G.R. No.

L-8151
VIRGINIA CALANOC, petitioner,
vs.
COURT OF APPEALS n! T"E P"ILIPPINE A#ERICAN LIFE INSURANCE
CO., respon!ents.
T$is s%it invo&ves t$e 'o&&e'tion o( P),*** representin+ t$e v&%e o( s%pp&e,ent&
po&i'- 'overin+ ''i!ent& !et$ .$i'$ .s se'%re! /- one #e&en'io 0si&io (ro, t$e
P$i&ippine A,eri'n Li(e Ins%rn'e Co,pn-. T$e 'se ori+inte! in t$e #%ni'ip&
Co%rt o( #ni& n! 1%!+,ent /ein+ (vor/&e to t$e p&inti(( it .s ppe&e! to t$e
'o%rt o( (irst instn'e. T$e &tter 'o%rt ((ir,e! t$e 1%!+,ent /%t on ppe& to t$e
Co%rt o( Appe&s t$e 1%!+,ent .s reverse! n! t$e 'se is no. /e(ore %s on
petition (or revie..
#e&en'io 0si&io .s .t'$,n o( t$e #ni& A%to S%pp&- &o'te! t t$e 'orner o(
Aveni! Ri2& n! 3%r/rn. "e se'%re! &i(e ins%rn'e po&i'- (ro, t$e P$i&ippine
A,eri'n Li(e Ins%rn'e Co,pn- in t$e ,o%nt o( P),*** to .$i'$ .s tt'$e!
s%pp&e,entr- 'ontr't 'overin+ !et$ /- ''i!ent. On 4n%r- )5, 1551, $e !ie! o(
+%ns$ot .o%n! on t$e o''sion o( ro//er- 'o,,itte! in t$e $o%se o( Att-. O1e! t
t$e 'orner o( Oro6%iet n! 3%r/n streets. Vir+ini C&no', t$e .i!o., .s pi!
t$e s%, o( P),***, ('e v&%e o( t$e po&i'-, /%t .$en s$e !e,n!e! t$e p-,ent o(
t$e !!ition& s%, o( P),*** representin+ t$e v&%e o( t$e s%pp&e,ent& po&i'-, t$e
'o,pn- re(%se! &&e+in+, s ,in !e(ense, t$t t$e !e'ese! !ie! /e'%se $e .s
,%r!ere! /- person .$o too7 prt in t$e 'o,,ission o( t$e ro//er- n! .$i&e
,7in+ n rrest s n o((i'er o( t$e &. .$i'$ 'ontin+en'ies .ere e8press&-
e8'&%!e! in t$e 'ontr't n! $ve t$e e((e't o( e8e,ptin+ t$e 'o,pn- (ro, &i/i&it-.
T$e pertinent ('ts .$i'$ nee! to /e 'onsi!ere! (or t$e !eter,intion o( t$e 6%estions
rise! re t$ose repro!%'e! in t$e !e'ision o( t$e Co%rt o( Appe&s s (o&&o.s9
T$e 'ir'%,stn'es s%rro%n!in+ t$e !et$ o( #e&en'io 0si&io s$o. t$t .$en $e .s
7i&&e! t /o%t seven o:'&o'7 in t$e ni+$t o( 4n%r- )5, 1551, $e .s on !%t- s
.t'$,n o( t$e #ni& A%to S%pp&- t t$e 'orner o( Aveni! Ri2& n! 3%r/rn;
t$t it t%rne! o%t t$t Att-. Antonio O1e! .$o $! $is resi!en'e t t$e 'orner o(
3%r/rn n! Oro6%iet, /&o'7 .- (ro, 0si&io:s sttion, $! 'o,e $o,e t$t
ni+$t n! (o%n! t$t $is $o%se .s .e&&-&i+$te!, /%t .it$ t$e .in!o.s '&ose!; t$t
+ettin+ s%spi'io%s t$t t$ere .ere '%&prits in $is $o%se, Att-. O1e! retrete! to &oo7
(or po&i'e,n n! (in!in+ 0si&io in 7$7i %ni(or,, s7e! $i, to ''o,pn- $i, to
t$e $o%se .it$ t$e &tter re(%sin+ on t$e +ro%n! t$t $e .s not po&i'e,n, /%t
s%++estin+ t$t Att-. O1e! s$o%&! s7 t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n on !%t- t t$e 'orner o(
Ri2& Aven%e n! 3%r/rn; t$t Att-. O1e! .ent to t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n t si!
