Guillermo 1

Vanessa Guillermo
Jaya Dubey
Writing 39C: Research and Argument
13 April !1"
#omelessness in $os Angeles: #omeless is not a Crime
%en and &omen dirt ridden' bare(ooted and &earing nothing but tattered clothing is a
common sight all throughout the city o( $os Angeles) *ituated on top o( torn pieces o( card board
or public benches' these men and &omen' +arying (rom young' old' blac, or &hite' ma,e a home
out o( $os Angeles-s cold hard streets) #ea+ily concentrated speci(ically in an area ,no&n as
*,id Ro& are hundreds o( people su((ering beneath the po+erty threshold
&ith ma.ority' i( not all' lac,ing a permanent place to
li+e) According to /igure 1' *,id Ro& is
bounded by %ain' Almeda' 0hird and *e+enth
*treets' homelessness is a social (ailure' rather a
human calamity' that is 1uic,ly one the rise)
/igure 1) /igure 1) R22*2' 2$$23'
G24//R25 D2V2R0267$'
and $2A332 0#AC#) 89Wea,:Center- Gentri(ication And 0he
Contradictions 4( Containment: Deconcentrating ;o+erty 7n Do&nto&n $os
Angeles)8 7nternational Journal 4( 6rban < Regional Research 3") =!1!>:
31!:3?) Academic *earch Complete) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
@ecause o( a lac, o( a((ordable housing and high unemployment rate' the numbers o( men and
&omen ta,ing residence on the streets are increasing) %ore and more people are inhabiting
public (acilities' hence' introducing a sudden concern in the city o((icial-s (or the city-s &el(are)
@ecause o( *,id Ro&-s large homeless population' neighboring businesses ha+e increased their
e((orts in maintaining the sa(ety and business o( their city' and ha+e thus ha+e ta,en many
actions that ha+e posed many disad+antages (or the homeless in $os Angeles) 7n response to
reduce the homeless population in $A' police' local businesses and the *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e
ha+e en(orced la&s that criminaliAe the homeless in a &ay that conse1uently increases the
economic toll o( incarceration (or taB payers' the danger o( other serious crimes originally
neglected due to o+er criminaliAation and the social gap bet&een the the rich and the poor
through prolongment)
*,id Ro&' ,no&n as Chomeless capital o( the nationD' is situated at the heart o( $os
Angeles- 7ndustrial District =Ja((e>) 7t eBtends more than (i(ty bloc,s and is home to roughly (orty
thousand people e+ery night) Amongst that +ast number o( homelessness are drug addicts'
prostitutes and mentally ill patients' those o( &hich occupy the city-s most re+ered landmar,s)
2+ery day' all throughout the night' *,id ro& undergoes an ine+itable routine' that o( &hich
some people re(er to as C0he *ho&D' &here the instability o( its population mani(ests itsel(
publicly and clearly through +arious acts o( crime such as prostitution and drug dealing =Geis>)
#o&e+er unli,e other do&n ridden cities' *,id Ro& &as al&ays a +ictim o( po+erty and had
ne+er reached a moment &here it thri+ed) According to the nonpro(it organiAation 6nion Rescue
%ission' because $os Angeles &as located right o(( the railroad' it &as the Ccongregating spot (or
hobos' aimless riders' transient &or,ers and people running a&ay (rom past li+esD=What is *,id
Ro&E>) Due to the direct transportation o( indi+iduals' many (acilities and social ser+ices and
Guillermo 3
opportunities (or labor' particularly agricultural &or,' &ere established to speci(ically support the
/igure ) Weignberg' Da+id) 8*,id Ro& Was $)A)Fs *olution (or #omelessness) 3o& 0hatFs Changing)8
%ar,etplace)org) 3)p)' 19 %ar) !13) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
homeless and transient =*pi+a,>) /rom the 1G!!s' *,id Ro& began to permanently operate as a
sa(ety net (or immigrants (rom surrounding counties =What is *,id Ro&E>) #o&e+er' according
to /igure ' e+en in !!H people continued to settle in $os Angeles) With time' the increase in
the (lo& o( people into the particular area lead to an ine+itable decrease in the su((iciency o(
labor and land (or housing) 0hus' crumbling employment opportunities and housing costs yielded
