";
10:
11:
12:
cout << "Start >";
13:
cout.widtb(25);
14:
cout.fill(*' );
15:
cout << 123 << "< End\ n";
16: return 0;
17: }
Start >
123< End
Start >******************123< End
7-9 .
1215, 14
fill(' *') (*) ,
.
iostream .
setf(),
.
,
.
,
( 20,00 20).
setf(ios: :showpoint).
iostream (ios),

ios: :, ios: :showpoint.
(+)
ios: :showpos.
, , ios:: left, ios:: right
ios::interval .
,
ios::dec ( ), ios: :oct ( )
ios: :hex ( ).
(). 16.4.
526
16.14. s e t f
1:
// 16.14. setf
2:
include <iomanip.h>
4:
5:
int main()
6:
7:
const int number = 185;
8;
cout << "The number is " << number << endl;
9;
10:
cout << "The number is " << hex << number << endl;
11:
12:
cout.setf(ios::showbase);
13:
cout << "The number is " << hex << number << endl;
14:
15:
cout << "The number is " ;
16:
cout.width(IO);
17:
cout hex << number << endl;
18:
19:
20:
cout.width(IO);
21:
cout.setf(ios::left);
22:
cout << hex number << endl;
23:
24:
25:
cout.width(IO);
26:
cout.setf(ios::internal);
27:
cout hex << number << endl;
28:
29:cout << "The number is:" << setw(10) << hex << number << endl;
30:
return 0;
31:
'* * ^
The number is 185

The number is b9
The number is 0xb9
The number is
0xb9
The number is 0xb9

The number is Ox
b9
The number is:0x
b9
%, >
7 number 185,
8.
10, ,
hex, 9. ( b
11 . 11 16 176.
9, 185.)
16.
527
12 ^,
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16 10.
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25 10,
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%s
%d
integer
%1
long integer
%ld
double
%f
float

.
,
528
,
. , %51
5 , %15^
15 , .
^ 16.15.
16.15. 1 1 ( ) ___________________________
I:
include <stdio.h>
2:
int main()
3:
4:
printf("%s","hello world\ n");
5:
6:
char *phrase = "Hello again!\ n";
7:
printf(%s",phrase);
8:
9;
int x = 5;
10:
printf("%d\ n",x);
II :
12:
13:
char phraseTwo = "Heres some values: ";

char *phraseThree = " and also these: ";
14:
int y = 7, z = 35;
15:
long longVar = 98456;
16:
float floatVar = 8.8f;
17:
18:printf("%s %d %d %s %ld %f\ n",phraseTwo,y,z, phraseThree,longVar,floatVar);
19:
20:
char phraseFour = "Formatted: ";
21:printf("%s %5d %10d %10.5f\ n",phraseFour,y,z,floatVar);

22:
return 0;
23:
>
/ ~ ' hello world

Hello again!
5
Here's some values: 7 35 and also these: 98456 8.800000
Formatted:
35 8.800000
; ,t
printf 4
: printf
( %s) , .
%s , ,
, "hello world".
printf 7 ,
, , char.
printf() 10
, .
printf(), 18.
. ,
.
16.
529
, 21 printf()
,
. ,
printf () , cout.
printf()

.
.

C++
C++
, .
cout :
\ ;
\ ;
;\t ;
\\ ;
' \ddd ( ) ASCII;
\ ().
:
cout "\aAn error occured\t"
,

. cout .
iomanip.n.
,
iomanip.h:
flush ;
endl ;
oct ;
dec ;
f.tiex .
,
iomanip.h:
: setbase () (0 =
, 8 = , 10 = , 16 = );
' setw () ;
setfill () \
.-setprecision () ;
setiosflags () ;
530
resetiosflags () .
,
cout setw(12) setfill ( ' # ' ) hex x endl;

12 , #, , ,
. , flush,
endl setw, , ,
, . setw
cout.
;
setiosflags resetiosflags ios-:
; '
los: :left ; '
ios:: right ;
ios:.: interval ;
ios: :tiec ;
ios: :oct ;
!
ios: :hex ;
ios::showbase 0
;
ios::showpoint ;
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1:
include <fstream.h>
2:
int main()
3:
4:
char fileName[80];
5:
char buffer[255]; //
6:
7:
cout << "File name: ";

cin >> fileName;
8:
9:
10:
532
ofstream fout(fileName); //
fout << "This line written directly to the file...\ n";
11:
cout "Enter text for the file:
12:
cin.ignore(1,'\ n);
13:
cin.getline(buff,255); // , ,
14:
fout << buffer << "\ "; //
15:
fout.closeO;
//
// ,
16:
17:
ifstream fin(fileName); //
18:
cout << "Here's the contents of the file :\ n";
19:
20:
char ch;
while (fin.get(ch))
21 :
cout << ch:
22:
23:
cout "\ n***Enci of file contents.***\ n";
24:
25:
fin.close();
//
26: return 0;
27; }
' File : testl

i,n
Enter text for the file: This text is written to the file!
Heres the contents of the file:
This line written directly to the file...
This text is written to the file!
***End of file contents.***
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16.17. ____________________________________
1: include <fstream.h>
2: int main() // 1
3: {
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
char fileName[80]:
char butfer[255];
cout "Please re-enter the file name:
cin >> filename;
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
ifstream fin(fileName);
if (fin)
// ?
cout << "Current file contents:\ n";

char ch;
while (fin.get(ch))
cout << ch;
cout \ n***End of file contents.***\ n";
}
fin.closeO;
cout "\ nOpening " filename " in append mode...\ n;
ofstream fout(fileName,ios::app);
if (!fout)
{
cout "Unable to open " << fileName " for appending.\ n";
return(1);
}
28:
29:
30:
cout << "\ nEnter text for the file: ";

cin.ignore(1,'\ n');
31:
cin.getline(buffer,255);
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
fout buffer "\ n";

fout.close();
39:
534
fin.open(fileName); // fin!
if (!fin)
{
cout << "Unable to open " fileName << " for reading.\ n";
return(1);
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
48: }
}
cout << "\ nHere's the contents of the file:\ n";
char ch;
while (fin.get(ch))
cout << ch;
cout << "\ n***End of file contents.***\ n";
fin.closeO;
return 0;
Please re-enter the file name: testl

Current file contents:
Opening testl in append mode...
Enter text for the file: More text for the file!
Here's the contents of the file:
More text for the .file!
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include <fstream.h>
class Animal
4
5
public:
Animal(int
weight,
~Animal(){ }
6
7
long
days):itsWeight(weight),
itsNumberDaysAlive(days){
9:
10
11
int GetWeight()const { return itsWeight; }

12
long
GetDaysAlive()const
{
return
itsNumberDaysAlive;
void SetDaysAlive(long days) { itsNumberDaysAlive = days; }
13
14
15
private :
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
536
int itsWeight;
long itsNumberDaysAlive
>;
int main() // returns 1 on error
char fileName[80];
25:
26:
cout "Please enter the file name:

cin fileName;
27:
ofstream fout(fileName,ios::binary);
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
if (!tout)
<
cout << "Unable to open " << fileName << " for writing.\ n";
return(1);
}
Animal Bear(50,100);
fout.write((char*) &Bear,sizeof Bear);
36:
37:
38:
39:
fout.closeO;
40:
41:
if (!fin)
{
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
ifstream fin(fileName,ios::binary);
cout << "Unable to open " << fileName << " for reading.\ n";
return(1);
>
Animal BearTwo(1,1);
48:
49:
cout << "BearTwo weight: " << BearTwo.GetWeight() << endl;

cout "BearTwo days: " << BearTwo.GetDaysAlive() endl;
50:
51:
fin.read((char*) &BearTwo, sizeof BearTwo);
52:
53:
54:

cout << "BearTwo days: " << BearTwo.GetDaysAlive() endl;
55:
56:
57: >
fin.close();
return 0;
Please enter the file

BearTwo weight: 1
BearTwo days: 1
BearTwo weight: 50
BearTwo days: 100
name:
Animals
318 Animal. 2232 ,

. 34
Animal
-
itsWeight
=
50
itsNumberDaysAlive = 100. .
37 ,
39. Animal,
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16.
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, DOS UNIX,
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SomeProgram Paraml Param2
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main(
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int main(int arge, char **argv)
3:
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cout << "Received " << arge << " arguments...\ n;

for (int i=0; i<argc; i++)
cout << "argument " << i << " << argv[i] << endl;
return 0;
8:
TestProgram Teach Yourself C++ In 21 Days

Received 7 arguments...
argument 0: TestProgram.exe
argument 1 : Teach
538
argument 2:
argument 3:
Yourself
C++
argument 4:
In
argument 5:
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21
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16.20 16.18,
.
16.20. _______________ ___________

1: include <fstream.h>
2:
3: class Animal
4: {
5: public:
6:
Animal(int weight, long days):itsWeight(weight), itsNumberDaysAlive(days){ }
7:
"Animal(){ }
8:
9:
10:

11 :
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
long GetDaysAlive()const { return itsNumberDaysAlive; }

void SetDaysAlive(long days) { itsNumberDaysAlive = days; }
private:
int itsWeight;
long itsNumberDaysAlive;
} ;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) // 1
{
16.
539
22:
23:
24:
25:
26: }
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
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36:
37:
38:
39:
40:
41:
42:
43:
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45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
50:
51:
52:
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58: }
if (argc != 2)
{
cout << "Usage: " << argv[0] " <filename>" << endl;
return(1);
ofstream fout(argv[1],ios::binary);
if (!fout)
{
cout << "Unable to open " << argv[1] " for writing.\ n";
return(1);
}
Animal Bear(50,100);
fout.write((char*) &Bear,sizeof Bear);
fout.close();
ifstream fin(argv[1],ios::binary);
if (!fin)
{
cout << "Unable to open " argv[1] << " for reading.\ n";
return(1);
}
Animal BearTwo(1,1);
cout << "BearTwo days: " << BearTwo.GetDaysAlive() << endl;
fin.read((char*) &BearTwo, sizeof BearTwo);
cout << "BearTwo days: " << BearTwo.Get0aysAlive() endl;
fin.close();
return 0;
BearTwo weight : 1
BearTwo days: 1
BearTwo
weight:
50
BearTwo days: 100
Animal 16.18.
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if( < MAX_SCREEN_Y && > 0 )
platform.move( x, ) ; //
>
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{
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17.1.
17.1. _____________ _____________ _________

1: include <iostream>
2
3 namespace Window
4 {
5
const int MAX_X = 30 ;
6
const int MAX_Y = 40 ;
7
class Pane
8
<
9
public:
10
Pane() :
11
Pane() ;
12
void size( int
void move( int
13
14
void show( ) ;
15
private:
16
static int cnt
17
int x ;
18
int y ;
19
} :
20 >
17.
551
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
int Window::Pane::cnt = 0 ;
Window::Pane::Pane() : x(0), y(0) { )
Window::Pane::"Pane() { }
void Window;'.Pane: :size( int x, int y )
{
if( x < Window::MAX^X && x > 0 )
Pane; : x = x :
if( y < Window::MAX_Y && y > 0 )
Pane::y = y ;
}
void Window: :Pane: :inove( int x, int y )
{
if( x < Window::MAX_X && x > 0 )
Pane::x = x ;
if( y < Window::MAX_Y && y > 0 )
38:
Pane::y = y ;
39: }
40: void Window::Pane::show( )
41: {
42: std::cout << "x " << Pane::x ;
43: std::cout << " y " << Pane::y << std::endl
44: }
45:
46: int main( )
47: {
48 : Window::Pane pane ;
49:
50: pane.move( 20, 20 ) ;
51: pane.show( ) ;
52:
53: return 0 ;
54: }
x 20 20
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7:
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class Animal
9:
10:
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11:
Animal(int);
12:
Animal();
13:
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14:
15:
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16:
private:
17:
18:
19:
int itsWeight;
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itsWeight(weight)
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24:
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25:
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26:
27:
{ }
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36:

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38:
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40: T& operator[](int offSet) { return pType[offSet]; }

41:
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42:
{ return pTypefoffSet]; }
43:
//
44:
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45:
46:
private:
47:
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48:
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53:
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55:
56:
57:
itsSize(size)
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58:
59:

60:
pType[i] = 0;
61:
>
62:
63:
// -
64:
template <class T>
65:
Array<T>::Array(const Array &rhs)
66:
67:
{
itsSize = rhs.GetSize();
68:
pType = new T[itsSize];
69:
for (int i = 0; i<itsSize; i++)
70:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
71:
72:
73:
//
74:
template <class T>
75:Array<T>& Array<T>::operator=(const Array &rhs)

76:
77:
if (this == &rhs)
78:
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79:
delete [] pType;
80:
81:
82:
83:
84:

pType[i] = rhs[i];
return this;
85:
86:
87:
//
88:
int main()
89:
<
90:
Array<int> theArray; //
91: Array<Animal> the2oo; //

92:
Animal *pAnimal;
93:
94:
//
95: for(int i = 0; i < theArray.GetSizeO; i++)

96:
97:
theArray[i] = i*2;
98:
pAnimal = new Animal(i*3);
99:
theZoo[i] = *pAnimal;
19.
100:
delete pAnimal;
101:
102:
//
103:
for (int j = 0; j < theArray.GetSize(); j++)
104:
105:
cout "theArrayf << j "]:\ t";
106:
107:
cout theArray[j] << "\ t\ t";

cout "theZoo[" << j "]:\ t";
108:
theZoo[j].Display();
109:
cout endl;
110 :
111:
112:
return 0;
113: >
theArray[0]
theZoo[0]
theAr[1]
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- 6
theArray[3]
theArray[4]
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12
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12
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18
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16
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27
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// Animal,
8:
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9:
10:
class Animal
11:
12:
public:
13:
Animal(int);
14:
AnimalO;
15:
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16:
int GetWeight() const { return itsWeight; }
17:
void DisplayO const { cout itsWeight; >
18:
19:
private:
int itsWeight;
20:
21:
>;
22:
23:
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24:
{ }
25:
26:
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27:
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28:
{ >
29:
30:
31:
class Array //
32:
33:
34:
public:
//
35:
36:
37:
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38:
39:
//
40:
41: T& operator[](int offSet) { return pType[offSet]; }

42;
43:
{ return pType[offSet]; >
44:
//
45;
int GetSizeO const < return itsSize; }
46:
47:
// -
48:
friend void Intrude(Array<int>);
604
49:
50:
private:
51:
T *pType;
52:
int itsSize;
53:
} ;
54:
55:// - ,
56:// ! .
57:
void Intrude(Array<int> theArray)
.58:
59:
cout "\ n*** Intrude ***\ n";
60:
for (int i = 0; i < theArray.itsSize; i++)
61:
cout "i: " theArray.pTypefi] endl;
62:
cout << "\ n";
63:
64:
65:
// ...
66:
67:
68:
//
template <class T>
69:
70:
itsSize(size)
71:
72:
{
73:
74:
pType[i] = 0;
75:
76:
77:
// -
78:
template <class T>
79:
80:
81:
82:
<
83:
84:
85:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
}
86:
87:
// ( = )
88:
template <class T>
89: Array<T>& Array<T>::operator=(const Array &rhs)

90:
91:
if (this == &rhs)
92:
return *this;
93:
delete [] pType;
94:
95:
96:
97:
98:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
return this;
19.
605
99: >
100:
101: //
102: int main()
103: {
104:
105:
Array<int> theArray;
//
Array<Animal> theZoo; //
106:
Animal *pAnimal;
107:
108:
//
109:
for (int i = 0; i < theArray.GetSize(); i++)
110: {
111:
theArray[i] = i *2;
112:
113:
theZoo[i] = *pAniraal;
114:
115:
116:
int j;
117:
for (j = 0; j < theArray.GetSizeO; j++)
118: {
119:
cout "theZoo[" j "]:\ t";
120:
theZoo[j].Display();
121:
cout << endl;
122 : }
123:
cout "Now use the friend function to";
124:
cout "find the members of Array<int>";
125:
Intrude(theArray);
126:
127:
cout "\ n\ nDone.\ n";
128:
return 0;
129: >
theZoo[0]:
theZoo[1]:
theZoo[2]:
theZoo[3]:
theZoo[4]:
12
theZoo[5]:
15
theZoo[6]:
18
theZoo[7]:
21
theZoo[8]:
24
theZoo[9]: 27
Now use the friend function to find the members of Array<int>
*** Intrude ***
i: 0
i: 2
i: 4
i: 6
i: 8
606
: 14
: 16
: 18
Done.
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2:
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4:
5:
class Animal
6:
7:
8:
public:
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9:
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12:
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14:
private:
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15:
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36:
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37:
const T& operatort](int offSet) const
38:
{ return pType[offSet]; }
39:
//
40:
41:
friend ostream& operator<< (ostreamA, Array<T>&);
42:
43:
44:
45:
private:
T pType;
46:
47:
>;
int itsSize;
48:
49:
50:
template <class T>

ostream& operator<< (ostream& output, Array<T>& theArray)
51:
{
for (int i = 0; i<theArray.GetSize(); i++)
52:
output "[" i "] " theArray[i] endl; return output;
53:
54:
55:
56:
// . . .
57:
58:
//
59:
template <class T>
60:
61:
itsSize(size)
62:
63:
= new T[size];
64:
for (int = 0; i<size; ++)
65:
pType[] = 0;
66: >
67:
68: // -
69: template <class T>
70: Array<T>::Array(const Array &rhs)
71: {
72: ItsSize = rhs.GetSizeO;
73:
pType = new T[ItsSize];
74:
for (Int 1 = 0; KltsSize; 1++)
75:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
76: }
77;
78: // (=)
81: {
82:
if (this == &rhs)
83:
return this;
84:
delete [] pType;
85:
itsSize = rhs.GetSizeO;
86:
87:
for (int = 0; KitsSize; i++)
88:
89:
pType[i] = rhs[ ];
return *this;
90: >
91:
92: int main()
93: {
94:
bool Stop = false;
95:
int offset, value;
96:
Array<int> theArray;
//
97:
98:
while (!Stop)
99:
100:
cout << "Enter an offset (0-9) ";
101:
cout << "and a value. (-1 to stop): " ;
102:
cin >> offset value;
103:
104:
105:
if (offset < 0)
break;
106:
107:
if (offset > 9)
108: {
109:
cout "***Please use values between 0 and 9.***\ n";
110:
continue;
111: }
112:
19.
609
113:
114:
theArray[offset] = value;
}
115:
116:
cout << "\ nHere's the entire array:\ n";
117:
cout << theArray << endl;
118: return 0;
119: }
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
Enter an offset
Enter an offset
(0-9
and a value.
(0-9
and a value.
Please use values

Enter an offset
between 0 and
(0-9
and a value.
(-1 to stop)
(-1 to stop)
2 20
(-1 to stop)
(-1 to stop)
4 40
(-1 to stop)
(-1 to stop)
6 60
(-1 to stop)
(-1 to stop)
(-1 to stop)
1 10
3 30
5 50
7 70
8 80
9 90
(-1 to stop)
9. *.
1C 10
(-1 to stop)
-1 -1
Heres the entire array:
[0] 0
[1]
[2] 20
[3] 30
[4] 40
[5] 50
[6] 60
[7] 70
[8] 80
[9] 90
42 operator<<()
Array. operator<<()
,
operator() .
49.
. , operator()
, .