'orner n! reporte! t$e ,tter, s7in+ t$e po&i'e,n to 'o,e &on+ .it$ $i,, to
.$i'$ t$e po&i'e,n +ree!; t$t on t$e .- to t$e O1e! resi!en'e, t$e po&i'e,n
n! Att-. O1e! psse! /- 0si&io n! so,e$o. or ot$er invite! t$e &tter to 'o,e
&on+; t$t s t$e tree ppro'$e! t$e O1e! resi!en'e n! stoo! in (ront o( t$e ,in
+te .$i'$ .s 'overe! .it$ +&vni2e! iron, t$e (en'e itse&( /ein+ prt&- 'on'rete
n! prt&- !o/e stone, s$ot .s (ire!; t$t i,,e!ite&- (ter t$e s$ot, Att-. O1e!
n! t$e po&i'e,n so%+$t 'over; t$t t$e po&i'e,n, t t$e re6%est o( Att-. O1e!, &e(t
t$e pre,ises to &oo7 (or rein(or'e,ent; t$t it t%rne! o%t (ter.r!s t$t t$e spe'i&
.t'$,n #e&en'io 0si&io .s $it in t$e /!o,en, t$e .o%n! '%sin+ $is
instntneo%s !et$; t$t t$e s$ot ,%st $ve 'o,e (ro, insi!e t$e -r! o( Att-. O1e!,
t$e /%&&et pssin+ t$ro%+$ $o&e .ist-$i+$ in t$e +&vni2e! iron +te; t$t %pon
in6%ir- Att-. O1e! (o%n! o%t t$t t$e svin+s o( $is '$i&!ren in t$e ,o%nt o( P<* in
'oins 7ept in $is pr!or 'ontine! in sto'7in+s .ere t7en .-,
t$e pr!or $vin+ /een rns'7e!; t$t ,ont$ t$ere(ter t$e 'orrespon!in+
investi+tion 'on!%'te! /- t$e po&i'e %t$orities &e! to t$e rrest n! prose'%tion o(
(o%r persons in Cri,in& Cse No. 151*= o( t$e Co%rt o( First Instn'e o( #ni& (or
>Ro//er- in n In$/ite! "o%se n! in 0n! .it$ #%r!er:.
It is 'onten!e! in /e$&( o( t$e 'o,pn- t$t 0si&io .s 7i&&e! .$i'$ ?,7in+ n
rrest s n o((i'er o( t$e &.@ or s res%&t o( n ?ss%&t or ,%r!er@ 'o,,itte! in
t$e p&'e n! t$ere(ore $is !et$ .s '%se! /- one o( t$e ris7s e8'&%!e! /- t$e
s%pp&e,entr- 'ontr't .$i'$ e8e,pts t$e 'o,pn- (ro, &i/i&it-. T$is 'ontention
.s %p$e&! /- t$e Co%rt o( Appe&s n!, in re'$in+ t$is 'on'&%sion, ,!e t$e
(o&&o.in+ 'o,,ent9
Fro, t$e (ore+oin+ testi,onies, .e (in! t$t t$e !e'ese! .s .t'$,n o( t$e
#ni& A%to S%pp&-, n!, s s%'$, $e .s not /o%! to &eve $is p&'e n! +o .it$
Att-. O1e! n! Po&i'e,n #+sno' to see t$e tro%/&e, or ro//er-, t$t o''%rre! in
t$e $o%se o( Att-. O1e!. In ('t, ''or!in+ to t$e (in!in+ o( t$e &o.er 'o%rt, Att-.
O1e! (in!in+ 0si&io in %ni(or, s7e! $i, to ''o,pn- $i, to $is $o%se, /%t t$e
&tter re(%se! on t$e +ro%n! t$t $e .s not po&i'e,n n! s%++este! to Att-. O1e!
to s7 $e&p (ro, t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n on !%t- t t$e 'orner o( Ri2& Aven%e n!
