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=
1
1 +
_
x
2
+y
2
+ z
2
2x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
@f
@x
(x; y; z) =
1
1 +
_
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1
Este evident c a celelalte dou a derivate partiale
@f
@y
(x; y; z) ,
@f
@z
(x; y; z) se calculeaz a exact la fel si obtinem
@f
@y
(x; y; z) =
1
1 +
_
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
@f
@z
(x; y; z) =
1
1 +
_
x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Pentru a studia existenta derivatelor partiale n (0; 0) folosim limita din defnitie
@f
@x
(0; 0; 0) = lim
x!0
f(x; 0; 0) f(0; 0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
ln
_
1 +
p
x
2
+ 0
2
+ 0
2
_
ln
_
1 +
p
0
2
+ 0
2
+ 0
2
_
x
=
= lim
x!0
ln
_
1 +
p
x
2
_
ln1
x
= lim
x!0
ln(1 + jxj)
x
Aceast a limit a nu exist a, deoarece:
- pentru x > 0 obtinem
lim
x!0
ln(1 + jxj)
x
= lim
x!0
ln(1 + x)
x
= lim
x!0
ln(1 + x)
1
x
= lne = 1
- pentru x < 0 obtinem
lim
x!0
ln(1 + jxj)
x
= lim
x!0
ln(1 x)
x
= lim
x!0
ln
_
(1 x)
1
x
_
1
= lne
1
= 1
Prin urmare functia nu are derivat a partial a n raport cu "x" n punctul (0; 0; 0)
n mod asem an ator se arat a c a functia nu are derivate partiale nici n raport cu y sau cu z n punctul (0; 0; 0)
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
y(x
2
+ y
2
) xy 2x
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
y(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
@f
@y
(x; y) =
@
@y
_
xy
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
@
@y
[xy] (x
2
+y
2
) xy
@
@y
_
x
2
+ y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
x(x
2
+ y
2
) xy 2y
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
2
n punctul (0; 0) folosim limita din denitie pentru a calcula derivatele partiale. S a observ am c a
f(x; 0) =
x 0
x
2
+ 0
2
= 0 , f(0; y) =
0 y
0
2
+ y
2
= 0 , f(0; 0) = 0
@f
@x
(0; 0) = lim
x!0
f(x; 0) f(0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
0 0
x
= 0
@f
@y
(0; 0) = lim
y!0
f(0; y) f(0; 0)
y 0
= lim
y!0
0 0
y
= 0
Prin urmare functia are derivate partiale n orice punct (x; y) 2 R
2
dar nu e continu a n (0; 0)
Derivatele partiale sunt
@f
@x
(x; y) =
_
x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
@f
@y
(x; y) =
_
y(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
3. S a se arate c a functia f : R
2
!R denit a de
f(x; y) =
_
xy
p
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
are derivate partiale n orice punct, dar nu este diferentialbil a n (0; 0)
Solutie.
n orice punct (x; y) 6= (0; 0) putem calcula "direct" derivatele partiale, folosind derivatele functiilor elementare.
@f
@x
(x; y) =
@
@x
_
xy
_
x
2
+y
2
_
=
@
@x
[xy]
_
x
2
+ y
2
xy
@
@x
_
_
x
2
+y
2
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
_
2
=
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
xy
1
2
p
x
2
+y
2
@
@x
_
x
2
+ y
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
xy
1
2
p
x
2
+y
2
2x
x
2
+y
2
=
y(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
)
_
x
2
+ y
2
@f
@y
(x; y) =
@
@y
_
xy
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
@
@y
[xy]
_
x
2
+ y
2
xy
@
@y
_
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
_
x
2
+y
2
_
2
=
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
xy
1
2
p
x
2
+y
2
@
@y
_
x
2
+y
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
x
_
x
2
+y
2
xy
1
2
p
x
2
+y
2
2y
x
2
+ y
2
=
x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
_
x
2
+y
2
S a observ am c a
f(x; 0) =
x 0
p
x
2
+ 0
2
= 0 , f(0; y) =
0 y
_
0
2
+y
2
= 0 , f(0; 0) = 0
n punctul (0; 0) calcul am derivatele partiale folosind limita din denitie
@f
@x
(0; 0) = lim
x!0
f(x; 0) f(0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
0 0
x
= 0
@f
@y
(0; 0) = lim
y!0
f(0; y) f(0; 0)
y 0
= lim
y!0
0 0
y
= 0
deci functia are derivate partiale n orice punct din R
2
Aceste derivate partiale sunt continue peste tot mai putin punctul (0; 0) , deci functia este de clas a C
1
pe
R
2
nf(0; 0)g
3
Functia nu este diferentiabil a n (0; 0) deoarece limita corespunz atoare nu exist a.