,
.
( ).
19.5.
610
19.5.
2:
3: const int DefaultSize = 10;
4;
5: // ,
6; class Animal
7: {
8; public:
9: //
10:
Animal(int);
11:
Animal();
12:
"AnimalO;
13:
14:
//
15:
16:
17:
void SetWeight(int theWeight) { itsWeight = theWeight; }
18:
//
19:
friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const Animal&);
20:
21: private:
22:
23: } ;
24:
int itsWeight;
25: // Animal
26: ostream& operator
27:
(ostream& theStream, const Animal& theAnimal)
28 {
29: theStream << theAnimal.GetWeight();
30: return theStream;
31: >
32:
33: Animal::Animal(int weight):
34: itsWeight(weight)
35: {
36:
37: }
// cout << "Animal(int)\ n";
38:
39: Animal::Animal():
40: itsWeight(O)
41: {
42:
// cout << "Animal()\ n;
43: }
44:
45: Animal: :'AnimalO
46: {
47:
// cout << "Destroyed an animal...\ n";
48: }
19.
611
49:
50:
51:
52:
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
56:
59:
60:
61:
62:
63
64:
65:

class Array
//
{
public:
"ArrayO { delete [] pType; }
T& operator[](int offSet) { return pType[offSet]; )
// -
friend ostreami operator (ostream&, const Array<T>&);
66:
67:
68:
69:
70:
71:
70:
72:
73:
74:
75:
76:
77:
78:
79:
80:
81:
82:
83:
84:
85:
private:
T *pType;
int itsSize;
> ;
template cclass T>
ostreami operator (ostream& output, const Array<T>& theArray)
{
for (int i = 0; ictheArray.GetSizeO; i++)
output "[" i "] " theArray[i] endl;
return output;
>
// ...
//
template cclass T>
itsSize(size)
86:

pType[i] = 0;
87:
88:
89:
90:
91:
92:
93:
// -
94:
<
95:
96:
97:
template class T>

for (int i = 0; KitsSize; i++)
98:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
99: }
100:
101: void IntFillFunction(Array<int>& theArray);
102: void AnimalFillFunction(Array<Animal>& theArray);
103:
104: int main()
105: <
106:
107:
Array<int> intArray;
Array<Animal> animalArray;
108:
IntFillFunction(intArray);
109:
Animal Fill Function(animalArray);
110:
cout "intArray.. n" intArray;
111:
cout << "\ nanimalArray...\ n" << animalArray << endl;
112:
return 0;
113: >
114:
115: void IntFillFunction(Array<int>& theArray)
116: {
117:
bool Stop = false;
118:
int offset, value;
119:
120 : {
while (!Stop)
121:
cout << "Enter an offset (0-9) ";
122:
cout "and a value, (-1 to stop): " ;
123:
cin offset value;
124:
125:
126:
127:
128:
129:
130:
131:
if (offset < 0)
break;
if (offset > 9)
<
cout "***Please use values between 0 and 9.***\ n";
continue;
}
132: }
133: }
134:
135:
136: void AnimalFillFunction(Array<Animal>& theArray)
137: {
138: Animal * pAnimal;
139: for (int i = 0; KtheArray,GetSize(); i++)
140: {
141:
pAnimal = new Animal;
142:
pAnimal->SetWeight(i*100);
143:
144:
t h eA a [i] = *pAnimal;
delete pAnimal; //
145: }
146: >
19.
613
1 10
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
2 20
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
3 30
4 40
Enter an offset
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
-1 to stop)
5 50
Enter an offset
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.

(0-9) and a value.
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
-1 to stop)
6 60
7 70
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
8 80
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
9 90
Enter an offset
(0-9) and a value.
-1 to stop)
* * *
1C 10
(0-9) and a value. ( -1 to stop)
-1 -1
***Please use values

Enter an offset
between 0 and S
intArray:...
[0] 0
[1]
[2]
20
[3]
30
[4]
40
[5]
50
[6]
60
[7]
70
[8]
80
[9] 90
animalArray :...
[0]
[1]
[2]
200
[3]
300
[4]
400
[5]
500
[6]
600
[7]
700
100
[8]
800
[9]
900
Array
. Animal 623.
,
(), Animal.
, Animal
( , ).
,
.
, .
101 IntFill Function( ),
. ,
, .
614
102 AnimalFillFunction(),
Animal.
-,
Animal.

Animal (. 19.5), ,
Animal , .
.
Array
, 59 60 19.2.
someAnimal = (Animal) 0; operator=
Animal. Animal
, ().
, .
, Animal
. ,

. ,
Animal.
19.6 Animal.
13.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2
3
4
5
// ,
class Animal
public :
9:
//
10
11
12
Animal(int);
Animal();
'Animal( ) ;
13
14
//
15
16
void SetWeight(int theWeight) { itsWeight = theWeight; }
17
18
//
19
friend ostream& operator (ostream&, const Animal&);
20
21
private :
22
23
int itsWeight;
};
24
19.
615
// Animal
ostream& operator
(ostreami theStream, const Animal& theAnimal)
25:
26:
27:
28:
{
theStream theAnimal.GetWeightO;
return theStream;
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
itsWeight(weight)
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
{
cout "animal(int)
>
Animal::Animal():
itsWeight(O)
39:
40:
41:
<
42:
cout "animalO
43:
44:
45:
}
Animal:: 'AnimalO
46:
47:
48:
49:
50:
51:
52:
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58:
59:
60:
61:
62:
62:
63:
64:
65:
>
66:
67:
cout "Destroyed an animal...";

class Array
//
{
public:
'ArrayO ( delete [] pType; }
//
T& operator[](int offSet) { return pType[offSet]; >
//
// -
friend ostream& operator (ostream&, const Array<T>&);
68:
69:
70:
71:
72:
73:
private:
T *pType;
int itsSize;
>;

75: Array<T>::Array(int size = DefaultSize):
76: itsSize(size)
77: {
78:
79:
for (int i = 0; Ksize: i++)
80:
pType[i] = (T)0;
81: }
82:
85: {
86:
if (this == &rhs)
87:
return this;
88:
delete [] pType;
89:
90:
91:
92:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
93:
return *this;
94: >
96: Array<T>::Array(const Array &rhs)
97: {
98: itsSize = rhs.GetSizeQ;
99:
100: for (int i = 0; icitsSize; i++)
101:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
102: }
103:
104:
105: template cclass T>
106: ostream& operator (ostream& output, const Array<T>& theArray)
107: {
108: for (int i = 0; i<theArray.GetSize(); i++)
109:
110: return output;
111; }
112:
113;
114; Array<Animal>::Array(int AnimalArraySize):

115; itsSize(AnimalArraySize)
116: {
117; pType = new Animal[AnimalArraySize];
118; }
119:
120;
121: void IntFillFunction(Array<int>& theArray);
122: void AnimalFillFunction(Array<Animal>& theArray);
123:
19.
124: int main()

125: {
126: Array<int> intArray;
127: Array<Animal> animalArray;
128:
IntFillFunction(intArray);
129:
Animal Fill Function(animalArray);
130: cout << "intArray...\ n" intArray;

131: cout "\ nanimalArray...\ n" << animalArray << endl;
132: return 0;
133: }
134:
135: void IntFillFunction(Array<int>& theArray)
136: {
137:
bool Stop = false;
138: int offset, value;

139: while (!Stop)
140:
141:
{
cout << "Enter an offset (0-9) and a value. ";
142:
cout "(-1 to stop): " ;
143:
cin >> offset >> value;
144:
if (offset < 0)
145:
break;
146:
147:
if (offset > 9)
{
148:
cout << "***Please use values between 0 and 9.***\ n";
149:
continue;
150:
151:
152: }
153: }
154:
155:
156: void AnimalFillFunction(Array<Animal>& theArray)
157: (
158:
Animal * pAnimal;
159:
for (int i = 0; i<theArray.GetSize(); i++)
160: {
161:
162:
theArray[i] = pAnimal;
163:
164:
delete pAnimal;
}
165: }
618

,
.
1: animal() animal() animal() Enter an offset (0-9) and a value. (-1 to

stop): 0 0
2: Enter an offset (0-9) and a value. (-1 to stop): 1 1
5: Enter an offset (0-9) and a value. (-1 to stop): -1 -1
6:
animal(int)
Destroyed
an
animal...animal(int)
Destroyed
an
animal...animal(int) Destroyed an animal...initArray...

7: [0] 0
8: [1] 1
9: [2] 2
10.
11- animal array...
12
[0] 0
13
14
[1 ]
[2] 20
15
16
17
18
19
Destroyed an animal... Destroyed an

<<< Second run >
animal(int) Destroyed an
20
21
22
23
Enter an offset (0-9) and

24
25
animal(int)
26
27
animal(int)
28
Destroyed an animal...
29
30
31
animal(int)
animal... Destroyed an animal
animal..
animal..
animal..
a value.
a value.
a value.
a value.
(-1 to stop):
(-1 to stop):
(-1 to stop):
0 0
1 1
(-1 to stop):
3 3
2 2
initArray...
32
[0] 0
33
34
[1] 1
[2] 2
35
36
37
animal array...
38
[1] 10
[2] 20
39
[0] 0
40
41
42
43
19.6 ,
Animal.
DefaultSize 3.
Animal ( 3348)
, .
19.
619
7481 Array. 114118

Array Animal.
,
Animal
.
.
1
, .
, .
AnimalFillFunction().
Animal ( 161),
Animal ( 162).
( 163) Animal .
6
.
,
. 16
.
( 18-43)
( 114 118),
Array.
Animal ,
74-81.
Animal
( 79 80), 18-20
.
, ,
, .

-.
. ,
- Array (,
),
-: Animal
. -
Array 19.7.
A ugriuni 18.7. - -
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:// ,
6:
class Animal
7:
8:
{
public:
620
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14;
15:
16:
17;
//
Animal(int);
AnimalO;
'AnimalO;
18:
//
friend ostream& operator (ostreami, const Animal&);
11
int GetWeightO const { return itsWeight; >
void SetWeight(int theWeight) { ItsWeight = theWeight;
19:
20:
21;
22:
23:
24;
25:
26:
27;
28:
29:
30;
31;
32:
33:
34;
35:
36:
37:
38:
39:
40:
private:
Int ItsWeight;
> ;
// Animal
ostreami operator
(ostr@am& theStream, const Animali theAnimal)
{
theStream theAnimal.GetWeightO;
return theStream;
}
Animal::Anlmal(int weight):
itsWeight(weight)
<
//cout "animal(int)
)
AnimalAnimalO:
itsWeight(O)
41; {
cout "animalO
42;
43: }
44:
45; Animal::AnimalO
46: {
47;
//cout "Destroyed an animal...";
48; >
49:
50: template <class T> //
51; class Array
//
52: {
53: public:
54:
//
55:
Array(int itsSize = OefaultSize);
56;
57;
'ArrayO < delete [] pType; itsNumberArrays-; }
58;
59:
//
19.
60:
61:T& operator^ ](int offSet) { return pType[offSet]; }

62:
63:
64:
65:
66:
67:

//
int GetSize() const { return itsSize; }
static
int
GetNumberArrays()
{
return
68:
// -
itsNumberArrays:
69:friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const Array<T>&);

70:
71:
private:
72:
T *pType;
73:
int itsSize;
74:
static int itsNumberArrays;
75:
} ;
76:
77:
78:
79:
80:
81:
82:
template <class T>

int Array<T>::itsNumberArrays = 0;
template <class T>
Array<T>::Array(int size = DefaultSize):
itsSize(size)
83:
84:
{
85:
86:
87:

pType[i] = (T)0;
itsNumberArrays++;
88:
89:
90:
template <class T>
92:
{
93:
if (this == &rhs)
94:
return this;
95:
delete [] pType;
96:
97:
98:
99:

pType[i] = rhs[i ];
100 :
101 :
102:
template <class T>
103:
104:

{
105:
106:
107:
108:
pType[i] = rhs[i ];
109:
itsNumberArrays++;
110:
622
111:
112:
114: ostream& operator<< (ostream& output, const Array<T>& theArray)
115: {
116:
for (int i = 0: i<theArray.GetSize(); i++)
117:
output << "[ i << "] " << theArray[i] << endl;
118:
return output;
119: }
120 :
121 :
122:
123: int main()
124: {
125:
126:
cout << Array<int>::GetNumberArrays() << " integer arrays\ n";
127:
cout << Array<Animal>::GetNumberArrays();
128:
cout << " animal arrays\ n\ n;
129:
130:
131:
132:
133:
134:
Array<int> intArray;
Array<Animal> animalArray;
cout << intArray.GetNumberArrays() << " integer arrays\ n";
cout << animalArray.GetNumberArrays();
cout << " animal arrays\ n\ n";
135:
136:
137:
Array<int> plntArray = new Array<int>;
138:
139:

cout << Array<Animal>::GetNumberArrays();
140:
141:
142:
143:
144:
145:
delete plntArray;
cout Array<Animal>::GetNumberArrays();
146:
147: return 0;
148: }
0 integer arrays
0 animal arrays
1 integer arrays
1 animal arrays
2 integer arrays
1 animal arrays
1 integer arrays
1 animal arrays
19.
623
tf'iWfii Animal.
Array itsNumberArrays (
74), ,
66 GetNumberArrays().
- 77
78. Array ,
, .
, , ,
- :
, , 132 133,
, 126 127.
, -
, -.

.

.

,

.

C++
(Standard Template Library STL).
STL
. STL ,
. , , ,
, .
STL ,

. STL ,
. , STL
.
STL .
, .
C++ -,
, C++
.
(STL) : .

624
, .
,
. C++,
STL . -
STL std.

. C++
: , .

. ,
. STL vector, ,
C++.
, ,
. - vector
<vector> std (
. 17). .
, 10 .
10 , .
, ,
. vector:
template <class , class
{
//
> ;
= ailocator<T>> class vector
(class ) .
(class ) ,
,
.
, .
new()
delete(), ..
.
.
,
.

:
vector<int> vlnts;
//
vector<float> vFloats;
//
19.
625
,
. ,
50 . ,
, 50
. vector ,
. 50
:
vector<Student> MathClass(50);

50 .
Student: ;Student().
- size().
- vStudent. size() 50.
-, capacityQ, ,
, . .
, , ..
. , ,
- empty(), , ,
.
, .. (
) Harry
Student
MathClass, ([]):
MathClass[5] = Harry;
. Harry
MathClass
Student. , Harry,
, :
MathClass[5].GetAge();
, ,
,
. ,
, 50. , 51 - , ,
. , ( MathClass)
51- ( Sally),
, .
.
- push_back():
MathClass.push_back(Sally);
- Sally Student
MathClass 51 ,
Sally MathClass[50].
push_back() , Student
-.
Sally.
MathClass.
626
STL ,
.
- max_size(),
, .
19.8 . ,

string. string
, .
13.8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1:
include <iostream>
2:
include <string>
3:
#include <vector>
4:
5:
6: class Student
7: {
8:
public:
9:
10:
StudentO;
Student(const string& name, const int age);
11:
Student(const Student& rhs);
12:
"StudentO;
13:
14:
void SetName(const string& name);
15;
string GetName() const;
16;
void SetAge(const int age);
17:
int
GetAgeO
const;
18:
19;
Student& operator=(const Student& rhs);
20:
21: private:
22:
string itsName;
23:
int itsAge;
24: } ;
25:
26: Student::Student()
27: : itsNameC'New Student"), itsAge(16)
28: { }
29:
30: Student::Student(const string& name, const int age)
31: : itsName(name), itsAge(age)
32: { }
33:
34: Student::Student(const Student& rhs)
35: : itsName(rhs.GetName()), itsAge(rhs.GetAge())
36: { }
37:
38; Student:: "StudentO
39: { }
40:
19.
627
41:
void Student::SetName(const string& name)
42:
43:
itsName = name;
44:
45:
46:
tring Student::GetName() const
47:
48:
return itsName;
49:
50:
51:
old Student::SetAge(const int age)
52:
53:
itsAgs = age;
54:
55:
56:
nt Student::GtAge() const
57:
58:
59:
60:
61:
return itsAge;
tudant& Student::operator=(eonst Studenti rhs)
62:
63:
64:
itsName
itsAge
65:
66:
=
=
rhs.GetName();
rhs.QitAgeO;
return this;
67:
68:
streams. operator(ostream& os, const Students rhs)
69:
70:
os rhs.GetName() " is rhs,GetAge() years old";
71:
return os;
72:
73:
74:
template<class T>
75:
void ShowVector(const vector<T>& v); //
76:
77:
typedef vector<Student>
SchoolClass;
78:
79:
int main()
80:
81:
Student Harry;
82:
Student Sally"Sally", 15);
83:
Student Bill("BiH", 17);
84:
Student Peter("Peter", 16);
85:
86:
SchoolClass EmptyClass;
87:
cout << "EmptyClass:\ n";

ShowVector(EmptvClass);
88 :
89:
90:
SchoolClass GrowingClass(3);
91:
cout << ''GrowingClass(3) :\ n";
92:
ShowVector(GrowingClass);
93:
94:
GrowingClass[0] = Harry;
95:
GrowingClass[1] = Sally;
96:
GrowingClass[2] = Bill;
97:
cout << "GrowingClass(3) after assigning students:\ n";
98:
99:
100:
GrowingClass.push_back(Peter);
101:
cout << "GrowingClass() after added 4th student:\ n";
102:
103:
104:
GrowingClass[0].SetName("Harry");
105:
GrowingClass[0].SetAge(18);
106:
cout << "GrowingClass() after Set\n:";
107:
108:
109:
return 0;
110: }
111:
112 : / /
113: //
114: //
115: templatecclass T>
116: void ShowVector(const vector<T>& v)
117: {
118:
cout "max_size() = " v,max_size();
119:
cout "\ tsize() = " << v,size();
120;
cout << "\ tcapacityO = " v,capacity();
121:
cout << "\ t" (v.emptyO? "empty": "not empty");
122:
cout << "\ n";
123:
124:
for (int i s 0; i < v,size(); ++i)
125:
126:
127:
cout v[i] "\ n";

cout endl;
128: }
129
EmptyClass:
max_size() = 214748364 size() = 0
capacityO = 0 empty
GrowingClass(3):
max_size() = 214748364
size()
New Student is 16 years
old
old
old
19.
capacityO = 3 not empty
629
GrowingClass(3) after assigning students:

max_size() = 214748364 size() = 3 capacityO = 3 not empty
New Student is 16 years old
Sally is 15 years old
Bill is 17 years old
GrowingClassO after added 4th student:
New Student is 16 years old
Peter is 16 years old
GrowingClass() after Set:
Harry is 18 years old
Student 624,
- 2666.
vector.
, -
. , - itsName
C++ string. ,
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2: include <1ist>
3:
4:
5: typedef list<int> IntegerList;
6:
7: int main()
8: {
9:
IntegerList intlist;
10 :
11:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i)
12:
intList.push_back(i * 2);
13:
14:
for (IntegerList::const_iterator ci = intList.begin();
15:
ci != intList.end(); ++ci)
16:
cout *ci "
17:
18:
return 0;
19: }
T* 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
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19.1D. -
include <iostream>
2
3
ftinclude <string>
include <map>
class Student
public
9:
Student();
10 :
Student(const
11:
Student(const Student& rhs);
634
string&
name,
const
int
age);
12:
"StudentO;
13:
14:
void SetName(const string& name);
15:
string GetNameO const;
16':
17:
void SetAge(const int age);

int
GetAgeO
18:
19:
Student& operator=(const Student& rhs);
const;
20:
21: private:
22:
string itsName;
23:
int itsAge;
24: } ;
25:
26: Student::Student()
27: : itsName(New Student"), itsAge(16)
28: { }
29:
30: Student::Student(const string& name, const int
31: : itsName(name), itsAge(age)
32: { }
33:
34: Student::Student(const Student& rhs)
35: : itsName(rhs.GetName()), itsAge(rhs.GetAge())
36: { }
37:
38: Student::~Student()
39: < }
40:
41: void Student::SetName(const string& name)
42: {
43:
itsName = name;
44: }
45:
46: string Student::GetName() const
47: {
48:
return itsName;
49: }
50:
51: void Student::SetAge(const int age)
52: {
53:
itsAge = age;
54: }
55:
56: int Student::GetAge() const
57: {
58:
return itsAge;
59: }
60:
61: Student& Student::operator=(const Student& rhs)
62: {
19.
63:
itsName = rhs,GetName();
64:
itsAge = rhs.GetAge();
65:
return *this;
66: }
67:
68: ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Student& rhs)
69: <
70:
71:
72: }
os << rhs.GetName() << " is " << rhs.GetAge() << " years old";
return os;
73:
74: template<class T, class A>
75: void ShowMap(const map<T, A>& v); //
76:
77: typedef map<string, Student> SchoolClass;
78:
79: int main()
80: {
81:
Student HarryC'Harry", 18);
82:
83:
84:
85:
Student Sally("Sally", 15);