3%r/rn, /%t (ter Att-. O1e! se'%re! t$e $e&p o( t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n, t$e !e'ese!
.ent .it$ O1e! n! si! tr((i' po&i'e,n to t$e resi!en'e o( O1e!, n! .$i&e t$e
!e'ese! .s stn!in+ in (ront o( t$e ,in +te o( si! resi!en'e, $e .s s$ot n!
t$%s !ie!. T$e !et$, t$ere(ore, o( 0si&io, &t$o%+$ %ne8pe'te!, .s not '%se! /- n
''i!ent, /ein+ vo&%ntr- n! intention& 't on t$e prt o( t$e one .$o ro//e!, or
one o( t$ose .$o ro//e! t$e $o%se o( Att-. O1e!. "en'e, it is o%t 'onsi!ere! opinion
t$t t$e !et$ o( 0si&io, t$o%+$ %ne8pe'te!, 'nnot /e 'onsi!ere! ''i!ent&, (or $is
!et$ o''%rre! /e'%se $e &e(t $is post n! 1oine! po&i'e,n #+sno' n! Att-.
O1e! to repir to t$e &tter:s resi!en'e to see .$t $ppene! t$eret. Certin&-, .$en
0si&io 1oine! Ptro&,n #+sno' n! Att-. O1e!, $e s$o%&! $ve re&i2e! t$e
!n+er to .$i'$ $e .s e8posin+ $i,se&(, -et, inste! o( re,inin+ in $is p&'e, $e
.ent .it$ Att-. O1e! n! Ptro&,n #+sno' to see .$t .s t$e tro%/&e in Att-.
O1e!:s $o%se n! t$%s $e .s (t&&- s$ot.
Ae !issent (ro, t$e /ove (in!in+s o( t$e Co%rt o( Appe&s. For one t$in+, 0si&io
.s .t'$,n o( t$e #ni& A%to S%pp&- .$i'$ .s /&o'7 .- (ro, t$e $o%se
o( Att-. O1e! .$ere so,et$in+ s%spi'io%s .s $ppenin+ .$i'$ '%se! t$e &tter to
s7 (or $e&p. A$i&e t (irst $e !e'&ine! t$e invittion o( Att-. O1e! to +o .it$ $i, to
$is resi!en'e to in6%ire into .$t .s +oin+ on /e'%se $e .s not re+%&r
po&i'e,n, $e &ter +ree! to 'o,e &on+ .$en pro,pte! /- t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n,
n! %pon ppro'$in+ t$e +te o( t$e resi!en'e $e .s s$ot n! !ie!. T$e
'ir'%,stn'e t$t $e .s ,ere .t'$,n n! $! no !%t- to $ee! t$e '&& o( Att-.
O1e! s$o%&! not /e t7en s 'pri'io%s !esire on $is prt to e8pose $is &i(e to
!n+er 'onsi!erin+ t$e ('t t$t t$e p&'e $e .s in !%t--/o%n! to +%r! .s on&-
/&o'7 .-. In vo&%nteerin+ to e8ten! $e&p %n!er t$e sit%tion, $e ,i+$t $ve t$o%+$t,
ri+$t&- or .ron+&-, t$t to 7no. t$e tr%t$ .s in t$e interest o( $is e,p&o-er it /ein+
,tter t$t ((e'ts t$e se'%rit- o( t$e nei+$/o%r$oo!. No !o%/t t$ere .s so,e ris7
'o,in+ to $i, in p%rs%in+ t$t errn!, /%t t$t ris7 &.-s e8iste! it /ein+ in$erent in
t$e position $e .s $o&!in+. "e 'nnot t$ere(ore /e /&,e! so&e&- (or !oin+ .$t $e
/e&ieve! .s in 7eepin+ .it$ $is !%t- s .t'$,n n! s 'iti2en. An! $e 'nnot
/e 'onsi!ere! s ,7in+ n rrest s n o((i'er o( t$e &., s 'onten!e!, si,p&-
/e'%se $e .ent .it$ t$e tr((i' po&i'e,n, (or 'ertin&- $e !i! not +o t$ere (or t$t
p%rpose nor .s $e s7e! to !o so /- t$e po&i'e,n.