(urther concentration o( the homeless into $os Angeles area' there(ore resulting into neighboring
businesses and go+ernment regulation to ta,e (urther action =Reese' De+erteuil' 0hach>)
#omelessness essentially continues to persist so hea+ily in the $os Angeles area because
o( the economy-s Ceroding &or, opportunitiesD =Why Are ;eople #omelessE>) Due to
the &orsening economy' the a+erage annual income has decreased and the 1uantity o( .obs &ith
ade1uate bene(its ha+e diminished) According to 7nternational $abor 4rganiAation' &ages ha+e
signi(icantly decreased o+er the past siB months due to many (actors regarding the depreciation
o( unioniAed &or,ers' minimum &age and limited access to manu(acturing labor =Why Are
;eople #omeless>) Conse1uently' the only class that seems to be particularly e((ected by this
decline are lo& income &or,ers) @ased on the 3ational $o& 7ncome #ousing Coalition' as one
o( the oldest supporting homelessness organiAation' C in the median state a minimum: &age
&or,er &ould ha+e to &or, G? hours each &ee, to a((ord a t&o: bedroom apartment at 3! I o(
his or her income' &hich is the (ederal de(inition o( a((ordable housingD =2mployment and
#omelessness>) 0his pro+es that the minimum &age salary earned alone is not enough to a((ord a
one to t&o bedroom rental apartment and more than one income is needed to sustain a home) 7n
comparison' nearly "! I o( households li+e in contrast to the de(inition o( a((ordable housing'
&here J! I o( &or,ers- salaries are allocated to rent and housing costs) 0his leads to a direct
reduction in (unds to&ard other essential needs such as healthcare and (ood =Why Are ;eople
#omelessE>) As a result' depleting labor opportunities (or the homeless contribute to current
spatial concentration issue in $os Angeles) @ecause *,id Ro& is so hea+ily concentrated'
neighboring businesses
Guillermo J
0hrough the de(inition o( a((ordable housing' it is clear and e+ident that housing cost is a
direct (actor to&ard the crisis o( homelessness) According to Rachel @ostic' director o( 6*C-s
@edrosian Center on Go+ernance' and 0ony *alaAar' director o( West Coast 4perations' both
(rom $A times ne&spaper' o+er H! percent o( $os Angeles rent their homes) Due this high (igure'
there &as an automatic increase in demand (or housing) C 4nly 3? units K&ould beL a+ailable and
a((ordable (or e+ery 1!! &ould: be renters Kthat &ould li+eL at the a+erage renter income le+elD
=@ostic'*alaAar>) With the demand (or a((ordable housing eBceeding the county-s supply' rental
rates ha+e risen nearly 3! I o+er the past t&o decades =@ostic' *alaAar>) 7n addition' according
to the 3ational $o& 7ncome #ousing Coalition' lo& income salaries ha+e also declined
concurrently &ith the increase o( housing costs e+er since !!9) 0his crisis and shortage o(
a((ordable housing' once again' directly targets lo& income renters) @ecause minimum &age
&or,ers cannot a((ord housing &ith their lo& income' a ris, o( homelessness is placed on all o(
those &ho cannot a((ord the highly priced a+ailable housing on the mar,et) 0his (orces many
people' both employed and unemployed' on to the streets' contributing to the imminent increase
in homelessness in $os Angeles)
With both eroding employment opportunities and high housing rates contributing to the
o+erall crisis' the homeless population in *,id Ro& continues to gro&) With many resources
already limited' $os Angeles particularly attracts a large homeless population because o( its
Cspatial concentration o( large shelters' meal programs and other social ser+ices that target
people &ho are homelessD =Culhane>) @ecause the homeless are a&are o( these (acilities and
,no& that they &ere established in *,id Ro& to directly cater to those &ho are in need' homeless
indi+iduals &ill continue to naturally gra+itate to this area no& as &ell as in the near and distant
(uture) #o&e+er' this natural accumulation and concentration homeless in this area &as eBactly
&hat the Community Rede+elopment Agency =CRA> &as originally trying to maintain) 0he
speci(ic organiAation o( (acilities in this area &ere concentrated speci(ically in *,id Ro& by the