Student Bill("Bill", 17);
Student PeterC'Peter", 16);
86:
87:
SchoolClassMathClass;
MathClass[Harry.GetNane()] = Harry;
88:
MathClass[Sally.GetName()] = Sally;
89:
90:
MathClass[Bill.GetName()] = Bill;
MathClass[Peter,GetName()] = Peter;
91:
92:
cout "MathClass:\ n";
93:
94:
ShowMap(MathClass);
95:
96:
97:
cout "We know that " << MathClass["Bill" ], GatName()

<< " is " MathClass["Bill"].GetAge() << "years old\ n";
98:
return 0;
99: }
100:
101: //
102: //
103: //
104: template<class T, class A>
105: void ShowMap(const map<T, A>& v)
106; {
107:
for (mapd, A>::const_iterator ci = v.begin();
108:
109:
110:
111:
ci ! = v.end(); ++ci)
cout << ci->first << " << ci->second << "\ n";
cout << endl;
112:}
636
MathClass:
Bill: Bill is 17 years old
Harry
Harry is 18 years old
Peter
Sally
We know that Bill is 17 years old
3 <>,
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81-84 Student. MathClass
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MathClass:
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, . 95 96
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1: ((include <iostream>
2: using namespace std;
3:
4: template<class T>
5: class Print {
6: public:
7:
void operator( )(const T8, t)
8: <
9:
10:
cout << t <<

}
11: } ;
12:
13: int main()

14: {
15:
Print<int> DoPrint;
16:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
17:
18:
DoPrint(i);
return 0:
19: }
0 12 3 4
411 Print.
710
. 15 DoPrint
Print. , ,
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638
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2: include <vector>
3: include <algorithm>
5:
7: class Print
8: {
9: public:
10:
void operator()(const T& t)
11: {
12:
13:
cout t << "

}
14: } ;
15:
16: int main()
17: {
18:
Print<int> DoPrint;
19:
vector<int> vlnt(5);
20:
21:
22:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)

vlnt[i] = i * 3;
23:
24:
cout << "for_each()\ n";
25:
for_each(vInt.begin(), vlnt.end(), DoPrint);
26:
27:
cout << "\ n";
28:
return 0;
29: }
for_each()
0 3 6 9 12
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<algoritlnm>,
. . 25
for_each(), vint.
DoPrint
DoPrint.operator(), .
19.
639

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2: include <vector>
3: include <algorithm>
5:
7: class Print
8: {
9: public:
10:
void operator()(const T& t)
11: {
12:
13:
cout t "
}
14: } ;
15:
16: int mainO
17: {
18:
Print<int> DoPrint:
19:
vector<int> vlnt(10);
20:
21:
fill(vlnt.begin(), vlnt.begin() + 5, 1);
22:
fill(vlnt.begin() + 5, vlnt.end(), 2);
23:
24:
for_each(vInt. begin(), vlnt.endO, DoPrint);
25:
cout << "\ n\ n";
26:
27:
return 0;
28: }
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virtual ~List();
void insert( int value );
void append( int value );
int is_present( int value ) const;
int is_empty() const { return head == 0; }
int count() const { return theCount; }
private:
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public:
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642
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1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Array
6: {
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
public:
//
//
int& operator[](int offSet);
const int& operator!](int offSet) const;
//
int GetitsSize() const { return itsSize; }
20:
21:
// -
22:
friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const Array&);
23:
24:
25:
26:
class xBoundary { } ; //
private:
int *pType;
27:
28: } ;
int itsSize;
29:
30:
31:
32:
Array::Array(int size):
itsSize(size)
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
pType = new int[size];

pTypet i] = 0;
}
38:
39:
40:
41:
42:
648
Arrayi Array::operator=(const Array &rhs)

{
if (this == &rhs)
43:
return *this;
44:
45:
delete [] pType;
itsSize = rhs.GetitsSizeO;
46:
pType = new int[itsSize];
47:
48:
49:
50:
51:
52:

pType[i] = rhs[i];
return *this;
}
Array::Array(const Array &rhs)
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58:
pType = new int[itsSize];
pType[i] = rhs[i];
59:
60:
61:
62: {
63:
64:
65:
66:
67:
int& Array::operator[](int offSet)

int size = GetitsSize();
if (offSet >= 0 && offSet < GetitsSize())
return pType[offSet];
throw xBoundaryO;
return pType[0]; //
68: }
69:
70:
71:
const int& Array::operator[](int offSet) const
72:
73:
74:
75:
7'6:
77:
78:
Int mysize = GetitsSizeO:

if (offSet >= 0 && offSet < GetitsSizeO)
79:
80:
ostreami operator (ostream& output, const Arrayi theArray)
throw xBoundaryO;
return pType[0]; //
81: {
82 ;
83;
84:
85;
for (int i = 0 ; KtheArray, GetitsSizeO: i++)

return output;
}
86 ;
87; int main()
88: {
89:
Array intArray(20);
90:
91:
92:
try
{
93:
94:
for (int j = 0; j< 100; j++)
(
intAr ray[j] = j;
20.
95:
96:
97:
cout "intArray[" j << "] okay..." << endl;

}
98:
99:
100:
catch (Array::xBoundary)
{
cout << "Unable to process your input!\ n";
101: }
102:
103:
104:
. -
cout << "Done.\ n";

return 0;
}
intArray[0] okay...
intArray[1]
okay...
intArray[2]
okay...
intArray[3]
okay...
intArray[4]
okay...
intArray[5]
okay...
intArray[6]
okay...
intArray[7]
okay...
intArray[8]
okay...
intArray[9]
okay...
intArray[10]
okay...
intArray[11]
okay...
intArray[12]
okay...
intArray[13]
okay...
lntArray[14]
okay...
intArray[15]
okay...
intArray[16]
okay..,
intArray[17] okay...
IntA'rray[ 18] okay. . .
intArray[19] okay...
Unable to process your input!
Done.
20.1 Array,
, 19.
24 xBoundary
Array.

.
. .
,
, ,
, - (=),
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. 15, Array
xBoundary, xBoundary
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650
6168 7178 ([])

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652
20.2.
2:
3: const int DefaultSize = 10;
4:
5; class Array
6: {
7: public:
8:
9:
//
10:
11:
"ArrayO { delete [] pType;}
12:
13:
//
14:
15:
16:
const int& operator[](int offSet) const;
17:
18:
19:
//
20:
21:
22:
// -
friend ostream& operator (ostream&, const Array&);
23:
24: //
25:
class xBoundary { } ;
26:
27:
class xTooBig { } ;
class xTooSmall{ } ;
28:
class xZero { } ;
29:
class xNegative { } ;
30: private:
31:
int pType;
32:
int itsSize;
33: } ;
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
if (offSet >= 0 J,& offSet < GetitsSize())
39:
40:
throw xBoundaryO;
41:
42:
return pType[0]; //
}
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
48:

{
int mysize = GetitsSize();
20.
653
49:
50:
throw xBoundary();
51:
52:
return pType[0]; //
>
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
itsSize(size)
58:
59:
if (size == 0)
60:
throw xZero();
61 :
if (size < 10)
62:
throw xTooSmall();
63:
if (size > 30000)
64:
throw xTooBigO;
65:
if (size < 1)
66:
throw xNegative():
67:
68:

for (int i = 0; i<size: i++)
69:
70:
71 :
pType[i] = 0;
72:
73:
74:
75:
int main()
76:
77:
78:
try
79:
80:
Array intArray(O);
81 :
for (int j = 0; j< 100; j++)
82:
83:
84:
{
intArray[j] = j;
cout << "intArray[" j << "] okay...\ n";
>
85:
86:
87:
catch (Array:.xBoundary)
88 :
89:
cout << "Unable to process your input !\ n";
90:
91:
catch (Array::xTooBig)
92:
93:
94:
95:
catch (Array::xTooSmall)
96:
97:
cout << "This array is too big...\ n";
cout << "This array is too small...\ n";
98:
99:
catch (Array::xZero)
100: {
101:
cout << "You asked for an array";
102:
cout << " of zero objects!\ n";
103:
104:
catch (...)
105:
106:
cout << "Something went wrong!\ n";
107:
108:
cout << "Done.\ n";
109:
110 :
return 0;
}
.. , - You asked for an array of zero objects!

Done
2629 : xTooBig, xTooSmall, xZero

5671 ,
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61 62 65 66 .
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xTooSmall, xTooBig xNegative.
xSize, , xSize.
20.3.
20.3.
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Array
6:
7:
8:
public:
//
9:
10:

20.
655
"ArrayO { delete [] pType;}
11 :
12:
13:
//
14:

int& operator^ ](int offSet):
15:
16:
17:
const int& operator^](int offSet) const;
18:
//
19:
int GetitsSizeO const { return itsSize; }
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
// -
friend ostrean& operator<< (ostream&, const Array&);
//
class xBoundary < } ;
26:
27:
class xSize { } ;
28:
29:
class xTooSmall : public xSize { } ;
30:
31:
32:
33:
class xTooBig : public xSize { } ;

class xZero : public xTooSmall { } ;
class xNegative : public xSize { } ;
private:
int pType;
int itsSize;
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
itsSize(size)
39:
<
40:
41:
if (size == 0)
throw xZero();
42:
43:
44:
if (size
throw
if (size
throw
if (size
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
throw xTooSmall();
50:
51:
52:
pType[i] = 0;
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58:
59:
60:
61:
> 30000)
xTooBig();
<1)
xNegative();
< 10)
<
int size = GetitsSizeO;
throw xBoundary();
return pType[0]; //
62:
63:
64:
65:
66:
67:
68:
69:

{
throw xBoundaryO;
70:
71:
72:
73:
return [0]; //
}
74: int main()

75: <
76:
77:
78:
79:
80:
81: {
82:
83:
try
{
Array intArray(O);
for (int j = 0; j< 100; j++)
intArray[j] = ];
cout << "intArray[" j << "] okay...\ n";
84:
>
85:
86:
}
87:
88:
89:
90:
}
catch (Array::xTooBig)
91:
92:
93:
94:
95:
96:
97:
98:
99:
cout "This array is too big...\ n";
catch (Array::xTooSmall)
{
cout "This array is too small...\ n";
}
catch (Array::xZero)
100: {
101:
cout << "You asked for an array";
102:
103:
104:
cout << " of zero objects!\ n";

}
105:
106:
107:
108:
109:
110:
111:
catch (...)
{
cout "Something went wrong!\ n";
}
cout << "Done.\ n";
return 0;
112: }
20.
657
This array is too small

Done.
2730,
. xTooBig, xTooSmall xNegative
xSize, xZero xTooSmall.
Array , ? ,
!
catch, , , xZero,
xTooSmall. xZero,
xTooSmall,
xTooSmall. ,
, xZero .

, ,
.
xZero xTooSmall.

,
, , .
, .
,
, 20.4.
20.4. ______________________________
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
class Array
6;
7;
public:
8:
//
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
//
14:
15:
int& operatorf](int offSet);
16:
const int& operator[ ](int offSet) const;
17:
18:
658
//
19:
20:
21:
// -
22:
friend ostream& operator (ostream&, const Array&);
23:
24:
//
25:
26:
class xSize
27:
28:
public:
29:
xSize(int size):itsSize(size) { }
30:
xSize(){ }
31:
int GetSize() { return itsSize; }
32:
private:
33:
int itsSize;
34:
} ;
35:
36:
class xTooBig : public xSize
37:
38:
public:
39:
xTooBig(int size):xSize(size){ }
40:
41:
} ;
42:
class xTooSmall : public xSize
43:
44:
public:
45:
xTooSmall(int size):xSize(size){ }
46:
47:
} ;
48:
class xZero : public xTooSmall
49:
50:
51:
public:
xZero(int size):xTooSmall(size){ }
52:
} ;
53:
54:
class xNegative : public xSize
55:
56:
public:
57:
xNegative(int size):xSize(size){ }
58:
} ;
59:
60: private:
61:
int *pType;
62:
63: } ;
64:
int itsSize;
65:
66: Array::Array(int size):
67:
itsSize(size)
68: {
20.
69:
if (size == 0)
70:
throw xZero(size);
71:
if (size > 30000)
72:
throw xTooBig(size);
73:
if (size <1)
74:
throw xNegative(size);
75:
if (size < 10)
76:
77:
throw xTooSnall(size);
78:
79:
80:
pType[i] = 0;
81: >
82:
83:
84:
inti Array::operator[] (int offSet)
'
85: {
86:
87:
88:
89:
90:
throw xBoundaryO;
return pType[0]:
91: }
92:
93: const int& Array::operator[] (int offSet) const
94:
95:
96:

97:
98:
throw xBoundaryO;
99:
100 : }
return pType[0];
101:
102:
int main()
103:
104:
105:
try
106: {
107:
Array intArray(9);
108:
for (int j = 0; j< 100; j++)
109:
110:
intArray[j] = j;
111:
cout "intArray[" j << "] okay..." endl;
112 : }
113:
114:
>
115:
116:
117:
118:
660

}
catch (Array::xZero theException)
119:
120:
{
cout "You asked for an Array of zero objectai " endl;
121:
cout "Received " theException,GetSizeO endl;
122: }
123:
catch (Array::xTooBig theExceptlon)
124:
125:
126:
cout << "This Array is too big,,, << endl;

cout "Received " theException,GetSize() endl;
127:
128:
catch (Array;:xTooSmall theException)
129:
130:
cout << "This Array is too small... " << endl;
131:
cout << "Received " << theException.GetSize() << endl;
132:
133 :
134:
catch (...)
{
135:
136:
137:
138:
cout << "Something went wrong, but I've no idea what!\ n";
}
cout << "Done.\ n";
return 0;
139: >
This array is too small,.,

Received 9
Done.
xSize ,
- itsSize ( 33) - GetSizeO
( 31). , ,
-, 29.
,
. (
).
catch 114-136 ,
(thoException),
catch , - itsSize.
:
, , - ,
,
. ,
OutOfMemory,
- .
^,
. ,
.
,
20,
661
. 20.5
,
- .
, .
20.5.
___________________________________________________________
1:
#! <1:.>
2
3
4
5
class Array
6
7
public:
//
9;
10
11
12
13
//
14
15
16
const int& operator[](int offSet) const;
17
18
//
19
20
21
22
// -
friend ostreamS operator<<
(ostream&, const Array8.);
23
24
25
//
26
27
class xSize
28
29
public:
xSize(int size):itsSize(size) { }
30
31
~xSize(){ }
32
virtual int GetSizeO { return itsSize; }
33
virtual void PrintError()
34
35
cout << "Size error. Received
36
cout << itsSize << endl;
37
38
protected:
int itsSize;
39
40
> ;
41
42
662
class xTooBig : public xSize
43:
44:
public:
45:
xTooBig(int size):xSize(size){ }
46:
virtual void PrintErrorO
47:
48:
cout "Too big. Received:
49:
cout xSize::itsSize << endl;
50:
51:
52:
} ;
53:
class xTooSmall : public xSize
54:
55:
public:
56:
xTooSmall(int size) :xSize(size){ }
57:
58:
59:
cout << "Too small. Received:
60:
cout << xSize::itsSize endl;
61: >
62: } ;
63:
64:
65:
class xZero : public xTooSmall

{
66:
public:
67:
68:
xZero(int size):xTooSmall(size){ }
69:
70:
cout << "Zero!. Received: " ;
71:
cout << xSize::itsSize << endl;
72:
73:
}
} ;
74:
75:
77:
class xNegative : public xSize76:

public:
78:
79:
xNegative(int size):xSize(size){ }
80: {
81:
cout << "Negative! Received: ";
82:
83:
84:
cout xSize:'.itsSize endl;

}
} ;
85:
86:
private:
87:
int *pType;
88:
int itsSize;
89: } ;
90:
91: Array::Array(int size):
92: itsSize(size)
93: {
20.
94:
if (size - 0)
throw xZero(size);
95:
if (size > 30000)
96:
throw xTooBig(size);
97:
98:
if (size <1)
throw xNegative(size);
99:
if (size < 10)
100:
101 :
throw xTooSmall(size);
102:
103:
104:

pTypeti] = 0;
105:
106:
107:
>
108:
int& Array::operator[] (int offSet)
109:
110 :
111:
112:

throw xBoundary();
return pType[0];
113:
114:
115:
>
116:
117:
const int& Array::operator[] (int offSet) const
118:
119:
120:
121 :
throw xBoundaryO;
122:
return pType[0];
123:
124:
125:
126:
127:
int main()
128:
129:
try
130:
131:
Array intArray(9);
132:
for (int j = 0; j< 100; J++)
133:
134:
intArray[j] - j;
135:
cout "intArray[" j "] okay...\ n";
136:
137:
138:
I
oatoh (Array::xBoundary)
139:
140:
141:
142:
catch (Array::xSize& theException)
143:
cout "Unable to process your input I\ n";
144:
145:
theExoeptlon.PrintError();
146:
catch (.,,)
147:
148:
cout "Something went wrong!\ n";
149:
150:
cout "Done.\ n";
151:
152: }
return 0;
Too small! Received: 9

' Done.
20.5 PrintError()
* xSize,
. .
142 , .
PrintError()
PrintError().
, , , .
J

, ,
. ,
,
, . 20.6.
20..
1:
2:
3:
4:

5:
6:
7:
template <class T>

class Array
8:
9:
public:
10:
//
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
'ArrayO { delete [] pType;}
18:
19:
//
Array& operator=(const Array<T>&);
T& operator[](int offset);
const T& operator[](int offSet) const;
20.
665
20:
21:
//
22:
23:
// -
24:friend ostream& operator (ostream&, const Array<T>&);
25:
26:
//
27:
28:
class xSize { } ;
29:
30:
private:
31:
int pType;
32:
int itsSize;
33:
34:
} ;
35:
template Cclass T>
36:
37:
itsSize(size)
38:
39:
40:
{
if (size <10 || size > 30000)
throw xSize();
41:
42:

43:
pType[i] = 0;
44:
45:
46:
template cclass T>
47: Array<T>& Array<T>::operator=(const Array<T> &rhs)
48:
49:
50:
{
if (this == &rhs)
return this:
51:
52:
delete [] pType;
itsSize = rhs.GetitsSize();
53:
54:

55:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
56:
57:
58:
}
template <class T>
Array<T>::Array(const Array<T> &rhs)
59:
60:
{
61:
62:
63:
pType[i] = rhs[i];
64:
65:
66:
67:
template <class T>

T& Array<T>::operator[](int offSet)
68:
69:
70:
666
71:
72:
throw xBoundaryO;
73:
74: }
return pType[0];
75:
77: const T& Array<T>::operator[](int offset) const
78: {
79:
80:
81:
82:
throw xBoundaryO;
83: >
84:
85:
template <class J>
86:
87:
ostream& operator (ostream& output, const Array<T>& theArray)

{
88:
89:
90:
91: }
for (int i = 0; KtheArray. GetitsSize(); i++)

output << "[" < intArray(9);
100:
for (int j = 0; j< 100; j++)
101 : {
102:
intArray[j] = j;
103:
104:
cout << "intArray[" << j << "] okay..." endl;

}
105:
106:
}
catch (xBoundary)
107:
108:
109:
110:
catch (Array<int>::xSize)
cout "Unable to process your input!\ n";
111: {
112:
cout << "Bad Size!\ n";
113:
114:
115:
cout << "Done.\ n";
116:
117:
return 0;
}
You asked for an array of zero objects!
Mud,i mM* pQne
20.
667
, xBoundary, 4; , xSize, 28.

xBoundary ,
, . XSize
Array.
catch. 106 catch (xBoundary),
110 catch (Array<int>::xSize).
.

