Heinemann Physics 12(3e)

Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
1
Worked solutions
Chapter 4 Electronics

4.1 Analysing electronic circuits

1 From the graph, at 10C the resistance of the thermistor is 800 !, and this should correspond to
potential difference of 4 V across the thermistor. V
supply
= V
thermistor
+ V
resistor

Therefore, V
resistor
= V
supply
V
thermistor
= 12 4 = 8 V.
Using a ratio approach: 4 V 8 00 !, therefore 8 V 1600 !
a Lamp A gets brighter since more current flows through it.
b Lamp C turns off as no current flows through it.
c Current increases since total resistance decreases.
d Potential difference (PD) across lamp B increases since total PD is now shared equally
between two resistors rather than three.
e PD across lamp C decreases as there is now zero PD across resistor C.
f Total power increases as the current drawn from the battery increases, but its PD remains
the same.


2 a R
1
, R
4
and R
5
all have the same highest current (I = EMF/R).
b R
2
and R
3
both have the same lowest current (I = EMF/2R).
c R
1
, R
4
and R
5
all have the same highest power dissipation (P = EMF
2
/R).

3 a C is the correct answer because the same current flows into and out of the 10 k resistor
(i.e. current is not used up).
b C is the correct answer because both voltmeters are measuring the terminal potential of
the ideal battery. Although the voltage across the two resistors is the same, the current is
not.

4 a Through 5 k resistor: I = (5 0)/(5 ! 10
3
) = 1 mA in direction P
Through 2 k resistor: I = (0 3)/(2 ! 10
3
) = 1.5 mA in direction P
b Through 5 k resistor: I = (5 3)/(7 ! 10
3
) = 1.14 mA in direction P
Through 2 k resistor: I = 1.14 mA in direction P

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
2
5
R
1
( ) R
2
( ) V
out
(V)
1000 1000 10
3000 1000 5
400 100 4
900 100 2
2 3 12
The above table is derived using the voltage divider equation: V
out
= 20 ! [R
2
/(R
1
+ R
2
)].

6
R
1
( ) R
2
( ) R
3
( ) S V
out
(V)
200 200 100 Open 10 20! [100/(100 + 100)] = 10
300 100 25 Open 5 20! [25/(75 + 25)] = 5
50 50 75 Open 15 20! [75/(25 + 75)] = 15
100 100 1000 Open 19 20! [1000/(1000 + 50)] =19.05
200 100 100 Closed 0 Switch closed; hence 0 R

7 From the graph, at 10C the resistance of the thermistor is 800 !, and this should correspond to
a potential difference of 4 V across the thermistor.
V
supply
= V
thermistor
+ V
resistor

Therefore, V
resistor
= V
supply
V
thermistor
= 12 4 = 8 V
Using a ratio approach: 4 V 8 00 !, therefore 8 V 1600 !

8 0.5 W is R = V
2
/P = 144/0.5 = 288 ; 1 W is R = 144/1 = 144

9 a Same (for parallel R
s
)
b 1 W globe: I = V/R = 12/144 = 83 mA
c 1 W globe since power dissipated varies as VI.

10 a 0.5 W globe since it has greatest resistance and hence greatest PD.
b Same in a series circuit.
c 0.5 W globe since power dissipated varies as I
2
R.

11 a D because the 30 " resistor plays no part in the circuit
b F
c D
d A

12 a 10 k" in parallel with 30 k" = 7.5 k"
7.5 k" in series with 5 k" = 12.5 k"
12.5 k" in parallel with 30 k" = 8.82 k"
8.82 k" in series with 40 k" = 48.8 k
b I
total
= V/R
total
= 10/48.8 k" = 0.205 mA
V
40 k"
= I
total
! 40 k" = 0.205 ! 40 = 8.2 V
c V
40 k"
= 8.2 V; therefore V
rest
= 10 8.2 = 1.80 V
I
30 k"
= V/R = 1.80/30 = 0.06 mA
I
5 k"
= 0.205 0.06 = 0.145 mA

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
3
4.2 Diodes

1 a Since the diode is placed in reverse bias, it will not conduct a significant current, I = 0 A
b V
supply
= V
diode
+ V
resistor
; therefore V
resistor
= V
supply
V
diode
= 6.0 0.65 = 5.35 V
I
resistor
= V/R = 5.35/4000 = 1.3 mA

2 a i Y and Z
ii X
b R = #V/#I =
3
80
5 10
!
"
= 16 k
c I
z
= 2 mA, so V
bat
= 50 V
Thus current through X = 3.2 mA; current through Y = 4.0 mA

3 a A is the correct answer since on highly exponential part of the curve and halving the
voltage reduces the current by a much greater amount.
b B is the correct answer since on constant part of the curve and doubling the voltage has
not noticeable effect on the leakage current flowing.