si anume limita
lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x 0; y 0)
k(x 0; y 0)k
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x; y)
k(x; y)k
unde matricea aplicatiei liniare L este matricea Jacobi a functiei n (0; 0) , deci
L(x; y) = J
f
(0; 0)
_
x
y
_
=
_
@f
@x
(0; 0)
@f
@y
(0; 0)
_
_
x
y
_
=
_
0 0
_
_
x
y
_
= 0
iar limita este
lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x; y)
k(x; y)k
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
xy
p
x
2
+y
2
0 0
_
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
xy
x
2
+ y
2
limit a care nu exist a, dup a cum am ar atat deja la exercitiul anterior.
Derivatele partiale sunt
@f
@x
(x; y) =
_
y(y
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
p
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
@f
@y
(x; y) =
_
x(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
p
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ (x
2
+y
2
)
@
@x
_
sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2xsin
1
x
2
+y
2
+ (x
2
+ y
2
) cos
1
x
2
+ y
2
@
@x
_
1
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
= 2xsin
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ (x
2
+ y
2
) cos
1
x
2
+ y
2
2x
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=
= 2xsin
1
x
2
+ y
2
2x
x
2
+ y
2
cos
1
x
2
+y
2
@f
@y
(x; y) =
@
@y
_
(x
2
+ y
2
) sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
@
@y
_
x
2
+ y
2
sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ (x
2
+y
2
)
@
@y
_
sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2y sin
1
x
2
+y
2
+ (x
2
+ y
2
) cos
1
x
2
+ y
2
@
@y
_
1
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
= 2y sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
+ (x
2
+ y
2
) cos
1
x
2
+ y
2
2y
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=
= 2y sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
2y
x
2
+ y
2
cos
1
x
2
+y
2
S a observ am c a
f(x; 0) =
x 0
p
x
2
+ 0
2
= 0 , f(0; y) =
0 y
_
0
2
+y
2
= 0 , f(0; 0) = 0
4
n punctul (0; 0) calcul am derivatele partiale folosind limita din denitie
@f
@x
(0; 0) = lim
x!0
f(x; 0) f(0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
0 0
x
= 0
@f
@y
(0; 0) = lim
y!0
f(0; y) f(0; 0)
y 0
= lim
y!0
0 0
y
= 0
Derivatele partiale sunt
@f
@x
(x; y) =
_
2xsin
1
x
2
+y
2
2x
x
2
+y
2
cos
1
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
@f
@y
(x; y) =
_
2y sin
1
x
2
+y
2
2y
x
2
+y
2
cos
1
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
Aceste functii sunt continue (compunere de functii elementare) pe R
2
nf(0; 0)g deci functia f este de clas a C
1
pe R
2
nf(0; 0)g
deci functia f este diferentiabil a pe R
2
nf(0; 0)g .
Derivatele partiale nu au limit a n punctul (0; 0) , deci nu sunt continue n (0; 0) , deci functia f nu este de
clas a C
1
pe R
2
Dar este diferentiabil a n punctul (0; 0) deoarece putem calcula limita corespunz atoare direct
lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x 0; y 0)
k(x 0; y 0)k
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x; y)
k(x; y)k
unde matricea aplicatiei liniare L este matricea Jacobi a functiei n (0; 0) , deci
L(x; y) = J
f
(0; 0)
_
x
y
_
=
_
@f
@x
(0; 0)
@f
@y
(0; 0)
_
_
x
y
_
=
_
0 0
_
_
x
y
_
= 0
iar limita este
lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
f(x; y) f(0; 0) L(x; y)
k(x; y)k
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
_
(x
2
+ y
2
) sin
1
x
2
+y
2
_
0 0
_
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
_
x
2
+ y
2
sin
1
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
deoarece
_
x
2
+ y
2
sin
1
x
2
+y
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
!
(x;y)!(0;0)
0
5. Se consider a functia f : R
2
! R denit a de
f(x; y) =
_
x
3
yxy
3
x
2
+y
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
S a se arate c a functia este de clas a C
1
pe R
2
, dar
@
2
f
@x@y
(0; 0; 0) 6=
@
2
f
@y@x
(0; 0; 0)
deci functia nu veric a teorema lui Schwarz ( de comutare a ordinii de derivare ), prin urmare nu este de clas a
C
2
pe R
2
.
