.
2.
3.
4.
4.1.
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2. -
4
7
8
9
13
13
13
15
17
18
20
20
22
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
4.3.
5.
5.1.
5.2.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
7.
7.1.
7.2.
24
25
27
29
30
32
34
34
34
36
37
40
40
40
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
42
42
43
7.6.
8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
44
45
45
46
48
48
2
9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
49
49
49
52
53
54
55
56
.
(, .
.).
, , , .
,
,
. ,
,
, .
, , .
.
.
, ,
.
.
, .
,
.
. ,
,
, , . .
4
, ,
, .
,
,
, .
, (,
) .
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
(, ).
, ,
,
. ,
- ,
, ,
,
.
5
, , ,
.
,
,
, .
,
, . ,
.
1. . .
,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
:
- .
, y = f(x),
y = f(x).
- .
F(x, y) = 0,
F(x, y) = 0
- .
-
-
:
= (t ), = (t ), t ( a, b).
2. .
.
.
2-
. , , .
.
1718 3 4
, , . 72 3-
. , ,
16 .
4- ,
146 .
,
,
, , , 2- ,
, .
,
( ,
. .), ,
,
.
3. .
,
,
.
.
.
.
xOy
F ( x, y ) = 0
- ,
F ( x, y ) -
:
F ( x, y ) =
p +q =0
pq
x p yq
, ,
;
.
: 2- ;
3- ; 4- ..
.
, ,
, , , ,
, .
.
.
3- .
3- ,
.
(1704 .)
3-
Ax 3 + 3Bx 2 y + 3Cxy 2 + Dy 3 + 3Ex 2 + 6 Fxy + 3Gy 2 + Hx + Iy + K = 0
:
A.
xy 2 + ey = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
B.
xy = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
C.
y 2 = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
D.
y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
4- ( 3-) :
1
ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e 2 = 0
4
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 ,
. ,
3- 7 , 14 , 72 .
, ,
:
- ( > 0),
- ( < 0),
- ( = 0, b 0 ),
- ( = b = 0).
:
- ( e 0 ),
- ( e = 0, b 2
- ( e = 0, b 2
4ac ),
= 4ac ),
- ,
( b = 0). .
: ( e 0 ) ( = 0).
10
:
( > 0), ( < 0) ( = 0).
, , , D,
:
, ( )
, ,
.
; ,
(1869 .) , .
. .
3- . (1835 .),
3-
.
(1748 .) 3- 16
5 = 0,
.
(1866 .) 3-
.
(1887 .), ,
: .
4- .
4- ,
, 3- .
(1792), 12 ,
84551 .
11
,
,
4-
:
1) , ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
5) ;
6) ;
7) ;
8) ;
9) .
152
.
, .
4 :
1) , ;
2) ;
3) , , ..
;
4) ,
4- .
.
5-
, ,
, 12
(1750).
6-
. ,
- .
12
4. .
, , ,
.. .
: ;
- ,
.
, ,
, ( )
( ).
4.1 .
4.1.1 .
, ,
, ,
( 1).
1 ) , )
.
13
S , MN -
( 1);
EF ;
S1;
GH ;
S1.
.
,
.
, ,
,
(, ) ( 2).
2
, t
.
x = OP-SP = OP-MN,
OP = MP = at
MN = asint
= at asint
y = MS = CP CN,
CP = a CN = acost,
= a acost
14
x =a(t sint)
= (1cost)
t
.
x = r arccos
ry
2ry y 2
r
+ ,
.
.
4.1.2 .
.
. ,
,
t
t
2 sin cos
dy
a sin t
2
2 = ctg t = tg ( t )
tg =
=
=
t
dx a a cos t
2
2 2
2 sin 2
2
2 2
, KN,
N ,
NKP =
t
2
, ,
( 3).
15
3 .
MP NK, , , MP
( 3).
,
,
, .
. ,
:
,
.
, .
S=
2a
dx 2 + dy 2 =
2a sin 2 dt = 8a
0
( ).
, (
):
U =
2a
2
2
ydx = a (1 cos t ) dt = 3a
16
. , ,
.
4.1.3 .
4 .
:
1. 12,
r, (2r);
2. r,
;
3. 12 ,
12;
4. 1, 2, ..., 12
;
5. 1, 2, ..., 12
, r;
6. 1, 2, ..., 12 .