#%'$ &ess 'n it /e preten!e! t$t 0si&io !ie! in t$e 'o%rse o( n ss%&t or ,%r!er
'onsi!erin+ t$e ver- nt%re o( t$ese 'ri,es. In t$e (irst p&'e, t$ere is no proo( t$t t$e
!et$ o( 0si&io is t$e res%&t o( eit$er 'ri,e (or t$e re'or! is /rren o( n-
'ir'%,stn'e s$o.in+ $o. t$e (t& s$ot .s (ire!. Per$ps t$is ,- /e '&ri(ie! in
t$e 'ri,in& 'se no. pen!in+ in 'o%rt s re+r!s t$e in'i!ent /%t /e(ore t$t is !one
n-t$in+ t$t ,i+$t /e si! on t$e point .o%&! /e ,ere 'on1e't%re. Nor 'n it /e
si! t$t t$e 7i&&in+ .s intention& (or t$ere is t$e possi/i&it- t$t t$e ,&e('tor $!
(ire! t$e s$ot ,ere&- to s're .- t$e peop&e ro%n! (or $is o.n prote'tion n! not
ne'essri&- to 7i&& or $it t$e vi'ti,. In n- event, .$i&e t$e 't ,- not e8e,pt t$e
tri++er,n (ro, &i/i&it- (or t$e !,+e !one, t$e ('t re,ins t$t t$e $ppenin+
.s p%re ''i!ent on t$e prt o( t$e vi'ti,. T$e vi'ti, 'o%&! $ve /een eit$er t$e
po&i'e,n or Att-. O1e! (or it 'nnot /e preten!e! t$t t$e ,&e('tor i,e! t t$e
!e'ese! pre'ise&- /e'%se $e .nte! to t7e $is &i(e.
Ae t7e note t$t t$ese !e(en'es re in'&%!e! ,on+ t$e ris7s e8'&%!e! in t$e
s%pp&e,entr- 'ontr't .$i'$ en%,ertes t$e 'ses .$i'$ ,- e8e,pt t$e 'o,pn-
(ro, &i/i&it-. A$i&e s +ener& r%&e ?t$e prties ,- &i,it t$e 'over+e o( t$e po&i'-
to 'ertin prti'%&r ''i!ents n! ris7s or '%ses o( &oss, n! ,- e8press&- e8'ept
ot$er ris7s or '%ses o( &oss t$ere(ro,@ B=5 C. 4. S. C81-C8)D, $o.ever, it is to /e
!esire! t$t t$e ter,s n! p$rseo&o+- o( t$e e8'eption '&%se /e '&er&- e8presse! so
s to /e .it$in t$e es- +rsp n! %n!erstn!in+ o( t$e ins%re!, (or i( t$e ter,s re
!o%/t(%& or o/s'%re t$e s,e ,%st o( ne'essit- /e interprete! or reso&ve! +inst t$e
one .$o $s '%se! t$e o/s'%rit-. BArti'&e 1<CC, ne. Civi& Co!eD An! so it $s /een
+ener&&- $e&! t$t t$e ?ter,s in n ins%rn'e po&i'-, .$i'$ re ,/i+%o%s, e6%ivo'&,
or %n'ertin . . . re to /e 'onstr%e! stri't&- n! ,ost stron+&- +inst t$e ins%rer, n!
&i/er&&- in (vo%r o( t$e ins%re! so s to e((e't t$e !o,innt p%rpose o( in!e,nit- or
p-,ent to t$e ins%re!, espe'i&&- .$ere (or(eit%re is invo&ve!@ B)5 A,. 4%r., 181D,
n! t$e reson (or t$is r%&e is t$t $e ?ins%re! %s%&&- $s no voi'e in t$e se&e'tion or
rrn+e,ent o( t$e .or!s e,p&o-e! n! t$t t$e &n+%+e o( t$e 'ontr't is se&e'te!