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class xOutOfMemory
{
public:
xOutOfMemory(){ theMsg = new char[20];
strcpy(theMsg, "error in memory");}
"xOutOfMemo ry(){ delete [] theMsg; cout
"Memory restored, " endl; }
char * MessageO { return theMsg; }
private:
char * theMsg;
> ;
main()
{
try
{
char * var = new char;
if ( var == 0 )
<
xOutOfMemory * px =
new
xOutOfMemory;
throw px;
}
}
catch( xOutOfMemory * theExceptlon )
{
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delete theExceptlon;
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21.1.
21.1. # d e f i n e ___________________ ______________

1:
#define DemoVersion
2:
#define NTJv/ERSION 5
3:
4:
5:
6:
int main()
7:
8
9: cout "Checking on the definitions of DemoVersion,
NT_VERSION _and WINDOWS_VERSION...\ n";
10
11
12
13
14
15
#ifdef DemoVersion
cout
<<
"DemoVersion
defined.\
<<
"DemoVersion
not
n";
#else
cout
defined.\
n";
#endif
16
17
18
19
20
21
#ifndef NT_VERSION
cout << "NT_VERSI0N not defined!\ n";
tfelse
cout << "NT_VERSI0N defined as: " << NT_VERSI0N endl;
#endif
21.
675
22
ffifdef WINDOWS^VERSION
cout WINDOWSVERSION definod!\ if;
25
#else
26
cout << "WINDOWS_VERSION was not de1ined.\ n";
27
#end.i f
23
24
28
29
30
cout << " Dotie. \ n";

return 0;
31
hecking on the definitions of DemoVersion, NT_VERSI0N_and

WIND0WS_VERSI0N...
DemoVersion defined.
NT_VERSION defined as: 5
WIND0WS_VERSI0N was not defined.
Done.
1 2 DemoVersion NT_VERSI0N,
NT_VERSI0N 5. 11
DemoVersion, ( ),
12
.
17 NT_VERSI0N
#ifndef. , false
20. NT_VERSI0N
5, .. :
cout << " NT_VERSI0N defined as: " << 5 << end]:
, NT VERSION
5, ,
NT_VERSI0N ;
5, ,
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Dog ( Animal), D0G.HPP
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ifndef ANIMAL.HPP
define ANIMAL.HPP
//
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define #endif
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:
TWICE(4)
TWICE(4) , 8!
4, : ((4) * 2),
4 * 2 8.
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MIN:
define (,) ( () > () ? () : () )
define MIN(, ) ( () < () ? () : () )
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define (,) ( () > () ? () : () )

int = 5, = 7, z;
z = (,);
:
int = 5, = 7, z;
z =
(,) (
() > () ? () : () )(,)
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z =7;
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21.2.
21.2. _______________________
1:// 21.2.
2:
3:
4:
define CUBE(a) ( (a) * (a) * (a) )
5:
define THREE(a) a * a * a
6:
7:
int main()
8:
9:
10:
long x = 5;
long = CUBE(x);
11:
long z = THREE(x);
12 :
13:
14:
cout << ": " << << endl;

cout << "z: " << z << endl;
15:
16:
long a = 5, b = 7;
17:
= CUBE(a+b);
18:
z = THREE(a+b);
19:
20:
cout << ": " << << endl;
21:
cout << "z: " << z << endl;
22:
return 0;
23:
' y: 125
z: 125
y: 1728
z: 82
4 CUBE ,
. 5
THREE, .
5,
. CUBE(5)
( (5) * (5) * (5) ), 125,
THR(5) 5 * 5 * 5 , 125.
1618
5 + 7. CUBE(5+7) :
( (5+7) * (5+7) * (5+7) )
21.
679

( (12) * (12) * (12) )
THREE(5+7)
7*5
7*5
1728.

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5
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680
21.3.
1:
2:
3: inline unsigned long Square(unsigned long a) { return a * a; }
4:
inline unsigned long Cube(urisigned long a)
5:
{ return a * a * a; }
6:
int main()
7:
8:
unsigned long x=1 ;
9:
for (;; )
10 :
11:
cout << "Enter a number (0 to quit):
12:
cm >> x;
13:
if (x == 0)
14:
break;
15:
cout << "You entered: " << x;
16:
cout << Square(" << x << "): ";
17 :
cout << Square(x);
18:
cout<< Cube(" << x << "): ";
19:
cout << Cube(x) << << endl;
20:
21 :
return 0;
22:
>
RWMWwaswifa; _ ,
; ( ,i Enter a number (0 to quit)
fib t' 1 I1.1' It 1 ^ 1 1 'f .. . , .. / -1 \
You entered: 1. Square(l)
Enter a number (0 to quit)
You entered: 2. Square(2)
Enter a number (0 t.o quit.)
You entered: 4. Squa r e(4)
You entered: 5, Squaie(5)
Enter a number (0 to quit.)
Enter a number - (0 to quit)
1
1. Cube(1): 1.
2
4. Cube(2): 8
3
9. Cube(3): 27.
4
16. Cube(4): 64.
5
25. Cube(5): 125
6
36. Cube(6): 216,
0
3 4 : 8()

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17 Square, 19 Cube. , ,
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16: cout << ". Square(" << << "): " << * << ". Cube (" << << "): << * *
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. ,
define WRITESTRING(x) cout << #
:
WRITESTRING(This is a string);
:
cout << "This is a string";
,
cout.
This
is
string
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
fOnePrint, fTwoPrint, fThreePrint, fFourPrint fFivePrint.
:
#define fPRINT() f ## ## Print
fPRINT() Two,
fTwoPrint, Three, fThreePrint.
Partslist.
List. ,

, , ..
AnimalList,
CarList, ComputerList .
,
, , .
682
, ,
. , :
define Listof(Type) class Type##List \
{\
public: \
Type##List(){ } \
private:
int itsLength; \
}:
,
. (AnimalList),

Listof(Animal)
AnimalList.
,
19.
, __DATE__,

, ,
, .
,
. __DATE__ . ____________ TIME__
. _____ LINE_____ FILE__
. ,
. , _______________ DATE__
, .
.
__TIME___ ,___ LINE________ FILE___ .
assertQ
assert,
TRUE, TRUE,
, FALSE.
,
(. 20).
assert() ,
, DEBUG.

.
.
21.
683
, ..
assertO, . 21.4
assertO .
21.4. a s s e
r t ( ) ______________________________________________
1: // 21.4. ASSERT
2: define DEBUG
4:
5: ifndef DEBUG
6:
define ASSERT(x)
7: else
8 :
define ASSERT(x) \
9:
if (! (x)) \
10: { \
11:
cout << "ERROR!! Assert " << x << " failed\ n"; \
12:
cout << " on line " << ____ LINE__ << "\ n"; \
13:
cout << " in file " << ____ FILE__ "\ n"; \
14:
15: endif
16:
17:
18: int main()
19: {
20:
21:
int x = 5;
cout << " assert: \ n";
22:
ASSERT(x==5);
23:
cout "\ assert: \ n";
24:
ASSERT(x != 5);
25:
cout << "\ n,\ n";
26: return 0:
27: }
, A-
First assert:
Second assert :
ERROR!! Assert
x !=5
failed
on line 24
in file test1704,cpp
Done,
2 DEBUG.
,.,
^ 0 ( )
, . 8-14
assertO. , ASSERT, hpp,
.
5 DEBUG. ,
assertO , .
DEBUG , 8-14.
684
assert() ,
. 9 , .
FALSE, ( 11 13).
TRUE, .
assorti]
, ,
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, .
,
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, .
assert()
,
. , assert()
, ,
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. , assertO
, .
, assertO
.
assertO, .
assertO
:
Animal *pCat = new Cat ;
Assert(pCat); //
pCat->SomeFunction() ;
.
assertO
.
, assert()B
.
, , ,
21.
685
NULL ( ).
, ,
NULL. , pCat->SomeFunction(),
.
NULL
, .
, . , assert()
, DEBUG . (
20.)
new
assert()

,
assert(). - ,
, assert()
, . ,
ASSERT ( = 5)
, == 5,
.
, assertO ,
0. , ,
5.
5.
TRUE, = 5 5,
5, 5 ,
.
assertO
5, ,
. . assertO
5.
0, .
,
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- .
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: CIRCLE
ANIMAL 100.
Invariants(),
TRUE ,
. ASSERT(InvariantsO)
686
. , InvariantsO
TRUE .
InvariantsO 21.5.
21.5. l n v a r i a n t s ( ) ______________________
1: #define DEBUG
2: define SHOW_INVARIANTS
4: include <string.h>
5:
6: #ifndef DEBUG
7: define ASSERT(x)
8: else
9: define ASSERT(x) \
:
if (! (x)) \
11: < \
12:
cout << "ERROR!! Assert " << #x << " failed\ n"; \
13:
cout << " on line " << ____ LINE__ << "\ n"; \
14:
15:
cout << " in file " << ____ FILE__ << "\ n"; \
}
16: endif
17:
18:
19: const int FALSE = 0;
20: const int TRUE = 1;
21: typedef int bool;
22:
23:
24: class String
25: {
26:
27:
public:
//
28:
StringO;
29:
30:
31:
'StringO;
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
const char * GetStringO const { return itsString; }
39:
bool InvariantsO const;
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
private:
String (int);
char * itsString;
//
// itsLen;
21.
687
int itsLen;
45:
46:
};
47:
48:
49:
//
50:
<
String::St ring()
51:
itsString = new char[1 ];
52:
itsString[0] = 1\ O;
53:
itsLen=0;
54:
ASSERT(InvariantsO);
55:
56:
57:
// () ,
58:
//
59:
// , .
60:
String::St ring(int len)
61:
62:
63:
64:
65:
itsLen=len;

itsString[i] = '\ 0';
66:
67:
68:
69:
// String
70:
71:
72:
73:
74:
for (int i = 0; iCitsLen; i++)
75:
itsSt ring[i] = cSt ring[i ];

itsString[itsLen]='\ O';
76:
77:
ASSERT(Invariants());
78:
79:
>
80:
// -
81:
82:
83:
84:
85:
86:
87:
88:
ASSERT(InvariantsQ);
89:
90:
91:
// ,
92:
String::'String ()
93:
94:
95:
96:
itsLen = 0;
97:
>
98:
99:// ,
100: // ,
102:
103:
104:
if (this == &rhs)
105:
return *this;
106:
107:
108:
itsString = new char[itslen+1];
109:
110:
111:
itsSt ring[i] = rhs[i];

112:
113:
114:
return this;
}
115:
116: //
117:
118:
119:
120;
121:
122:
123:
return itsString[itslen-1];
124:
>
125:
else
126:
127:
{
128:
129:
130:
131:
}
//
132:
133:
134:
{
135:
char retVal;
136:
137:
retVal = itsString[itsLen-1];
138:
else
139:
retVal = itsString[offset];
140:
141:
return retVal;
142:
143:
bool String::Invariants() const
144:
21.
145:
#ifdef SHOW_INVARIANTS
cout << "Invariants Tested":
146:
147:
Sendif
return ( (itsLen && itsString) ||
148:
149:
150:
151:
(litsLen && (itsString) );
}
class Animal
152:
153:
public:
154:
AnimalO :itsAge(1), itsName("John Q. Animal")

{ ASSERT(InvariantsQ): }
Animal(int, const String&);
155:
156:
157:
~Animal(){ }
158:
int GetAge() { ASSERT(InvariantsO); return itsAge;}
159:
void SetAge(int Age)
160:
161:
162:
itsAge = Age;
163:
164:
165:
String& GetNameO
166:
167:
{
return itsName;
168:
169:
170:
171:
void SetName(const String& name)
172:
173:
itsName = name;
174:
175:
176:
177:
bool Invariants!);
private:
178:
int itsAge;
179:
String itsName;
180:
181:
182:
Animal::Animal(int age, const String& name):
183:
itsAge(age),
184:
itsName(name)
185:
{
186:
187:
188:
189:
bool Animal::Invariants!)
190:
191:
#ifdef SH0W_INVARIANTS
192:
193:
194:
{
cout "Invariants Tested";
#endif
return (itsAge > 0 && itsName.GetLenO);
195: }
196:
197 :
int main( )
198:
199:
Animal sparky(5, "Sparky");
200:
cout << "\ n" << sparky. GetNameO GetStringO << " is
cout << sparky.GetAge() << " years old. ";
201
202:
sparky.SetAge(8);
203:
cout << "\ n" << sparky.GetName().GetString() << " is
204:
cout << sparky.GetAge() << " years old. ";
205:
return 0;
206:
String OK String OK String OK String OK String OK String OK String OK

String OK String OK Animal OK String OK Animal OK
Sparky is Animal OK 5 years old. Animal OK Animal OK
Animal OK Sparky is Animal OK 8 years old. String OK
915 assert(). DEBUG

assert() FALSE, .
39 - InvariantsO String,
143150. 4955,
54, , -
InvariantsO, .
, InvariantsO , .
InvariantsO ,
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.
176 Animal InvariantsO,
189195. 155, 158, 161 163:
InvariantsO.

, assertO

, .
,
. 21.6.
21.. ______________________________________
1: // 21.6.
3: define DEBUG
4:
21.
691
5:
#ifndef DEBUG
6:
define PRINT(x)
7:
else
8:
define PRINT(x) \
9:
cout << #x << ":\ t" x << endl;
10:
endif
11:
12:
enum bool { FALSE, TRUE } ;
13:
14:
int main()
15:
16:
int x = 5;
17:
long y = 738981;
18:
PRINT(x):
19:
for (int 1 = 0 ;
i < x; i++)
20: {
21:
22:
PRINT(i);
>
23:
24:
PRINT (y);
25;
PRINT("Hi.");
?6:
int *px = &x;
27:
PRINT(px);
28;
PRINT (*px);
29:
raturn 0;
30:
; 5
:
:
".";
:
73898
.
0x2100
*: 5
PH () ( 510)
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692

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, define DEBUG
. ,
: HIGH (), MEDIUM (), LOW () NONE (). 21.7
, , String Animal 21.5.
21.7. _____________________________________________________
1:
enum LEVEL { NONE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH } ;
2:
const int FALSE = 0;
3:
const int TRUE = 1;
4:
typedef int bool;
define DEBUGLEVEL HIGH
include
9:
include <string.h>
<iostream.h>
10
11
#if
12
define ASSERT(x)
13
else
DEBUGLEVEL
<
LOW
14
define ASSERT(x) \
15
if (! (X)) \
16
//
17
cout "ERROR!! Assert " #x " failed\ n"; \
18
cout " on line " ______ LINE__ "\ n"; \
19
cout " in file " ______ FILE__ "\ n"; \
20
21
22
endif
23
if
24
define EVAL(x)
25
else
28:
28
DEBUGLEVEL
<
MEDIUM
define EVAL(x) \
27
27: cout << X ":\ t" x andl;
28:
endif
29:
30:
#if DEBUGLEVEL < HIGH
31 :
define PRINT(x)
32:
else
33:
define PRINT(x) \
34:
cout x endl;
35:
endif
21.
693
36:
37:
38:
class String
39:
40:
public:
41:
//
42:
StringO;
43:
44:
45:
StringO;
46:
47:
char & operator[ ] (int offset);
48:
49:
50:
51:
52:
const char GetStringO const
53:
{ return itsString; }
54:
bool InvariantsO const;
55:
56:
private:
57:
String (int); //
58:
char * itsString;
59:
60:
} ;
61:
62://
63:
String::St ring()
64:
65:
66:
itsString[0] = \ O';
67:.
itsLen=0;
68:
69:
}
70:
71:// () ,
72:
//
73:
// . Null.
74:
String:;String(int len)
75:
76:
77:
78:
itsString[i] = 1\ O';
79:
itsLen=len;
80:
81:
82:
83:
// String
84:
String::String(const char * const cString)
694
85:
86:
87:
88:
for (int i = 0; i<itsLen; i++)
89:
itsString[i] = cSt ring[i];
90:
itsString[itsLen]=\ O;
91:
92:
93:
94:
// -
95:
96:
97:
itsLen=rhs.Getlen();
98:
99:
100:
101:
102:
103:
>
104:
105: //
106:
String::'String ()
107:
108:
109:
110:
itsLen = 0;
111 :
112:
113:// ,
114:
//

116:
117:
{
118:
if (this == &rhs)
119:
return this;
120:
121:
itsten=rhs.GetLen();
122:
123:
124:
125:
itsString[itsLen] = '\ O;
126:
127:
return *this;
128:
129:
'
130:
//
131:
char & St ring::operator[](int offset)
132:
133:
ASSERT(InvariantsQ);
21.
695
134:
135:
136:
137:
138:
else
139:
140:
141:
142:
143:
144:
}
}
145:
//
146:
147:
148:
149:
char retVal;
150:

retVal = itsString[itsLen-1];
151:
else
152:
153:
retVal = itsString[offset];
154:
155:
return retVal;
156:
157:
158:
bool String::Invariants() const
159:
160:
PRINT("(String Invariants Checked)");
161:
162:
return ( (bool) (itsLen && itsString) ||
163:
(!itsLen && !itsString) );
>
164:
165:
class Animal
166:
167:
public:
168:
169:
{
AnimaK ): itsAge( 1), itsName("John 0, Animal")
{ ASSERT(Invariants());}
170:
171:
Animal(int, const Stringi);
172:
"Animal(){ }
173:
174:
175:
int GetAge()
176:
return itsAge;
177:
178:
179:
180:
181:
182:
void SetAge(int Age)
{
183:
itsAge = Age;
184:
185:
186:
}
String& GetNameO
187:
188:
189:
return itsName;
190:
191:
192:
void SetName(const String& name)
193:
194:
195:
itsName = name;
196:
197:
198:
199:
bool Invariants!);
200: private:
201:
int itsAge;
202:
String itsName;
203: } ;
204:
205: Animal::Animal(int age, const Strng& name):
206: itsAge(age),
207: itsName(name)
208: {
209:
210:}
211:
212: bool Animal::Invariants!)