Solutie.
n orice punct (x; y) 6= (0; 0) putem calcula "direct" derivatele partiale, folosind derivatele functiilor elementare.
@f
@x
(x; y) =
@
@x
_
x
3
y xy
3
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
@
@x
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
@
@x
_
x
2
+ y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
5
=
_
3x
2
y y
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
[2x]
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
y
_
3x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2x
2
y
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
@f
@y
(x; y) =
@
@y
_
x
3
y xy
3
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
@
@y
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
@
@y
_
x
2
+ y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
=
_
x
3
3xy
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
x
3
y xy
3
_
[2y]
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
x
_
x
2
3y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2xy
2
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
Nu prezint a interes deosebit calculul pentru o form a mai simpl a a derivatelor partiale.
S a observ am c a
f(x; 0) =
x
3
0 x 0
3
x
2
+ 0
2
= 0 , f(0; y) =
0
3
y 0 y
3
0
2
+ y
2
= 0 , f(0; 0) = 0
n punctul (0; 0) calcul am derivatele partiale folosind limita din denitie
@f
@x
(0; 0) = lim
x!0
f(x; 0) f(0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
0 0
x
= 0
@f
@y
(0; 0) = lim
y!0
f(0; y) f(0; 0)
y 0
= lim
y!0
0 0
y
= 0
Derivatele partiale sunt
@f
@x
(x; y) =
_
y[3x
2
y
2
]
(x
2
+y
2
)
2x
2
y(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
@f
@y
(x; y) =
_
x[x
2
3y
2
]
(x
2
+y
2
)
2xy
2
(x
2
y
2
)
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
, (x; y) 6= (0; 0)
0 , (x; y) = (0; 0)
Aceste derivate partiale sunt evident continue n orice punct (x; y) 6= (0; 0) (compunere de functii elementare),
dar sunt continue si n punctul (0; 0) deoarece putem calcula limitele corespunz atoare
lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
@f
@x
(x; y) = lim
(x;y)!(0;0)
y
_
3x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
. .
A
2x
2
y
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
. .
B
= 0
deoarece
jAj =
y
_
3x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
jyj (2x
2
+ x
2
+ y
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
)
= jxj
2 jxyj
x
2
+ y
2
. .
1
+
jyj
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)
jxj + jyj ! 0
jBj =
2x
2
y
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
2x
2
jyj
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
=
2x
2
jyj
(x
2
+ y
2
)
= 2 jxj
jxyj
(x
2
+ y
2
)
. .
1=2
2 jxj
1
2
! 0
Deci functia f este de clas a C
1
pe R
2
, dar nu si de clas a C
2
pe R
2
,
deoarece calculnd derivatele partiale de ordin 2 n punctul (0; 0) folosind limita din denitie, obtinem
@
2
f
@x@y
(0; 0) =
@
@x
_
@f
@y
(x; y)
_
(0; 0) = lim
x!0
@f
@y
(x; 0)
@f
@y
(0; 0)
x 0
= lim
x!0
x 0
x
= 1
am folosit
@f
@y
(x; 0) =
_
x
_
x
2
3y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2xy
2
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
_
y=0
=
x
_
x
2
3 0
2
(x
2
+ 0
2
)
2x0
2
_
x
2
0
2
_
(x
2
+ 0
2
)
2
=
x
3
x
2
= x
6
calcul am cealalt a derivat a partial a "mixt a" - cu ordinea de derivare inversat a
@
2
f
@y@x
(0; 0) =
@
@y
_
@f
@y
(x; y)
_
(0; 0) = lim
y!0
@f
@x
(0; y)
@f
@x
(0; 0)
y 0
= lim
y!0
y 0
y
= 1
am folosit
@f
@x
(0; y) =
_
y
_
3x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2x
2
y
_
x
2
y
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
_
x=0
=
y
_
3 0
2
y
2
(0
2
+ y
2
)
2 0
2
y
_
0
2
y
2
_
(0
2
+ y
2
)
2
=
y
3
y
2
= y
Prin urmare
@
2
f
@x@y
(0; 0) = 1 ,
@
2
f
@y@x
(0; 0) = 1
Ceea ce arat a c a functia f nu veric a teorema lui Schwarz, deci nu este de clas a C
2
pe R
2
.