.it$ +ret 're n! !e&i/ertion /- e8perts n! &e+& !visers e,p&o-e! /-, n! 'tin+
e8'&%sive&- in t$e interest o(, t$e ins%rn'e 'o,pn-.@ B== C. 4. S., p. 11C=.D
Ins%rn'e is, in its nt%re, 'o,p&e8 n! !i((i'%&t (or t$e &-,n to %n!erstn!. Po&i'ies
re prepre! /- e8perts .$o 7no. n! 'n nti'ipte t$e /erin+s n! possi/&e
'o,p&i'tions o( ever- 'ontin+en'-. So &on+ s ins%rn'e 'o,pnies insist %pon t$e
%se o( ,/i+%o%s, intri'te n! te'$ni'& provisions, .$i'$ 'on'e& rt$er t$n
(rn7&- !is'&ose, t$eir o.n intentions, t$e 'o%rts ,%st, in (irness to t$ose .$o
p%r'$se ins%rn'e, 'onstr%e ever- ,/i+%it- in (vo%r o( t$e ins%re!. BA&+oe vs.
P'i(i' #%t. L. Ins. Co., 51 As$. <)=, LRA 151CA, 1)<C.DEFCITEGEFCITEG
An ins%rer s$o%&! not /e &&o.e!, /- t$e %se o( o/s'%re p$rses n! e8'eptions, to
!e(et t$e ver- p%rpose (or .$i'$ t$e po&i'- .s pro'%re!. B#oore vs. Aetn Li(e
Ins%rn'e Co., LRA 1515H, )I=.D
Ae re t$ere(ore pers%!e! to 'on'&%!e t$t t$e 'ir'%,stn'es %n(o&!e! in t$e present
'se !o not .rrnt t$e (in!in+ t$t t$e !et$ o( t$e %n(ort%nte vi'ti, 'o,es .it$in
t$e p%rvie. o( t$e e8'eption '&%se o( t$e s%pp&e,entr- po&i'- n!, $en'e, !o not
e8e,pt t$e 'o,pn- (ro, &i/i&it-.
A$ere(ore, reversin+ t$e !e'ision ppe&e! (ro,, .e $ere/- or!er t$e 'o,pn- to
p- petitioner-ppe&&nt t$e ,o%nt o( P),***, .it$ &e+& interest (ro, 4n%r- )I,
1551 %nti& (%&&- pi!, .it$ 'osts.
Prs, C.4. 0en+2on, P!i&&, #onte,-or, Re-es, A., 4%+o, L/r!or, Con'ep'ion,
n! Re-es, 4. 0. L., 44., 'on'%r.
G.R. No. L-)55C5 #r'$ )5, 15C)
E#ILIA T. 0IAGTAN, 4UAN T. 0IAGTAN, 4R., #IGUEL T. 0IAGTAN, GIL T.
0IAGTAN n! GRACIA T. 0IAGTAN,p&inti((s-ppe&&ees,
vs.
T"E INSULAR LIFE ASSURANCE CO#PANJ, LTH.,

T$is is n ppe& (ro, t$e !e'ision o( t$e Co%rt o( First Instn'e o( Pn+sinn in its
Civi& Cse No. H-1C**.
T$e ('ts re stip%&te!. 4%n S. 0i+tn .s ins%re! .it$ !e(en!nt Ins%&rLi(e
Ass%rn'e Co,pn- %n!er Po&i'- No. <58*C5 (or t$e s%, o( P5,***.** n!, %n!er
s%pp&e,entr- 'ontr't !eno,inte! KA''i!ent& Het$ 0ene(it C&%se, (or n
!!ition& s%, o( P5,***.** i( Kt$e !et$ o( t$e Ins%re! res%&te! !ire't&- (ro, /o!i&-
in1%r- e((e'te! so&e&- t$ro%+$ e8tern& n! vio&ent ,ens s%stine! in n ''i!ent ...
n! in!epen!ent&- o( && ot$er '%ses.K T$e '&%se, $o.ever,e8press&- provi!e! t$t it
.o%&! not pp&- .$ere !et$ res%&te! (ro, n in1%r-Kintention&&- in(&i'te! /- not$er
prt-.K
On t$e ni+$t o( #- )*, 15I=, or !%rin+ t$e (irst $o%rs o( t$e (o&&o.in+ !- /n! o(
ro//ers entere! t$e $o%se o( t$e ins%re! 4%n S. 0i+tn. A$t $ppene! t$en is
re&te! in t$e !e'ision o( t$e tri& 'o%rt s (o&&o.s9
...; t$t on t$e ni+$t o( #- )*, 15I= or t$e (irst $o%rs o( #- )1, 15I=, .$i&e t$e si!
