The Nature of Matter

Chemistry

Bio-Chemistry

0rganic Chemistry
Matter is everything around you

It is anything that occupies space and has
mass
Mass is the amount of matter something
has
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes that take place with that matter.

Biochemistry or Organic Chemistry is the
chemistry of living world

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon
based life.
ENERGY


Energy is the ability to do work or create
change

So
Chemistry is the study of matter and
energy


An Atom is the basic unit of matter
that does not change during a chemical reaction


3 sub atomic particles

It consists of 3 sub atomic particles
Proton + positive charge
Neutron 0 neutral charge
Electron - negative charge
Atomic structure

Atomic Mass
Protons and Neutrons form the nucleus
The nucleus is the center of the atom
Protons and neutrons have the same mass
mass of protons = mass of neutrons

The atomic mass is the total mass of the
Proton and neutron in the nucleus

Atomic Number
Electrons rotate around the nucleus
Atoms have the same amount of
Electrons (-) and protons(+) therefore 0
charge
The atomic number is the number of
electrons or protons in an atom.

Opposite charges attract,
So, negatively charged electrons are
attracted to positively charged protons.
This attraction hold electrons in orbits
outside the nucleus.
The more protons there are in the nucleus,
The stronger the atoms positive charge is and
the more electrons it can attract
Element-a substance made up of only one
type of atom

It can not be broken down into a simper
substance by normal chemical reactions.

There are 116 elements in the Periodic
table of elements

91 elements are found on earth

25 are in living things
,


4 elements make up 96% of the human
body
H- hydrogen
O-oxygen
N-nitrogen
C-carbon

HONC your horn for the 4 organic elements



All atoms have electron shells.
Electrons circle an atoms nucleus
At different energy levels known as
orbits or shells.
Each orbit can hold at set amount of
electrons.
Each level must be filled to capacity
before a new level can be started.


Orbits 1
2 8 18 32 32 18 2
Electron orbits
k l m n o p q
2 8 18 32 32 18 2

Filled Up Shells
These shells like to be filled.
Some atoms have too many or too
little electrons
These are called ions.
They like to give up or get electrons.
They go around looking for other
atoms that need or have an electron.

bonding
Bonds hold elements together to form new substances
There are 2 major bonds



Ionic bond-when one or more electrons are given to one atom from another

Covalent bond- when electrons are shared between atoms

Compounds- what is formed by ionic bonds--salt

Molecules- what is formed by covalent bonds--water


Ionic- give/ take electrons/makes compounds

Covalent- share electrons/ makes molecules

IONIC BONDS


1 atom gains an electron and
1 atom loses an electron


Sodium Chloride Ionic Bond- Compound
SALT

Sodium Na

Chlorine Cl
Covalent Bonds
The most common bond in organic
molecules

Shares electrons between two atoms
The pair of shared electrons forms a new
orbit that extends around the nuclei of both
atoms---producing a molecule.
Methane - Covalent bonds -molecules
Ion- atoms that have gained or lost
electrons.
Gaining an electron- makes it negative-
Called an anion
Losing an electron-makes it positive
Called a cation

It is like losing weight-gaining is negative
losing is positive.

Isotope
Atoms that have a different number of
neutrons and a different atomic number
than usual.

Isotpoes are alternate forms of the same
chemical element.