213: {
214:
PRINT("(Animal Invariants Checked)");
215:
return (itsAge > 0 && itsName.GetLen());
216: }
217:
218: int main()
219: {
220:
const int AGE = 5;
221:
EVAL(AGE);
222:
Animal sparky(AGE,"Sparky");
223:
cout "\ n" sparky.GetName().GetString();
224:
cout " is ";
225:
cout << sparky.GetAge() << " years old.";
226:
sparky.SetAge(8);
227:
cout << "\ n" << sparky.GetName().GetString();
228:
cout << " is ";
229:
cout sparky.GetAge() << " years old.";
230:
return 0;
231: }
21.
697
AGE: 5
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
(String
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants
Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Invariants Checked)
Sparky is (Animal Invariants Checked)

5 years old. (Animal Invariants Checked)
(Animal Invariants Checked)
(Animal Invariants Checked)
Sparky is (Animal Invariants Checked)
8 years old. (String Invariants Checked)
(String Invariants Checked)
// run again with DEBUG = MEDIUM
AGE: 5
Sparky is 5 years old.
Sparky is 8 years old.
1121 assert() ,
, DEBUGLEVEL ,
LOW (.. DEBUGLEVEL NONE). ,
assert() ( 1421). 24 EVAL
, DEBUGLEVEL , MEDIUM; ,
DEBUGLEVEL NONE LOW, EVAL .
, 3035, PRINT ,
DEBUGLEVEL , HIGH. PRINT
, DEBUGLEVEL
HIGH, .. , DEBUGLEVEL
MEDIUM, EVAL assert().
PRINT Invariants()
. EVAL 221,
AGE.

.
,

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698

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21.1. ______________________________________________
&
AND ( )
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(
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21.
699
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128. 128?
128 - 1000 0000 , ,
, 128 .
4- ( ),
128 ,
. , 4-
1010 0110 0010 0110.
128 :
9 8765 4321
1010 0110 0010 0110 // 8-
| 0000 0000 1000 0000 // 128
1010 0110 1010 0110 // 8-
. -, ,
. -, 128 ,
, .. , . -,
1010 0110 0010 0110 .
,
.

,
128 . 128 -
, , 128 (1000 0000),

(0111 1111).
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1010 0110 1010 0110 // 8-
& 1111 1111 0111 1111 // '128 ( 128)
1010 0110 0010 0110 // 8-
700
,
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1. - 0, 0.
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.

,
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128. :
1010 0110 1010 0110 //
" 0000 0000 1000 0000 // 128
1010 0110 0010 0110 // 8-
"0000 0000 10000000 //128
1010 0110 1010 0110 // 8-

.

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,
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C++
char: .
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0 1. 2,
: 0, 1, 2 3.
..
. 21.8.
21.
701
21.8. ______________________
1:
2:
include <string.h>
3:
4:
enum STATUS { FullTime, PartTime } ;
5:
enum GRADL.EVEL < UnderGrad, Grad } ;
6:
7:
enum HOUSING { Dorm, OffCampus } ;

enum
FOODPLAN
OneMeal,
AllMeals,
WeekEnds,
NoMeals
8:
9:
class student
10:
11:
public:
12:
student():
13:
myStatus(FullTime),
14:
15:
myGradLevel(UnderGrad),
myHousing(Dorm),
16:
myFoodPlan(NoMeals)
17:
18:
19:
{ }
~student(){ }
STATUS GetStatus();
20:
21:
void SetStatus(STATUS);
unsigned GetPlan() { return myFoodPlan; }
22:
23:
private:
24:
unsigned myStatus : 1;
25:
26:
unsigned myGradLevel: 1;
unsigned myHousing : 1;
27:
unsigned myFoodPlan : 2;
28:
} ;
29:
30:
STATUS student::GetStatus()
31:
32:
{
if (myStatus)
33:
return FullTime;
34:
else
35:
return PartTime;
36:
37:
void student::SetStatus(STATUS theStatus)
38:
39:
myStatus = theStatus;
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
int main()
{
45:
student Jim;
46:
47:
if (Jim.GetStatus()== PartTime)
48:
cout << "Jim is part time" << endl;
702
49:
else
50:
cout "Jim is full time" << endl;
51:
52:
53:
Jim.SetStatus(PartTime);
54:
if (Jim. GetStatusO)
55:
cout << "Jim is part time" << endl;
56:
else
57:
cout << "Jim is full time" << endl;
58:
59:
cout "Jim is on the " ;
60:
61:
char Plan[80];
62:
switch (Jim.GetPlan())
63:
64:
case OneMeal: strcpy(Plan, "One meal"); break;
65:
case AllMeals: strcpy(Plan, "All meals"); break;
66:
case WeekEnds: strcpy(Plan, "Weekend meals"); break;
67:
68:
69:
case NoMeals: strcpy(Plan, "No Meals");break;

default : cout "Something bad went wrong!\ n"; break;
}
70:
71:
72:
cout << Plan << " food plan. " << endl;
return 0;
}
.. . ; - Jim is part time

....... Jim is full time
Jim is on the No Meals food plan.
47 .
student.
928 student. ,
, . ,
(full time) (part time)
. (Unde rGrad).
. ,
.
,
.. ,
, .
- GetStatusO
, .
, .
.
, GetStatusO :
STATUS student::GetStatus()
{
return myStatus;
>
21.
703
. ,
, ,
.
, 47 (full
time part time), .
-:
cout "Jim is " Jim.GetStatusO endl;
:
Jim is
PartTime
.
62
,
70. - , switch
:
case0: st(Plan,"One meal); break;
case
1: strcpy(Plan,"All meals); break;
case2: strcpy(Plan,"Weekend meals); break;

case
3: strcpy(Plan,"No Meals");break;
,
.
, ,
.

,
, ,
.
.
.
,
. ,
, .
,

.
,
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. ,
.
704

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C++ . :

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if (condition==true)
{
J = k;
SomeFunctionO;
}
m++;

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C++ , , :
, .
switch
switch ,
:
switch{)
{
case _1:
0_1():
break;
case _2:
0_2();
break;
default;
assert ("
break;
'');
21.
705

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: +, =, *, /, %, , , <,
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, .
3*2).
, if, : if
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char* f;
int& thelnt;
:
char *foo;
int &thelnt;
He .
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). C++
,
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() () ,
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706
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, :
enum TextStyle
{
tsPlain,
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Node - List
List - , ,

Jesse Liberty (jl)
3.
713
24:
II
25:
II : Pentium 200 Pro. 128MB RAM MVC 5.0
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
II
Il :
31:
32:
33:
//
// : 9/94 - (jl)
//
4/97 - (jl)
// *************************************************
34:
35:
//
36:
37:
class Exception { } ;
class
OutOfMemory
38:
39:
class
class
NullNode : public
EmptyList : public
40:
class BoundsError : public Exception { } ;
41:
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
II
****************
public
Exception}
Exception} } ;
Exception { } ;
Part * * * * * * * * * * * *
//
class Part
<
public :
48:
49:
Part():its0bjectNumber(1 ) { }
50:
51 :
virtual ~Part(){ } ;
int Get0bjectNumber() const { return itsObjectNumber; }
52:
virtual void DisplayO const =0: //
Part(int ObjectNumber):itsObjectNumber(ObjectNumber){ }
53:
54:
55:
56:
57:
58:
private :
int itsObjectNumber;
} ;
// ,
59:
60:
//
void Part : :Display() const
61:
62:
63:
64:
65:
// << .
66:
// , .
67:
// DisplayO, .
68:
//
69:
70:
71 :
// thePart, C++
cout << "\nPart Number: " << itsObjectNumber << endl;
ostream& operator<<( ostream& theStream,Part& thePart)
72:
73:
{
thePart. DisplayO; // !
return theStream;
74:
7b
75:
76
II **************** rt ************
77:
class CarPart : public Part
78:
79:
80:
{
public:
CarPartO :itsModelYear(94){ }
81:
82:

int GetModelYear() const { return itsModelYear; }
83:
84:
85:
virtual void DisplayO const;

private:
int itsModelYear;
86:
87:
} ;
88:
CarPart::CarPart(int year, int partNumber):
89:
90:
itsModelYear(year),
Part(partNumber)
91:
92:
93:
94:
95:
{ }
void CarPart::Display() const
{
Part::Display();
96:
97:
cout << "Model Year: " << itsModelYear << endl;

}
98:
99:
// **************** AirPlane Part ************
100:
class AirPlanePart : public Part
101:
102:
103:
{
public:
AirPlanePart():itsEngineNumber(1){ } ;
104:
AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber);
105:
virtual void DisplayO const;
106:int GetEngineNumber()const { return itsEngineNumber; }
107:
108:
private:
109:
} ;
110:
111:AirPlanePart::AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
112:
113:
Part(PartNumber)
114:
115:
{ )
116:
117:
void AirPlanePart::Display() const

{
118:
Part::Display();
119: cout << "Engine No.: << itsEngineNumber << endl;
120 :
121 :
122:
123:
// List
template <class T>
124: class List;

125:
3.
126:
127:
128:
II **************** Node ************

// ,
II * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
129:
130:
131:
132:
133:
134:
135:
136:
137:
138:
139:
140:
141:
142:
template <class >

class Node
{
public:
friend class List<T>;
Node (T*);
NodeO;
void SetNext(Node * node) { itsNext = node; >
Node * GetNextO const;
T * GetObjectO const;
private:
T* itsObject;
Node * itsNext;
143:
144:
> ;
145:
146:
147:
// ,..
148:
template <class T>

Node<T>::Node(T* pOjbect):
149:
150:
itsObject(pOjbect),
itsNext(O)
151:
{ }
152:
153:
template <class T>
154:
Node<T>::'NodeO
155:
{
delete itsObject;
itsObject = 0;
delete itsNext;
itsNext = 0;
156:
157:
158:
159:
160:
161:
162:
// NULL,
163:
164:
template <class >

Node<T> * Node<T>::GetNextO const
165:
>
return itsNext;
166:
167:
168:
169:
template <class T>
170:
171:
172:
173:
174:
175:
T * Node<T>::GetObjectO const
176:
{
if (itsObject)
return itsObject;
else
throw NullNode();
177:
178:
// **************** List ************
179:
//
180:
//
181:
jj * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
182:
183:
184:
template <class >

class List
{
185:
public:
186: List();
187: "List();
188:
189: T*
Find(int & position, int ObjectNumber) const;
190: T* GetFirstO const;

191: void Insert(T *);
192: T* operator[](int) const;
193: int GetCountO const { return itsCount; }
194:
private:
195: Node<T> * pHead;
196: int itsCount;
197:
198:
199:
200:
} ;
// ...
template <class T>
201:
List<T>::List():
202: pHead(O),
203:
itsCount(O)
204: { }
205:
206:
template <class T>
207:
List<T>::List()
208:
{
209: delete pHead;
210 :
}
211:
212:
213:
214:
template <class T>

T* List<T>::GetFirst() const
{
215: if (pHead)
216:
217: else
return pHead->its0bject;
218:
throw EmptyList();
219:
220:
221:
template <class T>
222:
T * List<T>::operator[](int offSet) const
223:
{
224: Node<T>* pNode = pHead;
225:
226: if (!pHead)
227:
throw EmptyListQ;
3.
228:
229:
throw BoundsError();
230:
231:
232:
for (int i=0;i<offSet; i++)

pNode = pNode->itsNext;
233:
234:
return pNode->its0bject;
235:
236:
237:
>
238:
// (id)
239:
template <class >
240:
* List<T>::Find(int & position, int ObjectNumber) const
241:
{
Node<T> * pNode = 0;
242:
243:
244:

pNode!=NULL;
pNode = pNode->itsNext, position++)
245:
246:
247:
248:
249:
250:
{
if (pNode->itsObject->GetObjectNumber() == ObjectNumber)
break;
251:
}
if (pNode == NULL)
return NULL;
252:
else
253:
254:
255:
256:
257:
258:
259:
260:
261:
262:
263:
264:
return pNode->its0bject;
}
// ,
template <class >
void List<T>::Insert(T* pObject)
{
Node<T> * pNode = new Node<T>(p0bject);
Node<T> * pCurrent = pHead;
Node<T> * pNext = 0;
int New = p0bject->Get0bjectNumber();
265:
int Next = 0;
266:
itsCount++;
267:
268:
if (!pHead)
269:
{
pHead = pNode;
return;
270:
271:
272:
273:
274:
275:
276:
277:
278:
>
// ,
//
if (pHead->its0bject->Get0bjectNumber() > New)
{
pNode->itsNext = pHead;
279:
pHead = pNode;
280:
return;
281: }
282:
283: for (; ; )
284: {
285:
// ,
286:
287:
288:
289:
if (!pCurrent->itsNext)
<
return;
290:
291:
292:
// , ,
293:
// ,
294:
pNext = pCurrent->itsNext;
295:
Next = pNext->itsObject->GetObjectNumber();
296:
297:
298:
299:
300:
301:
302:
if (Next > New)

{
pNode->itsNext = pNext;
return;
}
pCurrent = pNext;
303: }
304: }
305:
306:
307: int main()
308: {
309:
310:
311:
312:
List<Part> theList;
int choice;
int ObjectNumber;
int value;
313: Part * pPart;

'314: while (1)
315: {
316:
317:
cout << "(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: ";

cin >> choice;
318:
319:
320:
if (!choice)
break;
321:
322:
323:
324;
cout << " New PartNumber?: ";

cin >> ObjectNumber;
325:
326:
327:
328:
if (choice == 1)
{
cout << "Model Year?: ";
cin value;
329:
try
3.
719
330:
331:
332:
333:
334:
335:
336:
337:
338:
339:
340:
{
pPart = new CarPart(value,ObjectNumber);
}
catch (OutOfMemory)
<
cout << "Not enough memory; Exiting..." << endl;
return 1;
>
}
else
{
341:
cout "Engine Number?:
342:
343:
cin >> value;
344:
try
345:
346:
347:
348:
349:
350:
351:
352:
353:
354:
pPart = new AirPlanePart(value,ObjectNumber);

}
catch (OutOfMemory)
{
cout << "Not enough memory; Exiting..." << endl;
return 1;
}
355:
theList,Insert(pPart);
356:
357:
358:
359:
360:
}
catch (NullNode)
361:
}
catch (EmptyList)
{
cout "The list is broken, and the node is null!" endl;
return 1;
362:
363:
364:
cout "The list is empty!" << endl;

return 1;
365:
366:
367:
368:
369:
370:
371:
372:
373:
374:
}
>
try
<
for (int i = 0; i < theList.GetCount(); i++ )
cout << *(theList[i]);
>
catch (NullNode)
<
375:
cout << "The list is broken, and the node is null!" << endl;
return 1;
376:
377:
378:
}
catch (EmptyList)
379:
380:
cout << "The list is empty!" << endl;
381
382
383
return 1;
catch (BoundsError)
384
385
386
387
388
389
cout << "Tried to read beyond the end of the list!" << endl;
return 1;
return 0;

Model Year? 90
Engine Number?: 4938
Model Year? 94
Model Year? 93
Part Number: 378
Engine No. 4938
Part Number: 2837
Model Year: 90
Part Number: 3000
Model Year: 93
Part Number 4499
Model Year: 94
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4. ?
, , , ,
.
1. ,
.
2. , .
3. include #.
4. Hello World,
.
736
2

1. ?
.
,
.
18.
2. mainO?
main() .
3. ?
C++ (//),
.
(/* */), ,
, .
,
.
4. ?
, C++
.
C++, , C++
.
5. ?
.
C++,
(//).
1. , I love C++.
1: include <iostream,h>
2:
3: int main()
4: {
5: cout << "I love C++\n";
6: return 0;
7: }
2. , ,
.
int main() { returna 0; }
3. : . ?
?
737
int main()
{
cout Is there a bug here?'';
return 0;
}
4 .
4. 3, ,
.
int main()
{
cout << " Is there a bug here?"
return 0;
3

1. ( )
?
,
,
.
.
2. unsigned short int long int?
unsigned ,
.
(short) 2 , (long) 4 .
3. ?
, ..
. ,
,
,
.
4. const
define?
, const,
,
. ,

, .
738
5. ?
;
. , () PeopleOnTheBus () , , xjk prndl,
, .
6.
(enum) , Blue?
enum COLOR { WHITE, BLACK = 100, RED, BLUE, GREEN = 300 };
BLUE = 102
7. ,
?
) ;
) ! ;
) R79J , ;
) Totallncome ;
) Invalid , .
1. ?
.
Unsigned short integer
.
unsigned float
Unsigned long integer
.
Unsigned double
.
Unsigned short integer
2. .
) myAge ()
) backYardArea ()
) StarsInGalaxy ()
) averageRainFall ()
3. pi, 3.14159.
const float pi = 3.14159;
4. float , pi.
float myPi = PI;
739
4
1. ?
, .
2. = 5 + 7 ? ?
, 12.
3. 201/4?
50
4.
201 % 4?
1
5. , b int,
:
myAge = 39;
= ++;
b = ++;
niyAge: 41, : 39, : 41

6. 8+2*3?
14
7. if( = 3) if ( == 3)?
3 TRUE.
, 3,
TRUE, 3, FALSE .
8. true false?
) 0
FALSE
)
TRUE
) -1
TRUE
) = 0
FALSE
) == 0 // , 0
TRUE
740

1. if,
,
else.
if ( > )
X = ;
else
// > X II == X
= ;
2. . , .
?
2: int mainO
3: {
4: int , b, ;
5: cout << "Please enter three numbers\ n";
6: cout << "a:
7: ein >> a;
8; cout << "\ nb: ";
9: ein b;
10: cout << "\ nc:
11: ein >> ;
12:
13: if ( = (a-b))
14: { cout "a:
15: cout a;
16: cout "minus b:
17: cout b;
18: cout << "equals c:
19: cout << << endl; >
20: else
21: cout << "a-b does not equal c: " endl;
22: return 0;
23: }
3. 2; , .
20, 10 50. , ? ?
20, 10, 50. :
: 20 minus b: 10 equals : 10
? , 13 ,
.
4.
:
2: int main()
3: {
a = 1, b = 1, ;
4:
int
5:
if ( = (a-b))
741
6:
cout "The value of is: " << c;
7: return 0;
8: }
5. , , 4.
? ?
6.
5 - ,
(1) b (1) 0. 0 false
(), ,
.
5

1. ?

, .
, .
inline .
,
.
2.
, ,
?
. , .
3. , ?
void.
4. ,
?
, ,
int.
5. ?
, (
). .
6. ?