&i(e po&i'- n! s%pp&e,entr- 'ontr't .ere in (%&& (or'e n! e((e't, t$e $o%se o(
ins%re! 4%n S. 0i+tn .s ro//e! /- /n! o( ro//ers .$o .ere '$r+e! in n!
'onvi'te! /- t$e Co%rt o( First Instn'e o( Pn+sinn (or ro//er- .it$ $o,i'i!e; t$t
in 'o,,ittin+ t$e ro//er-, t$e ro//ers, on re'$in+ t$e stir'se &n!in+ on t$e
se'on! (&oor, r%s$e! to.r!s t$e !oor o( t$e se'on! (&oor roo,, .$ere t$e- s%!!en&-
,et person ner t$e !oor o( oneo( t$e roo,s .$o t%rne! o%t to /e t$e ins%re! 4%n
S. 0i+tn .$o re'eive! t$r%sts (ro, t$eir s$rp-pointe! instr%,ents, '%sin+ .o%n!s
on t$e /o!- o( si! 4%n S. 0i+tn res%&tin+ in $is !et$ t /o%t C .,. on t$e s,e
!-, #- )1, 15I=;
P&inti((s, s /ene(i'iries o( t$e ins%re!, (i&e! '&i, %n!er t$e po&i'-. T$e ins%rn'e
'o,pn- pi! t$e /si' ,o%nt o( P5,***.** /%t re(%se! to p- t$e !!ition& s%, o(
P5,***.** %n!er t$e ''i!ent& !et$ /ene(it '&%se, on t$e +ro%n! t$t t$e ins%re!Ls
!et$ res%&te! (ro, in1%ries intention&&- in(&i'te! /- t$ir! prties n! t$ere(ore .s
not 'overe!. P&inti((s (i&e! s%it to re'over, n! (ter !%e $erin+ t$e 'o%rt
6%o ren!ere! 1%!+,ent in t$eir (vor. "en'e t$e present ppe& /- t$e ins%rer.
T$e on&- iss%e $ere is .$et$er %n!er t$e ('ts re stip%&te! n! (o%n! /- t$e tri&
'o%rt t$e .o%n!s re'eive! /- t$e ins%re! t t$e $n!s o( t$e ro//ers M nine in &&,
(ive o( t$e, ,ort& n! (o%r non-,ort& M .ere in(&i'te! intention&&-. T$e 'o%rt, in
r%&in+ ne+tive&- on t$e iss%e, stte! t$t sin'e t$e prties presente! no evi!en'e n!
s%/,itte! t$e 'se %pon stip%&tion, t$ere .s no Kproo( t$t t$e 't o( re'eivin+
t$r%st Bsi'D (ro, t$e s$rp-pointe! instr%,ent o( t$e ro//ers .s inten!e! to in(&i't
in1%ries %pon t$e person o( t$e ins%re! or n- ot$er person or ,ere&- to s're .-
n- person so s to .r! o(( n- resistn'e or o/st'&e t$t ,i+$t /e o((ere! in t$e
p%rs%it o( t$eir ,in o/1e'tive .$i'$ .s ro//er-.K
T$e tri& 'o%rt 'o,,itte! p&in error in !r.in+ t$e 'on'&%sion it !i! (ro, t$e
!,itte! ('ts. Nine .o%n!s .ere in(&i'te! %pon t$e !e'ese!, && /- ,ens o( t$r%sts
.it$ s$rp-pointe! instr%,ents .ie&!e! /- t$e ro//ers. T$is is p$-si'& ('t s to
.$i'$ t$ere is no !isp%te. So is t$e ('t t$t (ive o( t$ose .o%n!s '%se! t$e !et$ o(
t$e ins%re!. A$et$er t$e ro//ers $! t$e intent to 7i&& or ,ere&- to s're t$e vi'ti, or
to .r! o(( n- !e(ense $e ,i+$t o((er, it 'nnot /e !enie! t$t t$e 't itse&( o(
in(&i'tin+ t$e in1%ries .s intention&. It s$o%&! /e note! t$t t$e e8'eption in t$e
''i!ent& /ene(it '&%se invo7e! /- t$e ppe&&nt !oes not spe7 o( t$e p%rpose M
.$et$er $o,i'i!& or not M o( t$ir! prt- in '%sin+ t$e in1%ries, /%t on&- o( t$e
('t t$t s%'$ in1%ries $ve /een Kintention&&-K in(&i'te! M t$is o/vio%s&- to
!istin+%is$ t$e, (ro, in1%ries .$i'$, &t$o%+$ re'eive! t t$e $n!s o( t$ir! prt-,
re p%re&- ''i!ent&. T$is 'onstr%'tion is t$e /si' i!e e8presse! in t$e 'over+e o(
t$e '&%se itse&(, n,e&-, t$t Kt$e !et$ o( t$e ins%re! res%&te! !ire't&- (ro, /o!i&-
in1%r- e((e'te! so&e&- t$ro%+$ e8tern& n! vio&ent ,ens s%stine! in n ''i!ent ...