17
4.1.4 .
, -
: .
,
.
:
,
( 5),
?
,
,
. , ;
, , .
, , ,
, , , ,
, .
,
, ,
; ,
. , , -,
, .
5 .
18
(15641642) ,
.
,
( , 6).
6 .
,
,
. ,
( ) .
, ,
: ,
. ,
. , ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
19
4.2 .
4.2.1 .
.
,
( ) ( ).
( ) ,
,
( ).
,
,
, .
.
.
r ,
R -
( 7). ,
M
A ,
.
A . t
MO1 K
O1
O M .
m :
m=
r
, r = mR
R
, AK KM :
AK = MK
R KOA = rt
20
7 .
KOA =
r
t = mt .
R
x, y.
.. OD = OO1 cos mt = (OK + KO1 ) cos mt = ( R + r ) cos mt ;
ME = O1 M sin MO1 E = r sin(t OO1 D ) = r sin(t (
mt )) = r sin((t + mt )
)=
= r cos(t + mt )
mt )) = r cos((t + mt )
)=
r sin(t + mt );
.. r = mR x = OP = OD + ME , y = MP = O1 D O1 E ,
m ; :
, ,
, . ,
,
.
m <1
m , ,
,
;
, , . ,
, .
22
4.2.2 - m .
m - ,
p
q
, ,
( 8, 9),
q ,
; q
, q
q (
8 .
9 .
m<
1
;
2
m>
).
1
2
q q
p =1 ,
, ;
p 1
p 1
, ,
.
23
m=
1
2
,
.
,
, ;
.
4.2.3 .
( 10):
1. r
R , ;
2. 12 ,
1, 2, ... 12;
3. 0
000=R+r;
4. a a =360r/R.
5. , a, 12
, 11, 21, ...121;
6. 0 11, 21, ...121
01, 02, ...012;
7. 0 1,
2, ... 12 ;
8. 01, 02, ...012, , r
1, 2, ... 12,
.
24
10 .
4.2.4
( 11):
1.
R , ;
2.
12 ,
1, 2, ... 12;
3.
000=R-r;
4.
a a =360r/R.
25
5.
, a, 12
0 1,
2, ... 12 ;
8.
1, 2, ... 12,
.
11 .
26
4.3 .
,
12. : rw1 rw2 -
, rv1 rv2 - ,
,
.
12 .
27
1 ,
/ . 2
/ , - .
/ rv1
rw1 rw2 . /
rv2
rw1 rw2.
; , ,
;
, ;
.
28
5. .
m=
1
.
4
r ,
, , R .
,
x =
y=
m=
1
:
4
3
t 1
3t
R cos + R cos
4
4 4
4
;
3
t 1
3t
R sin R sin
4
4 4
4
t - ( 13)
13 .
t , :
29
( x 2 + y 2 R 2 ) 3 + 27 R 2 x 2 y 2 = 0 ,
, 6- .
:
3 t
x
=
R
cos
y = R sin 3 t
4
t , :
2
3
2
3
x +y =R
2
3
5.1
:
RK =
3
t
R sin
2
2
(t)
:
S=
3
R,
2
3
t
R sin 2
2
4
6 R ;
, ,
3
R 2
8
32
R 3
105
12
R 2
5
.
,
.
,
ND = R ( 14), ND
30
, :
x cos + y sin R sin 2 + R cos 2 = 0
x3 + y3 = R3 ,
.. .
14 .
ND
. R
, , r, ,
.
N
. ,
.
. ODCN,
, ,
, R, .
, DN,
,
31
,
.
.
ND, . .
,
, .
, ,
x cos + y sin + R sin cos = 0
R 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 = 2( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
R
cos 2 ,
2
.
, ,
, .
:
, ,
.
5.2 .
x = a cos t , y = b sin t , a b > 0
:
x = a sin t , y = b cos t , x = a cos t , y = b sin t
32
15 .
= a cos t b cos t
= b sin t a sin t
a 2 sin 2 t + b 2 cos 2 t a 2 b 2
=
cos 3 t
ab
a
a 2 sin 2 t + b 2 cos 2 t b 2 a 2
=
sin 3 t
ab
b
t (
2/3 ),
2
(a ) 3 + (b ) 3 = (a 2 b 2 ) 3
( 15)
33
6. .