CRA in order to contain and ,eep the homeless out o( the de+eloping business district =Reese'
De+erteuil' 0hach>) @e that as it may' this method o( containment had its &ea, spots and merely
Cprotected the interests o( large corporates &hich &ere in+ested in other Do&nto&n areas' KandL
in(uriated the Central City 2ast Association =CC2A>' representing smaller and less po&er(ul
businesses located in the *,id Ro& AreaD =Reese' De+erteuil' 0hach>) @ecause local (acilities
&ere not able to sustain the rapid gro&ing homeless population' +ictims o( homelessness began
to spread into the streets o( central business districts) 0his directly inter(ered &ith the
in+estments o( small local businesses) @ecause o( this' surrounding businesses +igorously began
to see, &ays to reduce this inter(erence' one o( &hich &as deconcentration through direct police
action and criminaliAation o( *,id Ro& =Reese' De+erteuil' 0hach>) /igure 3 is a bar graph o(
speci(ic insigni(icant crimes indi+iduals o( homelessness &ere cited and (ined (or)
4+er the past 1! years' the city o( $os Angeles ha+e increased their e((orts in
criminaliAing the homeless in order to maintain and regulate their city-s use o( public space and
industrial gro&th) 2((orts into this strategy &ere spearheaded by $A;D la& en(orcement through
a program ,no&n as the *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e =*C7> in *eptember o( !!J to reduce the crime
rate on *,id Ro& =@lasi>) According to Gary @lasi' president o( the 3ational Coalition (or
#omelessness' nearly J! policemen &ere assigned to *,id Ro& to dismantle C homeless
encampments' KissueL citations' and Kma,eL arrests (or +arious o((ensesD =@lasi>) %any
ordinances (iling against common necessary (or sur+i+al acts among the homeless ha+e been
en(orced such as begging' panhandling' urinating' de(ecating and sleeping in public =@ro&n>)
/rom !!H:!!? alone in a population o( 1!'!!!' more than 1!'3" citations &ere issued &ith
Guillermo ?
J'!?! (iling under (elony arrests =Reese' DeVertueil' 0hach>) All these o((enses &ere aimed to
pre+ent loitering and to o((er a sa(er li(e style (or surrounding businesses and neighborhoods)
#o&e+er as la& en(orcement (ail to recogniAe the contradicting e((ects that this method entails'
the city is CKen(orcingL these criminal la&s as 91uic, (iB- solutions to remo+e homeless people
(rom sightD =@ro&n>) 0hrough criminaliAing the homeless' go+ernment agencies and the $A
police department are merely pushing the crisis a&ay' hiding it (rom the (ace o( the public and' at
the same time' depressing it o( its se+erity and importance) 6nbe,no&nst to the public' the *C7
because o( this' poses e+en greater disad+antages on society economically and socially) 0hese
e((ects include the economic burden o( incarceration on taBpayers' neglect o( other serious
crimes and the &idening social gap bet&een the rich and poor due to prolongment o(
homelessness)
6pon criminaliAing the homeless in *,id Ro&' society is unde+iatingly (ronted &ith a
great economic toll to incarcerate) According to the 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' C as the
country (ails to pro+ide money (or housing' and as essential (unds are cut (orm social ser+ices'
the amount o( money spent to .ail people (or 91uality o( li(e9 crime increasesD =7llegal to be
#omeless>) @ased on t&o year research study (rom a 6ni+ersity o( 0eBas' the amount o( money
taBpayers &ould ha+e to pay' annually' is approBimately C1"'"G! dollars per year (or o+ernight
.ail =Cost o( #omelessness>) 7n addition' the cost o( single bed in prison (or a period o( merely
one year eBceeds M!'!!!) 7n comparison to M1"! needed to incarcerate' the bare minimum o(
thirty dollars (or necessary housing' (ood and other daily needs' is more cost e((ecti+e in dealing
&ith the homeless =7llegal to be #omeless>) /igure " also ma,es mention o( the costs o(
incarceration and the cost o( pro+iding housing) %oreo+er' based on research (rom a 6ni+ersity
o( Cali(ornia' the go+ernment &as consuming o+er H million dollars in (unds in sending the J!