n! in!epen!ent&- o( && ot$er '%ses.K A +%n .$i'$ !is'$r+es .$i&e /ein+ '&ene!
n! 7i&&s /-stn!er; $%nter .$o s$oots t $is pre- n! $its person inste!; n
t$&ete in 'o,petitive +,e invo&vin+ p$-si'& e((ort .$o 'o&&i!es .it$ n opponent
n! (t&&- in1%res $i, s res%&t9 t$ese re instn'es .$ere t$e in(&i'tion o( t$e in1%r-
is %nintention& n! t$ere(ore .o%&! /e .it$in t$e 'over+e o( n ''i!ent& !et$
/ene(it '&%se s%'$ s t$tin 6%estion in t$is 'se. 0%t .$ere +n+ o( ro//ers enter
$o%se n! 'o,in+ ('e to ('e .it$ t$e o.ner, even i( %ne8pe'te!&-, st/ $i,
repete!&-, it is 'ontrr- to && reson n! &o+i' to s- t$t $is in1%ries re not
intention&&- in(&i'te!, re+r!&ess o( .$et$er t$e- prove (t& or not. As it .s, in t$e
present 'se t$e- !i! prove (t&, n! t$e ro//ers $ve /een ''%se! n! 'onvi'te! o(
t$e 'ri,e o( ro//er- .it$ $o,i'i!e.
T$e 'se o( C&no' vs. Co%rt o( Appe&s, 58 P$i&. C5, is re&ie! %pon /- t$e tri& 'o%rt
in s%pport o( its !e'ision. T$e ('ts in t$t 'se, $o.ever, re !i((erent (ro, t$ose
o/tinin+ $ere. T$e ins%re! t$ere .s .t'$,n in 'ertin 'o,pn-, .$o
$ppene! to /e invite! /- po&i'e,n to 'o,e &on+ s t$e &tter .s on $is .- to
investi+te reporte! ro//er- +oin+ on in privte $o%se. As t$e t.o o( t$e,,
to+et$er .it$ t$e o.ner o( t$e $o%se, ppro'$e! n! stoo! in (ront o( t$e ,in +te,
s$ot .s (ire! n! it t%rne! o%t (ter.r!s t$t t$e .t'$,n .s $it in t$e
/!o,en, t$e .o%n! '%sin+ $is !et$. Un!er t$ose 'ir'%,stn'es t$is Co%rt $e&!
t$t it 'o%&! not /e si! t$t t$e 7i&&in+ .s intention& (or t$ere .s t$e possi/i&it-
t$t t$e ,&e('tor $! (ire! t$e s$ot to s're peop&e ro%n! (or $is o.n prote'tion
n! not ne'essrri&- to 7i&& or $it t$e vi'ti,. A si,i&r possi/i&it- is '&er&- r%&e! o%t
/- t$e ('ts in t$e 'se no. /e(ore Us. For .$i&e sin+&e s$ot (ire! (ro, !istn'e,
n! /- person .$o .s not even seen i,in+ t t$e vi'ti,, 'o%&! in!ee! $ve /een
(ire! .it$o%t intent to 7i&& or in1%re, nine .o%n!s in(&i'te! .it$ /&!e! .epons t
'&ose rn+e 'nnot 'on'eiv/&- /e 'onsi!ere! s inno'ent inso(r s s%'$ intent is
'on'erne!. T$e ,nner o( e8e'%tion o( t$e 'ri,e per,its no ot$er 'on'&%sion.