.
7. ?
.
8. ?
,
. C++
. ,
.
742
9. ?
,
.
10. ?
,
.
C++
.
1. Perimeter,
unsigned long int , unsigned short int.
unsigned long int Perimeter(unsigned short int, unsigned short int);
2.
Perimeter 1.
,
( ).
unsigned long int Perimeter(unsigned short int length, unsigned short int width)
{
return 2*length + 2*width;
>
3. : ?
include <iostream,h>
void myFunc(unsigned short int x);
int main()
{
= myFunc(int);
cout << "x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
}
void myFunc(unsigned short int x)
{
return (4*x);
>
void,
- . , myFunc
, int.
4. : ?
int main()
<
= myFunc(x);
743
cout << "x: " << x << " : " << << "\ n";
>
<
return (4*x);
}
, ,
.
5.
, unsigned short int

.
, ,
-1.
short int Divider(unsigned short int valOne, unsigned short int valTwo)
{
if (valTwo == 0)
return -1;
else
return valOne / valTwo;
>
6. ,
, 5.
, , -1.
typedef unsigned long int ULONG;
short int Divider(
unsigned short int valone,
unsigned short int valtwo);
int main()
{
USHORT one, two;
short int answer;
cout << "Enter two numbers.\n Number one: ";
cin >> one;
cout << "Number two: ";
cin >> two;
answer = Divider(one, two);
if (answer > -1)
cout "Answer: " << answer;
else
cout "Error, can't divide by zero!";
return 0;
>
7. , .
,
, .. 2,
4, 16.
744
typedef unsigned short USHORT;
typedef unsigned long ULONG;
ULONG GetPower(USHORT n, USHORT power);
int main()
<
USHORT number, power;
ULONG answer;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
cout << "To what power? ";
cin >> power;
answer = GetPower(number, power);
cout << number << " to the " << power << "th power is " << answer << endl;
return 0;
}
ULONG GetPower(USHORT n, USHORT power)
{
if(power == 1)
return n;
else
return (n * GetPower(n,power-1));
}
6

1. ?
(.).
.
2. ?
.
.
3. ?
, ,
. -,
.
4.
(public) (private) ?
- ,
- .
5. - ?
. -, - .
6. - ?
745
- ,
, - ,
.
7.
Cat,
- itsAge?
. -.
8.
! ?
?

, - .
9.
- Meow Cat,
void?
- Meow() Cat,
void, :
void Cat::Meow()
10. ?
.
1.
, Employee ()
-: (), yearsOfService ( ) Salary
().
class Employee
{
int Age;
int YearsOfService;
int Salary;
>;
2. Employee, -
-.
class Employee
{
public:
int GetAge() const;
void SetAge(int age);
int GetYearsOfService() const;
void SetYearsOfService(int years);
int GetSalaryO const;
void SetSalary(int salary);
private:
int Age;
int YearsOfService;
int Salary;
>;
746
3. Employee,
Employee; - age, YearsOfService Salary,
.
int main()
{
Employee John;
Employee Sally;
John.SetAge(30);
John.SetYears0fService(5);
John.SetSalary(50000);
Sally.SetAge(32);
Sally.SetYears0fService(8);
Sally.SetSalary(40000);
cout << "At AcmeSexist company, John and Sally have the same job.\n";
cout "John is " << John.GetAgeO << " years old and he has been with";
cout << "the firm for " << John.GetYearsOfService << " years.\n";
cout << "John earns $" << John.GetSalary << " dollars per year.\n\n";
cout << "Sally, on the other hand is " << Sally.GetAge() << " years old and has";
cout "been with the company " << Sally.GetYearsOfService;
cout << " years. Yet Sally only makes $" << Sally.GetSalaryO;
cout " dollars per year! Something here is unfair.";
return 0;
}
4.
3 Employee,
, , 1
.
float Employee:GetRoundedThousands() const
{
return (Salary+500) / 1000;
>
5. Employee , -
age, YearsOfService Salary .
class Employee
{
public:
Employee(int Age, int yearsOfService, int salary);
int GetAge() const;
void SetAge(int Age);
int GetYearsOfService() const;
void SetYearsOfService(int years);
int GetSalaryO const;
void SetSalary(int salary);
private:
747
int Age;
int YearsOfService;
int Salary;
):
6. : ?
class Square
{
public:
int Side;
}
.
7. : ?
class Cat
{
int GetAge() const;
private;
int itsAge;
};
GetAgeO . :
, .
8. : ?
class TV
<
public;
void SetStation(int Station);
int GetStation() const;
private;
int itsStation;
};
main()
{
TV myTV;
myTV.itsStation = 9;
TV,SetStation(IO);
TV my0therTv(2);
}
itsStation . -.
- SetStation()npHMO
.
. SetStationO
- itsStation,
.
748
7

1. for -?
, , :
for ( = , = 10; < 100; ++, ++)
2. goto?
Goto
. ,
, .
3.
for ,
?
. (FALSE),
for . :
for (int = 100; < 100; ++)
4.
while for?
. .
5. , ? .
. for, while:
for(;;)
<
// !
}
while(1)
{
// !
>
6. ?
.
1.
for (int = 0; < 100; ++)?
100
2. for, 10x10.
for (int = 0; i< 10; i++)
{
for ( int ] = 0; j< 10; j++)
749
cout << "";

cout << "\n";
}
3. for, 100 200 2.
for (int = 100; <=200; +=2)
4. while, 100 200 2.

int = 100;
while ( <= 200)
+= 2;
5. do.. while, 100 200 2.

int = 100;
do
{
+=2;
} while ( <= 200);
6. : :
int counter = 0;
{
cout << "counter: " counter;
>
, counter,
while .
7. : :
for (int counter = 0; counter < 10; counter++);
cout << counter << " ";
,
. , , ,
counter,
.
8. : :
int counter = 100;
{
cout "counter now: " << counter;
counter--;
}
counter 100, ,
, counter 10,
FALSE .
int counter = 5;, ,
.
int signed,
.
750
9. : :
cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 5:
>> theNumber;
switch (theNumber)
{
case 0
do2ero();
//
case 1
case 2
//
case 3
//
case 4
//
case 5
doOneToFive();
break;
default:
doDefault();
break;
}
case 0, , break. ,
.
8

1. ?

(&).
2.
, ,
?
, , ,
(*).
3. ?
, .
4. , , ,
?
, , . ,
, , ,
. (*) ,
, .
5. ?
(*) , ,
. (&)
.
751
6. : const int * ptrOne int * const

ptrTwo?
const int * ptrOne , ptrOne

.
.
int * const ptrTwo , ptrTwo
.
.
1. .
int * ;
int vTwo;
int * pThree = &vTwo;
:
)
)
)
2.
int * ; ;
int vTwo; ;
int * pThree = &vTwo;
, yourAgo unsigned short.

, ?
unsigned short * = &you;
3. you 50.
=50;
4.
int
. . ,
- .
int thelnteger;
int plnteger = &thelnteger;
plnteger = 5;
5. : :
int tnain()
{
int * pint;
pint = 9;
cout << " The value at pint: " << *plnt;
return 0;
}
pint .
- , .
. 9
.
752
6. : :
int mainO
{
int SomeVariable = 5;
cout << "SomeVariable: " << SomeVariable "\ n";
int *pVar = & SomeVariable;
pVar = 9;
cout "SomeVariable: " << *pVar << "\ n";
return 0;
}
, 9 ,
pVar. , 9 pVar,
(*). pVar
,
.
9
1. ?
(), ,
. .
2. , ?

.
3. new, ?
.
4. ?
.
5. ?
,
.
.
1. , int,
int int.
int.
int main()
<
int varOne;
int& rVar = varOne;
753
int* pVar = &varOne;

rVar = 5;
*pVar = 7;
return 0;
}
2.
,
. ,
varOne. varOne 6. ,
varOne 7.
varTwo. ,
varTwo. .
int main()
{
int varOne;
const int * const pVar = &var0ne;
*pVar = 7;
int varTwo;
pVar = &varTwo;
return 0;
>
3. , 2.
? ?

.
4. , .
int main()
{
int * pVar;
*pVar = 9;
return 0;
>
5. 4, .
int main()
{
int varOne;
int * pVar = &var0ne;
*pVar = 9;
return 0;
}
6. , .
int * Func0ne();
int main()
754
int * pint = FuncOne();

cout << "the value of pint in main is: " << pint endl;
return 0;
int * FuncOneO
{
int * pint = new int (5);
cout << "the value of pint in FuncOne is: " << pint << endl;
return pint;
>
7. 6.
int FuncOneO;
int main()
{
int thelnt = FuncOneO;
cout << "the value of pint in main is: " << thelnt << endl;
return 0;
}
int FuncOneO
{
int * pint = new int (5);
cout << "the value of pint in FuncOne is: " pint << endl;
delete pint;
return temp;
}
8. : ?
1; include <iostream.h>
2
3
class CAT
4
public:
5
6
'CAT(){ }
int GetAge() const { return itsAge;}
9:
private:
int itsAge;
10
11 :
12 :
};
13: CAT & MakeCat(int age);

14: int main()
15: {
16:
int age = 7;
17:
CAT Boots = MakeCat(age);
18:
cout << "Boots is " Boots.GetAge() << " years old\ n";
19:
return 0;
20: }
21:
22: CAT & MakeCat(int age)
23: {
24:
CAT * pCat = new CAT(age);
25:
return *pCat;
26: >
MakeCat CAT,
.
, .
9. 8.
2:
3: class CAT
4: {
5:
public:
6:
7:
'CAT(){ }
8:
int GetAgeO const { return itsAge;}
9:
private:
10:
11:
int itsAge;
} ;
12;
13: CAT * MakeCat(int age);
14: int main()
15: {
16;
int age = 7;
17:
CAT * Boots = MakeCat(age);
18:
cout "Boots is " Boots.GetAge() << " years old\ n";
19:
delete Boots;
20: return 0;
21: }
22:
23: CAT * MakeCat(int age)
24: {
25:
return new CAT(age);
26; }
756
10

1. -,
?
-, ,
.
2. ?
, .
, ,
typedef.
3. -?
, . ,
.
4. ?

, delete ,
.
5. - (=)?
, .
6. this?
-, .
7. ?
.
int,
, , .
8. operator+ short int?
, .
9. C++ operator++ ,
?
, .
, .
10.
?
. ,
.
757

1. SimpleCircle ( )
- itsRadius ().
, , .
class SimpleCircle
. {
public:
SimpleCircle();
"SimpleCircleO;
void SetRadius(int);
int GetRadiusO;
private:
int itsRadius;
};
2. , 1, ,
, itsRadius 5.
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle():
itsRadius(5);
<}
3. ,
itsRadius.
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle(int radius):
itsRadius(radius)
{}
4.
SimpleCircle itsRadius.
const SimpleCircle& SimpleCircle::operator++()
{
++(itsRadius);
return *this;
>
// Operator ++(int).
// ,
const SimpleCircle SimpleCircle::operator++ (int)
// SimpleCircle
this
SimpleCircle temp(*this);
++(itsRadi us);
return temp;
}
5.
SimpleCircle , itsRadius
.
758
class SimpleCircle
{
public:
SimpleCircleO;
SimpleCircle(int);
"SimpleCircle():
int GetRadiusO;
const SimpleCircle& operator++();
const SimpleCircle operator++(int);
private:
int itsRadius;
};
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle()
{itsRadius = new int(5);}
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle(int radius)
{itsRadius = new int(radius);}
SimpleCircle::~SimpleCircle()
{
delete itsRadius;
}
{
++(*itsRadius);
return this;
}
// ,
{
//
SimpleCircle
this
++(itsRadius);
return temp;
>
6. SimpleCircle -.
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle(const SimpleCircle & rhs)
{
int val = rhs.GetRadius();
itsRadius = new int(val);
}
7. SimpleCircle .
SimpleCircle& SimpleCircle::operator=(const SimpleCircle & rhs)
<
if (this == &rhs)
return this;
delete itsRadius;
itsRadius = new int;
itsRadius = rhs.GetRadius();
return this;
>
. , SimpleCircle.
, ,
9.
. ,
.
class SimpleCircle
<
public:
//
SimpleCircle();
SimpleCircle(int);
SimpleCircle(const SimpleCircle &);
'SimpleCircle() {}
//
int GetRadiusO const;
//
const SimpleCircle& operator++();
const SimpleCircle operator++(int);
SimpleCircle& operator=(const SimpleCircle &);
private:
int itsRadius;
>;
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle()
{itsRadius = new int(5);}
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle(int radius)
{itsRadius = new int(radius);}
SimpleCircle::SimpleCircle(const SimpleCircle & rhs)
{
int val = rhs.GetRadius();
760
itsRadius = new int(val);
}
SimpleCircle::'SimpleCircle()
{
delete itsRadius;
}
SimpleCircle& SimpleCircle::operator=(const SimpleCircle & rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs)
return *this;
itsRadius = rhs.GetRadius();
return *this;
}
{
++(*itsRadius);
return *this;
>
// ,
{
// SimpleCircle
*this
++(*itsRadius);
return temp;
}
int SimpleCircle::GetRadius() const
{
return *itsRadius;
>
int main()
{
SimpleCircle CircleOne, CircleTwo(9);
CircleOne++;
++CircleTwo;
cout << "CircleOne: " << CircleOne.GetRadius() << endl;
cout << "CircleTwo: " << CircleTwo.GetRadius() endl;
CircleOne = CircleTwo;
cout << "CircleOne: " << CircleOne.GetRadiusO << endl;
cout << "CircleTwo: " CircleTwo.GetRadius() endl;
return 0;
}
9. :
?
SQUARE SQUARE ::operator=(const SQUARE & rhs)
{
itsSide = new int;
itsSide = rhs.GetSideO;
return this;
}
rhs this,
= .
10. :
?
VeryShort VeryShort::operator* (const VeryShort& rhs)
{
itsVal += rhs.GetItsVal();
return *this;
>
operator* ,
VeryShort. :
VeryShort VeryShort::operator+ (const VeryShort& rhs)
<
return VeryShort(itsVal + rhs.GetItsVal());
>
11

1. v-?
V-, ,
C++, .

.
2. ?
, .
delete
.
3. ?
.
4. -?
762
, .
5.
,
?
Base : :FunctionName() ;
6.
,
?
FunctionName{);
7. ,
,
?
, .
8. protected?
(
protected) - .
1. ,
void.
Virtual void SomeFunction(int);
2. Square (), Rectangle

(), , , Shape (),
class Square : public Rectangle
{};
3. , Shape
, Rectangle (length width),
Square (length); Square.
Square::Square(int length):
Rectangle(length, length){}
4. - Square,
3.
class Square
{
public :
// ...
virtual Square * clone() const { return new Square(*this); )
// ...
};
5. : ?
void SomeFunction (Shape);
Shape * pRect = new Rectangle;
SomeFunction(*pRect);
763
, . SomeFunction
Shape. Rectangle,
Shape. Rectangle,
.
Rectangle, SomeFunction,
Rectangle.
6. : ?
class ShapeO
{
public :
ShapeO;
Virtual "ShapeO;
Virtual Shape(const Shape&);
} ;
-.
12

1. SomeArray[25]?
SomeArray[0], SomeArray[24]
2. ?
.
,
.
, , .
SomeArray[2][3][2]
3. ,
2.
SomeAr[2][3][2] = { { {1,2},{3,4},{5,6} } , { {7,8},{9,10},{11,12} } };
4. SomeArray[10][5][20]?
10x5x20=1
5. ,
?
.
.
6. ?

,
.
7. ?
8. .
764

1. ,
.
int GameBoard[3][3];
2. , 0
.
int GameBoard[3][3] = { {0,0,0},{0,0,0},{0,0,0} }
3. Node, .
class Node
{
public:
Node ();
Node (int);
~Node();
void SetNext(Node * node) { itsNext = node; }
Node * GetNextO const { return itsNext; }
int GetVal() const < return itsVal; >
void Insert(Node *);
void DisplayO;
private:
int itsVal;
Node * itsNext;
>;
4. : ?
for (int i = 0; i<4; i++)
for (int j = 0; j<5; j++)
SomeArray[i][j ] = i+j;
SomeArray 5x4 ,
4x5 .
5. : ?
for (int i = 0; i<=5; i++)
for (int j = 0; j<=4; j++)
SomeArray[i][j] = 0;
, i < 5, i <= 5.
, i == 5 j == 4, SomeArray
, SomeArray[5][4].
765
13

1. ?
,

.
2. v-ptr?
v-ptr
. , ,
v-ptr,
.
3. ,
RoundRect, Rectangle Circle,
, , Shape.
Shape RoundRect?
Virtual,
Shape: RoundRect
Circle. Virtual ,
Shape.
4. Horse () Bird () Animal
() ,
Animal? Pegasus () ,
Horse Bird, Animal?
Horse Bird
Pegasus , Pegasus,
Animal Horse Bird .
Animal.
5. Vehicle () .
class Vehicle
{
Virtual void Move() = 0;
>
6. ADT
, ,
?
,
,
.
.
766

1. JetPlane ( ),
Rocket () Airplane ().
class JetPlane : public Rocket, public Airplane
2. JetPlane, , 747.
class 747 : public JetPlane
3.
, ( ) Bus
() Vehicle (). Vehicle
. Bus
.
class Vehicle
{
virtual void Move() = 0;
virtual void Haul() = 0;
};
class Car : public Vehicle
{
virtual void Move();
virtual void Haul();
};
class Bus : public Vehicle
{
};
4. ,
ADT, : SportsCar (
), Wagon () Coupe ( -).
, Vehicle,
.
class Vehicle
(
virtual void Move() = 0;
virtual void Haul() = 0;
};
class Car : public Vehicle
{
};
class Bus : public Vehicle
{
767
virtual void Haul()
class SportsCar : public Car

{
virtual
void
Haul();
class Coupe : public Car

{
14
1. - ?
. -,
-.
- ,
.
2. -.
static int itsStatic;
3. .
static int SomeFunction();
4. , int
long.
long (* function)(int);
5. , 4, - .
long ( Car::* function)(int);
6. , 5.
long ( Car::* function)(int) theArray [10];
1. ,
- -. ,
- -. ,
.
768
1: class myClass
2: {
3: public:
4:
myClassO;
5:
'myClassO;
6: private:
7:
int itsMember;
8:
9: };
10 :
11: myClass: :myClassO :
12: itsMember(l)
13: {
14:
itsStatic++;
15: >
16:
17: myClass:: myClassO
18: {
19:
itsStatic--;
20: }
21:
22: int myClass::itsStatic = 0;
23:
24: int mainO
25: {}
2. 1,
, ,
- - .
-.
1:
2:
3:
class myClass
4:
5:
public:
6:
myClassO;
7:
"myClassO;
8:
void ShowMemberO
9:
void ShowStaticO;
10:
private:
11:
int itsMember;
12:
13:
};
14:
15:
myClass::myClass():
16:
itsMember(l)
17:
18:
itsStatic++;
769
19
20
21
22
myClass::'myClass()
23
itsStatic--;
cout << "In destructor. ItsStatic: " itsStatic << endl;
24
25
26
27
void myClass::ShowMember()
28
cout "itsMember: " << itsMember << endl;
29
30
31
void myClass::ShowStatic()
32
33
cout << "itsStatic: " << itsStatic << endl;
34
35
36
int
myClass::itsStatic
0;
37
38
int main()
39
<
40
myClass
41
objl.ShowMember();
objl;
42
obj1.ShowStatic();
43
44
myClass obj 2;
45
obj2.ShowMember();
46
obj2.ShowStatic();
47
48
myClass
49
obj3.ShowMember();
50
51
ob]3;
obj3.ShowStatic();
return 0;
52
3. 2 ,
- -.
- .
class myClass
<
public:
myClass();
~myClass();
void ShowMember();
static int GetStaticO;
770
10: private:
11:
int itsMember;
12:
13: };
14:
15: myClass::myClass():
16: itsMember(l)
17: {
18:
itsStatic++;
19: }
20:
21: myClass::'myClass()
22: {
23:
itsStatic--;
24: cout << "In destructor. ItsStatic: " itsStatic endl;