o((icers to *,id Ro& a year =Gorman>) 0hese costs goes to sho& that the economic costs to
incarcerate the homeless is (ar greater than the (unds that could ha+e been allocated to help the
homeless) @ecause more money is
being eBerted into criminaliAing the
homeless' municipalities
/igure "
Guillermo 9
and taB payers are le(t to pay (or their costly imprisonment)0hrough this' the cost o( homeless
containment through criminaliAation has been pro+en to eBceed the means o( &hat our current
society can economically handle) 2ngaging in another approach in deconcentrating the homeless'
such as pro+iding ade1uate housing' could reap e+en greater bene(its than incarceration on our
society as also sho&n in (igure ")
With so much money and attention (ocused on criminaliAing and incarcerating the
homeless' 0he *a(er City 7nitiati+e ha+e de(lected a lot o( attention a&ay (rom other serious
crimes) Due to la& en(orcement-s e((orts to deter super(icial acti+ities necessary (or homeless
people to sur+i+e' C+aluable resources are di+erted a&ay (rom (ighting dangerous crimeD include
more than (i(ty policemen yearly =CriminaliAing Crisis: CriminaliAation o( the #omelessness in
6)*) Cities>) @ecause o( this' resources are being &asted on minute crimes' such as sleeping in
public and loitering' instead o( those that actually pose a ris, to the county-s sa(ety) 7n addition'
to (urther emphasiAe the &aste in e((orts o( la& en(orcement' *hannon ;aulson' a $A;D
$ieutenant and head o((icer o( 0he *a(er City 7nitiati+e' mentioned that the *C7 has (allen short
(rom its goal to deconcentrate due increasing .ail budget cuts) 0his concludes that as
o+ercro&ding o( homeless inmates is the cause (or budget cuts' prisons ha+e resulted to
appro+ing early release date (or its prisoners) With the increase in number o( crimes unattended
to' $os Angeles is (urthermore'prone and more susceptible to danger' and at a greater eBtent'
eBposed to danger (ar greater than the innocent acts committed by the homeless =CriminaliAing
Crisis: CriminaliAation o( the #omelessness in 6)*) Cities>)
0he increased e((orts to containment through criminaliAation not only poses an economic
disad+antage on municipalities and localities but also &idens the social gap bet&een the rich and
poor) 0he constant criminaliAation and incarceration o( the homeless because o( necessary to
sur+i+al day to day actions such as sleeping and begging in public' automatically places a (alse
connection bet&een criminals and homeless) 0his preconcei+ed relationship results in an
increase in CdiscriminationD to&ards the homeless by (ear' that o( &hich &as ClegitimiAed by
criminaliAationD =7llegal to be #omeless>) 0his &idens the social gap bet&een the homeless and
non homeless in the sense that ma.ority o( the trust and reliability on the homeless has
diminished) @ecause o( this mistrust' employers are o(ten times hesitant to hire the homeless as
employees due to their recent criminal records and (ear o( them being a Cslac,erD =7llegal to be
#omeless>) 0his directly inter(eres &ith the homeless- ability to (ind a .ob and' in turn' (ind a
home) 0he idea demoraliAes the homeless o( any opportunities o( escaping homelessness and
&or,s to (asten their standing at the bottom o( the (ood chain' thus creating a ne+er ending
condescending and de+aluing +ie& (rom society =0he CriminaliAation o( the ;oor>) 7t prolongs
homelessness and' hence' continues to &iden the gap bet&een the rich and poor)
/or years' diminishing &or, opportunities and bene(its' as &ell as high housing costs
ha+e stipulated a high demand (or cheap housing in $os Angeles) 6n(ortunately' the demand (or
cheap housing eBceeded the original supply a+ailable and' as a result' le(t many lo& income
&or,ers (ending (or themsel+es &ithout a home) As the rate o( homeless in 1uic,ly began to
increase' the numbers o( indi+iduals ta,ing residence on the streets o( $os Angeles began to
signi(icantly sprout as &ell) As the population began to inter(ere &ith the (unctionalism o(
surrounding businesses' $)A) la& en(orcement and many local businesses ha+e eBerted many
e((orts to attempt to deconcentrate the homeless population in *,id Ro&) 0he primary method
used &as the criminaliAation o( the homeless through the *a(er City 7nitiati+e' &hich has been
Guillermo 11
pro+en to produce contradicting e((ects against their original goal economically and socially)
Although' policies o( criminaliAation seem to reap more detrimental e((ects on society than
bene(its' there are in (act' many di((erent approaches that could pro+ide a permanent solution to
deconcentrate the population o( homelessness in $os Angeles) As long society publiciAes the
issue and open it out to the public' there is still hope in greatly reducing the homeless population
in *,id Ro&' &hile still being able to pro+ide +ictims o( homelessness the supporti+e help they
need to get bac, on their (eet)
Wor,s Cited
@lasi' Gary $) *ocial ;olicy and *ocial *cience Research on #omelessness) $os Angeles:
3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' 199!) ;D/)
@lasi' Gary) ;olicing 4ur Way 4ut o( #omelessness: 0he /irst 5ear o( the *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e
on *,id Ro&) $os Angeles: 0he 6C$A *chool o( $a& /act 7n+estigations Clinic' "
*ept) !!?) ;D/)
@ostic' Raphael' and 0ony *alaAar) 8$)A)Fs Real #ousing ;roblem)8 $os Angeles 0imes) $os
Angeles 0imes' !" /eb) !13) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
@ro&n' Nristen) 84utla&ing #omelessness)8 4utla&ingOCriminaliAing #omelessness) 3ational
#ousing 7nstitute' Aug) 1999) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
8Cost o( #omelessness)8 3ational Alliance to 2nd #omelessness:) 3)p)' !1") Web) 9 Apr)
!1")
CriminaliAing Crisis: 0he CriminaliAation o( #omelessness in 6)* Cities) Washington DC:
3ational $a& Center (or #omelessness and ;o+erty' 3o+) !11) ;D/)
Culhane' Dennis ;) 0ac,ling #omelessness in $os AngelesF *,id Ro&: 0he Role o( ;olicing
*trategies and the *patial Deconcentration o( #omelessness) 3)p): American *ociety o(
Criminology' !1!) ;D/)
2mployment and #omelessness) Washington DC: 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' July
!!9) ;D/)
Geis' *onya) 8$)A) ;olice 7nitiati+e 0hins 4ut *,id Ro&)8 Washington ;ost) 0he Washington
;ost' 1J %ar) !!?) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Gormon' *te+e) 8$os Angeles Accused o( CriminaliAing)8 Reuters)com) 0homas Reuter' 1" July
!!9) Web) J Apr) !1")
8#omeless ;opulation %ap o( $os Angeles)8 %ar,etplace)org) $A;D Central Di+ision' J June
!!?) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
87llegal to @e #omeless)8 7llegal to @e #omeless) 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' n)d) Web)
9 Apr) !1")
Ja((e' 7na) 8/or *ome' $)A)Fs *,id Ro& 7s /or @eginnings)8 3;R) 3;R' ! Apr) !!9) Web) 9
Apr) !1")
Guillermo 13
;ec,' Adam) Cost o( 7ncarceration and ;ro+iding #ousing) !1") $os Angeles) 0hin,;rogress
R**) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
R22*2' 2$$23' G24//R25 D2V2R0267$' and $2A332 0#AC#) 89Wea,:Center-
Gentri(ication And 0he Contradictions 4( Containment: Deconcentrating ;o+erty 7n
Do&nto&n $os Angeles)8 7nternational Journal 4( 6rban < Regional Research 3")
=!1!>: 31!:3?) Academic *earch Complete) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
*pi+a,' Donald) 8#istory o( *,id Ro&)8 *,id Ro& Journal) Community Rede+elopment Agency'
1J *ept) 199G) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
8What 7s *,id Ro&E8 6nion Rescue %ission) 6nion Rescue %ission' !13) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
8Why Are ;eople #omelessE8 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless) 3ational Coalition (or the
#omeless' !!9) Web) G Apr) !1")
Wor,ing @ibliography
@lasi' Gary $) *ocial ;olicy and *ocial *cience Research on
#omelessness) $os Angeles: 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' 199!) ;D/)
@lasi' Gary) ;olicing 4ur Way 4ut o( #omelessness: 0he /irst 5ear o( the *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e
on *,id Ro&) $os Angeles: 0he 6C$A *chool o( $a& /act 7n+estigations Clinic' "
*ept) !!?) ;D/)
@ostic' Raphael' and 0ony *alaAar) 8$)A)Fs Real #ousing ;roblem)8 $os Angeles 0imes) $os
Angeles 0imes' !" /eb) !13) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
@ro&n' Nristen) 84utla&ing #omelessness)8 4utla&ingOCriminaliAing #omelessness) 3ational
#ousing 7nstitute' Aug) 1999) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Chamard' *haron) 8Center (or ;roblem:4riented ;olicing)8 Center (or ;roblem:4riented
;olicing) Center (or ;roblem 4riented ;olicing' !1!) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Corinth' Ne+in) 0he 2conomics o( #omelessness: 6rban 2conomics) Chicago: American *ociety
o( Criminology' 1" %ay !13) ;D/)
8Cost o( #omelessness)8 3ational Alliance to 2nd #omelessness:) 3)p)' !1") Web) 9 Apr)
!1")
CriminaliAing Crisis: 0he CriminaliAation o( #omelessness in 6)* Cities) Washington DC:
3ational $a& Center (or #omelessness and ;o+erty' 3o+) !11) ;D/)
Culhane' Dennis ;) 0ac,ling #omelessness in $os AngelesF *,id Ro&: 0he Role o( ;olicing
*trategies and the *patial Deconcentration o( #omelessness) 3)p): American *ociety o(
Criminology' !1!) ;D/)
2mployment and #omelessness) Washington DC: 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' July
!!9) ;D/)
/ast /acts: #omelessness in $os Angeles) $os Angeles: 6nited Way #ome&al,' !1)
/laming' Daniel' ;atric, @urns' and @rent #aydamac,) 8*ynopsis o( #omeless in $A)8 *ynopsis
o( #omeless in $A) $os Angeles #omeless *er+ices Authority' *ept) !!") Web) 9 Apr)
!1")
Guillermo 1J
Geis' *onya) 8$)A) ;olice 7nitiati+e 0hins 4ut *,id Ro&)8 Washington ;ost) 0he Washington
;ost' 1J %ar) !!?) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Gormon' *te+e) 8$os Angeles Accused o( CriminaliAing)8 Reuters)com) 0homas Reuter' 1" July
!!9) Web) J Apr) !1")
#artcourt' @ernard 2) 8@rattonFs Pbro,en Windo&sF8 $os Angeles 0imes) $os Angeles 0imes' !