Co%rt !e'isions in t$e A,eri'n 1%ris!i'tion, .$ere si,i&r provisions in ''i!ent&
!et$ /ene(it '&%ses in ins%rn'e po&i'ies $ve /een 'onstr%e!, ,- s$e! &i+$t on t$e
iss%e /e(ore Us. T$%s, it $s /een $e&! t$t Kintention&K s %se! in n ''i!ent po&i'-
e8'eptin+ intention& in1%ries in(&i'te! /- t$e ins%re! or n- ot$er person, et'., i,p&ies
t$e e8er'ise o( t$e resonin+ ('%&ties, 'ons'io%sness n! vo&ition. 1 A$ere
provision o( t$e po&i'- e8'&%!es intention& in1%r-, it is t$e intention o( t$e person
in(&i'tin+ t$e in1%r- t$t is 'ontro&&in+. ) I( t$e in1%ries s%((ere! /- t$e ins%re! '&er&-
res%&te! (ro, t$e intention& 't o( t$ir! person t$e ins%rer is re&ieve! (ro, &i/i&it-
s stip%&te!. <
In t$e 'se o( "%t'$'r(tLs E8Lr v. Trve&ersL Ins. Co., 8C N-. <**, 8 S.A. 5C*, 1) A,.
St. Rep. =8=, t$e ins%re! .s .-&i! n! ssssinte! (or t$e p%rpose o( ro//er-.
T.o B)D !e(enses .ere interpose! to t$e 'tion to re'over in!e,nit-, n,e&-9 B1D t$t
t$e ins%re! $vin+ /een 7i&&e! /- intention& ,ens, $is !et$ .s not ''i!ent&, n!
B)D t$t t$e proviso in t$e po&i'- e8press&- e8e,pte! t$e ins%rer (ro, &i/i&it- in 'se
t$e ins%re! !ie! (ro, in1%ries intention&&- in(&i'te! /- not$er person. In ren!erin+
1%!+,ent (or t$e ins%rn'e 'o,pn- t$e Co%rt $e&! t$t .$i&e t$e ssssintion o( t$e
ins%re! .s s to $i, n %n(oreseen event n! t$ere(ore ''i!ent&, Kt$e '&%se o( t$e
proviso t$t e8'&%!es t$e Bins%rerLsD &i/i&it-, in 'se !et$ or in1%r- is intention&&-
in(&i'te! /- not$er person, pp&ies to t$is 'se.K
In 0%tero v. Trve&ersL A''. Ins. Co., 5I Ais. 5<I, I5 A,. St. Rep. I1, C1 S.A. 811,
t$e ins%re! .s s$ot t$ree ti,es /- person %n7no.n &te on !r7 n! stor,- ni+$t,
.$i&e .or7in+ in t$e 'o& s$e! o( ri&ro! 'o,pn-. T$e po&i'- !i! not 'over !et$
res%&tin+ (ro, Kintention& in1%ries in(&i'te! /- t$e ins%re! or n- ot$er person.K T$e
in6%ir- .s s to t$e 6%estion .$et$er t$e s$ootin+ t$t '%se! t$e ins%re!Ls !et$
.s ''i!ent& or intention&; n! t$e Co%rt (o%n! t$t %n!er t$e ('ts, s$o.in+ t$t
t$e ,%r!erer 7ne. $is vi'ti, n! t$t $e (ire! .it$ intent to 7i&&, t$ere 'o%&! /e no
re'over- %n!er t$e po&i'- .$i'$ e8'epte! !et$ (ro, intention& in1%ries in(&i'te! /-
n- person.
A"EREFORE, t$e !e'ision ppe&e! (ro, is reverse! n! t$e 'o,p&int !is,isse!,
.it$o%t prono%n'e,ent s to 'osts.
3&!ivr, Cstro, Fernn!o n! Vi&&,or, 44., 'on'%r.