25: }
26:
27: void myClass::ShowMember()
28: {
29:
cout << "itsMember: " << itsMember << endl;
30: }
31:
32: int myClass::itsStatic = 0;
33:
34: void myClass::GetStatic()
35: {
36:
return itsStatic;
37: }
38:
39: int main()
40: {
41:
myClass obj1;
42:
obj1.ShowMember();
43:
cout << "Static: " << myClass::GetStatic() << endl;
44:
45:
myClass obj2;
46:
obj2.ShowMember();
47:
cout "Static: " myClass::GetStatic() << endl;
48:
49:
myClass obj3;
50:
obj 3.ShowMember();
51:
cout "Static: " << myClass::GetStatic() << endl;
52: return 0;
53: }
4. 3 -
-
.
771
1:
2:
3:
class myClass
4:
<
5:
public:
6:
myClass();
7:
'myClass();
8:
void ShowMember();
9:
10
static int GetStatic();

private:
11
int itsMember;
12
13
14
15
16
myClass::myClass():
itsMember(1)
17
18
itsStatic++;
19
20
21
myClass::'myClass()
22
23
itsStatic--;
24
cout << "In destructor. ItsStatic: " << itsStatic << endl;
25
26
27
28
29
cout "itsMember: " << itsMember << endl;
30
31
32
int myClass::itsStatic = 0;
33
34
int myClass::GetStatic()
35
36
return itsStatic;
37
38
39
int main()
40
41
void (myClass::*PMF) ();
42
43
PMF=myClass::ShowMember;
myClass obj1;
(obj1.*PMF)();
48
49
myClass ob]2;
50
(obj2.*PMF)();
51
cout << "Static;
<< myClass: :GetStatic() <<
52
53
myClass obj3;
54
(obj 3.*PMF)();
55
cout << "Static:
56
return 0;
57
>
myClass:
:GetStatic() <<
5. -
. , .
-
. -.
1:
2:
3:
class myClass
4:
5:
public:
6:
myClass();
7:
"myClassO;
8:
void ShowMember();
9:
void ShowSecond();
10:
void ShowThird();
11:
12:
static int GetStaticO;

private:
13:
int itsMember;
14:
int itsSecond;
15:
int itsThird;
16:
17:
18:
19:
myClass: :myClassO
20: itsMember(1),
21: itsSecond(2),
22: itsThird(3)
23:
24:
25:
itsStatic++;
}
26:
27:
myClass: :myClassO
28:
29:
itsStatic--;
30:
cout << "In destructor. ItsStatic: " << itsStatic << endl;
31:
32:
773
33
34
cout << "itsMember: " << itsMember << endl;
35
36
37
38
void myClass:: ShowSecondO
39
40
cout "itsSecond: " << itsSecond << endl;
41
42
43
void myClass::ShowThird()
44
{
cout << "itsThird: " << itsThird << endl;
45
46
47
}
int myClass::itsStatic = 0;
48
49
int myClass::GetStatic()
50
51
return itsStatic;
52
53
54
int main()
55
56
void (myClass::*PMF) ();
57
58
myClass objl;
59
60
(objl.*PMF)();
61
PMF=myClass::ShowSecond;
62
(obj1.*PMF)();
63
PMF=myClass::ShowThird;
64
(obj1.*PMF)();
65
66
67
myClass obj2;
68
69
(obj 2.*PMF)();
70
71
(obj2.* PMF)();
72
73
(obj 2.*PMF)();
74
cout "Static: " << myClass::GetStatic() << endl;

myClass obj3;
(obj 3.*PMF)();
80:
(obj3.*PMF)();
81:
82:
(obj 3.*PMF)();
83:
84:
return 0;
85:
16

1. , ?
.
2.
,
- ?
.
3. ?

- .
.
.
4.

?

.
.
5. -?
,
.
6. -?
, ,
.
7.
Dog , , Dog?
, .
8.
Dog Boy, a Terrier Dog,

Terrier ?
, .
9.
Dog , House, Dog

House?
, .
775
10. -?
. ,
public:, protected: private:.
1. Animal (), -,
String.
class Animal :
{
private:
String itsName;
};
2. BoundedArray, .
class boundedArray : public Array
<
//
}
3. Set, BoundedArray.
class Set : private Array
//
4.
15.1 , String
().
include <string.h>
3
4
class String
public :
//
StringO;
9:
10
11

"StringO;
12
13
//
14
15
16
17
18
19
friend ostream& operator
776
20:
( ostream& _theStream,String& theString);
21:
friend istream& operator>>
22:
( istream& _theStream,String& theString);
23:
//
24:
25:
const char * GetStringO const { return itsString; >
26:
// static int ConstructorCount;
27:
28:
private:
29:
String (int);
30:
char * itsString;
//
31:
32:
33: };
34:
35:
ostream&
operator(
ostream&
theStream,String&
theString)
36: {
37:
theStream << theString.GetString();
38:
return theStream;
39: }
40:
41:
istream&
operator>>(
istream&
theStream,String&
42: {'
43:
theStream >> theString.GetStringO;
44:
return theStream;
45: }
46:
47: int main()
48: {
49:
String theString("ripnBeT, .");
50:
cout << theString;
51: return 0;
52: }
5. : ?
2:
3: class Animal;
4:
5; void setValue(Animal& , int);
6:
7:
8: class Animal
9: {
10: public:
11:
12:
theString)
13: private:
14:
int itsWeight;
15:
int itsAge;
16: > ;
17:
19: {
20:
friend class Animal;
21:
22:}
23:
24: int main()
25: {
26:
Animal peppy;
27:
setValue(peppy,5);
28: return 0;
29: }
friend .
.
6.
, 5, .
2:
3: class Animal;
4:
6:
7:
8: class Animal
9: {
10: public:
11:
friend void setValue(Animal&, int);
12:
13:
14: private:
15:
int itsWeight;
16:
int itsAge;
17: };
18:
20:
21:
22:}
23:
24: int main()
25: {
26:
778
Animal peppy;
27:
setValue(peppy,5);
28: return 0;
29: }
7. : ?
2:
3: class Animal;
4:
7:
8: class Animal
9: {
10: friend void setValue(Animal& ,int);
11: private:
12:
int itsWeight;
13:
int itsAge;
14: } ;
15:
17: {
18:
19: }
20:
21:
23: {
24:
25:
theAnimal.itsAge = theAge;
26: }
27:
28: int main()
29: {
30:
Animal peppy;
31:
setValue(peppy,5);
32:
setValue(peppy,7,9);
33: return 0;
34: }
setValue(Animal&
int)
setValue(Animal& , int, int) .

8. , 7, .
2:
3: class Animal;
4:
779

7:
8: class Animal
9: {
10; friend void setValue(Animal& ,int);
11: friend void setValue(Aninal& ,int,int); // !
12: private:
13:
int itsWeight;
14:
int itsAge;
15: } ;
16:
18: {
19:
20 : }
21:
22:
24: {
25:
26:
theAnimal.itsAge = theAge;
27: }
28:
29: int main()
30: {
31:
Animal peppy;
32:
setValue(peppy,5);
33:
setValue(peppy,7,9);
34: return 0;
35: }
16

1. ?
()
.
ist
ream
2. ?
()
.
ostream
3. ein.get()
.
780
- get
() .
. EOF
(end ofyile, .. ).
- ein.get()
.
. iostream.
, get () ,
(
). get()
, ,
. get()
, , .
4. ein.
read() cin.getlineO?
ein. read() .
cin.getlineO istream.
5.

?
, .
6.
?
istream.
7.
ofst ream?
.
8. ios::ate?
ios: :ate ,
.
1. ,
iostream ein, cout, cerr clog.
2: int main()
3: {
4:
int x;
5:
cout << "Enter a number:
6:
ein >> x;
7:
cout << "You entered: " x << endl;
6:
cerr "Uh oh, this to cerr!" endl;
9:
clog << "Ouh oh, this to clog!" << endl;
10: return 0;
11 : }
2.
,
.
2: int main()
781
3: {
4:
char name[80];
5:
cout << "Enter your full name:
6:
cin.getline(name,80);
7:
cout << "\nYou entered: " name << endl;
8: return 0;
9: }
16.9,
putback()
ignore().
//
16.9.
3
4
int main()
char ch;
cout << "enter a phrase:
while ( cin.get(ch) );
{
switch (ch)
10
11
12
case '! ' :

cout << '$';
13
break;
14
case '#':
15
break;
16
17
default:
cout << ch;
18
break;
19
4.
20
21
22
>
return 0;
23
,
.
, ,
( ).
.
flinclude <fstream.h>
enum BOOL { FALSE, TRUE };
int main(int argc, char**argv) // 1
if (argc != 2)
{
782
9:
cout << "Usage: argv[0] <infile>\n";
10:
return(1);
11: }
12 :
13: //
14:
ifstream fin (argv[1],ios::binary);
15:
if (!fin)
16: {
cout << "Unable to open " << argv[1] " for reading.\n";
17:
18:
return(1);
19:
20:
21:
char ch;
22:
while ( fin.get(ch))
23:
if ((ch > 32 && ch < 127) || ch == '\n' | | ch = '\f)
24:
cout << ch;
25:
fin.closeO;
26: }
5. ,
, .
1:
include <fstream.h>
2:
3:
int main(int argc, char**argv) // 1
4: {
5:
6:
for (int ctr = argc-1; ctr ; ctr--)

cout argv[ctr] << " ";
7: return 0;
8: }
17

1. , ,
using?
, , ,
, .
2.
using. ,
.
,
783
using
using .
,
,
,
,
,
. ,

.
3. std?
C++ (C++
Library) .
Standard
1. : :
include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "Hello world!" << Ond;
return 0;
>
C++ iostream
std.
cout
endl
std .
2.
, 1.

using std::cout;
using std::endl;
std::cout << "Hello world!" << std::endl;
18

1. -
?
,
.
-
, ,
.
2.
- ?
) ;
) ;
784
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
3. ?
.
,
.
,
Rational Rose.
1. , ,
. ,
,
.
?
, , , ,
. , ,
.
? ,
,

.
, , . ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,

(: ).
, .
. ,
, (
). ,
.
, :
class Entity; //
// , ,
class Vehicle : Entity ...;
785
//
class Pedestrian : Entity
class C,ir : public Vehicle...;

class Truck ; public Vehicle...;
class Motorcycle ; public Vehicle...;
class Bicycle ; public Vehicle...;
class Emergency_Vehicle : public Vehicle...;
// ,
class Intersection;
2.
1. , ;
, ; ,
; , -,
.
; , ,
, , .
, , ,
.
?
,
:
class Local_Car : public Car...;

class Tourist_Car : public Car...;
class Taxi : public Car...;
class Local_Pedestrian : public Pedestrian...;
class Tourist_Pedestrian : public Pedestrian...;
class Local_Bicycle : public Bicycle...;
,
. ,
,
, .
3.
,

. .
: -,
, -,
. ,
,
.
786
/,
- , ,
-.
.
.
( )
: .
: , ,
.
4.
,
3, .

. ,
.
, ,
, .
Meeting,
.
.
class Calendar_Class;
class Meeting;
//
//
class Configuration
{
public:
Configuration();
"Configuration();
Meeting Schedule( ListOfPerson&, Delta Time duration );
Meeting Schedule( ListOfPerson&, Delta Time duration, Time );
Meeting Schedule( ListOfPerson&, Delta Time duration, Room );
ListOfPerson& People(); //
ListOfRoom& Rooms(); //
protected :
ListOfRoom rooms;
ListOfPerson people;
};
typedef long Room_ID;
class Room
{
public :
Room( String name, Room_ID id, int capacity, String directions = String
description = "" );
~Room();
Calendar_Class Calendar();
787
protected:
Calendar_Class calendar;
int
capacity;
Room_ID id;
String
name;
String
directions; // ?
String
description;
>;
typedef long Person_ID;

class Person
{
public:
Person ( String name, Person_ID id );
"PersonO;
Calendar_Class CalendarO; //
protected:
Calendar_Class calendar;
Person_ID id;
String
name;
>:
class Calendar_Class
<
public:
Calendar_Class();
'Calendar_Class();
void Add( const Meeting^ ); //
void Delete( const Meeting& );
Meeting* Lookup( Time ); // ,
Blook( Time, Duration, String reason * "" );

// ...
protected:
OrderedListOfMeeting meetings;
>;
class Meeting
{
public:
Meeting( ListOfPersoni, Room room, Time when, Duration duration, String purpose =
... );
'MeetingO;
protected:
ListOfPerson people;
788
Room
room;
Time
when;
Duration
String
duration;
purpose;
19

1. ?
++,
.
.
2.
?

. ,
. ,
,
.
3.

, ?

,

.
4.
?
. ,
. , , ,
<1>: ;8^(), <11:>: :81:1().
5.
-,
?
.
6. ?
. ,
.
, , .
7. ?
(). .
789

1. List:
class List
{
private:
public:
List():head(O),tail(O),theCount(O) { }
virtual List();
void insert( int value );
void append( int value );
int is_present( int value ) const:
private:
class ListCell
{
public:
ListCell(int value, ListCell *cell =
):val(value),next(cell){ }
int val;
ListCell next;
> :
ListCell head;
ListCell tail;
int theCount;
} ;
:
template <class >
class List
{
public:
List():head(0),tail(0),theCount(0) { }
virtual 'ListO;
void insert( Type value );
void append( Type value );
int is_present( Type value ) const;
private:
class ListCell
790
public:
ListCell(Type
value,
ListCell
cell
0)
:val(value),next(cell){}
Type val;
ListCell next;
};
ListCell head;
ListCell tail;
int theCount;
};
2. ( ) List.
void List::insert(int value) '
{
ListCell *pt = new ListCell( value, head );
assert (pt != 0);
//
if ( head == 0 ) tail = pt;
head = pt;
theCount++;
}
void List::append( int value )
{
ListCell *pt = new ListCell( value );
if ( head == 0 )
head = pt;
else
tail->next = pt;
tail = pt;
theCount++;
>
int List::is_present( int value ) const
{
if ( head == 0 ) return 0;
if ( head->val == value || tail->val == value )
return 1;
ListCell *pt = head->next;
for (; pt != tail; pt = pt->next)
if ( pt->val == value )
return 1 ;
return 0;
}
3. .
template <class >
List<Type>::'List()
{
ListCell *pt = head;

while ( pt )
{
ListCell *tmp = pt;

pt = pt->next;
delete tmp;
}
head = tail = 0;
}
template <class Type>

void List<Type>::insert(Type value)
{
ListCell *pt = new ListCell( value, head );

assert (pt != 0);
//
if ( head == 0 ) tail = pt;
head = pt;
theCount++;
>

void List<Type>;:append( Type value )
{
ListCell *pt = new ListCell( value );

if ( head == 0 )
head = pt;
else
tail->next = pt;
tail = pt;
theCount++;
}

int List<Type>::is_present( Type value ) const
{
if ( head == 0 ) return 0;
if ( head->val == value || tail->val == value )
return 1;
792
ListCell *pt = head->next;

for (; pt 1= tail; pt = pt->next)
if ( pt->val == value )
return 1;
return 0;
>
4. : Strings, Cat int.

List<String> string_list;
List<Cat> Cat_List;
List<int> int_List;
5. : ? (,
List, a Cat ,
.)
List<Cat> Cat_List;
Cat Felix;
CatList.append( Felix );
cout "Felix is "
( Cat_List.is_present( Felix ) ) ? "" : "not " "present\ n";
( ): , Cat
int.
Cat operator==. ,
List, is.present,
.
,
,
.
6. operator== List,
friend int operator==( const Type& lhs, const Type& rhs );
7. operator== List.
template <class >
int List<Type>::operator==( const Type& lhs, const Type& rhs )
{
//
if ( lhs.theCount != rhs.theCount )
return 0; //
ListCell *lh = lhs.head;
ListCell *rh = rhs.head;
for(; lh != 0; lh = lh.next, rh = rh.next )
if ( lh,value != rh.value )
793
return 0;
return 1;
// ,
8.
operator==
5?
. ,
operator! =.
9.
,
, .
// swap:
// -,
.
template <class >
void swap( & lhs, & rhs)
{
Type temp( lhs );
lhs = rhs;
rhs = temp;
>
10.
SchoolClass, 19.8,
.
push_back().
.
include <list>
template<class , class >
void ShowList(const list<T, A>& aList); //
typedef list<Student> SchoolClass;
int main()
{
Student HarryC'Harry", 18);
Student SallyC'Sally", 15);
Student Bi 11( "Bill, 17);
Student Peter("Peter, 16);
SchoolClass GrowingClass;
GrowingClass.push_back(Harry);
GrowingClass.push_back(Sally);
GrowingClass.push_back(Bill);
GrowingClass.push_back(Peter);
ShowList(GrowingClass);
cout << " ;\n";
794
for (SchoolClass::iterator i = GrowingClass.begin(); i != GrowingClass.end();

++i)
i->SetAge(i->GetAge() + 1 ) ;
ShowList(GrowingClass);
return 0;
}
//
//
//
template<class T, class A>
void ShowList(const list<T, A>& aList)
{
for (listd, A>: :const_iterator ci = aList.begin(); ci != aList.end(); ++ci)
cout << *ci << "\n";
cout << endl;
>
11. 10 ,
.
include <algorithm>
templatecclass >
class Print
{
public:
void operator!)(const T& t)
{
cout << t << "\n";
}
};
template<class T, class A>
void ShowList(const listd, A>& aList)
{
Print<Student> PrintStudent;
for_each(aList.begin(), aList.end(), PrintStudent);
cout << endl;
}
795
20

1. ?
, throw.

catch,
.
2. t ?
try
.
3. catch?
catch
. catch
try
, try.
4. ?
,
, .
5. ?
throw.
6. ?
.
, ,
const.
7.
catch ,
?
, .
8.
catch,
, , ?
catch
catch
, catch
. catch
() ().
9. catch(...)?
catch( . . . ) .
10. ?
, .
796

1. try catch
.
class OutOfMemory {>;
int main()
{
try
{
int *mylnt = new int;

if (mylnt == 0)
throw OutOfMemoryO;
}
catch (OutOfMemory)
{
cout "Unable to allocate memory!\n";

>
return 0;
>
2. , 1, -
catch.
include <stdio.h>
include <string.h>
class OutOfMemory;
{
public;
OutOfMenory(char *);
char* GetStringO { return itsString; }
private:
char* itsString;
};
OutOfMemory::0ut0fMemory(char * theType)
{

char warning[] = "Out Of Memory! Can't allocate room for: ";
strncpy(itsString,warning,60);
strncat(itsString,theType,19);
>
int main()
{
try
797
{
int *mylnt = new int;
if (mylnt == 0)
throw OutOfMemoryC'int");
}
catch (0ut0fMemory& theException)
{
cout theException.GetStringO;
}
return 0;
}
3.
catch ,
, .
2.
2:
3: //
4: class Exception
5: {
6: public:
7:
Exception(){}
8:
virtual ~Exception(){}
9:
10 :
virtual void PrintErrorQ = 0;