,
. (150. ..)
( ).
6.1 .
:
=2 (
16). , ,
= ;
.
, . .
16 .
6.2 .
:
, :
= OM = OB OC
OC = 2a cos
OB =
2a
cos
2a
2a sin 2
2a cos =
cos
cos
34
:
=
2a sin 2
cos
:
, . :
= x2 + y2
sin =
y
x +y
2
cos =
x
x + y2
2
,
x, y,
:
y2 =
x3
2a x
.
,
.
:
,
y=
x
t
, ,
:
x
=
t 2 + 1
y= a
t (t 2 + 1)
.
, ,
.
6.3 .
35
1. , ,
, .
2. 0 2 0 ,
.
3. ,
- .
> 2, .
4. ,
=2, , 2 , , , =2
.
5. 1- .
6. .
. y = 2px .
(, )
px y + /2 = 0,
,
,
y=-
x;
x = - 2( p2+ 2 ) ,
y=
3
2( p2 + 2 )
,
y 2 =
x3
2p+ x
.
7. , ,
;
36
U = 3a 2
V ,
.
V = U 2 (2a x c ) = 3a 2 2 (2a
5a
) = 2 2 a 3
3
,
. , ,
, ,
.
.
x
S = a
0
z=
1
2a x
8a 3 x
a 3 ( z 3) (2 + 3)
dx = a ( z 2) +
ln
2a x
2
( z + 3 )(2 3 )
4a 3 x
ax
6.4 .
. , ,
, : ,
;
, , .
,
. ,
,
, (),
,
37
, , ,
, .
17 .
, 3 .
, ,
.
b , ; = 2b ,
, = b 3 2 ,
.
y
y
( )3 =
x
2a x
y
=k
x
AD = 2ak ,
y
2a x
= k.
38
,
(2, 0) = 2k.
= 1/2 = 2,
(1, 0),
, D 3 2 .
,
.
, ,
.
17 .
,
,
.
:
.
39
7. .
7.1 .
(150 . .
.).
:
LL1 ,
OE =a
( 18). , LL 1 .
, , 1,
,
KM = KM 1 = l
, l . (
0 180) ( l),
, 1.
18 l a: ) l < a , ) l = a , ) l < a
.
. LL1 .
: ,
1.
7.2 .
.
;
LL1 ; ,
, - (
).
40
.
( 1 , ) ,
1 = OM 1
( , ) ,
= OM
, 1
( , l < a ) ,
= OK +l
1 = OK l .
OK =
a
sin ,
a
a
+ l ; 1 =
l .
sin
sin
:
=
a
l
sin
+ - , - -
.
.
l a.
( 18).
,
, ,
sin
x, y.
M ( x, y )
. ;
S LL 1.
S
OM =
OM / MK = MP / MS
x 2 + y 2 , MK = l , MP = y , MS = y a ,
:
x2 + y2
y
=
l
y a
( y a ) x 2 + y 2 = ly; ( y a ) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = y 2
( x 2 + y 2 )( y a ) 2 l 2 y 2 = 0
;
.
41
7.3 .
- : (0; +l) (0; - l)
;
- =0, =0.
, (0,0) ;
.
- l<a ( 18) (
); l=a ( 18)
x=0; l>a ( 18)
. ( ).
, LL1 :
.
,
lim MP = lim y = lim sin = lim(
0
a
l ) sin = lim( a l sin ) = a
0
sin
lim MP = lim y = a
7.4 .
(.. )
(. 410-485).
, . III II .
.. ,
.
XVII XVIII .
. , ,
, .
.
42
7.5 .
.
OC =l
l . ,
. ,
, .
. ,
1
MOK = .
3
N,
MN =l
).
OC = CM =l
MN =l
, CMN OCM
. :
MCN = MNC
CMN),
CNM = MOK ,
= 3MOK .
19 .
7.6 .
3 .
43
. ,
( 1)
.
.
.
, .
= -10 -30. 3
,
.
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
, 1 2,
P
. 1 2 ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
1 2 P, , .
8 .
8.1 .
44
:
x 3 + y 3 3axy = 0
,
y=tx, , :
3at
x = 1 + t 3
2
y = 3at
1 + t 3
, .
=
2a cos sin
cos 3 + sin 3
,
, =.