4 a Circuit 2: For a forward-biased diode, its resistance is small and the voltmeter must be
connected directly across it to avoid the significant voltage drop across the ammeter,
which also has a small resistance. Since the internal resistance of the voltmeter is very
large, the current measured by the ammeter is accurate. Virtually all the current flows
through to the diode and very little through the voltmeter.
b Circuit 1: For the reverse-biased diode, its resistance is very large. The ammeter measures
the current flowing directly through the diode. The voltmeter measures the voltage across
the diode and the ammeter. But because virtually no voltage is dropped across the
ammeter (since the resistance of the ammeter is much smaller than that of the diode), this
is an accurate measurement of the voltage across the diode.

5 a i B, C
ii A
b


6 a i Forward-bias voltage that gives a normal operating current through the diode, i.e.
where R
diode
is very small.
ii 0.3
iii germanium
iv V
Y
>V
X

v From X to Y
b Circuit 1: V
R
= 1.5 0.6 = 0.9 V
Hence I
R
= V
R
/R = 0.9/60 = 15 mA
P
R
= I
2
R = (15 ! 10
3
)
2
! 60 = 13.5 mW
Circuit 2: I
R
~ 0, thus P
R
= 0

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
4
7 a

b



8 V
1k!
= V
supply
V
R1
= 6 4 = 2 V
Using a ratio approach: 2 V 1 000 !, therefore 4 V 2000 ! or 2 k!

9 The diode is in reverse bias. The graph shows that almost no current flows when a reverse
voltage is applied.

10 a The polarity of the battery has been reversed.
b 0.6 V since the graph indicates that this is the switch on voltage of the diode.
c V
supply
= V
diode
+ V
R
2
therefore V
R
2
= V
supply
V
diode
= 6.0 0.6 = 5.4 V.
R
2
= V
R
2
/I =
3
5.4
4.5 10
!
"
= 1.2 ! 10
3
!

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
5
4.3 Amplification

1 a Output voltage directly proportional to input voltage (V
out
= kV
in
where k is constant)
b Ratio of change in output voltage to change in input voltage (A
V
= V
out
/V
in
or A
V
=
#v
out
/#v
in
)
c Signal distortion when gain is in non-linear region (usually occurs when the output signal
approaches the power supply limits of the amplifier)
d Ratio of output current over input current (A
i
= I
out
/I
in
or A
i
= #i
out
/#i
in
)
e Output voltage is 180 out of phase (i.e. opposite sign) with respect to input voltage
(V
out
= kV
in
where k is constant but negative)

2 a The peak-to-peak variation in the collector current is determined by the peak-to-peak
variation of the output voltage AND the size of R
C
. Note that we are working with the AC
(varying) current and voltage values as indicated via the use of lower-case letters.
Recall: Voltage gain, A
v
= v
out
/ v
in

Rearranging: v
out
= A
v
! v
in

= 200 ! 40 ! 10
3

= 8 V
b If the amplifier was operating within its limits, an increase in the size of the variation of
the input voltage v
in
should produce a proportional increase in v
out
. However, since the
transistor has reached the limit of its input range, the output voltage has reached its
minimum and maximum possible values and will not go any lower or higher. The output
signal will be clipped.

3 Biasing transistor in the middle of its linear range

4 a For V
in
below 0.5 V or above 0.5 V, the amplifier is in a non-linear region of operation
(i.e. transistor is either in saturated or cut-off mode, and hence has reached the upper or
lower limit of its linear amplification range).
b 0.50 V
c A
v
= #v
out
/#v
in
= 20/1 = 20

5
Range of input voltage Range of output voltage
100 to 200 mV 2.0 V to 4.0 V
0.25 to 0.50 V 5.0 V to 10 V
1.0 to 1.5 V 10 V to 10 V
20 to 20 mV 0.40 V to 0.40 V
0.80 to 0.80 V 10 V to 10 V

6 a

b No, because the positive and negative extremes of the output have been clipped or
distorted.
Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
6
c The output waveform has been clipped and inverted.
d The sound output would contain appreciable distortion.

7 D is the correct answer because the slope is steepest.

8 A is the correct answer because its output is linear from +6 V to 6 V.

9 B is the correct answer because the line is straight over the entire input range.

10 D is the correct answer because the line has a linear, non-zero slope over the small input range
of 100 mV to +100 mV.

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
7
Chapter review

1 a R
4

b R
3
, R
2

c R
4

d E
2


2 a All four resistors in series
b Two resistors in parallel, and this combination in series with the other two resistors
c Four resistors in parallel
d Three resistors in parallel, and this combination in series with the other resistor

3 V = I(R + 3R) (i.e. R
A
+ R
B
)
V
A
= I(R) (i.e. R
A
)
V
A
/V = R/4R = 0.25

4 a R
A
= V
A
/I =
3
3
200 10
!
"
= 15 "
R
B
= 3R
A
= 45 "
b P
B
= I
2
R = (200 ! 10
3
)
2
! 45 = 1.8 W

5 V
o
/V = R/(R + R
t
), hence (R + R
t
)V
o
= RV
Thus (1 k" + R
t
) = 6 k" and R
t
= 5 k"
From the graph, this corresponds to T = 20C.