> ;
11:
12: //
13: // :
14: class OutOfMemory : public Exception
15: <
16: public:
17:
0ut0fMemory(){}
18:
"0ut0fMemory(){}
19:
virtual void PrintError();
20: private:
21: } ;
22:
23: void OutOfMemory::PrintError()
24: {
25: cout << " !!\n";
26: }
27:
28: //
29: class RangeError : public Exception
30: , {
31: public:
32:
798
RangeError(unsigned long number){badNumber = number:}
33:
"RangeErrorOO
34:
virtual void PrintError();
35:virtual unsigned long GetNumber() { return badNumber, }

36:virtual void SetNumber( unsigned long number) {badNumber = number;}
37:
private:
38:
unsigned long badNumber;
39:
};
40:
41:
void RangeError::PrintError()
42:
43:cout << "Number out of range. You used " GetNumberO << "!!\n";
44:
45:
46:
void MyFunction(); //
47:
48:
int main()
49:
50:
t ry
51:
52:
MyFunction();
53:
54: // catch,
55:
//
56:
catch (Exceptions theException)
57:
58:
theException.PrintError();
59:
60:
return 0;
61:
62:
63:
void MyFunction()
64:
65:
unsigned int *mylnt = new unsigned int;
66:
long testNumber;
67:
if (mylnt == 0)
68:
throw 0ut0fMemory();
69:
cout << "Enter an int:
70:
cin testNumber;
71:
//
72:// , ,
73:
if (testNumber > 3768 || testNumber < 0)
74:
throw RangeError(testNumber);
75:
76:
mylnt = testNumber;
77:
cout << "Ok. mylnt: " *mylnt;
78:
delete mylnt;
79:
4.
3, .
2:
3: //
4: class Exception
5: {
6: public:;
7:
Exception() {}
8:
virtual 'Exception!){}
9:
virtual void PrintErrorO = 0;
10 : } ;
11:
12: //
13: // : !
14: class OutOfMemory : public Exception
15: {
16: public:
17:
0ut0fMemory(){}
18:
'OutOfMemoryOO
19:
virtual void PrintErrorO;
20: private:
21 :
} ;
22:
23: void OutOfMemory::PrintError()
24: {
25:
cout << " !!\n";
26: }
27
28: //
29: class RangeError : public Exception
30: {
31: public:
32:
RangeError(unsigned long number){badNumber = number;}
33:
-RangeError(){}
34:
virtual void PrintErrorO;
35:
virtual unsigned long GetNumber() { return badNumber; >
36:
virtual void SetNumber(unsigned long number) {badNumber = number;}
37: private:
38:
unsigned long badNumber;
39: };
40:
41: void RangeError: : PrintErrorO
42: {
43:
cout << " Number out of range. You used " << GetNumberO !!\n";
44: }
45:
46: //
800
47: void MyFunctionO;

48: unsigned int * FunctionTwo();
49: void FunctionThree(unsigned int *);
50:
51: int main()
52: {
53:
try
54:
55:
MyFunctionO;
56:
57:
// catch,
58:
// .
59:
catch (Exceptioni theException)
60: {
61 :
theException. PrintErrorO;
62: >
63:
return 0;
64: }
65:
66: unsigned int * FunctionTwoO
67: {
68:
unsigned int *mylnt = new unsigned int;
69:
if (mylnt == 0)
70:
throw OutOfMemoryO;
71:
return mylnt;
72: }
73:
74: void MyFunctionO
75: {
76:
unsigned int *mylnt = FunctionTwoO;
77:
78:
FunctionThree(mylnt);
79:
cout "Ok. mylnt: mylnt;
80:
delete mylnt;
81: >
82:
83: void FunctionThree(unsigned int *ptr)
84: {
85:
long testNumber;
86: cout << "Enter an int: ";

87: cin testNumber;
88: //
89:
90:
91:
92:
//
if (testNumber > 3768 || testNumber < 0)

throw RangeError(testNumber);
*ptr = testNumber;
93: >
5. : ?
include "string.h"
//
class xOutOfMemory
<
public:
xOutOfMemory( const String& where ) : location( where ){}
xOutOfMemory(){}
virtual String where(){ return location };
private:
String location;
}
main()
{
try {
char *var = new char;
if ( var == 0 )
throw xOutOfMemory();
}
catch( xOutOfMemory& theException )
{
cout << "Out of memory at " << theException.location() "\n";
}
}
string.
, ,
.
xOutOfMemory
,
, ,
, . ,
,
, .. .
21

1. ?
,
.
2. ,
, ?
802
-.
3. define debug 0 undef debug?

define debug 0 debug 0 ().
, debug, 0.
#undef
debug
debug,
debug, , .
4. ?
.
5.
?
TRUE
(),
( ). TRUE
, ,
.
6.
& &&?
& , && .
7. | 11 ?
| , | | .
1. STRING..
#ifndef STRING_H
define STRING_H
endif
2.
assertO,
, ,
2;
( ),
1;
1:
, 0.
include <iostream. h>
2:
3:
ifndef DEBUG
4:
define ASSERT(x)
5:
#elif DEBUG == 1
6:
define ASSERT(x) \
7:
if (! (x))\
8:
{ \
9:cout "ERROR!! Assert " #x " failed\n"; \
10 :
803
11:
#elif DEBUG == 2
12:
define ASSERT(x) \
13:
if (! (x) ) \
14:
{ \
15:
cout " ERROR!! Assert " #x " failed\n"; \
16:
cout " on line " << __ LINE_____ << "\n"; \
17:
cout " in file " << _LINE_____ << "\n"; \
18:
19:
#endif
3. DPrint, , DEBUG, ,
, , .
ffifndef DEBUG:
define DPRINT(string)
else
define DPRINT(STRING) cout STRING ;
endif
4.
,
(+). : !
, ,
: . ,
, .
101 001, :
101
//
001 // 1
110
//
, (
), 0, 1.
, , 0.
, , ,
1, 0. ,

lhs rhs
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
. (1 ) 0
0, 0.
1, 1.
(8,).
, ,
("):
( ) 1, 1,
0.
804
.
,
.
include <iostream. h>
unsigned int add( unsigned int lhs, unsigned int rhs )
{
unsigned int result, carry;
while ( 1 )
{
result = lhs " rhs;
carry = lhs & rhs;
if ( carry == 0 )
break;
lhs = carry << 1;
rhs = result;
};
return result;
}
int main()
{
unsigned long a, b;
for ( ; ; )
{
cout << "Enter two numbers. (0 0 to stop):
cin << a << b;
if (!a && !b)
break;
cout << a << " + " b " = " << add(a,b) << endl;
>
return 0;
}

:
unsigned int add( unsigned int lhs, unsigned int rhs )
{
unsigned int carry = lhs & rhs;
unsigned int result = lhs ' rhs;
if ( carry )
return add( result, carry 1 );
805
else
return result;
}
int main()
{
unsigned long a, b;
for ( ; ; )
{
cout "Enter two numbers. (0 0 to stop): ";
cin a b;
if (!a && !b)
break;
cout a " + " << b << " = " << add(a,b) endl;
}
return 0;
806
, 701
, 506
ASCII, 62; 732
, 101
, 539
, 113
, 266
, 429
, 610
, 47
, 731
ANSI, 548
iostream, 505
, 505
, 596; 624
, 731
, 699
-
, 531
, 525
, 514
, 530
, 638
, 509
, 515
, 522
, 509
, 538
, 692
, 517
, 511
, 524; 530
, 625
, 626
, 631
, 626
, 626
, 323
, 452
807
3
, 313
, 732
, 633
,
466
, 307
, 326
, 333
, 271
, 338
, 351
, 344
- , 505
#deflne, 674
Java, 409
#else, 675
, 646; 685
#endif, 675
#ifdef, 674
#ifndef, 674
#include, 673
(#), 682
(##), 682
, 700
, 658
, 647
, 655
, 662
, 645
, 647
, 631
, 305
, 415

, 458
, 634
, 305
, 732
, 708
, 458
-, 483
, 603
808
Animal, 599; 693

CAT, 273; 292; 342; 413
Counter, 276
deque, 633
Employee, 456
iostream, 510
list, 631
Mammal, 303
map, 634
ofstream, 531
ostream, 522
PartsCatalog, 465
Pegasus, 374
Rectangle, 264
String, 354; 452; 627; 687
Timer, 408
vector, 625
, 638
, 452

, 466
, 483
, 536
, 686
, 655
, 624
, 395
, 371; 597
, 677

, 650
, 677
, 708
-, 509
, 727
catch, 647
class, 303
const, 65; 709
enum, 66
inline, 122; 680
namespace, 548
new, 347
operator, 286
protected, 305
return, 114
static, 415; 548
template, 597
try, 647
typedef, 59; 431
using, 553
virtual, 322
, 57
, 44; 707
, 674
, , 674
, 64

#define, 65; 674

const, 65
, 66
, 64
, 64
, 307
, 327
, 269

, 309
, 272
, 269; 309
, 294

, 384
, 624
, 634
809
, 625
, 633
, 634
, 625
, 631
, 544
,
351; 512

, 327
, 272
, 272
, 348
, 333
, 338; 344
, 343
, 333
, 341
, 340
, 351

, 350
, 346
, 436
, 426
, 598
, 674
, 377
, 375
, 317; 387
DEBUG, 683
, 678
assert(), 683; 709
EVAL, 698
, 678
MIN, 678
PRINT(x), 692
, 683
, 700
, 404
, 391
, 475
, 305
, 380
, 302
, 387
, 303; 466
, 303
argv, 538

, 347

, 348
, 335
810
, 110; 546
, 183
cin, 510
cout, 42; 522
ofstream, 531
-, 509
, 546
, 280
, 281
, 324
, 271
, 272
, 277
, 291

, 307
, 287

, 307
,638
break, 171; 189

catch, 652
continue, 171
delete[], 350
dynamic_cast, 377
endl, 43
for, 177
goto, 167
return, 105; 114
switch, 186; 187; 705
using, 553
watch, 711
while, 169
, 725
(), 510
545
(), 497; 522
, 638
([]), 341; 342;
602; 626
(&), 358
, 358
, 286; 289
, 290
, 276; 290
, 699
, 296
, 725
(=), 291; 296; 602
, 289
, 286
(+), 286
, 280
, 290

, 317
,104
, 668

, 686
, 685
, 693
, 634
, 129
, 129
, 52
, 129
, 47; 101
, 102
, 112
, 116
811

, 269
, 497
,
288; 359
, 284
, 278
, 119; 264
, 51
, 108; 129
, 54
, 51; 55
, 55; 58
, 106
, 51
, 61
, 52
, 413; 620
HELLO.CPP, 40
, 44
, 683
, 704

Window, 548
, 550
, 550
, 557
, 544
, 548
, 557
std, 548; 558; 625
, 102
, 66
, 129
, 638
, 123
, 686
, 319
, 732
, 284
^, 510
, 531
^, 522
-, 509
, 526
, 360
, 631
,
361
, 362
, 361
, 361

, 323
, 284
, 313
, 673
, 102
812

ASCII, 54; 62
, 44
, 669

, 63
, 43; 64
, 62
, 63
, 44; 64
, 530
, 728
, 730
, 729
, 732
short, 60
void, 47
(ADT), 396
(), 54
, 53
, 53
, 360
typedef,
59; 431
,
377
, 597
, 52; 57
, 294
, 669
, 631

STL, 624
, 129; 633
, 633
, 652
, 704
, 42; 351
, 351
, 358
, 359
I
, 323
, 47

char, 62
long, 60
ptr, 323; 436

rhs, 275
this, 283; 420
vptr, 323
, 130
, 433
, 348
, 420
, 676
, 536
-, 532
, 673
, 536
, 677
813
algorithm, 638
iomanip.h, 530
iostream.h, 43
list, 631
map, 634
stack, 633
stdio.h, 528
strin.h, 353
String.hpp, 458
vector, 625
, 102
, 102
, , 124; 184
, 699
, 701
, 700
, 700
stmcpy(), 353
bad(), 532
cin,get(), 515
cin.getline(), 518
cin.ignore(), 520
cin.peek(), 521
cin.putback(), 521
close(), 532
cout.fill, 525
cout.put(), 522
cout.setf, 526
cout.width(), 524
cout.writeO, 523
eof(), 532
fail(), 532
flush(), 522
Invariants(), 686
814
main(), 41; 100; 116

printf(), 528
sizeof(), 53
strcpy(), 353
strlen(), 359
, 47; 101
, 550
, 319; 662
, 101
, 100
, 492
, 603
, 313
, 46; 100
, 102
, 104
, 47
, , 101
, 119; 264
, 122; 680
, 119
, 100
, 102
, 102

, 315
, 615
, 418; 620
, 47

, 266
, 399
, 603
, 167
do...while, 175
for, 177
goto, 167
while, 169
, 189
, 182
, 181
, 596
Array, 597
, 599
, 607
, 599
, 597
, 598
, 597

, 602
, 620
, 597; 610
, 598; 610
, 333
, 340
++ 21 ,
3-
1.
1.
2. ++
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
8.
9.
10.
.
12.
13.
14.
3.
15.
16.
17.
18. -
19.
20.
21.
.
. ++
.
.

21
23
24
40
51
71
100
135
167
201
202
233
264
374
413
451
452
505
544
561
596
644
673
725
727
728
736
807
21
21
21
23
23
23
1.
24
C++

, -
C++ -
24
24
25
25
26
28
C++

C++ Java
ANSI

C++ HELLO.
Visual C++ 6

29
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
36
36
37
37
38
38
38
39
2. C++
40
C++
cout
40
42
44
44
45
: !
45
46
47
49
49
49
49
50
3.
51
51
52
52
53
54
55
56
57

typedef
short long

57
58
59
60
61

#define
const

61
62
63
63
64
64
64
65
< 65
66
68
68
69
70
70
4.
71
71
72
72
72
74
74
74
75
77

77
78
80
80
81
82
83
86
86
88
90
92
93
93
93
93
94
95
95
97
97
98
98
98
5.
100
101
101
102
102
104

:

,

106
106
108
109
110
111
112
112
113
114
116
119
121
122
123
128
128
129
131
132
132
133
133
134
6.
135
135
136
136
136
137
138
138

,
,
138
138
139
139
142
145
147
148
148
143
- const

, -
151
152
155
156
159
162
163
163
164
165
165
165
7.
167

goto
167
167
goto
while
while
168
169
170
break continue
171
while(true)
173
do...while
174
do...while
175
for
for
for
176
' 178
181

- for
182
183

switch
switch
184
186
189
192
192
192
193
193
201
201
8.

,

,

new
delete
202
202
204
206
206
207
208
209
211
211
212
213

215

215

216

217

218
this
221
,
222
const
225
const - 226
const this

10
227
228
230
231
231
231
231
9.
233

(&)

233
234
236

swap()
swap()
237
239
239
241
242
243
244
246
247
250

,

, !

?
253
255
256
257
259
261
261
262
262
262
263
10.
264
-
,

,

-

264
266
269
269
269
271
272
276
277
278
280
281
this
283
284
284
286
288
290
290
290
291
293
11
296
297
298
299
299
299
11.
301
301
302
303
303
305
307
309
313
315
317
319
323
324
324
326
327
330
12.
330
331
331
331
332

81() ^
333
333
335
338
338
340
341
343
344
345
346
347
348
348
350
351
353
354
12
360
361
361
362
371
371
372
372
373
373
373
13.
374
374
377
377
380
380
383
384
386
387
391
394
395
396
399
401
404
408

, Java
408
409
410
410
411
411
411
14.
413
-
-

413
418
420
423
426

typedef
429
431
-
-
433
436
438
13
438
439
439
439
451
451
15.
452
452
458
458
459
462
465
466
475
483
492
492
497
501
502
502
502
503
16.
505
505
505
506
509
509
509
510
511
512
>> 11
514
515
515
517
522
522
- !
,
.
522
524
524
14
525

printf()

ofstream

526
528
531
531
532
532
ofstream
533
536
538
541
541
542
542
543
17.
544
544
545
548
549
550
550
550

using
using
using
551
553
553
555

std
557
557
558
559
560
560
560
18. -
561
C++ -

:

561
562
563
565
566
567
567
568
569
570
573
574
576
15
577
577
578

CRC
578
579
579
581
581
582
583
585
589
592
594
594
595
595
595
19.
596
596
597
597
597
599
599
602
603
603
607
610
615
620
624
624
625
625
16
631
633
633
634
634
634
637
638
639
640,
641
641
642
642
642
20.
644
, ,

644
645
"
646
646
647
try catch

652
652
catch
652
655
658
665
668
668
669
669
669
669
670
670
671
671
671
21.
673

#define
#define
#define
673
674
674
674
674
#else

assert()
assert()
675
676
678
678
680
680
682
682
682
683
683
685
assert()
685
686
686
17
691
693

(AND)
(OR)
(OR)
699
699
699
700
700
700
700
701
701
704
704
705

switch
705
705
706
706
707
707
708
708
708
assert()
const
709
..
709
709
709
710
710
710
711
712
712
725
. C++
727
728
736
807

Джесс Либерти-Освой Cpp Самостоятельно За 21 День

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C++ 21

Microsoft Visual C++.

Microsoft Visual Studio.

Animal, 599; 693

break, 171; 189

cout << "In DemonstrationFunction\ n";

int is:\t\t" sizeof(int) " bytes.\n";

unsigned short int

-32 768-32 767

unsigned long int

0 - 4 294 967 295

-2 147 483 648-2 147 483 647

-32 768-32 767

-2 147 483 648-2 147 483 647

unsigned int (16 )

unsigned int (32 )

0-4 294 967 295

unsigned short Width = 5;

width long int

int myAge = 39, yourAge, hisAge = 40;

unsigned short int Width = 5, Length;

// Area unsigned short

10: // Width Length

unsigned short int Area = (Width * Length);

'Length : " Length << endl;

Area << endl;

5; typedef unsigned short int USHORT; //

4 smallNumber unsigned short int,

short int smallNumber;

cout << "small number:'

cout << "small number:'

10: cout << "small number:'

7; ' ! "#$% ()*+, . /0123456789:; <>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMN0P

red 100; blue 101; GREEN

Enter a day (0-6): 6

Youre already off on weekends!

const int Sunday = 0;

const int Monday = 1;

const int Wednesday = 3;

const int Thursday = 4;

const int Friday = 5;

const int Saturday = 6:

cout << "Enter a day (0-6): ";

cin << choice;

if (choice = Sunday || choice == Saturday)

cout << "\nYou re already off on weekends!\n";

cout "\n0kay, I'll put in the vacation day.\n";

' Enter a day (0-6): 6

65 535, unsigned long int

IRrlf: Difference is: 50

llucmuHg 4.3. npuBegewue nepeMEHHoB k

12: float b = static_cast<float>(y)

int yourAge = 39;

cout << "One year passes.. n";

cout << "Another year passes\ n";

cout << "Let's print it again.\ n";

Lets print it again

You are 41 years old

myAge > yourAge; // myAge yourAge?

100 > 50;

100 >= 50;

100 < 50;

100 <= 50;

cout << "Go Sox!\ n";