,
.
,
, , ,
.
3 = 0, = 0 = 0
. ,
,
. , ,
=
N(
3
3
a, a )
2
2
( 20).
,
, M 1 (a 3 2 , a 3 4 ) M 2 (a 3 4 , a 3 2 ) .
y = kx + b .
45
20 .
kx + b
.
1 + k 3 = 0 3k 2 b 3ak = 0 , k = 1 b = a .
, y = x a ; ,
2- 4- .
8.2 .
l,
:
1. AO = l - GH,
AO;
2. AA OE, OA,
A, E GH;
3. , OA OF = 3OA
FE.
4. :
- O ON N,
, NQ|| AA;
- Q, NQ OF, A
K, QA FE;
46
- AK GH Q;
- , OA OP,
AQ;
- M1M2, P AA,
ON M1. ( M2,
AO), .
N, O, A
, M1 LOCABOI.
.
21 .
47
8.3 .
, ,
,
.
, 3- ,
.
8.4
.
x 3 + y 3 3axy = 0
: 20.
x = cos ; y = sin .
2 ,
3a cos sin
.
cos 3 sin 3
0 / 2 ,
S=
1
2
/2
2 d =
9a 2
2
/2
sin 2 cos 2
d.
(sin 3 + cos 3 ) 2
tg = t ; ( d) / cos 2 = dt ; = 0 t = 0, = / 2
t = .
,
S=
9a 2
2
t 2 dt
9a 2
=
0 (1 + t 3 ) 2 2
t 2 dt
lim (1 + t )
A 0
3 2
3a 2
2
3
1
= a2.
lim
3
2
A 1 + t 0
48
9. .
9.1 .
F
F1 .
,
( 22).
22 .
F F1 -
-, MFMF1 = a,
( x a) 2 + y 2
( x + a) 2 + y 2 = a 2
( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) = 0 .
, :
2 = 2a 2 cos 2 .
,
,
, m = 2 .
9.2 .
- ,
, /2
y = x.
49
- .
-
Aa
2 ,0
=0 =a 2 ,
A1 a 2 ,0
..
).
- .
- ,
- ,
m +
;
2
2 + 2 ;
- , ,
,
, 2.
- , ,
, ,
.
- , ,
, ,
.
-
N =
..
2 + '2 =
cos 2 ,
R=
1
N
3
R=
3 cos 2 .
, ..
.
-
-
2 =
4a 2
cos 2 .
9
-
S = 3
dR
(
3
R ) 4 1
a
50
2 = 2a 2 cos 2
-
2 = 2a 2 cos 2 ,
.. .
- ,
.
-
,
( 23).
23 .
- -
.
- -,
:
1
a2
2
2
U = d = a cos 2d =
sin 2
20
2
0
= 4 :
U =
4
a2 1
= (a 2 ) 2
2
4
.. , ,
a 2.
- , -
- , .
51
- , 1 = 0
2 = , :
S = 2 + ' 2 d = a
d
cos 2
= a
0
d
1 2 sin 2
(
S ==
1
1 sin 2
2
a
2
F(
1
2
2 sin 2 = sin 2 ):
, )
= 4 ,
2 sin 2 =1
, , = 2 .
1-
S ==
1
1 sin 2
2
a
2
K(
1
2
).
9.3 .
,
- ,
2 cos ,
; ,
2 = a 2 (2 cos 2 1) .
( 24):
- O = 1 = ;
- OB = a;
- ,
AB = a 2 ,
- ( /4) N1ON;
- N ND;
- A , OD, OB C.
52
, OC -
, .
24 .
, OC, N1ON
1 2. .
N1ON ,
. .
9.4 .
,
.
, ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
,
.
, 45.
53
, ,
, .
, ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
,
, , ,
.
54
1. .., . .: , 1954.
2. .., 3- . - , 1911.
3. .., .., . .: . ., 1985.
4. .., . - . ., 1949.
5. . ., , 2 ., ., 1968.
6. .., , 3- ., ., - .: ,
1978.
7. .., ; , - .,
2000.
8. .., . , ,
( ). / . .. . - .: , 1960.
9. .., ..,
. .: , 1961.
10. . , . - ., 1951.
11. .., - ..
. .
.:, 1997.
12. . , , .: , 1949
55
3-
56