6 a P = VI = I
2
R = V
2
/R; 25 = I
x
2
R
x
; I
x
2
= 25/100 = 25 !10
2
, I
x
= 5 !10
1
= 0.5 A
V
x
= IR
x
= 0.5 ! 100 = 50 V; V
y
= R
y
! (I/2) = 100 ! 0.25 = 25 V
V
total
= V
x
+ V
y
= 75 V
b P = VI = 75 ! 0.5 = 37.5 W

7
R
1
( ) R
2
( ) Switch R
A
R
B
(R
B
/[R
A
+R
B
]) V
out
(V)
1000 2000 Open 0.5 1 1/1.5 60
2000 4000 Open 2/3 4/3 (4/3)/(6/3) 60
4000 2000 Open 4/5 1 1/(9/5) 50
8000 5000 Closed 0 0 0
R
A
is effective resistance of parallel combination of R
1
and 1 k".
R
B
is effective resistance of parallel combination of switch, R
2
and 1 k".

8 a At saturation clipping occurs. The amplifier can no longer multiply the size of the signal
by a consistent gain factor.
b The output of the amplifier should be set to the middle of its possible output range so that
optimal input-signal variation can occur without clipping.

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
8
9 Circuit redrawn in linear form:

a R
eq
is equivalent resistance of the parallel combination (20 " + 5 "), 5 " and 10 ".
R
eq
= 2.94 "; R
total
= R
eq
+ 10 = 12.94 "; I
total
= V/R
total
= 25/12.94 = 1.93 A
V
XY
= I
total
! R
eq
= 1.93 ! 2.94 = 5.7 V; I
20 "
= V
XY
/(20 + 5) = 5.68/25 = 0.23 A
b V
XY
= I
total
! R
eq
= 1.93
!
2.94 = 5.7 V

10 a Y is a non-ohmic device.
b R
X
can be calculated from gradient of X line.
R
X
= #V
X
/#I
X
=
3
75
40 10
!
"
= 1.9 k
c There is 60 V across Y; hence from the graph, I = 40 mA.
d Since I
X
= 0.5 ! I, I
X
= 20 mA
Thus V
X
= I
X
! R
X
= 20 mA !1.9 k" = 38 V
Total voltage V
T
= V
X
+ V
Y
= 38 + 60 = 98 V
e P = V
T
I = 98 ! 40 mA = 3.9 W

11 a Forward biased, hence V
d
= V
s
= 0.7 V, I
d
= V
R
/R = (6 0.7)/280 = 18.9 mA
b Reverse biased, hence I
d
= 100 nA, V
R
= RI
d
~ 0, thus V
d
= V = 6 V

12 a i Diode is forward biased, hence I
100 "
= (3 0.7)/100 = 23 mA.
ii I
500 "
= (0.7)/500 = 1.4 mA
iii I
d
= 23 1.4 = 21.6 mA
b i Diode is reverse biased, hence R
d
is very large: R
T
= 500 + 100 = 600 ".
I
100 "
= I
T
= 3/600 = 5 mA
ii I
500 "
~ I
T
= 5 mA (since there is virtually no current through the diode)
iii I
d
= 1 nA

13 a From the graph: if I = 52 mA, then V $ 1.1 V
b Current through either of the diodes in series = I/2 = 26 mA
From the graph, this means that voltage across either of these diodes $ 1.0 V;
hence total voltage V
T
= 1.1 + 1.0 = 2.1 V.

14 The graph shows that the signal varies between +10 mV and 10 mV, so the peak-to-peak
variation is 20 mV.
15 The graph is inverted when compared to the input signal. It should show a variation between
1 V since it has been amplified by a factor of 100 (10 mV ! 100 = 1000 mV = 1 V). It must
have the same period as the input, i.e. 2 ms.

Worked solutions Chapter 4 Electronics

Heinemann Physics 12(3e)
Copyright Pearson Education Australia 2008 Teachers Resource and Assessment Disk
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) I SBN 9781442501263
9
16

17
a This amplifier is called a linear non-inverting amplifier.
b A
V
= V
o
/V
i
= 20/2 = +10 (for input voltages between +2 V and 2 V)
c Linear amplification for input voltages between +2 V and 2 V means 4.0 V (peak-to-
peak).

18
a

b


19 a By looking at the display shown on the CRO screen, we can see that it has a perfect sine
wave shape and the sinusoidal signal has not been distorted or clipped. Therefore, the
amplifier is producing linear gain and is operating within its limits.
b The peak-to-peak variation shown on the CRO screen is 5 ! 1.0 V = 5.0 V.
Voltage gain, A
v
= v
out
/ v
in
=
3
5.0
50 10
!
"
= 100

20 a f = 1/T =
3
1
2 10
!
"
= 500 Hz
b 500 Hz, since it must be the same as the input signal frequency.