Apr) !!H) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
8#omeless ;opulation %ap o( $os Angeles)8 %ar,etplace)org) $A;D Central Di+ision' J June
!!?) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
87llegal to @e #omeless)8 7llegal to @e #omeless) 3ational Coalition (or the #omeless' n)d) Web)
9 Apr) !1")
Ja((e' 7na) 8/or *ome' $)A)Fs *,id Ro& 7s /or @eginnings)8 3;R) 3;R' ! Apr) !!9) Web) 9
Apr) !1")
Jargo&s,y' ;aul A) Concentration o( ;o+erty in the 3e& %illenium: Changes in the ;re+alence'
Composition and $ocation o( #igh:;o+erty 3eighborhoods) 3)p): 0he Century
/oundation and Rutegers Center (or 6rban Research and 2ducation' !11) ;D/)
Jordan 0) Camp) 8@lues Geographies and the *ecurity 0urn: 7nterpreting the #ousing Crisis in
$os Angeles)8 American Quarterly H")3 =!1>: J"3:J?!) ;ro.ect %6*2) Web) 9 Apr)
!1")
Neyes' *cott) 84ne County *pent 4+er MJ %illion Jailing #omeless ;eople 7nstead 4( Gi+ing
0hem #omes)8 0hin,;rogress R**) 3)p)' J /eb) !1") Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Nensington Wel(are Rights 6nion' 0he CriminaliAation o( the ;oor' J 6) ;a) J)$) < *oc) Change
J1 =!!!>)
$eDu((' Charlie) 87n $os Angeles' *,id Ro& Resists an 6pgrade)8 $eBis3eBisR Academic <
$ibrary *olutions) American Ci+il $iberties 6nion' 1J July !!3) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
%orrison' ;att) 8#omelessness in $os Angeles:;art 4ne: 0he *a(er City 7nitiati+e)8 N;CC) G9)3
N;;C' n)d) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
;ec,' Adam) Cost o( 7ncarceration and ;ro+iding #ousing) !1") $os Angeles) 0hin,;rogress
R**) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
8;rogram ;ro(ile)8 ;rogram: *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e) 3ational 7nstitute o( Justice' !!9) Web) 9
Apr) !1")
R22*2' 2$$23' G24//R25 D2V2R0267$' and $2A332 0#AC#) 89Wea,:Center-
Gentri(ication And 0he Contradictions 4( Containment: Deconcentrating ;o+erty 7n
Do&nto&n $os Angeles)8 7nternational Journal 4( 6rban < Regional Research 3")
=!1!>: 31!:3?) Academic *earch Complete) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
*pi+a,' Donald) 8#istory o( *,id Ro&)8 *,id Ro& Journal) Community Rede+elopment Agency'
1J *ept) 199G) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Vitale' AleB *) 80he *a(er Cities 7nitiati+e And 0he Remo+al 4( 0he #omeless)8 Criminology <
;ublic ;olicy9)" =!1!>: GH?:G?3) Academic *earch Complete) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
Weignberg' Da+id) 8*,id Ro& Was $)A)Fs *olution (or #omelessness) 3o& 0hatFs Changing)8
%ar,etplace)org) 3)p)' 19 %ar) !13) Web) 9 Apr) !1")
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