A Revolution in Electronic & Medical Sector.

MICRO ELECTRONIC PILL

by k.naveen kumar
(103j1a0447)

The invention of transistor enabled the first use of radiometry capsules,
which used simple circuits for the internal study of the gastro-intestinal
(GI) tract.
Due to the size of the components, poor reliability, low sensitivity and
short lifetimes they are outdated.
To overcome all these problems Professor Jon Cooper and Dr Erik
Johanessen from Glasgow University, U.K has led to the development of
a modern microelectronic pill.
FEATURES:
The pill is 16mm in diameter
55mm long(LENGTH)
weighing around 5 gram
It records parameters like temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved
Oxygen in real time.
In this pill we use DT-470-SD sensors for measurements


PARTS
CONTROL CHIP
RADIO
TRANSMITTER

2 SILVER OXIDE
CELLS
BIOCOMPATIBLE
CAPSULE
ENCASING
MICROSENSOR

SILICON DIODE
3 ELECTRODE
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
DIRECT
CONTACT GOLD
ELECTRODE

ION-SELECTIVE
FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
(ISFET)
It consist of
Sensors section
Interconnection(PCB chip carrier section) section
Control chip section
Transmitter section
Power section
Sensors


There are basically 4 sensors mounted on two chips- Chip 1 & chip 2. On
chip 1(shown in fig 2 a), c), e)), temperature sensor silicon diode (4), pH
ISFET sensor (1) and dual electrode conductivity sensor (3) are fabricated.
Chip 2 comprises of three electrode electrochemical cell oxygen sensor (2)
and optional NiCr resistance thermometer
It measures the body core temperature.

It also identifies local changes associated with TISSUE INFLAMMATION &
ULCERS.
Temparature silicon diodesensor:
Ion-selective field effect transistor:
The ISFET measures pH.

ISFET: this type of electrode contains a transistor coated with a
chemically sensitive material to measure pH in solution.
The pair of direct contact Gold electrodes
measures conductivity, by measuring the contents of
water & salt absorption.

Since the gold has best conductivity among all
the elements, Therefore it gives true value of
conductivity as measured.
Direct contact gold electrodes:
Three electrode electro chemical cell:



The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved
oxygen in solution
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that
connects together other components of the micro system.
ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit):
It consist of
Analogue signal conditioning module
10 bit ADC&DAC converters
Digital processing module
OSC(relaxation oscillator circuit)




The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with
the source voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
The conductivity circuit measures the resistance across the electrode pair
as an inverse function of solution conductivity.
potentiostat circuit operates the O
2
sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the
working electrode potential .
Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being
digitized by ADC.
ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of
current.

OPERATION:
Size of transmitter = 853 mm
Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20C
Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.
2 SR44 Ag
2
O batteries are used.
Operating Time > 40 hours.
Power Consumption = 12.1 mW
Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA
Supply Voltage = 3.1 V

Two silver oxide cells:
RANGE :
Temperature from 0 to 70C
pH from 1 to 13
Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter
Conductivity above 0.05 mS/cm

It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human
body. There fore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE
It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality, Pollution Detection,
fermentation process control & inspection of pipelines.
Power consumption is very less.
It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage
High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times.
Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage
requirement (12.1 mW, 3.9 mA, 3.1 V)
Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.

Cannot detect radiation abnormalities
Cannot perform radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic
inflammation.
Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.
Still its size is not digestible to small babies





WEB REFERENCE:-

1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdf

2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

3. http://www.forumsains.com

BOOK REFERENCE:-

1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, "Endoradiosonde," Nature, vol. 179, pp. 1239-
1240, 1957.

2. H. S. Wolff, "The radio pill," New Scientist, vol 12, pp. 419-421, 1961.